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Jim Dymock (born 4 April 1972) is a professional rugby league coach who is the assistant coach of the Manly Sea Eagles in the National Rugby League (NRL) and a former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s.
A Tonga and Australia international, and New South Wales State of Origin representative or , he played club football for Sydney's Western Suburbs Magpies, Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs and the Parramatta Eels, finishing his career in the Super League for the London Broncos.
He then embarked on a coaching career, becoming head coach of the Tongan national team. He spent the latter part of the 2011 NRL season as head coach of the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, and has been an assistant coach at the Sydney Roosters, Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs and the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks in the NRL.
Background
Dymock was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 4 April 1972. He is of Tongan descent.
He began playing rugby league as an Eastern Suburbs junior with Woolloomooloo Warriors and then Paddington Colts. He then switched to the South Sydney juniors competition. He played for Zetland Magpies alongside players such as Jim Serdaris and Terry Hill who went on to make First Grade also.
Playing career
Club career
Early career
He represented South Sydney in their S.G. Ball and Jersey Flegg teams.
Western Suburbs Magpies
Dymock began his first-grade club career in the 1991 NSWRL season at the Western Suburbs Magpies, opposing Wally Lewis and scoring two tries in his debut. He played 31 times for the club, but was "glad to go" after troubles with his manager while at Wests.
Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs
In 1993, Dymock joined the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs.
During the 1995 season, Dymock, along with Dean Pay, Jason Smith and Jarrod McCracken reneged on their Australian Super League contracts, giving 'unfair inducement' as their reason which was later supported in the courts. Although Dymock chose to sign with the Australian Rugby League (ARL) competition, he remained with the Canterbury club for the 1995 season and contributed to the club's grand final win over Manly. Dymock won the Clive Churchill Medal for man-of-the-match.
Parrmatta Eels
Dymock joined the ARL-aligned Parramatta for the start of the 1996 season.
Dymock was selected to represent New South Wales as an interchange for all three games of the 1996 State of Origin series.
He played for the Eels during the rest of the Super League war and the unification of the Super League and ARL into the current National Rugby League competition.
In 1997, he was selected at five-eighth for games I and II of the 1997 State of Origin series, scoring a try in game II, and he was chosen to play at lock in game III of the 1998 State of Origin series.
He played 112 games for Parramatta between 1996 and 2000, leaving the Eels and Australia at the end of 2000 season
London Broncos
He joined English Super League club London Broncos in time for the 2001 season.
He enjoyed 4 seasons at the Broncos. He ended his playing career at the end of the 2004 season after playing 95 games for London.
International career
Tonga
Dymock represented Tonga at the 1994 Pacific Cup and in 1995.
Australia
Dymock also played six times between 1995 and 1996 for Australia. He was part of the successful Australian squad that won the 1995 Rugby League World Cup in England.
Coaching career
Dymock assisted head coach Ricky Stuart at the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks.
He later returned to the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs.
Dymock was also the head coach of the Tongan national rugby league team that played in the 2008 Rugby League World Cup.
On 14 July 2011, Jim Dymock was announced as the Canterbury club's new head coach, after Kevin Moore stood down from the position. However, on 14 November 2011, Dymock was replaced by Des Hasler.
References
Sources
External links
Canterbury Bulldogs profile
London Broncos profile
1972 births
Living people
Australia national rugby league team players
Australian sportspeople of Tongan descent
Australian rugby league coaches
Australian rugby league players
Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs coaches
Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs players
Clive Churchill Medal winners
London Broncos players
New South Wales City Origin rugby league team players
New South Wales Rugby League State of Origin players
Parramatta Eels players
Rugby league five-eighths
Rugby league locks
Rugby league players from Sydney
Tonga national rugby league team coaches
Tonga national rugby league team players
Tongan rugby league players
Western Suburbs Magpies players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Dymock
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Isiro (pronounced ) is the capital of Haut-Uele Province in the northeastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It lies between the equatorial forest and the savannah and its main resource is coffee. Isiro's population is estimated at approximately 182,000. Most people speak, Pa-Zande (Zande language), Lingala, Swahili and which is somehow uncommon.
History
Isiro was named Paulis after colonel, later diplomat, Albert Paulis when it was part of the Belgian Congo. The city was developed in 1934 and reached its peak in 1957.
In the troubled days of Congo's independence and its aftermath, operation Black Dragoon brought fighting between Belgian paratroopers and local Simba militias.
In 1998, Isiro became the home of a newly created Dominican-operated university called Université d'Uélé. It is the third city in Orientale province (after Kisangani and Bunia) to welcome a university.
Transport
Isiro is served by Matari Airport, a national airport with flights to Kinshasa, the capital. The isolated narrow gauge Vicicongo line to the river port of Bumba on the Congo River is not currently operational. The dirt roads to and from Isiro allow commercial trade with Uganda and South Sudan, in principle, but may be impassable in the wet season.
People
Isiro is the birthplace of Marie Daulne, Leader of the group Zap Mama.
See also
Roman Catholic Diocese of Isiro–Niangara
References
Populated places in Haut-Uélé
Cities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isiro
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Gemena is the capital city of Sud-Ubangi Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It has a population of 350,511 (2017). The city has a large airport and hosts the 10th integrated Brigade of the new FARDC since 2007.
Mobutu Sese Seko's mother, Mama Yemo, died in Gemena in 1971; a vast mausoleum was built in her memory.
References
Crawford Young and Thomas Turner, The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State, p. 174)
http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200705161046.html
Populated places in Sud-Ubangi
Cities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemena
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The 1985–86 season was the 106th season of competitive football in England.
Timeline
5 July 1985: Everton signed England striker Gary Lineker for £800,000.
10 July 1985: Everton sold striker Andy Gray to Aston Villa for £150,000, six years after he first left Villa Park to sign for the Wolverhampton Wanderers. Gray departed from Goodison Park despite calls for manager Howard Kendall to retain him, as he helped Everton win three major trophies in his two seasons at the club.
12 July 1985: West Bromwich Albion signed striker Imre Varadi from Sheffield Wednesday for £285,000.
2 August 1985: Crystal Palace signed striker Ian Wright from Greenwich Borough.
10 August 1985: Everton beat Manchester United 2–0 in the FA Charity Shield at Wembley.
12 August 1985: Sheffield Wednesday signed striker Garry Thompson from West Bromwich Albion for £450,000.
17 August 1985: The league season began. Defending champions Everton suffered a 3–1 defeat to Leicester City on Filbert Street. FA Cup holders Manchester United beat Aston Villa 4–0 at Old Trafford. Tottenham Hotspur beat Watford 4–0 at White Hart Lane. Wimbledon won 3–0 against Middlesbrough, while Huddersfield Town beat Millwall 4–3 at Leeds Road. The season began without any live coverage of matches on TV after talks between ITV and the Football League to show live matches failed. International matches were the only matches shown on live TV.
24 August 1985: Oxford United achieved their first win in the First Division with a 5–0 victory over Leicester City at the Manor Ground. Watford beat West Bromwich Albion 5–1 at Vicarage Road. Manchester United were the only team in the First Division with a 100% record after three games, having beaten Arsenal 2–1 at Highbury. Sheffield Wednesday won 3–1 against Manchester City at Maine Road.
26 August 1985: Liverpool beat Ipswich Town 5–0 at Anfield in the First Division. Newcastle United won 2–1 against Coventry City. Leeds United lost 6–2 to Stoke City.
31 August 1985: Manchester United led the league after five straight wins, with Sheffield Wednesday in second place, while Chelsea and Newcastle United fill the next two places. Everton climbed to fifth as Lineker scored a hat-trick in a 4–1 win over Birmingham City at Goodison Park. In the Second Division, Portsmouth headed the promotion race, joined in the top three by the Blackburn Rovers and Oldham Athletic.
4 September 1985: Manchester United won 3–0 against Newcastle United, Tottenham beat Chelsea 4–1 at White Hart Lane, Leicester and Watford tied 2–2 at Filbert Street, Aston Villa won 3–0 against West Bromwich Albion.
7 September 1985: Manchester United won 3–0 against Oxford United at Old Trafford. Liverpool won 3–1 against Watford. Everton lost 3–0 to the Queens Park Rangers at Loftus Road. Tottenham beat Newcastle 5–1 at White Hart Lane. Down in the Second Division, Sunderland tied 3–3 with Grimsby Town at Roker Park.
8 September 1985: Nottingham Forest beat Leicester City 3-0 on Filbert Street.
10 September 1985: Scotland manager Jock Stein, 62, died at the end of a 1–1 draw between Scotland and Wales in the last game of the World Cup qualifying campaign at Ninian Park.
13 September 1985: Sheffield Wednesday signed midfielder Mark Chamberlain from Stoke City for £300,000.
14 September 1985: At the Manchester derby, Manchester United won 3–0 at Maine Road. Liverpool tied 2–2 with Oxford United at the Manor Ground. Arsenal won 1–0 home against Sheffield Wednesday.
18 September 1985: Norwich City won 4–3 against Crystal Palace at Carrow Road.
21 September 1985: Manchester United won 5–1 against West Bromwich Albion at The Hawthorns in the First Division. Tottenham's beat Sheffield Wednesday 5-1, and move up to fifth place. Liverpool won the Merseyside derby 3–2 at Goodison Park.
28 September 1985: Charlton Athletic left The Valley after an inspection report by safety officials, and began a groundshare with Crystal Palace. Manchester United won their tenth game against Southampton at Old Trafford. Liverpool beat Tottenham 4–1 at Anfield. Chelsea lost 3–1 at Watford.
29 September 1985: West Bromwich Albion fired Johnny Giles as manager and replaced him with Nobby Stiles.
1 October 1985: Ipswich Town, UEFA Cup winners in 1981 and league runners-up as recently as 1982, lost 1–0 defeat against Luton Town.
2 October 1985: Leicester and Oxford tied 4–4 in the First Division at Filbert Street.
5 October 1985: Manchester United tied 1–1 against Luton Town, one game short of the record 11-match winning start set by Tottenham in 1960. Liverpool lost 2–1 to the Queens Park Rangers. Chelsea won 1–0 against Manchester City at Maine Road. West Bromwich Albion tied 1–1 with Tottenham. In the Second Division Brighton beat Carlisle United 6–1 at the Goldstone Ground.
6 October 1985: Coventry City beat Leicester City 3–0 in the First Division at Highfield Road.
8 October 1985: Aston Villa beat Exeter City 8–1 at Villa Park. Liverpool won 5–2 against Oldham Athletic in their second leg visit to Boundary Park, making it 8–2 over the two legs.
11 October 1985: Leeds United fired manager Eddie Gray and replaced him with former club captain Billy Bremner, who was recruited from the Third Division side Doncaster Rovers.
12 October 1985: Reading set a football league record of winning their first 12 league games of the season, beating Newport County 2–0 at Somerton Park in the Third Division. Sheffield Wednesday tied 2–2 with Coventry City, and Everton lost 2–1 to Chelsea. West Bromwich Albion tied 2–2 with Leicester.
17 October 1985: Southampton signed midfielder Glenn Cockerill from Sheffield United for £225,000.
19 October 1985: Reading won 1–0 against Lincoln City at Sincil Bank. In the First Division, Manchester United and Liverpool tied 1–1 at Old Trafford. Chelsea lost 2–1 to Oxford. Sheffield Wednesday beat Leicester City 3–2 at Filbert Street. Luton Town won 7–0 against Southampton at Kenilworth Road. West Ham's won 4–1 home against Aston Villa. West Bromwich Albion won 2–1 against Birmingham City at The Hawthorns. Charlton beat Brighton 5–3.
20 October 1985: Tottenham was placed seventh in the First Division after winning 3–2 against Coventry City.
22 October 1985: In the Second Division, Sunderland beat Middlesbrough 1–0 at Roker Park.
23 October 1985: Reading tied 2–2 home with the Wolverhampton Wanderers.
26 October 1985: Manchester United won 2–1 against Chelsea, and Liverpool beat Luton Town 3–2 at Anfield. Sheffield Wednesday won 1–0 against West Bromwich Albion. Everton tied 1–1 draw with Manchester City at Maine Road. Tottenham lost 3–1 to Leicester City. Portsmouth won 4–0 win against Millwall. Sheffield United won 4–1 against Bradford City. Oldham Athletic climbed up three places to second after winning 4–0 home win against Brighton. Norwich won 2–0 against Sunderland.
2 November 1985: Manchester United beat Coventry City 2–0 at Old Trafford, and Liverpool beat Leicester City 1–0 at Anfield. Everton lost 2–1 to West Ham. Charlton Athletic won 4–1 against Shrewsbury Town. Grimsby Town beat Millwall 5–1 at Blundell Park. Sheffield United beat Hull City 3–1 at Bramall Lane.
3 November 1985: West Bromwich Albion lost 2–1 defeat to Nottingham Forest at the City Ground.
9 November 1985: Manchester United lost 1–0 to Sheffield Wednesday at Hillsborough. Liverpool won 3–0 against Coventry City. Lineker scores hid second league hat-trick of the season as Everton beat Arsenal 6–1 at Goodison Park. West Ham won 2–1 against Oxford. Chelsea won 4–2 against Nottingham Forest. Tottenham's lost 3–1 to Luton Town, and Sheffield United won 5–1 against Oldham Athletic at Boundary Park. Hull City won 5–0 against Fulham at Boothferry Park. Carlisle United won 3–0 against Stoke City.
13 November 1985: England completed their successful World Cup qualifying campaign by tying to Northern Ireland at Wembley.
16 November 1985: Liverpool won 4–1 against West Bromwich Albion, while Manchester United tied with Tottenham. Everton beat Ipswich Town 4-3 at Portman Road. Manchester City won 2–0 against Nottingham Forest at the City Ground. In the Second Division, Brighton won 4–3 against Huddersfield, Middlesbrough won 3–2 against Oldham at Ayresome Park, and Sheffield United and the Blackburn Rovers tied 3–3 at Bramall Lane.
23 November 1985: Manchester United lost 3–0 to Leicester City at Filbert Street. Liverpool won 2–0 against Birmingham City. Ipswich Town beat Oxford 4–3. Oldham lost 4–2 to Stoke.
26 November 1985: Ipswich Town beat Fourth Division pace-setters Swindon Town 6–1 at Portman Road, Chelsea tied 2–2 with Everton at Stamford Bridge and Liverpool beat Manchester United 2–1 at Anfield. Portsmouth has a rematch against Tottenham after a goalless draw at Fratton Park, Arsenal beat Southampton 3–1, and Aston Villa won 2–1 against West Bromwich Albion.
29 November 1985: Manchester United signed Aston Villa midfielder Colin Gibson for £275,000.
30 November 1985: West Ham beat West Bromwich Albion 4-0, Ipswich Town won 2–1 against Sheffield Wednesday, and Everton beat Southampton 3–2 at the Dell.
1 December 1985: Nottingham Forest tied with Oxford United at the City Ground in the First Division.
7 December 1985: Manchester United beat Ipswich Town at Old Trafford, while Kenny Dalglish's team beat Aston Villa 3–0 at Anfield. Everton won 3–0 against West Bromwich Albion.
14 December 1985: Manchester United won 3–1 against Aston Villa. Liverpool lost 2–0 against Arsenal, whose 19-year-old Irish striker Niall Quinn scored on his debut. West Ham United won 2–0 win over Birmingham City. Everton lost 2–1 to Leicester City at Goodison Park. West Bromwich Albion tied 2–2 with Oxford at the Manor Ground. In the Second Division, Norwich City won 3–1 against Oldham.
19 December 1985 – The Football League confirms that the First Division will decrease to 21 clubs for the 1987–88 season, while the Second Division will expand to 23 clubs, and that in 1988–89 the First Division will have 20 clubs and the Second Division will have 23 clubs in 1987-88 and 24 clubs in 1988-89.
20 December 1985: The league accepted a £1.3 million offer to show nine First Division and League Cup games this season. The first match shown was the FA Cup third-round match between Charlton Athletic and West Ham on 5 January.
21 December 1985: Arsenal defeated Manchester United 1–0 at Old Trafford in the First Division, while Liverpool and Newcastle United tie 1–1. West Ham ties 0–0 with Luton Town. Chelsea won 2–1 against Birmingham City. Norwich City won against Millwall 6–1 at Carrow Road. Wimbledon, who were only elected to the Football League in 1977 and were still in the Fourth Division three seasons ago, won 5–0 against Sheffield United. Middlesbrough beat Fulham 3–0 at Craven Cottage.
22 December 1985: West Bromwich Albion won 3–1 against Watford. In the Second Division, Portsmouth won 1–0 against Carlisle United, and Derby and Blackpool won their matches in the Third Division. In the Fourth Division, Halifax scored three goals within 37 minutes against Scunthorpe United, and Iron forward John Hawley accomplished a hat-trick and won his team a point.
26 December 1985: In the First Division, Everton beat Manchester United 3–1 at Goodison Park. Liverpool lost 1–0 to Manchester City at Maine Road, and West Ham lost 1–0 to Tottenham.
28 December 1985: Everton won 3–1 against Sheffield Wednesday. Aston Villa and West Bromwich Albion tied 1–1 at Villa Park. Chelsea won 2–0 against Tottenham. Liverpool tied 1–1 with Nottingham Forest at the City Ground. Millwall won 5–0 against Hull City. Brighton won 3–2 against Leeds at Elland Road. Portsmouth won 4–0 against Shrewsbury Town.
1 January 1986: Manchester United beat Birmingham City 1–0 at Old Trafford. Everton tied 2–2 with Newcastle United in Tyneside. Liverpool tied 2–2 draw with Sheffield Wednesday. Nottingham Forest beat Coventry City 5–2 at the City Ground. Hull City won 4–1 against Barnsley at Oakwell. Norwich City and Portsmouth won their matches. Brighton won 2–0 against Crystal Palace.
2 January 1986: Middlesbrough were reported to be £1 million in debt. Peterborough United fan Barry Fox, 22, was jailed for three years for punching a policeman unconscious in the game against Northampton Town at London Road on 12 October.
4 January 1986: In the FA Cup's third round, Leicester City lost 3–1 to Third Division Bristol Rovers. Liverpool won 5–0 against Norwich City. Arsenal beat Grimsby Town 4–3 at Blundell Park. Ipswich Town and Bradford tied 4–4 at Portman Road.
5 January 1986: West Ham won 1–0 against Charlton Athletic at Selhurst Park. Everton won 1–0 against Exeter City. The FA Cup ties were the first televised domestic matches of the season.
9 January 1986: Manchester United won 2–0 against Rochdale.
11 January 1986: Manchester United beat Oxford United 3–1 at the Manor Ground. Everton won 4–3 against Queens Park Rangers. Chelsea won 1–0 over Luton Town. Ipswich Town won 1–0 against Birmingham City. West Bromwich Albion tied 1–1 to Newcastle United. Norwich City won 2–0 against Middlesbrough. Sunderland won 4–2 to Leeds United.
12 January 1986: Liverpool won 3–2 win against Watford at Vicarage Road.
14 January 1986: Birmingham City were knocked out of the FA Cup after losing 2–1 to Altrincham.
16 January 1986: Ron Saunders resigned as manager of Birmingham City.
18 January 1986: Manchester United lost 3–2 to Nottingham Forest. Lineker scored twice for Everton in their 2–0 win over Birmingham City.
22 January 1986: Former Manchester City manager John Bond was appointed as the new manager of Birmingham City.
25 January 1986: In the FA Cup's fourth round, Arsenal won 5–1 home against Rotherham United, Sheffield Wednesday won 5–0 over Orient, and Manchester United tied 0–0 with Sunderland at Roker Park, in which captain Bryan Robson was substituted due to a shoulder injury.
26 January 1986: Liverpool won 2–1 win against Chelsea in the FA Cup's fourth round.
29 January 1986: Manchester United signed striker Terry Gibson from Coventry City for £600,000. In the FA Cup fourth round replays, Tottenham beat Notts County 5–0, Manchester United beat Sunderland 3–0, and Millwall beat Aston Villa 1–0.
1 February 1986: Everton won 1–0 home against Tottenham. Liverpool lost 2–1 defeat to Ipswich. Stiles resigned after four months as West Bromwich Albion's manager.
2 February 1986: Manchester United lost 2–1 to West Ham.
4 February 1986: Everton signed striker Warren Aspinall from Wigan Athletic for £150,000.
8 February 1986: Chelsea lost 4–1 to Oxford United.
9 February 1986: Everton remained at the top of the First Division on goal difference after Liverpool and Manchester United tied 1–1 at Anfield.
11 February 1986: Everton won 4–0 home against Manchester City.
12 February 1986: The League Cup semi-finals began to be played. Aston Villa tied 2–2 with Oxford United, and Liverpool lost 1–0 to the Queens Park Rangers.
14 February 1986: One month after leaving Birmingham City, Ron Saunders was named as the new manager of West Bromwich Albion.
15 February 1986: Liverpool tied 1–1 with York City at Bootham Crescent in the fifth round of the FA Cup.
16 February 1986: Coventry City and Birmingham City tied 4-4 at Highfield Road.
18 February 1986: York City lost the fifth round replay 3–1 to Anfield.
22 February 1986: Manchester United won 3–0 against West Bromwich Albion when Jesper Olsen accomplished a hat-trick.
1 March 1986: Everton beat Aston Villa 2–0 at home. Manchester United lost 1–0 to Southampton.
2 March 1986: Liverpool beat Tottenham 2–1 at White Hart Lane in the league.
4 March 1986: Everton won 2–1 against Tottenham in the fifth round of the FA Cup.
5 March 1986: In the FA Cup's fifth round, Watford tied 1–1 with Bury at Vicarage Road, while Manchester United tied 1–1 with West Ham at Upton Park. Southampton won 1–0 against Millwall in a replay, while Sheffield Wednesday beat Derby County at Hillsborough, and Luton Town beat Arsenal 3–0 in a second replay. Liverpool tied 2–2 with the Queens Park Rangers at Anfield.
8 March 1986: Watford beat Bury 3–0 at Gigg Lane. In the first two quarter-final ties, Everton tied 2–2 with Luton Town and forced a replay, while Southampton won 2–0 against Brighton. Aston Villa remained in the relegation zone after losing 4–1 to Arsenal, Chelsea won 1–0 against Manchester City, Ipswich Town won 1–0 home against Nottingham Forest, Liverpool beat the Queen Park Rangers 4–1 at Anfield, and West Bromwich Albion lost 5–0 defeat to Tottenham.
9 March 1986: Manchester United lost 2–0 to West Ham in the FA Cup's fifth round replays.
11 March 1986: Liverpool tied with Watford 0–0 in the FA Cup quarter-final. Arsenal won 2–1 against Ipswich Town. Southampton beat the Queens Park Rangers 2–0 at Loftus Road.
12 March 1986: Oxford United reached the League Cup final for the first time after beating Aston Villa 4–3 on aggregate. Manchester United signed striker Peter Davenport from Nottingham Forest for £750,000. The England U21 team defeated Denmark 1–0 in the European Championship quarter-final in Copenhagen, with the only goal of the game coming from Coventry City midfielder Nick Pickering. In the FA Cup, West Ham lost 2–1 to Sheffield Wednesday at Hillsborough. Everton beat Luton Town 1–0 in the quarter-final replay at Goodison Park. Birmingham City lost 4–2 to Leicester City at Filbert Street. Norwich City won 4–1 against Huddersfield Town.
14 March 1986: Portsmouth signed Oldham Athletic striker Micky Quinn, who scored 34 goals since he joined the Latics in January 1984, for £150,000.
15 March 1986: Liverpool won against Southampton 2–1 at the Dell. Norwich beat Carlisle United 2–1 at Carrow Road.
16 March 1986: Everton tied 1–1 with Chelsea.
17 March 1986: Liverpool won their FA Cup quarter-final replay against Watford 2–1 at Vicarage Road.
21 March 1986: Manchester United announced striker Mark Hughes was to join Barcelona, managed by former Queens Park Rangers and Crystal Palace boss Terry Venables, for a fee of £2 million at the end of the season.
22 March 1986: Don Howe resigns as Arsenal's manager after reports that Venables was offered his job. His final game in charge was Arsenal's 3–0 victory over Coventry. Coach Steve Burtenshaw remained in temporary charge at Highbury. Manchester United tied 2–2 in the Manchester derby. Liverpool beat Oxford United 6–0 at Anfield. Birmingham City won 3–0 against Aston Villa. Norwich City won 5–2 against Sheffield United.
23 March 1986: The first final of the Full Members Cup was played at Wembley Stadium, with Chelsea defeating Manchester City 5–4 with a hat-trick from David Speedie and two goals from Colin Lee.
25 March 1986: Steve Perryman, 34, left Tottenham after 17 years and signed on to Oxford United as a free transfer.
26 March 1986: In the return leg of the under-21 European Championship quarter-final, England tied 1–1 with Denmark at Maine Road. Everton goalkeeper Neville Southall was ruled out after an ankle injury suffered on international duty for Wales.
27 March 1986: On transfer deadline day, Wimbledon paid £125,000 for Millwall striker John Fashanu. After Southall's injury, Everton signed veteran goalkeeper Pat Jennings on a short-term contract.
29 March 1986: Everton maintained their lead of the First Division with a 1–0 win over Newcastle United. Liverpool tied 0–0 with Sheffield Wednesday at Hillsborough. Manchester United tied 1–1 with Birmingham, while West Ham won against Chelsea 4–0 at Stamford Bridge. West Bromwich Albion won 1–0 against Southampton at The Hawthorns.
31 March 1986: Liverpool won 2–0 against Manchester City, and Everton tied 0–0 with Manchester United at Old Trafford. Chelsea lost 6–0 to the Queens Park Rangers at Loftus Road. West Ham beat Tottenham 2–1 at Upton Park.
1 April 1986: West Bromwich Albion lost 3–0 to Luton Town. Arsenal lost 3–0 to Watford.
5 April 1986: Liverpool beat Southampton 2–0 in the FA Cup semi-final at White Hart Lane. Everton won 2–1 against Sheffield Wednesday in the other semi-final at Villa Park. Manchester United won 3–1 against Coventry City. Arsenal won 1–0 against Manchester City, while Chelsea tied 1–1 with Ipswich Town. Fulham lost 4–2 away to Sunderland. Norwich won 3–0 home against Brighton.
6 April 1986: Birmingham City lost 2–0 to Luton Town.
8 April 1986: West Ham won 1–0 home against Southampton.
9 April 1986: England's under-21 team lost 2–0 to Italy in Pisa in the semi-final first leg. Manchester United lost 2–1 to Chelsea. Aston Villa tied 2–2 with Newcastle United in Tyneside after Oxford won against Watford. Birmingham City lost 4–1 to Newcastle. Liverpool won 5–0 against Coventry City, while Everton won 1–0 against Arsenal. West Ham beat Oxford United 3–1 at Upton Park, and Aston Villa won 4–1 against Watford. Chelsea tied 0–0 with Nottingham Forest. Norwich City won 2–0 against Bradford City. The South West Londoners won 3–0 against the Rokermen at Plough Lane.
12 April 1986: West Bromwich Albion were relegated from the First Division after losing 1–0 to the Queens Park Rangers.
13 April 1986: Manchester United lost 2–0 to Sheffield Wednesday.
14 April 1986: Tottenham agreed to a £50,000 fee with Millwall for 18-year-old defender Neil Ruddock. The Queens Park Rangers beat Leicester City 4–1 in the First Division at Filbert Street.
15 April 1986: Everton won 2–0 win against Watford. Chelsea won 2–1 against West Ham.
16 April 1986: Liverpool beat Luton Town 1–0 at Kenilworth Road, and Aston Villa beat Ipswich Town 1–0. Manchester United won 4–2 against Newcastle United. Birmingham City lost 2–0 to Tottenham.
19 April 1986: Birmingham City lost 2–0 at home to Southampton and were relegated from the First Division. Manchester United tied 0–0 with Tottenham at White Hart Lane. Everton beat Ipswich Town 1–0, and Liverpool won 2–1 against West Bromwich Albion at the Hawthorns. Norwich City tied 1–1 with Stoke City.
20 April 1986: Oxford United beat the Queens Park Rangers 3–0 in the League Cup final at Wembley.
21 April 1986: West Ham United beat Newcastle United 8–1 in the league at Upton Park, with defender Alvin Martin scoring a hat-trick.
23 April 1986: England's under-21 tied 1–1 with Italy at the County Ground in Swindon, with Arsenal midfielder Stewart Robson scoring their only goal.
26 April 1986: The Wolverhampton Wanderers became the third West Midlands club to be relegated, and the second English league club to be relegated three consecutive times, after their descent into the Fourth Division is confirmed. Liverpool defender Gary Gillespie scores a hat-trick in a 5–0 league win over Birmingham City at Anfield, while Everton tied 0–0 with Nottingham Forest. West Ham won 1–0 home against Coventry City, while Manchester United beat Leicester City 4–0 at Old Trafford. Chelsea lost 3–1 to Aston Villa. Ipswich Town climbed three places above being relegated with a 3–2 win over Oxford United. Fulham was relegated from the Second Division despite a 2–1 home win against Huddersfield Town, while Middlesbrough beat Millwall 3–0 to climb out of the bottom three, while Sunderland lost 3–1 to Brighton.
28 April 1986: Ray Stewart received a penalty, which gave West Ham the 1–0 win against Manchester City.
29 April 1986: Charlton Athletic won 2–0 against Fulham. Carlisle won 2–0 against Brighton at Brunton Park. Sunderland won 2–0 against Shrewsbury Town.
30 April 1986: Everton lost 1–0 to Oxford, Liverpool won 2–0 against Leicester, and West Ham won 2–1 against Ipswich Town.
1 May 1986: Chelsea agreed to a £400,000 fee for Hibernian striker Gordon Durie.
3 May 1986: Dalglish scored the only goal as Liverpool beat Chelsea at Stamford Bridge to win the First Division title. Everton won against Southampton 6–1. Ipswich Town lost their last match 1–0 to Sheffield Wednesday. Coventry City and Leicester City secured survival with home wins. Charlton Athletic sealed their promotion from the Second Division with a 3–2 win against relegation-threatened Carlisle United. Wimbledon reached the First Division by winning 1–0 against Huddersfield.
5 May 1986: The First Division ended with four matches and 21 goals. Oxford United beat Arsenal 3–0, Chelsea finished sixth after losing 5–1 to Watford, Everton placed second after winning 3–1 against West Ham at Goodison Park, and Tottenham won 5–3 against Southampton. The Second Division ended with Blackburn winning 3–1 against Grimsby Town at Ewood Park, while Carlisle lost 2–1 to Oldham at Boundary Park. Reading won the Third Division after a 2–0 win over the Doncaster Rovers, and were promoted to the Second Division. Lincoln City was relegated after they lost 3–2 to the Wolves. Fourth Division champions Swindon Town finished the season with a Football League record of 102 points.
6 May 1986: Everton manager Howard Kendall dismissed speculation that Lineker would sign for Barcelona.
7 May 1986: After the Fourth Division ended, Rochdale tied 1–1 with Peterborough United at London Road and finished 18th to avoid having to apply for re-election to the Football League.
9 May 1986: Derby County was promoted from the Third Division after a 2–1 win over Rotherham United at the Baseball Ground.
10 May 1986: Ian Rush scored twice for Liverpool, beating Everton 3–1 in the first-ever all-Merseyside FA Cup final. Liverpool became the fifth club in history to win the league championship and FA Cup double.
13 May 1986: Tottenham fired manager Peter Shreeves after two seasons in charge; he had turned Tottenham into title contenders and guided them to third place in his first season as manager, but during the second season they finished 10th in the First Division.
14 May 1986: Millwall manager George Graham returned to Highbury as the club's new manager. Aberdeen manager Alex Ferguson rejected the position.
16 May 1986: David Pleat stepped down as Luton Town's manager to become the new Tottenham manager.
22 May 1986: 20-year-old defender Denis Irwin joined Oldham Athletic on a free transfer from Leeds United.
3 June 1986: England lost 1–0 to Portugal in their opening World Cup game. Luton Town coach John Moore is named as the club's new manager.
5 June 1986: Coventry City signed winger David Phillips from Manchester City for £150,000.
6 June 1986: Morocco tied with England.
8 June 1986: Rush agreed to sign for Juventus for £3 million, but could be loaned back to Liverpool for the 1986–87 season.
11 June 1986: Lineker scored a hat-trick in England's 3–0 victory over Poland, which allowed them to advance to the second round of the World Cup.
13 June 1986: Southampton signed 19-year-old goalkeeper Tim Flowers from the Wolverhampton Wanderers for £70,000, while 23-year-old midfielder Ian Crook joined Norwich City from Tottenham for £80,000.
18 June 1986: England beat Paraguay 3–0 and reached the World Cup quarter-finals for the first time since 1970.
22 June 1986: England's World Cup lost 2–1 to Argentina.
FA Cup
Liverpool beat Everton 3–1 in the final – with Rush scoring twice – to complete the third league championship and FA Cup double of the 20th century.
League Cup
After being promoted to the First Division the season before, Oxford United won the League Cup, beating the Queens Park Rangers 3–0 in the final.
Football League
First Division
Liverpool narrowly reclaimed the league title from Everton. They completed their first and only league and cup double by defeating Everton in the FA Cup final.
As a result of the previous year's Heysel Stadium disaster, both Liverpool and Everton missed out on the European Cup and European Cup Winners' Cup respectively, while West Ham United, Manchester United and Sheffield Wednesday all missed out on the UEFA Cup, as did Oxford United.
West Bromwich Albion fell back into Division Two after ten seasons, following a campaign in which they only won four games. Birmingham City performed almost as poorly and made an immediate return to Division Two. Coventry City had spent most of the season in the relegation zone until a late revival after George Curtis and John Sillett took over as co-managers with three games remaining.
Second Division
Norwich City won the Second Division title, and was promoted back to the First Division. Charlton Athletic, despite having suffered a financial crisis over the previous years and leaving their home ground The Valley to ground share with Crystal Palace at Selhurst Park, returned to the First Division for the first time since 1957. Wimbledon, who had been in the Fourth Division only three years prior and were in only their second-ever season in the second tier, managed to claim the third and final promotion spot.
Fulham were relegated to bottom place after mounting financial pressures had forced them to sell off most of their squad during the summer. Middlesbrough suffered their second-ever relegation to the third tier, as their own financial situation worsened to the point where they were locked out of their Ayresome Park ground and nearly expelled from the Football League between the end of this season and the beginning of the following one.
Third Division
Reading won the Third Division title after beginning the season with 13 successive victories, meaning they would be playing in the Second Division for the first time since 1931. Plymouth Argyle took the runner-up spot, and Derby County was the third promoted side.
The bottom two positions were occupied by Swansea City and the Wolverhampton Wanderers. Cardiff City and Lincoln City filled the other relegation spots.
Fourth Division
Swindon Town won promotion by a record-breaking 18 points, and became the second team (after York City two years previously) to exceed 100 points in a season, and was also awarded the board's decision to reinstate manager Lou Macari days after his controversial dismissal at the end of the previous season. Chester City, who had finished bottom of the league just two years prior, were promoted as runners-up. Mansfield Town and Port Vale took the two remaining promotion spaces.
Torquay United, Preston North End, Cambridge United, and Exeter City were made to apply for re-election. Preston, the inaugural First Division champion back in 1888–89, saw its lowest finish ever at 23rd position almost a century from their two back-to-back titles.
Top goalscorers
First Division
Gary Lineker (Everton) – 30 goals
Second Division
Kevin Drinkell (Norwich City) – 22 goals
Third Division
Trevor Senior (Reading) – 27 goals
Fourth Division
Richard Cadette (Southend United) – 25 goals
Famous debutants
31 August 1985: Ian Wright, 21-year-old striker, made his debut for Crystal Palace in a 3–2 defeat by Huddersfield Town at Selhurst Park in the Second Division soon after joining the club from non-league Greenwich Borough.
28 September 1985: David Rocastle, 18-year-old midfielder, made his debut for Arsenal in a 1–1 draw with Newcastle United in the First Division at Highbury.
23 November 1985: Martin Keown, 19-year-old defender, made his debut for Arsenal in a goalless draw with West Bromwich Albion at The Hawthorns.
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386%20in%20English%20football
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The urban agglomeration of Quebec City () is an urban agglomeration in Quebec. It may also be referred to as the urban agglomeration of the city of Québec.
It consists of:
Quebec City (Central municipality)
L'Ancienne-Lorette
Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures
That is, it consists of the elements of the amalgamated city of Quebec City as it existed after amalgamation on January 1, 2002, including the two municipalities that chose to de-merge on January 1, 2006.
It differs from the census division of Quebec City in that the census division includes the Indian reserve of Wendake and the parish municipality of Notre-Dame-des-Anges, which are enclaves of Quebec City but do not belong to the agglomeration.
See also
Urban agglomerations of Quebec
Municipal reorganization in Quebec
Municipal history of Quebec
Communauté métropolitaine de Québec
Quebec City
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20agglomeration%20of%20Quebec%20City
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There are two national and 10 state/territory daily newspapers, 35 regional dailies and 470 other regional and suburban newspapers in Australia. Each state and territory has one or two dominant daily newspapers which focus upon the major national news while also containing news of importance for the state that it is sold in. These include: The Sydney Morning Herald, The Daily Telegraph (Sydney), The Age (Melbourne), The Herald Sun (Melbourne) and The Canberra Times. The two national daily newspapers are The Australian and The Australian Financial Review, which are owned by different companies. Nearly all major metropolitan newspapers are owned either by News Limited, a subsidiary of News Corporation, or Nine Entertainment Co., with notable exceptions including The West Australian and The Sunday Times in Perth, and The Canberra Times in the nation's capital city.
Other notable newspapers and news websites are: news.com.au, ABC News Online, Seven News Online, SBS News Online, Nine News, the Guardian Australia, The New Daily and The Saturday Paper. Increasingly, news material is published online in Australia, sometimes exclusively.
History
, Adelaide, 3 June 1837]]
19th century
Australia's first newspaper was the Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, which began in 1803. In 1810, the second newspaper in Australia, the Derwent Star and Van Diemen's Land Intelligencer was founded in Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania), but it was short-lived and ceased publication the same year. Victoria's first paper was the Melbourne Advertiser, which began in 1838. By the mid-1850s, there were 11 papers in Tasmania. The Tasmanian and Port Dalrymple Advertiser founded in Launceston in 1825 was the first provincial newspaper in Australia.
Early newspapers tended to consist of four pages and generally appeared one or two days a week. They were hindered by occasional shortages of suitable paper, ink, compositors and printers. Publication sometimes had to be suspended due to such shortages.
Australia's longest-running newspaper, the Sydney Morning Herald, was first published as the Sydney Herald in 1831. The Heralds rival, The Daily Telegraph, was first published in July 1879. Weekly newspapers were an important feature of the Australian newspaper scene in the nineteenth century. Illustrated newspapers became increasingly important. They initially featured woodcut engravings and toward the end on the nineteenth century black and white photographs began to appear.
Australia's first foreign-language newspaper, Die Deutsche Post für die australischen Kolonien, was published in Adelaide from 1848 to 1850.
Australia's first national daily newspaper, Daily Commercial News (now Lloyd's List Australia), was first published in April 1891. Only during the second part of the twentieth century did other national newspapers start to be published.
Newspapers played an important role in Australia in the nineteenth century. According to historian and former newspaper man Thomas McCombie in his History of the Colony of Victoria (1858):
These sentiments were echoed by Richard Twopeny in Town Life in Australia (1883):
This national obsession with newspapers continued into the 20th century so that historian Ken Inglis could note in 1962 that:
20th century
There were 26 metropolitan dailies in 1924, but this had fallen to 14 by the 1960s due to closures and amalgamations. During the same period, the number of separate proprietors had gone from 21 to seven.
During the 1980s and 1990s colour printing and cold offset printing took place in the production of newspapers. Many newspapers became available in electronic form either on CD-ROM or via the World Wide Web.
21st century
The disruption of traditional print media by digital media that began late in the 20th century continued into the 21st century. In response, newspapers in Australia closed, amalgamated or laid off staff – by 2011, the top two newspaper owners accounted for 86% of newspaper sales in Australia. All major newspapers and most minor newspapers in Australia now produce a digital version of their publication. Many periodicals produce a digital version only. Further major changes to legacy media in Australia seem inevitable.
The COVID-19 pandemic impacted Australian news media by reducing advertising income. Some titles were closed permanently, while others were suspended for a time. In response, the Australian government provided financial support for regional media outlets.
See also
Journalism in Australia
List of newspapers in Australia
List of newspapers in Australia by circulation
List of people in communications and media in Australia
Media of Australia
References
Further reading
Collins, Ross F.; Palmegiano, E. M. Rise of Western Journalism, 1815–1914: Essays on the Press in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain & the United States (2008)
Cryle, Denis. "The Empire Press Union and Antipodean communications: Australian-New Zealand involvement 1909–1950." Media History (2002) 8#1 pp: 49–62.
Cryle, Denis. "The press and public service broadcasting: Neville Petersen's news not views and the case for Australian exceptionalism." (2014) Media International Australia, Incorporating Culture & Policy Issue 151 (May 2014): 56+.
Cryle, Denis. "The ebb and flow of the Tasman mediasphere: a century of Australian and New Zealand print media development, 1840–1940." (2005). online
Cryle, D. Disreputable Profession: Journalists and Journalism in Colonial Australia (Central Queensland University Press: Rockhampton, Queensland, (1997)
Dunstan, David, “Twists and turns: The origins and transformations of Melbourne’s metropolitan press in the nineteenth century,” Victorian Historical Journal, 89 (1) June 2018, 5-26
Griffen-Foley, Bridget, "'Four More Points than Moses': Dr. HV Evatt, the Press and the 1944 Referendum." Labour History (1995): 63–79. in JSTOR
Kirkpatrick, Rod. "The provincial press and politics: NSW, 1841–1930." Australian Studies in Journalism 8 (1999): 96-117.
Manion, James. "History of newspapers in North Queensland." Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 11.4 (1981): 139–151. online
Pearce, S. Shameless Scribblers: Australian Women's Journalism 1880–1995 (Central Queensland University Press: Rockhampton, Queensland, 1998)
Read, Donald. "Reuters: News agency of the British empire." Contemporary British History 8.2 (1994): 195–212.
Richardson, Nick. "From 'rags' to 'riches': The evolution of the Australian suburban newspaper." Media International Australia, Incorporating Culture & Policy 150 (2014): 83+.
Van Heekeren, Margaret. "'Office boys' or intellectuals?: Sydney Morning Herald editors from 1903–1937." Australian Journalism Review 32#2 (2010): 75+.
Vine, Josie. "'If I Must Die, Let Me Die Drinking at an Inn': The Tradition of Alcohol Consumption in Australian Journalism" Australia Journalism Monographs (2010) v 12 (Griffith Centre for Cultural Research, Griffith University)
Walker, R. B. (1976), The newspaper press in New South Wales, 1803–1920, Sydney University Press.
Walker, Robin Berwick. Yesterday's news: history of the newspaper press in New South Wales from 1920 to 1945 (Intl Specialized Book Service Inc, 1980)
External links
National Library of Australia - "History of Australian Newspapers"
National Library of Australia - "Press timeline: Select chronology of significant Australian press events to 2011"
National Library of Australia - "Press timeline 1802 - 1850"
Newspapers published in Australia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers%20in%20Australia
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Thomas Creighton was a prospector who found mineral deposits in Saskatchewan.
With his partners Jack and Dan Mosher, Creighton discovered gold on the west side of Amisk Lake in 1913. This was the first significant mineral in the area, leading to an influx of more than a thousand men and women from all over Canada. By 1914 a row of tents and log cabins, along with two cookhouses capable of feeding two hundred people at a time, developed at a place known as "Beaver City". Soon a freighting business was set up, then barns and boarding houses were also built to look after the many travellers. With the gold rush, the freighting industry, and the fishing industry, the boom town Beaver City seemed sustainable. However, when the First World War broke out, many left or moved to Sturgeon Landing to find work in the Mandy Mine there. Beaver City began to deteriorate, and by 1918 had practically become a ghost town.
One day whilst wandering in the wilderness he came upon a copy of The Sunless City by J. E. Preston Muddock. The story is about a man named Josiah Flintabbatey Flonatin "Flin Flon", who piloted a submarine through a bottomless lake. Upon passing through a hole lined with gold, he found a strange underground world. When Tom Creighton discovered a rich vein of almost pure copper, he thought of the book and called it Flin Flon.
The town of Creighton was founded in the 1930s, when some twenty homes were built on either side of the winter trail between Flin Flon and Sandy Bay (Denare). The community grew somewhat after the Saskatchewan Department of Natural Resources constructed a road from Flin Flon to Amisk Lake.
A commemorative cairn to Thomas Creighton is located on Main Street near Creighton School. In 1978, the National Film Board of Canada produced the short documentary Canada Vignettes: Flin Flon about the origin of the city's name.
References
Canadian prospectors
Canadian people of Irish descent
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Creighton%20%28prospector%29
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Subeihi or Subayhi ( ), or the Subeihi Sultanate ( or ), was the westernmost state in the western Aden Protectorate. It was one of the original "Nine Cantons" that signed protection agreements with Great Britain in the late 19th century.
The designation of "state" when referring to the Subeihi is contentious, as they were divided into a number of petty clans who owed no allegiance to a single paramount Chief, had little to no political unity, and entered treaty relations with the British separately.
History
In 1839, after the capture of Aden, several engagements were arranged between the British and with Chiefs of this tribe; but until 1871 the only Chiefs enjoying stipends from the British Government were the heads of the Dubeini and Rijai clans. In that year the Mansuri clan attacked and plundered a caravan coming into Aden.
A detachment of the Aden troop, which had been raised in 1865 for police purposes, was despatched against them, and an action ensued in which one of the Chiefs and most of his party were killed. Eventually, in 1871, the Subeihi Chiefs came into Aden and tendered their submission : they also entered into Engagements to preserve the peace of the roads, to restore plundered property, and to abolish transit duties and taxes on the roads passing through their territories, in return for monthly stipends. An additional Engagement was also signed in 1871 by the Mansuri Chief, by which he admitted his responsibility for the good behaviour of the Kuraisi.
A separate Engagement was made in 1871 with the Atifi sub-division of the tribe, by which they agreed to afford protection to shipwrecked seamen of any nation, and to protect and send to Aden deserters from the garrison and shipping.
An expedition despatched in 1878 by sea and land was successful in putting a stop, tor the time, to the depredations committed by the Barhimi, a sub-tribe of the Subeihi, but on the recrudescence of disorder the whole tribe was put under the control of the Abdali. In 1886, however, the Subeihi agreement became inoperative, the various Subeihi tribes resumed their old position of independent relations with the Aden Residency, and their stipends were restored to them.
In 1889 Protectorate Treaties were made with the Atifi and Barhimi. These were ratified on 26 February 1890.
In April 1899, owing to continual robberies by the Subeihi, the Abdali Sultan was given permission to occupy It as al Arab, Turan and Am Rija. In November the Atifi attacked an Abdali post, but when the Abdali collected a large force the Atifi submitted.
In 1900 Muhammad Salih Tatar, the late Native Assistant Resident, took refuge among the Mansuri and Makhdumi and incited them to plunder.
In 1902 the Abdali collected a large force and several skirmishes took place in Subeihi country. The Subeihi continued to plunder during 1904.
In March 1904 Captain Warneford was murdered at Am Rija on his way to join the Boundary Commission as political officer. By May the boundary was demarcated. No opposition was experienced from any tribe, except the Khalifi, Atawi and Jazeri.
A postal sowar carrying Government mails was shot by a raiding party of Atifi near Shaikh Othman in January 1906. The greater part of the mails was recovered, but the tribesmen, failing to surrender the offenders as they were called upon to do, were prohibited from entering Aden and payment of their stipend was suspended.
Salih Ba Haidara the Rijai, murderer of Captain Warneford, was shot by a dependant of the Mansuri Shaikh in March 1906.
In July 1906, a dhow flying Italian colours was wrecked and pillaged off the Barhimi coast. The Barhimi Shaikh was ordered to pay compensation; but, he having failed to do so, the amount, Rs. 2,450, was paid by Government and subsequently deducted from his stipend.
Some of the Subeihi clans, notably the Dubini and Eijai, took part in the looting of Shaikh Ollunan after the capture of Lahej by the Turks in 1915.
In February 1919, an Agreement was concluded with the Ahdali Sultan placing the Sulieihi again under his general control.
In September 1927 a large force of North Yemeni troops invaded Subeihi territory in the neighbourhood of Turan, but retired as the result of warnings of air action.
In December 1928, when a curtailment of doles and entertainment to the chiefs was effected, the tribesmen became restive and resorted to their old tactics of murder and pillage. They were ordered to cease and to make restitution for their offences and, on their refusing to do so, air action was taken against the more guilty parties. The tribesmen eventually made their submission.
In 1931, gross revenue of the tribe was estimated at Its. 8,000 a year, and the population at 20,000.
In 1946, it had a population of 20,000.
In 1948, it came under the sway of the Sultanate of Lahej and is now part of the Republic of Yemen.
References
History of Yemen
Former countries in the Middle East
Former sultanates
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subeihi
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Didier Lestrade (born 22 February 1958), is a French author, magazine publisher, AIDS and LGBT rights advocate.
Biography
Didier Lestrade was born in Médéa, French Algeria. He grew up in the south-west of France, and left home in 1977 after failing twice to graduate from the baccalauréat. He then went to Paris, where he began working for the first French independent gay publication, Gaie Presse. This magazine was short-lived (four issues only). At the age of 22, he then decided to found Magazine Trimestriel, with Misti who soon became art director for the leading 1980s French gay newspaper, Gai Pied. Magazine Trimestriel was considered by many to be the most influential all male underground gay publication of its time. Dazed and The New York Times website wrote a small story about recent Magazine exhibit in Paris, at the gallery 12Mail. Since then, Magazine is enjoying a revival of sorts with Butt magazine publishing an interview of Didier Lestrade.
In 1986, the publication folded after conducting ninety full-length interviews, in both English and French, including David Hockney, Bronski Beat, Brion Gysin, Divine, Gilbert & George, Bill Ward (British artist) and Tom of Finland. Magazine was also a leading outlet for cutting-edge European and American male photography of that time, introducing vintage work from Pierre et Gilles, Patrick Sarfati, Erwin Olaf, and Paul Blanca, Stanley Stellar and many more. The last issues were up to 190 pages.
As an AIDS activist
In 1986, at the age of 28, he discovered he was HIV positive, Lestrade developed a career as a freelance music journalist, writing for Gai Pied, Libération and Rolling Stone. He played an influential role in the new house/techno music scene, writing weekly reviews in Libération that were widely read. In 1989, at 31, he shifted his focus to AIDS activism, and founded the first French chapter of ACT UP with close friends and journalists Pascal R. Loubet and Luc Coulavin. He was president of Act Up-Paris for the three first critical years. In 1992, he played an important role in founding of , a coalition of major French AIDS organizations. TRT-5 was at the forefront of AIDS treatment issues, and Lestrade was one of its administrators until 2002. By 2000, Lestrade switched from treatment issues to AIDS prevention and became a leading voice against barebacking and confronted the ground-breaking writer Guillaume Dustan. The romanesque story of this fight was written (without Lestrade's approval) in Tristan Garcia's first book, awarded by the prix de Flore, La meilleure part des hommes in 2008.
As a journalist
In 1995, at 37, he co-founded the leading French gay & lesbian monthly magazine, Têtu, again with the help of Pascal R. Loubet. Financed by Pierre Bergé, of Yves Saint Laurent fame, and run by Thomas Doustally, its editor in chief, Têtu is the most successful gay magazine in Europe. In 2008, he left Têtu and revamped a year later the website Minorités.org with fellow journalists Laurent Chambon from Netherlands and Mehmet Koksal from Belgium. He is editor in chief of the Minorités's weekly newsletter. The purpose of Minorités is to gather issues regarding minorities around the world.
As a writer
In 2000, Lestrade published his first book, Act Up, une Histoire (Denoël), a personal history of the first eleven years of Act Up-Paris. This was followed by Kinsey 6 (Denoël, 2002), an intimate cultural and sexual diary of the eighties, during the time he published Magazine. His next book was The End (Denoël, 2004), a fierce and controversial essay on the failure of AIDS prevention, and the phenomenon of barebacking in France. Lestrade left Paris in 2002 to live in rural French Normandy, near Alençon. He has always been a nature lover and a garden enthusiast. The following book, Cheikh, journal de campagne, was published in 2007 by Flammarion and related his five years of loneliness in the countryside after leaving Paris, influenced by the work of Henry David Thoreau. For this purpose, he travelled to Concord, Massachusetts, and visited Walden Pond. His fifth book, Chroniques du dance floor, Libération 1988–1999 is published in May 2010 by "l'éditeur Singulier". Lestrade has been featured in the 2006–07 edition of Who's Who in France.
In 2012, Didier Lestrade published no less than 3 books :
Sida 2.0 1981 - 2011, 30 ans de regards croisés (Fleuve Editions) on the AIDS crisis, with Pr. Gilles Pialoux.
Pourquoi les gays sont passés à droite (Le Seuil) on the political shift to the right of some leaders of the European LGBT community.
Chroniques du Journal du Sida (BOD) which is a collection of AIDS chronicles published from 1994 to 2013.
2017 sees the huge success of BPM (Beats per Minute) with 4 awards at Cannes festival, including Grand Prix, a story of Act Up-Paris, inspired by Didier lestrade's first book, Act Up, une Histoire. The same book gets a second edition the same year.
In 2021, Didier lestrade published I Love Porn, a long-awaited essay on the history of the gay porn movement for Editions du Détour.
His last book will be released in 2024 for Editions Stock, his Memoirs.
As a club promoter
In 2000, Didier Lestrade along several friends opened, a monthly review at the Boule noire. This mixed house gay club with DJ resident Patrick Vidal lasted until 2004. Then he followed with Otra Otra with DJ resident Nick V until 2006. Lestrade also released two music compilations with Patrick Thévenin: Paradise Garage (Pschent, 1997) and Paradise Garage 2 (Pschent, 1999). Another compilation came in 2008: Slow Jamz & Hot Songs (WEA).
As a blogger
After leaving Têtu, Didier Lestrade tried to focus his writing on Internet, as most of his articles during the last two decades can't be found online. He opened his blog, which has been considered by French GQ website as one of the twenty most influential blogs. In 2010, he started his own website dedicated to archives from his career as a journalist, on topics like music, photography, AIDS activism and gay porn.
Bibliography
Didier Lestrade, Act Up. Une histoire, Paris, Denoël, 2000 ().
Didier Lestrade, Kinsey 6 : Journal des années 80, Paris, Denoël, 2002 ().
Didier Lestrade, The End, Paris, Denoël, 2004 ().
Didier Lestrade, Cheikh. Journal de campagne, Paris, Flammarion, 2007 ().
Didier Lestrade, Chroniques du dance floor. Libération 1988–1999, Paris, Singulier, 2010 ().
Didier Lestrade (with Gilles Pialoux), Sida 2.0 - Regards croisés sur 30 ans d'une épidémie, Paris, Fleuve Noir, 2012, (),
Didier Lestrade, Pourquoi les gays sont passés à droite, Paris, Le Seuil, 2012, ().
Didier Lestrade, Minorités : l'essentiel, Paris, Des ailes sur un tracteur, 2014, ().
Didier Lestrade, Le Journal du Sida - Chroniques 1994 / 2013'', Paris, Books on Demand, 2014, ().
References
External links
(fr) (en)
(fr) (en) Minorités.org
(fr) TRT-5 official site
(fr) Têtu official site
blog
website
Members of ACT UP
1958 births
Living people
French diarists
French activists
People with HIV/AIDS
French gay writers
French LGBT rights activists
French writers with disabilities
French magazine founders
French male essayists
21st-century French LGBT people
Activists with disabilities
LGBT writers with disabilities
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didier%20Lestrade
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Lymphangiectasia, also known as "lymphangiectasis", is a pathologic dilation of lymph vessels. When it occurs in the intestines of dogs, and more rarely humans, it causes a disease known as "intestinal lymphangiectasia". This disease is characterized by lymphatic vessel dilation, chronic diarrhea and loss of proteins such as serum albumin and globulin. It is considered to be a chronic form of protein-losing enteropathy.
Signs and symptoms
Chronic diarrhea is almost always seen with lymphangiectasia, but most other signs are linked to low blood protein levels (hypoproteinemia), which causes low oncotic pressure. These signs include ascites, pleural effusion, and edema of the limbs and trunk. Weight loss is seen with long-term disease.
Cause
Biopsy of the small intestine shows dilation of the lacteals of the villi and distension of the lymphatic vessels. Reduced lymph flow leads to a malabsorption syndrome of the small intestine, especially of fat and fat-soluble vitamins. Rupture of the lymphatics causes protein loss into the intestines.
The most common cause of lymphangiectasia was congenital malformation of the lymphatics. Secondary lymphangiectasia may be caused by granulomas or cancer causing lymphatic obstruction, or increased central venous pressure (CVP) causing abnormal lymph drainage. Increased CVP can be caused by pericarditis or right-sided heart failure. Inflammatory bowel disease can also lead to inflammation of the lymphatics and lymphangiectasia through migration of inflammatory cells through the lymphatics.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is through biopsy. The presence of hypoproteinemia, decreased blood lymphocytes, and decreased cholesterol support the diagnosis. Hypocalcemia (low calcium) is also seen due to poor absorption of vitamin D and calcium, and secondary to low protein binding of calcium. Medical ultrasonography may show striations in the intestinal mucosa indicating dilated lacteals. Computerized tomography (CT) can show low attenuation material within the bowel walls which corresponds to lipid-containing chylous fluid within the dilated lymphatic vessels.
Treatment
Treatment is multifactorial. A diet very low in fat and high in high quality protein is essential. By limiting a dog's fat intake, the amount of intestinal lymph that is formed is reduced which also reduces pressure within these faulty ducts. Less pressure means less lymph leakage and a reduction of symptoms. Diets for dogs with lymphangiectasia should not have more than 20% of their calories coming from fat. Treatment of humans can also involve the use of MCT (medium-chain triglycerides) oil and/or the drug octreotide. In dogs, fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) should be supplemented. Corticosteroid treatment may be required for life. Antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial overgrowth. With a very low serum albumin, transfusion with blood plasma or an infusion of hetastarch may be necessary to treat the signs until the diet can take effect. Lymphangiectasia is rarely cured but can remain in remission for a long time. It can be fatal when unresponsive to treatment.
In animals
Dog breeds commonly affected by lymphangiectasia and/or protein-losing enteropathy include the Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier, Norwegian Lundehund, Basenji, and Yorkshire Terrier.
References
External links
Dermal and subcutaneous growths
Dog diseases
Lymphatic vessel diseases
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphangiectasia
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A skeleton key (also known as a passkey) is a type of master key in which the serrated edge has been removed in such a way that it can open numerous locks, most commonly the warded lock. The term derives from the fact that the key has been reduced to its essential parts.
Master keys
A skeleton key is a key that has been filed or cut to create one that can be used to unlock a variety of warded locks each with a different configuration of wards. This can usually be done by removing most of the center of the key, allowing it to pass by the wards without interference, operating the lock. To counteract the illicit creation of such keys, locksmiths can put wards not just in the center but on the outside as well, making the creation of a skeleton key more difficult.
Lever lock skeleton keys are used in a lock with usually three or five levers and a set of wards that come into contact with the bit of the key only on the sides—the top is for pushing the levers to their correct heights while the warded section of the key just has to pass uninterrupted to allow the key to rotate fully. A master key system of lever locks has the same lever heights in all locks. Each door will have different wards and can only be opened by the correctly warded key or the master key. A skeleton key has the warded section of the key removed so that it opens all the doors of a system.
Some applications, such as a building with multiple entrance doors, have numerous locks that are keyed alike; one key will open every door. A keyed-alike system is different from a master key system as none of the locks have a key that can open only that lock.
Skeleton keys have often been associated with attempts to defeat locks for illicit purposes, to release handcuffs for example, and standard keys have been filed down for that purpose. Legitimate skeleton or master keys are used in many modern contexts where lock operation is required and the original key has been lost or is not available. In hotels without electronic locks, skeleton keys are used by housekeeping services to enter the rooms.
See also
Master keying
Lock picking
Lock bumping, a technique for opening pin tumbler locks.
References
Locksmithing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton%20key
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Skakavac (lit. "grasshopper") is a waterfall in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is northeast of Sarajevo, above the village of Nahorevo. At , it is one of the tallest waterfalls in the Balkans and traverses a vertical limestone face. The waterfall freezes in winter into a number of shapes. Part of a stream of the same name, it flows below the peak of the Bukovik into Perak Creek. Vegetation around the waterfall consists of endemic and relict plants. Nearby trails are frequented by mountain bikers and hikers. In 2002, the waterfall and its surroundings were declared a natural monument by the Sarajevo Canton government.
Tourist attraction
The main tourist attraction of the park - Skakavac waterfall - can be reached by trail. The trailhead is accessible by bus or car and by foot. Visitors can travel to the waterfall trailhead from Nahorevo or hike from Sarajevo through Nahorevo and the Skakavac Nature Preserve. The waterfall may also be reached by vehicle, with rest areas available along the trail.
Gallery
See also
Skakavac Waterfall, Perućica, another waterfall in Bosnia
References
Waterfalls of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Landforms of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Tourist attractions in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sarajevo Canton
Nature parks of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Protected areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Protected areas established in 2002
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skakavac%20%28Sarajevo%29
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Darien High School is the single public high school serving the town of Darien, Connecticut, in the United States.
Background
In 2014, Darien High School had the highest SAT scores in the state. In the 2004–2005 school year, Darien had the second highest CAPT score in the state and the highest Advanced Placement scores in the school's history, with a 100 percent pass rate on AP math exams and more than 85 percent of students earning the top score of "5." About one in three students in the school takes an AP math course.
Darien High School was specifically ranked 22nd in the nation for best STEM high school by U.S. News & World Report, a list of the top science, technology, engineering and math schools in the United States.
Of the 200 graduating seniors in June 2017, 13 won national recognition in the National Merit Scholarship Program, with 13 as "merit finalists" and three as National Merit Scholars.
For the purpose of comparison with the achievement levels of similar schools, the state Department of Education classifies schools and communities in "District Reference Groups," defined as "districts whose students' families are similar in education, income, occupation and need, and that have roughly similar enrollment." Darien is one of eight school districts in District Reference Group A (the others are Easton, New Canaan, Redding, Ridgefield, Weston, Westport, and Wilton).
The school's sports teams have won numerous state championships. Darien is known for its competitive football, lacrosse, ice hockey, field hockey, volleyball, and track teams.
A tradition at the school's graduation ceremonies is to present honorary diplomas to school teachers or administrators who are retiring. In 2007, they were presented to a school counselor and school librarian.
Campus
The original high school building opened in 1927. A new building was built in 1960, and the former structure became Mather Junior High School. Upon the closing of Mather Junior High, the building became Darien's Town Hall.
The second high school building, on a site at 80 High School Lane, opened in 1960 and was torn down in 2005. The current high school, designed by Newman Architects of New Haven, was constructed from 2003 to 2005, opening in the fall of 2005. The project cost roughly US$76 million. Among the major innovations were the development of a collegiate campus-like setting of multiple inter-connected buildings, a green roof over the new cafeteria wing, and the introduction of a campus-wide wireless network and fiber-optic networking to all classrooms. Construction costs of the new building significantly exceeded the original budget, mostly due to the cost of asbestos removal from the old building.
Athletics
DHS is part of the FCIAC, the Fairfield County Interscholastic Athletic Conference. The school's main sports rival is New Canaan High School.
Darien has one of the best high school lacrosse teams in the country, winning eight of the last 11 FCIAC titles, the 2005 Boys' Division I state championship, and the 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 CIAC Class M state championship. Darien's Boys' lacrosse team was ranked #4 in the country by the STX/Inside Lacrosse National High School Lacrosse Rankings in 2008.
The girls' field hockey team has won nine FCIAC championships in the past twelve years and eight state championships in the past ten years, in 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2016. They have also maintained the longest winning streak and undefeated streak in the nation at 93 games.
The girls' lacrosse team won the 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2014 CIAC Division I state championship.
The girls' volleyball team maintains a 100+ game winning streak in addition to numerous FCIAC and state championships.
The Boys Volleyball team was set up in 2006; it has a .735 win percentage and 3 State Championships (Class M 2008 and 2011 as well as a Class L 2017) and 4 FCIAC Championships (2011, 2015, 2016, 2017).
The girls' swim team has won over nine state championships and won FCIACs this past year.
The boys' track team won state class championships in the Indoor 2005 and 2006 seasons.
The boys' swim and dive team won the state championships in 2018.
These freshman (F), junior varsity (JV) and varsity (V) sports are offered at the school:
FALL
Cheerleading (V)
Cross country (JV, V)
Field hockey (F, JV, V)
Football (F, JV, V)
Soccer — boys and girls (F, JV, V)
Swimming — girls (V)
Volleyball — girls (F, JV, V)
WINTER
Basketball — boys and girls (F, JV, V)
Cheerleading (V)
Gymnastics — girls (V)
Ice hockey — boys (JV, V)
Ice hockey — girls (V)
Indoor track — boys and girls (JV, V)
Skiing — boys and girls (JV, V)
Squash — boys and girls (V)
Swimming — boys (V)
Wrestling — boys (JV, V)
SPRING
Baseball (F, JV, V)
Golf — boys and girls (JV, V)
Lacrosse — boys and girls (F, JV, V)
Outdoor track — boys and girls (JV, V)
Sailing (V)
Softball (JV, V)
Tennis — boys and girls (JV, V)
Volleyball — boys (JV, V)
Rugby (V)
Synthetic turf fields and stadium lights
The three grass oval fields in front of the school were turned in to turf fields and opened for use at the beginning of the 2016–2017 school year. A multimedia scoreboard, a ticket booth and concession area were also added. The Darien Athletic Foundation conducted the largest crowd sourced project in the town's history by raising private contributions to fully fund the project.
After years of public debate with school neighbors, stadium lights were turned on for evening game play on September 14, 2017.
A synthetic turf baseball field was installed at the high school in the summer of 2007. The DHS Baseball Field Project raised almost $1 million for the field (along with $1.08 appropriated by the Representative Town Meeting, $306,000 provided by the school district and $20,000 donated by the Darien High School Building Committee). Between the time the new high school building was constructed and the end of the 2006–2007 school year, the baseball field was unfit for use because of drainage problems and use of the field by other sports teams. The school's baseball teams had been playing on fields at Middlesex Middle School and at the Town Hall. In 2008 the turf was completed and played on for the first time.
Theatre 308
Darien High School's state-renowned theater program, Theatre 308, puts on three or more productions each school year, ranging widely in scope and time period. The Fall Drama is intellectual, contemplative, and intimate, while the Spring Musical is often a large-scale production targeted at the broader Darien community. Theatre 308's numerous Student Productions in the late spring are innovative, witty, and an all-around great time, offering a chance for students to fill the roles usually reserved for faculty members, such as the director. However, the Student Productions are not the only opportunities for DHS students to fill major production roles, as both the Drama and the Musical encourage students to serve as Stage Managers as well as technical designers for Sets, Costumes, Lights, and Sound. The Drama is especially well known for its use of extensive original music composition, direction, and live performance in many of its past shows. The organization as a whole has won numerous HALO Awards for its outstanding lead cast members, powerful ensemble, and amazing direction team, as well as several Sondheim Awards in similar categories. Its shows, ranging from Kiss Me Kate to Metamorphoses to Chicago to The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time, are beloved by the Darien public and widely attended.
Student diversity
Notable alumni
Dick Bertel, radio/television personality and broadcasting executive
Garrett M. Brown, actor
Alex Kelly, convicted serial rapist
Wilson Cleveland, actor and producer
Topher Grace, actor
Garett Maggart, actor
Moby, musician
Martha Peterson, CIA officer
Joanna Scott, novelist, member of Post 53
Chloë Sevigny, model and actress
Chris Shays, former Republican representative for Connecticut's 4th congressional district
Mark Tinker, television producer and director
Gus Van Sant, film director
Alex Michel, businessman, producer, and television personality
Richard Crafts, murderer
References
External links
Buildings and structures in Darien, Connecticut
Educational institutions established in 1927
Public high schools in Connecticut
Schools in Fairfield County, Connecticut
1927 establishments in Connecticut
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darien%20High%20School
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Truchas is a census-designated place in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, United States. Located along the scenic High Road to Taos, it is halfway between Santa Fe in the south, and Taos to the north.
Truchas has the ZIP code 87578. The 87578 ZIP Code Tabulation Area, which includes the nearby village of Cordova, New Mexico, had a population of 560 at the 2010 census.
Overview
Straddling a high ridge, the community began as the Nuestra Señora del Rosario, San Fernando y Santiago del Rio de las Truchas Grant, a Spanish land grant in 1754 and, due to its geography and location, remained a relatively unchanged outpost over the centuries. The land grant is commonly known as the Truchas Land Grant, gaining its name from the river that provides the water for irrigation of the land. Truchas is the Spanish word for trout.
Nuestra Señora del Rosario is also the name of the early nineteenth-century church in the center of the village. The church contains two large altar-screens (reredos) by the renowned santero Pedro Antonio Fresquis. One screen is dated 1821, and there are other fine examples of early nineteenth-century santero art in the church.
The community remains remote, located at 8000 feet above sea level. A paved road did not enter the community till the early 1970s. These very same issues made the community attractive to artists moving to Northern New Mexico for its thriving arts scene, particularly after Robert Redford's The Milagro Beanfield War (1988) was filmed there. The arrival of the artist has altered the traditional pace of agricultural life among the original Spanish settlers, at times leading to tensions, which have more recently receded. There are also a number of vacation and second homes in the village and in the surrounding area.
Because the community had remained unchanged for so long, it still operates under many of the original Spanish land grant bylaws; for example, cars must share the roads with livestock.
The community has close views of the Truchas Peaks (nearly 5,000 feet above the community) and of the Española Valley.
Cultural references
The settlement is mentioned in Willa Cather's 1927 novel Death Comes for the Archbishop
Much of The Milagro Beanfield War (1988) was filmed on location in Truchas. It also employed a number of local inhabitants as actors in smaller roles.
Great States, an American alternative rock band, makes two references to Truchas in their debut album Gatsby. These include a song titled "Truchas," and a reference made in a song titled "Cordova, NM."
See also
List of census-designated places in New Mexico
References
External links
Truchas article and photo gallery at The Armchair Explorer
Climate summary for Truchas, 1914-1962 at Western Regional Climate Center
Pedro Antonio Fresquís 1779-1831, Smithsonian American Art Museum
Lisa Law: Social Activism, Smithsonian Museum of American History
Sangre de Cristo Mountains
Census-designated places in New Mexico
Census-designated places in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truchas%2C%20New%20Mexico
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Chris Thorburn (born June 3, 1983) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey right winger. He played over 800 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). Thorburn was known for his physical play and capabilities as a fighter.
Early life
Thorburn was born on June 3, 1983, in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada to parents Linda and Mark Thorburn. He grew up in Ontario with two brothers and two sisters, along with numerous cousins from both sides of the family. His first cousin Chrissy Colizza plays for the McGill Martlets ice hockey, a school which three of his uncles attended.
Playing career
Growing up in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Thorburn played most of his minor ice hockey in the Sault Major Hockey Association (NOHA). He played in the 1997 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a team from Sault Ste. Marie. He later played for the Soo Thunder Minor Bantam club before making the jump to Tier II Jr.A. hockey with the Elliot Lake Vikings of the NOJHL. After an impressive season as a 15-year-old in the NOJHL, Thorburn was selected in the first round (6th overall) as an underage by the North Bay Centennials in the 1999 OHL Priority Selection. By 2019, he was the last North Bay Centennials player to be an active player in the NHL.
He was drafted 50th overall by the Buffalo Sabres in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. However, after returning to the OHL for the 2001–2002 season, the Centennials were sold to Saginaw and he split his season between the Saginaw Spirit and the Plymouth Whalers. On December 2, 2005, Thorburn made his NHL debut in 5-0 loss to the San Jose Sharks and recorded his first career NHL point the following game against the Colorado Avalanche. He was returned to American Hockey League on December 7, after playing in two games.
On October 3, 2006, Thorburn was claimed off waivers by the Pittsburgh Penguins. He recorded his first career NHL goal on November 6, 2006, in a 3–2 overtime loss against the Anaheim Ducks. After one season with the Penguins, Thorburn was traded to the Atlanta Thrashers for a third-round pick in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft.
Enjoying a career year during the 2010–11 season and in his fourth year with the Thrashers, Thorburn was signed to a three-year contract extension on February 26, 2011. On June 30, 2014, the Winnipeg Jets re-signed Thorburn to a three-year, $3.6 million contract extension.
On June 21, 2017, as an impending free agent from the Jets, he was left exposed and claimed by the Vegas Golden Knights in the 2017 NHL Expansion Draft. For selecting Thorburn the Jets traded their first-round pick in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft and a third-round pick in the 2019 NHL Entry Draft in exchange for Columbus' first-round pick in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft which was previously acquired by the Golden Knights. Although being selected by the Golden Knights in the expansion draft, Thorburn would become a free agent. On July 1, 2017, he signed a two-year, $1.8 million deal with the St. Louis Blues.
In the 2018–19 season, Thorburn made one appearance with the Blues before he was placed on waivers and re-assigned to AHL affiliate, the San Antonio Rampage, for the majority of the campaign. Thorburn was later recalled by the Blues, and despite not playing he was a part of the extended roster in the playoffs as the Blues claimed their first Stanley Cup in franchise history.
Thorburn announced his retirement on June 22, 2020, via a written statement released by the NHLPA. In an NHL career that spanned from 2006 to 2019, Thorburn scored 134 points in 801 career NHL games.
Personal life
Thorburn is married to Sara Thorburn and they have two children together. After their oldest child was diagnosed with autism, the couple began organizing fundraisers to raise money towards special education programs at schools. In 2018, they raised $20,000 towards their sons local special needs teacher at Flynn Park Elementary School.
Career statistics
References
External links
1983 births
Atlanta Thrashers players
Buffalo Sabres draft picks
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Living people
North Bay Centennials players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Plymouth Whalers players
Rochester Americans players
Saginaw Spirit players
Ice hockey people from Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
St. Louis Blues players
Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins players
Winnipeg Jets players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Thorburn
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Audhali ( or ), or the Audhali Sultanate ( ), was a state in the British Aden Protectorate. It was a founding member of the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South in 1959 and its successor, the Federation of South Arabia, in 1963. Its capital was Zarah.
The Audhali country was of considerable extent and lay between the Fadhli on the south, Aulaqi on the east and Yafai on the west.
History
The date of the foundation of the Sultanate is uncertain.
The Sultan made overtures for treaty relations with the British in 1902, but he was not at the time considered of sufficient importance to be encouraged.
In 1903, owing to their supposed complicity with the Ahl Am Saidi of Dathina in an attack on a British survey party, the Audhali were excluded from Aden; but the overtures were continued, and in September 1914 a Protectorate Treaty was concluded with Sultan Qasim bin Ahmed. He was killed in September 1928 by the brothers Muhammad and Husein Jabil, of another branch of the family, and was succeeded by the son of the latter, Salih, a minor, under the regency of his uncle Muhammad.
In 1923 the Imam’s troops invaded and occupied the highland portion of Audhali territory known as Adh Dhahir. In 1925, in consequence of their encroaching still further and occupying the lowland portion, known as Al Kor, and the commercial town of Lodar together with the adjoining village of Al Kubeida where the Sultan resided, British air action was taken against them with tribal co-operation and they were compelled to withdraw from the lowland portion, but as of 1931, they were still in possession of the highlands.
Ahmed, the son of the murdered Sultan, and Qasim bin Abdulla, his cousin, had formed a rival faction to the brothers Jabil and have thrown in their lot with the Amil of Beidha, under the Imam, taking up their residence at Aryab in the highlands.
Its last sultan, Salih ibn al Husayn ibn Jabil Al Audhali, was deposed and his state was abolished in 1967 upon the founding of the People's Republic of South Yemen. The area is now part of the Republic of Yemen.
Rulers
The rulers of the `Awdhali Sultanate had the style of Sultan al-Saltana al-`Awdhaliyya.
Sultans
c.1750 - 1780 Salih al-`Awdhali Ibn al-Awsaji
c.1780 - 1820 Ja`bil ibn Salih al-`Awdhali ibn al-Awsaji
c.1820 - 1870 Ahmad ibn Salih al-`Awdhali ibn al-Awsaji
1870 - 1890 Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-`Awdhali ibn al-Awsaji
1890 - 1900 Hamid ibn Ja`bil al-`Awdhali ibn al-Awsaji
1900 - 3 Sep 1928 al-Qasim ibn Hamid al-`Awdhali ibn al-Awsaji
1928 - Sep 1967 Salih ibn al-Husayn ibn Ja`bil al-`Awdhali ibn al-Awsaji
1928 - 19.. Muhammad Ja`bil -Regent
See also
Aden Protectorate
References
External links
Map of Arabia (1905-1923) including the states of Aden Protectorate
States in the Aden Protectorate
Federation of South Arabia
Former sultanates
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audhali
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Transilien () is the brand name given to the commuter rail network serving Île-de-France, the region surrounding and including the city of Paris. The network consists of eight lines: H, J, K, L, N, P, R, and U, each operated by SNCF, the state-owned French railway company. The lines begin and end in major Parisian stations, but unlike the RER network, the Transilien trains do not cross through the Paris city centre.
The Transilien brand was established on 20 September 1999 as a way to unify the suburban network that existed since the late nineteenth century. The name "Transilien" is a derivative of Francilien, the demonym for people living in Île-de-France. As part of the rebranding effort, stations and rolling stock were modernized.
The area covered does not correspond exactly with the boundaries of the Île-de-France region, with some lines crossing into other regions. On the other hand, some stations located at the margins of the Île-de-France region, are not served by Transilien routes, but instead TER trains from neighboring regions.
Transilien trains operate over tracks owned by SNCF Réseau (formerly RFF) and the same tracks are used by mainline passenger trains (TGV and Intercités), by other transport operators (Renfe, Deutsche Bahn, Eurostar, Thalys, and Venice-Simplon Orient Express) and by freight trains.
Although not strictly part of the network, the Transilien brand can also be seen on the RER C, D and E lines and tramway lines 4 and 11, which are operated by the same division of SNCF.
History
Appearance of first suburban trains
The first line in the suburbs of Paris opened on August 26, 1837, between Paris' (Saint-Lazare station) and Saint-Germain (the line stops temporarily at Le Pecq). This line was handed over to the RATP on 1 October 1972, when RER A was commissioned. Its immediate success led to the creation of numerous lines, primarily intended to link the main cities of France. Suburban service has long been marginal for large companies, with the exception of the West, where several short lines crossing residential areas are seeing their local traffic increase sharply. The creation of workers subscriptions marked a sharp increase in traffic, and especially, at the beginning of the massive urbanization at Paris' periphery, with the phenomenon of migrant workers.
Influence of lines on urbanization around Paris
The housing cost's increase as a result of major Haussmann works and the hygienic conditions inside Paris prompted workers and then employees working in the capital to live in the rural suburbs. The suburban trains allowed them and still allow them to rally their jobs inside the Île-de-France.
The successive topographic maps of the French IGN show the urbanization of the Parisian suburbs over the decades near the stations of the suburban lines. In the region, especially south of the capital, these lines follow the bottom of the valleys because the steam traction did not support the steep gradients: the urbanization of the trays takes place later with the advent of the automobile for the general public during the second half of the 20th century. The automobiles allowed people either to go directly to work, or to live at a distance from the station, where the land prices and rents are lower than in the immediate vicinity of the stations.
Geographers sometimes use pictured expressions to describe these two periods: the urbanization is done in "fingers of a glove" along the lines of suburban trains (the center of the glove being in Paris), then in a "spot of oil" with the car that allows to live a little further from the station.
Post-World War II
In 1938, the new SNCF exploited the disparate lines and materials bequeathed by the big companies. If the West seems to be very favored, with its electrified lines and powerful self-propelled equipment, the remaining of the network was still very far from these standards. During the Second World War, the traffic was strongly disorganized and drastically limited. Bombings destroyed depots and parts of the rolling stock. The transport conditions were particularly tedious, and remained so for several years after the end of the conflict, a period when much had to be rebuilt. The bad memories of these difficult years, and the individual transports' multiplication reduced the traffic, with regression from 1946 to 1958, and an even worse situation between 1952 and 1958.
From 1959 to 1969, major electrification began the gradual modernization of the rail network, with the final disappearance of steam engines in the suburbs in 1970. The proliferation of automobile congestion, combined with the modernization of the network, led to the return of traffic. From 1969 to 2044, the creation of the RER caused a radical change in the image of rail transport. RER Line A experienced a spectacular increase in passengers, which leads to a saturation point in less than ten years.
On 1 September 1999, the first class was removed on all trains in the commuter network, as well as on the RER. At the time, it represented only 1% of travelers. First class had already been removed on the Paris metro in 1991.
Transilien label
However, despite the numerous investments made over the past three decades, the suburban network suffered from a poor public image and bad decision making by local authorities. While the RATP benefited from the RER's image, which it is generally associated with, having an aura of modernity and innovation under a distinct logo, the SNCF network reminded people of suburban trains which often had a negative connotation of obsolete rolling stock, chronic delays, and unwelcoming train stations.
SNCF developed a minimum standard of development and renovation of stations and rolling stock along with a label to identify it visibly for the general public. Numerous names identifying the suburban network were considered, such as TER Île-de-France, Citélien, and even the RER name. However, Transilien was ultimately chosen. The name was officially presented on September 20, 1999. In order to earn the designation, stations must maintain minimum criteria regarding comfort and modernization. However, SNCF ultimately controls which stations are designated and quickly becomes a brand, much like the TGV, the TER or Intercités. In the case of Transilien, modernization of equipment is much more expensive and is undertaken more gradually. The first train equipped with this label is the Z 6435/6 of the Z 6400 series.
Today
The Transilien is divided into six key entities, which are divided according to SNCF guidelines and are unrelated to the departmental boundaries. The lines are then divided into branches which, similarly to the RER, are given letters. However, until 2005, the letters were unknown to the wider travelling public.
The six Transilien entities are:
Transilien Paris-Nord (Lines H and K)
Transilien Paris-Saint-Lazare (Lines J and L)
Transilien Paris-Montparnasse (Line N)
Transilien Paris-Est (Line P)
Transilien Paris-Lyon (Line R)
Transilien Paris-La Défense (Line U)
The system is slightly complicated; each different entity has very different structures. Key complications include:
The power supplies
The number of branches
The lack of onward transportation beyond the termini
Density of trains on the network
The mix of traffic on the railway, including express trains, freight trains, long-distance trains, Transilien trains and RER traffic.
The glitches in the network are visible at times when SNCF staff go on strike or serious technical problems occur on the network. Thousands of travellers arrive late for work or even, when there are serious problems, decide not to go into work, which causes a large financial burden to companies.
Because of the extent of the lines, a concentric zoning system is used. Trains that are bound for the outer zones are normally operated as express trains and are nonstop until reaching the outer zones to reduce travel time.
Rolling stock
The rolling stock used on the Transilien comes from a long evolution of the material in the suburbs. The following stock is used on the network:
SNCF Class BB 27300
Voiture de banlieue à 2 niveaux
SNCF Class BB 17000 (all scrapped in 20 October 2020)
SNCF Class Z 22500
SNCF Class Z 50000
SNCF Class Z 57000
On 16 January 2002, during a ceremony at the Gare de l'Est, SNCF President Louis Gallois, regional prefect Jean-Pierre Duport and Île-de-France Regional Council President Jean-Paul Huchon presented the new liveries of Transilien.
The design used for the rehabilitation and rejuvenation of the fleet was conducted by two outside agencies under contracts awarded in October 2000. RCP Design Global provided exterior design and interior signage, and Avant Première the interior. All vehicles received a new blue and gray Transilien livery with panels of color to highlight doors and internal characteristics. Everything was treated with a graffiti- resistant coating to reduce the impact of vandalism. The trains are equipped with a new ergonomic design of seating, with individual seats instead of the traditional banks. They are covered with vandal-resistant fabric in blue, yellow and red. Circulation and inter-car doors have been modified to improve the distribution of passengers in trains
Entities
"Paris Montparnasse" lines
The trains on this line operate from Gare Montparnasse along the following routes:
Transilien N
Paris Montparnasse - Mantes-la-Jolie via Plaisir-Grignon
Paris Montparnasse - Houdan - Dreux (first stop Versailles-Chantiers, then Plaisir-Grignon and then all stations to Dreux)
Paris Montparnasse - Rambouillet
"Paris Lyon" lines
The trains on this line operate from Gare de Lyon along the following routes:
Transilien R
Paris Lyon - Montereau via Moret-Veneux-les-Sablons
Paris Lyon - Souppes-Château-Landon - Montargis
Melun - Montereau via Héricy
"Paris Nord" lines
The trains on this line operate from Gare du Nord along the following routes:
Transilien K
Gare du Nord - Dammartin Juilly Saint-Mard - Crépy-en-Valois
Transilien H
Gare du Nord - Luzarches
Gare du Nord - Persan-Beaumont via Montsoult-Maffliers (Eastern branch) or via Ermont-Eaubonne (Western Branch)
Gare du Nord - Pontoise - Persan-Beaumont - Bruyères-sur-Oise - Creil
"Paris Est" lines
The trains on this line operate from Gare de l'Est along the following routes:
Transilien P North
Paris Est - Meaux
Paris Est - Crouy-sur-Ourcq - La Ferté-Milon
Paris Est - Nanteuil-Saâcy - Château-Thierry
Paris Est - Esbly - Crécy-la-Chapelle
Transilien P South
Paris Est - Longueville - Provins
Paris Est - Coulommiers
Paris Est - La Ferté-Gaucher
"Paris Saint-Lazare" lines
The trains on this line operate from Gare Saint-Lazare along the following routes:
Transilien J North
Paris Saint-Lazare - Cormeilles-en-Parisis
Paris Saint-Lazare - Pontoise
Paris Saint-Lazare - Chars - Gisors
Paris Saint-Lazare - Mantes-la-Jolie par Conflans
Transilien J South
Paris Saint-Lazare - Poissy - Mantes-la-Jolie
Paris Saint-Lazare - Port-Villez - Vernon
Paris Saint-Lazare - Bréval - Évreux (via Mantes-la Jolie)
Transilien L North
Paris Saint-Lazare - Cergy-le-Haut
Transilien L South
Paris Saint-Lazare - Saint-Cloud
Paris Saint-Lazare - Versailles Rive Droite
Paris Saint-Lazare - Saint-Nom-la-Bretèche
"La Défense - La Verrière" line
The trains on this line operate from La Défense station along the following route:
Transilien U
La Défense - La Verrière
See also
List of Transilien stations
Tangentielle Nord
Grande Ceinture line
References
External links
Official site, showing journey planner and timetables
Rail transport in Île-de-France
SNCF brands
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilien
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The Coso artifact is an object claimed by its discoverers to be a spark plug encased in a geode. Discovered on February 13, 1961, by Wallace Lane, Virginia Maxey and Mike Mikesell while they were prospecting for geodes near the town of Olancha, California, it has long been claimed as an example of an out-of-place artifact. The artifact has been identified as a 1920s-era Champion spark plug.
A spark plug encased in a 500,000-year-old "geode" would represent a substantial scientific and historical anomaly, as spark plugs were invented in the 19th century. Critics say that the stone matrix containing the artifact is not a geode, but a concretion that can be explained by natural processes that can take place over decades or years.
Discovery
Following its collection, Mikesell destroyed a diamond-edged blade by cutting through the matrix and discovered the item. In a letter written to Desert Magazine of Outdoor Southwest a reader stated that a trained geologist had dated the nodule as at least 500,000 years old.
The identity of the geologist and the means of dating were never clarified, nor were the findings ever published in any known periodical. Furthermore, at the time of the artifact's reported discovery there was no method for dating the concretion. There are examples of accretions surrounding iron or steel artifacts, some of them discussed by J. M. Cronyn.
Criticism and analysis
There are several pseudoscientific theories for the artifact's origin, among them:
An ancient advanced civilization (such as Atlantis);
Prehistoric ancient astronauts;
Human time travelers from the future leaving or losing the artifact during a visit to the past.
An investigation by Pierre Stromberg and Paul Heinrich, with the help of members of the Spark Plug Collectors of America, identified the artifact as a 1920s-era Champion spark plug, widely used in the Ford Model T and Model A engines. SPCA President Chad Windham and other collectors concurred with his assessment.
Stromberg and Heinrich's report indicates that the spark plug became encased in a concretion composed of iron derived from the rusting spark plug. Iron and steel artifacts rapidly form iron-oxide concretions as they rust in the ground.
On April 12, 2018, Pierre Stromberg was contacted by the family of one of the co-discoverers of the artifact. Offered an opportunity to physically inspect the artifact, Stromberg accepted and also arranged for the artifact to be inspected by a geologist from the University of Washington Earth and Space Science department. The inspections confirmed the previous conclusion that the artifact was a 1920s-era Champion spark plug.
It had been claimed to have fossil shells on the surfaces "that dated back 500,000 years" but the University of Washington geologist could find no evidence of this claim. This raises the question of "the qualifications and competency of the original alleged geologist ... in 1961". The reason the artifact gained the fame that it did was because of the shell claim. , the artifact resides at the Pacific Science Center in Seattle, where it is shown in an exhibition called "What Is Reality?"
See also
London Hammer
References
External links
Pseudoarchaeology
1920s in technology
1920s works
1961 archaeological discoveries
1961 in California
History of the automobile
History of Inyo County, California
Spark plugs
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The Six Mile Run Reservoir Site, part of the Delaware and Raritan Canal State Park, is located in Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey, United States. It is adjacent to the Delaware and Raritan Canal. It covers . The reservoir plan was to flood the Six Mile Run watershed. The Six Mile Run is a tributary of the Millstone River that, with its tributaries (Cross Brook, Middlebush Brook, Nine Mile Run and Steep Hill Brook and several other unnamed ones), drains a large area in central Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey and western portions of North Brunswick and South Brunswick Townships in Middlesex County, New Jersey. It derives its name, along with other streams (Mile Run, Three Mile Run, Nine Mile Run, and Ten Mile Run), from the distance early surveyors estimated it was from the point where the historic King's Highway (now Rt. 27) left the Raritan River at New Brunswick to the point the roadway crossed the stream. The estimates were not very accurate but the stream names have remained in use ever since.
History
The land first came under serious consideration as a reservoir site with a 1958 referendum. In 1962, the Freeholders of Somerset County were informed on the intention to use the land for this purpose by the New Jersey Division of Water Power and Supply. It was debated and challenged throughout the 1960s by citizens and politicians. The land was acquired by the state of New Jersey in 1970, through the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Water Resources as a future reservoir and recreation area. The reservoir was never built and in 1993 administration of the area was transferred to the New Jersey Division of Parks and Forestry when alternative water supply sources were found.
Because part of the land at the site was taken out of cultivation 39 years ago, the process of "old field succession" has now yielded up trees and foliage that are unique among state park lands. In the section between Canal Road and South Middlebush Road, there are postings describing the foliage and the natural process. The Red Dot hiking trail, which runs between Canal Road and South Middlebush Road, has now been extended from South Middlebush Road up to New Jersey Route 27, behind the parking lot for the Jersey Knights soccer field.
External links
Delaware & Raritan Canal State Park: Six Mile Run Reservoir Site
NJDEP: Six Mile Run Reservoir Site
References
Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey
Protected areas of Somerset County, New Jersey
Delaware and Raritan Canal
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Parry People Movers Ltd. (PPM) is a British company (founded by John Parry, who died 17 February 2023) manufacturing lightweight trams and railcars that use flywheel energy storage (FES) to store energy for traction, allowing electric systems to operate without overhead wires or third rails, and railcars fuelled by small gas, diesel or hydrogen engines.
On 29 November 2022, The Registrar of Companies (UK) gave notice that Parry People Movers Ltd. would be struck off the Companies Register and dissolved unless "cause is shown to the contrary" though this was suspended on 7 December 2022.
Current usage
London Midland, then-owner of the West Midlands franchise, began operating a single PPM50 (Class 999) unit on the Stourbridge line on Sundays in 2006, with a Class 153 diesel multiple unit (DMU) providing a weekday service. In June 2009, the Class 153 was replaced by two PPM60 units, classified as Class 139 (with one as a spare), providing a 10-minute frequency service in both directions. Although the capacity of the unit (60 passengers) is less than the DMU, overall capacity is increased due to the greater frequency, up from four to six trains per hour. The trains were transferred to West Midlands Trains, operating under the West Midlands Railway brand, when the West Midlands franchise was refreshed in 2017.
From 24 January 2011, Go! Cooperative planned to be operating a trial service between Alton and Medstead and Four Marks on the Mid-Hants Railway using the Class 999 unit. This was abandoned after a series of mechanical and electrical failures and due to the unit proving to be unsuitable for the long and steep gradients on the line. The unit is now being reconfigured to address the problems with a redesigned chassis and conversion from LPG to diesel power and the trial will be repeated.
In January 2012, plans emerged for new bigger PPMs to be used on the South Staffordshire Line between Stourbridge Junction and Brierley Hill, providing passenger services on the line for the first time since the Beeching Axe.
Earlier trials
Prior to entry into commercial service, testing took place on the Severn Valley Railway in March and April 2002 with a PPM50 unit operating between Kidderminster and Bewdley. The Parry flywheel storage technology was tested on the Stourbridge Town Branch Line in the West Midlands in 2006. Since Central Trains had no Sunday service on the branch, the initiative was brought to test a PPM50 model at that time, with a view to replacing the Class 153 single-car DMU that previously worked the Branch with a unit with much lower operating costs. The trial lasted for a year.
PPMs have also been demonstrated on narrow gauge railways (Welshpool and Llanfair Light Railway, Ffestiniog Railway, and Welsh Highland Railway).
Technology
PPMs utilise a rotating flywheel as a store of kinetic energy which is then used to power the vehicle. A typical PPM flywheel is made from steel laminates, approximately in diameter and in mass, designed to rotate at a maximum speed of 2,500 rpm. The flywheel is mounted horizontally at the centre of the unit, beneath the seating area. The flywheel is driven by an internal combustion engine or an electric motor. The flywheel is connected to the rail wheels via a hydrostatic variable transmission system. The wheels are driven without conversion into electricity as many other railcars utilising flywheel energy storage do.</ref>
The flywheel allows the direct capture of brake energy (when slowing down or descending gradients) and its reuse for acceleration (called regenerative braking). When the vehicle brakes, the hydrostatic transmission feeds the energy back into the flywheel. Since the short-term power demand for acceleration is provided by the energy stored in the flywheel, there is no need for a large engine. A variety of small engine types can be used including LPG, diesel or electric traction.
On a route with stations a short distance apart it is theoretically possible to use the unit as a tram without any engine or overhead electrification at all. Instead, the flywheel could be re-energised at each station, storing enough power to carry it on to the next.
Fleet
In April 2019, PPM announced plans to upgrade the original Class 999 PPM50 prototype with a diesel power unit and to seek approval for its entry into passenger service as 'No 139000'. In February 2020, the refurbished vehicle was moved to the Severn Valley Railway for testing.
See also
Coventry Very Light Rail
References
External links
Engineering companies of the United Kingdom
People movers by manufacturer
Tram vehicles of the United Kingdom
Hybrid vehicles
British Rail Departmental Units
Train-related introductions in 2006
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Sanguinarine is a polycyclic quaternary alkaloid. It is extracted from some plants, including the bloodroot plant, from whose scientific name, Sanguinaria canadensis, its name is derived; the Mexican prickly poppy (Argemone mexicana); Chelidonium majus; and Macleaya cordata.
Toxicity
Sanguinarine is a toxin that kills animal cells through its action on the Na+/K+-ATPase transmembrane protein. Epidemic dropsy is a disease that results from ingesting sanguinarine.
If applied to the skin, sanguinarine may cause a massive scab of dead flesh where it killed the cells where it was applied, called an eschar. For this reason, sanguinarine is termed an escharotic.
It is said to be 2.5 times more toxic than dihydrosanguinarine.
Alternative medicine
Native Americans once used sanguinarine in the form of bloodroot as a medical remedy, believing it had curative properties as an emetic, respiratory aid, and for a variety of ailments. In Colonial America, sanguinarine from bloodroot was used as a wart remedy. Later, in 1869, William Cook's The Physiomedical Dispensatory included information on the preparation and uses of sanguinarine. During the 1920s and 1930s, sanguinarine was the chief component of "Pinkard's Sanguinaria Compound," a drug sold by Dr. John Henry Pinkard. Pinkard advertised the compound as "a treatment, remedy, and cure for pneumonia, coughs, weak lungs, asthma, kidney, liver, bladder, or any stomach troubles, and effective as a great blood and nerve tonic." In 1931, several samples of the compound were seized by federal officials who determined Pinkard's claims to be fraudulent. Pinkard pleaded guilty in court and accepted a fine of $25.00.
More recently, sanguinarine from bloodroot has been promoted by many alternative medicine companies as a treatment or cure for cancer; however, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration warns that products containing bloodroot, or other sanguinarine-based plants, have no proven anti-cancer effects, and that they should be avoided on those grounds. Meanwhile, Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration also advise consumers not to purchase or use products marketed as containing Sanguinaria canadensis to cure or treat cancer, including certain types of skin cancer. Indeed, oral use of such products has been associated with oral leukoplakia, a possible precursor of oral cancer. In addition, the escharotic form of sanguinarine, applied to the skin for skin cancers, may leave cancerous cells alive in the skin while creating a significant scar. For this reason it is not recommended as a skin cancer treatment.
Biosynthesis
In plants, sanguinarine biosynthesis begins with 4-hydroxyphenyl-acetaldehyde and dopamine. These two compounds are combined to form norcoclaurine. Next, methyl groups are added to form N-methylcoclaurine. The enzyme CYP80B1 subsequently adds a hydroxyl group, forming 3'-hydroxy-N-methylcoclaurine. The addition of another methyl group transforms this compound into reticuline.
Notably, biosynthesis of sanguinarine up to this point is virtually identical to that of morphine. However, instead of being converted to codeinone (as in the biosynthesis of morphine), reticuline is converted to scoulerine via berberine bridge enzyme (BBE). As such, this is the commitment step in the sanguinarine pathway. Although it is unknown exactly how scoulerine proceeds down the biosynthetic pathway, it is eventually converted to dihydrosanguinarine. The precursor to sanguinarine, dihydrosanguinarine is converted to the final toxin via the action of dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase.
See also
Berberine, a plant-derived compound having a chemical classification similar to that of sanguinarine.
Chelidonine
References
Isoquinoline alkaloids
Quinoline alkaloids
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Alkaloids found in Papaveraceae
Toxins
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Indigenous peoples of Colombia, are the ethnic groups who have inhabited Colombia since before the European colonization, in the early 16th century. According to the last census, they comprise 4.4% of the country's population, belonging to 115 different tribes. however, it is estimated to be higher at around 10% of the population by some.
Approximately two thirds of the Indigenous peoples of Colombia live in La Guajira, Cauca, Nariño, Cordoba and Sucre Departments. Amazon Basin, a sparsely populated region, is home to over 70 different Indigenous ethnic groups.
History
Some theories claim the earliest human habitation of South America to be as early as 43,000 BC, but the current scholarly consensus among archaeologists is that human habitation in South America only dates back to around 15,000 BC at the earliest. Anthropologist Tom Dillehay dates the earliest hunter-gatherer cultures on the continent at almost 10,000 BC, during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene periods. According to his evidence based on rock shelters, Colombia's first human inhabitants were probably concentrated along the Caribbean coast and on the Andean highland slopes. By that time, these regions were forested and had a climate resembling today's. Dillehay has noted that Tibitó, located just north of Bogotá, is one of the oldest known and most widely accepted sites of early human occupation in Colombia, dating from about 9,790 BC. There is evidence that the highlands of Colombia were occupied by significant numbers of human foragers by 9,000 BC, with permanent village settlement in northern Colombia by 2,000 BC.
Beginning in the 1st millennium BC, groups of Amerindians including the Muisca, Quimbaya, Tairona, Calima, Zenú, Tierradentro, San Agustín, Tolima, and Urabá became skilled in farming, mining, and metalcraft; and some developed the political system of cacicazgos with a pyramidal structure of power headed by caciques.
Colombia's Indigenous culture evolved from three main groups—the Quimbaya, who inhabited the western slopes of the Cordillera Central; the Chibchas; and the Kalina (Caribs). When the Spanish arrived in 1509, they found a flourishing and heterogeneous Amerindian population that numbered between 1.5 million and 2 million, belonged to several hundred tribes, and largely spoke mutually unintelligible dialects. The two most advanced cultures of Amerindian peoples at the time were the Muisca and Taironas, who belonged to the Chibcha group and were skilled in farming, mining, and metalcraft. The Muisca lived mainly in the present departments of Cundinamarca and Boyacá, where they had fled centuries earlier after raids by the warlike Caribs, some of whom eventually migrated to Caribbean islands near the end of the first millennium A.D. The Taironas, who were divided into two subgroups, lived in the Caribbean lowlands and the highlands of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. The Muisca civilization was well organized into distinct provinces governed by communal land laws and powerful caciques, who reported to one of the two supreme leaders.
Pre-Colombian history
The complexity of the Indigenous peoples' social organization and technology varied tremendously, from stratified agricultural chiefdoms to tropical farm villages and nomadic hunting and food-gathering groups. At the end of the colonial period, the native population still constituted about half of the total population. In the agricultural chiefdoms of the highlands, the Spaniards successfully imposed institutions designed to ensure their control of the Amerindians and thereby the use of their labor. The colonists had organized political and religious administration by the end of the sixteenth century, and they had begun attempts to religiously convert the Amerindians to Christianity, specifically Roman Catholicism.
The most important institution that regulated the lives and welfare of the highland Amerindians was the resguardo, a reservation system of communal landholdings. Under this system, Amerindians were allowed to use the land but could not sell it. Similar in some respects to the Native American reservation system of the United States, the resguardo has lasted with some changes even to the present and has been an enduring link between the government and the remaining highland tribes. As land pressures increased, however, encroachment of white or mestizo settlers onto resguardo lands accelerated, often without opposition from the government.
The government generally had not attempted to legislate in the past in matters affecting the forest Amerindians. During the colonial period, Roman Catholic missions were granted jurisdiction over the lowland tribes. With the financial support of the government, a series of agreements with the Holy See from 1887 to 1953 entrusted the evangelization and education of these Amerindians to the missions, which worked together with government agencies. Division of the resguardos stopped in 1958, and a new program of community development began to try to bring the Amerindians more fully into the national society.
The struggle of the Indigenous people on these lands to protect their holdings from neighboring landlords and to preserve their traditions continued into the late 20th century, when the 1991 constitution incorporated many of the Amerindian demands. New resguardos have been created, and others have been reconstituted, among forest tribes as well as highland communities. The 1991 constitution opened special political and social arenas for Indigenous and other minority groups. For example, it allowed for creation of a special commission to design a law recognizing the black communities occupying unsettled lands in the riverine areas of the Pacific Coast. Article 171 provides special Senate representation for Amerindians and other ethnic groups, while Article 176 provides special representation in the Chamber of Representatives: two seats "for the black communities, one for Indian communities, one for political minorities, and one for Colombians residing abroad". Article 356 guarantees Amerindian territorial and cultural rights, and several laws and decrees have been enacted protecting them. Article 356 refers somewhat vaguely to both "Indigenous territorial entities" and Indigenous resguardos.
By 1991 the country's 587 resguardos contained 800,271 people, including 60,503 families. The general regional distribution of these resguardos was as follows: Amazonia, 88; llanos, 106; Caribbean lowlands, 31; Andean highlands, 104; and Pacific lowlands, 258. They totaled , or about 24 percent of the national territory. Colombia today may have as many as 710 resguardos in 27 of the 32 departments.
Indigenous political organization
Individual Indigenous groups have a variety of governance structures. A number of Indigenous groups are represented through the National Indigenous Organization of Colombia (ONIC - Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia). Increasing organization and agitation have sharply broadened the Indigenous land base over the past forty years. The government titled more than 200 new reserves from 1960 to 1990, with 334 total operating as autonomous municipalities by 1997.
Territories
Indigenous peoples hold title to substantial portions of Colombia, primarily in the form of Indigenous Reserves (), which encompass one-third of the country's land. The Indigenous Affairs division of the Ministry of Interior has 567 reserves on record, covering approximately 365,004 km² which are home to 800,272 persons in 67,503 families.
The 1991 National Constitution of Colombia defined Territorial Entities (Entidades Territoriales) as departments, districts, municipalities and Indigenous territories.
Within an Indigenous Territory Entity (ETI) the people have autonomy in managing their interests, and within the limits of the constitution have the right to manage resources and define taxes required to perform their duties. ETIs are to be defined by the government in conformance with the Organic Law on Land Management.
However, this law has yet to be sanctioned so in practice the territories are unregulated.
Major ethnic groups
According to the National Indigenous Organization of Colombia (ONIC), there are 102 Indigenous groups in Colombia. The ethnic groups with the greatest number of members are the Wayuu (380,460), Zenú, (307,091), Nasa (243,176) and Pastos (163,873). These peoples account for 58.1% of Colombia's Indigenous population.
Highland peoples refer to the cultures of the Andes and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta of Colombia, while lowland peoples refer to the inhabitants of Chocó, Amazonia, Guajira and the Caribbean Coast, the Urabá Region and other non-mountain cultures.
Highland peoples
Arhuacos/Ijka
Awá
Coconuco
Guambiano/Misak
Guane
Inga
Kamsá (Sibundoy)
Kankuamo
Kogui/Kággaba
Muisca
Páez/Nasa
Pacabuy
Pasto
Panche
Pijao
Sutagao
Tama
Totoró
Umbrá
U'wa/Tunebo
Wiwa/Sanhá
Yanacona
Quimbaya
Lowland peoples
Achagua
Amorúa
Andaquí
Andoque
Bara
Barasana
Barí/Motilon
Betoye
Bora
Cabiyarí
Carapana
Carijona
Catío
Cocama/Kokama
Cofán/Kofán
Coreguaje
Cubeo
Cuiba
Curripaco
Chimila
Chiricoa
Desano
Emberá
Guahibo (Sikuani)
Guayabero
Guayupe
Kuna (Tule)
Kokama
Hupda
Letuama
Makaguaje
Makuna
Masiguare
Mvatapí
Miraña
Mokaná
Muinane
Muzo
Nonuya
Nukak
Ocaína
Piapoco
Piaroa
Piratapuyo
Pitsamira
Puinave
Sáliba
Siona
Siriano
Taiwano
Tanimuka
Tariano
Tatuyo
Tikuna
Tukano
Tuyuca
Wounaan
Wanano
Wayuú
Witoto/Huitoto/Uitoto
Yagua
Yarigui
Yukuna
Yukpa/Yuko
Yuri
Yurutí
Zenú
Struggle for rights
Indigenous people comprise 4.4-10% of the population of Colombia and their level of income as well as the indicators of human development as education and health conditions are behind compared to those of the rest of the Colombians. During the last twenty years, there has been a remarkable increase of the interest dedicated to the concerns of Indigenous communities all over the world. Therefore, the United Nations proclaimed the disclosure of the International Decade of the World's Indigenous People and in Latin America on 10 December 1994 and in Latin America. More than in any other region, this period was characterized by a wave of Indigenous movements which practised a growing political power, since the resistance of the Chiapas of 1994 until the fall of the governments of Ecuador and Bolivia.
The rise of Indigenous mobilization in Colombia is explained as a reaction of crisis at various levels: a crisis of representation, caused by the shortcomings of political parties with sufficient representation to shoulder all collectives' interests; a crisis of participation, that is the result of the lack of citizen's participation in state's business; and a legitimation crisis, due to the discrimination against some social groups.
During their struggle for rights, Indigenes abandoned the armed struggle of the 1980s and the new strategy included forms of legal liberalism, a politics of identity and the use of transnational networks putting pressure on the state to achieve recognition and respect. This hasn't always led to success and often turned into victims of the cultural project of neoliberalism. Besides the cultural accomplishments there was an escalation of the acts of persecution and in the number of violations committed against them.
According to the Indigenous National Organization of Colombia (ONIC) there are 102 Indigenous peoples in Colombia and only 82 of them are recognized by the Colombian government. One of the main problems the Colombian Indigenous communities are currently facing is the lack of recognition of their right to be consulted. Poverty is another central aspect in order to understand the contemporary situation of the Indigenes of Colombia, which has been measured making use of the Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN), considering people poor who have insufficiencies in living, services and education. Facts show differences between zones: those of greater influence of poverty measured with the UBN standard are Chocó, Sucre, Boyacá, Nariño and Córdoba, with numbers that exceed the 50% of the population and those of less influence are found in Bogotá and the departments of El Valle, Atlántico and the cafetero-core: Caldas, Quindío and Risaralda.
In 1986 the concept of pobreza absoluta was introduced in the nation, during a situation of crisis of governability and the escalation of the problems concerning the armed conflict. With the politics of struggle against poverty the presence of the state was tried to be consolidated in zones which were considered 'marginal', especially those areas including Indigenous population.
Politics between 1986 and 1990 tried to rehabilitate the marginal zones and their integration to achieve development; specific institutions were set up to work with Indigenous communities, seeing them as farmer communities which habits and forms of production had to be modernized. As a consequence, the Indigenous minorities revolted, arguing that it was not up to them to reintegrate but it was the state that had to reform his ideas and recognize them as the original Colombian population.
The goal was to solve the crisis of governability by eliminating poverty, without excluding local necessities and impulse development from out of the perspective of diversity. The Indigenous communities were considered to be marginal sectors in disadvantage, a highly retarded population which had to be incorporated and integrated in greater society. The Indigenous people were not seen as a part of the diversity of the nation which participation was needed for the construction of it. This conception has survived since the colonization of the continent until now: generally, the Indigenous and also the black diversity is still seen as a negative element which has to be reduced or completely wiped out to guarantee the development and the modernization of Latin American societies.
Despite the Constitution of 1991 with the introduction of the multi-ethnic and multicultural character of the Colombian nation, the contemporary relation between the state and the Indigenous communities seems to be contradictory, particularly because of the presence of the demands of autonomy of the latter. Until today the Colombian government has recognized the Indigenous groups only as communities, meaning that they are considered to be culturally diverse and therefore require a different political treatment to be able to integrate them in national society. Different forms of participation have been assigned to the communities, but always in conformity with legal and constitutional regulations of the state, defined and established throughout history. Though the 1990s were a decade of mobilization and in some way a victory in terms of neoliberal multiculturalism, after twenty years of the Constitution of 1991 people have realized the need of turning to other forms of mobilization, more than legal mobilization. It has been shown that the recognition of equality is not enough; Indigenous peoples have also demanded their right to difference, that is, access to particular rights as Indigenous communities.
Many people in Colombia choose not to identify as indigenous due to the history of discrimination against them and the immense wealth gap between those who identify as indigenous and those who don’t, leading to only 1% of Colombians in the 1993 census to identify as indigenous. During the most recent censuses however, more people have begun to identify as indigenous, from 3.4% in the 2005 census to 4.31% in the 2018 census. Many scholars estimate the true indigenous population of Colombia to be around 10% of the country’s population, or 5 million people, the same can be said for Afro Colombians who are estimated to be around 20% of the total population or 10 million people, despite only 6% of Colombians identifying as Afro Colombian in the 2018 census.
Currently, Indigenous political participation, both in national and local elections, remains low, because of various reasons: the fragmentation of the movement due to the several groups within the Colombian Indigenous communities; the loss of the vote from non-Indigenous leaders and the low number of voters due to the fact that many who identify as indigenous comprise a small part of the national population and most of them live in the countryside without possibilities to vote.
Notable Indigenous Colombians
Jose Maria Melo, Colombian President during 1854, of Pijao descent.
Agustín Agualongo, Royalist during the Colombian Independence War.
Lido Pimienta, Colombian Canadian Songwriter and Musician, of Wayuu descent.
Luis Díaz, Colombian Footballer, of Wayuu descent.
Hunzahúa, First zaque of the Muisca Confederation.
Aquiminzaque, Last zaque of the Muisca Confederation.
India Catalina, Mokaná interpreter from the Caribbean coast.
Nairo Quintana, Colombian cyclist.
El Indio Harín, Colombian singer from Cali
Egan Bernal, Colombian cyclist.
Quintín Lame, Indigenous rebel of Paez origin.
:es:Feliciano Valencia, a famous Paez leader.
Lorenzo Muelas, Guambiano activist.
:es:María Clemencia Herrera Nemerayema, Witoto activist from Amazonas, Colombia.
See also
Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia
Spanish conquest of the Muisca
Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations
Indigenous peoples of South America
National Indigenous Organization of Colombia (ONIC)
Colombian mythology
Colombian folklore
Archaeological sites in Colombia
Race and ethnicity in Colombia
Mestizo Colombians
Concordat of 1928 (mostly deals with Missionary activities among Indigenous peoples)
Bibliography
Ideologia mesianico del mundo andino, Juan M. Ossio Acuña, Edicion de Ignacio Prado Pastor
References
13. http://juankbusaenz.blogspot.com/2011/
External links
UNESCO report on education of indigenous peoples in Colombia
Ethnic groups of Colombia
Documentary about the Wayuu Indigenous people of Colombia
Wayuu women
Colombia
Ethnic groups in Colombia
Colombia
Colombia
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Words, Words, Words is a one-act play written by David Ives for his collection of six one-act plays, All in the Timing. The play is about Kafka, Milton, and Swift, three intelligent chimpanzees who are put in a cage together under the experimenting eye of a never seen Dr. Rosenbaum, a scientist testing the hypothesis that three apes hitting keys at random on typewriters for an infinite amount of time will almost surely produce Shakespeare's play Hamlet (a variation on the infinite monkey theorem). The show's title is a phrase quoted from Hamlet. The performance comprises the ape characters humorously confronting and conversing with each other in order to understand the purpose of the exercise put upon them.
Although clearly a comedy, the ending tone of the play can differ much from production to production, and generally will depend on the actor's (and director's) interpretation of the Swift character. Swift drives the action, with his rebellion to Dr. Rosenbaum and his experiment, with Milton acting as either a friend or antagonist trying to convince Swift to go along with and use the system. (Swift: "Why are you so god-damned ready to justify the ways of Rosenbaum to the apes?") The portrayal of Swift is always different, but generally falls into either tragic or comic territory. If Swift's plans for revenge are portrayed comically, then they point out the folly of Hamlet's plan to ensnare the King, deepening the parody of Shakespeare's most celebrated work. If performed dramatically, the play leaves Swift as the tragic hero, a Cassandra figure unappreciated by his colleagues, going mad in captivity. In either case, Kafka ends the play on a notion of hope, as she is the one who spontaneously begins to successfully type the opening lines of Hamlet, comically juxtaposed against Swift who merely ponders in silence and Milton who aimlessly types the words "hemorrhoid", "pomegranate", and "bazooka".
Characters
Milton is the most realistic of the three; he knows what has to be done and knows how to do it. The rough draft on his typewriter involves the opening lines from Paradise Lost (written by John Milton in 1667), though it concludes with nonsensical words.
Swift (also called "Swifty") is ambitious and something of a rebel. He figures out far-fetched plans to break out of the cage, despite Milton's sarcastic and annoyed discouragement. He is the most philosophical, though his writing reflects only utter nonsense.
Kafka (also called "Franz") is the dreamer. She has only managed to press one button on her typewriter repeatedly, and has done so for twenty lines. She likes to put her two cents in, but rarely uses very big words. Kafka plays the naïf (and is the only female of the trio), agreeing that the experiment is stupid, but hoping for a great reward if she succeeds. By the end of the play, she begins to type the first act of Hamlet after being inspired by Swift's suggestion to poison Dr. Rosenbaum.
Productions
Words, Words, Words premiered in January 1987, in the Manhattan Punch Line Theatre in New York City. It starred Warren Keith as Milton, Christopher Fields as Swift, and Helen Greenberg as Kafka.
It was combined with other plays such as Sure Thing and Philip Glass Buys a Loaf of Bread in a production of six one-act plays, comprising All in the Timing, Off-Broadway at Primary Stages, running from November 1993 to February 1994. Daniel Hagen played the role of Milton, Robert Stanton played Swift, and Nancy Opel played Kafka.
All in the Timing was revived at Primary Stages in 2013.
Along with Sure Thing and The Philadelphia, Words, Words, Words is one of the one-acts which is almost always included in productions of All in the Timing. (Recent printings of All in the Timing include upwards of twenty separate plays.)
References
External links
All in the Timing, 1993 Internet Off-Broadway Database
All in the Timing, 2013 Internet Off-Broadway Database
Plays by David Ives
1987 plays
One-act plays
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words%2C%20Words%2C%20Words
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USCGC Bertholf (WMSL-750) is the first maritime security cutter of the United States Coast Guard. She is named for Commodore Ellsworth P. Bertholf, fourth commandant of both the Revenue Cutter Service and Coast Guard.
In 2005, construction began at Northrop Grumman's Ship Systems Ingalls Shipyard in Pascagoula, Mississippi. She was launched on September 29, 2006, christened November 11, 2006, and commissioned on August 4, 2008. The cutter's home port is Alameda, California. Bertholf was the first to fire the Bofors 57 mm gun aboard a U.S. vessel on 11 February 2008.
Operational history
On March 3, 2016, Bertholf responded to a sighting off the Pacific Coast of Panama of a semi-submersible narco-submarine, reported by a P-3 Orion. The semi-submersible surrendered to a boarding party launched from Bertholf, and four suspects were captured along with 6 tons of cocaine. The boarding party then sank the semi-submersible. During the 2012 RIMPAC exercises Bertholf detected and tracked missile threats and also provided naval gunfire support for troops ashore during the training exercise, demonstrating the capability of moving with other naval forces and being able to perform other defense operations.
On 25 March 2019, USS Curtis Wilbur (DDG-54), in concert with Bertholf transited the contested Taiwan Strait. On 15 April of same year, the ship visited Hong Kong, the first Coast Guard vessel to do so in seventeen years.
Legend-class cutter
Bertholf is the lead ship of the design and the first large ship to be built under the Coast Guard's multi-year Deepwater acquisitions project. The NSCs are to replace the fleet's aging 1960s-era 378-foot s.
Features
Automated weapon systems
Medium-caliber deck gun (57 mm) capable of stopping rogue merchant vessels far from shore
Helicopter launch and recovery pad with rail-based aircraft retrieval system and two aircraft hangars
Stern launching ramp for small boat launch and recovery
Bow thruster
State-of-the-art C4ISR improving interoperability between Coast Guard and Department of Defense assets
Detection and defense capabilities against chemical, biological, or radiological attack
Advanced sensors for intelligence collection and sharing
Real-time tracking and seamless common operational picture/maritime domain awareness via integration with Rescue 21
Advanced state-of-the-art Ships Integrated Control System (machinery control, steering, navigation) for reduced manpower requirements and improved automation
Cassidian (EADS) TRS-3D/16-ES air search radar for area surveillance
The cutter can have an anti-terrorism/force protection suite that will include underwater sonar that will allow the cutter to scan ports, approaches, facilities and high-value assets for underwater mines and mine-like devices and detect swimmers.
Gallery
References
External links
Bertholf home page
Deepwater Official site about USCGS Bertholf
National Security Cutter Home
Team Deepwater NSC Home
Bertholf intercepting drug boats in her first action (video)
Legend-class cutters
Ships of the United States Coast Guard
2006 ships
Ships built in Pascagoula, Mississippi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC%20Bertholf
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Phosphatidylserine (abbreviated Ptd-L-Ser or PS) is a phospholipid and is a component of the cell membrane. It plays a key role in cell cycle signaling, specifically in relation to apoptosis. It is a key pathway for viruses to enter cells via apoptotic mimicry. Its exposure on the outer surface of a membrane marks the cell for destruction via apoptosis.
Structure
Phosphatidylserine is a phospholipid—more specifically a glycerophospholipid—which consists of two fatty acids attached in ester linkage to the first and second carbon of glycerol and serine attached through a phosphodiester linkage to the third carbon of the glycerol.
Phosphatidylserine sourced from plants differs in fatty acid composition from that sourced from animals. It is commonly found in the inner (cytoplasmic) leaflet of biological membranes. It is almost entirely found in the inner monolayer of the membrane with only less than 10% of it in the outer monolayer.
Introduction
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is the major acidic phospholipid class that accounts for 13–15% of the phospholipids in the human cerebral cortex. In the plasma membrane, PS is localized exclusively in the cytoplasmic leaflet where it forms part of protein docking sites necessary for the activation of several key signaling pathways. These include the Akt, protein kinase C (PKC) and Raf-1 signaling that is known to stimulate neuronal survival, neurite growth, and synaptogenesis. Modulation of the PS level in the plasma membrane of neurons has a significant impact on these signaling processes.
Biosynthesis
Phosphatidylserine is formed in bacteria (such as E. coli) through a displacement of cytidine monophosphate (CMP) through a nucleophilic attack by the hydroxyl functional group of serine. CMP is formed from CDP-diacylglycerol by PS synthase. Phosphatidylserine can eventually become phosphatidylethanolamine by the enzyme PS decarboxylase (forming carbon dioxide as a byproduct). Similar to bacteria, yeast can form phosphatidylserine in an identical pathway.
In mammals, phosphatidylserine is instead derived from phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylcholine through one of two Ca2+-dependent head-group exchange reactions in the endoplasmic reticulum. Both reactions require a serine but product an ethanolamine or choline, respectively. These are promoted by phosphatidylserine synthase 1 (PSS1) or 2 (PSS2). Conversely, phosphatidylserine can also give rise to phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine, although in animals the pathway to generate phosphatidylcholine from phosphatidylserine only operates in the liver.
Dietary sources
The average daily phosphatidylserine intake in a Western diet is estimated to be 130mg. Phosphatidylserine may be found in meat and fish. Only small amounts are found in dairy products and vegetables, with the exception of white beans and soy lecithin. Phosphatidylserine is found in soy lecithin at about 3% of total phospholipids.
Table 1. Phosphatidylserine content in different foods.
Supplementation
Health claims
A panel of the European Food Safety Authority concluded that a cause and effect relationship cannot be established between the consumption of phosphatidylserine and "memory and cognitive functioning in the elderly", "mental health/cognitive function" and "stress reduction and enhanced memory function". This conclusion follows because bovine brain cortex- and soy-based phosphatidylserine are different substances and might, therefore, have different biological activities. Therefore, the results of studies using phosphatidylserine from different sources cannot be generalized.
Cognition
In May, 2003 the Food and Drug Administration gave "qualified health claim" status to phosphatidylserine thus allowing labels to state "consumption of phosphatidylserine may reduce the risk of dementia and cognitive dysfunction in the elderly" along with the disclaimer "very limited and preliminary scientific research suggests that phosphatidylserine may reduce the risk of cognitive dysfunction in the elderly." According to the FDA, there is a lack of scientific agreement amongst qualified experts that a relationship exists between phosphatidylserine and cognitive function.
More recent reviews have suggested that the relationship may be more robust, though the mechanism remains unclear. A 2020 review of three clinical trials found that phosphatidylserine is likely effective for enhancing cognitive function in older people with mild cognitive impairment. Some studies have suggested that whether the phosphatidylserine is plant- or animal-derived may have significance, with the FDA's statement applying specifically to soy-derived products.
Safety
Initially, phosphatidylserine supplements were derived from bovine cortex. However, due to the risk of potential transfer of infectious diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (or "mad cow disease"), soy-derived supplements became an alternative. A 2002 safety report determined supplementation in elderly people at a dosage of 200mg three times daily to be safe. Concerns about the safety of soy products persist, and some manufacturers of phosphatidylserine use sunflower lecithin instead of soy lecithin as a source of raw material production.
References
External links
DrugBank info page
Phospholipids
Membrane biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylserine
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Dathina ( ), the Dathina Sheikhdom ( ), or sometimes the Dathina Confederation, was a state in the British Aden Protectorate, the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South, and its successor, the Federation of South Arabia. Its capital was Mudiyah.
History
The state was abolished on 14 August 1967 upon the founding of the People's Republic of Yemen. In 1990 it became part of the Republic of Yemen.
Rulers
Dathina was ruled for one-year terms by Chairmen of the Council of State who bore the title Na'ib, Ra'is Majlis al-Dawla.
1965 - 6? Apr 1966? al-Husayn ibn Mansur al-Jabiri
1966 - 14 Aug 1967 `Abd al-Qadir ibn Shaya
See also
Aden Protectorate
References
External links
Map of Arabia (1905-1923) including the states of Aden Protectorate
States in the Aden Protectorate
Federation of South Arabia
Former monarchies of Asia
Former confederations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dathina
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The 2006 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup was played in Sri Lanka from 2 to 15 February 2006. It was the sixth edition of the Under-19 Cricket World Cup.
The final was played between Pakistan and India in Colombo, which Pakistan won by 38 runs, enabling them to become the first back-to-back champions of the tournament.
Teams and qualification
The ten full members of the International Cricket Council (ICC) qualified automatically:
Another six teams qualified through regional qualification tournaments:
2005 ACC Under-19 Cup
(1st place)
2005 Africa/EAP U19 Championship
(1st place)
(2nd place)
2005 Americas U19 Championship
(1st place)
2005 European U19 Championship
(1st place)
(2nd place)
Grounds
The matches were played on five grounds in Colombo:
Nondescripts Cricket Club Ground
Colombo Cricket Club Ground
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground
Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium
Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Quarter-finals results
Super League Quarter-finals
Plate Championship Quarter-finals
Semi-finals results
Plate Championship Semi-finals
Super League Play-off Semi-finals
Plate Championship Play-off Semi-finals
Super League Semi-finals
Final results
Plate Championship Play-off final
Super League Play-off final
Plate Championship final
The final
A dramatic final was played between Pakistan and India in Colombo. After Pakistan set a very low target of 110 runs to win for India, a stunning Pakistani bowling performance devastated India's top-order batsmen, taking the first six wickets for nine runs. India was eventually dismissed for 71, enabling Pakistan to become the first country ever to defend the title successfully and become back-to-back champions of the tournament.
Final
Final standings
Future Players
Players that featured for their national team in the future were:
Australia – Moises Henriques, Jon Holland, Jackson Bird, Aaron Finch, Usman Khawaja, Matthew Wade, Ben Cutting and David Warner (Tom Cooper also represented Australia but went on to play international cricket for Netherlands)
Bangladesh – Mushfiqur Rahim, Shakib Al Hasan, Raqibul Hasan, Tamim Iqbal, Dolar Mahmud, Suhrawadi Shuvo, Kamrul Islam, Shamsur Rahman and Mehrab Hossain, Jr. (Sirajullah Khadim who played for Bangladesh U-19 later represented Portugal)
England – Moeen Ali, Mark Stoneman
India – Piyush Chawla, Cheteshwar Pujara, Rohit Sharma, Ravindra Jadeja, Ishant Sharma and Shahbaz Nadeem
Ireland – Gary Wilson, Andrew Poynter, Gary Kidd, Greg Thompson and James Hall (Eoin Morgan also represented Ireland but went on to play international cricket for England)
Nepal – Amrit Bhattarai, Basant Regmi, Gyanendra Malla, Kanishka Chaugai, Mahesh Chhetri, Paras Khadka and Sharad Vesawkar
New Zealand – Martin Guptill, Roneel Hira, Tim Southee, Todd Astle, Colin Munro and Hamish Bennett
Pakistan – Sarfraz Ahmed, Imad Wasim, Anwar Ali, Nasir Jamshed and Rameez Raja
Scotland – Richie Berrington, Moneeb Iqbal, Gordon Goudie and Calum MacLeod
South Africa – Dean Elgar, Mthokozisi Shezi, Richard Levi and Wayne Parnell (Craig Kieswetter also represented South Africa but went on to play international cricket for England)
Sri Lanka – Angelo Mathews, Dimuth Karunaratne, Ashan Priyanjan, Isuru Udana, Sachith Pathirana and Thisara Perera
West Indies – Andre Fletcher, Sunil Narine, Kieron Pollard, Nelon Pascal, Jason Mohammed, Leon Johnson, William Perkins and Kemar Roach
Zimbabwe – Sean Williams, Prince Masvaure, Taurai Muzarabani, Chamu Chibhabha, Graeme Cremer, Friday Kasteni, Taurai Muzarabani and Keegan Meth (Gary Ballance who played for Zimbabwe U-19 later represented England)
See also
2004 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup
References
2006 U-19 World Cup
ICC Under-19 World Cup – final India Under-19s v Pakistan Under-19s – ESPN Cricinfo
ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup
ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup
2006 in Sri Lankan cricket
2006 in cricket
International cricket competitions in Sri Lanka
2006 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Under-19%20Cricket%20World%20Cup
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Nadapuram is a census town and a special grade Panchayath located in Kozhikode District of Kerala, coming under Nadapuram assembly constituency. It is in North Malabar region of Kerala, India; spread over an area of 20.44 km2
Awards
Nadapuram won the best panchayat award of Kozhikode district seven consecutive years under the leadership of president, Sooppy Narikkatteri. In 2015, the panchayath administration received the best performing Grama Panchayat award at state level and all India level among more than 265000 grama panchayats in India under the leadership of same president.
History
In history Nadapuram was the place which lies in between Kuttipuram Kovilakam and Kadathanad palace. The derivation of the name Nadapuram is widely known through 2 names like Nagapuram and Nadapuram (land of Music). Nadapuram is the place which is well known as part of the ballad of Kadathanad and is known all over Kerala. This land witnessed the padayottam of Thacholi Othenan and Unniyarcha in olden times. Art forms like Dafmuttu, Aravanamuttu, Poorakkali and Kolkkali were nourished in this place.
In his book "Malayala Rajyam Charithrathodu Chernna Bhoomisathram" Hermen Gundert states about Nadapuram as the place which is two miles north east to Kuttipuram and there is a Mazjid and a market mainly concentrated on Pepper business.
Kuttipuram was part of the famous Kurumbanad Taluk and was famous for its martial arts. Now the remnant of Kuttipuram Kovilakam is only a pond with dilapidated pavement and covered with waterweed. Unniyarcha defeated ‘Jonakans’ using a wet cloth dipped in this pond.
In the older times Nadapuram was well known for its secular nature and was famous as a centre for Islamic teaching. Significant marks for its secularism can be noted from this place like Kallachi where the Kallachi Avolam road is named in the name of the Great ruler Tipu Sulthan.
Nadapuram has also the awaking as part of National movement. The urge for freedom made a group of people led by Sri. Appukurup to try to make an explosion at the Nadapuram Munsif court using bomb which was under the then British rulers. The Nadapuram Munsif court was formed in the year 1910 Nadapuram has a lot of freedom fighting saga by donating its freedom warriors like Sri Rairukurup, P Krishinan Nambiar, Edavalath Kanaran master and Chingonth Kunhiraman Nair for the fight they had made for their country and made their land proud.
Demographics
As of 2011 India census, Nadapuram has a population of 40,230. Hindu and Mappilas (Muslims) are major religions. Males constitute 47% of the population and females 53%. Hindu: 47.52%, Muslim: 52.21%, Christian: 0.19% and Others: 0.07%. Nadapuram has an average literacy rate of 92.64%, higher than the national average of 74.4%. Male literacy is around 96.34% while female literacy rate is 89.49%. In Nadapuram, 13.18% of the population is under 6 years of age. The language Malayalam is used widely as in the rest of Kerala.
Economy
Most of the people are working outside India, particularly in the Persian Gulf area. The main income of the locality is based on these NRIs. Nadapuram is greatly influenced by the luxuries of Gulf regions. One can find magnificent houses with modern facilities, which reflect the wealth of the local people.
Politics
Nadapuram grama panchayath is strong hold of Muslim league(IUML).it is a part of
Nadapuram assembly constituency& Vadakara (Lok Sabha constituency).nadapuram is famous in rest of Kerala on the basis of political violence between cpim and Indian union Muslim league.
Narikkattery bomb explosion
Five persons were killed and eight others injured in a country bomb explosion at Narikkattery,Nadapuram in Kozhikode district on February 2011.According to police sources, all those who were killed and injured in the incident were Indian Union Muslim League (IUML) activists.The youth who lost their lives in the incident included C. Riyas, C.T. Sameer, P. Rafeek, V.P. Shameel,and K. Shabeer.
Nadapuram Assembly Constituency
Nadapuram Assembly constituency consists of the Panchayats Vanimel, Edacheri, Thuneri, Chekkiad, Valayam, Narippatta, Kayakkodi, Kavilumpara, Maruthonkara and Nadapuram.
E K Vijayan is the MLA of Nadapuram.
In the 2016 Assembly elections he defeated Adv. Praveen Kumar, of INC at a margin of 4759 votes. The present MP (member of parliament) Binoy Viswam represented Nadapuram constituency in 2001 & 2006.
History of Nadapuram Assembly Constituency
Geography
Nadapuram is located at . It has an average elevation of . Geographically, Nadapuram is situated about 14 km to the north east of Vadakara Town, approximately 21 km to the south east of Thalassery Town. The Panchayat lies by the side of a river known by different names as Vishnumangalam river, Mahe(Mayyazhi) river or Vanimel river.
Landmarks
Nadapuram Masjid, This Mosque played an important role in the history of Nadapuram, as it nourishes the tradition and culture for over 100 years. In the present time also this mosque is an important landmark to Nadapuram. Nadapuram also has Judicial First Class Magistrate Court & Munsiff Court, the office of the DYSP, the office of the Circle Inspector of Police, Police Station, Police control Room, Traffic Unit, Gov't Taluk Hospital, Gov't College, Mini Civil Station, PWD Rest house, Sub Treasury, the BSNL divisional office, Fire & Rescue Station, AEO office, Sub Registrar office, Excise Range office, Land Tribunal office, KSBCDC sub district office and the KSEB Division office, Sub division office, Section office & 110KV Substation.
Law and Order
The Town comes under the jurisdiction of the Nadapuram police station, which was opened before the year 1910, which is known from the locals. The correct date of opening and Govt. notification is not available. The station has the jurisdiction over the panchayaths of Nadapuram, Thuneri, Purameri and parts of Edacheri, and Ayancheri.
The border police stations are headquartered at Edacheri, Vadakara, Valayam and Kuttiady.
Nadapuram is also headquarters of one among the four subdivisions of Kozhikode Rural District Police. The police stations at Nadapuram, Valayam, Kuttiady, and Thottilpalam comes under jurisdiction of Nadapuram subdivision of district police. Nadapuram Traffic unit & Control room also come under the Subdivision.
Jurisdictional courts of Nadapuram Station
Judicial First Class Magistrate Court Nadapuram
Munsiff Court Nadapuram
Pocso Fast Track Special Court Nadapuram
Transportation
Road
Nadapuram town is 63 km away from Kozhikode City. SH 38 (Aka - Airport Road) Passes through Nadapuram. Nadapuram Town connects to other parts of India through Vatakara city on the west and Kuttiady town on the east. National highway No.66 passes through Vatakara and the northern stretch connects to Mangalore, Goa and Mumbai. The southern stretch connects to Cochin and Trivandrum. The eastern Highway going through Kuttiady connects to Mananthavady, Mysore and Bangalore.
Regular bus services serve Vatakara, Thalassery, Kuttiady, Panoor and Thottilpalam. Hilly regions like Kaiveli, Kumbala Chola, Valayam, Chuzhali, Kallunira, Vanimel, Vilangad are connected to Nadapuram via kallachi through Bus route. KSRTC Bus service are available to Vadakara, Thalassery, Mananthavady, Sulthan Bathery, Kalpetta, Kannur Guruvayoor, Thrissur, Mysore & Bangalore.
Railway
There is no direct railway line that connects Nadapuram with other cities. Nearest stations are at Vatakara(16 kilometres), Nadapuram Road (11 kilometres) and Mahe (18 kilometres). Nadapuram can reach Vatakara or Nadapuram Road by train and then proceed by road through Orkkatteri & Edacheri.
Air
The air gateway to Nadapuram is the Kannur International Airport (KIAL) located at Mattannur, which is about 38 km and handles both domestic and international flights. Calicut International Airport is 88 km away from Nadapuram
Educational Organizations
There are many schools in Nadapuram including state syllabus and CBSE syllabus. Nadapuram town and bus stand can be found crowded with school/college students. The list of schools can be found in Educational institutions in Vatakara. In May 2014 a prestigious indoor stadium is inaugurated at Nadapuram.
In Book, Film, and Television
The song "Nadapurm palliyile" from 1978 Indian Malayalam-language historical drama film Thacholi Ambu is well known all over Kerala. The music was composed by K. Raghavan and the lyrics were written by Yusufali Kechery. Famous writer Akbar Kakkattil wrote a book named "Nadapuram'' which is a collection of 16 short stories.
Climate
Nadapuram has a tropical climate. During most months of the year, there is significant rainfall in Nadapuram. There is only a short dry season. This climate is considered to be Am according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. The average annual temperature in Nadapuram is 27.2 °C. In a year, the average rainfall is 3697 mm. The temperatures are highest on average in April, at around 29.5 °C. In July, the average temperature is 25.7 °C. It is the lowest average temperature of the whole year. The variation in the precipitation between the driest and wettest months is 1111 mm. The average temperatures vary during the year by 3.8 °C.
Notable people
A.K. Balan, Minister of Kerala
Gani Nigam, Indian Footballer
Abdulla Aboobacker, Indian Athlete
A. Pradeepkumar, Former MLA
See also
Vatakara
Thalassery
Mahe river
kallachi
Unniyarcha
References
External links
Vatakara area
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadapuram
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Julius of Brunswick-Lüneburg (also known as Julius of Braunschweig; 29 June 1528 – 3 May 1589), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1568 until his death. From 1584, he also ruled over the Principality of Calenberg. By embracing the Protestant Reformation, establishing the University of Helmstedt, and introducing a series of administrative reforms, Julius was one of the most important Brunswick dukes in the early modern era.
Life
Born at the princely court in Wolfenbüttel, Julius was the youngest surviving son of the warlike Duke Henry V of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1489–1568) and his consort Maria (1496–1541), daughter of the Swabian count Henry of Württemberg. His father, a devout Catholic, had significantly enlarged the territories of his Principality of Wolfenbüttel in the Hildesheim Diocesan Feud, but soon after entered a fierce conflict with the Schmalkaldic League which brought him close to the loss of his principality, until the Protestant forces were finally defeated in the 1547 Battle of Mühlberg.
As a younger son, Julius was expected to pursue a clerical career. He studied at the universities of Cologne and Leuven. He set out on a Grand Tour through France in 1550 and began to build up a personal collection of books, the basis of the later Herzog August Library in Wolfenbüttel. At the instigation of his father, Julius was appointed Prince-Bishop of Minden, by the cathedral chapter on 23 April 1553, succeeding Franz von Waldeck. He never received papal confirmation, however, and resigned after only a year.
In 1552 Julius' father Duke Henry V had joined a princely alliance against the not less warlike Hohenzollern margrave Albert Alcibiades of Brandenburg-Kulmbach. During the Second Margrave War, both sides met in the 1553 Battle of Sievershausen, where both Julius' elder brothers were killed in action. Suddenly, he became heir to the principality – for the distress of his father, who noted his feeble constitution and his sympathies for French culture and the Protestant faith. Julius avoided an open conclict and temporarily withdrew to his residence at Hessen Castle. As all plans to exclude him from the line of succession had failed, he succeeded as ruling Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel upon his father's death in 1568. He moved to Wolfenbüttel Castle.
Julius nevertheless turned out a capable ruler. He immediately introduced the Reformation and instituted a tax reform that improved the rights of farmers in relation to noblemen. He also founded a militia — every head of household was required to own a weapon and participate in military training — and reformed the court system. Julius also entered into an agreement in the smouldering conflict with the Hanse city of Brunswick in 1569, in which the citizens recognized his overlordship; however, the quarrels between Duchy and City continued nonetheless.
By his mercantilist policies, Duke Julius promoted trade and especially mining. Copper and lead mining in the Harz mountains flourished, and many new mines were opened. Julius himself wrote a book about the uses of marl. To enable the sale of mining products, Julius invested into the improvements of roads and rivers. In 1577 the Oker river was made navigable between the Harz range and the armouries in Wolfenbüttel. On 15 October 1576, Julius solemnly inaugurated the Academia Julia, the first university of the state in Helmstedt, intended to train Protestant clergy for the newly reformed state according to his Lutheran Church Order. As a Protestant prince, he signed both the 1577 Formula of Concord and the Book of Concord three years later.
In 1581, he purchased the palazzo Ca' Vendramin Calergi on the Grand Canal in Venice, one of his favorite cities to visit. He paid 50,000 ducats for the palazzo to the Loredan family, who were having financial difficulties at the time. However, he sold it only two years later to Duke Guglielmo Gonzaga of Mantua. Julius also had the Dutch architect Hans Vredeman de Vries lay out a network of grachten in his Wolfenbüttel residence.
Julius enlarged his territories with the acquisition of the eastern exclave of Calvörde in 1571 and parts of the County of Hoya in 1582. Upon the death of his Welf cousin Duke Eric II of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1584, Julius inherited the Principality of Calenberg. He died in 1589 and was succeeded by his eldest son Henry Julius.
Family
Julius married Hedwig (1540–1602), a younger daughter of Elector Joachim II Hector of Brandenburg, on 25 February 1560. They had the following children who reached adulthood:
Sophie Hedwig (1561–1631), married Duke Ernest Louis of Pomerania-Wolgast
Henry Julius (1564–1613)
Maria (13 January 1566 – 13 August 1626), married on 10 November 1582 Duke Francis II of Saxe-Lauenburg
Elisabeth (1567–1618), married Adolf XI, Count of Holstein-Schauenburg-Pinneburg and Christopher, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg
Philip Siegmund, Bishop of Osnabrück (1568–1623)
Joachim Charles, Provost of Strasbourg (1573–1615)
Dorothea Augusta, Abbess of Gandersheim (1577–1625)
Julius Augustus, Abbot of Michaelstein (1578–1617)
Hedwig (1580–1657), married Otto III, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg and brother of Christopher.
References
External links
Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, vol. 14, p. 663-670
1528 births
1589 deaths
People from Wolfenbüttel
German Lutherans
Converts to Lutheranism from Roman Catholicism
Princes of Calenberg
Princes of Wolfenbüttel
University of Helmstedt
Roman Catholic Prince-Bishops of Minden
Old University of Leuven alumni
16th-century German Roman Catholic bishops
Middle House of Brunswick
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius%2C%20Duke%20of%20Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg
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The Giant of Thunder Mountain is a 1991 drama film starring Richard Kiel (The Spy Who Loved Me) and Noley Thornton (Beverley Hills, 90210). Bart the Bear also appeared in the movie. The screenplay was jointly written by Richard Kiel, Chrystle Fiedler, and Tony Lozito. It was directed by James W. Roberson.
Plot summary
In the town of Weaverton, signs of a circus are being posted. In Zeke MacGruder's barn, a group of boys are holding a meeting. Two brothers, Tommy (Chance Michael Corbitt) and Ben (Ryan Todd) are daring to climb Thunder Mountain, where it is said a giant lives. The boys take the dare and set out up the mountain. They get caught in a thunderstorm and barely escape getting hit by lightning (this is what gives Thunder Mountain its name). They take refuge inside a strange oversized log cabin. Whilst there, they find mysterious carved wooden figures. Suddenly, the giant returns and finds the boys hiding under a table, but they escape with one of the wooden figures and go back to town. When they reach home, they tell their family their amazing story, but no one believes them. The next morning, they set out with another boy, Zeke MacGruder (Daniel Pipoly) who doubts Tommy and Ben have seen the giant. Tommy and Ben's younger sister, Amy (Noley Thornton) follows them, but almost gets caught in a bear trap. The boys tell her to leave but she persists and continues following them.
The three boys watch the giant from the woods. Zeke excuses himself and runs away, but Amy steps out from the woods and introduces herself and her brothers to the giant, Eli Weaver (Richard Kiel). They help him with his chores including helping him plant young fir trees. The boys volunteer to get water for the trees and go in the cabin to fetch a bucket. When they do so they discover some of Eli's gold nuggets. Tommy puts a few in his pocket, and they go outside and fill the bucket with water. Eli's pet wolf shows up to check out the children and after this the children return to town. Amy discovers Tommy and Ben looking at the gold nuggets and they allow her to have one of them with the promise she won't tell their mother. Amy goes to the general store to buy candy, and offers to pay for the candy with the gold. Hezekiah Crow (Jack Elam) overhears Amy and says he is an expert in gauging whether a nugget is gold or not, and proclaims the nugget as being 'Fool's Gold.' But in trade he offers her tickets to his carnival, and she bargains for extra tickets. She goes to see Eli and invites him to dinner and gives him one of the carnival tickets.
Eli comes to Wilson's house for dinner, and after dinner he repairs their cuckoo clock. Hezekiah Crow's circus parades through Weaverton, hosted by Zeke's father, Mr. MacGruder (Ed Williams). The circus's many performers include a juggling act, a trained Asian elephant, a trained lion, a boa constrictor, a long-legged clown act, a camel, a high-jumping acrobat, and two white horses.
The final act arrives, a trained black bear act. This reminds Eli of the day that a giant grizzly bear (Bart the Bear) killed his parents. Amy admires a beautiful doll at a circus booth, and Eli throws balls to knock down pins. The booth is run by one of Hezekiah's sons (William Sanderson), who puts a rod through the pins so they can't be knocked over. But Eli's throw breaks the pins and he expects the carnival man to give Amy the doll, but instead he gives her an inferior doll. Amy is disappointed, and Eli grabs hold of the carnival man and lifts him in the air and then drops him on the ground. Eli hands the beautiful ceramic doll to Amy. A crowd has gathered around Eli and Amy's mother appears and scolds Amy for causing trouble. The crowd shout insults at Eli and Eli crushes the doll's head with one squeeze and warns the town to stay off Thunder Mountain. Amy tries to tell him to stay, but he says that he will not visit a town that's disrespectful to him and storms off. The next scene is at a bar, where several men (including old man Doc) are playing poker. Hezekiah and his two sons plot to go to Eli's cabin to obtain Eli's gold. Meanwhile, at his cabin, Eli burns the wooden statuette he carved of Amy.
Amy goes to see Eli and says she is sorry for what happened in town, and the two are friends again. Eli and Amy go for a walk in the woods and he shows her the biggest tree in the forest 'The General.' Tommy and Ben go to find Amy and at the cabin are accosted by Hezekiah Crow and his two sons. They kidnap Ben, knock out Tommy, and take Eli's gold. Hearing the approach of a posse, they escape out a window in the back of the cabin, leaving Tommy lying unconscious on the floor.
Meanwhile, in the woods, the grizzly approaches and Eli fights it and knocks it out with a tree branch. Amy runs for the cabin and Eli limps along after her. Amy arrives at the cabin and runs to her mother. The posse do not ascertain what is going on and assume Eli has taken Amy's brothers and set out to catch him. While being stalked, Eli is wounded in the leg and has to hide. He hides under a pile of leaves and surprises one of the men of the posse who has caught his leg in his own bear trap. He takes the man's gun and takes the trap off the man's leg. The posse burns Eli's cabin as revenge for their mistaken belief he kidnapped the children.
Amy and her mom return to town with Tommy. The kidnappers go to the MacGruder's house to steal their belongings and Eli tracks them down and frees the MacGruder's and Ben. Hezekiah Crow tries to trick Eli and escapes out a window. Eli follows him and Hezekiah comes face to face in the dark with the true Giant of Thunder Mountain - the grizzly. Caught between Eli and the bear he surrenders to Eli and the posse.
The movie concludes with the town asking Eli if he would become their sheriff, and promise to rebuild his cabin. Eli says he must return to the mountain, but leaves as their friend.
Cast
Cloris Leachman as Narrator / The Elder Amy
Richard Kiel as Eli Weaver
Lynne Seus as Ma Weaver
Doug Seus as Pa Weaver
Marianne Gordon as Alicia Wilson (as Marianne Rogers)
Noley Thornton as Amy Wilson
Chance Michael Corbitt as Tommy Wilson
Ryan Todd as Ben Wilson
Jack Elam as Hezekiah Crow
William Sanderson as Percey Crow
George 'Buck' Flower as Oliver Crow
Ellen Crawford as Agnes Macgruder
Danuel Pipoly as Zeke Macgruder
Ed Williams as Mr. Macgruder
Foster Brooks as Doc (Townsman)
John Quade as Carl (Townsman)
James Hampton as Jesse
Dennis Fimple as Henderson (Townsman)
Burt Marshall as Mobbs (Townsman)
Myra Chason as Customer (Townsman)
The Townsmen
Warren Sweeney
Robert Foster
Jeff Till
Ron Hardee
George Davis as George 'The Poker Player' (Saloon Patron)
Charles P. Bernuth as Poker Player #1
John Herklotz as Poker Player #2
Beverly Stern as Blonde Floozy
The Boys Club
Joshua Mitchell
John Thornton
Bennett Kiel
Brad McPeters as Posse Man #1
John Cunningham as Posse Man #2 / Vigilante
The Vigilantes
Paul Johnson
Bart Brown
Kim Wood
Bob Nelson
Kenny Linder
Ron Forbes
Paul Fairbanks
Cleo Blackburn
Townser Leonar
Gary Preston
Dustin Fischer
Wayne White
Robert Seastron
Jerry Westfall
Ray Preston
Animals
Bart the Bear as The Bear
Tai (elephant) as Circus Elephant (uncredited)
Josef the Lion as Circus Lion (uncredited)
Production notes
The film was shot in Yosemite National Park and North Fork, California. It was released in the U.S. in March 1991, and at the Cannes Film Market in France, in May 1991. The films production company was American Happenings and Herklotz Enterprises. The distributors were Castle Hill Productions and Plaza Entertainment, with special effects by FX West.
The real-life owners and trainers of Bart the Bear (who played the bear), Doug and Lynne Seus, have cameos in the film as Eli's father and mother in a flashback.
Reception
Due to appreciative coverage by the Film Advisory Board and religious publications that noted the film's Christian themes, the marketing attempted to push the notion that it was "critically acclaimed." However, the film's limited release was largely unnoticed, and there was no instance of acclaim by a major critic or publication. Some retrospective reviews have noted the film's reliance on contrivance and "stock" filmmaking approaches. It grossed only $126,911 at the U.S. box office.
References
External links
1991 films
1991 drama films
American vigilante films
Films shot in California
Films scored by Lee Holdridge
1990s vigilante films
1990s American films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Giant%20of%20Thunder%20Mountain
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Stephen Vanderburgh Harkness (November 18, 1818 – March 6, 1888) was an American businessman based in Cleveland, Ohio. He invested as a silent partner with John D. Rockefeller, Sr. in the founding of Standard Oil and served as a director of Standard Oil until his death.
Early life
Stephen Harkness was born on November 18, 1818, in Fayette, New York, to David M. Harkness and Martha Cook. His mother died before he turned two, and his father moved with Stephen to the Western Reserve region of Northeast Ohio. He also had a sister Martha A Harkness(Russell) who was born in 1820. They settled in Milan. The widower David married Elizabeth Ann Caldwell Morrison. They had a son Daniel M. Harkness who was then, Stephen's stepbrother.
After David died in 1825, the widow Elizabeth took the two boys back to Seneca County, New York, where she had grown up. She married Isaac Flagler, a Presbyterian minister in Milton. They also had a son together, Henry Flagler.
Career
At age twenty-one, after finishing his apprenticeship as a harness maker, Stephen Harkness moved to Bellevue, Ohio with his paternal uncle Lamon G. Harkness. Stephen worked for a time in harness making but in 1855, he set up a distillery in Monroeville, Ohio and it became successful.
In 1864, Stephen Harkness formed a partnership with William Halsey Doan (grandson of one of the original settlers of Cleveland, Ohio) to provide crude oil to refineries. He became quite wealthy through the profits from this industry.
Stephen sold his Monroeville businesses in 1866 and moved to Millionaires Row in Cleveland. There he organized The Euclid Avenue National Bank and was president of Belt Mining Company.
The Oil Business
Harkness invested heavily with his younger stepbrother Henry Flagler and John D. Rockefeller in Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler, the corporate forerunner to Standard Oil. Harkness became its second largest shareholder; the company's success made him enormously wealthy. Although Harkness was a silent partner, he was a member of Standard Oil's Board of Directors until his death in 1888.
Harkness was active in the development of Cleveland, Ohio. He collaborated with Charles F. Brush and Rockefeller to build the Cleveland Arcade, one of the first enclosed shopping malls in the United States, modeled after the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, Italy.
Personal life
In 1842, Stephen Harkness married Laura Osborne. They had three children; two of whom died in their first year. The third lived to the age of 65. Their children were:
Isabella Harkness (1845-1845)
David Harkness (1848-1848)
Lamon Vanderburgh Harkness (1850-1915)
Laura died on August 24, 1852, and was buried in Bellevue, Ohio. Two years after her death, Stephen married Anna M. Richardson. They had three children:
Charles William Harkness (1860-1916)
Florence Harkness (1864-1895)
Edward Stephen Harkness (1874-1940)
On March 6, 1888, Harkness died aboard his yacht. Stephen and Anna Harkness are buried in Cleveland's Lake View Cemetery.
Philanthropy
After Stephen's death, his widow Anna M. Harkness established the Commonwealth Fund, a foundation dedicated to the improvement of healthcare. Under the guidance of their second son, Edward Harkness, the foundation made charitable gifts totaling more than $129 million, the equivalent of $3.1 billion in 2023 dollars. The fund was a major benefactor of the New York Public Library. Another gift established the Metropolitan Museum of Art's collection of ancient Egyptian art.
In 1930, Stephen's son Edward Harkness established the Harkness Fellowships and the Pilgrim Trust in the UK with an endowment of just over two million pounds, "prompted by his admiration for what Great Britain had done in the 1914-18 war and, by his ties of affection for the land from which he drew his descent." The current priorities of the trust are preservation, places of worship, and social welfare.
Other grants funded educational and medical needs such as: Harkness House, a student cooperative in Oberlin College; St Salvator's Hall at the University of St Andrews; Harkness Chapel at Connecticut College; Butler Library at Columbia University as well as the original portions of the Columbia University Medical Center (Mrs. Harkness, in memory of her husband, helped fund the hospital's Harkness Pavilion). Undergraduate dormitories and buildings at Brown University, Harvard University, Yale University, and Connecticut College were built through Harkness philanthropy. At Yale, Harkness-donated buildings include the Memorial Quadrangle, Harkness Tower, and William L. Harkness Hall. Edward Harkness also made the gifts that established the Yale School of Drama and erected its theatre.
Harkness funds went to several boarding schools, fostering introducing the revolutionary Harkness table method of instruction, starting with Phillips Exeter Academy, and spreading to St. Paul's School, The Lawrenceville School, and Kingswood-Oxford School in West Hartford, Connecticut. Harkness also gave to Taft School, The Hill School and Phillips Academy.
Harkness' sons Charles and Edward, along with their cousin William L. Harkness, also helped found and sustain The Third Society in 1883 at Yale. This was later known as Wolf's Head Society. (Their Yale classes were: William, 1881; Charles, 1883; Edward, 1897.) The Harkness family donated funds for the society's second hall, on York Street, New Haven, Connecticut.
References
External links
Biographical detail from Case Western Reserve University
1818 births
1888 deaths
Businesspeople from Cleveland
Stephen
People from Fayette, New York
Burials at Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland
People from Milan, Ohio
People from Bellevue, Ohio
19th-century American businesspeople
People from Monroeville, Ohio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20V.%20Harkness
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Deluge is a 1933 American apocalyptic science fiction film, directed by Felix E. Feist, and released by RKO Radio Pictures.
The film is very loosely based on the 1928 novel of the same name by S. Fowler Wright, with the setting changed from the United Kingdom to the United States. It follows a small group of survivors after a series of unexplained natural disasters erupt around the world and destroy civilization, including a massive tsunami which inundates New York City.
Plot
Scientists discover that a violent storm is heading toward New York City and begin the warning process throughout the city. They believe that something is wrong with the natural barometer patterns and that an unprecedented event is imminent. A sudden eclipse of the sun verifies their speculations, and it seems that global destruction is near. Telegraph messages from Rome and London explain days of unending earthquakes and state "The End of the World is at Hand". Tremendous earthquakes hit the Pacific Coast, killing millions, and it is reported that the entire west coast of the U.S. has been destroyed. The earthquakes have also caused major tsunamis in the world's oceans and disaster is just moments away.
Martin Webster and his wife Helen prepare for the oncoming disaster by gathering their children and some essentials and head for a high rock formation to escape the floods. Martin leaves Helen and goes back to the house to get more food and clothes, but the destruction of New York begins. Buildings crumble from earthquakes and large tsunami waters envelop the city. Martin returns to find his wife and daughters are nowhere to be found. In the aftermath, grief-stricken Martin builds a shelter and tries to survive on his own.
Surviving in a cabin on the outskirts of in another part of the New York City, two men, Jepson and Norwood, find Claire unconscious, washed up on the shore outside their cabin. As she recovers, the men start feuding and become very possessive. When she is attacked, Claire flees across the water (she is a world-class swimmer), leaving the men angry and vengeful. Jepson kills Norwood and begins to search for her, vowing to bring her back.
Claire washes up on another shore, where Martin finds her. Martin and Claire become good friends and eventually fall in love. Meanwhile, in a nearby town, survivors have gathered together to start civilization again. Among the survivors is Martin's wife, Helen, and their two children. Tom, one of the townsmen, found Helen in the aftermath, and has been taking care of her ever since. He has also fallen in love with her, but Helen is convinced that her husband is still alive.
Jepson teams up with the Bellamy gang, who eventually find Claire and Martin, and trap them in a tunnel. The townspeople stumble upon this situation and save Martin and Claire and bring them back to their new city. Once they arrive, Martin finds his children and discovers that his wife is alive and well and goes to her. As a result, Claire and Tom are devastated.
Following the reunion, Martin explains to Claire how he is in love with both his wife and with her and that he will not choose. Helen visits Claire and they have a painful discussion in which Claire says she will not give up Martin. However, when Claire sees Martin with his wife at the town meeting, her heart breaks and she runs to the ocean, where she swims away. Martin is left on shore watching her go.
Main cast
Peggy Shannon as Claire
Sidney Blackmer as Martin
Lois Wilson as Helen
Matt Moore as Tom
Fred Kohler as Jepson
Ralf Harolde as Norwood
Edward Van Sloan as Prof. Carlysle
Samuel Hinds as Chief Forecaster
Production notes
The film opens with a quote from the Bible's Book of Genesis, Chapter 9, verse 11: "And I shall establish my covenant with you; neither shall all flesh be cut off any more by the waters of the flood; neither shall there any more be a flood to destroy the earth."
S. Fowler Wright, the author of the 1928 novel upon which the film was based, began pitching a script based on the book to studios in 1933. In May, he accepted an offer from Worldwide Studios for $5,000 for the options. Wright's script for a film version was not used. The independent, Admiral/K.B.S. Productions, produced the film with a budget of $171,000, equivalent to approximately 3.51 million in 2020. Wright later watched the final scenes being shot and was disappointed to learn that producers had made changes and chose to not use the ending of the book as the film's ending. He later wrote in his diary that he felt the film was "ghastly" and advised his children not to see it.
While Deluge was the first film to visualize the total destruction of New York City, it was filmed entirely in Los Angeles. Many films have since continued to use New York as the center for their apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic storylines. A scene in Deluge that features a tidal wave that leaves New York submerged in water with nearly all inhabitants drowned, would later be recreated in the 2004 disaster film The Day After Tomorrow.
The special effects were done by Ned Mann, Russell E. Lawson, and Billy Williams. Mann later worked on the H. G. Wells-scripted film Things to Come (1936).
Part of the stock footage of ships and planes returning to port under severe storm warnings includes actual footage of the large U.S. Navy rigid airship USS Macon (ZRS-5), which would later be lost at sea in 1935.
Reception
Deluge received mixed but mostly positive reviews upon its release. It was a modest hit for RKO.
Preservation status
Republic Pictures later bought the film for just its special effects footage,
using some of the scenes of destruction in S.O.S. Tidal Wave (1939), Dick Tracy vs Crime Inc (1941), and King of the Rocket Men (1949).
For many years, Deluge was considered a lost film. In 1981, Forrest J Ackerman discovered a print, dubbed in Italian (La distruzione del mondo), in a film archive in Italy.
Kansas City film distributor and collector Wade Williams claimed to have discovered an Italian-language nitrate film print in the basement of an old mansion in Rome in 1981. It belonged to Williams' friend and Italian film producer Luigi Cozzi (aka Lewis Coates). Ackerman, his wife Wyndane, and Williams were guest speakers at a science fiction festival in Rome. Ackerman verified it was a lost film in the U.S. After Williams bought the access rights, he made a dupe preservation negative and 35mm print. It was subtitled in English for its first VHS release by Englewood Entertainment. The 35mm print was re-released theatrically and played at the Film Forum in New York City and at other revival houses and archives.
A 35mm nitrate dupe negative with its original English soundtrack was discovered in 2016. A 2K restoration scan was made by Lobster Films. This restoration was picked up for a limited theatrical re-release by Kino Repertory. A home media blu-ray release by Kino Lorber Studio Classics appeared in February 2017.
See also
List of apocalyptic films
List of rediscovered films
List of incomplete or partially lost films
References
External links
1933 films
1930s disaster films
1930s independent films
1930s rediscovered films
1930s science fiction drama films
American black-and-white films
American disaster films
American independent films
American post-apocalyptic films
American science fiction drama films
Films based on British novels
Films based on science fiction novels
Films directed by Felix E. Feist
Films produced by Samuel Bischoff
Films set in New York City
Films shot in Los Angeles
Flood films
Rediscovered American films
RKO Pictures films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films
English-language independent films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deluge%20%28film%29
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GWR 4073 Class No. 7029 Clun Castle is a 4-6-0 steam locomotive built at Swindon Works in May 1950 to a design by Charles Collett for operation on the Western Region of British Railways. It was named after Clun Castle in Shropshire.
British Railways
Its first shed allocation was Newton Abbot. It had a double chimney and a four-row superheater fitted in October 1959. Its most famous moment came on 9 May 1964 on the Plymouth to Bristol leg of a special train marked Z48, which ran to mark the record set sixty years earlier by City of Truro. Number 4073 managed to reach 96 mph on the descent of Wellington Bank in Somerset. Preserved classmate 4079 Pendennis Castle, which worked the Paddington to Westbury leg of the tour before melting its firebars, has also been preserved. Its last shed allocation was at Gloucester in May 1965. It hauled the last official steam train out of Paddington to Banbury on 11 June 1965. It was officially withdrawn in December that year.
Preservation
Sold for scrap at £2,400 to Patrick Whitehouse in 1966, its ownership then passed to 7029 Clun Castle Ltd. In preservation, it has been based at Tyseley TMD, now Tyseley Locomotive Works.
In 1967, carrying a Great Western livery, it hauled trains to mark closure of the GWR route to Birkenhead, from King's Cross to Newcastle and over the Settle-Carlisle Line. In 1972, it joined in the "Return to Steam" tours. After a major overhaul, it emerged in British Railways livery in 1985. In 1986, it hauled the last train from the old Birmingham Moor Street station. In the mid 1980s, some of the restoration work was undertaken by a government funded Community Programme scheme, managed by Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council.
September 1987 saw Clun Castle paired with 6000 Class King George V for a series of South Wales weekend enthusiast specials between Swansea and Carmarthen using the turnaround triangles available at either end.
7029 returned to service in October 2017 at the Tyseley Open Weekend in BR Lined Green with the late crest on its tender, although fitted out with the necessary equipment the engine was not certified for mainline use. Clun Castle made its first moves on the mainline for 31 years in February 2019 when it went out on its light test runs, which included a trip to Stratford upon Avon. Its loaded test run was to follow before working its first mainline train since October 1988.
Preservation Photos
Bibliography
References
External links
The Great Western Archive - Castle class details, 7000 - 7037
7029 Public Recommissioning at Tyseley in Oct 2017
7029
Railway locomotives introduced in 1950
7029
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Individual locomotives of Great Britain
4-6-0 locomotives
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GWR%204073%20Class%207029%20Clun%20Castle
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The 1984–85 season was the 105th season of competitive football in England.
The season saw Everton build on their FA Cup success of the previous season by winning their first league title for 15 years and their first European silverware in the form of the European Cup Winners' Cup. However, they lost the FA Cup final to Manchester United. Norwich City won the Football League Cup but were relegated from the First Division.
However, the season was overshadowed by three tragedies involving English clubs. On 11 May 1985, the last day of the league season, a teenage spectator was killed at the St Andrew's stadium in a Second Division clash between Birmingham City and Leeds United in another incident of hooliganism which continued to blight English football at home and abroad. A far worse tragedy occurred on the same day when a fire ripped through the stadium of Third Division champions Bradford City, killing 56 spectators. On 29 May, at the European Cup Final in Brussels, rioting by Liverpool fans led to the collapse of a wall and 39 spectators (most of them Italian) were crushed or trampled to death in the panic. Shortly after the game, which Juventus of Italy won 1–0, all English clubs were banned from European competitions for an indefinite period, which ended up being 6 years for Liverpool and 5 years for every other English football club.
Bradford City stadium fire
56 spectators died and more than 200 were injured when a fire ripped through the Main Stand at Valley Parade during Bradford City's Third Division fixture with Lincoln City on 11 May. This tragedy was seen by many as a wake-up call for English clubs to improve the state of their grounds and take more drastic safety measures to bring an end to problems which had been plaguing the game for years without any effective action being taken.
Heysel disaster
Less than three weeks after the Bradford fire, 39 spectators (mostly Italian) were trampled to death on the terraces of Heysel Stadium where Liverpool took on Juventus in the European Cup final. As a result, all English clubs were banned indefinitely from European competition with Liverpool ordered to serve an extra three years whenever the other English sides were re-admitted. Despite the tragedy, the match was played and Juventus beat Liverpool 1–0.
Diary of the season
18 August 1984: Everton win the Charity Shield by beating Merseyside rivals Liverpool 1–0 at Wembley. The only goal is inadvertently deflected into his own net by Reds' goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar.
25 August 1984: The new league season has an early start as the London derby between Arsenal and Chelsea kicks off at 11:30am on police advice. The match ends in a 1–1 draw in front of over 45,000 at Highbury. Three penalties (one missed) and an own goal at Carrow Road where Norwich City come from 2–0 and 3–2 down to hold champions Liverpool to a 3–3 draw. Manchester United are pegged back by an 89th minute Watford equaliser at Old Trafford. Everton crash 4–1 at home to Tottenham Hotspur for whom debutants Clive Allen and John Chiedozie are among the scorers. In the Second Division, newly promoted Oxford United win 3–0 at Huddersfield Town but Wimbledon are held to a 2–2 draw by Manchester City after leading 2–0. Biggest winners of the day are Exeter City who beat Northampton Town 5–0 in Division Four.
27 August 1984: Newcastle United and Aston Villa both have two wins from their opening two matches but Stoke City and Everton are still looking for their first point. Paul Walsh scores after 14 seconds of his home debut for Liverpool, a 3–0 win over West Ham United.
31 August 1984: Everton get off the mark with a 1–0 win at Chelsea who were previously unbeaten since January.
1 September 1984: Newcastle beat Aston Villa 3–0 to top the league with the First Division's only 100% record after three games. Crowd trouble interrupts the match between Coventry City and Leicester City at Highfield Road. Peter Davenport scores a hat-trick as Nottingham Forest beat Sunderland 3–1 and Derby County's Kevin Wilson also scores three in his side's 3–2 win over Bolton Wanderers. Earlier in the week, Wilson scored four in a Milk Cup tie against Hartlepool United.
4 September 1984: Newcastle drop their first points in a 2–0 defeat at Arsenal. Tottenham have Graham Roberts and Clive Allen sent off as they lose 1–0 at Sunderland.
5 September 1984: Nottingham Forest go top after a Trevor Christie hat-trick helps them to a resounding 5–0 win at Aston Villa.
8 September 1984: Arsenal head Division One for the first time since February 1973 following their 3–1 win over Liverpool at Highbury. Manchester United beat Newcastle 5–0 to register their first win after four draws.
15 September 1984: Clive Allen scores twice against his former club as Tottenham beat Queens Park Rangers 5–0 to displace North London rivals Arsenal from top spot. The Gunners are beaten 2–1 at Ipswich Town. At Stamford Bridge, Chelsea's Colin Lee sees his penalty saved by West Ham keeper Tom McAlister but scores from the rebound. Referee Trevor Spencer orders a retake – Lee's second effort is also saved but he again scores from the rebound. The home side go on to win 3–0.
16 September 1984: Nottingham Forest return to the top with a 3–1 win over Luton Town at the City Ground.
18 September 1984: Back in European competition for the first time in eight years, QPR enjoy a 3–0 first leg win over KR Reykjavík in the UEFA Cup. Second Division leaders Birmingham City drop their first points of the season, beaten 1–0 at home by Portsmouth.
19 September 1984: Liverpool begin their defence of the European Cup with a 1–0 win over Lech Poznań in Poland. In the UEFA Cup, Manchester United and Tottenham enjoy comfortable wins but Nottingham Forest and Southampton both draw at home. Everton are surprisingly held by University College Dublin in the Cup Winners' Cup. The last two 100% league records come to an end as Hereford United draw with Chester City and Chesterfield lose at Hartlepool.
22 September 1984: QPR and Newcastle draw an extraordinary match 5–5 at Loftus Road. Newcastle led 4–0 at half-time with Chris Waddle contributing a hat-trick and were 5–3 up with just five minutes remaining. John Deehan scores three in Norwich's 3–2 win over Watford at Carrow Road. In the same fixture last season, Deehan scored four.
24 September 1984: Milk Cup holders Liverpool are held to a goalless draw in the first leg of their second round tie with Stockport County at Edgeley Park.
25 September 1984: Nottingham Forest are the only First Division side beaten in tonight's Milk Cup matches. They lose 1–0 at Portsmouth. John Barnes scores a hat-trick as Watford win for the first time this season, beating Cardiff City 3–1.
26 September 1984: Struggling Stoke lose 2–1 at home to Rotherham United in the Milk Cup. Young Welsh forward Mark Hughes scores his first senior hat-trick in Manchester United's 4–0 win over Burnley. Garth Crooks also scores three as league leaders Tottenham win 5–1 at Halifax Town.
29 September 1984: Another day of high scoring in today's fixtures – 153 goals at an average of more than three per match. Plymouth Argyle beat Preston North End 6–4 and Everton win by the odd goal in nine at Watford who slip to the bottom of the First Division. Leeds United beat Oldham Athletic 6–0 with Andy Ritchie scoring three. Other hat-trick heroes include Gary Stevens of Shrewsbury Town and Barnsley's David Geddis. Arsenal's veteran goalkeeper Pat Jennings saves a Kenny Hibbitt penalty in his side's 2–1 win at Coventry. Liverpool in turmoil – Grobbelaar has a nightmare as Sheffield Wednesday beat them 2–0 at Anfield. The champions have won only two of their eight league matches this season.
2 October 1984: QPR easily make it through to the second round of the UEFA Cup with a 4–0 win over KR Reykjavik, 7–0 on aggregate. The match is played at Arsenal as UEFA will not allow Rangers to use their artificial pitch at Loftus Road. Everton beat University College Dublin in the Cup Winners' Cup but only thanks to a single Graeme Sharp goal at Goodison Park. Fourth Division leaders Hereford concede their first league goals of the season in their eighth match, a 3–1 defeat at Chesterfield.
3 October 1984: Forest and Southampton are knocked out of Europe but Liverpool, Manchester United and Tottenham all make progress. John Wark scores a hat-trick as Liverpool beat Lech Poznań 4–0 and Garth Crooks bags three for the second successive week in Spurs' 6–0 win over Braga.
6 October 1984: Arsenal are back on top of the table – a Charlie Nicholas penalty gives them victory over Everton while Tottenham lose 1–0 at Southampton. Liverpool's woes continue as West Bromwich Albion hold them to a goalless draw at Anfield. The last unbeaten record in Division One goes as Manchester United lose 3–0 at Aston Villa. On-loan French winger Didier Six stars on his Villa debut. With Oxford losing 1–0 at Manchester City – their first defeat away from home since February – Portsmouth are now the only side yet to be beaten in the league this season.
9 October 1984: Coventry crash out of the Milk Cup, beaten 3–0 at home by last season's semi-finalists Walsall, 4–2 on aggregate. Liverpool need extra time to put out Stockport.
12 October 1984: Tottenham move ahead of Arsenal on goal difference at the top of the table with a 1–0 win over Liverpool.
13 October 1984: Arsenal return to the summit with a 4–1 win at Leicester. Manchester United remain in touch with a 5–1 win over West Ham. Watford, the only side without a league win this season, break their duck by beating Chelsea 3–2 at Stamford Bridge.
14 October 1984: Cardiff move off the bottom of Division Two at the expense of Notts County with a 2–0 win at Meadow Lane.
20 October 1984: A watershed moment in the season as Everton win at Anfield for the first time in 14 years. Graeme Sharp scores the only goal with a brilliant volley. Arsenal unveil their new 18ft x 14ft video screen for extra match day entertainment, the first of its kind in English football. On the pitch, the Gunners beat Sunderland 3–2 to retain top spot. Tottenham slip to fifth after defeat at Old Trafford while Sheffield Wednesday move up to second with a 5–0 win over Leicester. Portsmouth suffer their first league defeat, losing 3–2 at Wimbledon.
24 October 1984: In only his second match back following a knee operation, Ian Rush scores a hat-trick in Liverpool's 3–1 European Cup win over Benfica. Everton win at Fortuna Sittard in the Cup Winners' Cup through an early goal by Paul Bracewell. In the UEFA Cup, QPR beat Partizan Belgrade 6–2 at Highbury but Tottenham lose in Bruges with Glenn Hoddle sent off and Manchester United draw with PSV in Eindhoven.
27 October 1984: In-form Everton thrash Manchester United 5–0, United's biggest margin of defeat since losing 6–0 at Ipswich in March 1980. Leaders Arsenal are beaten 3–1 at West Ham. Tottenham nail Stoke to the bottom of the First Division with a 4–0 win at White Hart Lane. Leicester striker Gary Lineker scores a hat-trick in his side's 5–0 win over Aston Villa.
28 October 1984: Having slipped into the bottom three, Liverpool begin the climb to safety with a 2–0 win at Nottingham Forest.
30 October 1984: Chelsea need a late Colin Lee equaliser to rescue a 2–2 draw at Walsall in the Milk Cup third round. Everton beat Manchester United for the second time in four days, 2–1 at Old Trafford. Ex-Evertonian John Gidman heads the winner into his own goal.
31 October 1984: Arsenal are knocked out of the Milk Cup, beaten 3–2 at Second Division leaders Oxford. David Langan scores the winner thanks to a mistake by Pat Jennings. Liverpool's 1–0 defeat at Tottenham is the first tie the holders have lost in the competition since the 1979–80 season. Improving Watford enjoy a comprehensive 4–0 win at Leeds.
2 November 1984: Manchester United beat Arsenal 4–2 at Old Trafford, the Gunners' third consecutive defeat in the space of seven days.
3 November 1984: Everton go top of the League by beating Leicester 3–0. Kerry Dixon scores a hat-trick as Chelsea fight back from two down to beat Coventry 6–2. A late Ronnie Whelan goal gives Liverpool victory at Stoke. In Division Three, bottom side Cambridge United beat Newport County 2–1, their first away win in 18 months.
6 November 1984: Chelsea brush aside Walsall in their Milk Cup third round replay, scoring three goals in the first 11 minutes without reply. A Howard Gayle goal in extra time is enough for Sunderland to knock out Nottingham Forest who have 18-year-old Paul Raynor sent off.
7 November 1984: Liverpool concede early in Lisbon but hang on to edge past Benfica 3–2 on aggregate and into the European Cup quarter-finals. QPR are stunned by Partizan in the UEFA Cup, losing on away goals following a 4–0 defeat in Belgrade, but Tottenham and Manchester United make it through, as do Everton in the Cup Winners' Cup.
10 November 1984: Everton stay top with a 1–0 win over West Ham at Upton Park. Manchester United and Tottenham also win away but Arsenal are held at home by Aston Villa. In the Third Division, Hull City come from 4–1 down to win 5–4 at Orient.
17 November 1984: FA Cup first round day produces its usual selection of surprise results. Altrincham win 1–0 at Blackpool and Northwich Victoria beat Crewe Alexandra 3–1 while seven other non-league clubs take league opposition to a replay. No such luck for Tow Law Town, beaten 7–2 at Bradford City, or Penrith, thrashed 9–0 by Burnley for whom Kevin Hird and Alan Taylor both score three. In Division One, leaders Everton beat bottom club Stoke 4–0 at Goodison Park.
20 November 1984: In the Milk Cup fourth round, Second Division Grimsby Town cause a shock by winning at Everton through a last minute header by Paul Wilkinson. Andy Blair scores a hat-trick of penalties in Sheffield Wednesday's 4–2 win over Luton. Non-league Enfield and Telford United win through in FA Cup replays but Kettering Town and Bangor City are knocked out.
21 November 1984: Kerry Dixon scores his second hat-trick of the month as Chelsea beat Manchester City 4–1 in the Milk Cup. In the FA Cup, Bognor Regis Town beat Swansea City 3–1 to reach the second round for the first time in their history.
24 November 1984: Sunderland beat Manchester United 3–2 in a dramatic match at Roker Park. Both sides have a player sent off and Clive Walker scores a hat-trick (including two penalties) after the home side had trailed 2–0, all in the first half. Oxford also come from two down to beat Leeds 5–2 at the top of the Second Division with John Aldridge scoring three. Two goals by John Wark against his former club Ipswich give Liverpool their first league win at home for three months. Brighton and Hove Albion score their first goal in six matches but are beaten 2–1 at home by Middlesbrough.
26 November 1984: FA Cup replay joy for Alliance Premier League side Dagenham who win 2–1 after extra time at Swindon Town.
27 November 1984: QPR and Southampton play out a goalless Milk Cup replay at Loftus Road. Steve Moran has an 85th minute penalty saved by Rs' keeper Peter Hucker.
28 November 1984: Tottenham beat Bohemians Prague 2–0 in the UEFA Cup third round but Manchester United are held 2–2 at home by Dundee United. Gordon Strachan scores a penalty but has a second saved by fellow Scot Hamish McAlpine.
1 December 1984: Manchester United and Arsenal narrow the gap on leaders Everton who are held 1–1 by Sheffield Wednesday and have top scorer Adrian Heath carried off with a serious knee injury. In Division Two, Portsmouth and Blackburn Rovers draw a top-of-the-table clash 2–2 at Fratton Park with the home side fighting back after gifting the visitors two own goals.
5 December 1984: Sunderland surprise Tottenham in the Milk Cup with a 2–1 replay win at White Hart Lane. Goalkeeper Chris Turner saves a Graham Roberts penalty. QPR finally put out Southampton 4–0 in their second replay.
8 December 1984: Tottenham move to within a point of Everton after coming from behind to beat Newcastle 3–1. The leaders are held 0–0 at QPR and have Pat Van Den Hauwe sent off along with Rangers' Simon Stainrod. Manchester United lose at Forest and Southampton beat Arsenal – only three points now separate the top five. Telford record the most eye-catching result in the FA Cup second round, a 4–1 win at Preston. Other non-league clubs through to round three are Burton Albion, winners at Aldershot, and Dagenham, who knock out Peterborough United.
9 December 1984: Independiente of Argentina beat Liverpool 1–0 to win the World Club Championship in Tokyo.
12 December 1984: Manchester United win 3–2 at Dundee United (5–4 aggregate) and Tottenham draw 1–1 in Prague (3–1 aggregate) to ensure safe passage through to the UEFA Cup quarter-finals.
15 December 1984: Everton maintain their place at the top of the First Division with a 5–0 win over Nottingham Forest for whom Chris Fairclough is sent off and Gary Mills breaks a leg. Southampton lose 2–1 at Coventry, their first league defeat since 4 September.
21 December 1984: Liverpool's revival continues with a 2–0 win at QPR that moves them up to fifth in the table.
22 December 1984: Tottenham win 2–1 at Norwich to reclaim leadership of the First Division as Everton are beaten 4–3 at home by Chelsea for whom recent signing Gordon Davies scores a hat-trick. Two goals in the last two minutes by transfer listed Alan Biley give Portsmouth a 2–1 win over Oxford.
26 December 1984: Bottom of the First Division with only one win and eight points all season, Stoke stun Manchester United 2–1 at the Victoria Ground. Liverpool suffer a surprise home defeat to Leicester but Everton win at Sunderland. Tottenham stay top on goal difference despite being held at home by West Ham.
29 December 1984: The year ends with Tottenham heading the First Division after beating Sunderland 2–0. Everton win by the same score at Ipswich to stay on their heels. Blackburn top Division Two although a 3–1 home defeat to Huddersfield cuts their lead to three points while Bradford and Bury are both clear at the top of Divisions Three and Four respectively.
1 January 1985: Status quo maintained as Tottenham win at Arsenal and Everton beat Luton. Stoke suffer another pasting, this time 4–0 at Coventry. Peter Beardsley scores a hat-trick as Newcastle beat Sunderland 3–1. In Division Two, Fulham stage a remarkable fightback from 4–0 down to draw 4–4 at Portsmouth.
5 January 1985: FA Cup third round shocks include Orient's 2–1 win over West Bromwich Albion and Doncaster Rovers beating QPR 1–0. Burton are beaten 6–1 by Leicester at the Baseball Ground after their goalkeeper Paul Evans is left dazed by a missile thrown from the crowd with the score level at 1–1. The FA subsequently orders the match to be replayed. Trouble too at Highfield Road where Manchester City fans riot as their side go down 2–1 to Coventry. Telford knock out Third Division leaders Bradford but Dagenham are beaten at Carlisle United. Hereford, second in Division Four, hold Arsenal and Wigan Athletic draw at Chelsea after being two goals ahead. At White Hart Lane, Mark Aizlewood earns Charlton Athletic a replay with a scrambled equaliser after seeing his initial penalty saved by Ray Clemence. Luther Blissett scores four in Watford's 5–0 drubbing of Sheffield United.
8 January 1985: Fourth Division Darlington beat Middlesbrough 2–1 in an FA Cup replay at Feethams. The match is held up for 10 minutes during the second half following a pitch invasion.
9 January 1985: Only two FA Cup replays survive as cold weather begins to bite. Luton score two early goals on their way to a 3–2 win at Stoke while Nottingham Forest win 3–1 in extra time at Newcastle.
12 January 1985: Tottenham are held to a 2–2 draw at QPR and relinquish the league leadership to Everton who beat Newcastle 4–0. A frozen pitch causes Sunderland's match with Liverpool at Roker Park to be abandoned at half-time. Manchester United are beaten 1–0 by Coventry, their second successive home defeat, and lose captain Bryan Robson to a shoulder injury.
16 January 1985: Leicester win their replayed FA Cup tie with Burton 1–0 behind closed doors at Highfield Road. Norwich are the first team through to the semi-finals of the Milk Cup following a 1–0 win at Grimsby. Juventus beat Liverpool 2–0 in Turin to win the European Super Cup. Polish international striker Zbigniew Boniek scores both goals.
19 January 1985: Arctic conditions decimate today's fixture programme with only 10 matches played across the four divisions. Three survive in Division One – Liverpool beat Norwich 4–0 while Aston Villa win 3–0 at Coventry and Chelsea draw 1–1 with Arsenal. In the Second Division, Manchester City move into the top three by beating Wimbledon 3–0 and a Tommy Wright hat-trick helps Leeds to a 5–0 win over Notts County.
22 January 1985: The three times postponed FA Cup replay between Arsenal and Hereford finally results in a 7–2 win for the First Division side.
23 January 1985: Sunderland join Norwich in the Milk Cup semi-finals with a 1–0 win at Watford while QPR hold Ipswich to a goalless draw at Portman Road. In FA Cup replays, Tottenham, Huddersfield and Millwall all make it through to round four but Norwich and Birmingham must try again after drawing 1–1 at Carrow Road.
26 January 1985: Third Division York City cause the biggest FA Cup upset of the season – a last minute Keith Houchen penalty gives them victory over Arsenal at Bootham Crescent. Manchester United reserve goalkeeper Stephen Pears saves a Terry Gibson penalty in his side's 2–1 win over Coventry. In delayed third round replays, Blackburn beat Portsmouth 2–1 and Chelsea win 5–0 at Wigan with goal machine Kerry Dixon netting four. The Birmingham–Norwich marathon continues as the two sides draw a second replay 1–1 at St Andrew's.
27 January 1985: Ian Rush scores the only goal to give Liverpool victory over Tottenham in the heavyweight clash of the FA Cup fourth round.
28 January 1985: Ipswich win 2–1 at QPR in the Milk Cup but the fourth semi-finalist is still undecided as Chelsea are held 1–1 by Sheffield Wednesday. A goal credited to Steve Bruce at last sees Norwich overcome Birmingham in the FA Cup third round.
30 January 1985: Sheffield Wednesday and Chelsea draw a thrilling Milk Cup replay 4–4 at Hillsborough. Chelsea came from 3–0 down to lead 4–3 during normal time and then kicked off in both halves of extra time. In the FA Cup, Blackburn win at Oxford and Wimbledon beat Nottingham Forest in a replay. Last season, as a Third Division club, the Dons knocked Forest out of the Milk Cup.
2 February 1985: Everton beat Watford 4–0 to go four points clear of Tottenham, held 2–2 at Luton. The top four in Division Two are separated only by goal difference. Oxford lead the way after winning 1–0 at Carlisle, displacing Blackburn who draw 1–1 at Wimbledon. Manchester City and Birmingham complete the quartet after away wins at Crystal Palace and Huddersfield respectively.
4 February 1985: Telford, the last remaining non-league side in the FA Cup, beat Darlington 3–0 to book a fifth round tie at Everton. Chelsea are shocked 3–2 at home by Third Division promotion chasers Millwall.
6 February 1985: Mickey Thomas scores a last minute winner as Chelsea beat Sheffield Wednesday 2–1 at the third time of asking in the Milk Cup quarter-final.
9 February 1985: More bad weather hits today's fixture list with only 16 matches surviving the freeze. Manchester United are held 1–1 at Newcastle and miss the opportunity to make serious ground on Everton and Tottenham. Manchester City also slip up in Division Two, beaten 3–1 at home by Carlisle.
13 February 1985: Sunderland establish a 2–0 lead over Chelsea in the first leg of their Milk Cup semi-final. Two penalties by Colin West decide the match – he scores the first and converts a rebound after the second is saved by Eddie Niedzwiecki.
16 February 1985: Everton end Telford's FA Cup adventure with a 3–0 win at Goodison Park but York score an 86th minute equaliser to take Liverpool to a replay. Bradford extend their lead at the top of Division Three to 12 points with a 2–0 win at third placed Hull.
19 February 1985: Millwall make the FA Cup quarter-finals with a deserved 2–0 win over Leicester at The Den.
20 February 1985: Liverpool register a decisive 7–0 FA Cup replay win over York at Anfield with John Wark scoring a hat-trick.
23 February 1985: Two goals by Andy Gray – his first since September – give Everton an important 2–1 win at Leicester. Kenny Dalglish celebrates his 300th league appearance by scoring in Liverpool's 2–0 win over Stoke. A goal by Mich d'Avray gives Ipswich a slender 1–0 advantage from the first leg of their Milk Cup semi-final against Norwich.
24 February 1985: At the foot of the Second Division, Crystal Palace's relegation fears deepen as they suffer a 5–0 defeat at home to Wimbledon.
2 March 1985: Both sides miss a penalty as Everton draw 1–1 at Manchester United, enabling Tottenham to close the gap at the top to two points with a 1–0 win at Stoke. Manchester City replace Blackburn as leaders in Division Two with a 1–0 win at Ewood Park. Oxford are beaten 3–0 by Birmingham, their first league defeat at home in nearly a year. Charlton fight back from 3–0 down to win 5–3 against Barnsley for whom Ron Futcher scores a hat-trick and is later sent off.
4 March 1985: Over 100 people are arrested after serious crowd trouble disrupts the second leg of the Milk Cup semi-final between Chelsea and Sunderland. The Wearsiders win 3–2 to reach the final 5–2 on aggregate. In the FA Cup fifth round, Southampton suffer a surprise home defeat to Barnsley while a late goal by Alan Sunderland gives Ipswich a 3–2 win over Sheffield Wednesday.
6 March 1985: An Andy Gray hat-trick helps Everton to a comfortable win over Fortuna Sittard in the Cup Winners' Cup while Liverpool gain a useful 1–1 away draw with Austria Vienna in the European Cup. In the UEFA Cup, Manchester United narrowly beat Videoton but a Steve Perryman own goal against Real Madrid consigns Tottenham to their first ever home defeat in European competition. Norwich beat Ipswich 2–0 at Carrow Road to reach the Milk Cup final. In FA Cup replays, West Ham beat Wimbledon 5–1 with Tony Cottee scoring three while Watford and Luton draw 2–2 after extra time at Vicarage Road.
9 March 1985: Norman Whiteside scores a hat-trick as Manchester United make the FA Cup semi-finals with a 4–2 win over West Ham. Ipswich take Everton to a replay with a 2–2 draw at Goodison Park. Luton beat Watford 1–0 to reach the sixth round. Midfielder Wayne Turner scores the only goal on his 24th birthday.
10 March 1985: Liverpool win 4–0 at Barnsley in the FA Cup with Ian Rush notching up yet another hat-trick.
12 March 1985: A 2–1 win at Tottenham pushes Manchester United back into contention for the league title. Three players are sent off in the goalless draw between Stoke and West Bromwich Albion.
13 March 1985: Another explosion of football violence occurs as Millwall hooligans riot before, during and after their team's FA Cup quarter-final tie at Luton which ends in a 1–0 win for the home side. Everton complete the semi-final line-up with a 1–0 replay win at Ipswich.
15 March 1985: On his return from injury, Bryan Robson scores shortly after coming on as a substitute in Manchester United's 2–2 draw at West Ham.
16 March 1985: Tottenham beat Liverpool at Anfield for the first time since 1912 to move level on points with leaders Everton. Garth Crooks scores the only goal in the 71st minute. Sunderland win 3–1 at Norwich in a dress rehearsal for next weekend's Milk Cup final.
20 March 1985: A mixed night for English clubs in Europe. Liverpool and Everton make it through to their respective semi-finals but Tottenham and Manchester United are knocked out of the UEFA Cup. Spurs have Steve Perryman sent off in their goalless draw at the Bernabéu and United lose on penalties to Videoton.
23 March 1985: Osvaldo Ardiles marks his first appearance of the season with the opening goal in Tottenham's 5–1 win over Southampton. Everton beat Arsenal 2–0 to virtually extinguish the Gunners' waning championship hopes. Hat-tricks for Manchester United's Mark Hughes against Aston Villa and John Wark for Liverpool at West Bromwich Albion. In Division Two, Oxford move up to second with a 3–0 win over leaders Manchester City.
24 March 1985: Norwich win the Milk Cup. The significant action takes place in the space of five minutes at the start of the second half as Gordon Chisholm deflects an Asa Hartford shot into his own net for the only goal and Sunderland's Clive Walker misses a penalty.
30 March 1985: Two goals by reserve midfielder Kevin Richardson give Everton a 2–1 win at Southampton which takes them three points clear of Tottenham, who lose 2–0 at home to Aston Villa. Manchester City's lead in Division Two is cut to two points after a 2–2 draw with bottom club Cardiff. Oxford, Birmingham and Blackburn all win while Portsmouth draw at Shrewsbury.
31 March 1985: Manchester United stay in the championship race as a Frank Stapleton header gives them a 1–0 win at Anfield.
2 April 1985: Watford rout West Ham 5–0 in an important game at the foot of the First Division. In Division Two, Gordon Owen scores a hat-trick as Barnsley beat Oxford 3–0.
3 April 1985: In a match touted as the "title decider", Everton beat Tottenham 2–1 at White Hart Lane. Andy Gray and Trevor Steven score in each half to put Everton in control before Graham Roberts pulls a goal back. Neville Southall denies the home side a point with a breathtaking late save from Mark Falco. The win takes Everton four points clear with two matches in hand on Manchester United who leapfrog Spurs into second after a 2–1 win over Leicester. Ian Rush scores after 52 seconds to set Liverpool on course for a 3–0 win at Sunderland.
6 April 1985: Everton beat Sunderland 4–1 to maintain their lead on the chasing pack. Manchester United hammer Stoke 5–0 but Tottenham are held to a 1–1 draw at West Ham.
8 April 1985: Sunderland drop into the relegation zone following their goalless draw with Newcastle and away victories for Ipswich and Luton. West Ham are drawn further into the mire after a 4–2 defeat at QPR. In Division Two, Portsmouth move up to second by winning 3–1 at Fulham as Manchester City are beaten at home by Leeds.
9 April 1985: Manchester United suffer a major setback in their pursuit of leaders Everton as they slip to a 1–0 defeat at Sheffield Wednesday.
10 April 1985: Liverpool virtually book their place in next month's European Cup final with a 4–0 win over Panathinaikos. In the Cup Winners' Cup, Everton come away from the first leg of their semi-final against Bayern Munich with an encouraging goalless draw.
13 April 1985: FA Cup holders Everton reach the final by beating Luton 2–1 at Villa Park. An 85th minute Kevin Sheedy free kick cancels out Ricky Hill's first half strike and Derek Mountfield scores the winner near the end of extra time. In the other semi-final at Goodison Park, Liverpool twice come from behind to take Manchester United to a replay. The situation at the foot of Division One tightens further with Sunderland's 1–0 win at Coventry the most notable result. In Division Two, a David Geddis hat-trick helps Birmingham to a 3–1 win at Fratton Park which takes the Blues above Pompey into second.
16 April 1985: Cambridge become the first team to be relegated following a 2–1 defeat at Millwall. The Us have won only seven of their last 82 league matches.
17 April 1985: Manchester United beat Liverpool 2–1 in a stirring FA Cup semi-final replay at Maine Road. Tottenham's lingering title hopes suffer another blow as Arsenal beat them 2–0 at White Hart Lane, Spurs' fourth defeat in their last five home matches.
20 April 1985: Leaders Everton beat bottom side Stoke 2–0 at the Victoria Ground. Tottenham lose at home again, 3–2 to Ipswich. Barely two years after almost going out of business, Oxford stand on the brink of promotion to Division One after beating Oldham 5–2 with leading scorer John Aldridge bagging a hat-trick.
21 April 1985: Luton climb out of the relegation zone with a 2–1 win over Manchester United, a result which all but hands Everton the title and confirms Stoke's relegation. The Potters have accumulated just three wins and 17 points from 35 league matches.
23 April 1985: Bradford win 4–0 at Cambridge to clinch promotion from Division Three while Hull look like joining them following a 4–1 win at Preston that gives them a cushion of 11 points over fourth placed Bristol City.
24 April 1985: A Mark Lawrenson goal in Greece completes a comfortable 5–0 aggregate win for Liverpool over Panathinaikos in the European Cup. Their opponents in next month's final will be Italian giants Juventus. Everton reach their first European final with a 3–1 win over Bayern Munich at Goodison Park in the Cup Winners' Cup. Oxford beat Shrewsbury 1–0 and are promoted to Division One.
27 April 1985: Everton beat Norwich 3–0 and need only five points from their remaining seven matches to be certain of the title. Coventry boost their survival hopes with a 2–1 win over West Bromwich Albion but Sunderland remain in deep trouble despite holding Manchester United to a 2–2 draw at Old Trafford. Norman Whiteside misses a penalty. At Stamford Bridge, Chelsea introduce their new 'electric fence' aimed at combating hooliganism. They draw 1–1 with Tottenham and the fence is not switched on. Birmingham's 1–0 win at Barnsley puts them on the verge of an immediate return to the First Division but the third promotion spot is still up for grabs. Blackburn lose 1–0 at Charlton so Manchester City move into the driving seat with a 2–1 win at Portsmouth while Leeds keep their faint hopes alive by beating Oxford 1–0.
4 May 1985: Many promotion and relegation issues remain undecided on the penultimate Saturday of the League season. In Division One, six of the bottom seven lose, the exception being Luton who beat Arsenal 3–1. Sunderland look doomed following a 4–0 home defeat by Aston Villa. Birmingham and Hull confirm their promotions while Darlington are poised to join Chesterfield, Bury and Blackpool in going up from Division Four.
6 May 1985: Everton beat QPR 2–0 and are league champions for the first time since 1970. Sunderland lose 2–0 at Leicester and are relegated. Wolves go down to Division Three despite beating Huddersfield 2–1 in front of a crowd of 4422, the lowest ever for a league match at Molineux. The second half at Notts County is delayed by half an hour as Manchester City fans riot with their team 3–0 behind. County eventually run out 3–2 winners to improve their chances of avoiding relegation and deal a blow to City's promotion hopes.
11 May 1985: A black day for English football. 56 people are burnt to death and more than 200 others injured at Valley Parade, Bradford in a fire caused by a discarded cigarette which set light to waste beneath the wooden main stand. The speed with which the blaze spread was astonishing. Tragedy also at Birmingham where rioting Leeds fans hold up play and later cause the collapse of a brick wall, killing a 14-year-old boy. Manchester City beat Charlton 5–1 and clinch promotion to the First Division ahead of Portsmouth on goal difference while at the other end Notts County and Cardiff are relegated. Oxford secure the Second Division title with a 4–0 win over Barnsley. Millwall are promoted from Division Three but Preston and Orient go down to be joined by either Swansea or Burnley. Everton's unbeaten run of 28 league and cup matches comes to end as they go down to a Garry Birtles goal at Nottingham Forest.
14 May 1985: Norwich win 2–1 at Chelsea in their final match of the season, meaning Coventry – held 0–0 at Ipswich – must win their remaining three matches to stay up and send the Canaries or West Ham down instead.
15 May 1985: Everton lift the European Cup Winners' Cup with a 3–1 win over Rapid Vienna in Rotterdam. Second half goals from Sharp, Steven and Sheedy clinch their second trophy of the season and keep alive hopes of a 'treble' with the FA Cup final to follow.
17 May 1985: West Ham secure their First Division status with a 1–0 win at Ipswich while Coventry win by the same score at Stoke to retain a chance of survival. Swansea hold Bristol City to a goalless draw, a result which relegates Burnley to the Fourth Division. Both they and Lancashire rivals Preston will play at this level next season for the first time in their histories.
18 May 1985: Manchester United win the FA Cup for the sixth time, beating Everton 1–0 thanks to a goal by Norman Whiteside in extra time. United played with only 10 men following the 77th minute dismissal of defender Kevin Moran for a foul on Peter Reid, the first ever sending-off in an FA Cup final.
20 May 1985: After sinking as low as 20th earlier in the season, Liverpool clinch the runners-up spot with a 3–0 win at West Ham in their penultimate League match.
23 May 1985: An 84th minute goal by Brian Kilcline gives Coventry a dramatic 1–0 win over Luton and edges them closer to First Division safety. Everton beat Liverpool 1–0, their third such win over the deposed champions this season. John Wark misses a penalty.
26 May 1985: Coventry beat Everton 4–1 to complete their 'great escape'. Milk Cup winners Norwich are relegated despite a haul of 49 points, the highest ever recorded by a team relegated from the top flight.
28 May 1985: Luton beat an understrength Everton 2–0 in the final match of the League season.
29 May 1985: 39 spectators, most of them Italian, are killed when a wall collapses at the European Cup final between Liverpool and Juventus at the Heysel Stadium in Brussels. Despite the tragedy, the match is played and Michel Platini scores from a penalty as Juventus win 1–0. UEFA later bans all English clubs indefinitely from European competitions as a result of the disaster. Just hours before kick-off, Joe Fagan had announced that he would be retiring as Liverpool manager after two seasons in charge.
National team
European football
FA Cup
Manchester United won their second FA Cup in three years after a Norman Whiteside goal gave them an extra-time 1–0 victory over Everton at Wembley. Defender Kevin Moran became the first player to be sent off in an FA Cup final at Wembley when he brought down Peter Reid in what he insisted was a misjudged tackle. United's triumph ended Everton's hopes of completing a treble of trophies – they had already lifted the league title and UEFA Cup Winners Cup. Millwall fans rioted in their 6th round match against Luton Town, causing Luton to ban away fans from their ground. Non-League Telford United collected four League scalps on their way to the fifth round proper, the joint-best run by a non-league side until Lincoln City reached the quarter-finals in 2016-17.
League Cup
Norwich City became the first club to win a major trophy in a relegation season as they lifted the League Cup after beating Sunderland, who went down with them to the Second Division. This occurrence would not be repeated for some 26 years when Birmingham City suffered the same fate; also relegated after lifting the League Cup earlier in the season.
Football League
First Division
Everton won their first league title for 15 years with five matches to spare, and also won the European Cup Winners' Cup to claim their first ever European trophy, but were denied a treble when they lost to Manchester United in the final of the FA Cup. Liverpool endured their first trophyless season for a decade, although they did finish runners-up in the league, reached the FA Cup semi-finals and were on the losing side in the European Cup final - a match marred by a riot before kick-off in which 39 spectators died. The British government swiftly banned all English clubs from competing in the following season's European competitions, before UEFA placed an indefinite ban on English clubs playing in Europe and ordered Liverpool to serve an extra three years when the ban on other clubs was lifted.
Tottenham Hotspur enjoyed another good season, topping the First Division over Christmas before finishing third in the final table. Southampton continued to compete with the bigger clubs and finished fifth. Newly promoted Chelsea, Sheffield Wednesday and Newcastle United enjoyed a strong return to the First Division, finishing sixth, eighth and 14th respectively.
Stoke City went down in bottom place with one of the worst First Division records ever - a mere three wins from 42 games and 17 points from a possible 126. Sunderland, runners-up in the League Cup, had a dismal season in the league and were relegated in second place from bottom. Norwich City went down with 49 points (more than any other relegated First Division side) but the blow was cushioned by victory in the League Cup. QPR, who had finished fifth a year earlier, avoided relegation by one place and one point. Player-manager Frank Sibley was dismissed after one season to be replaced by Jim Smith of Oxford United. Ipswich Town's decline since the departure of Bobby Robson to the England job three years earlier continued as the Suffolk club finished 17th, with most of Robson's fine team now gone.
Second Division
23 years after joining the Football League, Oxford United reached the First Division by clinching the Second Division title and securing a second successive promotion. The only downside to their promotion was the departure soon afterwards of manager Jim Smith to QPR, leaving Maurice Evans to try to build an Oxford side capable of defying the odds and surviving at the highest level. Birmingham City achieved an instant return to the First Division after keeping faith in manager Ron Saunders, while Manchester City won promotion on goal difference ahead of Portsmouth. Blackburn Rovers, absent from the First Division since 1966, missed out on promotion by a single point, while just two points kept Brighton out of the First Division.
Wimbledon, in their first season as a Second Division club and only their eighth in the Football League, finished a secure 12th.
Notts County and debt-ridden Wolverhampton Wanderers suffered a second successive relegation, while Cardiff City returned to the Third Division after just two years away. Middlesbrough, another club faced with mounting debts, narrowly avoided relegation to the Third Division for the first time in 20 years.
Third Division
Bradford City's promotion glory and Third Division title triumph ended in tragedy with the death of 56 spectators (all but two of them Bradford fans) in a stadium fire on the final day of the season at home to Lincoln City. The second promotion place went to Millwall, who had a happy end to the season just weeks after they had made the headlines for all the wrong reasons after hundreds of their fans ran riot in an FA Cup tie at Luton. The last promotion place was sealed by Hull City, while Gillingham and Bristol City just missed out.
Derby County failed to mount a serious challenge for an immediate return to the Second Division, although their seventh-place finish was hardly disastrous. Newly promoted York City finished eighth in the league but made headlines in the FA Cup by beating Arsenal in the fourth round and taking Liverpool to a replay in the fifth.
In an era where consecutive relegations were a regular event, Cambridge United were rooted to the bottom of the Third Division with just four wins, 21 points and a joint league record of 33 defeats. Orient also went down, but the biggest news at the lower end of this divisions was the relegation of Preston North End and Burnley to the Fourth Division for the very first time - an incredible low for two clubs with a host of league titles and FA Cup wins to their name, with Burnley's most recent title win coming as recently as 1960, although Preston's only two league titles had come in the league's first two seasons nearly a century earlier and their last FA Cup win was in 1938.
Debt-ridden Swansea City, who had finished sixth in the First Division in 1982, narrowly avoided a third successive relegation.
Fourth Division
Chesterfield sealed the Fourth Division title, with runners-up spot going to a Blackpool side who had recently been saved from closure. Former Tottenham Hotspur star Cyril Knowles achieved his first success as a manager by guiding Darlington to promotion in third place, while the last promotion spot went to Bury, who finished seven points ahead of Hereford United.
Torquay United, Northampton Town, Stockport County and Halifax Town propped up the Fourth Division but were re-elected to the league.
Top goalscorers
First Division
Kerry Dixon (Chelsea) and Gary Lineker (Leicester City) – 24 goals
Second Division
John Aldridge (Oxford United) – 30 goals
Third Division
Tommy Tynan (Plymouth Argyle) – 31 goals
Fourth Division
John Clayton (Tranmere Rovers) – 31 goals
Non-league football
The divisional champions of the major non-League competitions were:
Awards
Everton's team included PFA Players' Player of the Year Peter Reid and FWA Footballer of the Year Neville Southall.
PFA Young Player of the Year was Manchester United's Welsh striker Mark Hughes, who helped his side lift the FA Cup.
Notable managers
Howard Kendall brought glory to Everton as they lifted the league championship trophy and the Cup Winners' Cup.
Ron Atkinson won his second FA Cup in three years with Manchester United.
Jim Smith brought First Division football to Oxford United less than a quarter of a century after they were elected to the league.
Ken Brown guided Norwich City to League Cup glory which compensated for their relegation to the Second Division.
Howard Wilkinson guided newly promoted Sheffield Wednesday to seventh place in the First Division in their first top division season for more than a decade.
Ron Saunders took Birmingham City back into the First Division at the first time of asking.
Trevor Cherry guided Bradford City to Third Division championship glory.
Former Arsenal player George Graham achieved managerial success with Millwall as they won promotion to the Second Division.
Brian Horton took Hull City to promotion in the Third Division.
Cyril Knowles (who played for Tottenham in the late 1960s and early 1970s), enjoyed success in management by getting Darlington promoted to the Third Division.
Notable debutants
25 August 1984: Dale Gordon, 17-year-old winger, makes his debut for Norwich City in a 3–3 draw with Liverpool at Carrow Road in the First Division.
26 December 1984: Nigel Clough, 18-year-old striker and son of manager Brian Clough, makes his debut for Nottingham Forest in a 2–0 home win over Ipswich Town in the First Division.
23 March 1985: Martin Allen, 19-year-old midfielder, makes his debut for Queen's Park Rangers in a 2–0 away defeat against Luton Town in the First Division.
13 April 1985: Paul Gascoigne, 17-year-old midfielder, makes his debut for Newcastle United in a 1-0 First Division home win over Queen's Park Rangers.
20 April 1985: Tony Daley, 17-year-old winger, makes his debut for Aston Villa in a 0-2 First Division defeat at Southampton.
11 May 1985: Dennis Wise, 18-year-old winger, makes his debut for Wimbledon in 2–1 home win over Cardiff City in the Second Division.
Deaths
14 August 1984 – Mike Barrett, 24, Bristol Rovers winger. Died as a result of cancer.
6 November 1984 – Micky Cave, 35, former Torquay United, AFC Bournemouth and York City midfielder. Died from accidental carbon monoxide poisoning.
27 December 1984 - Leslie Compton, 72, who played senior football and cricket between 1930 and 1956, died from a diabetes related illness. He spent his entire footballing career at Arsenal and was capped twice for England in 1950 at the age of 38.
9 March 1985 - Harry Catterick, 65, manager of Everton from 1961 to 1973, during which time they won two league titles and an FA Cup. Died from a heart attack at Goodison Park after watching Everton draw 2-2 with Ipswich Town in the quarter-final of the FA Cup.
References
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Shaib or Sha‘ib ( ), or the Sheikhdom of Shaib ( ), was a state in the Aden Protectorate, South Arabia. The area is now part of the Republic of Yemen.
History
The Sha`ib Sheikhdom was established at an uncertain date in the 18th century. After becoming a British protectorate, it eventually joined the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South as well as its successor, the Federation of South Arabia.
Its last sheikh, Yahya Mohamed Al-Kholaqi Al-Saqladi, was exiled in 1967 upon the founding of the People's Republic of South Yemen. He died in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in July 2001.
Rulers
The rulers of the Sha`ib Sheikhdom had the title of Shaykh Sha`ib.
Sheikhs
c.1850 - 1880 Mani` al-Saqladi
1880 - 1915 `Ali ibn Mani` al-Saqladi
1915 - 1935 Mutahhar ibn Mani` al-Saqladi
1935 - 1948 Muhammad ibn Muqbil al-Saqladi
Aug 1948 - 1954 Kassem ibn Mused ibn Ali al-Saqladi
1955 - 30 Mar 1963 Yahya ibn Muhammad al-Saqladi
1963 - 7 Jul 1965 Nashir ibn `Abd Allah al-Saqladi (d. 1965)
10 Jul 1965 - Jun 1967 Yahya ibn Mohamed Al Kholaqi al-Saqladi
See also
Aden Protectorate
References
External links
Map of Arabia (1905-1923) including the states of Aden Protectorate
States in the Aden Protectorate
Federation of South Arabia
Former monarchies of Asia
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Dauphin Lake is located in western Manitoba near the city of Dauphin, Manitoba. The lake covers an area of and has a drainage basin of about . The Mossy River drains the lake into Lake Winnipegosis. The basin is drained by seven major streams and has a total relief of .
The lake is located within the territory of three rural municipalities; in descending order of area they are the RM of Ochre River, the RM of Dauphin, and the RM of Mossey River.
Dauphin Lake was named after the Dauphin of France, heir to the French throne, by Francois de La Verendrye in 1739.
Hydrography
Dauphin Lake is located west of Lake Manitoba and south of Lake Winnipegosis. It receives most of its waters from the west.
Mossy River Dam
Several efforts have been made to control lake levels in the last century. In 1964, the Mossy River Dam was constructed at Terin's Landing at the outlet of the lake. The ten bay concrete stoplog structure complete with a fish ladder is operated by the Province of Manitoba. The summer target since 1993 has been 854.8 feet (260.54 m). The dam can restrict the outflow when conditions are dry and levels low but the river limits the outflow when the lake is high.
Regulation of the lake is difficult. Conditions can change very quickly. For example, a four-day rain in June 1947 produced an estimated peak inflow of . At normal levels, the Mossy River can only take out about .
Tributaries
Tributaries of Dauphin Lake include the Turtle River, Kerosene Creek, Ochre River, Edwards Creek Drain, Vermillion River, Wilson River, Valley River, Mowat Creek and the Mink River.
See also
List of lakes of Manitoba
References
Further reading
Hind, Henry Youle (1860). Narrative of the Canadian Red River Exploring Expedition of 1857. London: Longmans.
1916: David Thompson's narrative of his explorations in western America, 1784–1812 (edited by J.B. Tyrell)
Lakes of Manitoba
Bodies of water of Parkland Region, Manitoba
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Loser is a children’s novel by Jerry Spinelli, first published in 2002 by Joanna Cotler, an imprint of Harper Collins Books. It portrays the growth of Zinkoff, who is considered "stupid" by his classmates due to his clumsiness, poor performance in school and athletics, and sometimes, clueless enthusiasm.
This book is unique among Spinelli's works as it is written entirely in the present tense.
Accolades
It was nominated for the 2004-05 Mark Twain Award.<ref>Mark Twain Reader Award<
References
2002 American novels
American young adult novels
Novels by Jerry Spinelli
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Evolutionary developmental psychology (EDP) is a research paradigm that applies the basic principles of evolution by natural selection, to understand the development of human behavior and cognition. It involves the study of both the genetic and environmental mechanisms that underlie the development of social and cognitive competencies, as well as the epigenetic (gene-environment interactions) processes that adapt these competencies to local conditions.
EDP considers both the reliably developing, species-typical features of ontogeny (developmental adaptations), as well as individual differences in behavior, from an evolutionary perspective. While evolutionary views tend to regard most individual differences as the result of either random genetic noise (evolutionary byproducts) and/or idiosyncrasies (for example, peer groups, education, neighborhoods, and chance encounters) rather than products of natural selection, EDP asserts that natural selection can favor the emergence of individual differences via "adaptive developmental plasticity." From this perspective, human development follows alternative life-history strategies in response to environmental variability, rather than following one species-typical pattern of development.
EDP is closely linked to the theoretical framework of evolutionary psychology (EP), but is also distinct from EP in several domains, including: research emphasis (EDP focuses on adaptations of ontogeny, as opposed to adaptations of adulthood); consideration of proximate ontogenetic; environmental factors (i.e., how development happens) in addition to more ultimate factors (i.e., why development happens). These things of which are the focus of mainstream evolutionary psychology.
History
Development and evolution
Like mainstream evolutionary psychology, EDP is rooted in Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. Darwin himself emphasized development, using the process of embryology as evidence to support his theory. From The Descent of Man:"Man is developed from an ovule...which differs in no respect from the ovules of other animals. The embryo itself at a very early period can hardly be distinguished from that of other members of the vertebrate kingdom."Darwin also published his observations of the development of one of his own sons in 1877, noting the child's emotional, moral, and linguistic development.
Despite this early emphasis on developmental processes, theories of evolution and theories of development have long been viewed as separate, or even opposed to one another (for additional background, see nature versus nurture). Since the advent of the modern evolutionary synthesis, evolutionary theory has been primarily "gene-centric", and developmental processes have often been seen as incidental. Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins's appraisal of development in 1973 illustrates this shift: "The details of embryological developmental processes, interesting as they may be, are irrelevant to evolutionary considerations." Similarly, sociobiologist E. O. Wilson regarded ontogenetic variation as "developmental noise".
As a consequence of this shift in perspective, many biologists interested in topics such as embryology and developmental systems subsequently branched off into evolutionary developmental biology.
Evolutionary perspectives in developmental psychology
Despite the minimization of development in evolutionary theory, early developmental psychology was influenced by evolution. Both Darwin's theory of evolution and Karl Ernst von Baer's developmental principles of ontogeny shaped early thought in developmental psychology. Wilhelm T. Preyer, a pioneer of child psychology, was heavily inspired by Darwin's work and approached the mental development of children from an evolutionary perspective.
However, evolutionary theory has had a limited impact on developmental psychology as a whole, and some authors argue that even its early influence was minimal. Developmental psychology, as with the social sciences in general, has long been resistant to evolutionary theories of development (with some notable exceptions, such as John Bowlby's work on attachment theory). Evolutionary approaches to human behavior were, and to some extent continue to be, considered a form of genetic determinism and dismissive of the role of culture and experience in shaping human behavior (see Standard social science model).
One group of developmental psychologists who have embraced evolutionary perspectives are nativists, who argue than infants possess innate cognitive mechanisms (or modules) which allow them to acquire crucial information, such as language (for a prominent example, see universal grammar).
Evolutionary developmental psychology
Evolutionary developmental psychology can be viewed as a more focused theoretical framework derived from the larger field of evolutionary psychology (EP). Mainstream evolutionary psychology grew out of earlier movements which applied the principles of evolutionary biology to understand the mind and behavior such as sociobiology, ethology, and behavioral ecology, differing from these earlier approaches by focusing on identifying psychological adaptations rather than adaptive behavior. While EDP theory generally aligns with that of mainstream EP, it is distinguished by a conscious effort to reconcile theories of both evolution and development. EDP theory diverges from mainstream evolutionary psychology in both the degree of importance placed on the environment in influencing behavior, and in how evolution has shaped the development of human psychology.
Advocates of EDP assert that evolutionary psychologists, while acknowledging the role of the environment in shaping behavior and making claims as to its effects, rarely develop explicit models (i.e., predictions of how the environment might shape behavior) to support their claims . EDP seeks to distinguish itself from mainstream evolutionary psychology in this way by embracing a developmental systems approach, and emphasizing that function at one level of organization (e.g., the genetic level) effects organization at adjacent levels of an organization. Developmental systems theorists such as Robert Lickliter point out that the products of development are both genetic and epigenetic, and have questioned the strictly gene-centric view of evolution. However, some authors have rebutted the claim that mainstream evolutionary psychologists do not integrate developmental theory into their theoretical programs, and have further questioned the value of developmental systems theory (see Criticism).
Additionally, evolutionary developmental psychologists emphasize research on psychological development and behaviors across the lifespan. Pioneers of EDP contrast their work with that of mainstream evolutionary psychologists, who they argue focus primarily on adults, especially on behaviors related to socializing and mating.
Evolutionary developmental psychologists have worked to integrate evolutionary and developmental theories, attempting to synthesize the two without discarding the theoretical foundations of either. This effort is evident in the types of questions which researchers working in the EDP paradigm ask; in reference to Nikolaas Tinbergen's four categories of questions, EP typically focuses on evolutionary ("Why") questions, while EDP explicitly integrates proximate questions ("How"), with the assumption that a greater understanding of the former category will yield insights into the latter. See the following table for an overview of Tinbergen's questions.
Basic assumptions
The following list summarizes the broad theoretical assumptions of EDP. From "Evolutionary Developmental Psychology," in The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology:
All evolutionarily-influenced characteristics in the phenotype of adults develop, and this requires examining not only the functioning of these characteristics in adults but also their ontogeny.
All evolved characteristics develop via continuous and bidirectional gene-environment interactions that emerge dynamically over time.
Infants and children are prepared by natural selection to process some information more readily than others.
Development is constrained by genetic, environmental, and cultural factors.
Infants and children show a high degree of developmental plasticity and adaptive sensitivity to context.
An extended childhood is needed in which to learn the complexities of human social communities.
Many aspects of childhood serve as preparations for adulthood and were selected over the course of evolution (deferred adaptations).
Some characteristics of infants and children were selected to serve an adaptive function at specific times in development and not as preparations for adulthood (ontogenetic adaptations).
Developmental adaptations
EDP assumes that natural selection creates adaptations for specific stages of development, rather than only specifying adult states. Frequently, EDP researchers seek to identify such adaptations, which have been subdivided into deferred adaptations, ontogenetic adaptations, and conditional adaptations.
Deferred adaptations
Some behaviors or traits exhibited during childhood or adolescence may have been selected to serve as preparations for adult life, a type of adaptation that evolutionary developmental psychologists have named "deferred adaptations". Sex differences in children's play may be an example of this type of adaptation: higher frequencies of "rough-and-tumble" play among boys, as well as content differences in fantasy play (cross-culturally, girls engage in more "parenting" play than boys), seem to serve as early preparation for the roles that men and women play in many extant contemporary societies, and, presumably, played over human evolutionary history.
Ontogenetic adaptations
In contrast to deferred adaptations, which function to prepare individuals for future environments (i.e., adulthood), ontogenetic adaptations adapt individuals to their current environment. These adaptations serve a specific function during a particular period of development, after which they are discarded. Ontogenetic adaptations can be physiological (for example, when fetal mammals deriving nutrition and oxygen from the placenta before birth, but no longer utilize the placenta after birth) and psychological. David F. Bjorklund has argued that the imitation of facial gestures by infants, which has a predictable developmental window and seemingly different functions at different ages, shows evidence of being an ontogenetic adaptation.
Conditional adaptations
EDP emphasizes that children display considerable developmental plasticity, and proposes a special type of adaptation to facilitate adaptive developmental plasticity, called a conditional adaptation. Conditional adaptations detect and respond to relevant environmental cues, altering developmental pathways in ways which better adapt an individual to their particular environment. These adaptations allow organisms to implement alternative and contingent life history strategies, depending on environmental factors.
Related research
Social learning and the evolution of childhood
The social brain (or Machiavellian) hypothesis posits that the emergence of a complex social environment (e.g., larger group sizes) served as a key selection pressure in the evolution of human intelligence. Among primates, larger brains result in an extension of the juvenile period, and some authors argue that humans evolved (and/or expanded) novel developmental stages, childhood and adolescence, in response to increasing social complexity and sophisticated social learning.
While many species exhibit social learning to some degree and seemingly possess behavioral traditions (i.e., culture), humans can transmit cultural information across many generations with very high fidelity. High fidelity cultural learning is what many have argued is necessary for cumulative cultural evolution, and has only been definitively observed in humans, although arguments have been made for chimpanzees, orangutans, and New Caledonian crows. Developmentally-oriented researchers have proposed that over-imitation of behavioral models facilitates cultural learning, a phenomenon which emerges in children by age three and is seemingly absent in chimpanzees.
Cooperation and prosociality
Behaviors that benefit other members of one's social group, particularly those which appear costly to the prosocial or "altruistic" individual, have received considerable attention from disciplines interested in the evolution of behavior. Michael Tomasello has argued that cooperation and prosociality are evolved characteristics of human behavior, citing the emergence of "helping" behavior early in development (observed among 18-24 month old infants) as one piece of evidence. Researchers investigating the ontogeny and evolution of human cooperation design experiments intended to reveal the prosociality of infants and young children, then compare children's performance with that of other animals, typically chimpanzees. While some of the helping behaviors exhibited by infants and young children has also been observed in chimpanzees, preschool-age children tend to display greater prosociality than both human-raised and semi-free-ranging adult chimps.
Life history strategies and developmental plasticity
EDP researchers emphasize that evolved strategies are context dependent, in the sense that a strategy which is optimal in one environment will often be sub-optimal in another environment. They argue that this will result in natural selection favoring "adaptive developmental plasticity," allowing an organism to alter its developmental trajectory in response to environmental cues.
Related to this is the idea of a life history strategy, which can be conceptualized as a chain of resource-allocation decisions (e.g., allocating resources towards growth or towards reproduction) that an organism makes. Biologists have used life history theory to characterize between-species variation in resource-allocation in terms of a fast-slow continuum (see r/K selection theory), and, more recently, some anthropologists and psychologists have applied this continuum to understand within-species variation in trade-offs between reproductive and somatic effort.
Some authors argue that childhood environment and early life experiences are highly influential in determining an individual's life history strategy. Factors such as exposure to violence, harsh child-rearing, and environmental unpredictability (e.g., frequent moving, unstable family composition) have been shown to correlate with the proposed behavioral indicators of "fast" life history strategies (e.g., early sexual maturation, unstable couple relationships, impulsivity, and reduced cooperation), where current reproduction is prioritized over future reproduction.
Criticism
John Tooby, Leda Cosmides, and H. Clark Barrett have refuted claims that mainstream evolutionary psychology neglects development, arguing that their discipline is, in reality, exceptionally interested in and highly considerate of development. In particular, they cite cross-cultural studies as a sort of natural developmental "experiment," which can reveal the influence of culture in shaping developmental outcomes. The authors assert that the arguments of developmental systems theorists consists largely of truisms, of which evolutionary psychologists are well aware, and that developmental systems theory has no scientific value because it fails to generate any predictions.
Debra Lieberman similarly objected to the characterization of evolutionary psychology as ignorant of developmental principles. Lieberman argued that both developmental systems theorists and evolutionary psychologists share a common goal of uncovering species-typical cognitive architecture, as well as the ontogeny of that architecture.
See also
Developmental psychology
Differential susceptibility
Dual inheritance theory
Epigenetic theory
Evolutionary educational psychology
Evolutionary psychology
FOXP2 and human evolution
Human behavioral ecology
Life history theory
Nature and nurture
Wikipedia:Research resources/Evolution and human behavior
References
Relevant journals
Evolution and Development Research relevant to interface of evolutionary and developmental biology
Evolutionary Psychology (journal) (2014)
Further reading
Burgess, R. L. & MacDonald (Eds.) (2004). Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Ellis, B.J., & Bjorklund, D.F. (Eds.) (2005). Origins of the social mind: Evolutionary psychology and child development. New York: Guilford Press.
Ellis, B.J., Essex, M.J., & Boyce, W.T. (2005). Biological sensitivity to context: II. Empirical explorations of an evolutionary-developmental theory. Development and Psychopathology 17, 303–328. Full text
Flinn M.V. (2004). Culture and developmental plasticity: Evolution of the social brain. In K. MacDonald and R. L. Burgess (Eds.), Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development. Chapter 3, pp. 73–98. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Full text
Flinn, M.V. & Ward, C.V. (2004). Ontogeny and Evolution of the Social Child. In B. Ellis & D. Bjorklund (Eds.), Origins of the social mind: Evolutionary psychology and child development. Chapter 2, pp. 19–44. London: Guilford Press. Full text
Geary, D. C. (2005). Folk knowledge and academic learning. In B. J. Ellis & D. F. Bjorklund (Eds.), Origins of the social mind. (pp. 493–519). New York: Guilford Publications. Full text
Geary, D. C. (2004). Evolution and cognitive development. In R. Burgess & K. MacDonald (Eds.), Evolutionary perspectives on human development (pp. 99–133). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Full text
MacDonald, K. (2005). Personality, Evolution, and Development. In R. Burgess and K. MacDonald (Eds.), Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development, 2nd edition, pp. 207–242. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Full text
MacDonald, K., & Hershberger, S. (2005). Theoretical Issues in the Study of Evolution and Development. In R. Burgess and K. MacDonald (Eds.), Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development, 2nd edition, pp. 21–72. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Full text
Robert, J. S. Taking old ideas seriously: Evolution, development, and human behavior. New Ideas in Psychology.
Developmental psychology
Evolutionary psychology
Human development
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The Puerto Rican spindalis (Spindalis portoricensis) is a bird endemic to the island of Puerto Rico, where it is commonly known as reina mora. The species is widely distributed throughout the island and is an important part of the Puerto Rican ecosystem because of its help in seed dispersal and plant reproduction. The Puerto Rican spindalis is the unofficial national bird of Puerto Rico.
Taxonomy
The Puerto Rican spindalis was originally classified as Spindalis zena portoricensis, making it a subspecies of the western spindalis (Spindalis zena). In 1997, an article was published which presented an extensive analysis of the genus Spindalis. The report concluded, based on differences in weight, color, pattern, distribution, and voice, that a split of S. zena was necessary. Four distinct species were identified—Spindalis dominicensis, Spindalis nigricephala, Spindalis portoricensis and Spindalis zena. S. zena was also subdivided into five subspecies: S. z. pretrei, S. z. salvini, S. z. benedicti, S. z. townsendi and S. z. zena. Specifically, the difference in vocalization, and morphology, distinguish S. portoricensis from S. dominicensis.
Description
The Puerto Rican spindalis exhibits sexual dimorphism with males being brightly colored and females being dully colored. Males are green colored above with an orange neck and chest. They have a black head with two white stripes running across it, with one above and one below the eyes. The tail and wings are gray to black with small white stripes at the tips. In contrast, the female is a dull olive-green color with slightly noticeable white stripes. Sexual dimorphism is also noticeable in weight and size. Females are slightly heavier but smaller in length than males. The male's weight ranges from 22.5 to 37.0 grams with an average of 30.8 grams while the female's ranges from 28.0 to 41.1 grams with an average of 33.5 grams. The length of the male's wings ranges from 82 to 88.5 mm with an average of 85.2 mm while the female's range from 80 to 85.5 mm with an average of 82.6 mm. The length of the male's tail ranges from 59 to 68 mm with an average of 63.3 mm while the female's range from 56 to 65.5 mm with an average of 60.6 mm.
Distribution and habitat
The Puerto Rican spindalis is currently found more commonly in plantations than in their natural habitat, the forests of Maricao and the El Yunque National Forest. It may also be found in gardens, scavenging for flower nectar, and other areas where fruits are grown. It can be attracted by a sugar solution. It is distributed throughout the entire main island of Puerto Rico and is rarely found above 1000 meters in elevation.
Ecology and behavior
The Puerto Rican spindalis are usually found in pairs but may travel in small flocks. These birds also engage in a behavior called mobbing. This is when a flock of birds, from one or more species, attack a known predator, usually to defend their eggs or hatchlings. Such behavior has been observed being directed against the Puerto Rican boa by immature Puerto Rican spindalis.
The vocalization of the Puerto Rican spindalis is not as complex as that of other Spindalis species; only the songs of S. dominicensis are less elaborate. As with all Spindalis, the males emit high pitched sounds at 8 kHz or higher, usually from treetops high above the ground. Females, on the other hand, sing "whisper songs" usually from dense areas close to the ground. The most common vocalization is described as a "continuing series of high-pitched, thin, sibilant notes, given in a rhythmic pattern." Other vocalizations include a fast tweet and a short chi chi chi.
Diet
The Puerto Rican spindalis commonly eats fruit from Didymopanax morototoni, Cecropia schreberiana, Cordia sulcata, Ficus species, Phoradendron species and Inga vera trees, with fruit from S. morototoni being the most important. Because of the difficulty of digestion and the small amount of energy that fruit and leaves provide, these birds also include insects and small lizards as part of their diet.
Reproduction
The Puerto Rican spindalis builds cup-shaped nests from various plant matter. Two to four eggs are laid at a time. Eggs are usually light blue in color with brown patches around the large end, but regional variations are known to exist. They measure, on average, 23.7 by 17.3 mm.
See also
Fauna of Puerto Rico
List of birds of Puerto Rico
List of endemic fauna of Puerto Rico
List of Puerto Rican birds
List of Vieques birds
El Toro Wilderness
Notes
References
Further reading
Puerto Rican spindalis
Endemic birds of Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican spindalis
Puerto Rican spindalis
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America Must Be Destroyed is American heavy metal band Gwar’s third album, released in 1992 as their second album on Metal Blade Records. The album’s lyrical content was inspired by controversy over obscenity charges against the band and an incident in Charlotte, North Carolina in which frontman Dave Brockie’s prosthetic penile attachment, "The Cuttlefish of Cthulhu", was confiscated by police officers.
Overview
The lyrical content in America Must Be Destroyed was greatly inspired by Dave Brockie's fight with police officers while touring in Charlotte, North Carolina, in 1990. The controversy revolved around Brockie's rubbery penis adornment and ended with his arrest on charges of disseminating obscenity. Brockie was revolted by this attack on his rights so he created a concept album revolving around an elite "Morality Squad" that attacked the members of Gwar and stole Oderus's penile attachment (a.k.a. Cuttlefish of Cthulu, a phallic hell beast that normally dangles from his crotch). The opening song, "Ham on the Bone" (which has a nod to grindcore), explains this robbery. The story then shifts to Gwar headquarters in Antarctica, where Oderus’s slaves are ordered to shoot up a dinosaur egg with crack. The result is the mighty Gor Gor, a Tyrannosaurus Rex that wreaks havoc on America. Meanwhile, the Morality Squad has enlisted the help of Father Bohab (a Catholic priest) to crucify Gwar in the media. Other songs of interest include "Have You Seen Me?", "Poor Ole Tom", and "The Road Behind", the latter of which is a parody of power ballads. A video, Phallus in Wonderland, was released as a supplement to the album's storyline. This album was followed by The Road Behind, an EP that contained that single as well as a live version of "Have You Seen Me?". The single "S.F.W." (a staple of their live shows) was supposedly released on this EP as a bonus track, but this has been discounted by the band.
In November 2009, a special edition of the album was released through Metal Blade, containing the CD and a bonus DVD containing Phallus in Wonderland and Tour De Scum.
Gwar fans are referred to as "bohabs", named for Father Bohab ("bohab" literally means "habitually boring", which is the opposite of what Gwar and their fans are—it fits Father Bohab perfectly; Gwar speaks ill of their fans—to their delight—and they have since taken the term as a point of pride).
Father Bohab was never actually on the album—he originally appeared in 1989, along with an early Cardinal Syn. On the Tour de Scum (the corresponding tour to Scumdogs of the Universe), the Morality Squad story is introduced. Bohab is played by one of the slaves on tour (according to Chuck Varga’s Bohab Central forum posts, it was Bob Gorman; he also went on to say that the voice was his), but is portrayed by Brad Roberts (Jizmak Da Gusha) in Phallus in Wonderland and It's Sleazy.
"Pussy Planet", the album's closer, was co-written by Slymenstra Hymen, and was slated to be a duet with Beefcake the Mighty. Though not quite a duet, Slymenstra's voice can still be heard in the song. The song's opening bass riff is similar to the guitar riff to the Nirvana song "Rape Me" from the 1993 album In Utero ("Rape Me" was originally written in early 1991 pre-dating "Pussy Planet" with the demo version being released many years later on Nirvana's With the Lights Out box set) but uses different chords. The song ends with the band arguing.
The Canadian release of this album does not feature "Crack in the Egg", "Have You Seen Me?" and "Rock N' Roll Never Felt So Good", and instead has earlier versions of "Krak Down" and "Bad Bad Men" (both from This Toilet Earth) and a version of "O Canada" performed with synthesized infant cries (according to Gwar, this was included as a way to ridicule Canada for not having the "guts" to include the omitted songs).
Flattus Maximus does not perform on this album. Dewey Rowell left the band before recording began, and all of the lead guitars (save for two songs — "Crack in the Egg" and the title track) were recorded by Balsac the Jaws of Death. To this day, Balsac will usually play lead when performing songs from this album live. Tim Harriss (of Kepone, the band Michael Bishop left Gwar for) played lead on the album's title track; Lee Harris (from Jizmak Da Gusha’s old band Rosebud) played lead on "Crack in the Egg". Because of the absence of Flattus, the tour cycle surrounding this album was quite short.
Track listing
Personnel
Dave Brockie (Oderus Urungus) – Lead vocals
Mike Derks (Balsac the Jaws of Death) – Lead guitar, Rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Michael Bishop (Beefcake the Mighty) – Bass, backing vocals; lead vocals on "Pussy Planet"
Brad Roberts (Jizmak Da Gusha) – Drums
Danielle Stampe (Slymenstra Hymen) – Backing vocals
Chuck Varga (Sexecutioner) – Spoken words at the end of "Pussy Planet"
Hunter Jackson (Edna P. Granbo) – Vocals on "The Morality Squad"
Dave Musel (Müsel) – Samples on "America Must Be Destroyed"
See also
Phallus in Wonderland
The Road Behind
References
1992 albums
Gwar albums
Metal Blade Records albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%20Must%20Be%20Destroyed
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Donal Graeme is a fictional character in the Childe Cycle of science fiction novels by Gordon R. Dickson.
Although he only appears as a major character in one of the novels, Dorsai!, he is transformed into the character Hal Mayne who is important in the later parts of the series.
"The boy is odd. You never know which way he'll jump." This is how Donal is described by his teachers in the military academy on the planet known to the rest of humanity as The Dorsai. Bleak and mountainous, the Dorsai's major export is its superb mercenary officers. Donal is the latest in a long line of such.
In his first campaigns, he displays unusual ability in leading military forces and a flair for bold tactics. He flouts received wisdom such as "You can't conquer an inhabited planet", fashioning feints and deceptions that make his opponents believe he has found a way to do exactly that. In another campaign, he deceives the enemy into descending onto an uninhabited planet to expel an occupying force of great strength, only to find that the ground forces were an empty threat, a diversion. Donal's main force appears in orbit, ready to bomb them unless they surrender.
Gradually, he navigates the maze of interstellar politics until, in order to frustrate a takeover by his nemesis, William of Tau Ceti, the various planets unite and appoint him Protector. Avoiding a coup by William he makes real what was previously a deception by, in a meticulously planned campaign, taking over every facility on William's home planet.
Finally, he comes to a realization. He is not like other soldiers, or even other humans. He describes himself as an "intuitive superman", one who is not merely better at everything a human can do but in fact uses mental processes not available to ordinary humans, processes which defy logic and cannot be explained in linear logical terms. He understands that he has become the nursemaid of the human race in its quest to evolve to the next level. He settles into an existence both wonderful and lonely.
Transformation I. In the 'bookend' around 'Dorsai!', Hal Mayne receives a Final Encyclopedia entry describing allegorically Donal Graeme's spaceship accident, a phase error. This leads him to conclude that Graeme was the person who animated the body of Paul Formain during Paul's sailing accident in 'Necromancer', and thus it was Donal who guides the original breakup into the Splinter Cultures.
Transformation II. While the universe at large believes that Donal Graeme was killed in a spaceship accident, a small spacecraft turns up in Terran space with an infant on board, and with resources to assure that the baby has a unique upbringing. Named Hal Mayne, the baby is trained by three tutors—a Dorsai, an Exotic, and a Friendly. Escaping from an unexpected murder attempt, the young Mayne eventually ends up in The Final Encyclopedia, where he shows a unique ability to work intuitively with the strands of human knowledge stored in the Encyclopedia's cyberspace. It is eventually revealed that Mayne is in fact Donal Graeme, who had somehow developed the ability to reinvent himself as an infant and secure the necessary training to become the first Responsible Man, and who remains in conflict with the organization of Others led by Bleys Ahrens.
Cultural references
In the popular 1990s computer game Star Control II, one of the melee captains for the (human) Earthling Cruiser is named "Graeme", alongside other recognizable human science fiction captain names including "Kirk", "Decker", "Adama", "Solo", and "Buck".
References
Science fiction characters
Gordon R. Dickson
Fictional mercenaries
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donal%20Graeme
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Angel of Mercy may refer to:
Books
Angel of Mercy, novel by Andrew Neiderman
Angel of Mercy, novel by Lurlene McDaniel
Film and TV
The Angel of Mercy (film), a 1946 film by Youssef Wahbi
Angel of Mercy (1993 film) by Miloslav Luther
"Angel of Mercy", an episode of The Bionic Woman TV series, 1976
Angel of Mercy (1939 film) directed by Edward L. Cahn
Songs
"Angel of Mercy", a song by Maurice Gibb and his daughter, Samantha Gibb, released in 2010 on the Bee Gees box set Mythology
"Angel of Mercy", a song by Black Label Society from the album Catacombs of the Black Vatican
"Angel of Mercy", a song by the heavy metal band Chastain from the album Ruler of the Wasteland
"Angel of Mercy", a song from the album Communiqué by Dire Straits
"Angel of Mercy", a song from the album A Different Kind of Weather by The Dream Academy
"Angel of Mercy", cover of the Chastain song from the album Crimson Thunder by HammerFall
"Angel of Mercy", a blues song by Homer Banks and Raymond Jackson, on the album I'll Play the Blues for You by Albert King
"Angel of Mercy", a song from the album Rogues en Vogue by Running Wild
"Angel of Mercy", a song by Al Stewart from the album Famous Last Words
"Angel of Mercy", a song from the album Junction Seven by Steve Winwood
Other uses
Angel of mercy (criminology)
Abdul Sattar Edhi, founder of the Edhi Foundation
Angel of Mercy, in the Islamic, Jewish and Christian traditions, a messenger from God, especially the archangel Michael
Angel of mercy, affectionate nickname for a nurse
Merciful Angel, code name used during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel%20of%20Mercy
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CHRISTUS Spohn Hospital Corpus Christi - Memorial (formerly known as Corpus Christi Memorial Hospital) was a 465-bed hospital in Corpus Christi, Texas that was part of the CHRISTUS Spohn Health System, operated by CHRISTUS Health. It ceased all operations in September 2022, and was demolished in April 2023.
History
Corpus Christi Memorial Hospital originally opened in May 1944 and was run by Nueces County. The Spohn Healthcare system acquired Memorial Hospital from Nueces County in 1996. The Spohn system, including Spohn Memorial were acquired by the CHRISTUS Health system in 1998, and Memorial hospital became CHRISTUS Spohn Corpus Christi - Memorial Hospital. It obtained level II trauma certification in 2007, and became the major trauma center for Corpus Christi and the surrounding area at that time. It remained the major trauma center for the city until May 2017, when trauma services were transferred to CHRISTUS Spohn Hospital Corpus Christi - Shoreline as part of the Our PATH initiative.
A family residency medicine program was established at Memorial in 1973 and an emergency medicine residency program was established in 2007 by the Texas A&M College of Medicine; both programs were transferred to CHRISTUS Spohn Shoreline as part of the "Our PATH" initiative.
The hospital was awarded the Distinguished Hospital Award for Clinical Excellence by HealthGrades, an independent health-care quality organization that selects the top 5% of hospitals nationwide for that award.
Our PATH and closure of Memorial Hospital
In May 2014, CHRISTUS Spohn administration announced its "Our PATH" initiative to reorganize the Spohn healthcare system. The initiative included the construction of a new patient care tower and emergency department at sister hospital CHRISTUS Spohn Shoreline, the construction of the Hector P. Garcia (HPG) Memorial Family Health Center adjacent to Spohn Memorial, and the closure of Spohn Memorial Hospital. Services from Spohn Memorial would be transferred to two other hospitals in the Spohn system: Spohn Shoreline, which would become the major trauma center for Corpus Christi, and Spohn South, which had already received Memorial's labor and delivery services in 2011.
In May 2017, with construction underway for the Shoreline expansion and the HPG Clinic opened in January, services began shutting down at Memorial. The level II trauma designation was transferred to Spohn Shoreline on May 1, 2017, and Memorial stopped admitting patients to wards. By the end of 2017, the only admitting beds open at Memorial were for psychiatric patients. The 10-bed emergency department remained open, though all medical patients requiring admission were transferred to other facilities.
In August 2017, the hospital was damaged by water from Hurricane Harvey, temporarily shutting down the emergency department and behavioral health services that were still open at the time.
The Nueces County Hospital District voted in October 2018 to sell the hospital and surrounding land, excluding the HPG Clinic, under the condition that the purchaser destroys the hospital building; no buyer has been announced.
Final closure of services and demolition
On October 1, 2019, the emergency department closed all services and completed the transfer of emergency services to CHRISTUS Spohn Shoreline. This only left the behavioral health services run in conjunction with Nueces County. In June of 2020, CHRISTUS Spohn announced a new partnership with behavioral healthcare system Oceans Healthcare; Oceans took over operations of the two inpatient psychiatric units and psychiatric evaluation service still in place at Memorial. In September of 2022, Oceans Healthcare opened its newest facility, Oceans Behavioral Hospital - Corpus Christi, inside of CHRISTUS Spohn Shoreline, and ceased all operations at Memorial.
The hospital remained vacant for the rest of its time. On October 17, 2022, the hospital and grounds were blessed before demolition began. Demolition of CHRISTUS Spohn Memorial was completed in April of 2023. While Nueces County officials have stated that the grounds will always be reserved for healthcare-related pursuits, no plans have officially been announced for the space.
Notable patients
Selena Quintanilla-Pérez was brought to Memorial Hospital after being shot in 1995; she was pronounced dead at Memorial.
Harry Whittington recovered at Spohn Memorial during the Dick Cheney hunting accident in 2006.
References
External links
CHRISTUS Spohn web site
hospital-data.com details
America's Top Hospitals, WebMD Medical News, Monday, January 24, 2005
Hospitals in Texas
Buildings and structures in Corpus Christi, Texas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus%20Christi%20Memorial%20Hospital
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The Plastic Constellations was an indie rock band based in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
The band consisted of guitarists/vocalists Aaron Mader and Jeff Allen, bassist Jordan Roske, and drummer Matt Scharenbroich. Aaron Mader is also an underground hip hop producer, operating in this capacity as a founding member of the collective Doomtree, under the alias Lazerbeak.
History
Formed in 1995 when they met as students at Hopkins High School, they played their first shows in 1996 at the First Avenue venue when they were 15 years old.
Their last show was April 19, 2008 at First Avenue before they went on what is being called an "indefinite hiatus."
A reunion show was held at The Cedar Cultural Center in Minneapolis on January 23, 2010.
The band has released four albums such as Let's War, Mazatlan, Crusades, and We Appreciate You.
Discography
Albums
Let's War (Modern Radio Record Label, 2000)
Mazatlan (2024 Records, 2004)
Crusades (Frenchkiss Records, 2006)
We Appreciate You (Frenchkiss Records, 2008)
EP
We Got The Movement (Pretentious Records, 1999)
Singles
The Dreaming/The Smallest Skyline In The Sky (Pretentious Records, 1998)
References
External links
The Plastic Constellations on Frenchkiss Records
American post-hardcore musical groups
Indie rock musical groups from Minnesota
American musical quartets
Musical groups established in 1995
Musicians from Minneapolis
Frenchkiss Records artists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Plastic%20Constellations
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Chremonides (), son of Eteokles of Aithalidai, was an Athenian 3rd century BC statesman and general. He issued the Decree of Chremonides in 268 BC, creating an alliance between Sparta, Athens, and Ptolemy II, the Macedonian King of Egypt. This was a defensive alliance against King Antigonus of Macedon and led to the Chremonidean War. He is also recorded as having led an Egyptian fleet during the Battle of Ephesus in c. 258 BC.
External links
Decree of Chremonides: number 19 in Bagnall and Derow, Greek Historical Documents
3rd-century BC Athenians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chremonides
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Lower Aulaqi ( ), or the Lower Aulaqi Sultanate ( ), was a state in the Aden Protectorate, the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South, and its successor, the Federation of South Arabia. Its capital was Ahwar.
History
The Lower Aulaqi sultans separated from the Upper Aulaqi Sultanate in the 18th century (Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom separated around the same time).
In October 1855 the Resident at Aden entered into an Engagement with Sultan Munassar bin Bubakar bin Mehdi of the Lower Aulaqi tribe, by which the latter bound himself to prohibit the importation of slaves into the country from Africa. He was murdered, together with his son Abdulla, in July 1863, and was succeeded by his cousin, Bubakar bin Abdulla. The authority of the Lower Aulaqi Sultan, over his tribe was rather limited, and Sultan Bubakar bin Abdulla was not always able to prevent the plunder of vessels wrecked on his coast. In 1871, however, he bound himself by an engagement to use his best endeavours to prevent such outrages in future, and to protect, and if possible convey to Aden, any shipwrecked seamen who might stand in need of his assistance.
In 1883 dissensions broke out between the Fadhli and Lower Aulaqi, leading to a raid on Fadhli territory. The Lower Aulaqi were defeated with considerable loss.
A Protectorate Treaty concluded between the British and the Sultan in 1888, and was ratified on 26 February 1890.
In 1892 Sultan Bubakar resigned the chiefship in favour of Salih bin Ali bin Nasir, a distant relative. The Government sanctioned this arrangement and continued his stipend to his successor. Sultan Salih bin Ali bin Nasir resigned the chiefship in 1900, and Sultan Ali bin Munassar succeeded him. The latter died in 1902 and was succeeded by Sultan Nasir bin Bubakar.
In 1904 some Fadhli tribesmen fired on a Lower Aulaqi dhow, and in consequence the old feud between the two tribes broke out again. There was little actual fighting, and at the end of the year a truce was proclaimed.
In 1912 Sultan Hasir bin Bubakar died. He was succeeded by Sultan Bubakar bin Nasir.
In 1924 Sultan Bubakar abdicated in favour of his cousin, Munassar bin Ali. He was recognised by His Majesty’s Government as the ruling chief of the Lower Aulaqi tribe, and the payment of the usual annual stipend was continued to him.
In June 1929 a Greek ship, the Hermes, ran out of coal and went ashore about 25 miles north-east of Ahwar. The Lower Aulaqi Sultan carried out the terms of his salvage treaty satisfactorily.
In April 1930 Sultan Munassar bin Ali died. As of December 1930, no successor had been elected owing to family dissensions.
In 1931, the population of the Lower Aulaqi was estimated at 15,000, and the gross revenue at Us, 10,000 a year.
The sultanate joined the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South in February 1960 and the Federation of South Arabia in January 1963.
The Sultanate was abolished in 1967 and the last sultan, Nasir ibn Aidrus Al Awlaqi along with Prince Ali Abdullah the Governor, were imprisoned upon the founding of the People's Republic of South Yemen. The area is now part of the Republic of Yemen.
Rulers
The ruler of the Lower Aulaqi Sultanate bore the title Sultan al-Saltana al-`Awlaqiyya al-Sufla.
Sultans
.... - .... `Ali ibn Munassar al-`Awlaqi
.... - .... al-Mahdi ibn `Ali al-`Awlaqi
.... - .... `Ali ibn al-Mahdi al-`Awlaqi
.... - .... `Abd Allah ibn `Ali al-`Awlaqi
.... - .... Nasir ibn Abi Bakr al-`Awlaqi
1855? - Jul 1863 Munassar ibn Abi Bakr al-`Awlaqi
1863 - 1892 Abu Bakr ibn `Abd Allah al-`Awlaqi
1892 - 1900 Salih ibn `Ali al-`Awlaqi
1900 - 5 Dec 1902 `Ali ibn Munassar al-`Awlaqi
6 Dec 1902 - 1912 Nasir ibn Abi Bakr al-`Awlaqi
1912 - 1924 Abu Bakr ibn Nasir al-`Awlaqi
1924 - Apr 1930 Munassar ibn `Ali al-`Awlaqi
1930 - 1947 `Aydarus ibn `Ali al-`Awlaqi
1947 - 29 Nov 1967 Nasir ibn `Aydarus al-`Awlaqi
See also
Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom
Upper Aulaqi Sultanate
Aden Protectorate
References
External links
Map of Arabia (1905-1923) including the states of Aden Protectorate
Historical Flags of Yemen
Sultanates
States in the Aden Protectorate
Federation of South Arabia
Former sultanates
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower%20Aulaqi%20Sultanate
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Sunshine is sunlight, the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the Sun, especially in the visible wavelengths.
Sunshine may also refer to:
People
Nickname
Ronnie "Sunshine" Bass (born 1955), American football player
Sunshine Logroño (born 1951), Puerto Rican actor
Sunshine Parker (1927–1999), American actor
"Sunshine" Sonny Payne (1925–2018), American radio presenter
Valerie French (wrestling) (born 1962), American professional wrestling valet, better known as Sunshine
Given name
Sunshine Anderson (born 1974), American singer
Sunshine Cruz (born 1977), Filipina actress and singer
Sunshine Dizon (born 1983), Filipina actress
Surname
Caroline Sunshine (born 1995), American actress
Gary Sunshine, American playwright
Louise Sunshine (born 1940), American real estate businesswoman
Ken Sunshine (born 1948), American public relations consultant
Marion Sunshine (1894–1963), American actress & songwriter
Monty Sunshine (1928–2010), English clarinetist
Souriya Sunshine (born 1946), Thai peace activist
Tommie Sunshine (born 1971), American musician
Tony Sunshine (born 1979), American singer
Places
Communities
Australia
Sunshine, New South Wales
Sunshine, Victoria
Sunshine North, Victoria
Sunshine West, Victoria
United States
Sunshine, Ashley County, Arkansas
Sunshine, Garland County, Arkansas
Sunshine, Colorado
Sunshine, Greenup County, Kentucky
Sunshine, Harlan County, Kentucky
Sunshine, Louisiana
Elsewhere
Sunshine, New Zealand
Sunshine, Ontario, Canada
Bridges and roads
Sunshine Bridge, Louisiana, U.S.
Sunshine Skyway Bridge, Tampa Bay, Florida, U.S.
Sunshine Way, a street in Mitcham, Surrey, England
Buildings
Sunshine 60, a 60-story building in Tokyo
Sunshine Building, a historic building in Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.
Other places
Sunshine Canyon, near Fourmile Canyon Creek in Colorado, U.S.
Sunshine Mine in Idaho, U.S.
Sunshine Motorway in Queensland, Australia
Sunshine Mountain, San Miguel County Colorado
Sunshine Mountain (Hinsdale County, Colorado)
Sunshine Peak in Colorado, U.S.
Sunshine Village, a ski resort in Alberta, Canada
Sunshine City (disambiguation)
Sunshine Coast (disambiguation)
Sunshine State (disambiguation)
Film and television
Sunshine (1948 film), a Swedish film directed by Gösta Werner
Sunshine (1973 film), an American TV movie starring Cliff DeYoung
Sunshine (1999 film), a historical film directed by István Szabó
The Sunshine (2000 film), a documentary film by Phil Bertelsen
Sunshine (2007 film), a science-fiction film directed by Danny Boyle
Television
Sunshine (American TV series), a 1975 comedy-drama based on the 1973 TV movie
Sunshine (British TV series), a 2008 miniseries
Sunshine (Australian TV series), a 2017 crime drama series
Sunshine (Tugs character), a fictional "harbour switcher" from the TV series Tugs
"Sunshine" (Tugs episode), the pilot episode of Tugs
Literature
Sunshine (novel), a 2003 vampire novel by Robin McKinley
Sunshine (Kinnikuman), a fictional villain in the manga Kinnikuman
Sunshine (magazine), a digest of uplifting short articles and anecdotes
Music
Performers
Sunshine (American band), a disco group with Donna Summer
Sunshine (Serbian band), a rapcore/hip hop group
Sunshyne, a British female pop group
Albums
Sunshine (Liquid Gang album), 2000
Sunshine (Talk Normal album), 2012
Sunshine (R.I.O. album), 2011
Sunshine (Deric Ruttan album), 2010
Sunshine (Jeff & Sheri Easter album), 2004
Sunshine (S Club 7 album), 2001
Sunshine (Dragon album), 1977
Sunshine (The Emotions album), 1977
Sunshine (The Archies album), 1970
Sunshine, a 1993 EP by Miranda Sex Garden
Sunshine (EP), a 2004 EP by Traci Lords
Sunshine: Music from the Motion Picture, from the 2007 film
Sunshine, by Shawn Smith, 2011
Songs
"Sunshine" (The Archies song), 1970
"Sunshine" (Jonathan Edwards song), 1971
"Sunshine" (Dragon song), 1977
"Sunshine" (Dino song), 1989
"Sunshine" (Alice in Chains song), 1990
"(Always Be My) Sunshine", by Jay-Z, 1997
"Sunshine" (Gabrielle song), 1999
"Sunshine" (Aerosmith song), 2001
"Sunshine" (Gareth Gates song), 2003
"Sunshine" (Lil' Flip song), 2004
"Sunshine" (Twista song), 2004
"Sunshine" (Alphrisk song), 2005
"Sunshine" (Ricki-Lee Coulter song), 2005
"Sunshine" (Rye Rye song), 2010
"Sunshine" (David Guetta and Avicii song), 2011
"Sunshine" (Tieks song), 2015
"Sunshine" (Liam Payne song), by Liam Payne from Ron's Gone Wrong
"Sunshine" (OneRepublic song), 2021
"Sunshine", by the All-American Rejects from When the World Comes Down
"Sunshine", by Atmosphere from Sad Clown Bad Summer 9
"Sunshine", by the Beach Boys from Keepin' the Summer Alive
"Sunshine", Bliss n Eso from Circus in the Sky
"Sunshine", by Buckcherry from 15
"Sunshine", by Chancellor and Verbal Jint
"Sunshine", by CocoRosie from The Adventures of Ghosthorse and Stillborn
"Sunshine", by Coko from Hot Coko
"Sunshine", by De La Soul from Stakes Is High
"Sunshine", by Evermore from Dreams
"Sunshine", by the First Edition from Ruby, Don't Take Your Love to Town
"Sunshine", by 5ive from Invincible
"Sunshine", by Handsome Boy Modeling School from So... How's Your Girl?
"Sunshine", by Irving Berlin
"Sunshine", by John Reuben from The Boy vs. the Cynic
"Sunshine", by Juliana Hatfield from In Exile Deo
"Sunshine", by Keane from Hopes and Fears
"Sunshine", by Latto from 777
"Sunshine", by Low from I Could Live in Hope
"Sunshine", by Lupe Fiasco from Food & Liquor
"Sunshine", by Matisyahu from Spark Seeker
"Sunshine", by Matt Costa from Songs We Sing
"Sunshine", by Misia from Mars & Roses
"Sunshine", by Monni
"Sunshine", by Naughty by Nature from Poverty's Paradise
"Sunshine", by Nicki Minaj and Lil Wayne from Sucka Free, 2008
"Sunshine", by the O'Jays from Back Stabbers
"Sunshine", by Shirley Bassey
"Sunshine", by Sia from Everyday Is Christmas
"Sunshine", by Teddybears
"Sunshine", by Traci Lords
"Sunshine", by Tracy Bonham from The Liverpool Sessions
"Sunshine (Everybody Needs a Little)", by Steve Azar, 2010
"Sunshine (The Light)", by song by Fat Joe, 2021
"Sunshine (Woke Me Up This Morning)", by Labelle from Pressure Cookin'
"Sunshine on My Shoulders" or simply "Sunshine", a 1973 song by John Denver
"The Sunshine", by Manchester Orchestra
Other
Sonshine Media Network International, Philippine television network
Sunshine pop, an American musical movement in the 1960s and 1970s that incorporated light rock
Sunshine Records (United States)
Sunshine Records (Australia)
Sunshine FM, a New Zealand radio station
Sunshine 855, an English radio station
Other uses
Sun Shine 36, a French sailboat design
Sun Shine 38, a French sailboat design
Sunshine Biscuits (Australia), a defunct Australian baker of biscuits
Sunshine Biscuits (United States), an American baker of cookies, crackers, and cereals, now owned by Keebler
Sunshine Harvester Works, an Australian engineering manufacturer
Sunshine Holdings, a Sri Lankan conglomerate holding company
Sunshine laws, freedom of information legislation
Government in the Sunshine Act, a "sunshine law" passed in the United States in 1976
Sunshine Policy, South Korea's doctrine towards North Korea, which emphasizes peaceful cooperation
Sunshine unit, now known as a "strontium unit", used to measure the radioactivity of strontium-90 in the human body
Super Mario Sunshine, a 2002 video game by Nintendo
SS Sunshine, originally SS Hewsang, a steamship
40th Infantry Division (United States) or "Sunshine Division"
Project SUNSHINE, a series of research studies to ascertain the impact of radioactive fallout on the world's population
Quantum-class cruise ship, a class of cruise ships from Royal Caribbean International, previously known by the code name Project Sunshine
See also
Sunlight (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine%20%28disambiguation%29
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The Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania (, DFDR; , FDGR; in short or ) is a political party (legally recognized as an association of public utility according to the governmental decision HG 599 as per 4 June 2008) organised on ethnic criteria representing the interests of the German minority in Romania.
Initially, the FDGR/DFDR was a cultural association representing the culture of the German community in Romania, but it subsequently became a moderately successful local political party (especially amongst Romanian voters as well), most notably in parts of Transylvania (central Romania) and Banat (south-western Romania). Consequently, the counties where the FDGR/DFDR obtained the highest political scores in many local elections after 1989 are Sibiu () and Timiș () respectively.
History (1989–present)
The forum was founded at the end of 1989, in the wake of the Romanian Revolution which culminated with the downfall of Nicolae Ceaușescu's dictatorship. Despite originally being a German minority party (and, initially, a cultural organization), it gradually grew quite popular amongst many ethnic Romanians, especially in parts of Transylvania and Banat, including, most notably, the major town of Sibiu (), where the party still holds a majority in the local town council (12 out of 23 seats), as well as in the County of Sibiu. Aside from its significant presence in Transylvania and Banat, the FDGR/DFDR is also active in Bukovina (i.e. Suceava County), yet without any elected representatives in the local politics, acting instead in the manner of a cultural foundation which periodically organizes a wide range of educational and cultural events.
In terms of reputation, the party is regarded as independent, whilst its politicians, including former Sibiu mayor, former party leader, and current President of Romania, Klaus Johannis, have earned respect as thorough administrators. The FDGR/DFDR has often cooperated with the National Liberals (PNL), to which Iohannis became a member and one of its prime leaders (as vice-president) starting from February 2013. Additionally, the FDGR/DFDR also has a youth wing known as the German Youth Federation in Romania (), currently headed by Adelheid Simon.
At local administration level, most notably in Timișoara () or Baia Mare (), the FDGR/DFDR has also co-operated with another Romanian centre-right historical party, namely the PNȚCD. For the 2020 Romanian local elections however, the FDGR/DFDR supported Dominic Fritz (the candidate of the USR PLUS, now USR) for the seat of mayor of Timișoara which the latter also won in the first round with 53.24% over former national liberal (PNL) mayor Nicolae Robu.
In recent years, the main headquarters of FDGR/DFDR in Sibiu () organised several foreign receptions of high ranking German officials, among which most notably there were former Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) leader and former chancellor Angela Merkel and president Joachim Gauck.
Overview and organization
The history of the German minority in Romania, and mostly, their presence in the historical region of Transylvania, spans approximately a millennium back in time. Nevertheless, under the blanket term "Romanian Germans" () a wide variety of different regional German-speaking groups are included (some which are native to other regions of Romania) as follows:
Transylvanian Saxons (the eldest ethnic German sub-group on the territory of present-day Romania);
Banat Swabians (including Banat Highland Germans);
Sathmar Swabians;
Bukovina Germans;
Transylvanian Landler;
Zipser Germans;
Regat Germans;
Dobrujan Germans;
Bessarabia Germans (former Romanian citizens between 1918 and 1940).
Since 2000, the FDGR/DFDR has won offices on both local and regional levels. In Sibiu (), the FDGR/DFDR's Klaus Johannis has held the office of mayor from 2000 to 2014. In 2004, the forum gained 60.43% of votes in local elections for the Municipal Council. In addition, the FDGR/DFDR held 12 out of 23 seats in the Sibiu Municipal Council, forming an absolute majority alongside the PNL.
Following the 2016 local elections in Sibiu County (which has a population of about 450,000 residents), the FDGR/DFDR won 8 out of 33 seats in the County Council, where it is the third strongest political faction, after the National Liberals (PNL) and Social Democrats (PSD).
The FDGR/DFDR has also had mayors in office since 2004 in the cities of Mediaș () and Cisnădie (), as well as in a few villages in Satu Mare () county. The FDGR/DFDR is an associated member of the Federal Union of European Nationalities and was formerly affiliated with the European People's Party ().
Additionally, at local political level, the FDGR/DFDR is organized in five distinct branches as follows: FDGR Banat (), FDGR Bucovina (), FDGR Transilvania (), FDGR Transilvania de Nord (), and FDGR Regiunea Extra-carpatică ().
Controversies
Both during and after the 2014 presidential campaign of former FDGR/DFDR president Klaus Johannis, who subsequently became president of the National Liberal Party (PNL) during the autumn of the same year, the Social Democratic Party (PSD) accused the forum of being the legal continuator of the German Ethnic Group () concerning alleged dubious retrocessions of several buildings from Sibiu () by Johannis during his terms as mayor to the forum itself. While the German Ethnic group was indeed a fascist organisation during World War II which represented the German minority in Romania between 1940 and 1944, the FDGR/DFDR is a distinct platform which has nothing to do with the latter, formed after 1989 anti-communist revolution and consequently not inheriting anything from it.
Presidents
1990–1992: Thomas Nägler;
1992–1998: Paul Philippi;{{efn|Also subsequently served as Honorary president of the FDGR/DFDR}}
1998–2001: Eberhard Wolfgang Wittstock;
2001–2013: Klaus Werner Johannis;
2013–present: Paul-Jürgen Porr.Medicul Paul Porr este noul președinte al FDGR, 10 July 2013, Mediafax
Chronology of FDGR/DFDR deputies
1990–1992: Ingmar Brandsch;
1992–1996: Eberhard Wolfgang Wittstock;
1996–1997: Werner Horst Brück;
1997–2004: Eberhard Wolfgang Wittstock;
2004–present: Ovidiu Victor Ganț.ADZ: Ovidiu Ganţ resümiert zehn Jahre Politik - Der Abgeordnete stellt in Bukarest sein Buch vor, 22 September 2011
Localities with FDGR/DFDR mayors
2016 Romanian local elections
After the 2016 Romanian local elections, the FDGR/DFDR candidates won the following localities (most of them belonging to Satu Mare County):
Cămin (), Imre Sütő;
Sanislău (), Ioan-Zoltan Kardosi;
Turulung (), Gheorghe-Nicolae Gyákon;
Petreşti (), Iosif Mellau;
Sibiu (), Astrid Fodor.
Furthermore, the FDGR/DFDR also held 91 local councillor seats in 32 communes.
2020 Romanian local elections
After the 2020 Romanian local elections, the FDGR/DFDR candidates won the following localities (most of them belonging to Satu Mare County):
Cămin (), Imre Sütő;
Sanislău (), Ioan-Zoltan Kardosi;
Turulung (), Gheorghe-Nicolae Gyákon;
Petreşti (), Marchis Gheorghe Otto;
Sibiu (), Astrid Fodor.
In addition, the party now holds 68 local council seats (39 in Satu Mare, 13 in Sibiu, 10 in Brașov, 4 in Timiș, 1 in Maramureș, and 1 in Arad) as well as 5 county council seats in Sibiu County.
Notable FDGR/DFDR politicians
Astrid Fodor, the current mayor of Sibiu ()
Wilhelm Fabini, sculptor and artist
Martin Bottesch, former President of the Sibiu County Council
Ovidiu Victor Ganț, member of Parliament and MEP for Romania (2007–09)
Daniel Thellmann, former mayor of Mediaș () and founding member of DFDR/FDGR
Klaus Johannis, 5th and current President of Romania
Paul Philippi, theologian and President of FDGR/DFDR
Eberhard Wolfgang Wittstock, journalist and former FDGR/DFDR Member of Parliament
Arnold Günter Klingeis, former mayor of Avrig ()
Josef-Otto Exner, president of the ACI Bukowina Stiftung in the town of Suceava ()
Trudi Wiski, local president for FDGR Cârlibaba ()
Josef Robert Stadler, local president for FDGR Frasin ()
Siegfried Kwirsfeld, local president for FDGR Vatra Dornei ()
Electoral performance
Local elections
Legislative elections
See also
Romanian ethnic minority parties
Further reading
2014 – Step by step (, , ), autobiographical volume by Klaus Johannis and bestseller in the history of Gaudeamus International Book and Education Fair, detailing his political career as mayor of his native Sibiu ().
2015 – First step (, , ), a continuation of the volume "Step by step" by Klaus Johannis which was published in 2014. The volume describes his future plans as president.
2019 – EU.RO – un dialog deschis despre Europa'' (, ), an introductory and statistical volume on the European Union (EU)
Notes
References
External links
Romanian Chamber of Deputies
Hermannstädter Zeitung
Romanian Department of Internal Affairs (some information in English)
Allgemeine Deutsche Zeitung für Rumänien
Verband der Siebenbürger Sachsen in Deutschland
Deutsches Forum der Banater Berglanddeutschen
Deutsches Forum Kronstadt
Deutsches Forum Sathmar
Deutsches Forum Bistritz
Deutsches Forum Klausenburg
Deutsches Forum Schäßburg
Political parties established in 1989
German diaspora political parties
German organizations in Romania
Political parties of minorities in Romania
Non-registered political parties in Romania
1989 establishments in Romania
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic%20Forum%20of%20Germans%20in%20Romania
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Zhang Sixun (, fl. 10th century) was a Chinese astronomer and mechanical engineer from Bazhong, Sichuan during the early Song dynasty (960–1279 AD). He is credited with creating an armillary sphere for his astronomical clock tower that employed the use of liquid mercury (dripped periodically from a clepsydra clock). The liquid mercury filled scoops of the waterwheel would rotate and thus provide the effect of an escapement mechanism in clockworks and allow the astronomical armillary sphere to rotate as needed.
Life and works
According to the History of Song, Zhang Sixun passed the state examinations in astronomy and mathematics, for this he was appointed to service in the national astronomical observatory (Si Tian Jian), within two years of taking office he had finished construction of an armillary sphere either in 977 or 979. As a result, he was rewarded as assistant to the Astronomical Bureau.
Zhang Sixun, although innovative, built upon the efforts of those before him. It was Han dynasty scientist and engineer Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) who invented the first hydraulic-powered (i.e. with waterwheel and clepsydra) armillary sphere. In addition, it was the Tang dynasty era Buddhist monk and engineer Yi Xing (683–727 AD) who invented the first hydraulic-powered armillary sphere that incorporated the escapement mechanism. Yet Zhang Sixun applied some innovative ideas of his own in order for his hydraulic-powered armillary sphere to function. His astronomical armillary sphere and clock was much like that of the later statesman Su Song (1020–1101 AD), incorporating the scoop-bearing driving-wheel and gearing, together with 19 clock jacks to report and sound the hours. His device also employed the use of liquid mercury in the closed circuit of the clepsydra and waterwheel instead of water, because water would freeze easily during winter, while mercury could assure smooth and continual function and time-keeping during the cold seasons.
Later Ming dynasty clocks had the same concern in mind when they employed the use of falling sand grains to push the wheel drive. The later Su Song wrote that after Zhang's death, no one could replicate what he had achieved, much like with Su Song himself and his astronomical clock tower after his own death.
Historical texts
The later Song dynasty historical text of the Song Shi (compiled in 1345 AD) records Zhang's work (Wade-Giles spelling):
At the beginning of the Thai-Phing Hsing-Kuo reign-period (+976) the Szechuanese Chang Ssu-Hsun [Zhang Sixun], a student in the Bureau of Astronomy, invented an astronomical clock (lit. armillary sphere, hun i) and presented the designs to the emperor Thai Tsung, who ordered artisans of the Imperial Workshops to construct it within the Palace. On a kuei-mao day in the first month of the 4th year (+979) the elaborate machine was completed, and the emperor caused it to be placed under the eastern drum-tower of the Wen-Ming Hall.
The system of Chang Ssu-Hsun was as follows: they built a tower of three storeys (totalling) more than ten feet in height, within which was concealed all the machinery. It was round (at the top to symbolize) the heavens, and square (at the bottom to symbolize) the earth. Below there was set up the lower wheel (ti lun), lower shaft (ti chu), and the framework base (ti tsu). There were also horizontal wheels (heng lun), (vertical) wheels fixed sideways (tshe lun), and slanting wheels (hsieh lun, i.e. oblique gearing); bearings for fixing them in place (ting shen kuan), a central coupling device (chung kuan) and a smaller coupling device (hsiao kuan)(i.e. the escapement); with a main transmission shaft (thien chu). Seven jacks rang bells on the left, struck a large bell on the right, and beat a drum in the middle to indicate clearly the passing of the quarter(-hours).
Each day and night (each 24 hours) the machinery made one complete revolution, and the seven luminaries moved their positions around the ecliptic. Twelve other wooden jacks were also made to come out at each of the (double-)hours, one after the other, bearing tablets indicating the time. The lengths of the days and nights were determined by the (varying) numbers of the quarters (passing in light and darkness). At the upper part of the machinery there were the top piece (thien ting), upper gear(-wheel or -wheels)(thien ya), upper linking device (thien kuan; another part of the escapement), upper (anti-recoil) ratchet pin (thien chih), celestial (ladder?) gear-box (thien tho), upper framework beam carrying bearings (thien shu), and the upper connecting-chain (thien thiao). There were also (on a celestial globe?) the 365 degrees (to show the movement of) the sun, moon, and five planets; as well as the Purple Palace (north polar region), the lunar mansions (hsiu) in their ranks, and the Great Bear, together with the equator and the ecliptic which indicated how the changes of the advance and regression of heat and cold depend upon the measured motions of the sun.
The motive power of the clock was water, according to the method which had come down from Chang Heng [Zhang Heng] in the Han Dynasty through I-Hsing [Yi Xing] and Liang Ling-tsan in the Khai-Yuan reign period (+713 to +741)(of the Thang). But the bronze and iron (of their clocks) had long gone to rust (thung thieh chien se) and could no longer move automatically. Moreover, as during winter the water partly froze and its flow was greatly reduced, the machinery lost its exactness, and there was no constancy between the hot and cold weather. Now, therefore, mercury was employed as a substitute, and there were no more errors...The images of the sun and moon were also attached high up (to the globe) and according to the old method they had been moved by human hand (each day), but now success was attained in having them move automatically. This was a marvellous thing. (Chang) Ssu-Hsun was considered the equal of the Thang clock-makers and was made Special Assistant in charge of the Armillary Sphere (Engine)(Ssu-Thien Hun I Chheng).
See also
History of science and technology in China
Technology of the Song dynasty
Verge escapement
Notes
References
Liu, Heping. ""The Water Mill" and Northern Song Imperial Patronage of Art, Commerce, and Science," The Art Bulletin (Volume 84, Number 4, 2002): 566–595.
Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
External links
Mechanical Clock article with Zhang Sixun
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
10th-century Chinese astronomers
Chinese mechanical engineers
Engineers from Sichuan
People from Bazhong
Scientists from Sichuan
Song dynasty people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang%20Sixun
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Santa Ysabel may refer to the following:
Santa Ysabel, California, USA
Santa Ysabel Asistencia, a mission east of San Diego, California
Santa Ysabel Island in the South Pacific
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Ysabel
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The World of Warcraft Trading Card Game (WoW TCG) is an out-of-print collectible card game based on Blizzard Entertainment's MMORPG, World of Warcraft. The game was announced by Upper Deck Entertainment on August 18, 2005 and released on October 25, 2006. Players can play against each other one-on-one, or can join others in order to defeat dungeon/raid "bosses" based on those in the MMORPG. In March 2010, Upper Deck lost the license from Blizzard Entertainment. The license was acquired by Cryptozoic Entertainment later in the month, with the company announcing that planned card sets would be released.
On August 23, 2013, Blizzard Entertainment announced that the TCG would be discontinued, and that they would not be renewing the game's license. In March 2014, Blizzard released Hearthstone: Heroes of Warcraft, an online collectible card game featuring many of the same characters, abilities and artwork.
Game details
Each player uses a hero card and a deck consisting of allies and other supporting cards, such as weapons, abilities, armor, items and quests. Many cards include a trait icon, which limits what heroes can include the card in their decks. Some booster packs also contain legendary rares, or loot cards (i.e. special versions of normal cards) which contain a scratch-off code. This code can then be redeemed in the online game for a virtual prize. The prizes include special tabards, gimmick items, non-combat pets, and mounts.
During play, players start with a single hero. Once per turn, players can play any card from their hand as a resource, which enables the payment of additional cards to augment the hero's powers or add additional members to his or her party. Once brought into play by paying the appropriate cost, all cards (except abilities) remain until destroyed or removed from play. As in games such as Magic: The Gathering, the goal is to reduce the remaining health of the opposing hero to zero. Unlike Magic, combat attacks are always directed at individual heroes or allies, rather than simply declaring an attack with a number of creatures. Furthermore, damage done to characters accumulates between turns, making combat more expensive for both the attacker and defender.
Card types
The following types of cards are featured in the game:
Hero - The character which a given player is playing as. Each hero has an amount of starting health, faction affiliation, race, class, specializations, and professions. The hero's traits determine what other cards can be included in the deck (e.g., Horde heroes can only have Horde allies). Lastly, each hero has a unique power which can be used once per game, after which the hero card is turned face down. Starting with Worldbreaker, Hero cards no longer have professions.
Master Hero - Master Hero cards, when played, replace a player's hero with a new card. The original hero is removed from the game and any damage, abilities, equipment, tokens or attachments that were on the hero beforehand are brought onto the Master Hero. Master Heroes, unless specified otherwise, can use all equipment and abilities, but abilities on cards that look for specific types cannot be activated. Powers originally on heroes do not carry on to the Master Hero.
Ability - Cards that cause some immediate impact to the game. Abilities can either be of the [Basic type], able to be played only during one's turn, or can be [Instant], able to be played at virtually any time.
Ally - Other individuals and companions who assist and fight on behalf of the main hero. Most allies are affiliated with either the Horde or the Alliance; cards affiliated with the faction opposing the hero are not permitted in a deck. Neutral allies can be included in a deck of either faction. Allies can attack opposing heroes or allies, but can also be attacked.
Armor - Defensive cards which protect heroes from damage. By paying the appropriate resource cost, armor can be exhausted each turn in order to reduce damage dealt to a player's hero. Players are limited in how many different pieces of armor they may equip on any given "body part" (e.g., only one piece of chest armor at a time).
Weapon - Offensive cards which can augment a hero's melee or ranged capabilities. As with armor cards, players are limited on how many weapons they may have equipped at once. In order to use a weapon card to increase attack power during combat, a player must pay a resource cost (Strike Cost) associated with the weapon. Weapons can be used when either attacking or defending, but usually only one weapon can be used per combat.
Item - Gear the hero can have in addition to weapons and armor. Rings, potions, and trinkets are examples of items.
Quest - Special cards which act as resource cards, but with additional abilities. Quests can be completed by fulfilling a condition described on the card. When this is done, a reward is earned (e.g., drawing additional cards) and the quest is normally turned face down.
Location - Location cards are similar to quest cards, but are not turned face down to use their abilities. Only one location can be controlled at a time, even if locations have different names.
Loot - Loot cards are special versions of cards which can be used within the card game (e.g. as normal allies), but which also contain a scratch-off code. This code can be entered into the website for the online game, which will provide a unique in-game item.
Products
Twenty-one expansion sets (and one reprint set) were released for the WoW TCG. Cards were usually sold in booster packs, which contain 15 random cards - 10 commons, 3 uncommons, 1 rare or epic, and 1 hero card or loot card. Booster packs also had one UDE point card redeemable online. Starting with March of the Legion and ending with Twilight of the Dragons, booster packs contained 18 random cards due to more variation of card types: 2 extra commons and 1 extra uncommon.
The color of the collector number printed on a card indicates its rarity, using a system similar to that of the online game: white for common, green for uncommon, blue for rare, purple for epic, and orange for legendary.
Certain sets also released with Starter Decks, containing a pre-constructed deck consisting of 33 fixed cards built around one of the 9 classes, 2 booster packs, 3 oversized hero cards and a rulebook. These decks contain 1 rare, 6 uncommons, and the rest are commons. Starter decks were released for Heroes of Azeroth, Through the Dark Portal, March of the Legion, and Drums of War. Class Decks and Champion Decks are other types of Starter Decks. The Battle Deck is a PvP variation of the Starter Deck that contains two pre-constructed decks consisting of 44 fixed cards, 3 oversized hero cards and 8 exclusive allies.
Sets released
Heroes of Azeroth (released October 2006)
Through the Dark Portal (released April 2007)
Fires of Outland (released August 2007)
March of the Legion (released December 2007)
Servants of the Betrayer (released April 2008)
The Hunt for Illidan (released July 2008)
Drums of War (released November 2008)
Blood of Gladiators (released March 2009)
Fields of Honor (released June 2009)
Scourgewar (released November 2009)
Wrathgate (released May 2010)
Archives (released August 2010 - foil reprints from Heroes of Azeroth to Fields of Honor)
Icecrown (released September 2010)
Worldbreaker (released December 2010)
War of the Elements (released April 2011)
Twilight of the Dragons (released July 2011)
Aftermath: Throne of the Tides (released October 2011)
Aftermath: Crown of the Heavens (released February 2012)
Aftermath: Tomb of the Forgotten (released June 2012)
Timewalkers: War of the Ancients (released October 2012)
Timewalkers: Betrayal of the Guardian (released February 2013)
Timewalkers: Reign of Fire (released July 2013)
Raid Decks
In addition to standard 2-player game play, the game also features Raid Decks, representing struggles involving large numbers of players against epic foes. Raid Decks are specially designed pre-constructed products used for a cooperative experience. They combine elements from the World of Warcraft (the team-based questing), and Dungeons & Dragons (the Raid Master). One player, the Raid Master controls all monsters and foes, while 3-5 other players control the characters participating in the raid.
A Raid Deck typically contains epic boss cards, decks for the boss characters, tokens to represent minions, custom rules for the raid, and a treasure pack, intended as a reward for players who are victorious in the raid. The treasure pack contains holofoils and sometimes contains a random insertion of a loot card. Upper Deck Entertainment also made treasure packs available from their UDE points store, although the cards in these packs are not holofoil.
Eight Raid Decks were released:
Onyxia's Lair (December 2006) - Features the black dragon Onyxia.
Molten Core (May 2007) - Includes ten epic bosses, from Lucifron to Ragnaros the Firelord.
Magtheridon's Lair (January 2008) - Contains the Pit Lord Magtheridon, his shadow channelers, and the cubes required to interact with him.
Black Temple (September 2008) - Based around Illidan Stormrage. Contains a 10 hero raid set with heroes such as Supremus and "The Betrayer".
Naxxramas (December 2009) - An undead necropolis, seat of the lich Kel'Thuzad.
Assault on Icecrown Citadel (March 2011) - Featuring the Lich King himself, with other bosses appearing as allies in his deck. Also includes 3 decks built around well-known heroes Lady Jaina Proudmoore, Lady Sylvanas Windrunner and Highlord Tirion Fordring.
Battle of the Aspects (August 2012) - The final confrontation with Deathwing, the corrupted Aspect of Earth.
The Caverns of Time (April 2013) - Take on iconic villains such as Archimonde the Defiler, Queen Azshara, and Murozond, leader of the Infinite Dragonflight.
Dungeon Decks
Similar to Raid Decks, Dungeon Decks are large scale encounters designed for multiple players to play against. The main difference from Raid Decks is that a Dungeon Deck runs itself with no need for an additional player to act as the Raid Master. Additionally Dungeon Decks are designed to be played against basic starter decks with players unlocking the ability to add new cards by gaining experience from defeating dungeons and leveling up.
Three Dungeon Decks were released in November 2011:
Shadowfang Keep
Scarlet Monastery
The Deadmines
Bonus sets
Periodically, bonus card sets are released independently to mark special events or dates.
Burning Crusade Set - A set of 3 cards to mark the release of World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade. Two Heroes of Azeroth starter decks were included alongside the exclusive cards.
Wrath of the Lich King Set - 2 exclusive cards were included in the Collector's Edition of WotLK with 2 March of the Legion starter decks.
Cataclysm Set - 2 exclusive cards were included in the Collector's Edition of Cataclysm with a starter deck and a Landro's Gift loot card.
Feast of Winter Veil - A special collector's set released in November 2007 which corresponds with the holiday in the online game. This comes in a presentation box which contains a booster pack from Heroes of Azeroth, Through the Dark Portal or Fires of Outland, a deck box and 10 Winter Veil themed cards, as well as 2 vanity pets.
Darkmoon Faire - A special collector's set released in September 2008 which includes 5 preset Darkmoon Faire themed cards and 2 Through the Dark Portal booster packs.
Arena Grand Melee - A small collector's set released to supplement the Arena theme. This was released with two decks, one for the Alliance and one for the Horde.
Feast of Winter Veil 2012 - A special collector's set in the vein of the first Feast of Winter Veil.
Artwork
As with many trading card games, a variety of different artists with different styles illustrate the cards. Artists include Chris Rahn, Wayne Reynolds, Steve Prescott, Doug Alexander, Thomas M. Baxa, Julie Bell, Mauro Cascioli, Matt Dixon, Alex Horley, Todd McFarlane, Jeremy Mohler, Ariel Olivetti, Dan Scott, Ron Spencer, Greg Staples, Mike Sutfin, Glenn Rane, Samwise, Boris Vallejo, and Paul Kidby.
Some of the card art was done by Penny Arcade's Mike Krahulik ("Gabe"). In the May 26, 2006 update of the Penny Arcade site, Krahulik revealed his artwork for a card that was based on the exploits of Leeroy Jenkins.
Events
Along with weekly battleground tournaments at local hobby stores, Cryptozoic Entertainment hosted Darkmoon Faires (DMF), events that ran Friday through Sunday in cities all across the world. Previously, the most notable competition featured was the Dream Machine Championship, which the winner received a custom built computer. Darkmoon Faire Championship Events offered electronics and travel vouchers to the top finishers of its main event. However, the Darkmoon Faire itself has been emphasized as a miniature convention featuring additional games, as well as side events for players to compete for Apple electronics, gift cards, and World of Warcraft loot cards.
DMF Championship winners:
2007:
Darkmoon Faire Los Angeles - Oliver Schmid
Darkmoon Faire Austin - Tim Batow
Darkmoon Faire Frankfurt - Pierre Malherbaud
Darkmoon Faire Chicago - Brad Watson
Darkmoon Faire Milan - Erik van der Laan
Darkmoon Faire London - Stuart Wright
Darkmoon Faire Philadelphia - Brian Durkin
Darkmoon Faire Lille - Jonas Skali Lami
Darkmoon Faire San Diego - Tomas Kuchta
2008:
Darkmoon Faire Orlando - Brad Watson
Darkmoon Faire Columbus - William Postlethwait
Darkmoon Faire Stuttgart - Laurent Pagorek
Darkmoon Faire Lyon - Bernd Reinartz
Darkmoon Faire Seattle - Morgan Findlay
Darkmoon Faire Antwerp - Christian Pfeiffer
Darkmoon Faire Indianapolis - Jimmy Choi
Darkmoon Faire New Jersey - Brad Watson
Darkmoon Faire Paris - Pierre Malherbaud
Darkmoon Faire Anaheim - Tim Rivera
Darkmoon Faire Prague - Gabor Körös
2009:
Darkmoon Faire Milton Keynes - Erik van der Laan
Darkmoon Faire San Francisco - Damien Dufresne
Darkmoon Faire Koln - Stuart Wright
Darkmoon Faire Charlotte - Bobby Victory
Darkmoon Faire Turin - Jan Palys
Darkmoon Faire Sydney - Brad Watson
Darkmoon Faire Boston - Pat Eshghy
Darkmoon Faire Indianapolis - Phillip Martin
Darkmoon Faire Amsterdam - Anssi Alkio
Darkmoon Faire Austin - Rob Swarowski
Darkmoon Faire Las Vegas - David Bodimer
2010:
Darkmoon Faire Houston - Calvin Keeney
Darkmoon Faire Guangzhou - Xie Zhi Qiang
Darkmoon Faire Antwerp - Christian Kurze
Darkmoon Faire Los Angeles - Alex Gellerman
2011:
Darkmoon Faire Orlando - Stuart Wright
Darkmoon Faire Paris - Luca Magni
Darkmoon Faire Beijing - Qigeng Zhang
Darkmoon Faire Chicago - Dan Clark
Darkmoon Faire Koln - Krzysztof Morzyc
Darkmoon Faire Shenzhen - Lo Ka Man
Darkmoon Faire Singapore - Lee Keng Yin
Darkmoon Faire Las Vegas - Jason Newill
Darkmoon Faire Rimini - Brad Watson
Darkmoon Faire Indianapolis - Ben Bellis
Darkmoon Faire Poznań - Marcin Filipowicz
Darkmoon Faire Philadelphia - Dan Clark
Darkmoon Faire Rotterdam - Matthieu Laguerre
Darkmoon Faire Shanghai - Hui Xiang
2012:
Darkmoon Faire Los Angeles - Brad Watson
Darkmoon Faire Cannes - Stuart Wright
Darkmoon Faire Chengdu - Xi Lei
Darkmoon Faire Baltimore - Hans Joachim Höh, Brad Watson and Stuart Wright
Darkmoon Faire Madrid - Jeffrey Verwoerd
Darkmoon Faire Las Vegas - Kellen Abel
Darkmoon Faire Beijing - Xiang Jing
Darkmoon Faire Prague - Martin Clement
Darkmoon Faire Indianapolis - Norvic Santos
Darkmoon Faire Antwerp - Anssi Alkio, Jeffrey Verwoerd and Stuart Wright
Darkmoon Faire Shanghai - Yinan Liao
Darkmoon Faire Atlanta - Basem Alsalah
2013:
Darkmoon Faire Jacksonville - Randy Williams
Darkmoon Faire Dallas - James Kandziolka
Darkmoon Faire Shanghai - Jia Bin
Darkmoon Faire Las Vegas - Hans Joachim Höh
Darkmoon Faire Venice - Julian Ukeni
Darkmoon Faire Poznań - Manuel Alvisi
Darkmoon Faire Prague - Andrea Dorigo
WoW Nationals
The U.S. Nationals took place August 16-August 19, 2007 at Gen Con, a gaming convention in Indianapolis, Indiana. After the first day of constructed play, any player with a record of 5-3 or better advanced to day two. Two sets of draft were played on the second day, each set with three rounds. Players sat in draft pods based on their records from day one, where they drafted two packs of Heroes of Azeroth, and two packs of Through the Dark Portal. The finals were held on the third day, played between the top eight selected after draft play concluded. Brad Watson was declared the U.S. Nationals Champion after his victory in the finals.
In 2008, the U.S. National Championship became the North American Continental Championship (NACC), which combined the Canadian and U.S. National Championship events. The winner of the 2008 NACC was Matt Markoff with a Warlock deck.
In 2009, Corey-Scott Burkhart won the NACC at Gen Con Indy with a Shaman deck.
In 2010, under new management with Cryptozoic Entertainment, NACC moved out of Gen Con Indy. Tim Rivera claimed the title for that year in his hometown of Las Vegas.
In 2011, Tim Batow emerged victorious at Las Vegas with his particular Warlock deck, nicknamed "Bunny Deck".
In 2011, Mark Mckiernan was crowned the european champion at the EUCC championship in Rimini (Italy) with the Shaman "Spider Deck".
World Cup
The World Cup Championship took place March 4-6, 2011 in Paris, France. The winners were the American team The Warriors, composed of Ben Isgur, Matt Markoff, and James Kandziolka. They played, respectively: Boarguts the Impaler, Jumo'zin, and Erondra Frostmoon. Their prizes were the Darkmoon Faire tournament scheduled in Baltimore, Maryland along with $15,000 in Amazon vouchers.
World Championships
The first World Championship took place November 30-December 2, 2007 in San Diego, California. The winner, French player Guillaume Matignon, became the inaugural WoW TCG World Champion by defeating the French-Canadian player Eric Prieur and received $100,000, at the time it was the largest prize in TCG history.
The second World Championship took place in Paris, France from October 16-October 19, 2008. Jim Fleckenstein of Virginia won the title using the hero Kil'zin of the Bloodscalp.
The third World Championship took place in Austin, Texas from October 9-October 11, 2009. The format was Drums of War Block Constructed. It was won by William Postlethwait, also known as "Billy P."
The fourth World Championships took place in Indianapolis, Indiana, from August 4-August 7, 2010. The format was Classic Constructed. German player Jonas Skali-Lami won with a Nicholas Merrick mage deck.
The fifth World Championships took place in Rotterdam, Netherlands, from November 10-November 13, 2011. The format consisted of Core and Classic Constructed and Booster Draft. It was won by German player Hans Joachim Höh using a Rohashu Paladin deck, taking down Jim Fleckenstein's less aggressive Rohashu version in the finals.
The sixth and final World Championships took place in Atlanta, Georgia in early November 2012. Brad Watson defeated Raphael Ait-sliman in the final round.
References
External links
Cryptozoic's official World of Warcraft Trading Card Game website
Daily Metagame - A WoW TCG site with daily articles, and archived decklists from all events
Card games introduced in 2006
Collectible card games
Cryptozoic Entertainment games
Upper Deck Company games
Warcraft games
Trading Card Game
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20of%20Warcraft%20Trading%20Card%20Game
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Mohyal Brahmins are an Indian sub-caste of Saraswat Brahmins from the Punjab region.
Prior to the Partition of India, Mohyal Brahmins lived primarily in the Potohar and Hazara regions of Northern Punjab and North-West Frontier Province (Rawalpindi, Chakwal, Jhelum, Sargodha, Campbellpur, Haripur, Abbottabad and Murree) and in the Pahari regions of Jammu and Kashmir (Pulandari, Mirpur, Kotli, Alibeg, Bhimber, Poonch, Rawlakote, Jammu, Bagh and Rajouri). Frequent migrations of these Brahmins had happened from these regions to hilly areas of Kangra and Chamba from 1200 CE. After the partition, most migrated to, and settled in the neighbouring Indian states of Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Delhi.
Mohyal Brahmins were not priests in the traditional sense as they abandoned their priestly duties. They were warriors, spiritual healers and preachers of different sects of Hinduism.
Mohyal Brahmins are a caste and a sub-group of the Punjabi Hindu community. The members of this sub-caste originate from the broader Saraswat Brahmin group and comprise seven clans named Bali, Bhimwal, Chhibber, Datt, Lau, Mohan and Vaid. These each claim their lineage from one of seven different Brahmin rishis.
Some Mohyal Brahmins also have an association with Shia Muslims because they claim to have helped Imam Hussain in the Battle of Karbala, these Mohyal Brahmnins are called Hussaini Brahmins.
Dhanvantari gotra is found as the original gotra among the Bengali Baidyas.
The Mohyal Brahmins stopped practising priestly duties. The same tradition is seen amongst the Bhumihar Brahmins and the Bengali Baidya clan, who despite following Brahmin varna-rituals, are often considered as Semi-Brahmins for not performing priestly duties.
Mohyal Brahmins of Punjab are among the Brahmarshi community of Brahmins in India.
Contributions to Sikhism
Spirituality and identity
The majority of Mohyal Brahmins identify as Hindu, with some also identifying as Sikh. Guru Nanak revitalised faith in order to make it accessible for the common people of late Medieval India. As a part of this transformation, many Punjabi Hindus, including the Mohyals, revered and followed Guru Nanak. This devotion towards Nanak's mat (teachings/wisdom) led them to follow Nanak's successors and then assist in the creation of the Sikh ethos. Moreover, as the latter Gurus became martial, this community was a natural home for the warrior-class of Punjabi Hindus.
Guru Nanak, continuing in the tradition of Bhakti Saints, revitalised Sanatan ('Hindu') wisdom in order to make to accessible for the common people of late Medieval India. As a part of this transformation, many Punjabi Hindus, including the Mohyals, revered and followed Guru Nanak. Its worth mentioning that a distinct Sikh religious identity was not created until the 19th century, thus, referring to the period of the Gurus as 'Sikhism' is not problematic.
Guru period
Other notable Mohyals include the brothers Bhai Mati Das and Bhai Sati Das, who both died alongside the ninth Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur, for protecting Hindu Religion from Islamic Jihad. As the family of the latter Gurus and this Chhibber family were close, Bhai Chaupa Singh Chhibber became a care-taker of Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth guru.
See also
Punjabi Hindus
Saraswat Brahmins
Hussaini Brahmins
References
External links
Official Website of General Mohyal Sabha
Hindu followers of Muslim imam, The Milli Gazette, Vol.5 No.10, (16–31 May 04)
Official Website of Educational Institution Directly run by G.M.S.
Indian castes
Mohyal
Brahmins
Hindu communities
Hindu communities of Pakistan
Punjabi Brahmins
Brahmin communities
Brahmin communities of India
Punjabi tribes
Social groups of Delhi
Social groups of Punjab, India
Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir
Social groups of Pakistan
Tribes of Rawalpindi District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohyal%20Brahmin
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The 1983–84 season was the 104th season of competitive football in England.
Diary of the season
6 June 1983: Resurgent Portsmouth, newly promoted to the Second Division after winning last season's Third Division title, prepare for their latest challenge by paying a club record £180,000 for Coventry City's 21-year-old striker Mark Hateley.
1 July 1983: Joe Fagan, 62, is appointed as the new manager of Liverpool on a two-year contract following Bob Paisley's retirement after nine years in charge.
1 August 1983: Gerry Francis, former England midfielder, is appointed player-manager of Exeter City.
4 August 1983: Chelsea, who narrowly avoided relegation to the Third Division last season, pay Reading £175,000 for 21-year-old striker Kerry Dixon.
20 August 1983: Bryan Robson scores both of Manchester United's goals in the FA Charity Shield as they beat Liverpool 2–0.
27 August 1983: The Football League season commences. Notts County are top of the First Division with a 4–0 away win over East Midlands rivals Leicester City. A seven-goal thriller at Villa Park sees Aston Villa beat local rivals West Bromwich Albion 4–3. Liverpool begin their quest for a third successive league title with a 1–1 away draw against newly promoted Wolves. Chelsea record the biggest win in the Second Division with a 5–0 triumph over Derby County at Stamford Bridge.
31 August 1983: Notts County, West Ham United, Aston Villa and Arsenal all win their first two matches of the First Division season to lead the table at the end of August. Leicester City, Birmingham City and West Bromwich Albion lose their first two matches of the season.
3 September 1983: West Ham are the only First Division side with a 100% record after three games after beating London rivals Tottenham Hotspur 2–0 at White Hart Lane.
6 September 1983: West Ham extend their 100% start to the season to four games and remain top with a 3–1 home win over Leicester City. Manchester United beat Arsenal 3–2 at Highbury. Ipswich are second in the table with three wins from their opening four games after a 3–0 home win over Everton.
10 September 1983: West Ham make it five wins in a row with a 5–2 home win over Coventry City, with David Swindlehurst scoring a hat-trick. Ipswich keep up their challenge with a 5–0 home win over Stoke City, as do third-placed Manchester United with a 2–0 home win over Luton Town. Leicester City are still looking for their first point of the season after a 3–0 home defeat at home to Tottenham Hotspur.
17 September 1983: West Ham's perfect start to the season ends with a 1–0 defeat at West Bromwich Albion, although they are still top of the First Division. Southampton go second with a 3–0 home win over Manchester United. Manchester City's bid for an immediate return to the First Division is boosted with a 6–0 home win over Blackburn Rovers, lifting them to second place in the Second Division. Swansea City are facing a battle avoid a second successive relegation after collecting one point from their first five games.
21 September 1983: England lose 1–0 to Denmark in their European Championship qualifier at Wembley, making qualification for the Finals unlikely.
23 September 1983: Newcastle United boost their Second Division promotion push by signing Peter Beardsley, who was rejected by Manchester United last previous season, in a £150,000 deal from Vancouver Whitecaps.
24 September 1983: West Ham return to their winning ways and maintain their lead of the First Division by beating Notts County 3–0 at Upton Park. Manchester United keep up the pressure by beating Liverpool 1–0 at Old Trafford. Southampton's title challenge is hit with a 1–0 defeat away to Aston Villa, who go sixth in the table. Wolves, with no wins from their first seven games, lose 4–0 at home to QPR. Leicester City finally pick up a league point at the seventh attempt with a 2–2 draw at home to Stoke City.
27 September 1983: Manchester United progress to the second round of the European Cup Winners' Cup by eliminating Czech side Dukla Prague on away goals.
28 September 1983: All four English entrants in the UEFA Cup – Watford, Nottingham Forest, Tottenham Hotspur and Aston Villa – progress to the second round. Tottenham recorded a 14-0 aggregate victory over Irish side Drogheda United, while Watford came from 3-1 down against West German side Kaiserlautern in the first leg to win the second leg 3–0 at Vicarage Road.
30 September 1983: With six wins from seven matches, West Ham United are top of the First Division at the end of September, with Manchester United, Southampton, Liverpool and Ipswich Town completing the top five. Leicester City's terrible start to the season sees them prop up the top flight with only a single point from their opening seven games. Wolverhampton Wanderers (winless) and Stoke City (one win) complete the bottom three. Sheffield Wednesday head the race for promotion from the Second Division, followed closely behind by recently relegated Manchester City and a Huddersfield Town side who only won promotion from the Fourth Division four seasons ago. Middlesbrough, Charlton Athletic and Chelsea have also made a good start to the Second Division campaign.
1 October 1983: First Division leaders West Ham lose 3–1 to Stoke City at the Victoria Ground. Southampton cut their lead of the table to a single point with a 1–0 win over Wolves at The Dell. Ipswich keep up the pressure by beating Coventry City 2–1 at Highfield Road. Manchester United miss the chance to draw level on points with the leaders when Norwich City hold them to a 3–3 draw in the thrilling match at Carrow Road. Leicester's shambolic start to the season continues with a 2–1 away defeat to Birmingham City. In the Second Division, leaders Sheffield Wednesday beat Blackburn Rovers 4–2 at Hillsborough. Struggling Derby County lose 4–1 at home to Carlisle United. Newcastle United boost their promotion push with a 4–2 home win over Portsmouth. Brighton give their hopes of an instant return to the First Division a major boost by beating Charlton Athletic 7–0 at the Goldstone Ground. Fallen giants Leeds United lose 5–1 at Shrewsbury.
2 October 1983: In the first fully televised Football League match for 23 years, Tottenham beat Nottingham Forest 2–1 at White Hart Lane.
8 October 1983: Despite the lack of First Division today, all 22 Second Division clubs are in action. Craven Cottage is the scene of an eight-goal thriller in which Chelsea boost their promotion push with a 5–3 away win over West London rivals Fulham.
12 October 1983: England keep their faint hopes of European Championship qualification alive by beating Hungary 3–0 in Budapest in their penultimate qualifying game, but Denmark remain top of the group.
15 October 1983: First Division action returns with Manchester United beating West Bromwich Albion 3–0 at Old Trafford to go top of the First Division, with West Ham's lead of the table being ended by a 3–1 home defeat to Liverpool. Wolves are still without a victory nine games into the season after losing 3–2 at home to Tottenham.
16 October 1983: Nottingham Forest beat neighbours Notts County 3–1 at the City Ground in the only First Division action of the day.
20 October 1983: Coventry City sign 21-year-old full-back Stuart Pearce from Alliance Premier League side Wealdstone.
22 October 1983: Manchester United remain top of the First Division with a 1–0 win over Sunderland at Roker Park. A mid-table clash at Highbury sees Arsenal beat Nottingham Forest 4–1. Leicester City claim their second point of the season with a 2–2 draw at Ipswich, but are still winless after 10 league games.
23 October 1983: The only league action of the day sees Wolves draw 1–1 at home to local rivals Aston Villa in a First Division, making it three points after 10 games, but still no league victories.
26 October 1983: Giant-killings in the second round of the Football League Cup, as third-tier clubs Oxford United and Wimbledon knock out Newcastle United and Nottingham Forest. Elsewhere in round two, Leeds United overcome a 1–0 deficit from the first leg to beat the Football League's basement club Chester City 4–2 on aggregate and Lincoln City win on the night at home to Tottenham Hotspur but lose out on aggregate. There is no such joy for Bury, who lose 10–0 to West Ham at Upton Park (12-1 on aggregate) with teenage striker Tony Cottee scoring four goals.
30 October 1983: Manchester United maintain their lead of the First Division with a 3–0 home win over Wolves, who are still winless after 11 games. Leicester City record their first league win of the season with a 2–0 home win over Everton. Tony Woodcock scores five goals in Arsenal's 6–2 away win over Aston Villa. Ian Rush scores five in Liverpool's 6–0 home win over Luton Town. QPR go third with a 3–0 away win over Norwich City. The Abbey Stadium is the scene of a goal glut in the Second Division as Brighton beat Cambridge United 4–3. Chelsea boost their promotion hopes and deal a blow to the visiting side's by defeating Charlton Athletic 3–2 at Stamford Bridge. Peter Beardsley scores a hat-trick in Newcastle's 5–0 home win over Manchester City.
31 October 1983: October draws to a close with Manchester United top of the First Division. Liverpool continue their push for a third successive league title as they stand second, while newly promoted Queens Park Rangers occupy third place, level on points with West Ham United, Southampton and Tottenham Hotspur. Wolverhampton Wanderers, still without a win after 11 games, remain bottom of the table. Leicester City and Notts County complete the bottom three. Sheffield Wednesday are still top of the Second Division, joined in the top three by Newcastle United and Manchester City. Chelsea, Huddersfield Town and Grimsby Town are pushing them hard for promotion.
1 November 1983: Watford sign 20-year-old striker Mo Johnston from Partick Thistle for £200,000.
2 November 1983: Liverpool progress to the quarter-finals of the European Cup at the expense of Spanish champions Atletico Bilbao. Manchester United reach the quarter-finals of the European Cup Winners' Cup with a 4-1 aggregate win over Bulgarian side Spartak Varna. Tottenham eliminate Dutch side Feyenoord 6–2 on aggregate in the second round of the UEFA Cup. Watford eliminate Levski Sofia from the competition and Nottingham Forest oust PSV Eindhoven, but Aston Villa are edged out 4–3 on aggregate by Spartak Moscow.
5 November 1983 – Wolves are bottom of the First Division and still winless after 12 games following a 5–0 defeat at Nottingham Forest. Peter Withe scores twice as Aston Villa inflict a 2–1 defeat on Manchester United at Old Trafford, meaning that Liverpool can return to the top of the table if they win their game tomorrow. Arsenal's erratic form continues as they lose 2–1 at home to Sunderland. There is no shortage of action in the race to reach the First Division. Second Division leaders Sheffield Wednesday maintain a four-point lead at the top of the table by beating Yorkshire rivals Barnsley 2–0 at Hillsborough. Newcastle United win 3–2 at home to Fulham. Manchester City remain in the top three by beating Shrewsbury Town 3–1 at Gay Meadow. Chelsea's promotion push takes a dent when they are held to a 1–1 draw by struggling Oldham at Boundary Park, but they are just three points outside the top three with a game in hand.
6 November 1983 – Liverpool go top of the First Division with a 3–0 win over Everton in the Merseyside derby at Anfield.
10 November 1983 – Everton sign striker Andy Gray from Wolves for £250,000.
12 November 1983 – Liverpool remain top of the First Division despite being held to a 2–2 draw at Tottenham. West Ham keep up the pressure with a 3–0 away win over Wolves, who are still winless after 13 games. Manchester United miss the chance to return to the top of the table when they are held to a 1–1 draw at Leicester. Southampton climb from eighth to fourth with a 1–0 home win over West Bromwich Albion. Arsenal suffer another setback when they lose 1–0 at Ipswich. Brighton's hopes of an instant return to the First Division appear to be fading fast after a 4–0 defeat to Manchester City at Maine Road leaves them 16th in the Second Division. Chelsea close the gap between themselves and the top three with a 4–0 home win over Newcastle United.
16 November 1983: England fail to qualify for the European Championships despite a 4–0 away win over Luxembourg in their final qualifying game, as Denmark win 2–0 in Greece to top the group.
19 November 1983: The first round of the FA Cup sees non-league sides Whitby Town and Telford United both overcome Football League opposition. In the First Division, Everton manager Howard Kendall is under mounting pressure after a 2–1 defeat at Arsenal leaves his side 17th in the table. Tottenham continue their surge up the table with a 4–2 win over Luton Town at Kenilworth Road. Liverpool remain top with a 1–0 home win over Stoke City. West Ham are still just a point behind the leaders with a 1–0 win over Sunderland at Roker Park. Frank Stapleton scores a hat-trick in Manchester United's 4–1 home win over Watford, which boosts their goal difference and keeps them level with West Ham and a single point behind Liverpool. Wolves are still winless 14 games into the season and claim their fourth point with a goalless draw at home to fifth-placed Coventry City. A 4–1 home win for Arsenal against Leicester takes some of the pressure off under-fire manager Terry Neill. In the Second Division, Newcastle crash out of the top three with a 4–2 defeat at leaders Sheffield Wednesday, allowing Chelsea to climb into the promotion places despite being held to a 2–2 draw at home by their London rivals Crystal Palace. Manchester City remain in the top three despite losing 2–0 to Carlisle United at Brunton Park.
21 November 1983: Worcester City become the third non-league team this season to knock Football League opposition out of the FA Cup when they beat Aldershot 2–1.
22 November 1983: FA Cup first round replays fail to produce any giant-killing feats but a non-league clash between London rivals Enfield and Wealdstone ends in a 2–2 draw and forces a second replay. There are also replays for four League Cup fourth round ties. Two of these matches go to a second replay – including Liverpool's clash with Fulham at Anfield, which ends in a 1–1 draw. The only league action of the day sees Chelsea go second in the table with a 3–1 win over Swansea City at the Vetch Field. Swansea are now bottom of the Second Division with just one win from their first 15 games and are currently seven points adrift of safety, a mere 18 months after finishing sixth in the First Division.
23 November 1983: Watford further boost their ranks with the £150,000 signing of 19-year-old defender David Bardsley from Blackpool. Maidstone United from the Alliance Premier League knock Third Division Exeter City out of the FA Cup in a first round replay.
26 November 1983: Kenny Dalglish scores his 100th competitive goal for Liverpool in a 1-1 league draw against Ipswich Town. Elsewhere, QPR fail to hold on to their lead at fellow Londoners Spurs, who win 3–2 thanks to Mark Falco's double and Steve Archibald's 15th of the season. Notts County boost their bid to keep clear of the relegation zone with a 5–2 win over Aston Villa. Leicester City are just two points adrift of safety after a 3–0 home win over Arsenal. Watford, runners-up in the league last season, are still in the bottom three after a 2–1 home defeat to local rivals Luton Town, who shoot up from 10th to fifth in the table. Wolves finally win a league game at the 15th attempt when they overcome local rivals West Bromwich Albion 3–1 at The Hawthorns. The highest-scoring game of the day sees Burnley boost their hopes of a quick return to the Second Division when they beat bottom-of-the-table Port Vale 7–0 at Turf Moor.
27 November 1983: Liverpool remain top of the First Division after their nearest rivals West Ham United and Manchester United draw 1–1 at Upton Park. A decisive result for either side would have seen the winner of the game going top of the league.
29 November 1983: Liverpool finally beat Fulham at the third attempt by triumphing 1–0 in front of nearly 21,000 fans at Craven Cottage in their League Cup third round second replay. The fourth round tie between Arsenal and Walsall at Highbury produces a shock result when the Third Division visitors win 2–1. The surprise result has echoes of Walsall's shock win over Arsenal back in January 1933, when they beat the Gunners 2–0 at Fellows Park.
30 November 1983: Liverpool's bid for a third successive league title is now looking stronger, as they finish November as First Division leaders with a one-point lead over West Ham United and Manchester United. Tottenham Hotspur occupy fourth place, while Luton Town are fifth. Wolverhampton Wanderers, with just one win, are still bottom of the table, with Watford (the previous season's runners-up) and Stoke City completing the bottom three. Sheffield Wednesday are still top of the Second Division, while Newcastle United remain in the top three, with Chelsea overtaking Manchester City to move into third. In the League Cup, Oxford United hold Manchester United to a 1–1 draw at the Manor Ground in a fourth round tie. United give a first team debut to 20-year-old Welsh striker Mark Hughes. Norwich City beat their East Anglian rivals Ipswich Town 1–0 at Portman Road. There is another local derby in the competition at The Hawthorns, where Aston Villa beat West Bromwich Albion 2–1. In the only league action of the day, Leicester City climb out of the bottom three with a 2–1 home win over Southampton.
1 December 1983: Newcastle United further boost their promotion bid with the £150,000 acquisition of QPR defender Glenn Roeder, while Terry Neill makes a last-ditch attempt to reverse Arsenal's dismal league form by signing 21-year-old Manchester City defender Tommy Caton for £500,000.
3 December 1983: The pressure mounts further on Arsenal manager Terry Neill after a 1–0 defeat at home to West Bromwich Albion leaves his side 15th in the First Division. Leaders Liverpool are now four points ahead at the top of the table after a 1–0 win over Birmingham City, as Manchester United lose 1–0 at home to Everton and West Ham United are beaten 1-0 by Aston Villa at Villa Park. Coventry City keep up the pressure on the leading pack with a 4–2 away win over Luton Town. Watford climb out of the bottom three with a 5–0 away win over Wolves.
4 December 1983: Nottingham Forest beat their East Midlands rivals Leicester City 3–2 in a First Division clash at the City Ground, lifting the hosts up from 11th place to sixth.
6 December 1983: Everton boost their chances of ending their 14-year wait for a major trophy by beating West Ham United 2–0 in a League Cup fourth round replay at Goodison Park. In the Second Division, Chelsea boost their promotion push and increase Swansea's relegation worries with a 6–1 win at Stamford Bridge.
7 December 1983: Watford's UEFA Cup quest ends in a 7-2 aggregate defeat to Sparta Prague in the third round. Nottingham Forest progress to the quarter-finals with a 2–1 win over Celtic at Parkhead, after the first leg at the City Ground ended in a goalless draw. On the domestic scene, Oxford United take Manchester United to a second replay in the League Cup third round after a 1–1 draw at Old Trafford.
10 December 1983: Coventry City achieve one of the most surprising results of the season by defeating league champions Liverpool 4–0 at Highfield Road. Striker Terry Gibson scores a hat-trick. The defeat cuts Liverpool's lead at the top of the First Division to a single point following victories for both West Ham United and Manchester United. Coventry are now fourth and just three points off the top of the table. QPR climb from ninth to fifth with a 2–1 away win over West Bromwich Albion. Notts County stay clear of the relegation zone after another rout, this time beating Sunderland 6–1 at Meadow Lane. Luton Town remain in touch with the leading pack by winning 4–2 at Stoke City. Wolves are now nine points adrift of safety after losing 6–1 to Leicester City at Filbert Street. Arsenal are just five points clear of the relegation zone after losing 3–1 at West Ham. In the Second Division, Newcastle United beat Huddersfield Town 5–2 on Tyneside to return to the top three at the expense of Manchester City, who lose 2–1 at home to leaders Sheffield Wednesday.
14 December 1983: Telford United beat Football League opposition in the FA Cup for the second time this season, beating Northampton Town 3–2 at home.
16 December 1983: Terry Neill is sacked after more than seven years as manager of Arsenal, who occupy 16th place in the First Division. Manchester United go top of the league with a 4–2 home win over Tottenham.
17 December 1983: Liverpool return to the top of the First Division with a 5–0 home win over Notts County. Aston Villa keep up the pressure on the leading pack with a 4–0 home win over Ipswich Town. Caretaker manager Don Howe begins his spell in charge of Arsenal with a 3–1 home win over Watford. Coventry City miss the chance to close the gap on the leaders with a goalless draw at Norwich. QPR go fourth with a 2–0 home win over Everton.
18 December 1983: Luton Town are sixth in the First Division and just five points behind the leaders after beating West Bromwich Albion 2–0 at Kenilworth Road.
19 December 1983: Arsenal sell misfit striker Lee Chapman to Sunderland for £200,000. Manchester United bow out of the League Cup after losing their second third round replay 2–1 to Oxford United at the Manor Ground.
20 December 1983: Liverpool's bid for a fourth successive League Cup triumph continues when they draw 1–1 with Birmingham City in the fourth round.
22 December 1983: Liverpool beat Birmingham City 3–0 in the League Cup fourth round replay at Anfield.
24 December 1983: Griffin Park is the scene of the last league action before Christmas, with struggling Brentford losing 4–3 at home to a Wimbledon side pushing for a second successive promotion.
26 December 1983: Boxing Day drama in the First Division sees Liverpool extend their lead to three points with a 2–1 away win over West Bromwich Albion, while Manchester United are held to a 1–1 draw at Coventry. Luton Town go third with a 3–0 away win over Notts County. Wolves are now 10 points adrift of safety and have still only won one of their first 19 games, going down 3–1 at Ipswich. Arsenal's recovery continues as they triumph 4–2 over Tottenham in the North London derby at White Hart Lane.
27 December 1983: Wolves gain their first home win of the season with a 3–0 victory against Everton, while Manchester United throw away a two-goal lead to draw 3–3 with struggling Notts County in a bad-tempered match featuring nine yellow cards for the East Midlanders.
28 December 1983: Nottingham Forest are five points off the top of the First Division after beating Coventry City 3–0 at the City Ground.
31 December 1983: The year draws to a close with Liverpool still top of the First Division by a three-point margin over Manchester United, having beaten Nottingham Forest 1–0 at the City Ground, while Ron Atkinson's men keep up the pressure with a 1–0 home win over Stoke City. West Ham United go third with a 4–1 home win over Tottenham at Upton Park. Wolves make it back-to-back victories and are now just five points adrift of safety after a 2–0 home win over Norwich City. Chelsea go top of the Second Division with a 1–0 home win over Brighton.
2 January 1984: Liverpool and Manchester United draw 1–1 at Anfield to keep the gap at the top three points wide. West Ham miss the chance to cut the gap between themselves and the top two after being held to a 2–2 draw at Notts County. Nottingham Forest close in on the top three with a 3–2 away win over Luton Town. Tottenham's erratic league form continues with a 3–2 home defeat to Watford. Sheffield Wednesday regain their lead of the Second Division with a 3–0 home win over Oldham Athletic. Manchester City are held to a 1–1 draw at home to Leeds United and surrender their top-three place to Newcastle United, who beat Barnsley 1–0 at home.
6 January 1984: The FA Cup third round ties begin with a 4–0 win for Liverpool at home to Newcastle United.
7 January 1984: AFC Bournemouth pull off one of the biggest FA Cup upsets of all time with a 2–0 win over holders Manchester United in the third round. Arsenal, Leicester City and QPR lose to Second Division opponents (Middlesbrough, Crystal Palace and Huddersfield Town respectively), while Manchester City are beaten 2-1 by Fourth Division Blackpool. Telford make it three giant-killing ties in a row by beating Rochdale 4–1 at Spotland.
14 January 1984: Leicester City continue their climb towards safety with a 5–2 away win over local rivals Notts County. Leaders Liverpool suffer a shock 1–0 home defeat at home to Wolves, with Steve Mardenborough scoring the only goal of the game and giving Wolves a major boost in their bid for survival, making it three wins from their last four league games.
17 January 1984: QPR beat Stoke City 6–0 at Loftus Road to put themselves fourth in the First Division and six points behind leaders Liverpool.
20 January 1984: Ian Rush scores a hat-trick in Liverpool's 3–1 away win over Aston Villa in the First Division, increasing their lead at the top to five points, although their nearest challengers Manchester United can cut the gap to two points if they win at the weekend.
21 January 1984: Manchester United cut Liverpool's lead of the First Division to two points by beating Southampton 3–2 at Old Trafford. West Ham keep up their title challenge with a 2–0 home win over West Bromwich Albion, as do Nottingham Forest with a 3–0 home win over Norwich City.
23 January 1984: Nottingham Forest are now just three points off the top of the First Division after beating Southampton 1–0 at The Dell.
24 January 1984: Everton reach the League Cup semi-finals with a 4–1 win over Oxford United in their quarter-final replay clash at Goodison Park.
25 January 1984: Liverpool reach the League Cup semi-finals with a 3–0 win over Sheffield Wednesday in their quarter-final replay clash at Anfield.
28 January 1984: Stoke City boost their survival hopes by beating Arsenal 1–0 in their First Division clash at the Victoria Ground.
29 January 1984: Brighton & Hove Albion knock Liverpool out of the FA Cup for the second season running.
31 January 1984: AFC Bournemouth's FA Cup run ends with in a 2–0 defeat to Middlesbrough in the fourth round at Ayresome Park. Everton are held to a goalless draw by Gillingham in their fourth round tie at Priestfield.
1 February 1984: Telford United's FA Cup ends in a 3–2 defeat to Derby County in their fourth round clash at the Baseball Ground. Tottenham's hopes of winning the FA Cup for a record eighth time are ended by a 2–1 defeat to Norwich City at Carrow Road. In the First Division, Liverpool sustain their lead of the league with a 3–0 win over Watford at Anfield.
3 February 1984: Media mogul Robert Maxwell, who already owns Third Division promotion challengers Oxford United, is reported to be on the verge of taking over Manchester United in a deal worth up to £10million.
4 February 1984: Leaders Liverpool are held to a goalless draw by Sunderland in the First Division at Roker Park. Manchester United fail to close the gap at the top when Norwich hold them to a goalless draw at Old Trafford, although third-placed West Ham take advantage of the top two's failure to win by beating Stoke City 3–0 at Upton Park. Nottingham Forest's title hopes are hit by a 2–2 draw at home to Tottenham. Fifth-placed QPR keep up the pressure on the leading pack by beating Arsenal 2–0 at Highbury. The top four sides in the Second Division are all in action today. Sheffield Wednesday are held to a goalless draw by Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park, allowing Chelsea to extend their lead at the top of the table with a 3–1 home win over Huddersfield Town. Manchester City are held to a 1–1 draw by Grimsby Town at Blundell Park, allowing fourth-placed Newcastle United to draw level on points by beating Portsmouth 4–1 at Fratton Park. Grimsby are now fifth and looking like serious contenders for promotion to the First Division, in which they last played just after the Second World War.
6 February 1984: Gillingham's hopes of ousting Everton from the FA Cup are ended when the Merseysiders win the FA Cup fourth replay 3–0.
7 February 1984: Walsall hold Liverpool to a 2–2 draw in the League Cup semi-final first leg at Anfield. In the First Division, their lead of the First Division stands at four points after Manchester United are held to a 2–2 draw at Birmingham City. Third-placed West Ham United also drop points, being held to a 1–1 draw by QPR at Loftus Road.
8 February 1984: Midweek drama in the First Division sees Nottingham Forest win 5–0 away to West Bromwich Albion to go second in the league and three points behind Liverpool. Tottenham beat Sunderland 3–0 at White Hart Lane.
11 February 1984: Liverpool remain top of the First Division with a 2–1 home win over Arsenal. Nottingham Forest keep up the pressure with a 1–0 away win over QPR, as do West Ham with a 2–1 away win over Coventry City. Tottenham continue to close in on the top five with a 3–2 home win over Leicester City. Watford's revival continues as they climb up to 11th with a 5–3 away win over Notts County.
12 February 1984: Bryan Robson and Norman Whiteside score twice and Frank Stapleton is also on the scoresheet as Manchester United beat Luton Town 5–0 at Kenilworth Road. The result means that United are now four points off the top of the table, and also deals a major blow to Luton's hopes of qualifying for the UEFA Cup just two seasons after being promoted.
14 February 1984: Liverpool reach the final of the Football League Cup for the fourth year in a row after a 4-2 aggregate victory over Third Division Walsall. In the First Division, QPR remain firmly in the top five with a 2–0 home win over Norwich City.
15 February 1984: Everton beat Aston Villa 2–0 in the League Cup semi-final first leg.
17 February 1984: Southampton beat Blackburn Rovers 1–0 in the FA Cup fifth round at Ewood Park.
18 February 1984: First Division West Bromwich Albion suffer a shock FA Cup exit at the hands of Third Division strugglers Plymouth Argyle, who win 1–0 in the fifth round showdown at The Hawthorns. West Ham's double hopes are ended when they lose 3–0 to Birmingham City at St Andrew's. Everton's cup adventures continue on both fronts as they beat Shrewsbury Town 3–0. Notts County beat Middlesbrough 1–0 at Meadow Lane. Sheffield Wednesday triumph 3–0 away to Oxford United. Watford beat Brighton 3–1 at Vicarage Road. In the First Division, Arsenal draw 1–1 with Aston Villa at Highbury and Stoke City win 3–2 at Coventry City. The top three of Liverpool, Manchester United and Nottingham Forest are all held to draws away from home.
21 February 1984: West Ham's title hopes are hit by a 4–2 home defeat to Watford.
22 February 1984: Despite losing 1–0 to Aston Villa in the semi-final second leg, Everton are through to the League Cup final, securing them their first cup final for seven years and the first all-Merseyside final in any of the domestic or European cup competitions.
25 February 1984: Wolves are now 13 points adrift of safety after losing 4–0 to local rivals Aston Villa in the First Division at Villa Park. Liverpool maintain a four-point lead at the top of the table, with Manchester United's 2–1 home win over Sunderland keeping up the pressure on the leaders. Nottingham Forest's title hopes take another blow they lose 1–0 at home to Arsenal. West Ham are now nine points behind the leaders after going down 1–0 at Norwich. An eight-goal thriller at Vicarage Road sees Watford and Everton draw 4-4.
28 February 1984: Birmingham City go seven points clear of the relegation zone with a 2–1 home win over local rivals West Bromwich Albion.
29 February 1984: England's first international game since their failure to qualify for the European Championship Finals ends in a 2–0 defeat to France in the Parc des Princes. On the club scene, Liverpool continue to top the First Division, with a four-point lead over Manchester United. Nottingham Forest, West Ham United and Southampton complete the top five. Wolverhampton Wanderers remain bottom of the table, 13 points adrift of safety with 14 games to go. Notts County are 11 points adrift of safety, and Stoke City complete the bottom three, just behind West Bromwich Albion, Leicester City and Ipswich Town. Sheffield Wednesday and Chelsea are level at the top of the Second Division, while Grimsby Town have crept into the top three at the expense of Manchester City.
3 March 1984: The Merseyside derby at Goodison Park ends in a 1–1 draw, allowing Manchester United to cut Liverpool's lead to two points by beating Aston Villa 3–0 at Villa Park. Nottingham Forest's title hopes are fading fast after their fall to another defeat, this time losing 1–0 at Wolves, who grab three points to boost their survival hopes. West Ham win 3–0 at Ipswich, and Southampton boost their hopes of making a late run to the title by beating Norwich City 2–1 at The Dell.
7 March 1984: European action resumes with four English clubs still in the three cups. Liverpool beat Portuguese champions SL Benfica 1–0 in the European Cup quarter-final first leg at Anfield, but Manchester United lose 2–0 to FC Barcelona in the European Cup Winners' Cup quarter-finals. Nottingham Forest beat Austrian side Sturm Graz 1–0 at the City Ground in the UEFA Cup quarter-final first leg, while Tottenham gain a 2–0 advantage over another Austrian side, Austria Vienna, in their quarter-final first leg. On the First Division scene, Sunderland move closer to safety with a 1–0 home win over QPR.
10 March 1984: Watford reach the FA Cup semi-finals for the first time in 14 years with a 3–1 away win over Birmingham City in the quarter-final tie at St Andrew's. Everton's hopes of a domestic cup double are kept alive as a 2–1 away win over Notts County takes them through. One of Home Park's largest-ever crowds of more than 34,000 sees Plymouth Argyle keep their FA Cup dream alive, with a goalless draw with Derby County forcing a replay at the Baseball Ground. First Division action includes victories for leaders Liverpool and second-placed Manchester United.
11 March 1984: Sheffield Wednesday and Southampton draw 0–0 in the FA Cup quarter-final at Hillsborough in front of more than 43,000 fans.
13 March 1984: Midweek action in the First Division includes a six-goal thriller at Highfield Road, where local rivals Coventry City and Aston Villa draw 3-3. Luton Town climb three places to eighth with a 2–1 win over Ipswich Town, who are now on the brink of the relegation zone just two seasons after finishing as runners-up. Notts County keep their survival hopes alive with a 1–0 away win over Norwich City. Nottingham Forest remain in touch with the top two with a 1–0 home win over Everton.
14 March 1984: FA Cup surprise package Plymouth Argyle book a semi-final place by beating Derby County 1–0 in the quarter-final replay at the Baseball Ground, four days after the first match ended in a goalless draw at Home Park.
16 March 1984: The First Division title race takes something of a surprise turn when Southampton beat Liverpool 2–0 at The Dell, putting themselves eight points the leaders with two games in hand, and giving Manchester United the chance to go top of the table if they win this weekend.
17 March 1984: Manchester United go top of the First Division with a 4–0 home win over Arsenal. Nottingham Forest's title challenge is fading as they go down 1–0 at Aston Villa, as is West Ham's following a 4–1 defeat to Leicester City at Filbert Street. Ipswich Town drop in the relegation zone after a 1–0 defeat at Everton, with Stoke City's 2–1 home win over Birmingham City lifting them out of the bottom three.
20 March 1984: Southampton become the fourth team to reach the FA Cup semi-finals, thrashing Sheffield Wednesday 5–1 in a quarter-final replay at The Dell.
21 March 1984: Oxford United, heading for promotion glory under Jim Smith in the Third Division, sign high-scoring Newport County striker John Aldridge for £78,000. Liverpool go through to the European Cup semi-finals with a 5-1 aggregate win over SL Benfica. Bryan Robson is instrumental with two goals as Manchester United overturn a 2–0 deficit against Barcelona to win the second leg of their European Cup quarter-final tie 3-0 and secure their first European semi-final appearance for 15 years. Tottenham Hotspur and Nottingham Forest both go through to the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup.
24 March 1984: Southampton's title hopes are hit by a 4–0 defeat at QPR. Wolves fall closer towards relegation with a 4–1 defeat at Arsenal. Their local rivals West Bromwich Albion move closer to survival with a 3–0 home win over Stoke City in a relegation crunch game at The Hawthorns.
25 March 1984: Liverpool and Everton draw 0–0 in the first all-Merseyside Football League Cup final. The match will be replayed at a neutral venue on 28 March.
28 March 1984: Liverpool win an unprecedented fourth successive Football League Cup by beating Everton 1–0 in the replay at Maine Road with captain Graeme Souness scoring the only goal of the game.
31 March 1984: Liverpool return to the top of the First Division with a 2–0 away win over Watford, as Manchester United lose 2–0 at West Bromwich Albion. Arsenal's revival continues as they climb up to eighth place with a 4–1 away win over Coventry City.
2 April 1984: Tottenham manager Keith Burkinshaw announces that he will resign as manager at the end of the season after nearly eight years in charge.
4 April 1984: Peter Taylor resigns as manager of Second Division strugglers Derby County, and is replaced on a caretaker basis by veteran player Roy McFarland.
7 April 1984: The gap at the top of the First Division remains at two points as Liverpool defeat West Ham 6–0 at Anfield and Manchester United beat Birmingham City 1–0 at Old Trafford. Watford's improved form is interrupted by a 6–1 defeat at Norwich. Nottingham Forest beat West Bromwich Albion 3–1 at the City Ground but are still nine points off the top of the table with eight games left to play. Wolves move closer towards relegation with a 1–0 defeat at home to Notts County, whose own survival hopes are boosted. The Second Division's top three clubs Chelsea, Sheffield Wednesday and Newcastle United are level on 69 points at the top of the table, seven points ahead of fourth-placed Manchester City, with the Owls having two games in hand over their direct rivals.
8 April 1984: Wolves sack manager Graham Hawkins after just under two years in charge.
9 April 1984: Thriving Arsenal's hopes of breaking into the top five are dented when they are held to a 0–0 draw by Everton at Goodison Park.
11 April 1984: Liverpool beat Dinamo Bucharest 1–0 in the European Cup semi-final first leg at Anfield. Manchester United draw 1–1 at home to Juventus in their first semi-final clash in the European Cup Winners' Cup. Tottenham's hopes of reaching the UEFA Cup final are dented by a 2–1 defeat to Hajduk Split in Yugoslavia, but Nottingham Forest go 2-0 up in the first leg of their semi-final clash at home to Anderlecht.
14 April 1984: Everton defeat Southampton 1–0 at Highbury in the FA Cup semi-finals to reach their first final for 16 years, while Watford reach the FA Cup final for the first time ever with a 1–0 win over giantkilling Plymouth Argyle at Villa Park. Liverpool lose 2–0 at Stoke City in the First Division, but Manchester United fail to take advantage and go down 1–0 at Notts County, allowing Joe Fagan's men to stay on top. Nottingham Forest fail to take advantage of the top two's defeat, and are only able to manage a 2–2 draw away to an Ipswich Town side who are still in the bottom three. Down in the Second Division, Cambridge United become the first team to be relegated this season, having won just two out of 36 games, while Swansea City are now almost certain to suffer a second successive relegation.
17 April 1984: Manchester United squander another chance to go top of the First Division, being held to a goalless draw at Watford. Nottingham Forest's title bid is fading fast as they go down 2–1 at Coventry City. Southampton beat Everton 3–1 at The Dell. West Ham keep up their bid for a UEFA Cup place with a 3–1 home win over Luton Town.
18 April 1984: The gap at the top of the First Division now stands at two points after Liverpool draw a thrilling game at Filbert Street 3–3 with Leicester City. Tottenham Hotspur remain in the hunt for another top-five finish by beating Aston Villa 2–1.
21 April 1984: Liverpool beat West Bromwich Albion 3–0 at Anfield in the First Division but Manchester United keep up the pressure on them with a 4–1 home win over Coventry City. Nottingham Forest's title challenge is practically over despite a 5–1 home win over Birmingham City. Southampton remain in with an outside chance of winning the title by beating West Ham 2–0 at The Dell. Wolves lose 3–0 at home to Ipswich Town, a result which boosts the Suffolk club's survival chances but leaves the hosts needing to win all six of their remaining games to have any chance of surviving even on goal difference.
23 April 1984: Wolves go down to the Second Division just one season after winning promotion, their relegation confirmed when they lose 2–0 to Everton at Goodison Park. Their local rivals West Bromwich Albion take another step closer to survival by beating Sunderland 3–1 at The Hawthorns. Ipswich Town climb out of the bottom three by beating East Anglian rivals Norwich City 2–0 at Portman Road. In the Second Division, Manchester City's promotion hopes are left looking slim after they lose 3–2 at home to Huddersfield Town, meaning that Sheffield Wednesday only need one point from their final six games to secure their return to the First Division after 14 years away. Newcastle United's title hopes are also given a huge boost with a 5–1 home win over Carlisle United.
25 April 1984: Liverpool reach their fourth European Cup final in eight seasons with a 3-1 aggregate win over Dinamo Bucharest in the semi-finals. Manchester United's hopes of European glory are ended when they lose their Cup Winners' Cup semi-final second leg 2–1 to Juventus in Turin. Nottingham Forest suffer a spectacular 3–0 defeat to Anderlecht in their UEFA Cup semi-final second leg tie in Belgium, after winning the first leg 2–0, ending their hopes of an all-English UEFA Cup final clash with Tottenham, who overcome Hajduk Split on away goals. Sheffield Wednesday's promotion celebrations are delayed by a 2–0 defeat to Middlesbrough at Ayresome Park.
28 April 1984: Southampton claim the biggest win of the First Division season with an 8-2 thrashing of Coventry City, with Steve Moran and Danny Wallace both scoring hat-tricks, keeping the Saints in contention for the title. Liverpool are held to a 2–2 draw at home to Ipswich Town, but Manchester United miss the chance to draw level on points with the leaders after West Ham hold them to a goalless draw at Old Trafford. QPR's faint hopes of winning the title are kept alive with a 2–1 home win over Tottenham. Sheffield Wednesday's promotion is confirmed by a 1–0 home win over Crystal Palace, and are joined in the First Division next season by Chelsea, who go up in style by beating Leeds United 5–0 at home with top scorer Kerry Dixon scoring a hat-trick, although the Second Division title has yet to be decided. Newcastle United only need four points from their final three games to be sure of promotion.
1 May 1984: Notts County keep their survival hopes alive with a 4–0 home win over Wolves.
2 May 1984: Manchester City's hopes of an immediate return to the First Division are ended by a 2–0 home defeat to Chelsea.
5 May 1984: The guessing game in the First Division title race continues as Liverpool are held to a goalless draw at Birmingham City, while Manchester United draw 1–1 with Everton at Goodison Park. QPR keep up their title push with a 3–0 away win over Notts County, in which Clive Allen scores a hat-trick, leaving the home side needing to win their final three games to stand any chance of survival. Derby County are on the brink of going down to the Third Division a mere nine years after being First Division champions, after a 4–0 away defeat to Newcastle United, who now need just a point from their final two games to be sure of ending their six-year absence from the First Division.
7 May 1984: Liverpool are now just two points away from being league champions for the third successive season, having beaten Coventry City 5–0 at Anfield while Manchester United lose 2–1 at home to Ipswich Town. Notts County's relegation is confirmed when they fail to break the deadlock against Sunderland in a goalless draw at Roker Park. Nottingham Forest's 5–1 home win over Watford books them a second successive UEFA Cup campaign. Newcastle United secure their return to the First Division with a 2–2 draw against Huddersfield Town at Leeds Road. Oldham Athletic's 2–1 home win over Grimsby Town confirms Derby County's relegation to the Third Division
9 May 1984: Tottenham Hotspur draw 1–1 with Anderlecht in the first leg of the UEFA Cup Final in Brussels.
10 May 1984: Ray Wilkins accepts an offer to join AC Milan from Manchester United in a £1.5 million deal at the end of the season.
12 May 1984: Liverpool's third successive league title (and 15th overall) is confirmed when they draw 0–0 at Notts County and their last remaining rivals Manchester United are held to a 1–1 draw at Tottenham, and outsiders Southampton are held to a goalless draw at Birmingham, who are relegated after Coventry City and Stoke City both win their final games of the season. Chelsea seal the Second Division title on goal difference ahead of Sheffield Wednesday.
14 May 1984: Alan Mullery departs Crystal Palace, ostensibly "by mutual consent" though Palace players suspect the sack. Meanwhile, veteran player Archie Gemmill is one of eight released by Derby County, who will spend their centenary season in the Third Division.
16 May 1984: Nottingham Forest beat Manchester United 2–0 to leapfrog their opponents in second place in the First Division on goal difference.
17 May 1984: In the last match of the First Division season, Southampton beat Notts County 3–1 to finish in second place – the highest finish in their history – while Nottingham Forest, Manchester United and QPR complete the top five and qualify for the UEFA Cup.
19 May 1984: Everton win their first major trophy in 14 years by defeating Watford 2–0 in the FA Cup final with goals from Graeme Sharp and Andy Gray. This gives them entry to next season's European Cup Winners' Cup.
21 May 1984: PFA Young Player of the Year Paul Walsh joins Liverpool from Luton Town for £700,000 as manager Joe Fagan lines him up as a potential long-term successor to the 33-year-old Kenny Dalglish.
23 May 1984: Tottenham Hotspur draw 1–1 with Anderlecht in the UEFA Cup final second leg at White Hart Lane, and win 4–3 on penalties to lift the trophy.
25 May 1984: Everton pay Sunderland £425,000 for 22-year-old midfielder Paul Bracewell.
30 May 1984: Liverpool lift the European Cup, beating A.S. Roma 4–2 on penalties after a 1–1 draw in Rome. They become the first English team to win three major competitions in the same season.
31 May 1984: Keith Burkinshaw is succeeded as Tottenham manager by his assistant Peter Shreeves.
10 June 1984: John Barnes scores a spectacular goal for England in their 2–0 away win over Brazil in a friendly. After Luther Blissett and Mark Chamberlain 18 months previously, he becomes only the third black player to score for the full England team.
12 June 1984: Liverpool midfielder Graeme Souness departs for Italian club Sampdoria in a £650,000 deal.
22 June 1984: Coventry City sign 26-year-old goalkeeper Steve Ogrizovic from Shrewsbury Town for £72,000.
28 June 1984: AC Milan sign Portsmouth striker Mark Hateley for £915,000.
National team
The England national football team had failed to qualify for Euro 84 but the FA kept faith in manager Bobby Robson. England also performed badly at the 1984 British Home Championship, coming joint second with Wales behind Northern Ireland but only scoring two goals in the process. However, a tour to South America during June instigated to replace the European Championship for the England team was more successful, with a notable victory over Brazil in the Maracana Stadium.
American tour
European football
Liverpool also won the European Cup, to complete a unique treble of trophies. Keith Burkinshaw resigned after seven years as Tottenham Hotspur manager, and went out on a high after his side won the UEFA Cup.
FA Cup
Everton overcame Watford 2–0 at Wembley to win the FA Cup, with goals from Graeme Sharp and Andy Gray. The biggest shock of the season came in the third round, when AFC Bournemouth beat holders Manchester United 2–0.
League Cup
Liverpool won their fourth successive League Cup, with a 1–0 win over neighbours Everton in a replay.
Football League
First Division
Liverpool went from strength to strength by becoming only the third English team to win three successive First Division titles and the first to win three major trophies in the season, as they won their fourth European Cup in eight seasons and their fourth Football League Cup in succession. But they were not without their contenders in the title race, which was not won until the beginning of May. Southampton enjoyed their best league season ever, finishing runners-up and reaching the semi-finals of the FA Cup (being unlikely contenders for the double until the final weeks of the season), while Nottingham Forest finished third, also taking in a run to the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup. Manchester United led the league more than once during the season but their form collapsed in the run-in and they finished fourth, the brightest moment of the season coming when they overhauled a two-goal deficit in the quarter-finals of the European Cup Winners' Cup to overcome a Barcelona side containing world superstar Diego Maradona. The top five was completed by newly promoted QPR, whose manager Terry Venables then accepted an offer to manage Barcelona.
After a dismal start to the season which saw many fans calling for the dismissal of manager Howard Kendall, Everton's fortunes took a dramatic upturn following the arrival of striker Andy Gray, which saw any fears of relegation swiftly forgotten as they climbed up the table and eventually finished seventh, and then ended their 14-year trophy drought by winning the FA Cup. Everton also reached the final of the Football League Cup, but were beaten in a replay by their Merseyside neighbours.
Tottenham Hotspur manager Keith Burkinshaw stepped down at the end of the campaign after eight years in charge, but went out on a high by winning the UEFA Cup. Watford climbed to a secure mid table finish after the arrival of high scoring striker Mo Johnston lifted them clear of the relegation zone, and they also reached their first ever FA Cup final, but lost to Everton.
Wolverhampton Wanderers suffered a swift return to the Second Division with just six wins all season, and were joined in the drop zone by Notts County and local rivals Birmingham City. Coventry City climbed clear of the drop zone after a turnaround in the final few games which had followed a dramatic slump down the table, while Luton Town's survival was ensured by an excellent first half of the season before a post-Christmas slump.
Second Division
A year after narrowly avoiding relegation, Chelsea thrived in the Second Division and won the title on goal difference, thanks largely to the prolific scoring of new striker Kerry Dixon. Sheffield Wednesday finished runners-up to end their 14-year exile from the First Division. The final promotion place went to Newcastle United, whose former England striker Kevin Keegan retired after achieving the objective of promotion that had been his clear target when signing for the Tynesiders two years earlier.
Although the top three all secured promotion before the final game of the campaign, there had been no shortage of competition in the promotion race for much of the season, from the likes of Manchester City, Grimsby Town and Carlisle United.
Dave Bassett agreed to take charge of Crystal Palace at the end of the season, but changed his mind three days later – without signing the contract – and returned to Wimbledon. Palace installed former Manchester United winger Steve Coppell, 29, as their new manager.
Cambridge United's six-year stay in the Second Division ended after a terrible season where they secured just four wins. Swansea City fared little better, going down for the second season running – a mere two years after finishing sixth in the First Division – as financial problems mounted. The last relegation place went to Derby County, First Division champions just nine years previously. Derby's Peter Taylor, who almost guided the club to the semi-finals in the FA Cup that season, resigned as manager and was succeeded by Arthur Cox, who had just taken Newcastle into the First Division.
Administration entrance and exit without arrangements = Swansea City
Third Division
Jim Smith, who had guided Birmingham City into the First Division four years earlier, made use of Robert Maxwell's funds to strengthen Oxford United and this policy paid off at the second attempt as he led Oxford United to the Third Division title by a wide margin. Also going up were Wimbledon and Sheffield United, while Hull City failed to follow Wimbledon to a second successive promotion only on goals scored. Walsall, who enjoyed an impressive run to the Football League Cup semi-finals which included knocking out Arsenal and costing Gunners manager Terry Neill his job after seven years, finished sixth in the league. Millwall, who had achieved a remarkable escape from relegation a year earlier under new manager George Graham, progressed to ninth place in the Third Division.
Narrowly avoiding the Third Division drop zone were Plymouth Argyle, who compensated for their dismal league form by reaching the FA Cup semi finals for the first time in their history.
Exeter City, Port Vale, Southend United and Scunthorpe United ended the season relegated to the Fourth Division. New owner Anton Johnson made an instrumental move to reverse Southend's decline by appointed England's World Cup winning captain Bobby Moore as manager.
Fourth Division
York City became the first English league team to amass 100 league points in a season, and in doing so clinched the Fourth Division title and a place in the Third Division. Leeds United legend Billy Bremner took Doncaster Rovers to promotion as runners-up, while Reading climbed out of the league's basement division in third place. The final promotion place went to a Bristol City side on the comeback trail after their recent catastrophic hat-trick of relegations and near brush with closure. Aldershot just missed out on promotion, as did a Blackpool side who had been under threat of closure and loss of league status a year earlier.
Chester propped up the league, and had to apply for re-election along with Hartlepool United, Halifax Town and Rochdale. All four clubs retained their league status.
Top goalscorers
First Division
Ian Rush (Liverpool) – 32 goals
Second Division
Kerry Dixon (Chelsea) – 28 goals
Third Division
Keith Edwards (Sheffield United) – 33 goals
Fourth Division
Trevor Senior (Reading) – 36 goals
Non-league football
The divisional champions of the major non-League competitions were:
Star players
Luton Town's promising young striker Paul Walsh was voted PFA Young Player of the Year, and would soon join Liverpool to team up with Ian Rush – who had been voted both PFA Players' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year.
Also hitting the headlines were Watford winger John Barnes, Manchester United midfielder Bryan Robson and Everton midfielder Peter Reid.
Retiring striker Kevin Keegan ended his playing career on a high as he helped Newcastle United gain promotion to the First Division.
Star managers
Joe Fagan became the first manager to lead an English club to three major trophies in the same season as he ended his first season as Liverpool manager as league champions, League Cup winners and European Cup winners.
Howard Kendall won his first major trophy as Everton manager in shape of the FA Cup.
Keith Burkinshaw resigned from Tottenham at the end of the season but ended his time at the club on a high note by winning the UEFA Cup.
Lawrie McMenemy guided Southampton to their highest-ever league finish – runners-up in the First Division.
John Neal guided Chelsea to the Second Division championship with a new-look side, having helped the club narrowly avoid relegation to the Third Division a year earlier.
Howard Wilkinson brought First Division football back to Sheffield Wednesday just a few seasons after they had narrowly avoided relegation to the Fourth Division.
Arthur Cox helped Newcastle United return to the First Division before suddenly quitting and moving to fallen giants Derby County in hope of reversing their sharp decline.
Jim Smith took Oxford United to title glory in the Third Division.
Dennis Smith took York City to the Fourth Division championship.
Dave Bassett took Wimbledon into the Second Division in only their seventh season as a Football League club.
Famous debutants
29 August 1983: Mark Bowen, 19-year-old defender, makes his debut for Tottenham Hotspur in 1–1 draw with Coventry City at White Hart Lane.
12 October 1983: Stuart Pearce, 21-year-old defender, makes his debut for Coventry City in 2–1 win over Queen's Park Rangers at Highfield Road after signing from non-league Wealdstone.
5 November 1983: Tony Adams, 17-year-old defender, makes his debut for Arsenal in a 2–1 home defeat against Sunderland, a month after his 17th birthday.
13 January 1984: Graeme Hogg, 19-year-old defender, makes his debut for Manchester United in 1–1 draw with Queen's Park Rangers at Loftus Road.
16 May 1984: Clayton Blackmore, 19-year-old winger/defender, makes his debut for Manchester United in 2–0 defeat by Nottingham Forest at the City Ground.
Deaths
31 October 1983: George Smith, 68, played 125 league games at centre-half for Charlton Athletic, Brentford, QPR and Ipswich Town between 1938 and 1950. He was capped once for England and after retirement had spells as manager of four different non-league clubs before serving in the Football League in charge of Crystal Palace and finally a nine-year spell at Portsmouth which ended in 1970. He died at Bodmin, Cornwall.
5 December 1983: Les Talbot, 73, played for Blackburn Rovers and Cardiff City in the 1930s and finished his playing career in 1947 at Walsall. He then moved to the Netherlands where he managed seven clubs between 1949 and 1972, and stayed there until his death.
10 February 1984: Tommy Briggs, 60, scored 256 Football League goals in a 12-year career which began in 1946 and took him from Grimsby Town to Coventry City, and then to Birmingham City and Blackburn Rovers before he completed his playing career back at Grimsby.
4 April 1984: Frank Mitchell, 61, who was born in Australia but spent his whole playing career in England, made 361 Football League appearances between 1946 and 1958 for Birmingham City, Chelsea and Watford.
23 April 1984: Harry Hibbs, 77, kept goal for England 25 times between 1924 and 1939 and also played 358 times for Birmingham City in the Football League. He later managed Walsall for seven years.
13 June 1984: Ken Armstrong, 60, wing-half from Chelsea 1955 league title winning team, died in New Zealand, where he had coached the national side for two spells between 1958 and 1980.
18 June 1984: Arthur Chandler, 88, was Leicester City's all-time leading goalscorer, finding the net 259 times in the league and 273 in all competitions between 1923 and 1935. He also scored a further 16 league goals for his first club QPR and six for his last club Notts County.
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384%20in%20English%20football
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Epitadeus was an early 4th-century BC Spartan ephor, who strengthened conservative class distinctions by allowing gifts of land to independent citizens (Spartiates). This 4th century rhetra allowed the Spartiatai to dispose of their private land at will rather than by conventional hereditary descent. This information is derived from a passage Plutarch's Life of Agis, who describes Epitadeus as headstrong and violent, and changing the rule as the result of a quarrel with his son. Epitadeus is mentioned by no other ancient sources, and may well be a fictional character employed to explain the decline in the alleged equality of Sparta.
References
Government of Sparta
4th-century BC Spartans
Ephors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitadeus
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The Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom ( ) was a state in the British Aden Protectorate, the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South, and its successor, the Federation of South Arabia. Its capital was Sa'id. The area of the former state is now central part of the Shabwah Governorate of the Republic of Yemen.
History
The Lower Aulaqi sultans separated from the Upper Aulaqi in the 18th century and the Upper Aulaqi sheikhs of Said made themselves gradually independent from the Upper Aulaqi Sultanate of Nisab during the same period.
Shaikh Farid bin Nasir died on 2 June 1883 and was succeeded by his eldest son Ruweis.
Ruweis was deposed by his tribesmen in 1890 and was succeeded by his brother Um Rasas bin Farid, who died in July 1902 and was succeeded by his brother the present Shaikh, Muhsin bin Farid.
In 1889 the Upper Aulaqi Shaikh voluntarily signed an agreement abandoning all customary rights over the Fadhli and Abdali.
On 8 December 1903 a treaty was concluded at Aden with the Upper Aulaqi Shaikh and was ratified on 5 February 1904.
In October 1918 Shaikh Yeslam Barweis, son of the late Upper Aulaqi Shaikh received a Commission in the 1st Yemen Infantry as Yuzbashi in which he remained till its disbandment in March 1925. On the raising of the Aden Protectorate Levies in April 1928 he became Senior Arab Officer and remained so until his death in September 1929.
In 1931, the population of this tribe was estimated at 30,000.
It was a founding member of the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South in 1959 and its successor, the Federation of South Arabia, in 1963.
The last sheikh, Amir Abd Allah ibn Muhsin al Yaslami Al Aulaqi, was deposed on 28 August 1967 and his state was abolished in November 1967 upon the founding of the People's Republic of South Yemen.
Rulers
The rulers of the Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom bore the title Shaykh al-Mashyakha al-`Awlaqiyya al-`Ulya.
Sheikhs
..... - .... Amir Daha
.... - .... Amir Yaslam ibn Daha
.... - .... Amir `Ali ibn Yaslam
.... - .... Amir `Amm Dayb ibn `Ali al-Yaslami al-`Awlaqi
.... - .... Amir Ruways ibn `Amm Dayb al-Yaslami al-`Awlaqi
.... - .... Amir Nasir ibn Ruways al-Yaslami al-`Awlaqi
1871? - 2 Jun 1883 Amir Farid ibn Nasir al-Yaslami al-`Awlaqi
1883 - 1890 Amir Ruways ibn Farid al-Yaslami al-`Awlaqi
1890 - Jul 1902 Amir `Amm Rassas ibn Farid al-Yaslami al-`Awlaqi
1902 - 1959 Amir Muhsin ibn Farid al-Yaslami al-`Awlaqi
1959 - 28 Aug 1967 Amir `Abd Allah ibn Muhsin al-Yaslami al-`Awlaqi
See also
Upper Aulaqi Sultanate
Aden Protectorate
References
External links
Map of Arabia (1905-1923) including the states of Aden Protectorate
States in the Aden Protectorate
Federation of South Arabia
Former monarchies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper%20Aulaqi%20Sheikhdom
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Las Trampas or just Trampas (Spanish: "traps"), is a small unincorporated town in Taos County, New Mexico. Founded in 1751, its center retains the original early Spanish colonial defensive layout from that time, as well as the 18th-century San José de Gracia Church, one of the finest surviving examples of Spanish Colonial church architecture in the United States. The village center was designated a National Historic Landmark District (the Las Trampas Historic District) in 1967.
Geography
Las Trampas is located on the scenic High Road to Taos (New Mexico State Road 76) in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. it is approximately halfway between Santa Fe to the south and Taos to the north. The town has an elevation of .
The town has a post office, with the ZIP code 87576; the US Postal Service prefers the name "Trampas". No ZIP Code Tabulation Area information for 87576 is available from Census 2000.
History
After several failed attempts, Santo Tomas Apostol del Rio de Las Trampas was founded in 1751 by 12 families from Santa Fe. It was the second genízaro settlement (after Belen) and the primary purpose of its establishment was to protect the town of Santa Cruz, southwest, from raids by the Ute, Comanche, and Apache Indians. The genízaros were also Indians, but detribalized and with a history of serving as slaves and servants of the Spanish colonists. They were important in the frontier defense of New Mexico. For the genízaros, relocation to Trampas and other frontier settlements was a means of acquiring land. Also among the early settlers were Tlaxcalans, Mexican Indians who had a long history of assisting the Spanish, and mestizos.
The small community consisted of little more than the central plaza, ringed by houses, which were surrounded by a low adobe wall. The village grew despite attacks from Native Americans, and by 1776 there were 63 families and 278 inhabitants recorded. The people in that year were described as "a ragged lot...as festive as they [were] poor, and very merry." They spoke "local Spanish" mingled with the Tanoan language of the Taos Pueblo and most spoke some words of the Comanche, Ute, and Apache languages. The village remained largely isolated, except for travelers on the mountain road, until the 1920s.
The town is well known for the San José de Gracia Church, built between 1760 and 1776 and considered a model of the adobe colonial Spanish missions in New Mexico.
Historic district
The Las Trampas Historic Historic District, designated in 1967, encompasses the central village, whose buildings largely follow the plan originally laid out in 1751. Most of the buildings themselves date to the 19th century, often with late 19th-century alterations. The church, itself a National Historic Landmark for its architecture, is the only surviving 18th-century building. The original defensive wall that surrounded the village has been removed, and no significant traces of it remain.
Gallery
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Taos County, New Mexico
List of National Historic Landmarks in New Mexico
References
External links
NPS National Historical Districts: Las Trampas Historic District webpage
Las Trampas photos at the Library of Congress
NPS National Historical Landmarks: San José de Gracia (church) webpage
Archive.org: The Architecture of San José de Gracia
American Southwest, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
Towns in Taos County, New Mexico
Unincorporated communities in New Mexico
National Historic Landmarks in New Mexico
Populated places established in 1751
1751 establishments in New Spain
Sangre de Cristo Mountains
Spanish-American culture in New Mexico
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico
National Register of Historic Places in Taos County, New Mexico
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las%20Trampas%2C%20New%20Mexico
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The Passfield White Paper, issued October 20, 1930, by colonial secretary Lord Passfield (Sidney Webb), was a formal statement of British policy in Palestine, which previously had been set by the Churchill White Paper of 1922. The new statement resulted from the Hope-Simpson Commission's investigation into the deeper causes of the 1929 Palestine riots, that initially started over access to the Western Wall. The white paper limited official Jewish immigration to a much greater degree.
The paper's tone was decidedly anti-Zionist since several of its institutions were severely criticized, including the Histadrut (General Federation of Labor) and the Jewish Agency, which both promoted Jewish employment of only Jewish labor, thereby supporting the ejection of Palestinians from purchased land, most who previously worked under a tenant farming system. Like the Hope-Simpson Report, the Passfield White Paper found this Zionist policy damaging to the economic development of the Arab population. It concluded that Jewish immigration to Palestine was taking land from the Arab fellahs; sales of land to Jewish settlers should in future be restricted, and Arab unemployment levels should be a factor in considering permitted levels of Jewish immigration to Palestine. Furthermore, a legislative council should be formed which would represent the (Arab) majority of its population. In support of the supposed shortage of land in Palestine, Passfield's wife Beatrice Webb claimed that there was "no room to swing a cat" there.
Zionists claimed it backtracked from what they felt were commitments in the Balfour Declaration and, if implemented, would limit Jewish immigration to Palestine. Contrary to these claims, the White Paper states that the development of a Jewish National Home in Palestine is a consideration, which would enjoy continued support, but it was not central to mandate governance. The paper states that the British intend to fulfill their mandate obligations to both Palestinians and Jews, and they would resolve any conflicts that might surface as a result of their respective needs.
Zionist organizations worldwide mounted a vigorous campaign against the document. In Britain it led to British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald's clarification of the white paper in front of the British House of Commons and in a letter to Chaim Weizmann in 1931 (see below) known as the MacDonald Letter.
The MacDonald Letter aimed to placate the Zionists while disturbing the Palestinians as little as possible. When many Zionists took the letter as a withdrawal of the white paper, it became labelled the 'black letter' by Palestinians . This was despite the fact that Prime Minister said in parliament on 11 February 1931 that he was "very unwilling to give the letter the same status as the dominating document" i.e. the Passfield White Paper. The letter itself also stated that it aimed to provide justice to "non-Jewish sections of the community". By confirming that the policy of the Palestine Mandate was to continue to support Jewish immigration, the Letter in effect negated some of the implications of the White Paper and facilitated increasing immigration during the growth of antisemitism in Europe in the 1930s.
See also
Peel Commission, 1937
References
Bibliography
Hyamson, Albert Montefiore, Palestine: A Policy. Methuen, 1942
Shapira, Anita (2014). Ben-Gurion - Father of Modern Israel. Nerw Haven and London: Yale University Press. .
Jewish Virtual Library: Passfield White Paper
1930 in Mandatory Palestine
1929 Palestine riots
Documents of Mandatory Palestine
White papers
1930 documents
Documents of the United Kingdom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passfield%20white%20paper
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Rona is situated beside the river Gelgia, the village consists of three parts, the old lower village (Rona), the upper village (Ruegna) and the new lower village (Rieven).
There is a church in the upper village and two pubs/restaurants in the old lower village.
The valley in which the village lies was chosen as the site of a hydroelectric dam but, following local protest, the village was spared and the dam moved upstream to Mamorera.
Surses
Former municipalities of Graubünden
Villages in Graubünden
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rona%2C%20Switzerland
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The Stop the War Committee was an anti-war organisation that opposed the Second Boer War. It was formed by William Thomas Stead in 1899. Its president was John Clifford and prominent members included Lloyd George and Keir Hardie. The group was generally seen as pro-Boer.
Against the background of political campaigning for the khaki election of 1900, Stop-The-War distributed millions of posters, cartoons and broadsheets, handing out leaflets to commuters on trains.
Its resolutions were religiously-inspired and utopian in their approach. The Committee united various Nonconformists who held different views in relation to socialism. However, the high moral tone of its pronouncements failed to achieve support from the working class, and provoked stronger antagonism than the more rational approach of the South African Conciliation Committee.
See also
Anti-war
Opposition to the Second Boer War
List of anti-war organizations
List of peace activists
References
Peace organisations based in the United Kingdom
Second Boer War
South Africa–United Kingdom relations
Organizations established in 1899
Anti-war movement
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop%20the%20War%20Committee
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Fresh Radio was a local radio station broadcasting to the Yorkshire Dales in northern England on two medium wave (AM) frequencies and three FM frequencies. It was also heard online via the Fresh Radio website.
Transmission
Two of the three AM frequencies were originally to be switched off by April 2007 and replaced by FM transmitters in Skipton, Ilkley, Pateley Bridge, Settle, Richmond and Grassington. The FM transmitter for Richmond on 102.6 FM commenced broadcasts on 11 February 2007 on 102.6 FM, however the rollout elsewhere was delayed, and AM kept being broadcast in Richmond, alongside the FM frequency.
The Ilkley transmitter also began broadcasting on 107.1 FM as of 18 February 2007, a frequency also used by the former AM Pateley Bridge transmitter, while AM broadcasting continued on 936 AM covering Wensleydale, 1413 AM from Skipton and 1431 AM from Settle.
The station's main studio was based at Broughton Hall near Skipton. Fresh Radio broadcast to an area of approximately to an adult population of around 200,000 people.
Its coverage area was, broadly, bounded by the M6 motorway to the west, the A1(M) to the east, the A66 to the north, and the towns of Skipton, Keighley and Ilkley to the south.
Digital Radio
In September 2007 it was announced that the station would launch on DAB across North Yorkshire.
The same month MuxCo applied for a local DAB Digital Radio licence to cover the North Yorkshire area, and was awarded the licence in December 2007. It aimed initially to commence broadcasting in mid-2009.
Content
The station featured a variety of music, with contemporary recording artists from the 1960s to the present day, local and national news, weather, travel, quizzes and local information.
History
Fresh Radio was launched 4 May 1997 as Yorkshire Dales Radio with the strapline "May the fourth be with you". The station was re-launched in 1999 as Fresh AM, with a slight change of name two years later to Fresh Radio pending the introduction of FM frequencies.
The station was originally owned by a group of local shareholders with a board of founding directors including Chris Parkin (chairman) and James Wilson (Company Secretary), it was then acquired by Laser Broadcasting, and then Utopia Broadcasting Ltd, which was owned by local businessman Roger Tempest, owner of Broughton Hall, near Skipton.
Under head of news James Wilson, Fresh Radio's coverage of local news was mentioned in opinion presented by Boris Johnson to the 2004 House of Commons Second Standing Committee on Delegated Legislation, following the 2001 Foot and Mouth outbreak. Johnson stated: "I believe that it [Fresh Radio] was an important focal point during the foot and mouth outbreak... It would be hard to think of a more perfect definition of a community radio".
The station was sold to UKRD on Friday 6 January 2012 and went into automated programming. The last presenter heard on air was Nick Babb. It ceased transmission at 6 pm on the same day.
Plans were unveiled to merge the station into Stray FM, covering an enlarged coverage area from existing studios in Harrogate but Stray FM subsequently dropped transmission to the northern Dales, leaving the area previously covered by the 936 kHz AM transmitter at Hawes with no independent local commercial radio. However, a new community station, Dales Radio, was licensed in November 2013 and is expected to cover the area which lost out when UKRD decided to cease broadcasting the enlarged Stray FM in the northern Dales area.
Awards
Fresh Radio was named "Yorkshire and The North East Radio Station of the Year" in 2004, and again in 2006, by the Radio Academy.
References
External links
North Yorkshire
Radio stations in Yorkshire
Craven District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh%20Radio
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Shane Cullinan is a composer, arranger and lyricist whose work ranges from compositions for TV and film to orchestral dramas and opera.
Life and career
Cullinan has worked independently as a composer and arranger since graduating from Nottingham Trent University.
His focus for composition for string quartet came in the form of a residency at Princeton University, New Jersey and featured on his first commercial recording, Y=-X2. His film credits include the music to Insight In Mind, The Nuclear Train and The Silent Train, all for Channel 4. His score to Insight In Mind, a short film about mental illness, was screened at the National Film Theatre, London, in 2003.
His first orchestral drama, The Pieta, had its world premiere in St James's Church, Piccadilly, London in May 2009, featuring actor Frances Barber as the narrator with a subsequent cast recording being commercially released through Cayos Records.<ref>The work was revived for a performance at Royal Northern College of Music in 2017
The text and score to his work The Magpie was the inspiration behind the play, Dirty Pretty Secrets, which premiered at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 2004.
Cullinan works with his orchestral collective, Tonic Fold, who have released three albums since 2002. They include Numbers Rush By which was released in January 2008 and won the Overplay Songwriters Award 2008 and was shortlisted for the UK Songwriters Awards 2008.
His album, The Violent Language of Portraits, features guest artists Kathy Burke, David McAlmont, Chris New, Rachel Tucker and Tom Parsons and is being released in late 2012.
Cullinan has continued to work for theatre and film and on projects with the Royal Opera House, The Urban Culture Project, Tonic Fold, Cargem Theatre, Hanby & Barrett, and Channel 4. In 2017 he was appointed as composer and musical director for the prolific West-End production of Lady Windermere's Fan directed by Kathy Burke starring Jennifer Saunders, Samantha Spiro, Kevin Bishop and Joseph Marcell, produced by Dominic Dromgoole Classic Spring Company at Vaudeville Theatre London.
Discography
Albums
Y=-X2 - Shane Cullinan (EP)
The Beachcomber - Shane Cullinan (1997)
Letter to East - Shane Cullinan (1999)
Demonstration – Shane Cullinan (2000)
The Run - Tonic Fold (2002) (EP)
The Magdalens - Tonic Fold (2003)
Numbers Rush By – Tonic Fold (2007)
The Pieta - Shane Cullinan (2009)
The Violent Language of Portraits - Tonic Fold (2013)
Theatre
Lady Windermere's Fan, Director Kathy Burke, Vaudeville Theatre London
The Acid Circus, Castlegate Hall in Nottingham and Town Hall Manchester
Dirty Pretty Secrets, Edinburgh Festival Fringe
Anthony on a Bench on a Hill, in pre-production
Opera
Tacitly Type Tabes, Bonnington Gallery, Nottingham
The Pieta, St James's Church, Piccadilly, London & RNCM Manchester
Film/TV
Becca's Earth (Soundtrap/Channel 4 pilot)
The Nuclear Train (Channel 4, Animate! series)
Insight In Mind (Swings And Roundabouts in association with Arts Council England)
Discography
Albums
Y=-X2 - Shane Cullinan (1997) (EP)
The Beachcomber - Shane Cullinan (1997)
Letter to East - Shane Cullinan (1999)
Demonstration – Shane Cullinan (2000)
The Run - Tonic Fold (2002) (EP)
The Magdalens - Tonic Fold (2003)
Numbers Rush By – Tonic Fold (2007)
The Pieta - Shane Cullinan (2009)
The Violent Language of Portraits - Tonic Fold (2013)
Theatre
The Acid Circus, Castlegate Hall in Nottingham and Town Hall Manchester, 1998
Dirty Pretty Secrets, Edinburgh Festival Fringe, 2008
Anthony on a Bench on a Hill, in pre-production, 2013
Up The Garden Path, in collaboration with Tim Benzie and Paul Joseph, in pre-production, 2013
Opera
Tacitly Type Tabes, Bonnington Gallery, Nottingham, 1999
The Pieta, St James's Church, Piccadilly, London, 2008
Film/TV
Becca's Earth (Soundtrap/Channel 4 pilot), 2006
The Nuclear Train (Channel 4, Animate! series), 2004
Insight In Mind (Swings And Roundabouts in association with Arts Council England), 2003
External links
Shane Cullinan's official website
Shane Cullinan on Soundcloud
The Times Interview
Review of The Pieta
Review of Tonic Fold
References
1975 births
British composers
Alumni of Nottingham Trent University
Living people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane%20Cullinan
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E39 may refer to:
Tetrasodium EDTA, a cosmetics additive
BMW 5 Series (E39), the BMW 5 Series mid-size luxury car manufactured between 1995 and 2003
European route E39, a part of Norwegian national road system
HMS E39, a British E class submarine
E39 screw, a type of Edison screw
Asahikawa-Monbetsu Expressway, route E39 in Japan
Penang Outer Ring Road, route E39 in Malaysia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E39
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The Strange World of Planet X (a.k.a. Cosmic Monsters in the United States) is an independently made 1958 British science fiction horror film, produced by George Maynard and John Bash, directed by Gilbert Gunn, that stars Forrest Tucker and Gaby André. The film was distributed in the UK in February, 1958 by Eros Films. It was released in the US on July 7, 1958 by Distributors Corporation of America as a double feature with The Crawling Eye, also starring Tucker.
A monomaniacal scientist creates ultra-sensitive, disruptive magnetic fields, which have unexpected side effects, while also attracting unidentified flying objects from outer space. Strange things begin to happen, including a freak storm, blasts of cosmic radiation that penetrates the Earth's normally protective magnetic shield, and insects and spiders mutating into giant flesh-eating monsters.
The film, meant as a cautionary tale about science, was adapted by Paul Ryder and Joe Ambor from the 1957 Rene Ray novel of the same name; a made-for-TV serial, adapted by Rene Ray in 1956, had aired previously in the UK and was the basis for the feature film.
Plot
In the south of England, at an isolated laboratory near a small village, physicist Dr. Laird (Alec Mango) is assisted by American scientist Gilbert Graham (Forrest Tucker). They are performing a series of advanced and dangerous experiments with magnetic fields, while using massive amounts of power in equipment never designed to carry such loads. An accident occurs and injures another assistant, after which a request for a replacement sent to the Ministry of Defence brings Brigadier Cartwright (Wyndham Goldie) down to investigate. He is accompanied by a woman computer expert, Michele Dupont (Gaby Andre), who helps to solve Laird's power problem, but not the larger risks inherent in his experiments.
Cartwright is impressed when an interrupted experiment transforms several pieces of steel, not in the test chamber, into useless lumps of powder. His report convinces the Deputy Defence Minister Gerald Wilson (Geoffrey Chater) to make Laird's project a top priority. He sends down a full security team, led by counter-espionage expert Jimmy Murray (Hugh Latimer). It soon becomes clear, however, that enemy agents are the least of the dangers around Laird's project: The hyper-magnetic fields that he has generated have been affecting the ionosphere, causing unnatural weather patterns, threatening ships at sea hundreds of miles away, and also weakening the magnetic shield that protects the surface of the Earth from cosmic rays. A sudden burst of cosmic radiation from deep space causes brain damage in one local man, turning him into a homicidal maniac, while also causing the insect life to mutate in the area around the village and laboratory.
In the midst of this growing threat to the world's safety, a mysterious "Mr. Smith" (Martin Benson) arrives in the village. He is well-spoken, with little knowledge of ordinary life, but a great deal of knowledge about magnetic fields, while offering strong opinions about the dangerous experiments that Dr. Laird is conducting. Murray is positive that he is a spy, but Graham and Dupont decide that there is less threat from him than from the obstinate Dr. Laird, who plans on continuing his risky work. Even with "Mr. Smith"s dire warnings, the forest adjacent to the village is soon swarming with gigantic insects and other mutated monsters. Graham's and Dupont's best efforts fail to stop Dr. Laird, and so they alert the authorities to investigate and send in the military. Later, when leaving the laboratory, Dupont is threatened by the encroaching monsters and becomes trapped in the web of a giant spider. The army arrives in time and is able to destroy all the mutations, saving her life.
"Mr. Smith" reveals to Graham that he is an alien from another world (withholding its name). Later, Graham explains to Dupont, Murray, and Cartwright that "Mr. Smith" is actually an alien emissary from a "Planet X", while also informing them that Laird has gone mad and plans to continue his dangerous experiments. "Mr. Smith" explains that his mission is to warn humanity of the likelihood that Earth's orbit will be destabilized if the magnetic experiments will continue. They are already a threat to "Planet X", having caused the crash on Earth of one of their flying saucers. "Mr. Smith" is asked to help stop Dr. Laird, but being an emissary, he is at first reluctant. However, now faced with a continued threat, he agrees. They quickly leave and go back to stop Dr. Laird, who has already started up his equipment. "Mr. Smith" in the meantime has summoned his flying saucer using a hand-held device, positioning it directly above the laboratory. It fires down multiple rays that obliterate the building. With the coming disaster averted, the alien says his goodbyes to Graham and Dupont and walks to the landed saucer. It quickly becomes just an oval of light ascending into the night sky.
Cast
Forrest Tucker as Gil Graham
Gaby André as Michele Dupont
Martin Benson as Smith
Alec Mango as Dr. Laird
Wyndham Goldie as Brigadier Cartwright
Hugh Latimer as Jimmy Murray
Dandy Nichols as Mrs. Tucker
Richard Warner as Inspector Burns
Patricia Sinclair as Helen Forsyth
Geoffrey Chater as Gerard Wilson
Hilda Fenemore as Mrs. Hale
Release and reception
In his January 1, 1959 review in The New York Times, film critic Richard W. Nason did not mention the double feature's top-billed player, Forrest Tucker, and opined that "..."The Crawling Eye" and "The Cosmic Monster" do nothing to enhance or advance the copious genre of science fiction."
On its original theatrical release, it was notably unsuccessful at the box office. In the United States the film was distributed by Distributors Corporation of America who had a deal with a series of drive-in movie theaters and some traditional movie houses in Southeast Georgia, Southwest Georgia, coastal Georgia, the Central Savannah River Area, Central Georgia, Northeast Alabama, North Alabama, Northwest Alabama, Southeast Alabama and Northern Indiana. As a result the film was promoted more in those media markets and more widely distributed there.
Home media
The film was first released on VHS tape in the U.S. by Englewood Video, as part of their "Science Fiction Gold" series. Times Forgotten later released the film on DVD.
References
Bibliography
Warren, Bill. Keep Watching the Skies: American Science Fiction Films of the Fifties: 21st Century Edition. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2009 (first edition: Volume 1 (1982), Volume 2 (1986)). .
External links
In-depth review of the film
The Strange World of Planet X at Moria - Science Fiction, Horror and Fantasy Film Review
1958 films
1950s science fiction horror films
British black-and-white films
British science fiction horror films
Films based on science fiction novels
Giant monster films
Mad scientist films
Films based on British novels
Films shot at British National Studios
1950s English-language films
Films directed by Gilbert Gunn
1950s British films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Strange%20World%20of%20Planet%20X%20%28film%29
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Suzanne Haik Terrell (born July 8, 1954) is the first and only Republican woman elected to statewide office in Louisiana. A practicing attorney, Terrell was the state's final commissioner of elections, a position which she held from 2000 to 2004. In 2002, she was the Republican nominee for United States Senate, losing a hotly contested and closely watched race against incumbent Senator Mary Landrieu. In 2005, U.S. President George W. Bush appointed Terrell to a position as Deputy Assistant Secretary in the United States Department of Commerce's Economic Development Administration. Terrell is currently a partner with the New Orleans law firm of Hangartner, Rydberg, and Terrell.
Political career
As elections commissioner, Terrell streamlined department operations and advocated the merging of her office with the secretary of state, who already oversaw some elections operations. While in office Terrell's department won national recognition for its voting and registration systems. She was successful in abolishing her office as her term ended in 2004. No other Louisiana politician has abolished their current, occupied office.
2002 Senate election
Terrell challenged freshman Democratic Senator Mary Landrieu's bid for reelection. Terrell finished second in the first-round vote, beating two other Republicans, Congressman John Cooksey and State Rep. Tony Perkins. Landrieu finished first but fell short of a majority.
Since the runoff would not happen until December, the Landrieu-Terrell matchup was the last Senate race decided that year. Terrell's campaign attracted national attention, including visits from President George W. Bush and his father, George Herbert Walker Bush, and Vice President Dick Cheney. Terrell had been co-chairman of the Bush campaign in Louisiana and was a member of the National Finance Committee. She was an elector for the Bush-Cheney slate in 2000. The national party had taken an interest in Terrell's campaign because it could have made the difference in their chances at retaking the Senate. (As it happened, the GOP would take back the Senate even before the Louisiana race had been decided.)
Landrieu was re-elected largely on the basis of her 79,000-vote plurality in Orleans Parish. She polled roughly 42,000 votes ahead of Terrell statewide, defeating her 52-48 percent.
Later political career
In a debate with Landrieu in 2002, the senator lashed out at Terrell and told her the Senate race would be "her last campaign", but it was not. In 2003, Terrell ran unsuccessfully for attorney general of Louisiana, losing to the former sheriff of the Orleans parish, Charles C. Foti, Jr., 54 to 46 percent. Foti had been backed by the Landrieu family.
In 2005, President Bush appointed Terrell to a post at the United States Department of Commerce following Hurricane Katrina. In her position, Terrell was actively involved in economic development initiatives in the Gulf Region.
Personal life
Married since 1976 to Walter Lee Terrell, an ophthalmologist, Terrell has three daughters who were featured in an ad for her 2002 Senate campaign.
Her brother, Dr. Barrett George Haik (1951-2016) was the director of the Hamilton Eye Center in Memphis, Tennessee. Another brother, Dr. George M. Haik, Jr. (c. 1949-2021), was an ophthalmology at the George M. Haik Eye Clinic in New Orleans. Her surviving brother, Dr. Kenneth Haik (wife Diana), practices medicine in New Orleans.
References
External links
|-
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1954 births
20th-century American women politicians
20th-century American politicians
American politicians of Lebanese descent
Living people
Louisiana Republicans
Loyola University New Orleans College of Law alumni
New Orleans City Council members
Tulane University alumni
United States Department of Commerce officials
2000 United States presidential electors
Women city councillors in Louisiana
Candidates in the 2004 United States elections
21st-century American women politicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne%20Haik%20Terrell
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Jean-Talon Market is a farmer's market in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Located in the Little Italy district, the market is bordered by Jean-Talon Street to the north, Mozart Ave. to the south, Casgrain Ave. to the west and Henri-Julien Ave. to the east. It contains two city-maintained streets both called Place du Marché du Nord.
It is the largest market in Montreal and one of the largest open-air markets in North America.
History
The market was opened to the public in 1933 while Camillien Houde was the city mayor. Before that, the space the market now occupies was a lacrosse field for the "Shamrock Lacrosse Grounds" club.
The market's single building (the chalet) quickly became the focal point for development of the area around it. From the opening until 1961, the chalet was used as a terminal for buses heading to the neighbouring city of Laval. Between 1961 and 1970 a municipal library and a social services centre replaced the bus station. Since then, the space was occupied by administrative offices.
Major renovations were undertaken in 2004 to handle the crowds that populate the market during the summer months. An underground parking lot was constructed, and an above ground structure was built over the underground parking area, to host 20 specialty boutiques.
Activities
The market is open year-round, even during Montreal's severe winters, although during this time walls are placed around the central section of the market while outdoor areas remain vacant. During the peak summer period, between May and October, its open-air arcades are occupied by about 300 vendors, mostly farmers from the countryside around Montreal.
The open air market is surrounded by other food businesses: meat, fish and cheese stores, bulk food emporia, dealers in spices and imported goods, bakeries, restaurants and a branch of the SAQ, among others.
Stores surrounding the open-air market include:
La Fromagerie Hamel
William J. Walter boucherie
Joe la Croûte boulangerie
Maison de thé Camellia Sinensis
Since July 15, 2006 vehicles are banned from circulating inside the market's streets during the summer weekends.
See also
Atwater Market
References
External links
Marchés Publics de Montréal, the agency that runs Montreal-area farmer's markets
Commercial buildings in Montreal
Farmers' markets in Canada
Marché Jean-Talon
Montreal cuisine
Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie
Tourist attractions in Montreal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Talon%20Market
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The Upper Aulaqi Sultanate ( ) was a state in the British Aden Protectorate and the Federation of South Arabia. Its capital was Nisab.
History
The Lower Aulaqi sultans separated from the Upper Aulaqi in the 18th century.
In September 1879 Sultan Awadh bin Abdulla was dethroned in consequence of old age and was succeeded by his eldest son Abdulla.
Sultan Abdulla bin Awadh died on 11 December 1887 and was succeeded by his son the present Sultan, Salih bin Abdulla.
A treaty was concluded between the British and the Upper Aulaqi Sultan on 18 March 1904 and ratified on 23 April 1904.
The Upper Aulaqi Sultanate joined the Federation of South Arabia in June 1964, the last one to join. The last sultan was Sultan Awad ibn Salih Al Awlaqi.
The last ruler was deposed in 1967 upon the founding of the People's Republic of South Yemen and the area is now part of the Republic of Yemen.
Rulers
The ruler of the Upper Aulaqi Sultanate bore the title Sultan al-Saltana al-`Awlaqiyya al-`Ulya.
Sultans
....–.... Munassar
....–.... Farid ibn Munassar
....–1862 `Abd Allah ibn Farid
1862 – September 1879 `Awad ibn `Abd Allah
1879 – 11 December 1887 `Abd Allah ibn `Awad
December 1887 – 1935 Salih ibn `Abd Allah
1935 – 29 November 1967 `Awad ibn Salih al-`Awlaqi
See also
Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom
Aden Protectorate
References
External links
Map of Arabia (1905-1923) including the states of Aden Protectorate
History of Yemen
Sultanates
Former countries in the Middle East
18th-century establishments in Asia
1967 disestablishments in Asia
Former sultanates
Former British protectorates
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper%20Aulaqi%20Sultanate
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Macrozamia moorei is a cycad in the family Zamiaceae, native to Queensland (Australia).
The species was described by Ferdinand von Mueller in 1881, naming it after Charles Moore (1820–1905), director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney.
Description
Macrozamia moorei is the tallest-growing species of Macrozamia, growing to tall with a trunk 50–80 cm diameter. It has keeled leaves up to long, with short petioles bearing numerous spines, and 120–220 leaflets, each leaflet 20–35 cm long and 5–10 mm broad.
Cultivation
The plant is cultivated by specialty plant nurseries as an ornamental plant.
Gallery
References
Jones, David L. Cycads of the world. Australia, Reed Books (1993).
Harden, Gwen J. Flora of New South Wales. Kensington, NSW (Australia), New South Wales University Press (1990).
External links
The Cycad Pages: Macrozamia moorei
Macrozamia moorei F.Muell.
PACSOA: Macrozamia moorei
moorei
Flora of Queensland
Cycadophyta of Australia
Endemic flora of Australia
Least concern flora of Australia
Least concern biota of Queensland
Garden plants of Australia
Plants described in 1881
Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrozamia%20moorei
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The 1982–83 season was the 103rd season of competitive football in England.
Diary of the season
11 August 1982: Tottenham Hotspur pay Bristol Rovers £105,000 for defender Gary Mabbutt, who turns 21 later this month.
19 August 1982: Newcastle United pay Southampton £100,000 for Kevin Keegan.
21 August 1982: Liverpool beat Tottenham Hotspur 1–0 in the Charity Shield at Wembley with a goal from Ian Rush.
24 August 1982: The Shankly Gates are unveiled at Anfield, honouring former Liverpool manager Bill Shankly almost a year after his death.
25 August 1982: Arsenal sign 22-year-old striker Lee Chapman from Stoke City for £500,000.
26 August 1982: Bob Paisley announces that this season as Liverpool manager, his ninth in charge, will be his last.
28 August 1982: The first games of the First Division season are played. Manchester United achieve the biggest win of the opening day of the season beating Birmingham City 3–0. Peter Shilton exits Nottingham Forest in a £325,000 move to Southampton. In the Second Division, Kevin Keegan scores on his Newcastle debut in a 1–0 home win over QPR.
4 September 1982: Manchester City's victory over Watford ensures the Maine Road side are top of the table and the only First Division side with a 100% record after three games. Their win comes despite having outfield player Bobby McDonald as goalkeeper after Joe Corrigan is rendered unavailable after just three minutes. Paul Walsh scores his first three goals for Luton Town against Notts County as the Hatters win 5–3. Bob Latchford scores three of Swansea City's four without reply against Norwich City, Southampton's Justin Fashanu, on loan from Nottingham Forest, scores the winning goal in a 1–0 victory Aston Villa, West Bromwich Albion beat Manchester United and a Liverpool win 2–0 at Arsenal.
9 September 1982: Peter Beardsley, a 21-year-old former Carlisle United playing for Vancouver Whitecaps in Canada, signs for Manchester United in a £325,000 deal.
11 September 1982: Watford, in the First Division for the first time, go top of the league on goal difference (level with Manchester United and Manchester City) by beating West Bromwich Albion 3–0 in their fifth league game of the season. Ron Atkinson's side beat Ipswich Town 3–1 at Old Trafford. A six-goal thriller at Anfield sees Liverpool draw 3–3 with Luton Town. Aston Villa beat Nottingham Forest 4–1 at Villa Park. Stoke City beat Swansea City 4–1 at the Victoria Ground. West Ham United beat Birmingham City 5–0 at Upton Park. In the Second Division, Steve Lynex and Gary Lineker score hat-tricks in Leicester City's 6–0 home win over Carlisle United. A Yorkshire derby at Hillsborough sees Leeds United beat Sheffield Wednesday 3–2.
18 September 1982: Manchester United go top of the First Division with a 1–0 win over Southampton at The Dell. Liverpool go second with a 3–0 win over Swansea City at the Vetch Field. Stoke City go fourth by beating Ipswich Town 3–2 at Portman Road.
22 September 1982: England draw 2–2 with Denmark in Copenhagen in their opening 1984 European Championship qualifier, their first game under the management of Bobby Robson.
25 September 1982: Watford beat Sunderland 8–0 at Vicarage Road, with Luther Blissett scoring four goals and Ross Jenkins and Nigel Callaghan both scoring twice. Liverpool go top of the First Division with a 5–0 home win over Southampton after Manchester United are held to a goalless draw at home to Arsenal. Luton Town are the First Division's top scorers so far with 20 goals from their first seven games after drawing 4-4 at Stoke. Coventry City win 4–2 at home to Everton. There are 4–1 wins at home for Tottenham Hotspur against Nottingham Forest and West Ham United against Manchester City. In all, today's 11 First Division fixtures have produced a total of 50 goals.
30 September 1982: The month ends with defending champions Liverpool top of the First Division, with Manchester United in second place. Watford occupy third place, West Ham United and Tottenham Hotspur complete the top five, and Southampton, Birmingham City and Norwich City occupy the bottom three places. In the Second Division, surprise promotion contenders Grimsby Town head the race for a place in the First Division, joined by Wolverhampton Wanderers and Sheffield Wednesday in the top three.
2 October 1982: Liverpool's unbeaten start to the season ends when they are beaten 1–0 by Ipswich Town at Portman Road. However, Bob Paisley's men are still top of the First Division on goal difference after Manchester United are held to a 1–1 draw by Luton Town at Kenilworth Road.
6 October 1982: Nottingham Forest smash six past West Bromwich Albion in the League Cup.
9 October 1982: Manchester United go top of the First Division with a 1–0 home win over Stoke City, while Liverpool crash down to fifth place with a 3–1 defeat away to West Ham, who go second.
13 October 1982: Karl-Heinz Rummenigge scores twice as West Germany beat England 2–1 in a friendly at Wembley.
16 October 1982: Manchester United stay top of the First Division after a goalless draw with Liverpool at Anfield. West Ham squander the chance to go top by losing 3–0 at Southampton.
23 October 1982: First Division leaders Manchester United draw 2–2 in the Manchester derby at Old Trafford. West Ham miss another chance to go top of the league when they lose 3–1 to Brighton at the Goldstone Ground. West Bromwich Albion go second with a 1–0 home win over Luton Town. Fulham go top of the Second Division and look well-placed for a second successive promotion after winning 3–1 at home to Burnley.
30 October 1982: Liverpool go top of the First Division after they beat Brighton 3–1 at Anfield, while West Ham go second with a 3–1 home win over Manchester United. The top three are all level on 22 points after 12 games. West Bromwich Albion miss the chance to go top after they crash 6–1 at Ipswich.
6 November 1982: In the Merseyside derby at Goodison Park, Liverpool beat Everton 5–0 with four goals from Ian Rush and a further goal from Mark Lawrenson to maintain their lead of the First Division. West Ham's title hopes take a hit when they lose 5–2 at Stoke, as do Manchester United's with a 1–0 defeat at Brighton. Manchester City take advantage to go second with a 2–0 win over Southampton at Maine Road. Ipswich Town, runners-up in the league for the last two seasons, are now fourth from bottom after a 2–1 defeat at Nottingham Forest.
10 November 1982: Colchester United striker John Lyons, 26, dies at his home in Essex; he is believed to have committed suicide.
13 November 1982: The Ballon d'Or award winner for 1977, Allan Simonsen, scores on his début for Charlton Athletic, who are beaten 3–2 by Middlesbrough in the Second Division. In the First Division, Liverpool maintain a three-point lead at the top by beating Coventry City 4–0 at Anfield. West Ham go second with a 1–0 home win over bottom-of-the-table Norwich City. Manchester United maintain their title push with a 1–0 home win over Tottenham, as do Watford by beating Stoke City by the same scoreline at Vicarage Road. There are six goals in a thrilling clash at The Hawthorns, where West Bromwich Albion draw 3–3 with Swansea City.
17 November 1982: England beat Greece 3–0 in Salonika in a European Championship qualifier.
20 November 1982: The FA Cup first round ties produce giant-killing victories against Football League opposition for non-league sides Altrincham, Boston United, North Shields, Bishop's Stortford and Slough Town. Liverpool are now four points ahead at the top of First Division with a 2–1 win over Notts County at Meadow Lane. Watford go second with a 4–1 win at home to Brighton. Manchester United's title hopes are hit by a 2–1 away defeat to Aston Villa. Manchester City's hopes are hit by a goalless draw at home to struggling Birmingham City.
25 November 1982: Derby County are fined £10,000 and "warned as to their future conduct" by the Football League over breaches of two regulations relating to illicit negotiations with Roy McFarland, who resigns his post as player-manager at Bradford City to return to the club for a second spell as a player.
27 November 1982: The First Division title race sees Liverpool maintain their four-point lead over Watford, as Bob Paisley's team triumph 3–0 at home to Tottenham and Graham Taylor's side beat Arsenal 4–2 at Highbury.
30 November 1982: Liverpool remain top of the First Division as November draws to a close, four points ahead of second-placed Watford. Nottingham Forest, Manchester United and West Ham United complete the top five, while the bottom three clubs remain unchanged from the end of last month. Queens Park Rangers, Fulham and Sheffield Wednesday head the Second Division promotion race.
4 December 1982: Leaders Liverpool suffer a shock 1–0 defeat to Norwich City at Carrow Road. Manchester United go second with a 1–0 at Watford. Aston Villa go third with a 1–0 home win over West Ham. Nottingham Forest's title hopes are hit by a 3–2 defeat to local rivals Notts County at Meadow Lane. Down in the Second Division, Middlesbrough find themselves fifth from bottom and in real danger of a second consecutive relegation after they lose 4–0 at Wolves.
6 December 1982: Mike Bailey is sacked from his job as manager at Brighton & Hove Albion, reportedly because Albion's supporters deemed the team "too boring". Coach Jimmy Melia takes over. Millwall, bottom of the Third Division, appoint former Arsenal and Manchester United midfielder George Graham, 38, as their new manager.
11 December 1982: There is a major upset in the FA Cup second round as Third Division Wrexham lose 2–1 to non-league Worcester City. The gap between Liverpool and Manchester United at the top of the First Division remains three points wide after Bob Paisley guides his team to a 3–1 home win over Watford, and Ron Atkinson watches his side put four without reply past Notts County at Old Trafford. Nottingham Forest revive their title challenge with a 2–1 home win over Swansea City.
12 December 1982: Aston Villa lose the Intercontinental Cup final 2–0 to Argentine side Penarol in Tokyo.
15 December 1982: England beat Luxembourg 9–0 at Wembley in the European Championship qualifiers. Luther Blissett scores a hat-trick on his England debut and becomes the nation's first black goalscorer. Débutant Mark Chamberlain is also on the scoresheet.
18 December 1982: Liverpool extend their lead of the First Division to five points with a 4–2 away win over Aston Villa, while Manchester United can only manage a goalless away draw with Swansea City. In the Second Division promotion race, Wolves beat leaders QPR 4–0 at the Molineux to cut the gap between first and second place to three points. Wolves have a game in hand over the leaders and now have a superior goal difference.
22 December 1982: Everton sign 26-year-old midfielder Peter Reid from Bolton Wanderers in a £60,000 deal.
26 December 1982: With Boxing Day being on a Sunday for the last time until 1993, there are just two fixtures in the whole Football League. In the Second Division, promotion challengers Oldham Athletic and Leeds United draw 2–2 at Boundary Park. In the Third Division, there is a London derby at The Den, where Millwall lose 1–0 at home to Orient in a relegation crunch match.
27 December 1982: Liverpool remain in pole position at the top of the First Division with a 5–2 home win over Manchester City. There is an East Anglian derby clash at Portman Road, where Norwich boost their survival bid with a 3–2 win over their Suffolk neighbours. Birmingham City are on the winning side at home to their neighbours Aston Villa, winning 3–0 to dent Tony Barton's team's hopes of winning a second league title in three seasons, while Birmingham's three points are vital in their battle to avoid relegation. Wolves go top of the Second Division with a 2–0 away win over Shrewsbury Town, as QPR lose 2–1 at home to London rivals Chelsea.
29 December 1982: Watford rise to third in the table with a win over West Ham, who move into fifth. At the lower reaches of the table, Norwich beat Luton and Birmingham draw with Swansea; all four clubs and Brighton are separated by four points. In the Second Division, QPR beat Charlton to go level on points with Wolverhampton Wanderers at the top of the table.
31 December 1982: The year ends with Liverpool's lead at the top of the First Division increased to six points, with Nottingham Forest their nearest challengers and Watford and Manchester United two points further back. Sunderland, Birmingham City and Brighton & Hove Albion occupy the bottom three places. An excellent month for Wolverhampton Wanderers has seen the Midlands side storm to the top of the Second Division, joined in the top three by Queens Park Rangers and Fulham.
1 January 1983: Alan Ball, aged 37 and the only England World Cup winner still playing, leaves Southampton on a free transfer and signs a contract with Bristol Rovers. Liverpool are now eight points ahead at the top of the First Division after beating Notts County 5–1 at Anfield, with Manchester United now their nearest challengers after a 3–1 home win over Aston Villa, while Watford are held to a 1–1 draw at Brighton and Nottingham Forest are unable to break the deadlock in their home clash with Sunderland which ends goalless. Wolves move closer to sealing an immediate return to the First Division by beating fellow promotion challengers Fulham 3–1 at Craven Cottage. Shrewsbury Town are now on the brink of the promotion places after a 2–0 win at home to Chelsea. Derby County, First Division champions eight seasons ago, are now bottom of the First Division and faced with huge debts and falling crowds.
4 January 1983: West Ham are now 13 points off the top of the First Division after losing 3–2 at home to Luton Town.
8 January 1983: Holders Tottenham Hotspur beat Southampton 1–0 in the FA Cup third round. Nottingham Forest are surprisingly beaten 2–0 by manager Brian Clough's former team, Second Division Derby County.
15 January 1983: Liverpool maintain their 10-point lead over their nearest title rivals Manchester United and Nottingham Forest by beating West Bromwich Albion 1–0 at The Hawthorns.
19 January 1983: Aston Villa lose 1–0 to Barcelona at the Nou Camp in the first leg of the European Super Cup. On the domestic scene, Manchester United remain in contention for all three domestic trophies by beating Nottingham Forest 4–0 in the Football League Cup quarter-final clash at Old Trafford. Tottenham suffer a shock 4–1 home defeat to Second Division strugglers Burnley in the same stage of the competition.
26 January 1983: Aston Villa clinch the European Super Cup by beating Barcelona 3–0 at Villa Park.
29 January 1983: Brighton beat Manchester City 4–0 in the FA Cup fourth round at the Goldstone Ground. Burnley continue their good cup form with a 3–1 home win over Swindon Town. Liverpool beat Stoke City 2–0 at Anfield and Manchester United beat Luton Town by the same scoreline at Kenilworth Road, keeping both of the victorious sides in contention for a unique domestic treble.
31 January 1983: As January ends, Liverpool are ten points clear at the top of the First Division, their nearest rivals now being Manchester United. Watford are third, level on points with Nottingham Forest, and Coventry City have moved into the top five. Brighton & Hove Albion and Birmingham City are still in the bottom three, but Sunderland have climbed out of the relegation zone at the expense of Norwich City. Wolverhampton Wanderers, Queens Park Rangers and Fulham continue to lead the way in the Second Division, with third placed Fulham now nine points ahead of their nearest challengers Sheffield Wednesday. At the other end of the table, fallen giants Derby County show no sign of improvement as they remain bottom of the division and are now eight points adrift of safety.
3 February 1983: John Bond resigns after more than two years as manager of Manchester City. Coach John Benson takes over on an interim basis.
5 February 1983: Liverpool extend their First Division lead to 12 points with a 3–1 away win over Luton Town, while Manchester United can only manage a 1–1 draw with Ipswich Town at Portman Road. In the Second Division, the top three of Wolves, QPR and Fulham look certain to win promotion, with more than 10 points separating them from their nearest challengers.
6 February 1983: Watford keep up the pressure on Liverpool with a 3–1 away win over Swansea City, who finished sixth in the First Division last season but are now just one point and one place outside the relegation zone.
12 February 1983: Liverpool are now 15 points ahead at the top of the First Division after beating Ipswich Town 1–0 at Anfield, but Manchester United have a game in hand over them. Coventry City go fifth with a 4–0 home win over Manchester City.
19 February 1983: Tottenham Hotspur lose their first FA Cup match since March 1980, 2–0 to Everton in the fifth round. Aston Villa beat Watford 4–1, while Norwich City beat Ipswich Town 1–0 in the East Anglian derby. Manchester United beat Derby County 1–0 at the Baseball Ground. In the First Division, Southampton remain in the hunt for a UEFA Cup place by beating Southampton 2–0 at The Dell. Manchester City's downturn continues with a 1–0 defeat at home to Notts County.
20 February 1983: Liverpool's hopes of a unique domestic treble are ended when they suffer a shock 2–1 home defeat against Brighton & Hove Albion in the FA Cup fifth round.
26 February 1983: Arsenal goalkeeper Pat Jennings, 37, becomes the first footballer to appear in 1,000 competitive games in England, reaching the milestone in a 0–0 league draw with West Bromwich Albion at The Hawthorns. Manchester United and Liverpool draw 1–1 at Old Trafford, allowing Watford to move into second place with a 2–1 home win over Aston Villa. Notts County move closer to securing a third successive season in the First Division by demolishing Coventry City 5–1 at Meadow Lane. Sunderland stay clear of the danger zone by inflicting a 3–2 defeat on Manchester City at Roker Park. Leicester City cast doubt on the seemingly certain promotion status of the Second Division's top three by beating Wolves 5–0 at Filbert Street.
28 February 1983: Liverpool now have a 14-point advantage at the top of the First Division, with Watford one place behind and with a game in hand. Manchester United, Nottingham Forest and Aston Villa complete the top five. The bottom three remain unchanged from the end of last month. Wolverhampton Wanderers, Queens Park Rangers and Fulham remain the leading force in the Second Division promotion race, but Leicester City are starting to put pressure on the leading pack. In the FA Cup fifth round replays, Arsenal beat Middlesbrough 3–2 at Highbury and Burnley beat Crystal Palace 1–0 at Turf Moor.
1 March 1983: Peter Beardsley leaves Manchester United and returns to Vancouver Whitecaps on a free transfer, having only made one appearance for the Old Trafford club. In the only First Division action of the day, Brighton win 2–1 at Swansea to draw level on points with their opponents in the battle against relegation. Second Division leaders Wolves at Sheffield Wednesday 1–0 at home.
2 March 1983: European action resumes with European Cup holders Aston Villa losing 2–1 at home to Juventus in the quarter-final first leg, while Liverpool's hopes of a fourth European Cup triumph in seven seasons are hit hard when they go down 2–0 to Polish champions Widzew Lodz. However, Bob Paisley's team still look assured to retain their league title after their nearest rivals Watford and Manchester United are both beaten away from home in the First Division, with Watford going down 3–0 to Norwich City at Carrow Road and Manchester United lose 1–0 away to a Stoke City side who are now pushing for UEFA Cup qualification for the first time in eight years. Everton miss the chance of break into the top five when they are held to a goalless draw by Manchester City at Maine Road.
5 March 1983: Liverpool continue their surge towards the First Division title with a 5–1 home win over Stoke City, although Watford keep up the pressure with a 1–0 win at Coventry, as do Manchester United who triumph 1–2 in the Manchester derby at Maine Road.
8 March 1983: Aston Villa go fourth in the First Division with a 2–0 home win over Notts County.
12 March 1983: Arsenal go through to the FA Cup semi-finals with a 2–0 home win over Aston Villa, as do Brighton with a 1–0 home win over Norwich City. Manchester United are in the semi-finals for the first time in four seasons after beating Everton 1–0 at Old Trafford. The fourth quarter-final clash ends in a 1–1 draw between Burnley and Sheffield Wednesday at Turf Moor. Leaders Liverpool beat West Ham 3–0 in the First Division. In the race for a UEFA Cup place, West Bromwich Albion beat Ipswich Town 4–1 at home. Manchester City, who were among the title contenders as recently as November, are now in danger of relegation after going down 4–1 at Swansea, a result which lifts the hosts out of the bottom three. An eight-goal thriller at Vicarage Road sees Watford beat Notts County 5-3.
15 March 1983: Birmingham City boost their survival hopes with a 2–1 home win over Arsenal. The race for a UEFA Cup place features a 2–0 home win for Everton over Southampton.
16 March 1983: Sheffield Wednesday thrash Burnley in the Hillsborough replay 5–0 to reach the FA Cup semi-finals for the first time since 1966.
22 March 1983: Manchester United keep their slim hopes of catching Liverpool alive by beating West Ham 2–1 at Old Trafford, as do Watford with a 2–1 home win over Birmingham City. Liverpool are held to a 2–2 draw at Brighton. The race for a UEFA Cup place features a 2–2 draw between Arsenal and Ipswich Town at Highbury. QPR move closer to ending their four-year exile from the First Division by beating Charlton Athletic 5–1 at Loftus Road. Leicester City's hopes of breaking into the top three are hit when Sheffield Wednesday hold them to a 2–2 draw at Hillsborough.
26 March 1983: Liverpool clinch the League Cup for the third season running by beating Manchester United 2–1 in the final at Wembley. Alan Kennedy and Ronnie Whelan score for Liverpool, and 17-year-old Norman Whiteside becomes the youngest scorer in a major Wembley final for United. On the same day, legendary former Manchester United player George Best signs for Third Division side AFC Bournemouth two months before his 37th birthday.
30 March 1983: England are held to a 0–0 draw by Greece at Wembley in a European Championship qualifier.
31 March 1983: Liverpool are looking all set to add the league title to their League Cup this season, as they end March as First Division leaders with a 13-point lead over nearest challengers Watford. Manchester United, Aston Villa and Southampton complete the top five. The bottom three clubs remain unchanged for the second month-end running. Queens Park Rangers have overhauled Wolverhampton Wanderers at the top of the Second Division, while Fulham remain third but still under pressure from a determined Leicester City side. Derby County are at last showing some sign of being able to avoid relegation as they are now just two points adrift of safety.
2 April 1983: Liverpool take another step towards title glory by beating Sunderland 1–0 at Anfield, although Manchester United keep up the pressure with a 3–0 home win over Coventry City. Watford's title hopes are now virtually dead after they lose 2–1 at West Ham.
4 April 1983: Tottenham give their hopes of qualifying for the UEFA Cup a huge boost by beating Arsenal 5–0 in the North London derby at White Hart Lane. Watford go second with a 5–2 home win over local rivals Luton Town, who remain second from bottom of the First Division. Manchester United are held to a goalless draw at Sunderland. In the Third Division, Newport County go top of the table with a 1–0 win over South Wales rivals Cardiff City in a promotion crunch game at Somerton Park, boosting the Monmouthshire side's chances of reaching the Second Division for only the second time in the club's history.
5 April 1983: Nottingham Forest go fifth in the First Division with a 2–1 win over Coventry City at Highfield Road. Brighton miss the chance to move out of the bottom three when they are held to a goalless draw at Southampton. West Ham's resurgence continues with a 5–1 away win over Swansea City, which puts them firmly back in the hunt for a UEFA Cup place and deepens the home side's relegation worries.
9 April 1983: Liverpool now need just five points from their last seven games to clinch the First Division title after beating Swansea City, managed by former Liverpool striker John Toshack, 3–0 at Anfield, a result which sends the Swans back into the bottom three. Luton Town climb out of the relegation zone at Swansea's expense by beating Aston Villa 2–1 at Kenilworth Road. Manchester United drop two points when Southampton hold them to a 1–1 draw at Old Trafford, but Watford help delay Liverpool's wait for the title by beating West Bromwich Albion 3–1 away from home. A relegation crunch game at St Andrew's sees Birmingham City lose 4–0 at home to Norwich City.
12 April 1983: Liverpool drop two points when Coventry City hold them to a goalless draw at Highfield Road. Time is running out for Birmingham City in their battle to avoid relegation when they go down 3–1 to Luton Town in a relegation crunch clash at Kenilworth Road.
16 April 1983: Manchester United reach their ninth FA Cup final with a 2–1 win over Arsenal at Villa Park. Brighton reach a cup final for the first time by winning the other semi-final 2–1 against Sheffield Wednesday at Highbury. Liverpool's wait for the First Division title is further delayed by a 3–2 defeat at Southampton. Norwich City move closer to safety with a 2–0 home win over Sunderland, while Birmingham City's survival bid is boosted by a 1–0 away win over Coventry City.
19 April 1983: Manchester United's 2–0 defeat at Everton means that Liverpool now need just one point from their final five league games to be sure of the title, while the win is also a boost to Howard Kendall's team in their challenge for a UEFA Cup place. FA Cup finalists Brighton move closer to relegation after being held to a 1–1 draw at Sunderland. QPR now need just two points from their final six Second Division games to secure promotion after a 1–0 away win over Sheffield Wednesday.
20 April 1983: Norwich City move closer to survival with a 3–1 home win over Arsenal. Newcastle United keep their faint promotion hopes alive in the Second Division by beating struggling Rotherham United 4–0 on Tyneside.
23 April 1983: Liverpool are made to wait for the league title after losing 2–0 at home to Norwich City, with Manchester United's 2–0 home win over Watford ensuring that Bob Paisley's team have to wait at least another game to seal the title. A Second Division promotion crunch game at Craven Cottage sees Leicester City beat Fulham 1–0 and cut the gap between third and fourth place to just two points. Meanwhile, Fulham's West London rivals QPR confirm their promotion with a 1–0 home win over Leeds United. Hull City are promoted from the Fourth Division with a 1–0 win over Crewe Alexandra at Boothferry Park.
27 April 1983: England beat Hungary 2–0 at Wembley in a European Championship qualifier.
30 April 1983: Manchester United's 1–1 draw at Norwich seals the First Division title for Liverpool, despite their 2–0 defeat to Tottenham at White Hart Lane. Nottingham Forest move closer to securing a UEFA Cup place with a 2–1 away win over Manchester City, which leaves the hosts on the brink of the relegation zone. Wolves beat Crystal Palace 1–0 in their Second Division clash at the Molineux, leaving them needing just two points from their final three games to secure an immediate return to the First Division. Wimbledon also seal an immediate return to the Third Division after beating Crewe Alexandra 2–0 at Gresty Road.
2 May 1983: Arsenal keep their hopes of qualifying for the UEFA Cup alive by beating Manchester United 3–0 at Highbury. FA Cup finalists Brighton slide closer to relegation after only being able to manage a 1–1 draw at Birmingham, a result which lifts the hosts out of the relegation zone at the expense of Manchester City. QPR clinch the Second Division title with a 3–1 home win over West London rivals Fulham, which promotes Wolves (who draw 3–3 with Charlton Athletic at The Valley) and allows Leicester City to go third on goal difference despite only being able to manage a 2–2 draw on their visit to Leeds United. Portsmouth miss the chance to seal promotion from the Third Division when Orient hold them to a 2–2 draw at Fratton Park.
3 May 1983: Cardiff City's promotion from the Third Division is delayed by a 3–0 defeat to Gillingham at Priestfield.
4 May 1983: Newcastle United keep their Second Division promotion push alive with a 5–0 win over Barnsley at Oakwell.
6 May 1983: Port Vale win promotion from the Fourth Division with a 2–0 win over Stockport County at Edgeley Park.
7 May 1983: FA Cup finalists Brighton are relegated from the First Division with a 1–0 defeat to Manchester City in the relegation crunch game at the Goldstone Ground. Swansea City's 2–1 defeat at Manchester United also sends them down, just one season after finishing sixth in the First Division. Birmingham City stay clear of the bottom three with a 2–0 home win over Tottenham. Coventry City arrest their alarming slide down the table and stay clear of the bottom three with a 3–0 win at Stoke. Portsmouth, Cardiff City and Huddersfield Town all seal promotion to the Second Division, with Huddersfield seeing off their last remaining promotion rivals Newport County 1–0 at Leeds Road.
8 May 1983: Millwall move closer to securing a remarkable escape from relegation in the Third Division by beating their London rivals Brentford 1–0 at The Den.
9 May 1983: Luton Town miss the chance to climb out of the bottom three when they lose their penultimate First Division game 3–0 to Manchester United at Old Trafford, meaning that they will need to win their final game of the season when they return to Manchester to face City at Maine Road.
11 May 1983: Manchester United miss the chance to clinch runners-up spot in the First Division when they lose 2–0 at Tottenham.
14 May 1983: The First Division season ends with Watford beating Liverpool 2–1 to finish runners-up in their first season as a First Division team. Manchester United finish third after losing 3–2 away to Notts County. Tottenham Hotspur book another European campaign, this time in the UEFA Cup, with a 4–1 home win over Stoke City ensuring a fourth-place finish for Keith Burkinshaw's team. Nottingham Forest seal a return to European competitions after missing out last season by beating doomed Swansea 3–0 at the Vetch Field to fifth. The final UEFA Cup place goes to Aston Villa, who beat Arsenal 2–1 at Villa Park to finish sixth. Luton Town pull off a remarkable escape from relegation when a late goal from Yugoslav defender Radomir Antic gives them a 1–0 away win over Manchester City and sends the hosts down after 17 years in the First Division. Leicester City seal the final promotion place in the Second Division, drawing 0–0 at home to Burnley while Fulham lose 1–0 at Derby and Newcastle draw 2–2 at Wolves. Bolton Wanderers are relegated from the Second Division after going down 4–1 at Charlton Athletic in their final game of the season, as are Rotherham United after being held to a 2–2 draw by Leeds United at Elland Road. The final remaining game of the Second Division is a relegation decider between Burnley and Crystal Palace which has yet to be played. Reading and Wrexham join Doncaster Rovers in relegation from the Third Division. Scunthorpe United pip Bury to the final promotion place in the Fourth Division with a 2–1 win over Chester at Sealand Road, with the Gigg Lane side missing out on promotion after losing 3–1 at home to champions Wimbledon.
17 May 1983: The Football League season draws to a close with the Second Division relegation decider at Selhurst Park and a dead-rubber match at Feethams. In the Selhurst Park clash, Crystal Palace beat Burnley 1–0 to send their Lancastrian opponents down to the Third Division at the end of a season where two good cup runs took their strain on a side which couldn't repeat the same form in the league. The Fourth Division clash between Darlington and Peterborough United is a seven-goal thriller with the home side winning 4–3.
20 May 1983: Everton sell 21-year-old winger Steve McMahon, 21, to Aston Villa for £175,000.
21 May 1983: Manchester United and Brighton & Hove Albion draw 2–2 in the FA Cup final to book a replay in five days time. Brighton nearly win the game with a late shot by Gordon Smith, which United goalkeeper Gary Bailey saves.
26 May 1983: Manchester United thrash Brighton & Hove Albion 4–0 in the FA Cup final replay to lift the trophy on legendary former manager and current director Sir Matt Busby's 74th birthday. Bryan Robson scores twice, with Norman Whiteside becoming the youngest scorer in an FA Cup final shortly after his 18th birthday, while an Arnold Muhren penalty makes the Dutchman one of the first foreign players to score in an English cup final.
31 May 1983: Coventry City sack manager Dave Sexton after two seasons in charge. His successor is the Bristol Rovers manager and former Sky Blues player Bobby Gould.
1 June 1983: England clinch the Home Championship by beating Scotland 2–0 at Wembley. 19-year-old Swindon Town striker Paul Rideout moves from the Fourth Division to the First in a £200,000 transfer to Aston Villa.
30 June 1983: Billy McNeill steps down as manager of Scottish league champions Celtic to take over as manager of Manchester City.
National team
UEFA Competitions
Aston Villa won the European Super Cup with midfield dynamo Gordon Cowans playing a major part in the win.
FA Cup
Manchester United won their first major trophy under Ron Atkinson's management by beating Brighton 4–0 in the FA Cup final replay after a 2–2 draw in the first match.
League Cup
Liverpool won their third successive League Cup as an added bonus for manager Bob Paisley during his final season in charge. When his team prepared to ascend the 39 steps to the Royal Box, they all insisted that he should be the man to collect the trophy.
Football League
First Division
Bob Paisley went out on a high when retiring as Liverpool manager after nine years and numerous trophies by winning the league title and the Football League Cup. His formidable team had looked uncatchable in the league by the turn of 1983, and finished top of the table by 11 points. Their nearest rivals were Watford, in the First Division for the first time and spearheaded by the ownership of Elton John, management of Graham Taylor and the attacking prowess of Luther Blissett and John Barnes. Third placed Manchester United had been on the losing side to Liverpool in the League Cup final and were very nearly beaten by a last minute Brighton goal in the FA Cup final, only for a Gary Bailey save to force a replay which United won 4-0. The top five was completed by Nottingham Forest and Tottenham Hotspur.
FA Cup finalists Brighton & Hove Albion were relegated after four seasons in the top flight. Next to go down were Swansea City, whose second season among the elite was a complete contrast to their first, where they had finished sixth. The final relegation place was decided in dramatic fashion at Maine Road, where Luton Town had to beat their hosts Manchester City to stay up and send the home side (who had never been in the relegation zone at any point of the season until then, and had been safely in mid-table until the controversial sacking of manager John Bond in February, leading to a disastrous run of results under replacement manager John Benson) down. A late winner by Luton's Raddy Antic gave Luton survival, which manager David Pleat famously celebrated by galloping on the pitch, arms aloft, when the final whistle was blown.
Second Division
A year after being runners-up in the FA Cup, Queens Park Rangers won the Second Division title and secured a return to the First Division after four years away. Runners-up spot went to Wolverhampton Wanderers, who had been saved from closure by former player Derek Dougan just before the start of the season, while Leicester City clinched the final promotion place, a point ahead of a Fulham side who came close to a second successive promotion under the management of former England striker Malcolm Macdonald. Another former England striker, Kevin Keegan, who was still playing, had an impressive first season at Newcastle United but could not quite inspire them to promotion, nor could World Cup winner Jack Charlton as manager of FA Cup semi-finalists Sheffield Wednesday.
Bolton Wanderers, Rotherham United and League Cup semi-finalists Burnley ended the season relegated, while Chelsea narrowly avoided the drop, as did Derby County after the return of former coach Peter Taylor to the club as manager.
Third Division
Portsmouth's revival continued as they clinched the Third Division title to secure a second promotion in four seasons. Cardiff City won promotion back to the Second Division after suffering relegation the previous season, as well as Huddersfield Town, who like Portsmouth continued their revival by also securing a second promotion in four seasons. Newport County's collapse in the final weeks of the season cost them a place in the Second Division, a similar fate befalling Oxford United in the first full season of Robert Maxwell's ownership and Jim Smith's management. For the second season running, Lincoln City just missed out on promotion.
Chesterfield, Doncaster Rovers, Wrexham and Reading ended the season relegated.
Fourth Division
Wimbledon set the Football League points record in the second season of three points for a win, gaining 98 points to win the Fourth Division title and their third promotion at this level since joining the Football League in 1977. They were joined by Hull City, Port Vale and Scunthorpe United.
Hereford United, Crewe Alexandra and Hartlepool United perhaps unsurprisingly propped up the league and had to apply for re-election, but the fourth club to suffer this humiliation were fallen giants Blackpool, of Stanley Matthews fame and 1953 FA Cup glory. However, all four clubs were successful in gaining re-election.
Crewe Alexandra built for the future by appointing Dario Gradi as manager, hoping that he could keep them clear of the Fourth Division's lower reaches and achieve some of the success with them that he had achieved in two promotion winning campaigns at Wimbledon (although he did not complete the second promotion campaign at Wimbledon).
Top goalscorers
First Division
Luther Blissett (Watford) – 27 goals
Second Division
Gary Lineker (Leicester City) – 26 goals
Third Division
Kerry Dixon (Reading) – 26 goals
Fourth Division
Steve Cammack (Scunthorpe United) – 25 goals
Non-league football
The divisional champions of the major non-League competitions were:
Star players
Liverpool's dominant side ran away with the honours as Kenny Dalglish was voted both PFA Players' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year.
21-year-old Liverpool striker Ian Rush established himself as one of the league's finest goalscorers after collecting the PFA Young Player of the Year award as well as league championship and League Cup medals.
Manchester United's FA Cup winning squad included star players like Bryan Robson, Ray Wilkins and the 18-year-old Norman Whiteside.
Aston Villa's midfield dynamo Gordon Cowans helps inspire Villa to win the European Super Cup.
The key player in Watford's rise to the top of the English game was prolific striker Luther Blissett.
Successful managers
Bob Paisley's illustrious career as Liverpool manager went out on a high as they were league champions and League Cup winners.
Graham Taylor guided Watford to an impressive second-place finish in their First Division debut season.
Ron Atkinson won the FA Cup to end Manchester United's six-year trophy drought.
Terry Venables took Queens Park Rangers back into the First Division after a four-year exile.
Jimmy Melia guided Brighton to their first-ever FA Cup final although he couldn't save them from relegation to the Second Division.
Graham Hawkins took Wolverhampton Wanderers back into the First Division a year after relegation.
Dave Bassett guided Wimbledon to Fourth Division championship glory with 98 points.
Malcolm Macdonald took Fulham to fourth place in the Second Division – just missing out on promotion – to achieve their highest league finish for nearly 20 years.
Keith Burkinshaw inspired Tottenham to fourth place in the First Division and ensured that they would qualify for the following season's UEFA Cup.
Brian Clough ensured that Nottingham Forest remained among English football's leading sides by inspiring them to fifth place in the league and achieving qualification for the UEFA Cup.
Famous debutants
1 January 1983: Tony Cottee, 17-year-old striker, scores on his debut for West Ham United in 3–0 win over Tottenham Hotspur at Upton Park.
26 February 1983: Ian Baird, 18-year-old striker, makes his debut for Southampton in 1–1 draw with West Ham United at Upton Park.
20 April 1983: Colin Hill, 19-year-old defender, makes his debut for Arsenal in 3–1 defeat by Norwich City at Carrow Road.
Deaths
6 September 1982 -
- Ken Barton, 44, played four league games for Tottenham Hotspur and 11 for Luton Town at full-back in the 1960s before dropping into non-league football.
- Robert Done, 78, played 147 league games at full-back for Liverpool between 1926 and 1935, later playing for Reading, Chester, Accrington Stanley and Bangor City.
13 October 1982 - Denis William Cashmore, 75, played for Watford until his career was ended by an injury in 1932 which resulted in the loss of all of his hearing.
25 October 1982 - Bill Eckersley, 57, played 406 league games for Blackburn Rovers at left-back between 1947 and 1961 and was capped 17 times for England.
8 November 1982 – Jimmy Dickinson, 57, former Portsmouth wing-half and captain, and England international, who played more than 800 matches for Pompey, winning two league championship medals.
11 November 1982 – John Lyons, 26, Colchester United striker, committed suicide.
19 November 1982 - Herbie Evans, 88, was a wing-half for Cardiff City in the 1920s before a broken leg ended his career in 1926.
12 January 1983 - Cecil Poynton, 81, played 152 league games at left-back for Tottenham Hotspur in the interwar years.
1 March 1983 - Charlie Dixon, 79, played 60 league games during the interwar years for Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic, Nelson and Southport.
21 March 1983 - Roy Chapman, 49, scored 200 league goals between 1952 and 1969 for Aston Villa, Lincoln City, Mansfield Town, Port Vale and Chester. He player-managed Lincoln City in the mid-1960s and later took charge of Stockport County between two spells in charge of non-league Stafford Rangers. He was the father of fellow footballer Lee Chapman.
29 March 1983 - Tommy Graham, 78, played at centre-half for Nottingham Forest and won two England caps in 1931.
3 April 1983 – Jimmy Bloomfield, 49, former inside-forward, most notably at Arsenal and Birmingham City; later manager at Leyton Orient and Leicester City. Died from cancer.
13 April 1983 – Gerry Hitchens, 48, former England international striker who scored five goals in seven internationals, and played at club level for Cardiff City, Aston Villa and several teams in the Italian Serie A, including Inter and Torino.
17 April 1983 - George Holdcroft, 74, played 359 league games in the interwar years for Port Vale, Darlington and Preston North End, keeping goal for England twice in 1936. He collected an FA Cup winner's medal for Preston in 1938.
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383%20in%20English%20football
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E47 may refer to:
European route E47, a road through Denmark between Sweden and Germany
, a British submarine
Transcription factor 3 (TCF3), a protein
A version of the Mercedes-Benz M273 engine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E47
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Tvååker is the second largest locality situated in Varberg Municipality, Halland County, Sweden, with 2,534 inhabitants in 2010. It is located about 15 km south-east of Varberg.
Name
The actual name Tvååker could be translated as twofield (or twoacre). But it is instead a corruption of the name Toaker (1198). The word to has been interpreted as flax, i.e. "flax field".
Education
The village has a lower secondary school, Bosgårdsskolan as well as an upper secondary school, Munkagårdsgymnasiet, which is focused on animal care, agriculture, forestry and landscaping.
Sport
The football team, Tvååkers IF was formed in 1920 and has a male team for the first time as high as 2nd league and a joint female team with Galtabäck in the 5th league. A floorball-team, Tvååkers IBK, was formed in 1986 and played in the top league for two seasons in the early 1990s.
Other sports clubs located in Tvååker include:
Galtabäcks BK
People from Tvååker
Sven Nylander
Svante Grände
References
Populated places in Varberg Municipality
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%A5%C3%A5ker
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Aulaqi, Awlaki, or Awlaqi may refer to:
People
Anwar al-Awlaki (1971–2011), Yemeni-American imam and reported member of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
Abdulrahman al-Awlaki (1995-2011), son of Anwar al-Awlaki and American citizen killed in U.S. drone strike
Nasser al-Awlaki, former Yemeni minister of agriculture and Anwar al-Awlaki's father
Nawar al-Awlaki (2008-2017), daughter of Anwar al-Awlaki and American citizen killed in U.S. drone strike
Nihal Ali al-Awlaqi, Minister of Legal Affairs in Yemen
Saeed Aulaqi (born 1940), Yemeni dramatist and fiction writer
Saleh Al-Aulaqi (1938–1973), Yemeni politician and diplomat
Places
Aulaqi Sultanate, state encompassing the territory of the following three prior to the 18th century
Lower Aulaqi Sultanate
Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom
Upper Aulaqi Sultanate
Arabic-language surnames
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulaqi
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Richard Joseph Pearson (born May 2, 1938) is a Canadian archaeologist.
He grew up in Toronto and Oakville, Ontario, and graduated with a bachelor's degree at the University of Toronto in 1960. Richard Pearson studied at the University of Hawaii, and Yale University under K.C. Chang, and received his doctorate in anthropology in 1966. Over his career Pearson’s research interests have included the archaeology of Polynesia and East Asia.
Pearson attended the Summer Field School of the University of Western Ontario at Fort Penetanguishene and the Forget Site in Ontario in 1954 and participated in field survey and excavation with the Royal Ontario Museum (Serpent Mound), University of Toronto (Ault Park), National Museum of Canada (New Brunswick) the Bishop Museum (Hawaii and Tahiti) and Yale/National Taiwan University (Taiwan) from 1955 to 1965. His dissertation research concerned the Ryukyu Islands (1962–63). He started his career as a professor at the University of Hawaii, excavating at the Bellows Field Archeological Area and Lapakahi Complex in Hawaii. In the 1970s he continued field work in Okinawa. He returned to Canada in 1971 and spent most of his career as a professor in the Department of Anthropology and Sociology in the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. Pearson has written, edited, and/or translated a number of important books and journal articles on Japanese, Chinese, and Korean archaeology. Many of these publications depended on the collaboration of his wife, Kazue Miyazaki Pearson. His publications mostly concern East Asian prehistory with a focus on subsistence, trade and exchange, and social and economic organization. Part of his mission has been to make available in English the work of East Asian archaeologists and to show long term historical trends. Areas of research include the Jomon Culture of Japan, the Korean "Bronze Age", Chinese Neolithic cultures, the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, and the ancient cities of Osaka and Quanzhou. In 2015 he received a Book Accolade for Ground Breaking Matter from the International Conference of Asian Studies for his book Ancient Ryukyu (2013).
Selected bibliography
An Early Prehistoric Site at Bellows Beach, Waimanalo, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands (P.V. Kirch and M. Pietrusewsky, junior authors). Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania. VI:204-234, 1971.
(Japanese version translated by T. Seki, Kodai, 76:1-16)
(editor and translator, with Kazue Pearson) Kim, Jeong-hak, The Prehistory of Korea. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 237 pp., 1978.
(editor with junior editors K. Hutterer and G. Barnes) Windows on the Japanese Past. Ann Arbor, Center for Japanese Studies, 496 pp., 1986.
(with junior authors J.W. Lee, W.Y. Koh, and A. Underhill) Social Ranking in the Kingdom of Old Silla, Korea: Analysis of Burials. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 8(1):1-50, 1989.
Ancient Japan. Washington and New York, A. Sackler Gallery, Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan, George Braziller, 324 pp., 1992.
(Li Min and Li Guo jr authors) Quanzhou Archaeology: A Brief Review. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 6:1:23-58, 2002.
Jomon Hot Spot: Increasing Sedentism in Southwest Japan in the Incipient Jomon (14, 000 – 9, 250 cal BC) and Earliest Jomon (9, 250 – 5,300 cal BC) World Archaeology 38:2: 239-258, 2006.
Early Mediaeval Trade on Japan’s Southern Frontier: Grey Stoneware of the East China Sea. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 11:2: 122-151, 2007.
Debating Jomon Social Complexity. Asian Perspectives 46 (2): 361-388, 2007.
(editor) Okinawa: The Rise of an Island Kingdom: Archaeological and Cultural Perspectives. BAR Series 1898. Oxford. Archaeopress, 2009.
Ancient Ryukyu: An Archaeological Study of Island Communities. Honolulu University of Hawaii Press.2013
Darwin and Island Archaeology, In "Darwin and Human Evolution" ed. R. Ray, D. Chattopadhyay, S.Banerjee, pp. 33–44. Kolkata, The Asiatic Society, 2014.
(e-journal)
Ōsaka Archaeology. Oxford. Archaeopress, 2016.
editor, translator, contributor, with S Kaner, B. Ayers, O Wrenn. The Archaeology of Mediaeval Towns. Oxford, Oxbow Books. 2020.
(co-author Kazue Pearson), Miyazaki Ichisada to Aoki Mokubei, in INOUE Fuminori (ed) Soboku to Bunmei no Rekishigaku (Historiography of Naive and Civilized), pp. 410–424. Tokyo. Kodansha. 2021
Taiwan Archaeology: Local Development and Cultural Boundaries in the China Seas. Honolulu. University of Hawaii Press. 2023.
The archaeology of ancient Japanese gardens. Asian Perspectives Vol. 62 No. 2: 202-244.2023.
References
1938 births
Living people
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia
Canadian archaeologists
East Asian studies scholars
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20J.%20Pearson
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Cordate is an adjective meaning 'heart-shaped' and is most typically used for:
Cordate (leaf shape), in plants
Cordate axe, a prehistoric stone tool
See also
Chordate, a member of a major phylum of animals
Cordata (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordate
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In Mexican politics and labor, a charro or líder charro ("charro leader") is a government-appointed union boss.
Dynamics
Mexico has a long tradition of government control and cooptation of unions and their leaders. Following the Mexican Revolution, the coalition of generals leading the nation under the auspices of the jefe máximo Plutarco Elías Calles that eventually became the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) sought to keep the often fractious labor movement under control, and did so by repressing leaders and movements outside the dominant party. Following the "social revolution" of the Cárdenas years, the government sought to centralize power in the federal government, replacing local union bosses, who had earned the nickname pistoleros ("gunmen") through their strongarm policies, with college-educated professionals.
Under Cárdenas, the Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM), an umbrella of PRI-affiliated unions, became the instrument of PRI domination of labor. But the direct appointment of union bosses was not institutionalized until the administration of Miguel Alemán Valdés, when in the resolution of a dispute within the independent railroad workers' union, the president pushed for a contract that allowed management greater control over the union. Following the resolution, Alemán appointed "loyal" leaders to the petroleum workers' and miners' unions.
The appointed leaders were called charros in derision by the members of the newly usurped unions in reference to Jesús Díaz de León, a leader of the railroad workers' union who was known as "El Charro" for attending union functions in the elaborate regalia of the charro, Mexico's traditional cowboy. Díaz de León gained control of the union by means of an interior coup supported by the CTM and President Alemán.
In October 1948, he falsely accused his predecessor of misappropriation of union funds to finance his bid for the presidency of the CTM and following the failure of that bid, the establishment of the independent union. The attorney general's investigation led to Díaz de León's ouster from the union presidency, but he was restored by agents of the federal government, who arrested his rival Luis Gómez Z. Díaz de León proceeded to alter union bylaws to deny voting rights to the rank-and-file. He also withdrew the union from the independent coalition.
The struggle against charrismo took on the title of "union democracy", and remains a vital part of the fight for democracy and social justice in Mexico today.
See also
Corruption in Mexico
Mexican labor law
Trade unions in the Soviet Union — another case of government-controlled unions
Labor in Mexico
Politics of Mexico
Corruption in Mexico
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charro%20%28Mexican%20politics%29
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Peter W. Travis an emeritus professor of English and Creative Writing at Dartmouth College. Travis received a BA from Bates College, an MA from Trinity College, and a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago. He is a medieval scholar specializing in the works of Chaucer, most notably The Nun's Priest's Tale. He lives in Hanover, New Hampshire.
Travis published Dramatic Design in the Chester Cycle (University of Chicago Press, 1982) and Disseminal Chaucer, Rereading the Nun's Priest's Tale (Notre Dame, 2010), which won the Warren-Brooks Award for Outstanding Literary Criticism. He has published widely in scholarly Journals including Studies in the Age of Chaucer. Travis has designed a course on contemporary Masculinities.
External links
Dartmouth Department of English page
Debate with Harvard Professor About Masculinity
American literary critics
Dartmouth College faculty
American academics of English literature
University of Chicago alumni
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Travis
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Wahidi ( ) was a sultanate in South Arabia, now part of Yemen. It lay along the Gulf of Aden and bordered Bayḥān to the north, the Upper and Lower ʿAwlaqī sultanates to the west and the Quʿayṭī sultanate in the east. Its main cities were Mayfaʿa, the administrative centre; ʿAzzān, the seat of the ruling dynasty; Ḥabbān, the commercial centre; Qanā; Biʾr ʿAlī; and al-Ḥawṭa.
Wahidi was supposedly founded by a certain ʿAbd al-Wāḥid. He is usually dated to the early 19th century, but Bal-Faqīh al-Shiḥrī puts him about two centuries earlier. His tomb was said to lie in the mosque of Ḥabbān. The sultanate split in the 1880s, with the Wahidi rulers of Biʾr ʿAlī and Balḥāf becoming independent of the ruler of ʿAzzān and Ḥabbān. By 1888–1890, when the British signed treaties of protection with the rulers of the area, incorporating it into the Aden Protectorate, there were four states, their rulers known to the British by different titles: the ruler of Biʾr ʿAlī was a sultan, that of Balḥāf a tribal chief and those of Ḥawra and ʿIrqa shaykhs.
See also
Wahidi Azzan
Wahidi Haban
References
Former countries in the Middle East
History of Yemen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahidi
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Vernon Joseph Baker (December 17, 1919 – July 13, 2010) was a United States Army first lieutenant who was an infantry company platoon leader during World War II and a paratrooper during the Korean War. In 1997, he was awarded the Medal of Honor, the nation's highest military decoration for valor, for his actions on April 5–6, 1945, near Viareggio, Italy.
Baker and six other Black Americans who served in World War II were formally awarded the Medal of Honor on January 12, 1997. A day later, Baker (the only living recipient) and representatives for the six other men were given the awards by President Bill Clinton at a ceremony in the White House in Washington, D.C. The seven recipients were the first (and only) Black Americans to be awarded the Medal of Honor for World War II. Baker died in 2010 at the age of 90 and was interred at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia.
Early life
Baker was born on December 17, 1919, in Cheyenne, Wyoming, the youngest of three children. After his parents died in a car accident when he was four, he and his two sisters were raised by their paternal grandparents. His grandfather Joseph S. Baker, a railroad worker in Cheyenne, taught him to hunt in order to feed the family and became "the most influential figure in Vernon's life." His relationship with his wheelchaired grandmother was much more strained, and he spent a few years at the Boys Town orphanage in Nebraska to be away from her. Baker graduated in 1939 from Clarinda High School in his grandfather's hometown of Clarinda, Iowa. He worked as a railroad porter, a job he despised, until his grandfather's death from cancer on Christmas in 1939. A series of menial jobs followed.
U.S. Army
Baker enlisted in the U.S. Army in June 1941 from Cheyenne. He had attempted to enlist in April, but was turned away with the recruiter stating, "We don't have any quotas for you people". Baker tried again weeks later with a different recruiter and was accepted; he requested to become a quartermaster but was given instead the infantry. After basic training at Camp Wolters in Texas, he was assigned to the 1st Battalion, 370th Infantry Regiment, 92nd Infantry Division. He completed Officer Candidate School and was commissioned a second lieutenant on January 11, 1943. In June 1944, the 370th Infantry landed in Naples, Italy. Soon afterwards, Baker was wounded in the arm and hospitalized for two months. In the spring of 1945, Baker was in command of Weapons Platoon, C Company, 1st Battalion, 370th Infantry. On April 5, his unit was ordered to assault a German-occupied mountain stronghold, Castle Aghinolfi. In doing so, Baker personally eliminated three enemy machineguns, an observation post, and a dugout. 19 of the 25 men in Baker's platoon were killed. On the second day of the assault, Baker volunteered to lead a battalion advance that secured the mountain. On June 10, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism on April 5–6. After World War II, he became an Army parachutist in the 11th Airborne Division and served in the Korean War. He retired from the Army in 1968.
Medal of Honor
In the early 1990s, it was determined that Black soldiers had been denied consideration for the Medal of Honor (MOH) in World War II because of their race. In 1993, the U.S. Army had contracted Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina, to research and determine if there was racial disparity in the review process for recipients of the MOH. The study commissioned by the U.S. Army, described systematic racial discrimination in the criteria for awarding decorations during World War II. After an exhaustive review of files, the study recommended in 1996 that ten Black Americans who served in World War II be awarded the MOH. In October of that year, Congress passed legislation that would allow President Clinton to award the Medal of Honor to these former soldiers. Seven of the ten, including Baker, were approved, and awarded the MOH (six had Distinguished Service Crosses revoked and upgraded to the MOH), on January 12, 1997. On January 13, 1997, President Clinton presented the MOH to Baker, age 77, and posthumously presented the MOH to the other six Black Americans.
Family and later years
Baker worked for the American Red Cross for almost 20 years. His first and second wives were Leola and Helen Baker. His third wife was Fern Brown; the couple had three children. After Fern's death in 1986, Baker moved to a cabin in the Benewah Valley of northern Idaho. Baker was an avid hunter, and hunted elk in northern Idaho before and after moving to the area. In 1989, he met a German woman visiting the U.S., Heidy Pawlik, whom he would later marry.
Baker died at his St. Maries, Idaho, home on July 13, 2010, after a long battle with cancer. He had been close to death from brain cancer in 2004 but had recovered. His funeral at Arlington National Cemetery near Washington, DC, on September 24, 2010, was attended by three other Medal of Honor recipients, and his family. Funds for them to travel to Arlington, Virginia, were raised by their local community.
Military awards
Baker's military decorations and awards:
Medal of Honor citation
Baker's Medal of Honor citation reads:
The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to
Citation:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty: First Lieutenant Vernon J. Baker distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 5 and 6 April 1945. At 0500 hours on 5 April 1945, Lieutenant Baker advanced at the head of his weapons platoon, along with Company C's three rifle platoons, towards their objective, Castle Aghinolfi – a German mountain strong point on the high ground just east of the coastal highway and about two miles from the 370th Infantry Regiment's line of departure. Moving more rapidly than the rest of the company, Lieutenant Baker and about 25 men reached the south side of a draw some 250 yards from the castle within two hours. In reconnoitering for a suitable position to set up a machine gun, Lieutenant Baker observed two cylindrical objects pointing out a slit in a mount at the edge of a hill. Crawling up and under the opening, he stuck his M-1 into the slit and emptied the clip, killing the observation post's two occupants. Moving to another position in the same area, Lieutenant Baker stumbled upon a well-camouflaged machine gun nest, the crew of which was eating breakfast. He shot and killed both enemy soldiers. After Captain John F. Runyon, Company C's Commander joined the group, a German soldier appeared from the draw and hurled a grenade which failed to explode. Lieutenant Baker shot the enemy soldier twice as he tried to flee. Lieutenant Baker then went down into the draw alone. There he blasted open the concealed entrance of another dugout with a hand grenade, shot one German soldier who emerged after the explosion, tossed another grenade into the dugout and entered firing his sub-machine gun killing two more Germans. As Lieutenant Baker climbed back out of the draw, enemy machine gun and mortar fire began to inflict heavy casualties among the group of 25 soldiers, killing or wounding about two-thirds of them. When expected reinforcements did not arrive, Captain Runyon ordered a withdrawal in two groups. Lieutenant Baker volunteered to cover the withdrawal of the first group, which consisted mostly of walking wounded, and to remain to assist in the evacuation of the more seriously wounded. During the second group's withdrawal, Lieutenant Baker, supported by covering fire from one of the platoon members, destroyed two machine gun positions (previously bypassed during the assault) with hand grenades. In all, Lieutenant Baker accounted for nine enemy dead soldiers, elimination of three machine gun positions, an observation post, and a dugout. On the following night, Lieutenant Baker voluntarily led a battalion advance through enemy mine fields and heavy fire toward the division objective. Lieutenant Baker's fighting spirit and daring leadership were an inspiration to his men and exemplify the highest traditions of the military service.
Other honors
On September 11, 2008, Vernon Baker was awarded the Sandor Teszler Award for Moral Courage and Service to Humankind by Wofford College in Spartanburg, South Carolina. Along with the award, Baker received an honorary doctorate from the college.
Vernon J. Baker Medal of Honor Main Street (3 blocks) in Clarinda, Iowa, was named after him in 2006.
See also
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
List of African-American Medal of Honor recipients
References
Kelly, S.H. "Seven WWII vets to receive Medals of Honor", Army News Service, January 13, 1997. (Retrieved April 23, 2006).
External links
Vernon Baker, American Valor: Stories of Valor, PBS
Dialogue: Paying a Debt of Honor, Dialogue: Paying a Debt of Honor, Idaho Public Television
Arlington National Cemetery
1919 births
2010 deaths
African Americans in World War II
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People from Cheyenne, Wyoming
Recipients of the War Cross for Military Valor
United States Army officers
People from Clarinda, Iowa
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
Military personnel from Wyoming
People from St. Maries, Idaho
21st-century African-American people
United States Army personnel of the Korean War
Military personnel from Iowa
African-American United States Army personnel
Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)
Deaths from cancer in Idaho
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon%20Baker
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is a 1995 vertical-scrolling shooter arcade game developed by Cave and published by Atlus in Japan. Players assume the role of a recruit selected to take part on a secret military program by assaulting enemy strongholds in order to become member of the "DonPachi Squadron".
DonPachi was conceived as a project that evoked the same spirit from shoot 'em ups created by Toaplan, a request Atlus wanted as publisher though conflict emerged as how close the game should be to Toaplan shooters while members at Cave pointed out elements uncharacteristic from Toaplan during development. Although first launched for arcades on Cave's first-generation hardware, the title was later ported to Sega Saturn and PlayStation, each one featuring several changes and additions compared to the original version. The PlayStation version has since been re-released through the PlayStation Network download service.
DonPachi proved to be popular among Japanese arcade players but was later deemed by Cave to be a "creative failure", while the Saturn version was met with mixed reception from critics. It was followed by six sequels: DoDonPachi in 1997, DoDonPachi II in 2001, DoDonPachi DaiOuJou in 2002, DoDonPachi Resurrection in 2008, as well as DoDonPachi Maximum and DoDonPachi SaiDaiOuJou in 2012.
Gameplay
DonPachi features a scoring system known as the "Get Point System" (GPS). By destroying large groups or chains of enemies in a short period of time, the player can build up a number called a combo, similar to the kind found in fighting games. They receive an increasing number of points with every enemy they shoot down; the more enemies the player hits in one chain, the more points they receive. They can break the chain by waiting to shoot an enemy; the combo number will turn blue when the player's chain is broken. This system brings a new challenge after the player has cleared the game; plot out the stages to achieve a high score. The player flies their selected fighter over 5 areas of various terrain, encountering a number of land, sea and air enemies. The player's ship has two modes of fire: by tapping the fire button, shots are fired; holding it down produces a concentrated vertical beam, but also reduces the ship's speed.
The game has 5 areas, which can be "looped" if the player succeeds in completing them. The second loop has the same areas, enemy patterns, and bosses as the first loop, but enemies fire denser bullet patterns as well as explode into bullets when destroyed (sometimes called 'suicide bullets' or a 'ricochet effect'). However, if enemies are destroyed with the player's ship nearby, such bullets disappear. Destroying the final boss in the second loop unlocks a secret area where the player fights the trademark boss of the series, the giant mechanical bee Hachi (蜂; 'bee'). After completing the first loop, the storyline reveals that the commander tells the pilot to continue the missions of fighting against the fellow troop members until one side is completely destroyed, with the game's second loop beginning 7 years later.
Introduced in this game and subsequently carried over to other CAVE games is the ranking system. Through skillful play (conserving lives and bombs, powering up your ship, obtaining bee medals, obtaining large combos, etc.), bullets fired by enemies will get subtly faster. In the original version rank starts at 0 and increases by 1 per stage in addition to rank collected through skillful play, but in the Hong Kong version rank starts at 10 and increases by 4 per stage in addition to rank collected through play.
Depending on the region released the game will have minor differences from the original Japanese version. The USA release has lesser rank and bombs are refilled after every stage, making the experience slightly easier. The Hong Kong version removes all story and is much more difficult, mainly through higher rank by default meaning faster bullets, and the hitbox is enlarged to fill up much more of the ships sprite. The Hong Kong version was considered near-impossible to complete until a 2-ALL playthrough (a completion of the game going through both loops) was uploaded to Youtube on December 29, 2021.
Synopsis
The premise of DonPachi differs from most of its brethren: the players assume the role of a pilot whose mission is to survive an eight-year-long training mission, where he proves his worth as a fighter and gain entry to the future elite "DonPachi Squadron". The twist lies in the fact that the enemies are, in truth, the players' very own comrades posing as enemies and sacrificing their lives for the sake of allowing only the most skilled pilots to pass the test and survive. After completing the first loop, it is revealed that the commander tells the pilot to continue the missions of fighting against fellow troop members until one side is completely destroyed, with the second loop taking place seven years later. After defeating Hachi, the story reveals the commander's "mission" was to turn the existing army into a race of super soldiers. However, since the missions are aerial attacks, many soldiers have taken battles into air and performed sacrifices, with the many lives lost in the process turning the mission into a success and the "DonPachi Squadron" is formed as a result.
Development
DonPachi was the first project to be developed by Cave, a Japanese video game developer founded by former Toaplan staff who previously worked on multiple projects before the company declared bankruptcy and wanted to keep creating shoot 'em up games, with producer Kenichi Takano helming its development. Tsuneki Ikeda, Toshiaki Tomizawa, Hiroyuki Uchida and Ryūichi Yabuki acted as programmers, while Yabuki also acted as composer. Artists Atsunori Aburatani, Kazuhiro Asaba, Jun Fujisaku, Riichiro Nitta and Naoki Ogiwara were responsible for the pixel art.
Ikeda and his team recounted DonPachis development process and history through various publications. The concept for their fledgling project was to create a Toaplan-style shoot 'em up game that evoked the same spirit, which was also a request from publisher Atlus, while introducing a new ship system Ikeda had thought at the time. The staff was inexperienced and members pointed several elements that were not similar to Toaplan shooters during development, with Ikeda stating that there was conflict as to "Toaplan-ish" their game should be. However, Ikeda also stated he only worked on V・V and Batsugun prior to DonPachi, deeming the two titles as "very un-Toaplan games" and claimed he may not have understood the "soul" of the company well. The voice work was done by a man called "Bob". A programmer claimed the title "DonPachi" was given by Ikeda during a walk from Kagurazaka to Ichigaya.
Release
DonPachi was first released in Japanese arcades by Atlus in May 1995, using the CAVE 68000 board. On 21 June 1995, an album containing music from the title was co-published exclusively in Japan by Scitron and Pony Canyon. On 26 April 1996, a conversion for the Sega Saturn was published by Atlus in Japan. On 18 October of the same year, the game was later ported and published by SPS for the PlayStation. The PlayStation version was re-released for the PlayStation Network by Hamster Corporation in Japan on 9 June 2010. The Saturn version introduces features and extras not seen on PlayStation such as the "Score Attack" mode that acts as a training mode, the addition of the "Little Easy" difficulty level that plays a critical role during gameplay, among other gameplay and display options. The Saturn conversion suffers from loading times between stages and modes, slowdown during gameplay as well as certain special effects being altered due to hardware issues with transparency. The PlayStation port is a more faithful recreation of the arcade original, featuring the same display options as the Saturn release, the ability to adjust the default number of lives and faster loading times. However, both releases have audio quality issues.
Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed DonPachi on their 15 July 1995 issue as being the twelfth most-popular arcade game at the time. However, Tsuneki Ikeda deemed the title to be a "creative failure" in a 2011 interview with website SPOnG, stating that Cave was criticized "from all sides that our game was nothing like Toaplan!" as well as claiming he and his team did not accomplish what they were going for.
The Sega Saturn version was met with mixed reception from critics. However, fan reception of the Saturn port was positive; readers of the Japanese Sega Saturn Magazine voted to give the Saturn port a 7.1047 out of 10 score, ranking at the number 625 spot. MAN!ACs Christian Blendl gave the Saturn release a mixed outlook. Mega Funs Björn Souleiman noted its varied but confusing display of colors, stating that the game could have been made on 16-bit hardware, recommending it solely for shoot 'em up fans. neXt Levels K. Koch compared it with Gunbird, another shooter for the Saturn. Video Gamess Ralph Karels felt mixed in regards to the audiovisual presentation and criticized its short length. However, Karels noted the number of bullets on-screen without slowdown, recommending it to fans of the shoot 'em up genre. Time Extension noted the game as historically significant to the evolution of the bullet hell format.
Notes
References
External links
DonPachi at GameFAQs
DonPachi at Killer List of Videogames
DonPachi at MobyGames
1995 video games
Arcade video games
Atlus games
Bullet hell video games
Cave (company) games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation Network games
Sega Saturn games
Shoot 'em ups
Vertically scrolling shooters
Video games developed in Japan
Hamster Corporation games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Cooperative video games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DonPachi
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Russell Shaw Higgs (born 12 May 1960) is a British artist and political activist.
Biography
Childhood
Higgs was born in Oswestry 1960.
As a small child at Rokesly Infant School in North London, he wrote and narrated the early years school play. He later performed on stage for the first time in his infant school nativity play as the Angel Gabriel. From 1967-71 he attended Crouch End Primary School in North London, followed by 5 years at the Duke Of York's Royal Military School in Dover from 1971–76.
Adulthood
Higgs returned to live in London aged 16, in 1977. Attending Phildene Drama School in Turnham Green for one term. In 1982 Higgs formed the avant-garde dub rock band Wicked Kitchen Staff, releasing the album Debbie Grills Pulls Her Socks Up on Shout Records in 1983.
Higgs was a front line civil disobedience activist in ACT-UP London (1989–92), and he chaired the inaugural meetings of queer activist group Outrage (1990). In 1993 Higgs performed with the contemporary dance group 2Men at the Institute of Contemporary Arts, and with ManAct at London's Place Theatre. And in 1996 he had a brief role in the movie Boyfriends, playing the deceased boyfriend Mark.
On 15 July 2000, Higgs joined The Freedom To Be Yourself in a Naked Protest outside New Scotland Yard. Following a number of subsequent Public Nudity protests and arrests, he was remanded in a prison segregation cell for one month, whilst continuously unclothed, in Brixton Prison in December 2000, on non-imprisonable charges. After being released in January 2001, and winning a number of subsequent court trials, including appearing unclothed in Southwark Crown Court, Higgs featured in the Naked Protest documentary Being Human by Lisa Seidenberg.
In 2010 his short video "999 Days" was shortlisted for "Play" curated by the Guggenheim Museum and YouTube. In the spring of 2015, Higgs stood as an independent parliamentary candidate in the UK General Election for the constituency of Hackney South and Shoreditch. Higgs is an active supporter of an Unconditional Basic Income and photographs of his Basic Income street art posters can be found in numerous international online articles on the topic.
References
External links
http://conformandobey.co.uk
http://russellhiggs.shutterchance.com/archive.php
https://twitter.com/citizen_higgs
1960 births
British activists
British artists
Living people
People from Oswestry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%20Shaw%20Higgs
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Wahidi Balhaf ( ), or the Wahidi Sultanate of Balhaf in Hadhramaut (), was one of several Wahidi states in the British Aden Protectorate. It was previously part of the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South, and then of its successor, the Federation of South Arabia when it was known simply as Wahidi.
Its capital was Balhaf on the Gulf of Aden coast and it included the inland town of Azzan (formerly the seat of a separate Wahidi Sultanate of Azzan). The Sultanate was abolished in 1967 upon the founding of the People's Republic of South Yemen and is now part of the Republic of Yemen.
History
The predecessor state, the Wahidi Sultanate (Saltanat al-Wahidiyya), was established at an uncertain date.
In 1830 the Wahidi Sultanate split into four states:
Wahidi Sultanate of Ba´l Haf (Saltanat Ba al-Haf al-Wahidiyya)
Wahidi Sultanate of `Azzan (Saltanat `Azzan al-Wahidiyya)
Wahidi Sultanate of Bi´r `Ali `Amaqin (Saltanat Bi'r `Ali `Amaquin al-Wahidiyya)
Wahidi Sultanate of Habban (Saltanat Habban al-Wahidiyya)
On 4 May 1881 Ba´l Haf and `Azzan joined.
In the beginning of 1882 Izzat Pasha was appointed Turkish Governor-General of Yemen, and, on his way from Baghdad to Hodeida to take up his appointment, visited Balahaf and Bir Ali. No agreement of any kind was concluded between him and the Sultan of Balahaf; but Nasir bin Abdulla, one of the Sultans of Balahaf, apprehensive that Balahaf might be annexed by the Qu'aiti, obtained a Turkish flag, which was to be hoisted every Friday and on the approach of a foreign vessel. The Wahidi Sultan of Habban and Azzan, while denying all complicity in the matter, stated his inability to prevent the Sultan's of Balahaf from flying the Turkish flag, and proclaimed his readiness to go against them with British aid.
Subsequently, the Wahidi Sultan and the Sultans of Bir Ali, Balahaf and Majdaha all wrote almost identical letters to the Resident, praying for British protection.
From the correspondence which took place in connection with this incident, it appeared that the then Wahidi Sultan of Habban and Azzan had little, if any, control over Bir Ali, Balahaf and Majdaha.
Abdulla bin Umar of Habban and Azzan was dethroned in 1885, when Hadi bin Salih of Balahaf was made the principal Sultan and the Wahidi were practically united under one ruler; though the title of Sultan continued to be borne by several subordinate Chiefs belonging to the ruling family.
It was eventually decided to enter into closer relations with the Wahidi, and with this view Protectorate Treaties similar to that executed by the Sultan of Soqotra, were concluded in 1888 with the Sultans of Bir Ali and Balahaf. Annual stipends of 120 dollars each were at the same time granted to Sultan Muhsin bin Salih of Bir Ali and Sultan Hadi bin Salih of Balahaf.
In 1892 Sultan Hadi bin Salib of Balaliaf resigned the Sultanate in favour of his younger brother, Muhsin bin Salih. The Government sanctioned this arrangement, and continued the stipend to Mullein bib Salih.
In 1893 Sultan Muhsin bin Salih of Bir Ali died, and was succeeded by Sultan Salih bin Ahmed, the usual annual stipend being continued to him. During this year Sultan Muhsin bin Salih of Balaliaf displayed a refractory spirit and intrigued with foreign powers. He was driven from Habban by his tribesmen, but he still continued his intrigues, for participation in which his brother, Ahmed bin Salih, was imprisoned at Aden. In the meantime another of the Sultans of Balahaf, Salih bin Abdulla, was elected Wahidi Sultan; but he was overawed by the ex-Sultan's threats, and intimidated by the ex-Sultan's brother, Husein bin Salih, from hoisting the British flag. A small force was therefore sent to Balahaf in November 1894 in H. M. S. Bramble and the R. I. M. S. Dalhousie, which brought back Sultan Salih bin Abdulla on a visit to the Resident and Husein bin Salih as a prisoner.
In March 1895 a Protectorate Treaty was concluded with Sultan Salih bin Abdulla, by which his stipend was increased to 300 dollars. Husein bin Salih and Ahmed bin Salih were released.
On 1 June 1896 an amended Protectorate Treaty was concluded with the Sultan of Bir Ali and his stipend increased to 360 dollars.
During 1901 the Wahid i complained of Qaiti intrigues and asked for British protection. The Wahidi Shaikhs also requested that Muhsin bin Salih, the ex-Sultan, might be recognised as titular chief; but their request was refused.
In 1902 Muhsin bin Salih plundered a Qaiti sambuk containing specie. The Resident, proceeded to Balhaf with a small force and, as Muhsin bin Salih failed to give up the plunder, the fort at Balaliaf was demolished, and the Resident returned to Aden, bringing with him Sultan Ahmed bin Salih, Muhsin's brother, as a political prisoner. The port was closed against all shipping. In October the specie was restored, but it was not until December 1904 that Sultan Muhsin bin Salih came into Aden and tendered his submission, when he was forgiven his past misdeeds. His brother was released, and he was recognised as Sultan of the Wahidi of Balhaf in the place of Sultan Salih bin Abdulla, who had proved himself a weak and inefficient ruler and had gained the disapprobation of his tribe and the censure of Government by an attempt to part with his share of the. port of Balahaf to the Sultan of Sliihr and Mukalla. On the occasion of Sultan Muhsin's recognition the opportunity was taken to reaffirm with him the Protectorate Treaty of 1895.
The ex-Sultan Salih bin Abdulla quarrelled with Sultan Mulisin bin Salih over his share in the port dues of Balhaf, and in 1906 asked the Resident to interfere on his behalf, which the latter declined to do.
Sultan Nasir bin Salih of Habban in the same year made overtures for a separate treaty, but these were not accepted.
In 1910 an agreement was concluded between Sultan Muhsin bin Salih and Sultan Ghalib bin Umar, the Qaiti, by which the former agreed to allow the latter to use his territory for the passage of troops and warlike materials, and for commercial purposes. It has, however, never been referred to by either party and is now considered a dead letter.
In June 1918 the two eldest sons off Sultan Muhsin bin Salih, Ali and Abdulla, received employment as Officers (Mulazim) in the 1st Yemen Infantry. In October 1918 Major M. C. Lake, Commandant of the 1st Yemen Infantry, accompanied by a Medical Officer and these two, Ali and Abdulla, visited Azzan for the purpose of obtaining a recruiting connection with the Aulaqi and Abdul Wahid tribes. He was accorded a warm welcome and hospitably received.
Sultan Muhsin died in January 1919 and was succeeded by his younger son, Ali bin Muhsin bin Salih (who, with his brother Abdulla, resigned his appointment in the 1st Yemen Infantry) to whom the Government of India continued the monthly stipend of 30 dollars paid to his father.
In 1930 Sultan All bin Mulisin became mentally deranged and though still nominally the Chief of the tribe, his brother, Abdulla, acts for him.
On 23 Oct 1962 the joint sultanate was renamed Wahidi Sultanate (al-Saltana al-Wahidiyya), while Bi´r `Ali and Habban remained subordinate sultanates.
On 29 Nov 1967 with the independence of the People's Republic of South Yemen all states were abolished.
Rulers
Wahidi Sultanate of Ba´l Haf
The Sultans of the Wahidi Sultanate had the title of Sultan al-Wahidi.
Sultans
c.1640 - 1670 Salih ibn Nasir al-Wahidi
c.1670 - 1706 al-Hadi ibn Salih al-Wahidi
1706 - 1766 al-Hasan ibn al-Hadi al-Wahidi
1766 - 1771 al-Husayn ibn al-Hasan al-Wahidi
1771 - 1771 Sa`id ibn al-Hasan al-Wahidi
1771 - 1810 Ahmad ibn al-Hadi al-Wahidi
1810 - 1830 `Abd Allah ibn Ahmad al-Wahidi
Wahidi Sultanate of Ba´l Haf
The Sultans of the Wahidi Sultanate of Ba´l Haf had the title of Sultan Ba al-Haf al-Wahidi.
Sultans
.... - .... Nasir ibn `Abd Allah
.... - .... Ahmad ibn Nasir
.... - .... Muhsin ibn `Ali
.... - .... al-Husayn ibn `Abd Allah
.... - .... `Abd Allah ibn al-Husayn
.... - 1877 Ahmad ibn al-Husayn al-Wahidi
1877 - 1881 Salih ibn Ahmad
1881 - 4 May 1881 `Umar ibn al-Husayn al-Wahidi
Wahidi Sultanate of `Azzan
Sultans of the Wahidi Sultanate of `Azzan; title Sultan `Azzan al-Wahidi.
1830 - 18.. `Ali ibn Ahmad al-Wahidi
1850 - 1870 Muhsin ibn `Ali al-Wahidi
1870 - May 1881 `Abd Allah ibn `Umar al-Wahidi
Wahidi Sultanate of Ba´l Haf and `Azzan
Sultans of the Wahidi Sultanate of Ba´l Haf and `Azzan (from 1962 Wahidi Sultanate). Title Sultan Ba al-Haf wa `Azzan al-Wahidi; from 23 Oct 1962 Sultan al-Saltana al-Wahidiyya.
Sultans
May 1881 - Jan 1885 `Abd Allah ibn `Umar
15 Jan 1885 - 1892 al-Hadi ibn Salih al-Wahidi
Ju 1892 - 1893 Muhsin ibn Salih al-Wahidi (1st time)
1893 - 1904 Salih ibn `Abd Allah al-Wahidi
14 Dec 1904 - Jan 1919 Muhsin ibn Salih al-Wahidi (2nd time)
Jan 1919 - 1948 `Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Wahidi
1948 - 1948 `Ali ibn Muhsin al-Wahidi (uncertain)
1948 - 19 Feb 1967 Nasir ibn `Abd Allah al-Wahidi
Regent (title Hakim)
20 Feb 1967 - Aug 1967 `Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Sa`id al-Wahidi
See also
Aden Protectorate
References
External links
Map of Arabia (1905-1923) including the states of Aden Protectorate
Historical Flags of Yemen
States and territories established in 1640
19th-century establishments in Yemen
States in the Aden Protectorate
Federation of South Arabia
Former sultanates
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahidi%20Balhaf
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The Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona is a federally recognized tribe of Yaqui Native Americans in the state of Arizona.
Descended from the Yaqui people whose original homelands include the Yaqui River valley in western Sonora, Mexico and southern Arizona, the Pascua Yaqui Tribe sought refuge from the United States government in mass during the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920). The United States subsequently recognized lands that were part of Yaqui territories near Nogales and south Tucson. In the early 20th century, the tribe began to return to settlements south of Tucson in an area they named Pascua Village, and in Guadalupe, near Tempe. They gained recognition by the United States government on September 18, 1978.
History
In ancient times, Yaquis were living in family groups along the Yaqui River (Yoem Vatwe) north to the Gila River, where they gathered wild desert foods, hunted game, and cultivated corn, beans, and squash. Yaquis traded local foods, furs, shells, salt, and other goods with many indigenous groups. Yaquis traveled extensively in pre-Columbian times and sometimes settled among other Native groups like the Zuni. The Yaqui peoples homelands consisted of several towns in the Yaqui River delta near the Sea of Cortez in Sonora, Mexico. The Jesuits established missions here among the Yaqui by the 19th century. A syncretic Catholic-Native religion developed where Yaquis incorporated Catholic rituals, saints, and teachings into their existing indigenous worldview. After contact with non-Natives after the Spanish arrival in the 1500s, the Yaquis came into an almost constant conflict with Spanish colonists and the later Mexican republic, a period known as the Yaqui Wars, which ended in 1929. The 400 years of wars with the occupiers sent many Yaquis north from Mexico back into Arizona, and the southwestern United States.
The Pascua Yaquis and other Yaquis in Arizona descend from refugees who fled Mexico between 1887 and 1910. During these years the Mexican government attempted to destroy the Yaqui Nation, via warfare, occupation, and forced deportation of Yaquis to virtual slavery in the Yucatan. Yaqui refugees established Yaqui barrios at Pacua and Barrio Libre in Tucson, at Marana, and at Guadalupe and Scottsdale near Phoenix. By the 1940s there were approximately 2,500 Yaquis in Arizona. Most worked as migrant farm laborers. This seasonal work melded well with the off-season when Yaquis would plan and carry out complex religious ceremonials that took months to complete. In Arizona, the Yaqui communities re-established traditional ceremonies, most importantly, the Lenten ceremonies that reenact the passion and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The Pascua community is named after "Pascua," Easter in Spanish. The various Yaqui communities established modest Catholic churches. At Pascua the church was named San Ignacio de Loyola. The Easter ceremonies featured the Yaqui deer dancer, the most enduring symbol of the Yaquis in America. The Pascua Yaquis maintained other aspects of the syncretic Jesuit-Yaqui religious traditions and offices as well.
After fleeing to Arizona, most Yaquis lived in dire poverty, squatting on open lands most often near railroad lines. In 1923, a retired teacher and humanitarian, Thamar Richey, successfully lobbied Tucson to establish a public school for Yaqui children. A realtor donated land for a new subdivision named Barrio Pascua near downtown. This community became a center of Yaqui life in Arizona. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, there was an effort to deport the foreign-national Yaquis back to Mexico. This effort failed largely because the State Department determined their safety could not be ensured. To protect the Yaquis, Thamar Richey in 1935 established a civic-minded committee that included University of Arizona President H.L. Shantz, Anthropology Professor Edward Holland Spicer, and Arizona's first congresswoman Isabella Greenway. Spicer, whose work on the Pascua Yaquis would establish him as one of the nation's leading anthropologists, and the others contacted the Bureau of Indian Affairs to aid the group. Issues of their Mexican origins clouded this effort. As this was during the landmark Indian New Deal when Commissioner of Indian Affairs John Collier was attempting to aid indigenous groups that for decades had faced federal assaults on their lands and cultures, at one point he offered a solution: the Yaquis could relocate to the Colorado River Reservation in far western Arizona. Ultimately this plan failed because of finances and nationality questions.
After World War II, a Yaqui veteran, Anselmo Valencia, returned to Pascua vowing to improve life for his people. He came home determined to fight for his people's rights as American citizens and indigenous Americans. He became head of the religious caballeros society. In 1955, Valencia established the San Ignacio Club to work for community betterment at Pascua. Around this time a University of Arizona anthropology student, Muriel Thayer Painter, began to study the Pascua Yaquis, vowing to aid the struggling group. Residents of Pascua increasingly had lost their lots to tax foreclosures and other economic issues. A study found that most homes had no running water, indoor plumbing, or electricity. Valencia, Spicer, and Painter established the Committee for Pascua Community Housing in the early 1960s to improve housing conditions in the neighborhood. In 1962 while collecting wild herbs in the desert southwest of Tucson, Valencia had a vision that his people would one day relocate there. To accomplish this, Valencia, Spicer, and Geronimo Estrella spearheaded the creation of the Pascua Yaqui Land Development Project, with membership that included Yaquis Felipa Suarez, Gloria Suarez, Joaquina Garcia, and Raul Silvas. The group contacted Congressman Mo Udall for federal help in 1962.
At the urging of Ned Spicer, in 1962 the Yaquis formed the Pascua Yaqui Association (PYA) as a non-profit corporation to receive funds and to deal with federal officials. The PYA evolved into the modern Pascua Yaqui tribal government. The PYA was a quasi-tribal government that worked with Congressman Mo Udall to prepare legislation to transfer federal land for the new Yaqui community Valencia had envisioned on the outskirts of Tucson. Because so many members of Congress were opposed to establishing a new tribal-federal relationship with the Yaquis during the "Termination Era" that lasted until the 1960s, language was inserted in the land transfer bill that prohibited the Pascua Yaqui from being eligible for Bureau of Indian Affair's services or benefits that flowed from tribal acknowledgment.
Federal recognition and reservation land
In 1964, Congressman Morris K. Udall introduced a bill in Congress for the transfer to the Tribe of southwest of Tucson. The bill was approved in August 1964 and the Pascua Yaqui Association received the deed for the of Bureau of Land Management land. To build a new community at the desert site, Spicer suggested establishing a Community Action Program under the new Office of Economic Opportunity, established as part of President Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty. Its programs required community participation, and Valencia and Spicer led the federally-funded effort to establish a tribal base at New Pascua. With federal moneys that totaled over $400,000, Pascua Yaquis built roads (named for historic Yaqui communities in Mexico and cultural heroes), installed utilities, and built tribal community buildings. In 1965, about 370 Yaquis still lived in Barrio Pascua, now being called "Old Pascua." In the early 1970s, a younger Yaqui, M. Raymond Ybarra, a protege of Anselmo Valencia, increasingly took leadership roles at New Pascua. In 1975 they asked Congressman Udall to introduce a bill to federally recognize the Pascua Yaquis as a tribe. Opposition over their Mexican origins and from other Arizona Yaqui communities stymied this effort. In early 1977, Raymond Ybarra and Anselmo Valencia, representing the Pascua Yaqui Association, met with US Senator Dennis DeConcini (D-AZ) to urge him to introduce legislation to provide complete federal recognition of the Yaqui people living on the property conveyed to the Pascua Yaqui Association by the United States through the Act of October 8, 1964. (78 Stat. 1197). Senator DeConcini introduced S.1633 on June 7, 1977. After extensive hearings and consideration, it was passed by the Senate on April 5, 1978. It was accepted by the Conference Committee with the House of Representatives and the Conference Report was passed by the Senate. It became public law, PL 95-375, on September 18, 1978. The law provides for all federal services and benefits including those provided by the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Indian Health Service. It gives the tribe powers of self-government, with Reservation status for Yaqui lands.
The Pascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona received designation as a historical tribe in 1994. In 1988 the Tribe's first constitution was approved. The Pascua Yaqui Reservation () is located in Pima County, in the southwestern part of the Tucson metropolitan area, amidst the suburban communities of Drexel Heights and Valencia West, and adjacent to the eastern section of the Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation, known as the San Xavier Indian Reservation. It has a land area of 4.832 km² (1.8657 sq mi, or 1,194 acres), and a 2000 census resident population of 3,315 persons, over 90 percent of whom are Native Americans. The community is governed by a chairman, a vice chairman and nine tribal council members. Police protection is provided by the Tribal Police Department, and fire protection is provided by full-time firefighters and reserves.
Religion
Though many members of the tribe adhere to Christian teachings, predominantly Catholicism, the culture of the Pascua Yaqui has preserved a rich legacy of native cultural elements that have survived the influence of missionaries. The Tribe has accepted political integration into American society but continues to retain much of their former religious and cultural ways of life.
The Yaqui people have a rich oral history related to their past and worldview that is passed down from one generation to the next.
Complexities occur for the preservation of Yaqui religious tradition considering that the Yaqui people are divided by an international boundary. The majority, if not all, of the Yaqui ceremonial leaders are located in Mexico and must cross the border between the United States and Mexico in order for Yaqui ceremonies to be held in accordance with annual calendars.
Economy
The Tribal government is the largest employer on the reservation. In addition to a smoke shop and artisan shop, the Tribe operates the Casino of the Sun gaming facility, which includes slot machines, bingo, restaurants, games and employs more than 600 staff. Casino Del Sol, the Tribe's second gaming property, opened October 2001 and has provided an additional 550+ jobs on the reservation and in the Tucson Community. The expansion of Casino Del Sol opened November 11, 2011. An additional 700 jobs were provided to the community with the expansion.
Government
A tribal council is made up of eleven elected officials, dedicated to the well being and advancement of their tribe as a whole.
The Yaqui Tribal Council 2016–2020::
Peter Yucupicio, Chairman; Robert Valencia, Vice-Chairman; Mary Jane Buenamea, Secretary; Raymundo Baltazar, Treasurer; Antonia Campoy, Council Member; Francisco Munoz, Council Member; Francisco Valencia Council Member; Herminia Frias, Council Member; David Ramirez, Council Member; Rosa Soto Alvarez, Council Member; Cruzita Armenta, Council Member
The list of Council members from 2012 to 2016 was:
Peter Yucupicio Chairman,
Catalina Alvarez Vice Chairwoman,
Francisco Munoz Treasurer,
John Escalante Council Member,
Marcelino Flores Council Member,
Robert Valencia Council Member,
Raymond Buelna Council Member,
David Ramirez Council Member,
Mary Jane Buenamea Council Member,
Rosa Soto Alvarez Council Member,
Cruzita Armenta Council Member.
The Pascua Yaquis have a status similar to other Native American tribes of the United States. This status makes the Yaqui eligible for specific services due to trust responsibility that the United States offers Native American peoples who have suffered land loss.
A U.S. government assisted news letter, Yaqui Times, also helps in keeping the people of the Pascua Yaqui Tribe informed.
Blood quantum for membership in the Pascua Yaqui Tribe is at least one quarter Yaqui blood. The Pascua Yaqui legal system gives no allowance in quantum for other tribal blood.
Court system
The Pascua Yaqui Tribe operates a Judicial Department with both trial courts and an appellate court. Criminal cases are prosecuted by a Prosecutor's Office. Representation for indigent individuals is available through the Public Defender's Office. The Tribe is represented by the Attorney General's Office. All of these functions and a tribal police department are located in a modern Multi-Purpose Justice Center, which was opened in 2012.
2013 Violence Against Women Act Pilot Project
Since the Supreme Court's majority opinion in Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, the tribal courts were forbidden to try a non-Indian, unless specifically authorized by the Congress. The passage of the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013 (VAWA 2013) signed into law on March 7, 2013 by President Barack Obama authorized the tribal courts to try a non-Indian who is charged with domestic violence towards a Native American. This was motivated by the high percentage of Native American women being assaulted by non-Indian men, feeling immune by the lack of jurisdiction of Tribal Courts upon them. This new law generally takes effect on March 7, 2015, but also authorizes a voluntary "Pilot Project" to allow certain tribes to begin exercising special jurisdiction sooner. On February 6, 2014, three tribes were selected for this Pilot Project: the Pascua Yaqui Tribe (Arizona), the Tulalip Tribes of Washington, and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (Oregon).
Education
Elementary education west of the longitude 111° 5'18.74"W is served by Vesey Elementary School with the rest of the reservation served by Harriet Johnson Primary School and Anna E. Lawrence Intermediate School. The entire reservation is served by Valencia Middle School and Cholla High School for middle and secondary education, respectively. All schools are part of the Tucson Unified School District.
Notable tribal members
Loretta Alvarez, midwife
Mario Martinez, painter living in New York
Marcos A. Moreno, physician of Psychiatry & Neurology, public health advocate, medical research scholar, first tribal member from the Pascua Yaqui Reservation to graduate from an Ivy League University, and the first Doctor of Medicine from the Yaqui's reservation community. Recipient of the national Morris K. and Stewart L. Udall Foundation award for research in medicine and public health work with under-served communities.
Pilar Thomas, lawyer and former government official.
Brian Garcia, Tempe Union Governing Board President (former Vice-President).
Herminia Frias, youngest person and first female tribal member to become Chair of the Pascua Yaqui Indian Tribe.
Carlos Gonzales (MD, FAAFP), physician of Family Medicine, 5th generation Arizonan and beloved student mentor at the University of Arizona College of Medicine. Assistant Dean of Curricular Affairs, Associate Professor of Family and Community Medicine (Clinical Scholar Track), Director of Rural Health Professions Program. He is the Director/Creator of the Commitment to Underserved People Program (1996), a medical student-run clinic at UACOM-Tucson which helps address clinical needs to local underserved and resource-poor populations. He also founded the annual Native American blessing tradition at UACOM-Tucson, a ceremony in which he performs a prayer to the "Seven Sacred Directions" to cleanse and honor medical students as well as the individuals who donated their bodies for the students' education.
References
Pascua Yaqui Reservation, Arizona United States Census Bureau
External links
Pascua Yaqui Tribal Government
Yaqui tribal literature
Casino Del Sol and Casino of the Sun Tribal Casinos
Pascua Yaqui Tribe Trust Land Act: Report (to accompany H.R. 507)
Native American tribes in Arizona
Federally recognized tribes in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascua%20Yaqui%20Tribe
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Aramesh Dustdar (24 May 1931 – 27 October 2021) was an Iranian philosopher, writer, scholar, and philosophy lecturer at Tehran University.
Dustdar received a Ph.D. degree in philosophy from the University of Bonn. He is known in n as a secular Heideggerian philosopher (in contrast to Reza Davari Ardakani who is a religious Heideggerian philosopher).
See also
Intellectual movements in Iran
References
External links
Personal website
Defeating "Din-khou'ei" by Naser Etemadi
Not private anymore
Demanding criticism
About Akbar Ganji and his situation (bu Aramesh Doustdar)
A critical analysis of the article: "About Akbar Ganji and his situation"
BBC Persian article about Aramesh Dustdar
1931 births
2021 deaths
20th-century Iranian philosophers
Academic staff of the University of Tehran
University of Bonn alumni
Iranian atheists
Atheist philosophers
21st-century Iranian philosophers
Iranian critics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramesh%20Dustdar
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The spruce carpet (Thera britannica) is a moth in the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Alfred Jefferis Turner in 1925. It is a double-brooded species, meaning it has two broods in one year. Its wings are coloured with different shades of grey, but the spring brood tends to have more brown colours.
Distribution
Found from the British Isles and France through central Europe to the north of the Carpathian Mountains. In the north to the south of Scandinavia. In the south there are isolated occurrences in the Pyrenees, in Corsica, on the Italian peninsula, in the Carpathians and in the mountains of Greece (including Peloponnese) as well as in Bulgaria. The species is more common than in the southern areas in the northern regions of the Alps. Outside of Europe, there are confirmed reports from the north-west and north-east of Turkey, Transcaucasia and the Caucasus.
Description
Its wingspan is about . Very similar to grey pine carpet, but is usually more richly marked and greyer in appearance. The ground colour of the forewing varies between light grey to blackish grey. Within the median band there are individual dark brown reddish-brown stains (shapes) which are often marked with a white border. Three or more of these shapes are ovoid areas located towards the trailing edge. The median band is fluted and normally edged narrowly with white. The sub-terminal line is generally well marked. The spring brood is an overall brown rather than grey. Important differential characters are the white marginal line to central band, the distinct sub-terminal line and the dark grey-brown hindwings. It closely resembles Thera obeliscata See Townsend et al.
Similar species
Itself variable Thera britannica closely resembles some forms of Thera obeliscata In case of doubt, specialists should be consulted for determination.
Biology
Its flight periods are April to late June (spring brood) and from the end of August to mid-October (autumn brood).
The larva feeds on Picea abies and Pseudotsuga menziesii.
References
External links
Spruce carpet at UKMoths
Butterflies and Moths of Northern Ireland
Lepiforum e.V.
Difficult Species Guide
Cidariini
Moths of Europe
Moths of Asia
Taxa named by Alfred Jefferis Turner
Moths described in 1925
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruce%20carpet
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Lethargy was an American technical death metal and mathcore band formed in Rochester, New York by vocalist Erik Burke, drummer Brann Dailor, and bassist Adam Routier. They would create their first demo titled Lost in This Existence in 1993. Bill Kelliher would join the band as a guitarist in 1994 replacing Stephan Nedwetzky and Brian Steltz. The band would create two more demos titled Tainted and Humor Me, You Funny Little Man. Their last performance was on Christmas night of 1999. Drummer Brann Dailor and guitarist Bill Kelliher would later appear in Today Is the Day and Mastodon. Guitarist and vocalist Erik Burke is currently active in Nuclear Assault, Sulaco, Kalibas, Brutal Truth, and B.C.T. (Blatant Crap Taste).
Members
Last-known lineup
Erik Burke − lead guitar, vocals
Brann Dailor − drums
Bill Kelliher − guitar (1994–1999)
Adam Routier − bass
Former members
Stephan Nedwetzky − lead guitar (1992−1993)
Brian Steltz − guitar (1993−1994)
Discography
Demos
Lost in This Existence (1993)
Tainted (1994)
Humor Me, You Funny Little Man (The Red Tape) (1995)
Studio albums
It's Hard to Write with a Little Hand (1996)
Compilation albums
Discography '93–'99 (2000)
Splits
Lethargy / Big Hair 7" (1994)
References
External links
Lethargy discography at Discogs
Musical groups established in 1992
Musical groups disestablished in 1999
American progressive metal musical groups
American technical death metal musical groups
Death metal musical groups from New York (state)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethargy%20%28band%29
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Newspapers in Israel are mostly in Hebrew, but there are also newspapers catering to Arabic speakers, and newspapers catering to immigrants speaking a variety of languages, such as Russian, English and French. In 2022, a TGI survey indicated that Israel Hayom, distributed for free, is Israel's most read newspaper, with a 31% weekday readership exposure, followed by Yedioth Ahronoth, with 23.9%, Haaretz with 4.7%, and Maariv with 3.5%.
History
Ha-Levanon, the first Hebrew-language newspaper in pre-state Israel, was published on February 20, 1863. It was founded by Yoel Moshe Salomon (later a founder of Petah Tikva) and (later a founder of Nahalat Shiv'a). About six months later, another Jerusalem weekly, HaHavatzelet, was founded by Israel Bak, who established the first Hebrew printing press in Jerusalem.
An analysis of the press of Palestine under the British Mandate in 1949 states: "Palestine was a special case in journalism. No other area with a population of two million, of whom at least 30 percent are illiterate, could boast of 18 morning dailies, three evening papers, and a host of weeklies, bi-weeklies and monthlies."
In 2015, Reuters correspondent Tova Cohen described Israeli society in 2012 as "news-obsessed." Israel has a high newspaper readership rate, due to a combination of high literacy rate and a cultural interest in politics and current affairs. Average weekday readership of newspapers in Israel is around 21 papers per 100 people, although many Israelis end up reading more than one paper.
See also
List of newspapers in Israel
Mass media in Israel
References
Mass media in Israel
Newspapers published in Israel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers%20in%20Israel
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Elizabeth Clarke Wolstenholme-Elmy (died 12 March 1918) was a life-long campaigner and organiser, significant in the history of women's suffrage in the United Kingdom. She wrote essays and some poetry, using the pseudonyms E and Ignota.
Early life
Elizabeth Wolstenholme spent most of her life in villages and towns which now form part of Greater Manchester. She was born in Cheetham Hill, the third child and only daughter of Elizabeth ( Clarke), who died shortly after her daughter's birth, and the Rev. Joseph Wolstenholme, a Methodist minister, who died before she was 14. She was reportedly baptised on 15 December 1833 in Eccles.
Her elder brother, also Joseph Wolstenholme (1829–1891), was afforded an education, and became a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University, but Elizabeth was not permitted to study beyond two years at Fulneck Moravian School. Despite this limited formal education, she continued learning what she could, and became headmistress of a private girls' boarding school in Boothstown near Worsley. She stayed there until May 1867, when she moved her establishment to Congleton, Cheshire.
Campaigning
Wolstenholme, dismayed with the woeful standard of elementary education for girls, joined the College of Preceptors in 1862 and through this organisation met Emily Davies. They campaigned together for girls to be given the same access to higher education as boys. Wolstenholme founded the Manchester Schoolmistresses Association in 1865 and in 1866 gave evidence to the Taunton Commission, charged with restructuring endowed grammar schools, making her one of the first women to give evidence at a Parliamentary select committee.
In 1867, Wolstenholme represented Manchester on the newly formed North of England Council for Promoting the Higher Education of Women. Davies and Wolstenholme quarrelled over how women should be examined at a Higher Level as Wolstenholme, who had formed the Manchester branch of the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women in 1865, was keen for a curriculum aimed at developing skills for employment, whereas Davies wished for women to be taught the same syllabus as men.
Wolstenholme founded the Manchester Committee for the Enfranchisement of Women in 1866 and began 50 years of vigorous campaigning for women's suffrage — the right to vote. She gave up her school in 1871 and became the first paid employee of the women's movement when she was employed to lobby Parliament with regard to laws that were injurious to women. Nicknamed 'the Scourge of the Commons' or the Government Watchdog', Wolstenholme took her role seriously. When local women's suffragist groups faltered following the disappointment of failed suffrage bills, Wolstenholme was instrumental in maintaining the momentum of her city's committee with a re-grouping in 1867 under the name Manchester Society for Women's Suffrage.
In 1877, the women's suffrage campaign was centralised as the National Society for Women's Suffrage. Wolstenholme was a founding member (with Harriet McIlquham and Alice Cliff Scatcherd) of the Women's Franchise League in 1889. Wolstenholme left the organisation and founded the Women's Emancipation Union in 1891.
Women's Emancipation Union 1891–1899
Wolstenholme founded the Women's Emancipation Union in September 1891 following an infamous court case. Regina v Jackson, known colloquially as the Clitheroe Judgement, occurred when Edmund Jackson abducted his wife in a bid to enforce his conjugal rights, long before the concept of marital rape existed. The court of appeal freed Mrs Jackson under Habeas corpus.
Elizabeth Wolstenholme recognised the significance of this judgement in relation to coverture, the principle that a wife's legal personhood was subsumed in that of her husband. She funded the WEU by subscriptions and by finding a benefactor, Mrs Russell Carpenter. The WEU campaigned for four great equalities between men and women: in civic rights and duties, in education and self-development, in the workplace, and in marriage and parenthood. It pioneered cross-class collaborations, encouraging women's resistance to authority while their right to vote remained unacknowledged. It also advocated making women's suffrage a test question in the selection of prospective parliamentary candidates.
The WEU committee held an annual conference and over 150 public meetings between 1892 and 1896. There were ten local organisers in cities from Glasgow to Bristol, and international subscriptions of over 7,000. A short-lived Parliamentary subcommittee was established in 1893. Executive members included Mona Caird, Harriot Stanton Blatch, Caroline Holyoake Smith, and Charles W. Bream Pearce (husband of Isabella Bream Pearce). Members include Lady Florence Dixie, Charlotte Carmichael Stopes, and George Jacob Holyoake. Isabella Ford worked on behalf of the WEU at outdoor rallies in London's East End in 1895.
Papers included Amy Hurlston's "The Factory work of Women in the Midlands" and William Henry Wilkins's "The Bitter Cry of the Voteless Toiler", both in 1893, and Isabella Bream Pearce's "Women and Factory Legislation" in 1896.
Following the Local Government Act 1894, the WEU worked to encourage those women who were covered by it (mostly property owners) to stand for election in bodies of local administration, or at least to vote. Over 100 of the WEU organisers were elected as Poor Law Guardians or Parish Councillors.
Following the death of their benefactor and a halving of their subscriptions in the slump following the loss of the 1897 Women's Suffrage Bill, the WEU folded. The final meeting was held in 1899, when the speakers included Harriot Stanton Blatch and Charlotte Perkins Gilman.
WSPU
Wolstenholme, a friend and colleague of Emmeline Pankhurst, was invited onto the executive committee of the Women's Social and Political Union. The WEU is starting to be recognised as a forerunner to the combative 'militant' WSPU suffragettes.
She was on the stage when Keir Hardie and Pankhurst spoke to a large crowd in Trafalgar Square, and also wrote an eyewitness account of the 1906 Boggart Hole Clough meeting and the 1908 Women's Sunday where she was honoured with her own stand. In the 1911 Coronation Procession, watching from a balcony, she was dubbed 'England's oldest' suffragette ('militant suffragist'). Wolstenholme resigned from the WSPU in 1913 when its violent activities threatened human life.
Further activities
She became vice-president of the Women's Tax Resistance League in the same year. She also gave her support to the Lancashire and Cheshire Textile and other Workers' Representation Committee, formed in Manchester during 1903 headed by Esther Roper.
Wolstenholme was not a single issue campaigner and wanted parity between the sexes. She became secretary to the Married Women's Property Committee from 1867 until its success with the introduction of the Married Women's Property Act 1882. In 1869, she invited Josephine Butler to be president of the Ladies National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts, a campaign which succeeded in 1886. In 1883, Wolstenholme worked for the Guardianship of Infants Committee that became an act in 1886 (see Custody of Infants Act 1873).
Personal life
Wolstenholme met silk mill owner, secularist, republican (i.e. anti-monarchist), and women's rights supporter Benjamin John Elmy (1838–1906) when she moved to Congleton. He became her soulmate and domestic partner. Elmy was born in Hollingsworth to Benjamin, an Inland Revenue officer, and Jane ( Ellis) Elmy. Working as a teacher in his early 20s, Elmy lost his faith and became a factory manager in Lancashire's textile trade. It was this work that gave him insights into economic hardships that beset women workers
In 1867, Wolstenholme and Elmy set up a Ladies' Education Society that was open to men. They became active in the women's movement, joining Wolstenholme's committees. The couple began living together in the early 1870s, following the free love movement and horrifying their devout Christian colleagues. When Wolstenholme became pregnant in 1874, her colleagues were outraged and demanded that they marry, against their personal beliefs. Despite the couple going through a civil marriage registry ceremony in 1874, she was forced to give up her job in London.
The couple moved to Buxton House, Buglawton, where Wolstenholme-Elmy gave birth to their son, Frank, in 1875. Frank Elmy was educated at home. In 1886, Benjamin J. Elmy was elected as Master of the Congleton Lodge of the Fair Trade League (supporting protection of British industry) and both Wolstenholme and Elmy were popular speakers at events organised against the free trade laws. Elmy and Co. ceased trading in 1888 and Elmy retired due to ill health in 1891. In 1897, he founded the first Male Electors League for Female Suffrage (see also the 1907 Men's League for Women's Suffrage).
Deaths
The couple remained married until Elmy's death in 1906. Wolstenholme died on 12 March 1918. Her funeral was held at the Manchester Crematorium.
Works
Wolstenholme wrote prolifically, including papers for the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science and articles for feminist publications such as Shafts and national newspapers such as the Westminster Review. Pamphlets concerning her campaigns were also published by organisations like the Women's Emancipation Union.
Her writing includes:
The Report of the Married Women's Property Committee: Presented at the Final Meeting of their Friends and Subscribers' Manchester 1882. 'The Infants' Act 1886: The record of three years' effort for Legislative Reform, with its results published by the Women's Printing Society 1888.
'''The Enfranchisement of Women' published by the Women's Emancipation Union 1892.
The British Library holds her papers and those of the Guardianship of Infants Act and the Women's Emancipation Union.
Wolstenholme wrote poetry as well. 'The Song of the Insurgent Women' was published on 14 November 1906 and (as Ignota) War Against War in South Africa' on 29 December 1899, shortly after the start of the Second Boer War.
Posthumous recognition
A blue plaque was installed at her home, Buxton House, by the Congleton Civic Society. It reads Elizabeth Wolstenholme-Elmy 1839–1918 Campaigner for social, legal and political equality for women lived here 1874–1918 (citing "1839" as Wolstenholme-Elmy's year of birth, but other sources cite 1833).
Her name and image, and those of 58 other women's suffrage supporters, are etched on the plinth of the statue of Millicent Fawcett in Parliament Square, London, which was unveiled in 2018.
In April 2021, a new Congleton linkroad was named Wolstenholme Elmy Way in honour of Elizabeth and her husband, Benjamin.
A charity was set up in Congleton in 2019 to raise her profile. Elizabeth's Group raised funds to create a statue in Wolstenhome's memory. It was designed by sculptor Hazel Reeves and unveiled by Baroness Hale of Richmond on International Women's Day, 8 March 2022.
ReferencesNotesBibliography'''
External links
Elizabeth Wolstenholme on Spartacus
Elizabeth Wolstenholme-Elmy: Manchester's Free Love Advocate and Secular Feminist — Manchester's Radical History
English essayists
English humanists
English atheists
British secularists
English feminists
English tax resisters
Pseudonymous women writers
People from Eccles, Greater Manchester
Victorian women writers
Victorian writers
British women essayists
19th-century English non-fiction writers
19th-century English women writers
1830s births
1918 deaths
Date of birth unknown
National Society for Women's Suffrage
19th-century pseudonymous writers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Clarke%20Wolstenholme-Elmy
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Scales of Justice may refer to:
Scales of justice (symbol), scales held by Lady Justice symbolizing the measure of a case's support and opposition
Scales of Justice (miniseries), a 1983 Australian television drama
"Scales of Justice", a song by Avantasia from the 2010 album The Wicked Symphony
Scales of Justice (novel), a novel by New Zealand writer Ngaio Marsh featuring her character Inspector Roderick Alleyn
"Scales of Justice", a season 3 episode of The Loud House
The Scales of Justice, a series of 13 cinema shorts produced in the UK between 1962 and 1967, later shown as a TV series
The Scales of Justice (film), a 1914 silent film drama
See also
Justice
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scales%20of%20Justice
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Opposition to the Second Boer War occurred both within and outside of the British Empire. Among the British public, there was initially much support for the war, though it declined considerably as the conflict dragged on. Internationally, condemnation of Britain came from many sources, predominately left-wing and anti-imperialist ones. Inside Britain influential groups, especially based in the opposition Liberal Party formed immediately. They fought ineffectually against the British war policies, which were supported by the Conservative Party of Prime Minister Salisbury.
After the Boers switched to guerrilla warfare in 1900 and the British armed forces adopted scorched earth policies, the intensity of opposition rhetoric escalated. However, at all times supporters of the war controlled the British government, recruited soldiers in large numbers, and represented a majority of public opinion. Outside the British Empire, the Boer cause won far more support, particularly from left-wing political circles. However, all governments remained neutral. "Opposition" includes both opponents of the British war and also opponents of the Boers' war. This article includes opponents and supporters in the general public and the media, in Britain, the British Empire, and major neutral countries.
United Kingdom
At the start of the war, Liberal groups mobilized committees to protest the war, including the South African Conciliation Committee and W. T. Stead's Stop the War Committee. A common theme among these groups was the argument that it was a capitalistic desire for the gold and diamond deposits in the Boer Republics that motivated the British government to declare war. Angered crowds often broke up such anti-war meetings, viewing them as unpatriotic. The British press was overwhelmingly in support of the government's decision to go to war, with only the Manchester Guardian and the Westminster Gazette outspoken in opposition. With the press against them, anti-war elements relied heavily on street corner distribution of their numerous pamphlets. Nevertheless a tide of young men volunteered for the war, as many as 100,000 a month at the peak. Liberals split, with many top leaders following Lord Rosebery in support of the war. Many nonconformists, the backbone of the Liberal Party, likewise supported the war.
The 1900 UK general election was known as the "khaki election", where the Conservative government rallied patriotic voters. It resulted in a victory for the Conservative government on the back of recent British victories against the Boers. However, public support waned as it became apparent that the war would not be easy and moral unease developed following reports about scorched earth policies adopted by the British military or the forcible internment of Boer non-combatants in concentration camps. Public and political opposition was expressed by repeated attacks on British government policies by the Liberal MP David Lloyd George.
Lloyd George made his name in opposition, as he alleged that Joseph Chamberlain, his brother, and his son had large personal financial investments in a number of munitions firms that were making heavy profits in the war. The allegations of corruption and greed did not carry public opinion, so the anti-war elements switched to an emphasis on humanitarianism, with heart-rending depictions of the suffering of Boer women and children in the camps. Emily Hobhouse in June 1901 published a fifteen-page pamphlet reporting on the horrific state of the concentration camps, and Lloyd George openly accused the government of "a policy of extermination" directed against the Boer population. In June, 1901, Liberal party leader Henry Campbell-Bannerman took up the assault and answered the rhetorical "When is a war not a war?" with "When it is carried on by methods of barbarism in South Africa," referring to those same camps and the policies that created them. In 1910, when the Boers came to friendly relations with the British, they pointed to the "barbarism" comment by Campbell-Bannerman as a mark of British good faith.
In April 1900, Emily Hobhouse and her friend Catherine Courtney organised a women’s branch of the South African Conciliation Committee with a women’s protest meeting being held at Queen’s Hall, Langham Place, London, on 13 June 1900. The Women's Liberal Federation participated in the Second Boer War protest movement, then moved towards support for women’s suffrage.
Opposition to the war was strongest among the Irish Catholics throughout the British Empire. Many Irish nationalists sympathised with the Boers, having a shared opposition to British imperialism. Though many Irishmen served in the British Army, some fought for the Boers too. Irish miners working in the Transvaal when the war began formed the nucleus of two tiny Irish commandos.
Neutral countries
The overwhelming public sentiment in neutral countries, especially the Netherlands, Russia, Germany, France, and the United States, was highly negative. Anger against the British was high, and many people supported the Boers. Many saw the Boers as a group of heroic, outnumbered and brave freedom fighters. That included the general public, the leading newspapers, and many public figures. There was some fear that Germany might involve itself beyond mere rhetoric, but Germany remained strictly neutral. Some 225 Russian Army officers took leave to go and fight for the Boers.
Donal Lowry points out that support for the Boers was strongest among anti-imperialists in general and opponents of the British Empire in particular, including French-Canadian separatists in Quebec and Marxist intellectuals such as György Lukács and Karl Kautsky. Irish Catholics in the United States, Australia, Britain and Ireland supported the Boers, who inspired separatist and nationalist leaders, especially in the Irish Republican Army.
In Australia
As part of the empire, Australia joined in the war but also suffered doubts about it. Most such doubts followed the English radical critique of war and empire, but others followed a different strain relating to an early form of Australian nationalism. Notable among the nationalist critique were the anti-war cartoons in the Bulletin magazine, which thumped home a nativist message that participation in a war started by Jews, capitalists and imperialists would mean having to accept non-white migrants once peace came (Breaker Morant had contributed to The Bulletin).
The execution by the British army of two Australian lieutenants (Breaker Morant and Peter Handcock) of the Bushveldt Carbineers for war crimes in 1902 and the imprisonment of a third, George Witton, was initially uncontroversial, but after the war prompted a movement to release Witton, which fuelled anti-war radicalism. More than 80,000 signatures on petitions and intercession by a South African millionnaire saw Witton released in 1904. Three years later he wrote his influential apologia Scapegoats of the Empire.
Canada
In Canada, attitudes toward the conflict were rooted in ethnic and religious communities. There was a three-way political conflict between Canadians of British descent, Irish descent, and French descent. Many French-Canadians were hostile to the British Empire, and by 1915, were largely refusing to volunteer for military service in the First World War. Protestant Canadians, typically of British descent, were strong supporters of the Empire and the "mother country". They sent thousands of volunteers to fight alongside the British Army against the Boers, and in the process identified themselves even more strongly with the British Empire. Opposition also came from some English immigrants such as the intellectual leader Goldwin Smith. In Canada, the Irish Catholics were fighting the French-Canadians for control of the Catholic Church, so the Irish generally supported the pro-British position.
Assassination attempt
In Belgium, the 15-year-old socialist Jean-Baptiste Sipido, a young tinsmith's apprentice, attempted to assassinate the Prince of Wales then passing through Brussels. He accused the Prince of causing the slaughter of thousands during the Boer War. In the following trial the Belgian jury found Sipido not guilty, despite the facts of the case being clear, which the Leader of the British House of Commons called "a grave and most unfortunate miscarriage of justice".
Aftermath
The existence of anti-war sentiment contributed to the perceptions of British actions after the war. There was much public outrage in the UK and official Australian government opposition against the use of cheap Chinese labour, known as coolies, after the war by the governor of the new crown colonies, Lord Milner. Workers were often kept in appalling conditions, received only a small wage and were forbidden to socialise with the local population. Some believe the issue of Chinese coolie labour can be seen as the climax of public antipathy towards the war.
Having taken the country into a prolonged war, the electorate delivered a harsh verdict at the first general election after the war was over. Arthur Balfour, succeeding his uncle Lord Salisbury in 1903 immediately after the war, took over a Conservative party that had won two successive landslide majorities but led it to a landslide defeat in 1906.
See also
List of peace activists
List of anti-war organizations
References
Further reading
Van Hartesveldt, Fred R. The Boer War: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography (2000) excerpt
Wilson, Keith M., ed. The international impact of the Boer War (Routledge, 2014). online review by Matthew Seligmann
Great Britain
Auld, John W. "The Liberal Pro-Boers." Journal of British Studies 14#2 (1975): 78–101.
Beaven, Brad. "The Provincial Press, Civic Ceremony and the Citizen-Soldier During the Boer War, 1899–1902: A Study of Local Patriotism." The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 37.2 (2009): 207–28.
Brown, Stewart J. "'Echoes of Midlothian': Scottish Liberalism and the South African War, 1899-1902." Scottish Historical Review 71.191/192 (1992): 156–83.
Denness, Zoë. "Women and warfare at the start of the twentieth century: the racialization of the ‘enemy’ during the South African War (1899–1902)." Patterns of Prejudice 46#3-4 (2012): 255–76.
Halévy, Élie. Imperialism and the Rise of Labour, 1895–1905 (1951) pp. 69–138.
Hinton, Guy. "Newcastle and the Boer War: Regional Reactions to an Imperial War." Northern History 52.2 (2015): 272–94.
Johnson, Matthew. Militarism and the British Left, 1902–1914 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).
McFarland, E. W. "‘Empire-Enlarging Genius’: Scottish Imperial Yeomanry Volunteers in the Boer War." War in history 13.3 (2006): 299–328.
McFarland, E. W. "Commemoration of the South African War in Scotland, 1900–10." The Scottish Historical Review (2010): 194–223. abstract
Miller, S.M. "In Support of the 'Imperial Mission'? Volunteering for the South African War, 1899–1902" Journal of Military History 69#3(2005), 691–711.
Morgan, Kenneth O. "The Boer War and the media (1899–1902)." Twentieth Century British History 13.1 (2002): 1–16.
Pelling, H. British Labour and British Imperialism: Popular Politics and Society in Late Victorian Britain (1968).
Porter, Bernard. "The Pro-Boers in Britain." in Peter Warwick, ed. The South African War: The Anglo-Boer War 1899–1902 (1980): 239–42.
Price, Richard. An Imperial War and the British Working Class (Toronto, 1972)
Readman, Paul. "The Conservative Party, Patriotism, and British Politics: The Case of the General Election of 1900" Journal of British Studies 40#1 (2001), 107–45;
George R. Witton, Scapegoats of the Empire, (1907) Angus & Robertson, 1982.
Wood-Lamont, Sally. Biography of W.T. Stead, W.T. Stead and his "Books for the Bairns", (Salvia Books, Edinburgh, 1987)
Dominions and United States
Anderson, Stuart. "Racial Anglo-Saxonism and the American Response to the Boer War." Diplomatic History 2.3 (1978): 219–36.
Bassett, Jan. Guns and brooches: Australian army nursing from the Boer War to the Gulf War (Oxford UP, 1997).
Chaktsiris, Mary G. "‘Our Boys With the Maple Leaf on Their Shoulders and Straps’: Masculinity, the Toronto Press, and the Outbreak of the South African War, 1899." War & Society 32#1 (2013): 3–25.
Connolly, C. N. "Manufacturing ‘spontaneity’: The Australian offers of troops for the Boer War." Australian Historical Studies 18.70 (1978): 106–17.
Douma, Michael James. "Ethnic Identities in a Transnational Context: The Dutch American Reaction to the Anglo-Boer War 1899–1902." South African Historical Journal 65.4 (2013): 481–503.
Miller, Carman. "Framing Canada's Great War: a case for including the Boer War." Journal of Transatlantic Studies 6#1 (2008): 3–21.
Miller, Carman. "Loyalty, Patriotism and Resistance: Canada's Response to the Anglo-Boer War, 1899–1902." South African Historical Journal 41#1 (1999): 312–23.
Miller, Carman. Painting the Map Red: Canada and the South African War, 1899–1902 (Montreal: Canadian War Museum & McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993).
Mulanax, Richard B. The Boer War in American politics and diplomacy (University Press of America, 1994).
Page, Robert J.D. "Canada and the imperial idea in the Boer War years." Journal of Canadian Studies 5#1 (1970): 33+
Penlington, Norman. Canada and Imperialism, 1896–1899 (Toronto, 1965).
Penny, Barbara R. "Australia's Reactions to the Boer War – a Study in Colonial Imperialism." Journal of British Studies 7#1 (1967): 97–130.
Strauss, Charles T. "God Save the Boer: Irish American Catholics and the South African War, 1899–1902." US Catholic Historian 26#4 (2008): 1–26.
Wallace, Robert L. The Australians at the Boer War (Australian War Memorial, 1976).
Wilcox, Craig. Australia's Boer War: The War in South Africa 1899–1902 (Oxford UP, 2002).
Anti-war movement
Second Boer War
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition%20to%20the%20Second%20Boer%20War
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Wahidi Bir Ali ( ), or the Wahidi Sultanate of Bir Ali ( ), was one of several Wahidi states in the British Aden Protectorate and the Protectorate of South Arabia. Its capital was Bi'r `Ali on the Gulf of Aden coast. The last Sultan, Alawi ibn Salih ibn Ahmad Al Wahidi, was deposed and the state was abolished in 1967 upon the founding of the People's Republic of South Yemen. The area is now part of the Republic of Yemen.
History
The predecessor state, the Wahidi Sultanate (Saltanat al-Wahidiyya), was established at an uncertain date.
In 1830 the Wahidi Sultanate split into four states:
Wahidi Sultanate of Ba´l Haf (Saltanat Ba al-Haf al-Wahidiyya)
Wahidi Sultanate of `Azzan (Saltanat `Azzan al-Wahidiyya)
Wahidi Sultanate of Bi´r `Ali `Amaqin (Saltanat Bi'r `Ali `Amaquin al-Wahidiyya)
Wahidi Sultanate of Habban (Saltanat Habban al-Wahidiyya)
On 4 May 1881 Ba´l Haf and `Azzan joined. In 1888 the Wahidi Sultanate of Ba´l Haf and `Azzan became a British protectorate.
In 1895 Bi´r `Ali `Amaqin also came under British protection. On 23 Oct 1962 the joint sultanate was renamed Wahidi Sultanate (al-Saltana al-Wahidiyya), while Bi´r `Ali and Habban remained subordinate sultanates.
On 29 Nov 1967 with the independence of the People's Republic of South Yemen all states were abolished.
Rulers
The Sultans of the Wahidi Sultanate of Bi´r `Ali `Amaqin had the style of Sultan Bi'r `Ali `Amaqi al-Wahidi.
Sultans
1830 - 18.. `Abd Allah ibn Talib al-Wahidi
1842 - 1875 al-Hadi ibn Talib al-Wahidi
1875 - 1880 Talib ibn al-Hadi al-Wahidi
1880 - Mar 1893 Muhsin ibn Salih al-Wahidi
1893 - 1916 Salih ibn Ahmad al-Wahidi
1916 - 1940 Nasir ibn Talib al-Wahidi
1940 - 1955 `Alawi ibn Muhsin al-Wahidi
1955 - 23 Oct 1962 `Alawi ibn Salih al-Wahidi (continued as subordinate ruler until 29 Nov 1967)
See also
Aden Protectorate
References
External links
Map of Arabia (1905-1923) including the states of Aden Protectorate
19th-century establishments in Yemen
States in the Aden Protectorate
Protectorate of South Arabia
1830 establishments in Asia
Former sultanates
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahidi%20Bir%20Ali
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Wahidi Habban ( ), or the Wahidi Sultanate of Habban in Hadhramaut ( ), was one of several Wahidi states in the British Aden Protectorate. Its capital was Habban. The last sultan, Husayn ibn Abd Allah Al Wahidi, was deposed and the state was abolished in 1967 upon the founding of the People's Republic of South Yemen. The area is now part of the Republic of Yemen.
History
The predecessor state, the Wahidi Sultanate (Saltanat al-Wahidiyya), was established at an uncertain date.
In 1830 the Wahidi Sultanate split into four states:
Wahidi Sultanate of Ba´l Haf (Saltanat Ba al-Haf al-Wahidiyya)
Wahidi Sultanate of `Azzan (Saltanat `Azzan al-Wahidiyya)
Wahidi Sultanate of Bi´r `Ali `Amaqin (Saltanat Bi'r `Ali `Amaquin al-Wahidiyya)
Wahidi Sultanate of Habban (Saltanat Habban al-Wahidiyya)
On 4 May 1881 Ba´l Haf and `Azzan joined. In 1888 the Wahidi Sultanate of Ba´l Haf and `Azzan became a British protectorate.
In 1895 Bi´r `Ali `Amaqin also came under British protection. On 23 Oct 1962 the joint sultanate was renamed Wahidi Sultanate (al-Saltana al-Wahidiyya), while Bi´r `Ali and Habban remained subordinate sultanates.
On 29 Nov 1967 with the independence of the People's Republic of South Yemen all states were abolished.
Rulers
The Sultans of the Wahidi Sultanate of Habban had the style of Sultan Habban al-Wahidi.
Sultans
1830 - 1840 al-Husayn ibn Ahmad al-Wahidi
1850 - 1870 `Abd Allah ibn al-Husayn al-Wahidi
1870 - 1877 Ahmad ibn al-Husayn al-Wahidi
1877 - May 1881 Salih ibn Ahmad al-Wahidi
May 1881 - Jan 1885 Interregnum
Jan 1885 - 1919 Nasir ibn Salih al-Wahidi
1919 - 19.. al-Husayn ibn `Ali al-Wahidi
c.1962 - 23 Oct 1962 al-Husayn ibn `Abd Allah al-Wahidi (continued as subordinate ruler until 29 Nov 1967)
See also
Aden Protectorate
References
External links
Map of Arabia (1905-1923) including the states of Aden Protectorate
Historical Flags of Yemen
19th-century establishments in Yemen
States in the Aden Protectorate
Former sultanates
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahidi%20Haban
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Piz Platta is the highest peak in the Oberhalbstein Alps. It is 3392 metres high (Source: Landeskarte der Schweiz no.1256 - 1991), and is notable for its similarity in shape to the Matterhorn. Piz Platta is located between the localities of Avers and Mulegns, both in the Swiss canton of Graubünden.
See also
List of mountains of Graubünden
List of most isolated mountains of Switzerland
References
External links
Piz Platta on Summitpost
Piz Platta on Hikr
Platta
Alpine three-thousanders
Platta
Mountains of Switzerland
Surses
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piz%20Platta
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The 1981–82 season was the 102nd season of competitive football in England.
It was also the first season that the three-points-for-a-win system was introduced.
Diary of the season
13 July 1981: Everton sign 22-year-old goalkeeper Neville Southall from Bury for £150,000.
19 August 1981: Brighton & Hove Albion sign Liverpool midfielder Jimmy Case for £350,000.
22 August 1981: Aston Villa & Tottenham Hotspur draw 2–2 in the FA Charity Shield at Wembley.
29 August 1981: The first Football League games of the season are played. Swansea City begin life as a First Division side on a high note by beating Leeds United 5–1. Promoted Notts County win 1–0 at Villa Park against defending champions Aston Villa. Howard Kendall begins his career as Everton manager by guiding them to a 3–1 win over Birmingham City. Liverpool lose 1–0 to Wolverhampton Wanderers.
9 September 1981: England suffer a shock 2–1 defeat away to Norway in a qualifier for the World Cup.
19 September 1981: Alan Brazil scores twice as Ipswich Town beat Notts County for 4–1 at Meadow Lane, while Liverpool and Aston Villa draw 0–0.
29 September 1981: Legendary former Liverpool manager Bill Shankly, 68, dies from a heart attack three days after being admitted to hospital.
30 September 1981: The month ends with Ipswich Town leading the First Division. Newly promoted West Ham United and Swansea City are their nearest challengers, with Nottingham Forest completing the top four, but champions Aston Villa are struggling with just one win from seven games. Leeds United are already adrift at the bottom of the table following a horrific start to the season, with Sunderland and, surprisingly, West Bromwich Albion also in the bottom three. The race for a place in next season's First Division is headed by Sheffield Wednesday, Luton Town and Norwich City. In the UEFA Cup, Liverpool beat Finnish league champions Oulun Palloseura 7–0 at Anfield to complete an 8–0 aggregate first leg triumph, with 19-year-old striker Ian Rush scoring his first senior goal for the club.
1 October 1981: Manchester United pay a national record fee of £1.5 million for West Bromwich Albion midfielder Bryan Robson.
7 October 1981: Ian Rush scores his first domestic goals for Liverpool, finding the net twice in their second round first leg League Cup 5–0 win over Exeter City at Anfield.
27 October 1981: First Division clubs Notts County and Swansea City are eliminated from the League Cup by lower league opposition: Division Three's Lincoln City despatch the Nottingham club while the Welsh were beaten by Barnsley of the Second Division.
31 October 1981: Manchester United finish October as First Division leaders, although Ipswich Town are level on points with them, and have two games in hand. Tottenham Hotspur, Swansea City, Nottingham Forest and West Ham United are also amongst the front-runners. Sunderland, Wolverhampton Wanderers and Middlesbrough occupy the relegation places. Luton Town's recent excellent form has taken them to the top of the Second Division, heading a promotion race in which Watford stand second and Sheffield Wednesday are third.
4 November 1981: Fourth Division side York City sack manager Barry Lyons, following a poor start to the season on top of last year's bottom-place finish, and replace him with Kevin Randall.
18 November 1981: England seal qualification for the World Cup with a 1–0 win over Hungary at Wembley in their final qualifying game.
30 November 1981: November draws to a close with Manchester United still top of the First Division, though Swansea City are two points behind them with a game in hand. Ipswich Town and Tottenham Hotspur are still pushing them hard, as are Southampton, Nottingham Forest and West Ham United. Sunderland, Middlesbrough and Birmingham City occupy the relegation places, while defending champions Aston Villa are 13th in the league and Liverpool are 10th. Luton Town continue to head the Second Division promotion race, with Watford and Queens Park Rangers completing the top three.
15 December 1981: Swansea City go top of the First Division after beating Aston Villa 2–1.
16 December 1981: The Football Association bans Chelsea supporters from visiting away grounds for the remainder of the season in response to an incident by travelling Chelsea fans at Derby County.
31 December 1981: The year draws to a close with Manchester City top of the First Division. However, just two points separate the top five places, with Southampton, Swansea City, Manchester United and Ipswich Town in close pursuit. Luton Town remain the runaway leaders of the Second Division, while Oldham Athletic have muscled into second place, with Watford third.
2 January 1982: Holders Tottenham Hotspur beat Arsenal 1–0 in the North London derby in the FA Cup third round. Liverpool beat Swansea City 4–0, while Manchester United are beaten 1–0 by Second Division Watford.
8 January 1982: John Barnwell resigns as manager of Wolverhampton Wanderers, whose fortunes have declined sharply in the two years since he took them to sixth place in the First Division and a League Cup victory.
23 January 1982: Third Division Oxford United cause the shock of the FA Cup fourth round with a 3–0 win away to Brighton & Hove Albion. Watford claim another First Division victim, beating West Ham United 2–0.
31 January 1982: January ends with Southampton top of the First Division. Manchester United are a point behind, while Ipswich Town are two points off the top but still have three games in hand. Manchester City occupy fourth place, two points behind the leaders. Liverpool's resurgence has seen them climb into fifth place. Brighton & Hove Albion, in only their third season as a top flight club, are in seventh position. Defending champions Aston Villa, meanwhile, are struggling in 17th place. Middlesbrough, Sunderland and Wolverhampton Wanderers occupy the relegation places. Luton Town, Oldham Athletic and Watford head the Second Division promotion race, followed closely behind by Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea and Queens Park Rangers.
2 February 1982: Wolverhampton Wanderers appoint Oxford United's Ian Greaves as their new manager.
9 February 1982: Ron Saunders announces his resignation as manager of defending league champions Aston Villa. He is succeeded by assistant Tony Barton.
13 February 1982: Chelsea shock Liverpool 2–0 at Stamford Bridge in the FA Cup fifth round. Shrewsbury Town surprisingly beat Ipswich Town 2–1, Watford's run ends with a 2–0 defeat to Leicester City, and Tottenham Hotspur beat troubled Aston Villa 1–0.
15 February 1982: Birmingham City sack manager Jim Smith, following a run of just one win since the beginning of October, which has left the club only a single place outside the relegation zone.
18 February 1982: Nine days after walking out on Aston Villa, Ron Saunders makes a surprise return to management with their local rivals Birmingham City.
28 February 1982: February ends with Southampton still top of the First Division, with Swansea City's challenge back on track as they occupy second place. Manchester United are six points off the top with two games in hand, and Liverpool now stand fourth, eight points off top place with three games in hand. Middlesbrough, Sunderland and Wolverhampton Wanderers remain in the bottom three. Luton Town, Watford and Oldham Athletic continue to head the Second Division promotion race, with their nearest challenge now coming from Rotherham United, who have yet to play top division football.
1 March 1982: Jim Smith makes a swift return to management at Oxford United, who had been managerless since the departure of Ian Greaves the previous month.
6 March 1982: Shrewsbury Town's impressive FA Cup run comes to an end when they lose 5–2 to Second Division rivals Leicester City at Filbert Street in the sixth round. In two London derbies, Tottenham Hotspur beat Chelsea 3–2 and Queens Park Rangers win 1–0 at home to Crystal Palace. West Bromwich Albion take the remaining semi-final place with a 2–0 win over Coventry City.
13 March 1982: Liverpool retain the Football League Cup with a 3–1 win over Tottenham Hotspur in the Wembley final.
16 March 1982: York City, who have been bottom of the Fourth Division for much of the last few months, sack Kevin Randall. Former captain Barry Swallow is appointed as the third manager of the season at the club, who are considered highly likely to be voted out of the Football League if they finish bottom for the second year in a row.
31 March 1982: Southampton remain the leaders of the First Division, but Liverpool and Ipswich Town are closing in, a point behind with three games in hand. Swansea City and Manchester United complete the top five. The bottom three of Middlesbrough, Sunderland and Wolverhampton Wanderers remains unchanged. Watford have overhauled Luton Town as Second Division leaders, with Sheffield Wednesday now completing the top three. Rotherham United, Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United are close behind in the promotion race. Fulham defender Dave Clement, who was capped five times by England and spent the first 14 years of his career at Queens Park Rangers, commits suicide.
3 April 1982: FA Cup holders Tottenham Hotspur reach the final for the second reason running with a 2–0 semi-final win over surprise contestants Leicester City at Villa Park, while Second Division Queens Park Rangers overcome West Bromwich Albion 1–0 at Highbury to reach the final for the first time in their history. Tottenham's victory is marred by Leicester fans booing Argentine midfielder Ossie Ardiles amid hostility over the Falklands War.
7 April 1982: Liverpool achieve a vital 1–0 win over Manchester United at Old Trafford to move two points ahead of Ipswich Town at the top of the First Division.
21 April 1982: Tottenham Hotspur lose the European Cup Winners' Cup semi-final 2–1 on aggregate to Barcelona.
30 April 1982: Liverpool are now clear at the top of the First Division, four points ahead of Ipswich Town with a game in hand. Swansea City are third. Manchester City, who led the league four months ago, are now 10th. Middlesbrough and Wolverhampton Wanderers remain in the relegation zone, but Sunderland have climbed out of the bottom three at the expense of West Bromwich Albion. Luton Town's promotion is now almost certain, while Watford are also looking likely to reach the First Division for the first time in their history. Sheffield Wednesday currently occupy the final promotion place, but Leicester City, Norwich City and Queens Park Rangers remain in contention.
4 May 1982: Southampton and Coventry City draw 5–5 in the highest-scoring match of the First Division season. A brace from Ross Jenkins in Watford's Second Division win over Wrexham seals their promotion into the First Division for the first time in their history; Jenkins himself was playing for the Hertfordshire club in Division Four five years previously.
15 May 1982: Liverpool win the Football League championship for the 13th time after they beat Tottenham Hotspur 3–1 and Ipswich Town lose 3–1 at home to Nottingham Forest. Wolverhampton Wanderers are relegated despite beating West Ham United 2–1 in their last match of the season. The other two relegation places are still to be decided, with Middlesbrough, Stoke City, West Bromwich Albion and Leeds United all still in danger.
18 May 1982: Middlesbrough draw 0–0 with Liverpool and are relegated to the Second Division, finishing bottom of the First Division table. West Bromwich Albion guarantee safety by beating Leeds United 2–0.
20 May 1982: Stoke City beat West Bromwich Albion 3–0 to survive at the expense of Leeds United, who are relegated after 18 successive seasons in the First Division.
22 May 1982: The FA Cup final between Tottenham Hotspur and Queens Park Rangers ends in a 1–1 draw after extra time. Tottenham's line-up does not include Argentinians Ricardo Villa and Ossie Ardiles, who have withdrawn from first-team action owing to the Falklands War.
26 May 1982: Aston Villa lift the European Cup when a Peter Withe goal gives them victory over Bayern Munich in Rotterdam.
27 May 1982: Tottenham Hotspur retain the FA Cup thanks to a penalty from Glenn Hoddle in the replay against Queens Park Rangers.
29 May 1982: England beat Scotland 1–0 in the 100th international between the countries to win the Home Championship with a 100% record.
16 June 1982: England open their World Cup campaign with a 3–1 win over France.
20 June 1982: England seal qualification to the next stage of the World Cup by defeating Czechoslovakia 2–0.
25 June 1982: England complete the first stage of the World Cup with a 1–0 win over Kuwait.
29 June 1982: England draw 0–0 with West Germany in the first game of the second round of the World Cup.
5 July 1982: England are eliminated from the World Cup after only managing a goalless draw with host nation Spain in a match they needed to win. Ron Greenwood retires as national team manager, and is succeeded by Ipswich's Bobby Robson.
National team
Ron Greenwood, 61, retired as England manager after the 1982 World Cup. He was succeeded by the Ipswich manager Bobby Robson.
UEFA Competitions
Aston Villa beat Bayern Munich 1–0 in the 1982 European Cup Final. Arsenal were knocked out in the 3rd round of the UEFA Cup by semi-professional Belgian side KFC Winterslag
FA Cup
Tottenham Hotspur retained the trophy, drawing 1–1 with Queens Park Rangers, managed by former Tottenham player Terry Venables, in the final before winning the replay 1–0. Venables would however eventually win the trophy himself with Tottenham in 1991.
League Cup
Liverpool won the League Cup with a 3–1 victory over Tottenham Hotspur in the final.
Football League
First Division
The First Division title race brought many different challengers. But in the end, however, Liverpool overcame a dismal first half of the season which saw them climb from mid-table at Christmas to clinching the title on the final day of the season, having lifted the Football League Cup weeks earlier for the second successive season. Ipswich (runners-up), Manchester United (third), Swansea (sixth) and Southampton (seventh) all managed good finishes in the league despite being unable to win the title, but Manchester City finished a disappointing 10th after briefly taking the lead of the First Division just after Christmas. Liverpool's season of triumph was overshadowed, however, by the death of former manager Bill Shankly in late September following a heart attack.
Tottenham retained the FA Cup to match Aston Villa's record of seven wins in the competition.
By contrast, Villa had a disappointing defence of the league title and could only finish 11th, with manager Ron Saunders stepping down in February and being replaced by his assistant Tony Barton, who enjoyed instant success in his first managerial job by guiding Villa to glory in the European Cup, while Saunders made a quick return to management at local rivals Birmingham City, achieving First Division survival by a comfortable margin.
Middlesbrough finished bottom of the First Division and went down after eight years among the elite. Wolves, faced with huge debts and the possibility of bankruptcy, went down too. Leeds United, who had rarely challenged for honours since Don Revie left for the England job in 1974, ended their 18-year stay in the First Division with relegation.
Second Division
Luton Town clinched the Second Division title and a place in the top flight in their fourth season under the management of David Pleat, while their local rivals Watford reached the First Division for the first time in their history by finishing runners-up. The final promotion place went to Norwich City, who went from mid table to third place in the final quarter of the season with a storming run of form. Sheffield Wednesday missed out on promotion by a single point, while FA Cup finalists QPR were just two points short of promotion. Barnsley's success under Norman Hunter continued when they finished sixth, the closest they had come in decades to winning the First Division place that had eluded them since their formation in 1896. Emlyn Hughes, the former England captain, enjoyed a promising start to his managerial career as his Rotherham United side emerged as unlikely contenders for a First Division place, before they finished seventh.
Orient, Wrexham and Cardiff City were relegated to the Third Division.
Third Division
Burnley clinched the Third Division title on goal difference ahead of Carlisle United in a tight promotion race, with the final promotion place going to Fulham. Lincoln City missed out on a Second Division place by a single point, while Oxford United's turnaround under new owner Robert Maxwell and new manager Jim Smith was not quite enough for promotion as they had to settle for fifth place in the final table.
Bristol City, faced with closure as a result of huge debts, became the first English league club to suffer three successive relegations. Chester's seven-year stay in the Third Division came to an end as they finished bottom of the table and 21 points adrift of safety. Also relegated were Swindon Town and Wimbledon.
Fourth Division
Sheffield United's ambitious revival under new manager Ian Porterfield began with the Fourth Division title. They went up with Bradford City, Wigan Athletic and AFC Bournemouth.
There was no movement between the Football League and the Alliance Premier League this season.
Top goalscorers
First Division
Kevin Keegan (Southampton) – 26 goals
Second Division
Ronnie Moore (Rotherham United) – 22 goals
Third Division
Gordon Davies (Fulham) – 24 goals
Fourth Division
Keith Edwards (Hull City and Sheffield United) – 36 goals
Non-league football
The divisional champions of the major non-League competitions were:
Awards
Southampton striker Kevin Keegan marked his return to English football by scoring more goals than any other player in the Football League and being voted PFA Players' Player of the Year.
Tottenham's Steve Perryman added to his FA Cup winners medal with the FWA Footballer of the Year award.
Southampton's Steve Moran was elected as PFA Young Player of the Year.
Successful managers
Bob Paisley retained the League Cup and won the league title for Liverpool.
Tony Barton won the European Cup with Aston Villa.
Keith Burkinshaw helped Tottenham win the FA Cup for the second year running.
David Pleat ended Luton Town's absence from the top flight by guiding them to the Second Division title.
Graham Taylor took Watford into the First Division for the first time in their history.
David Webb took AFC Bournemouth into the Third Division after they finished fourth in the Fourth Division.
Famous debutants
5 September 1981: John Barnes, 17-year-old Jamaica born winger, makes his debut for Watford in their 1–1 home draw with Oldham Athletic in the Second Division.
10 October 1981: Gary Stevens, 18-year-old full back, makes his debut for Everton in their 1–1 league draw with West Ham United at Upton Park.
21 November 1981: Kevin Richardson, 18-year-old midfielder, makes his debut for Everton in their 2–1 league defeat at home to Sunderland.
5 December 1981: Stewart Robson, 17-year-old midfielder, makes his debut for Arsenal in their 2–1 league win over West Ham United at Upton Park.
24 April 1982: Norman Whiteside, 16-year-old Northern Irish forward, makes his debut for Manchester United in their 1–0 win over Brighton & Hove Albion at the Goldstone Ground 13 days before his 17th birthday.
28 April 1982: Mark Walters, 17-year-old midfielder, makes his debut for Aston Villa in their 4–1 home defeat by Leeds United in the league.
1 May 1982: Peter Davenport, 21-year-old striker, makes his debut for Nottingham Forest in a 2–0 league defeat by Liverpool at Anfield.
15 May 1982: Steve Hodge, 19-year-old midfielder, makes his debut for Nottingham Forest in a 3–1 league win over Ipswich Town at Portman Road.
Deaths
29 September 1981 – Bill Shankly, 68, former Liverpool manager who transformed the Reds into one of Europe's top footballing sides. Shankly had taken Liverpool into the First Division in 1962, and over the next 12 years they were league champions three times, FA Cup winners twice and UEFA Cup winners once.
8 December 1981 – Bob Lord, 73, chairman of Burnley F.C. for 26 years until three months before his death, died of cancer.
31 March 1982 – Dave Clement, 34, former QPR and England full-back who committed suicide after breaking his leg.
13 May 1982 – Billy Steel, 59, became the most expensive player in Britain in 1947 when he left Morton in his native Scotland to move south of the border to Derby County.
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382%20in%20English%20football
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Mighty Machines is a Canadian educational children's television series that teaches about machines and how they work. The show premiered in 1994 airing 39 episodes over three seasons until 2008.
Format
Each Mighty Machines episode focuses on a specific type of heavy equipment or work environment. Machines talk to viewers on screen to explain their jobs. Documentary footage of actual machines in action doing their day-to-day work is presented with voiceovers of the machines addressing the viewers. The children in the audience are invited to follow the machines during a typical day. They explain their abilities and their duties in detail over the course of the episode. Each machine is given its own personality and they often hold conversations with one another as they work. Unlike most documentary-style shows, there is no external narrator.
All of season 1 episodes were done in two formats for the airing: 22-minute full episodes and five-minute excerpts for use as filler.
Honours
Mighty Machines was nominated for a Gemini Award in 1996 in the category of "Best Children's Program or Series".
Production
Mighty Machines first aired as a production of Malofilm, the first season in 1994, second in 2004, and third in 2008 (done by Loten Media, and distributed by Seville Pictures). Most of the episodes were filmed in Toronto, Ontario; Montreal, Quebec; Halifax, Nova Scotia; and Roanoke, Virginia, U.S.
Telecast and home media
The show aired on TVO, Treehouse TV and other channels in Canada, including Access in Alberta, the Saskatchewan Communications Network in Saskatchewan, and Knowledge in British Columbia. It also aired on Discovery Kids in the United Kingdom in 2005, on the now-defunct Qubo in the U.S. until August 31, 2014, and a French-language version airs on TFO in Ontario and on channels in Quebec.
The episodes were put on direct-to-video tapes released by the Disney-owned Buena Vista Home Video in the U.S.
All of the first three seasons' episodes are available on VHS and DVD, individually or in box sets. There is also a 60-minute VHS featuring all of the five-minute episodes from season 1.
DVD releases
Chomp! Crunch! Tear! features episodes: Car Wreckers, Giant Tow Trucks, and Laying Down the Pipeline
Tremendous Tools features episodes: On the Farm, At the Sawmill and Deep Underground
Winter Blast features episodes: In the Snowstorm, At the Ski Hill and In the Forest
Revved Up features episodes: Building an Airplane' , 'Ride the Mountain Rails and Reach for the Sky
Diggers and Dozers features episodes: At the Construction Site, At the Demolition Site and At the Quarry
Machines on the Job features episodes: Bringing In the Harvest, At the Steel Mill and Hot off the Press
Big Wheels Rollin features episodes: At the Cement Yard, Building a Truck and Trucks, Trucks, Trucks
Lights and Ladders features episodes: At The Fire Hall, At the Garbage Dump and In the City
Roadways to Runways features episodes: At the Race Track, At the Airport and On the Road
Boats to the Rescue features episodes: To the Rescue, Making Waves and In the Harbor
All About Garbage and Recycling features episodes: All About Recycling and at the garbage dump
Making Tracks features episodes: At the Train Yard, Making a Road and Buses subways, and trains
Mega Machines features episodes: Go, Boats, Go, Machines Go to School, Under the Waves, Board the Ferry, and All About Recycling Learning, Lifting, and Towing features episodes: Machines go to School, Reach for the Sky! and Giant Tow Trucks Planes, Trains, & Automobiles features episodes: Building an Airplane, Ride the Mountain Rails, and Car Wreckers
Ships Ahoy features episodes: Under the Waves, Go boats go, and Board the ferry
Producing the Goods Features Episodes: Bringing In The Harvest, At The Steel Mill, Hot Off The Press, And Laying Down The Pipeline
Smash, Mash, and Crash features: 13 mini episodes
List of episodes
Season 1 (1994) – Malofilm / Seville Pictures
Season 2 (2004) – Seville Pictures
Season 3 (2008) – Loten Media / Seville Pictures
External links
NCircle Entertainment: Buy Mighty Machines DVDs
Treehouse TV original programming
1990s Canadian children's television series
2000s Canadian children's television series
TVO original programming
Television series by Entertainment One
1994 Canadian television series debuts
2008 Canadian television series endings
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty%20Machines
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Alpine skiing has been contested at every Winter Olympics since 1936, when a combined event was held in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
From 1948 to 1980, the Winter Olympics also served as the World Championships in Olympic years, with separate competitions held in even-numbered non-Olympic years. During this period, the Olympic medalists received an additional medal of the same metal from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
The giant slalom was introduced at the 1950 World Championships and at the Olympics in 1952; both programs dropped the combined event, but it returned in 1954 at the World Championships as a "paper" race, using the results of the slalom, giant slalom, and downhill. At the Olympics from 1956 through 1980, World Championship medals were awarded by the FIS in the combined event. It returned as a stand-alone event (one run of downhill, two runs of slalom) at the Olympics in 1988, which also debuted the one-run super-G. The combined event was run on an FIS points system at the Olympics through 1992, then was changed to total time of the three runs. The super combined debuted in 2010, which reduced the slalom portion to one run and the event to one day.
Since 1985, the World Championships have been scheduled every odd-numbered year, independent of the Winter Olympics. At the World Championships, the combined returned as a stand-alone event in 1982 and the super-G debuted in 1987. The combined event went from points to a total time in 1996 (postponed from 1995), and changed to super combined in 2007.
The event is traditionally dominated by Alpine countries; , Austria has a commanding lead in total medals with 128 and in gold medals with 40.
Hosts
Events
Men's
Women's
Mixed
Medal table
NOCs in italics no longer compete at the Winter Olympics.
Sources (after the 2022 Winter Olympics):
Accurate as of 2022 Winter Olympics.
Germany has competed at the Winter Olympic Games under various names; all of which are listed separately. Banned from the 1948 games (as was Japan), they competed as Germany in 1952, though only represented by West Germany. From 1956 through 1964, they were known as the United Team of Germany (EUA), which included East Germany, the German Democratic Republic (GDR). From 1968 through 1988, separate Olympic teams were fielded and West Germany competed as the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). East Germany had only one competitor in alpine skiing (Eberhard Riedel in 1968), who did not win a medal. Following the reunification of 1990, they have competed at the Olympics as Germany, starting in 1992. Through 2018, Germany has a total of 40 medals in alpine skiing (17 gold, 13 silver, 10 bronze).
Notes
2 bronze medals awarded at 1948 men's downhill event
2 silver medals and no bronze were awarded at 1964 women's giant slalom event
2 silver medals and no bronze were awarded at 1992 women's giant slalom event
2 silver medals and no bronze were awarded at 1998 men's super-G event
2 gold medals and no silver were awarded at 2014 women's downhill event
2 bronze medals awarded at 2014 men's super-G event
Participating nations
Medals per year
Key
bolded numbers indicate the highest medal count at that year's Olympic Games.
Age records
Several age-related records were recently set in 2014:
Bode Miller (36) oldest medalist in Olympic alpine skiing; bronze in super-G.
Mikaela Shiffrin (18) youngest gold medalist in slalom in Olympic alpine skiing; gold in slalom.
Mario Matt (34) oldest gold medalist in Olympic alpine skiing; gold in slalom.
Henrik Kristoffersen (19) youngest male medalist in Olympic alpine skiing; bronze in slalom.
These records continue:
Michela Figini (17) youngest gold medalist in Olympic alpine skiing; gold in downhill in 1984.
Traudl Hecher (16) youngest medalist in Olympic alpine skiing; bronze in downhill in 1960.
Toni Sailer (20) youngest male gold medalist in Olympic alpine skiing; won slalom, giant slalom, and downhill in 1956.
See also
Alpine skiing at the Winter Paralympics
Alpine skiing at the Youth Olympic Games
Alpine Skiing World Cup
FIS Alpine World Ski Championships
World Para Alpine Skiing Championships
List of Olympic venues in alpine skiing
References
External links
FIS-Ski.com – Alpine skiing results – Winter Olympics
Sports Reference – Winter Olympics – Alpine skiing
Ski-db.com – results – Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists – men
Olympic medalists – women
Sports at the Winter Olympics
Olympics
Skiing at the Winter Olympics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine%20skiing%20at%20the%20Winter%20Olympics
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At Vance is a neoclassical/power metal band formed in Germany. They were formed by vocalist Oliver Hartmann (ex-Centers) and guitarist Olaf Lenk (ex-Velvet Viper) in 1998.
Biography
With the combined credentials of vocalist Oliver Hartmann and guitarist Olaf Lenk, At Vance easily obtained a deal with Shark Records. Rainald König (guitar), Uli Müller (keyboards), Jochen Schnur (bass), and Spoony (drums) rounded out the lineup that recorded 1999's debut No Escape. The album proved successful across Europe, and the group's second release, 2000's Heart of Steel (featuring a new drummer Jürgen Lucas) was a surprise hit in Japan and encouraged At Vance to quickly issue a follow-up in 2001's Dragonchaser. The next year saw the band switching to AFM Records, losing their bassist and keyboard player, releasing their fourth album Only Human, and then hitting the road across Europe with Rhapsody and Angel Dust. A number of personnel changes ensued in 2003, as At Vance welcomed new vocalist Mats Levén and bassist Sascha Feldmann before recording their next LP The Evil in You. A tour with Kamelot followed the release.
Later, Lenk fired König and Feldmann, replacing the latter with bassist John ABC Smith (born Dario Trobok) (ex-Scanner, ex-Gallows Pole), while Mark Cross (ex-Helloween) replaced Jürgen Lucas on drums. Main guitar work was then performed by Lenk supported by vocalist Mats Levén on rhythm-guitar. This four-piece formation released a new record, Chained, which transpired to be the second and the last album with Mats Levén on lead vocals. The band then crystallized as a four-piece outfit with Olaf Lenk being the only guitarist.
In April 2007, At Vance's MySpace webpage announced a new record would be released in May 2007 titled VII, introducing a young singer Rick Altzi on vocals. This album, recorded for the first and only time by a duo, Lenk and Altzi, was mastered at Finnvox by Mika Jussila. This album is also the first one to diverge from the previous At Vance's albums by containing no transcriptions of classical pieces, while the previous ones cited, among other, the first movement of Ludwig van Beethoven's "Fifth Symphony", as well as "Spring", "Summer", and "Winter" from Antonio Vivaldi's "The Four Seasons".
A new line-up assembled in-between the At Vance's seventh and eighth full-length albums was announced through the band's webpage, adding Alex Landenburg (from Annihilator) on drums and Manuel Walther on bass.
In May 2009, the band announced via their MySpace page that bassist Manuel Walther had left At Vance, and would be replaced by Wolfman Black of the German band Justice, while no drummer would be added leaving the band a three-piece outfit of Lenk, Altzi, and Black.
In July 2009, AFM Records announced that the trio's eighth album, entitled Ride The Sky, would be released on 18 September, and so occurred that day.
In April 2012, the band released their final (ninth) studio album, Facing Your Enemy, via AFM Records.
In 8 of May of 2023 At Vance's Facebook page reported "...working on new stuff".
Band members
Current members
Rick Altzi – vocals
Olaf Lenk – guitars, keyboards
Chris Hill – bass
Kevin Kott – drums
Former members
Mats Levén – vocals, guitars
Oliver Hartmann – vocals, guitars
Rainald König – guitars (1999-2004), bass guitar (session in 1998 year)
Uli Müller – keyboards
Jochen Schnur – bass
Sascha Feldmann – bass
Jürgen Lucas – drums
John ABC Smith (born Dario Trobok) – bass
Mark Cross (Spoony) – drums
Manuel Walther – bass
Wolfman Black – bass
Alex Landenburg – drums
Timeline
Discography
Studio albums
No Escape (1999)
Heart of Steel (2000)
Dragonchaser (2001)
Only Human (2002)
The Evil in You (2003)
Chained (2005)
VII (2007)
Ride the Sky (2009)
Facing Your Enemy (2012)
Compilations
Early Works / Centers (2001)
The Best Of (2004)
Decade (2010)
References
External links
At Vance official homepage
German power metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1998
1998 establishments in Germany
Articles which contain graphical timelines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%20Vance
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Manitou Dawn is a fictional superhero character in the DC Comics universe.
Dawn and her late husband Manitou Raven were from the Obsidian Age of Atlantis and were part of the Apache Tribe. The couple fell in love and later accompanied the Justice League into the future. Raven joined the Justice League Elite, a black ops team, and they moved to a secret base in New Jersey. During this time, Dawn grew distant from her husband and had an affair with Green Arrow. After Raven's death, Dawn assumed his mantle of power and became Manitou Dawn. She took a semi-active role in the Justice League and helped stop The Key during the Infinite Crisis. Raven remained close to Dawn in a spiritual form. Manitou Dawn and Zatanna worked together to track down Supergirl after her kidnapping. During The Witching Hour, Manitou Dawn was marked by Hecate but was later exorcised by Zatanna and Constantine.
Fictional character biography
Dawn and her late husband Manitou Raven hail from the Obsidian Age of Atlantis, circa 1000 BC. They were born in North America, from a tribe which would one day become the Apache Tribe. Few details are known about Dawn's early life. Raven once intimated, however, that when she was thirteen, she was called "the goat", because unlike other girls, she fought back when pushed. As she matured, she drew the attention of her tribe's chief, Big Father. He bought her from her family, but things ended badly. Ultimately she found a dynamic and kindred spirit in Raven. The two actually fell in love on the night Dawn burned his house to the ground.
Raven was recruited by the rulers of Atlantis — Rama Khan and Gamemnae — to join heroes from across the globe (and from rival societies) and form a multicultural "League of Ancients". During this time Dawn played no active role, but after the Justice League defeated Gamemnae, Raven changed his alliance and they chose to accompany the JLA into the future. Raven became a member of the Justice League and, after some initial culture shock, Dawn took quickly into 21st century culture. In her first interaction with the JLA, she offered herself sexually to Superman. She soon set about learning English with the help of her new friend, Firestorm. Meanwhile, the Manitou continued to immerse himself in his work and grew more distant from her.
Justice League Elite
Raven was soon recruited into the Justice League Elite by Vera Black, who approached the JLA with a bold proposition: to form the Justice League Elite, a black ops team organized to fight extranormal threats before they reach the public. They moved to a secret base in New Jersey called The Factory and naturally, Dawn accompanied her husband.
During this time, Dawn became more distanced from her husband. His constant attention to work and the trials of the "Stony Path" kept him from satisfying her needs and she became friendly with Green Arrow. Soon the two engaged in a sexual relationship — not unbeknownst to Raven. Raven was angered of course, but was too consumed by his work to confront her. Before the couple could truly reconcile, Raven died while taking the brunt of a bomb blast, but that would not be the last heard from such a powerful magician.
The team's coordinator, Naif al-Sheikh closed the Factory and offered housing for Dawn, which she refused. She gave al-Sheikh Raven's hatchet but kept his magical staff for herself. Then in grief and anger, she inadvertently summoned Raven's spirit via the staff and uttered his magic phrase, "Inukchuk!" Dawn then assumed Raven's mantle of power and she was permanently marked on the face by his spectral touch.
Now Manitou Dawn she helped the Elite finish their last case and helped uncover the team's traitor, Menagerie. Dawn has since taken a semi-active role in the Justice League. She was present for Aquaman's ceremony that disbanded the JLA. There she also met Black Canary, who sensed Dawn's former affair with Green Arrow. During the Infinite Crisis, Dawn was a key player in stopping The Key, who had developed new, super-powerful telepathy.
So far, Raven has remained close to Dawn, in a spiritual form, acting as an unpredictable advisor.
During the aftermath of the Reign of Doomsday event, Batman mentions that Manitou Dawn and Zatanna are working together to track down Supergirl after her kidnapping at the hands of Doomsday.
The Witching Hour
Manitou Dawn was one of the witches (along with Witchfire, Black Orchid, Circe, and Wonder Woman) that Hecate marked as a young girl to hide a piece of her soul from powerful magic users. When she activated the witchmark, Manitou Dawn was overtaken by Hecate and forced to destroy Nanda Parbat and the goddess Rama Kushna. Zatanna and Constantine were able to exorcise Hecate from all the witchmarked before this could happen.
References
Characters created by Joe Kelly
Comics characters introduced in 2003
DC Comics characters who use magic
DC Comics female superheroes
Fictional Apache people
Fictional Native American women
Fictional Native American people in comics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitou%20Dawn
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Universal Poplab was a Swedish synth-pop band founded in January 2002 by vocalist Christer Lundberg and producer Paul Lachenardière. The band's two members have very different backgrounds: Christer is an old-school synth-pop fan, influenced by acts like Soft Cell and Yazoo, Paul is a classically trained musician with roots in jazz, electronica, trance and techno.
Each member’s creativity has taken various forms over the years. Christer also hosts his own daytime radio show five days a week on Swedish radio and has produced TV documentaries. Paul creates music and releases records in such varied genres as trance and nu-jazz.
History
In 2003 Universal Poplab made their live debut at the Scandinavian Alternative Music Awards (SAMA), followed by a number of summer gigs. The SubSpace Encounter in Malmö and the support show for German synth-pop stars Melotron in Gothenburg.
In 2004 their debut album Universal Poplab is released by independent record label SubSpace Communications. On the album, one can find a wide spectre of music, from gentle love songs as ”Dice Roller” and ”Any More Than This” weaved between electrifying tracks as “I Can’t Help Myself” (with Paul as the lead vocalist) and “Days Astray” to floor fillers as ”Extasy” and the first single, the melancholic yet bouncy “Casanova Fall”. The record also includes a cover version of Morrissey’s ”We Hate It When Our Friends Become Successful” featuring the backing vocals of one of Sweden's most famous pop stars, Håkan Hellström. Lundberg and Hellström have known each other since they were 16, and the song is dealing with the dark side of having famous friends. Universal Poplab’s single release, "New Baby Boom" (featuring Nina Natri from Homy and ex-Fidget), gained a good grip on Swedish radio playlists.
Following three singles from "Uprising" – Universal Poplab released "Fame and Hate" onto the web with a viral video. The follow-up single "On the Run" is available as a free download from their official website, where the official video can also be viewed.
Members
Christer Lundberg
Paul Lachenardière
Hans Olsson-Brookes
Discography
Albums
Universal Poplab (2004)
Uprising (2006)
Seeds (2008)
Singles
"Casanova Fall" (2003)
"New Baby Boom" (2004)
"Dice Roller" (2004)
"I Could Say I'm Sorry" (2006)
"Heart Apart" (2006)
"Fire" (2007)
"Fame and Hate" (2008)
"On the Run" (2008)
"Summer Struck" (2008)
Swedish musical groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20Poplab
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William Alfred Carroll Hughes (1877 – 1940) was an American bishop in The Methodist Church, elected in 1940.
He was the first bishop elected by the then Central Jurisdiction of the Church. He was elected at the first meeting of the Central Jurisdiction, on 20 June 1940, receiving a total of 81 votes (78 votes being necessary for election). At the time of his election he was the Secretary of Colored Work of the Board of Home Missions and Church Extension of the Methodist Church. He died within a month after his election to the episcopacy.
References
Thomas, James S. Methodism's Racial Dilemma: The Story of the Central Jurisdiction. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1992.
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
Bishops of The Methodist Church (USA)
American Methodist bishops
Methodist bishops of the Central Jurisdiction
1940 deaths
1877 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Hughes%20%28Methodist%20bishop%29
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A dopamine agonist (DA) is a compound that activates dopamine receptors. There are two families of dopamine receptors, D2-like and D1-like, and they are all G protein-coupled receptors. D1- and D5-receptors belong to the D1-like family and the D2-like family includes D2, D3 and D4 receptors. Dopamine agonists are primarily used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to a lesser extent, in hyperprolactinemia and restless legs syndrome. They are also used off-label in the treatment of clinical depression. The use of dopamine agonists is associated with impulse control disorders and dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome (DAWS).
Medical uses
Parkinson's disease
Dopamine agonists are mainly used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The cause of Parkinson's is not fully known but genetic factors, for example specific genetic mutations, and environmental triggers have been linked to the disease. In Parkinson's disease dopaminergic neurons that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain slowly break down and can eventually die. With decreasing levels of dopamine the brain can't function properly and causes abnormal brain activity, which ultimately leads to the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
There are two fundamental ways of treating Parkinson's disease, either by replacing dopamine or mimicking its effect.
Dopamine agonists act directly on the dopamine receptors and mimic dopamine's effect. Dopamine agonists have two subclasses: ergoline and non-ergoline agonists. Both subclasses target dopamine D2-type receptors. Types of ergoline agonists are cabergoline and bromocriptine and examples of non-ergoline agonists are pramipexole, ropinirole and rotigotine. Ergoline agonists are much less used nowadays because of the risk of cartilage formation in heart valves.
Treatment of depression in Parkinson's patients
Depressive symptoms and disorders are common in patients with Parkinson's disease and can affect their quality of life. Increased anxiety can accentuate the symptoms of Parkinson's and is therefore essential to treat. Instead of conventional antidepressant medication in treating depression, treatment with dopamine agonists has been suggested. It is mainly thought that dopamine agonists help with treating depressive symptoms and disorders by alleviating motor complications, which is one of the main symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Although preliminary evidence of clinical trials has shown interesting results, further research is crucial to establish the anti-depressive effects of dopamine agonists in treating depressive symptoms and disorders in those with Parkinson's.
Hyperprolactinemia
Dopamine is a prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIFs) since it lowers the prolactin-releasing factors (PRFs) synthesis and secretion through D2-like receptors. That is why dopamine agonists are the first-line treatment in hyperprolactinemia. Ergoline-derived agents, bromocriptine and cabergoline are mostly used in treatment. Research shows that these agents reduce the size of prolactinomas by suppressing the hypersecretion of prolactin resulting in normal gonadal function.
Restless leg syndrome
Numerous clinical trials have been performed to assess the use of dopamine agonists for the treatment of restless leg syndrome (RLS). RLS is identified by the strong urge to move and is a dopamine-dependent disorder. RLS symptoms decrease with the use of drugs that stimulate dopamine receptors and increase dopamine levels, such as dopamine agonists.
Adverse effects
Side effects
Dopamine agonists are mainly used to treat Parkinson’s disease but are also used to treat hyperprolactinemia and restless legs syndrome. The side effects are mainly recorded in treatment for Parkinson’s disease where dopamine agonists are commonly used, especially as first-line treatment with levodopa.
Dopamine agonists are divided into two subgroups or drug classes, first-generation and newer agents. Ergoline derived agonists are the first generation and are not used as much as the newer generation the non-ergoline derived agonists. Ergoline derived agonists are said to be "dirtier" drugs because of their interaction with other receptors than dopamine receptors, therefore they cause more side effects. Ergoline derived agonists are for example bromocriptine, cabergoline, pergolide and lisuride. Non-ergoline agonists are pramipexole, ropinirole, rotigotine, piribedil and apomorphine.
The most common adverse effects are constipation, nausea and headaches. Other serious side effects are hallucinations, peripheral edema, gastrointestinal ulcers, pulmonary fibrosis and psychosis.
Dopamine agonists have been linked to cardiac problems. Side effects such as hypotension, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, cardiac fibrosis, pericardial effusion and tachycardia. A high risk for valvular heart disease has been established in association with ergot-derived agonists especially in elderly patients with hypertension.
Somnolence and sleep attacks have been reported as an adverse effect that happen to almost 30% of patients using dopamine agonists. Daytime sleepiness, insomnia and other sleep disturbances have been reported as well.
Impulse control disorder that is described as gambling, hypersexuality, compulsive shopping and binge eating is one serious adverse effect of dopamine agonists.
After long-term use of dopamine agonist a withdrawal syndrome may occur when discontinuing or during dose reduction. The following side effects are possible: anxiety, panic attacks, dysphoria, depression, agitation, irritability, suicidal ideation, fatigue, orthostatic hypotension, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, generalised pain, and drug cravings. For some individuals, these withdrawal symptoms are short-lived and make a full recovery, for others a protracted withdrawal syndrome may occur with withdrawal symptoms persisting for months or years.
Interactions
Dopamine agonists interact with a number of drugs but there is little evidence that they interact with other Parkinson’s drugs. In most cases there is no reason not to co-administer Parkinson's drugs. Although there has been an indication that the use of dopamine agonists with L-DOPA can cause psychosis therefore it is recommended that either the use of dopamine agonists be discontinued or the dose of L-DOPA reduced. Since ergot-dopamine agonist have antihypertensive qualities it is wise to monitor blood pressure when using dopamine agonists with antihypertensive drugs to ensure that the patient does not get hypotension. That includes the drug sildenafil which is commonly used to treat erectile dysfunction but also used for pulmonary hypertension.
There is evidence that suggests that since ergot dopamine agonists are metabolized by CYP3A4 enzyme concentration rises with the use of CYP3A4 inhibitors. For example, in one study bromocriptine was given with a CYP3A4 inhibitor and the AUC (e. Area under the curve) increased 268%. Ropinirole is a non-ergot derived dopamine agonist and concomitant use with a CYP1A2 inhibitor can result in a higher concentration of ropinirole. When discontinuing the CYP1A2 inhibitor, if using both drugs, there is a change that a dose adjustment for ropinirole is needed. There is also evidence the dopamine agonists inhibit various CYP enzymes and therefore they may inhibit the metabolism of certain drugs.
Pharmacology
Ergoline class
Pharmacokinetics of Bromocriptine
The absorption of the oral dose is approximately 28% however, only 6% reaches the systemic circulation unchanged, due to a substantial first-pass effect. Bromocriptine reaches mean peak plasma levels in about 1–1.5 hours after a single oral dose. The drug has high protein binding, ranging from 90-96% bound to serum albumin. Bromocriptine is metabolized by CYP3A4 and excreted primarily in the feces via biliary secretion. Metabolites and parent drugs are mostly excreted via the liver, but also 6% via the kidney. It has a half-life of 2–8 hours.
Pharmacokinetics of Pergolide
Pergolide has a long half-life of about 27 hours and reaches a mean peak plasma level in about 2–3 hours after a single oral dose. The protein binding is 90% and the drug is mainly metabolized in the liver by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. The major route of excretion is through the kidneys.
Non-Ergoline class
Pharmacokinetics of Pramipexole
Pramipexole reaches maximum plasma concentration 1–3 hours post-dose. It is about 15% bound to plasma proteins and the metabolism is minimal. Pramipexole has a long half-life, around 27 hours. The drug is mostly excreted in the urine, around 90%, but also in feces.
Pharmacokinetics of Ropinirole
Ropinirole is rapidly absorbed after a single oral dose, reaching plasma concentration in approximately 1–2 hours. The half-life is around 5–6 hours. Ropinirole is heavily metabolized by the liver and in vitro studies show that the enzyme involved in the metabolism of ropinirole is CYP1A2.
Pharmacokinetics of Rotigotine
Since rotigotine is a transdermal patch it provides continuous drug delivery over 24 hours. It has a half-life of 3 hours and the protein binding is around 92% in vitro and 89.5% in vivo. Rotigotine is extensively and rapidly metabolized in the liver and by the CYP enzymes. The drug is mostly excreted in urine (71%), but also in feces (23%).
Mechanism of action
The dopamine receptors are 7-transmembrane domains and are members of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) superfamily. Dopamine receptors have five subtypes, D1 through D5, the subtypes can be divided into two subclasses due to their mechanism of action on adenylate cyclase enzyme, D1-like receptors (D1 and D5) and D2-like receptors (D2, D3 and D4). D1-like receptors are primarily coupled to Gαs/olf proteins and activates adenylate cyclase which increases intracellular levels of cAMP, they also activate the Gβγ complex and the N-type Ca2+ channel. D2-like receptors decrease intracellular levels of the second messenger cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase.
Bromocriptine
Bromocriptine is an ergot derivative, semi-synthetic. Bromocriptine is a D2 receptor agonist and D1 receptor antagonist with a binding affinity to D2 receptors of anterior pituitary cells, exclusively on lactotrophs. Bromocriptine stimulates Na+, K+-ATPase activity and/or cytosolic Ca2+ elevation and therefore reduction of prolactin which leads to no production of cAMP.
Pramipexole
Pramipexole is a highly active non-ergot D2-like receptor agonist with a higher binding affinity to D3 receptors rather than D2 or D4 receptors. The mechanism of action of pramipexole is mostly unknown, it is thought to be involved in the activation of dopamine receptors in the area of the brain where the striatum and the substantia nigra is located. This stimulation of dopamine receptors in the striatum may lead to the better movement performance.
Structure–activity relationship
When dealing with agonists it can be extremely complex to confirm relationships between structure and biological activity. Agonists generate responses from living tissues. Therefore, their activity depends both on their efficacy to activate receptors and their affinity to bind to receptors.
Crossing the blood brain barrier
Many molecules are unable to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). Molecules must be small, non-polar and lipophilic to cross over. If compounds do not possess these qualities they must have a specific transporter that can transport them over the BBB. Dopamine cannot diffuse across the BBB because of the catechol group, it is too polar and therefore unable to enter the brain. The catechol group is a dihydroxy benzene ring.
The synthesis of dopamine consists of three stages. The synthesis process starts with an amino acid, called L-Tyrosine. In the second stage Levodopa (L-dopa) is formed by adding a phenol group to the benzene ring of L-Tyrosine. The formation of L-dopa from L-tyrosine is catalyzed by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. The third stage is the formation of dopamine by removing the carboxylic acid group from L-dopa, catalysed by the enzyme dopa decarboxylase.
Levodopa is also too polar to cross the blood brain barrier but it happens to be an amino acid so it has a specialized transporter called L-type amino acid transporter or LAT-1 that helps it diffuse through the barrier.
Dopamine
When dopamine interacts with ATP, which is a component of some dopamine receptors, it has a significant preference for a trans-conformation of the dopamine molecule. The dopamine-ATP complex is stabilised by hydrogen bonding between catechol hydroxyls and purine nitrogens and by electrostatic interactions between the protonated ammonium group of dopamine and a negative phosphate group. Two conformers of dopamine have been identified as alpha- and beta-conformers in which the catechol ring is coplanar with the plane of the ethylamine side chain. They are substantial in agonist-receptor interactions.
Ergoline derivatives
Central dopaminergic agonist properties of semisynthetic ergoline derivatives lergotrile, pergolide, bromocriptine and lisuride have been established. Some studies suggest that ergot alkaloids have the properties of mixed agonist-antagonist with regards to certain presynaptic and postsynaptic receptors. N-n-Propyl groups (chemical formula: –CH2CH2CH3) frequently enhance dopamine agonist effects in the ergoline derivatives.
The (+)-enantiomer displays notably diminished activity whereas the (-)-enantiomer possess potent dopamine agonist properties.
Bromocriptine
Bromocriptine has an ergot alkaloid structure. Ergot alkaloids are divided into 2 groups; amino acid ergot alkaloids and amine ergot alkaloids, bromocriptine is part of the former group. It contains a bromine halogen on the ergot structure which increases the affinity for the D2-receptor but often reduces the efficacy. The similarity between the dopamine structure and the ergoline ring in bromocriptine is likely the cause for its action on the dopamine receptors. It has shown to have equal affinity for D2- and D3-receptor and much lower affinity for D1-receptor.
Non-ergoline derivatives
Non-ergoline dopamine receptor agonists have higher binding affinity to dopamine D3-receptors than dopamine D2-receptors. This binding affinity is related to D2 and D3 receptor homology, the homology between them has a high degree of sequence and is closest in their transmembrane domains, were they share around 75% of the amino acid.
Apomorphine
Apomorphine has a catechol element and belongs to a class called β-phenylethylamines and its main components are similar to the dopamine structure. The effect that apomorphine has on the dopamine receptors can also be linked to the similarities between its structure and dopamine. It is a chiral molecule and thus can be acquired in both the R and S form, the R form is the one that is used in therapy. When apomorphine interacts with the dopamine receptor, or the ATP on the receptor, the catechol and nitrogen are important to stabilize the structure with hydrogen bonding. The position of the hydroxyl groups is also important and monohydroxy derivatives have been found to be less potent than the dihydroxy groups. There are a number of stability concerns with apomorphine such as oxidation and racemization.
Rotigotine
Rotigotine is a phenolic amine and thus has poor oral bioavailability and fast clearance from the body. Therefore, it has been formulated as a transdermal patch, first and foremost to prevent first pass metabolism in the liver.
Members
Examples of dopamine agonists include:
Partial agonist
Aripiprazole (Partial agonist of the D2 family receptors - Trade name "Abilify" in the United States; atypical antipsychotic)
Phencyclidine (a.k.a. PCP; partial agonist. Psychoactivity mainly due to NMDA antagonism)
Quinpirole (Partial agonist of the D2 and D3 family of receptors)
Salvinorin A (chief active constituent of the psychedelic herb salvia divinorum, the psychoactivity of which is mainly due to Kappa-opioid receptor agonism; partial agonist at the D2 with an Intrinsic activity of 40-60%, binding affinity of Ki=5-10nM and EC50=50-90nM)
Agonists of full/unknown efficacy
Apomorphine (Apokyn – used to treat Parkinson's disease & Restless leg syndrome ) – biased at the D1 receptor.
Bromocriptine (Parlodel – used to treat PD/RLS)
Cabergoline (Dostinex – used to treat PD/RLS)
Ciladopa (used to treat PD/RLS)
Dihydrexidine (used to treat PD/RLS)
Dinapsoline (used to treat PD/RLS)
Doxanthrine (used to treat PD/RLS)
Epicriptine (used to treat PD/RLS)
Lisuride (used to treat PD/RLS)
Pergolide (used to treat PD/RLS) – previously available as Permax, but removed from the market in the USA on March 29, 2007.
Piribedil (Pronoran and Trivastal – used to treat PD/RLS)
Pramipexole (Mirapex and Sifrol – used to treat PD/RLS)
Propylnorapomorphine (used to treat PD/RLS)
Quinagolide (Norprolac – used to treat PD/RLS)
Ropinirole (Requip – used to treat PD/RLS)
Rotigotine (Neupro – used to treat PD/RLS)
Roxindole (used to treat PD/RLS)
Sumanirole (used to treat PD/RLS)
Some, such as fenoldopam, are selective for dopamine receptor D1.
Related class of drugs: Indirect agonists
There are two classes of drugs that act as indirect agonists of dopamine receptors: dopamine reuptake inhibitors and dopamine releasing agents. These are not considered dopamine agonists, since they have no specific agonist activity at dopamine receptors, but they are nonetheless related. Indirect agonists are prescribed for a wider range of conditions than standard dopamine agonists.
The most commonly prescribed indirect agonists of dopamine receptors include:
Amphetamine and/or dextroamphetamine (used to treat ADHD, narcolepsy, and obesity)
Bupropion (used to facilitate smoking cessation and treat nicotine addiction and clinical depression)
Lisdexamfetamine (used to treat ADHD and binge eating disorder)
Methylphenidate or dexmethylphenidate (used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy)
Other examples include:
Cathinone
Cocaine (anesthetic with no medical uses as a central nervous system stimulant)
Methamphetamine (used in rare circumstances to treat ADHD and obesity)
Phenethylamine (endogenous trace amine)
p-Tyramine (endogenous trace amine)
History
Since the late 1960 Levodopa (L-DOPA) has been used to treat Parkinson’s disease but there has always been a debate whether the treatment is worth the side effects. Around 1970 clinicians started using the dopamine agonist apomorphine alongside L-DOPA to minimize the side effects caused by L-DOPA, the dopamine agonists bind to the dopamine receptor in the absence of dopamine. Apomorphine had limited use since it had considerable side effects and difficulty with administration. In 1974 bromocriptine was use widely after clinicians discovered its benefits in treating Parkinsons. When using the two drug classes together there is a possibility to reduce the amount of L-DOPA by 20-30% and thus keeping the fluctuating motor responses to a minimum. Dopamine agonists are often used in younger people as monotherapy and as initial therapy instead of L-DOPA. Although it is important to know that there is a correlation between the two drugs, if l-DOPA doesn't work dopamine agonists are also ineffective.
The early dopamine agonists, such as bromocriptine, were ergot derived and activated the D2-receptor. They induced major side effects such as fibrosis of cardiac valves. It is considered that the reason they induced such side effects is that they activate many types of receptors.
Because of the major adverse effects of ergot derived dopamine agonists they are generally not used anymore and were mostly abandoned in favor of non-ergot agonists such as pramipexole, ropinirole and rotigotine. They do not induce as serious side effects although common side effects are nausea, edema and hypotension. Patients have also shown impaired impulse control such as overspending, hypersexuality and gambling.
See also
Dopamine antagonist
Dopamine reuptake inhibitor
Receptor agonist
GABA receptor agonist
Dopaminergic
Serotonin agonist
Adrenergic agonist (sympathomimetic)
Parasympathomimetic drug (acetylcholine agonist)
Histamine agonist
References
Further reading
External links
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine%20agonist
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Clynnog Fawr, often simply called "Clynnog", is a village and community on the north coast of Llŷn Peninsula in Gwynedd, north-west Wales. It is in the historic county of Caernarfonshire. The community includes Pant Glas.
Clynnog Fawr lies on the A499 road between Caernarfon and Pwllheli, at , between the coast and a mountainous area including Bwlch Mawr. It had a population of 130 in 1991, which had increased to 997 at the 2011 Census. The community covers an area of . The main feature of the village is the parish church, dedicated to Saint Beuno, which is much larger than would be expected in a village of Clynnog's size. The site is said to be that of a Celtic monastery founded by Beuno in the early 7th century. Clynnog means 'the place of the holly-trees': compare Breton Quelneuc (Kelenneg), Gaelic Cuilneach.
In Middle Welsh, its name was Celynnog.
It developed into an important foundation and some Welsh law manuscripts specify that the Abbot of Clynnog was entitled to a seat at the court of the king of Gwynedd.
The church is recorded as having been burnt in 978 by the Vikings and later burnt again by the Normans. By the end of the 15th century it was a collegiate church, one of only six in Wales. The church was an important stopping place for pilgrims heading for Bardsey Island and contains Cyff Beuno, an ancient wooden chest hollowed out of a single piece of ash and used to keep alms given by the pilgrims. Maen Beuno or "Beuno's Stone" has markings reputed to be those of Beuno's fingers. Outside in the churchyard there is a canonical sundial dated between the late 10th century and the early 12th century. Ffynnon Beuno (St Beuno's Well) is a Grade II* listed structure at the south-west end of the village.
The church is a major location on the North Wales Pilgrims Way. The church is open from 10am to 4pm every day.
The area has been the site of a number of battles, including the Battle of Bron yr Erw in 1075 when Gruffudd ap Cynan's first bid to become king of Gwynedd was defeated by Trahaearn ap Caradog, and the Battle of Bryn Derwin in 1255 when Llywelyn ap Gruffudd defeated his brothers Owain and Dafydd to become sole ruler of Gwynedd.
Modern era
Clynog Golf Club (now defunct) appeared only briefly after World War I. It had disappeared by the mid-1920s.
Clynnog's population was 997, according to the 2011 census; this was a 15.9% increase since the 860 people noted in 2001.
The 2011 census showed 73.2% of the population could speak Welsh, a rise from 67.2% in 2001.
The Clynnog electoral ward elects one councillor to sit on Gwynedd Council. Clynnog is covered by a Neighbourhood Policing Team based in the nearby village of Penygroes.
Notable people
Morus Clynnog (ca. 1525 - 1581), Welsh Roman Catholic priest and recusant exile.
St. John Jones (ca. 1530 - 1598), a Franciscan friar, Roman Catholic priest, and martyr.
Ebenezer Thomas (1802–1863), a Welsh teacher and poet, bardic name of Eben Fardd, moved to the village in 1827, where he lived opposite the church.
References
Villages in Gwynedd
Clynnog
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clynnog%20Fawr
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