text
stringlengths 3
277k
| source
stringlengths 31
193
|
|---|---|
The 1976–77 season was the 97th season of competitive football in England. This year The Football League revamped the tie-breaking criteria for teams level on points, replacing the traditional goal average tiebreaker with one based on goal difference to try to encourage more scoring. Coloured red and yellow cards were introduced for the first time in domestic English football.
Diary of the season
21 August 1976: The First Division season opens with a surprise 1–0 win for promoted Bristol City over Arsenal at Highbury. Champions Liverpool beat Norwich City 1–0, but last year's runners-up Queens Park Rangers lose 4–0 at home to Everton.
31 August 1976: No fewer than nine teams are level on four points at the top of the First Division after three matches. Aston Villa lead on goal difference. Norwich City are the only team yet to register a point.
22 September 1976: West Bromwich Albion winger Willie Johnston is sent off, reportedly for "aiming a kick" at the referee, as his side are eliminated from the League Cup by Brighton & Hove Albion.
30 September 1976: Liverpool lead the First Division at the end of September, level on points with Middlesbrough. The two Manchester clubs are a point behind.
9 October 1976: Surprise package Middlesbrough move to the top of the First Division table following a 1–0 win at home to Norwich City.
13 October 1976: England beat Finland 2–1 at Wembley in their second World Cup qualifier.
16 October 1976: The 1975 champions Derby County belatedly record their first League win of the season when they thrash Tottenham Hotspur 8–2 at the Baseball Ground. Newly promoted West Bromwich Albion beat Manchester United 4–0.
18 October 1976: Sunderland manager Bob Stokoe stuns the world of football by handing in his resignation, saying that he believes a new manager will give the club a better chance of First Division survival. Despite a poor start which has seen the club marooned at the bottom of the table with no wins, Stokoe was still incredibly popular among the Roker Park faithful, due to his role in the club's victory in the 1973 FA Cup final.
31 October 1976: Liverpool are the First Division leaders at the end of October, three points ahead of a chasing group that comprises Manchester City, Ipswich Town, Newcastle United, Leicester City and Middlesbrough. West Ham United are bottom, and Sunderland and Bristol City make up the bottom three.
6 November 1976: Ipswich Town move up to second in the First Division with a 7–0 thrashing of West Bromwich Albion. Tottenham Hotspur suffer another heavy defeat, 5–3 at struggling West Ham United.
17 November 1976: With a team featuring six changes from their previous match, England suffer a major set-back in their attempt to reach the World Cup Finals when they are beaten 2–0 by Italy in Rome.
25 November 1976: Barely 18 months after winning the First Division title, Derby County manager Dave Mackay resigns following a poor start to the season, which has left the club just a single point off the bottom of the table. Reserve team coach Colin Murphy takes over as caretaker manager of the club, who are rumoured to be looking to reappoint former manager Brian Clough.
30 November 1976: Liverpool retain a three-point lead from Ipswich Town and Newcastle United at the end of November. Tottenham Hotspur have joined West Ham United and Sunderland in the relegation zone.
2 December 1976: After over a month without a permanent manager, Sunderland announce former Burnley manager Jimmy Adamson as Bob Stokoe's successor.
4 December 1976: Malcolm Macdonald scores a hat-trick for Arsenal in their 5–3 League win over his old team Newcastle United.
15 December 1976: Aston Villa beat Liverpool 5–1 in the League at Villa Park.
31 December 1976: At the end of the year, Liverpool's lead at the top of the First Division has been cut to two points over Ipswich Town, who have three games in hand, and Manchester City. Sunderland, West Ham United and Tottenham Hotspur continue to occupy the relegation zone.
8 January 1977: Tottenham Hotspur are beaten 1–0 by Second Division Cardiff City in the FA Cup third round. Northern Premier League side Northwich Victoria beat Watford 3–2.
10 January 1977: Everton sack manager Billy Bingham. The club had looked like possible title challengers early in the season, but a poor run of form has dropped them to the lower reaches of the table.
30 January 1977: Newcastle United manager Gordon Lee is appointed as Everton's new manager. Lee's assistant at Newcastle, Richard Dinnis takes over as acting manager of the Tyneside club.
31 January 1977: Liverpool still lead the First Division, but Ipswich Town are now just a point behind, and still have three games in hand. Manchester City are a further two points adrift.
2 February 1977: The Newcastle United squad, led by captain Geoff Nulty, threaten to strike unless Richard Dinnis is appointed as the club's permanent manager, with frictions exacerbated by the board signing Ralph Callachan without consulting either Dinnis or the other players. Later that day however, the board agree to the players' demands and appoint Dinnis as manager.
9 February 1977: England lose at home for the first time for four years when they are beaten 2–0 by Holland at Wembley.
15 February 1977: Ipswich Town move to the top of the First Division with a 5–0 thrashing of Norwich City in the East Anglia derby.
26 February 1977: Middlesbrough dump Arsenal out of the FA Cup with a 4–1 win at Ayresome Park in the fifth round. Manchester City lose 1–0 to Leeds United, and Manchester United draw 2–2 against Southampton in a repeat of last year's final.
28 February 1977: Two successive defeats for Ipswich Town have allowed Liverpool to regain top spot in the race for the title. At the bottom, Tottenham Hotspur now prop up the table, and are joined by Sunderland and Bristol City in the relegation zone.
5 March 1977: In a spectacular change in form, Sunderland beat West Ham United 6–0 at Roker Park. It is their third consecutive victory in a run in which they have scored sixteen goals.
8 March 1977: Holders Southampton are knocked out of the FA Cup 2–1 by Manchester United in their fifth round replay.
12 March 1977: The League Cup final ends in a 0–0 draw between Aston Villa and Everton at Wembley. Arsenal's 2–1 loss to Queens Park Rangers is their seventh consecutive League defeat, a club record.
16 March 1977: The Football League Cup final replay at Hillsborough ends in a 1–1 draw.
19 March 1977: First Division heavyweights Everton, Leeds United, Liverpool and Manchester United all win their FA Cup sixth round ties to reach the last four.
20 March 1977: Peter Houseman, who helped Chelsea win the FA Cup in 1970 and the European Cup Winners' Cup a year later, dies in a car crash at the age of 31. His wife is among the four people who die in the crash, which occurred near Oxford.
31 March 1977: With ten matches left, Ipswich Town have joined Liverpool at the top of the First Division table. Manchester City are three points behind with a game in hand, and Newcastle United are still in contention, a further point adrift. At the bottom, West Ham United, Sunderland, Derby County and Bristol City are separated by a single point.
9 April 1977: Liverpool beat Manchester City 2–1 in a crunch League match at Anfield. Ipswich Town continue their challenge by winning 1–0 at Norwich City.
13 April 1977: The Football League Cup final is decided at the third attempt when Aston Villa beat Everton 3–2 in the second replay at Old Trafford. A last minute goal from Brian Little sends the trophy to Villa Park and prevents the game from going to a third replay.
23 April 1977: Everton and Liverpool draw 2–2 in the FA Cup semi-final at Maine Road, with referee Clive Thomas disallowing a late goal from Everton's Bryan Hamilton. At Hillsborough, Manchester United beat Leeds United 2–1 to reach the final for the second consecutive year.
27 April 1977: Liverpool beat Everton 3–0 in the semi-final replay to reach the FA Cup final.
30 April 1977: Liverpool effectively end Ipswich Town's title challenge by beating them 2–1 at Anfield. Manchester City crash to a 4–0 defeat at relegation-threatened Derby County and are now two points behind the Reds having played a game more. Meanwhile, half the clubs in the division remain in danger of relegation: Bristol City are bottom, but just five points separate the ten teams immediately above them, with Tottenham Hotspur in most danger, having played more games than their rivals.
7 May 1977: Tottenham Hotspur's first relegation since 1935 is virtually guaranteed after the Londoners are thrashed 5–0 at Manchester City.
14 May 1977: Liverpool are confirmed champions of the First Division for the second season running and for the tenth time in total following a 0–0 draw with West Ham United. Manchester City finish second. Tottenham Hotspur's relegation is confirmed, but in an extraordinarily close finish to the season, six other clubs are still fighting to avoid the other two relegation spots.
16 May 1977: Stoke City lose 1–0 to Aston Villa and are relegated. West Ham United and Queens Park Rangers win their last matches of the season to survive, and Bristol City keep their hopes alive by beating Liverpool 2–1. They go into their last match level on points with Coventry City and Sunderland.
19 May 1977: Coventry City and Bristol City draw 2–2 at Highfield Road and both survive in the First Division as Sunderland lose 2–0 at Everton to take the final relegation slot.
21 May 1977: Liverpool's treble bid ends when they lose 2–1 to Manchester United in the FA Cup final. It is United's first major trophy since they won the European Cup nine years ago.
24 May 1977: The First Division fixture schedule is completed when Everton beat Newcastle United. Just five points separate the bottom ten clubs in one of the closest finishes in the history of the League.
25 May 1977: Liverpool win the European Cup for the first time, defeating Borussia Mönchengladbach of West Germany 3-1 Stadio Olimpico in Rome.
28 May 1977: Wimbledon, champions of the Southern League, are elected to the Fourth Division at the expense of Workington, who drop into the Northern Premier League.
31 May 1977: England lose to Wales at Wembley for the first time when Leighton James scores the only goal from the penalty spot in a Home Championship fixture.
4 June 1977: Scotland beat England 2–1 at Wembley to clinch the Home Championship, but their victory is overshadowed by a pitch invasion by celebrating supporters.
15 June 1977: After previous draws against Brazil and Argentina, England end their South American summer tour with a 0–0 draw against Uruguay.
1 July 1977: Liverpool sell striker Kevin Keegan to Hamburger SV for a European record fee of £500,000.
4 July 1977: Just six weeks after managing Manchester United to FA Cup glory, Tommy Docherty is sacked by the United board soon after admitting to having an affair with Mary Brown, the wife of club physiotherapist Laurie Brown.
11 July 1977: Don Revie announces his resignation as England manager after three years.
14 July 1977: Dave Sexton is announced as the new Manchester United manager.
National teams
UEFA Competitions
Liverpool won the European Cup for the first time, beating Borussia Mönchengladbach 3–1 in the final in Rome.
FA Cup
Tommy Docherty guided Manchester United to a 2–1 win over Liverpool in the FA Cup final, but was sacked within weeks after announcing his affair with the wife of the club's physiotherapist.
A new competition, the Debenhams Cup, was introduced to reward the two teams from outside the top two divisions to progress furthest in the FA Cup. Chester beat Port Vale in the final but the competition was to last for only two seasons.
League Cup
Ron Saunders took Aston Villa to their second League Cup victory in three seasons as the Midlanders continued to re-establish themselves as a top club.
Football League
First Division
Liverpool retained their league championship trophy after a season long neck and neck battle with Ipswich Town and Manchester City that came down to the final game, City edging out Ipswich for second place.
Ipswich finished third, Aston Villa finished fourth and won their second League Cup in three seasons, while Newcastle United completed the top five. Manchester United finished sixth but beat Liverpool 2–1 to win the FA Cup final and prevent their opponents from becoming the first English team to win a treble of trophies in the same season.
Queens Park Rangers dropped to 14th place a year after almost winning the title, while 1975 champions Derby County finished 15th, with manager Dave Mackay being sacked before Christmas and replaced by 26-year-old coach Colin Murphy, one of the youngest managers ever to take charge of a Football League side.
Tottenham Hotspur and Stoke City's long spells in the First Division came to an end with relegation. Stoke sacked their manager Tony Waddington. On the last day of the season, with three teams hoping to avoid the last relegation place, Coventry City and Bristol City played out a controversial 2–2 draw. The kick-off had been delayed for fifteen minutes by Coventry chairman Jimmy Hill due to "crowd congestion". With ten minutes still to play, and the sides level, play virtually stopped when it was announced over the public address system that Sunderland had lost to Everton. Both clubs survived while Sunderland was relegated.
Second Division
Wolves sealed an instant return to the First Division as champions of the Second Division. They were joined by Chelsea, back in the First Division after two seasons away, and by Brian Clough's ambitious Nottingham Forest side. Bolton Wanderers and Blackpool stayed down by a single point.
Hereford United, Plymouth Argyle and Carlisle United were relegated to the Third Division. Hereford became the first club to finish bottom of the Second Division after winning the Third Division the previous season.
Third Division
Mansfield Town won the Third Division title to seal a second promotion in three seasons. Alan Mullery guided Brighton to promotion. The last promotion place was sealed by Crystal Palace, where Terry Venables was enjoying a dream start to his managerial career. Rotherham United stayed down on goal difference, while Wrexham missed out by a single point.
Sheffield Wednesday progressed to an eighth-place finish after almost slipping into the Fourth Division a year earlier, while Lincoln City finished ninth. Manager Graham Taylor was subject of interest by a number of First and Second Division clubs, but ended up leaving Sincil Bank to drop into the Fourth Division and take over at Watford, who had just been taken over by Elton John.
York City, Northampton Town and Reading fell into the Fourth Division along with Grimsby Town who entered administration.
Fourth Division
Cambridge United won the Fourth Division title under the management of Ron Atkinson, lifting them into the Third Division. Also promoted were Exeter City, Colchester United and Bradford City. Swansea City missed out on promotion by a single point.
A terrible season for Workington resulted in them having to apply for re-election to the Football League for the fourth season in succession, and this caused their fellow clubs to finally run out of patience and vote to end their membership of the League, a humiliation which saw them slip into the Northern Premier League. In their place were Southern League champions Wimbledon, who would make amazing progress over the next decade.
The British pop star Elton John took over Fourth Division side Watford and installed Graham Taylor as manager at the end of the season. Former Arsenal manager Bertie Mee came out of retirement to work at Watford as Taylor's assistant. John immediately asserted his ambition by promising to bring First Division football to Watford.
Top goalscorers
First Division
Andy Gray (Aston Villa), Malcolm Macdonald (Arsenal) – 25 goals
Second Division
Mickey Walsh (Blackpool) – 26 goals
Third Division
Peter Ward (Brighton & Hove Albion) – 32 goals
Fourth Division
Brian Joicey (Barnsley) – 25 goals
Non-league football
Star players
Aston Villa's exciting young striker Andy Gray finished the season with a League Cup winners medal as well as being voted PFA Players' Player of the Year and PFA Young Player of the Year.
Liverpool captain Emlyn Hughes added the FWA Footballer of the Year award to his league championship and European Cup winners medals.
Manchester United's FA Cup winners included promising young players Steve Coppell and Arthur Albiston.
Fulham's Football League Second Division team starred ex Manchester United player George Best alongside ex Queens Park Rangers player Rodney Marsh
Star managers
Bob Paisley retained Liverpool's league title and guided them to their first European Cup triumph.
Tommy Docherty ended Manchester United's 14-year wait for the FA Cup and delivered their first trophy of the post-Matt Busby era.
Ron Saunders delivered another League Cup victory for Aston Villa.
Brian Clough guided Nottingham Forest to promotion to the First Division.
Deaths
22 October 1976 – Willie Hamilton, 38, former Scottish international forward who had played for Sheffield United, Middlesbrough and Aston Villa as well as several Scottish clubs. Died in Canada as a result of a heart attack.
20 March 1977 – Peter Houseman, 31, Oxford United midfielder who had previously played for Chelsea when they won the F.A Cup in 1970 and the Cup Winners Cup a year later. Houseman died in a car crash near Oxford. His wife also died in the crash.
18 May 1977 - Tony Aveyard, 21, Scarborough winger, died in hospital after collapsing as a result of a head injury in a Northern Premier League fixture two days earlier.
References
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377%20in%20English%20football
|
The Lethbridge Herald is the leading daily newspaper in greater Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. It is owned by Alta Newspaper Group and also publishes and distributes a weekly newspaper, the Lethbridge Sun Times.
Early history
On November 8th 1905, Fred E. Simpson and A.S. Bennett, both from Cranbrook, British Columbia, published the first issue of the Lethbridge Weekly Herald. The paper started in a building on what is now Fifth Street South.
Shortly after the launch of the Weekly Herald, William Ashbury Buchanan bought a half interest in the paper, and by the end of 1906 was its sole owner. Buchanan came from a newspaper career in Ontario and managed a staff of six and circulation of 300 within the first year. On 11 December 1907, he had introduced a daily paper titled the Lethbridge Daily Herald. The weekly continued as a separate paper until 1950.
Buchanan, like Bennett and Simpson before him, used the Herald to trumpet his belief in Lethbridge's potential as a commercial centre. In 1925, at the age of 49, he was named to the Senate of Canada, and remained both senator and publisher for the next 29 years, dividing his time between Ottawa and Lethbridge.
Through the 1930s, all employees at the Lethbridge Herald took a pay cut of equal percentage. One year, the profits of the Herald amounted to only $138. During the Second World War, 15 of the Herald employees left for military service.
In 1909, Buchanan had moved the paper to a location near Sixth Street and Third Avenue South. On 23 May 1952, Buchanan moved the Lethbridge Daily Herald to its current location on Seventh Street South, a location that had double the amount of floor space as the previous building.
Buchanan died in 1954, and his son, Hugh Buchanan, took over as owner of the paper.
Modern history
Hugh Buchanan remained owner until he sold the paper in 1959 to F.P. Publications. In 1980, Thomson Newspapers bought F.P. Publications, and in September 2000, sold the Herald to Horizon Publications Inc.
During Thomson's ownership, the Herald was paired with the Medicine Hat News, the Taber Times chain of weeklies in nearby suburban and rural communities, and the Lethbridge Sun Times. When Horizon purchased these titles in 2000, they were called the Southern Alberta Newspapers; Horizon owner David Radler reorganized them as Alta Newspaper Group Limited Partnership in 2006, when Glacier Media took an ownership stake (now 59%) in them.
The Herald debuted its Sunday edition on 12 April 1992. In 1995, The Lethbridge Herald was the first Alberta newspaper to introduce an Internet edition. On 6 September 1996, it switched to full morning delivery.
In 2011, Alta Newspaper Group published the biweekly Lethbridge Journal.
As of 2015, the Lethbridge Herald prints 6 newspapers (Including its own daily newspaper), 5 of these are weekly papers including Prairie Post, the Sun Times and the Taber Times.
See also
List of newspapers in Canada
References
External links
Lethbridge Herald
Lethbridge Herald Newspaper Collection (1905-2012) — A fee-based service hosted by NewspaperArchive.com
Mass media in Lethbridge
Alta Newspaper Group
Daily newspapers published in Alberta
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethbridge%20Herald
|
Walther Hewel (25 March 1904 – 2 May 1945) was a German diplomat before and during World War II, an early and active member of the Nazi Party, and one of German dictator Adolf Hitler's personal friends.
Early life
Hewel was born in 1904 to Anton and Elsa Hewel in Cologne in the Rhineland, where his father ran a cocoa factory. His father died in 1913, leaving Elsa to run the factory.
Hewel graduated in 1923, moved to Munich in Bavaria, and attended the Technical University of Munich. The same year, as an 18 year old, he joined the Stosstrupp Hitler, a formation of the Nazi Party's SA "brownshirt" stormtroopers – his member number was in the low 200s – and took part in Hitler's failed Beer Hall Putsch, carrying a swastika banner with 23-year-old Heinrich Himmler. After Hitler's subsequent conviction for treason, Hewel was in Landsberg prison with him for several months, where he served as Hitler's volunteer valet. He was released on 30 December 1924 because of his youth.
Hewel then served a commercial apprenticeship in Hamburg in 1926, following which he spent a year in England. From 1927, Hewel worked abroad for several years in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) as a planter and coffee salesman for a British firm . Hewel joined the Nazi Party there in June 1933 and helped to organise local branches with German expatriates as members. By 1937, the Nazi Party in Indonesia had established branches in Batavia, Bandung, Semarang, Surabaya, Medan, Padang, and Makassar.
In Nazi Germany
In March 1936, Hewel returned to Germany, where he was appointed the Chief of the East Asia Desk in the Foreign Section of the Party. He entered Germany's diplomatic service and was sent to Spain. Journalist James P. O'Donnell remarked that, during this time, Hewel "was almost certainly an agent of Admiral Wilhelm Canaris's Abwehr" counter-intelligence agency.
Hewel returned to Germany, and in 1937 became the Chief of the English Desk in Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop's office, and in 1938 the head of Ribbentrop's personal staff. On 15 March 1939, he transcribed the conference between Hitler and Czech president Emil Hácha.
Hewel was promoted to SS-Sturmbannführer on 12 July 1937, and then Brigadeführer on 9 November 1942.
During World War II
Hewel was then appointed, in 1940, to the position of "Special Ambassador" and was Ribbentrop's direct liaison with Hitler. During this time, he resumed his earlier friendship with the dictator. He spent most of World War II without an official portfolio and once described himself as "an ambassador to nowhere". In the later years of the war, as Hitler became more estranged from Ribbentrop, Hewel acted as Hitler's senior adviser on foreign policy matters and a member of Hitler's inner circle. When Hitler moved from his "Wolf's Lair" headquarters in East Prussia to the Führerbunker under the garden of the Reich Chancellery in Berlin, Hewel joined him there with the rest of Hitler's entourage.
Survivors of Hitler's inner circle claimed that Hewel owed his position to his long involvement with the Nazi Party, and because he was one of Hitler's friends. In her memoirs, Traudl Junge, Hitler's private secretary, described Hewel as something like Hitler's majordomo. According to Junge, Hewel was placed in charge of coordinating his household, keeping peace between the military and civilian officials around Hitler, and regulating contact between male and female members of Hitler's entourage.
Hewel – along with Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels; Hitler's personal secretary, Martin Bormann; Artur Axmann, the head of the Hitler Youth; Johann Rattenhuber, an SS General who was head of the Reichssicherheitsdienst (RSD), which protected Hitler; Ludwig Stumpfegger, Hitler's personal surgeon; and Otto Günsche, Hitler's personal adjutant – was one of the residents of the bunker to observe the burning of the bodies of Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun after they committed suicide. Along with all the others, he had been briefed by Hitler as to what to do to destroy the bodies, although this task was not properly carried out. Earlier, Hewel had been one of the attendees at the wedding between Hitler and Braun, and then the final goodbyes from Hitler and Braun before their suicides.
Death
Until Hitler committed suicide on 30 April 1945, Hewel remained in his inner circle. As one of the few people to remain near him until the end, he was said to have tried to cheer Hitler up. He was among the last people to have a personal conversation with Hitler before he died, in which Hitler had encouraged Hewel to commit suicide. Hitler warned Hewel that if he was captured by the Red Army, he would be tortured and "mounted in a waxworks". Hitler gave Hewel a cyanide capsule and a Walther 7.65 handgun, then had him take an oath to kill himself rather than be captured by the Soviets.
Following Hitler's suicide, Hewel escaped the Führerbunker in a group led by SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke. Mohnke planned to break out towards the German Army, which was positioned in Prinzenallee. However, Hewel was suffering from psychological stress at the time. In her memoirs, Traudl Junge, one of Hitler's secretaries, claimed that, after Hitler's death, Hewel appeared extremely confused and unable to make the simplest decisions for himself.
The group headed along the U-Bahn tunnels, but their route was blocked so they went above ground and later joined hundreds of other German civilians and military personnel who had sought refuge at the Schultheiss-Patzenhofer Brewery. Upon arriving at the holdout on 2 May 1945, Hewel made remarks to the effect that he planned to commit suicide. Despite the efforts of Dr. Ernst-Günther Schenck – who attempted to talk him out of it in a long and wide-ranging conversation – Hewel killed himself in the manner that Professor Dr. Werner Haase had recommended to Hitler, biting down on a cyanide capsule while shooting himself in the head. According to Schenck, Hewel was emotionally and physically exhausted, which contributed to his actions.
In his long conversation with Schenck, Hewel said about Hitler, in response to Schenck's question about Hitler's mental health in his last days:
Personality and personal life
When Gretl Braun, the sister of Hitler's mistress Eva Braun, became pregnant out of wedlock, Hitler took steps to try to find her a husband. Hewel, a shy bachelor, was considered to be one of the possibilities. Braun later married SS-Gruppenführer Hermann Fegelein of the Waffen-SS. A few weeks later, on 12 July 1944, Fegelein's good friend, Elizabeth "Blondie" Blanda – a Red Cross nurse who had previously tended to Hewel after he survived an airplane crash on 21 April 1944 in which General Hans-Valentin Hube was killed – married Hewel at Berchtesgaden.
The tall and portly Hewel, whose nickname was "Surabaya Wally", is generally described as a pleasant and good-natured bon vivant, if not very intelligent. General Heinz Guderian recalled Hewel as "a good raconteur and a good listener". Members of Hitler's inner circle recounted that, unlike many other Nazi leaders, Hewel was able to stay awake and attentive during Hitler's long monologues on topics such as anti-Semitism. Martin Bormann, Hitler's private secretary, who actively worked to prevent his rivals from gaining access to the dictator, did not see Hewel as a threat, and encouraged their closeness, as Hewel was a calming influence. He usually ended up dealing with situations and events that Hitler could not handle. Hewel himself said that his role as the intermediary between Hitler and Ribbentrop called for "the tact of a mandarin and the footwork of an egg-dancer." When Ribbentrop called the Chancellery and asked to speak to Hewel, Hitler would often stand by him during the call and feed Hewel absurd things to tell the Foreign Minister, driving Ribbentrop into a tizzy.
A waiter in Berlin described Hewel after the war in this way:
O'Donnell referred to Hewel as a man who had a front row seat to history, but who lacked the intelligence and perspective to realize it.
In popular culture
Walther Hewel has been portrayed by the following actors in film and television productions:
John Savident in the 1973 British film Hitler: The Last Ten Days.
Gerald Alexander Held in the 2004 German film Downfall (Der Untergang).
References
Notes
Bibliography
Junge, Traudl; Müller, Melissa editor (2004) Until the Final Hour: Hitler's Last Secretary, Arcade Publishing. .
1904 births
1945 deaths
1945 suicides
German diplomats
German prisoners and detainees
Nazi Party officials
Nazis convicted of crimes
Nazis who committed suicide in Germany
Nazis who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch
People convicted of treason against Germany
People from Cologne
People from the Rhine Province
Sturmabteilung personnel
SS-Brigadeführer
Suicides by cyanide poisoning
Suicides by firearm in Germany
Technical University of Munich alumni
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Hewel
|
The Aden-Abyan Islamic Army (AAIA, ) is an Islamist militant group based in southern Yemen, led by Zein al-Abideen al-Mehdar (also known as Abu El-Hassan El-Mohader). The group has been designated as a terrorist organization by Bahrain, Canada and the United Kingdom. The group is thought to have organized in southern Yemen in the mid 1990s, with members that include veterans from the Soviet war in Afghanistan. Their stated mission is to "promote jihad in the fight against secularism in Yemen and other Arab States; to establish an Islamic government in Yemen".
History
The Aden Abyan Islamic Army has strong ties with the al-Qaeda network.
The group was formed sometime between mid-1990s as a loose guerrilla network of a few dozen men. Issued the first series of political and religious statements on Yemeni and world affairs.
The group,"Aden-Abyan was formed sometime in either 1996 or 1997 as a loose guerrilla network of a few dozen men—a mix of veterans of the Soviet-Afghan war and Islamists from various countries." In terms of the formation and background on the AAIA,The name “Aden-Abyan Islamic Army” is a right-wing terrorist organization that is composed of religious ultra-conservatives, mujahideen, and deposed aristocrats. Other supporters of the AAIA include Yemenis of Aden, Abyan and liberals, socialists, and social conservatives The groups stated goal is to "hoist the banner of al-Jihad, and fight secularism in Yemen and the Arab countries." These were seen through the series of political and religious statements on Yemeni and world affairs." "The name “Aden-Abyan Islamic Army” appeals to the right wing, but also to some extent echoes the frustrations of Yemenis from Aden, Abyan and elsewhere in the former South, including liberals and socialists as well as social conservatives."
Zein al-Abideen al-Mehdar was arrested on December 1998 for his role in the abduction of a group of tourists and the killing of four of them, he was incommunicado and he was denied to access to lawyers. He was executed on October 1999.
Claimed attacks
On August 28, 1999, a large explosion went off in the city center of Sanaa, Yemen, setting the city's largest shopping center on fire, leaving two civilians dead and other 12 injured. The Adan Abyan Islamic Army (AAIA) claimed the credit for this attack.
The Aden-Abyan took responsibility for the October 2002 suicide bombing of the French oil tanker MV Limberg, which killed a crew member and wounded twelve more. In August of 2012 prosecutors in the Guantanamo war crimes tribunals started to file more terrorism charges on Ahmed al Darbi, pointing it out for the bombing of the MV Limberg. In February 2014, al Darbi admitted it helped plan the attack.
Many believe that this attack was connected to the USS Cole bombing in 2000. This was one of the attacks that this group is best known for. Some events that took place previously to this include the kidnapping in 1988, where 16 Western tourists were held hostage, some of which were killed in a failed rescue attempt. In addition to this, the Aden Abyan Islamic Army claimed "attacks on Yemeni socialists prior to the 1993 parliamentary elections" This group has continued to wreak havoc on the lives of people in Aden and throughout the west. One of these include the attack in October 2000, where two suicide bombers aligned with Aden Abyan to explode their boat along the USS Cole" This became a very important attack for the group because it gained a lot of recognition from people around the world being able to see what the group's intentions were.
Suspected militants from the AAIA attacked six truck military medical convoy in the Habaab region of Yemen’s Abyan Province. The attackers wounded seven people, including several medics, in the ambush.
Credibility
This group mostly teamed up with the al-Qaeda networks in order to take part in attacks, which gave them credibility as a terrorist organization.
This group is mostly known for their work with Al-Qaida, having assisted the group in various attacks on western enemies. Their work with al-Qaeda has brought credibility to the group by showing that they are capable of working with a group as large as AQ.Through their work with the large group, the Aden Abyan Islamic Army "received financial and material support from Al-Qaida leader Osama bin Laden (deceased) in exchange for its support for Al-Qaida’s agenda." This gave the group a sense of power, being given tangible and intangible support from al-Qaeda in exchange for help in their endeavors.
References
Islamist groups
Islamic organizations based in Yemen
Jihadist groups in Yemen
Organisations designated as terrorist by the United Kingdom
Organizations based in Asia designated as terrorist
Organizations designated as terrorist by Bahrain
Organizations designated as terrorist by Canada
Organizations of the Yemeni Crisis (2011–present)
Terrorism in Yemen
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden-Abyan%20Islamic%20Army
|
Delčevo ( ) is a small town in the eastern mountainous part of North Macedonia. It is the municipal seat of the eponymous municipality. A festival in celebration of revolutionary leader Goce Delčev is held every year on August 2.
History
Delchevo, according to a legend in Byzantine times, was called Vasilevo, as a Greek variant of the Slavonic Tsarevo. For the first time, as a settlement Tsarevo Selo is mentioned in a charter of Serbian Tsar Dushan from 1347 to 1350. With it he gave several places and fields from Pijanec to the Lesnovo Monastery.
Ottoman period
In Turkish times, Delčevo was also called Sultania, by analogy with the original name.
Until the 17th century, the settlement laid on the right side of the river Bregalnica on the present toponym Selishte, more precisely under the hill Ostrec near the road leading to Bulgaria. From the first centuries of Turkish rule there is not much information about the position of Delčevo. In the middle of the 17th century, Sultan Mehmed IV lived in its vicinity. At the time of his visit to Pijanec, mass Islamization was carried out on the population. Due to the oppression and pressure, many Bulgarian settlements were deserted, including the then Tsarevo Selo. It is assumed that at the time of that sultan the settlement was moved to its present place on the left side of the river Bregalnica. The city mosque built in the 17th century is also cited as evidence.
However, it is thought-provoking that the Turkish travel writer Evliya Çelebi spent here only a few years later in 1670 and wrote in his Travelogue:
"From Vinica we climbed the Kocani mountain ore, moving through the gorge and after four hours we reached Tsarevo Selo. This is a Muslim village at the foot of a mountain and is decorated with about 100 houses and a magnificent mosque mined by a minaret."
We should also mention the folk tradition that says that the settlement under the Ostrec hill was deserted when the plague reigned and the surviving population settled on the place where Delchevo is today.
In 1856, the construction of a church was completed. The area around the church was at this time mainly inhabited by Bulgarians fleeing Turkish oppression from the surrounding villages. There was a larger emigration of Bulgarians from the area in 1878 after the Russo-Turkish war. After the end of the war the Christian population, fearing for their safety, fled the region seeking refuge on the territory of the newly created Bulgaria. About 150 households from the villages and the city moved to the Kyustendil region. A small number of those refugees later returned. Turkish refugees from Bulgaria and even Bosnia and Herzegovina settled in the place of the emigrated Bulgarians. The invading Turkish population, called "Madzirci" settled in Madzir maalo (Madzir Neighbourhood), today's III district of the city.
On the left side by the river Bregalnica, on the narrow flat space where the bazzar and inns were, the construction of the trade and craft shops along the two narrow streets started. With that, the bazaar was finally formed and Delčevo grew into a city settlement.
Balkan and World Wars
During the Balkan Wars, a large number of Turks left the city, so that in 1914 the population was 1.701. After these wars, Bulgarian settlers came from the surrounding villages, mostly from the passive villages of Bigla, Selnik and Dramče, which bought Turkish properties.
In 1931 the population increased to 3.746 inhabitants. After this year, the emigration of the Turkish population to Turkey continued voluntarily, especially in 1953. In 1935, the construction of the first houses on the right side of the river Bregalnica began.
After the liberation, on April 23, 1950, the Presidium of the National Assembly of the People's Republic of Macedonia decided that Tsarevo Selo should be renamed Delčevo, in honor of Goce Delčev.
In the sixties the town expanded on the right side of the river Bregalnica, and in the seventies on the hill Milkovo Brdo (Milkov's hill). With the increase of the employees in the working organizations in Delčevo, the number of the population in it also grew. Today Delčevo is a modern urban settlement with wide asphalt streets and boulevards, sewerage network and parks and greenery.
Location
164km (102mi) east of Skopje, at the foot of Mount Golak, spread on both banks of the river Bregalnica lies the town of Delčevo. It is the largest settlement in the Pijanec area, which stretches over an area of 585km² (226mi²), located between the Osogovo Mountains (north) and Maleševo (south). The city lies at an altitude of 590m (1.940ft) to 640m (2.100ft). Despite being located in the easternmost part of the country, Delčevo has a relatively good geographical position and traffic connection. It is a crossroads for eastern Macedonia. Through Pehčevo (27km/17mi) and Berovo (34km/21mi) it is connected with Strumica to the south, and through Makedonska Kamenica (24km/15mi) and Kočani (51km/32mi) it is connected with Štip to the northwest. To the west is Vinica (39km/24mi), and to the east is the border crossing with Bulgaria, called "Arnautski Grob" (Arnaut's grave) (11km/7mi), through which you can reach the capital of Pirin Macedonia - Gorna Dzumaja (Blagoevgrad) (34km/21mi)
Climate
The climate in Delčevo is continental Eastern European. The average annual temperature in Delchevo is 11°C (52°F), with an absolute minimum of -26°C (-15°F) and an absolute maximum of 39°C (102°F), while in higher areas the average annual temperature drops to 3.5°C (38°F). The warmest month is August, and the coldest is January. Spring is always colder than autumn.
The cloudiness isn't strong, so the year is dominated by sunny and clear days. The average annual rainfall in Delchevo is 548 mm (22in), and in the mountains over 1.600 meters (5,250ft) above sea level. and up to 1.000 mm (39in). Precipitation, although relatively low, their distribution in the vegetation period (April–September) is favorable and is over 50% of the total annual precipitation.
The vegetation period with a temperature higher than 10°C (50°F) lasts 191 days during the year. This favorable climate allows the growth of various plants, and is also a very suitable natural condition for the development of tourism in this area.
Demographics
According to the statistics of Vasil Kanchov ("Macedonia, Ethnography and Statistics",1900), there were 1.520 inhabitants in Tsarevo Selo (Delčevo), of which 575 Bulgarians were Muslims, 520 Bulgarians were Bulgarian Exarchists and 425 Turks.
In the first organized census of SFR Yugoslavia from 1948, there were 20.159 inhabitants in the Tsarevo Selo area, of which 3,173 in Tsarevo Selo (Delčevo) and 16.986 in the villages (Pijanec, Osogovo). From an ethnic point of view, the population consisted of 15.669 (77.7%) Macedonians, 4,036 (20%) Turks, but some of them were Macedonian Muslims, 300 (1.48%) Roma and 154 others.
According to the 2002 census, the city had a population of 11.500 and belonged to the group of medium-sized towns.
The main ethnic group is Macedonian. Romani people are the biggest minority.
The official language of the municipality is Macedonian.
Delčevo is a secular town. The main religion is Orthodox Christianity. Islam is mostly practiced by the Roma and Turkish minority. The town has many churches and a mosque for its citizens.
Sport and culture
The football club FK Bregalnica Delčevo play their home games at the City Stadion "Goce Delčev", which has a capacity of 5,000 people. A festival in celebration of the Macedonian Bulgarian revolutionary leader Goce Delčev is held every year on August 2. The ruins of the (Byzantine) village of Vasilevo lie about 3km (1,9mi) southeast of the town, and the Monastery of Sveta Bogoridica (St. Mother of Christ), noted for its bright frescoes, is situated about 3km (1,9mi) to the southwest.
Cultural and social facilities
Churches
Church "Assumption of the Most Holy Mother of God" - a church in the higher part of the city;
Church "St. Cyril and Methodius” - a new church in the lower part of the city;
Church "St. Kliment Ohridski ” - a new church on the location where in 1961, by a decision of the then government, a church was demolished;
Church "St. Naum Ohridski” - baptistery church. Consecrated on August 4, 2013.
Church "St. Bogorodica” - grave church;
Church "St. Bogorodica Balaklija” - the main monastery church of the Delčevo Monastery;
Church "Protection of the Most Holy Mother of God" - a monastery church in the Delčevo Monastery;
Schools
Secondary school "Metodija Mitevski Brico" - Delčevo
Primary school "Vancho Prke" - Delčevo
Primary school "St. Kliment Ohridski" - Delčevo
Twin towns — sister cities
Delčevo is twinned with:
Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria
Bornova, Turkey
Goražde, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Jagodina, Serbia
Mladost (Varna), Bulgaria
Simitli, Bulgaria
Vyshhorod, Ukraine
Żyrardów, Poland
References
External links
Official site
Delcevo.com
Towns in North Macedonia
Bulgaria–North Macedonia border crossings
Delčevo Municipality
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del%C4%8Devo
|
Seycove Secondary School is a Canadian high school in the Deep Cove neighbourhood of the District of North Vancouver, British Columbia. Located just east of Dollarton Highway, the school has a student population of approximately 500 students in grades 8 through 12. Seycove is part of the SD44 program called a family of schools (FOS). Seycove acts as the family school for the Elementary schools considered the feeder schools including Dorothy Lynas, Cove Cliff, and Sherwood Park.
Athletics
Seycove Secondary offers many sports ranging from golf to rugby. The teams include badminton, gymnastics, basketball, soccer, volleyball, mountain biking, swimming, cross country, skiing and snowboarding, rowing, golf, tennis, field hockey, track and field, and rugby.
The ski and snowboard team has won the district championship two years in a row. The gymnastics team has qualified for provincials almost every year. The cross country team has won the AA division banner recently for three consecutive years as well as having many athletes qualify for provincials. The rugby team has had two championship seasons back-to-back, winning the Tier Two “New Zealand Shield” and maintaining it the following year. As for the soccer teams, the Senior Boys soccer team has won provincials and placed third during the 2009 provincials. The Senior Girls soccer team has also won provincials. Seycove's rowing team came in first place in the district many years in a row. The Senior boys and Junior boys basketball teams are both highly ranked within their leagues. The Senior girls basketball team also ranks highly, usually in the top 15, and they won the provincial championships in 2017.
Music
The school has several choirs and vocal groups including an intermediate and senior vocal jazz program. Its band program includes courses in concert band and jazz band. Concert Band offers students an opportunity to learn music fundamentals and improve their ability to perform in a large group setting. Jazz Band is an advanced enrichment course.
PLP
Seycove Secondary uses the Performance Learning Program, an academically rigorous mainstream magnet program for children in grades 8 to 12. Grade eight, nine and ten PLP students receive Humanities (English and Social Studies), Maker (ADST), Scimatics (Science and Math) and PGP (Personal Growth Planning) credits and grade eleven and twelve students receive English, History and PGP Credits. PGP and Scimatics courses are not guaranteed to be offered each year. The Performance Learning Program teaches students using project based learning.
Each PLP student is required to maintain a blog, referred to inside the program as a "learning portfolio". The blogs are published on blog44.ca, which is run by the North Vancouver School District.
Theatre
Seycove Secondary has a theatre program and its own black box theatre, nicknamed "The Vortex." The One Act Play Festival, which consists of one-act plays written and directed by students in the senior (grade 11 and 12) acting program, and the Spring Play, which is open to all members of the Drama department, take place in alternating years. Past productions include Tennessee Williams's The Glass Menagerie; Woody Allen's Play It Again, Sam; and William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night. For the 2008 spring season, the Senior Acting Troupe put on a production of Arthur Miller's The Crucible.
Other programs
The school offers several courses in visual arts, including Art Foundations, Portfolio, Photography, Film and Television, and Desktop Publishing. Other electives include Outdoor Education, Foods, Textiles, Drama, English Literature, Dynamics, Psychology, Law, History, and First Nations studies.
Transportation
The closest public transit routes are TransLink Buses #211, #212, #214, and #215 serviced one block west on Deep Cove Rd (NorthBound Deep Cove Rd@ Strathcona Rd).
References
External links
Seycove Secondary School
North Vancouver School District - Seycove Secondary School
High schools in British Columbia
North Vancouver (district municipality)
Educational institutions in Canada with year of establishment missing
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seycove%20Secondary%20School
|
The Workers' Unity League (WUL) was established in January 1930 as a militant industrial union labour central closely related to the Communist Party of Canada on the instructions of the Communist International.
This was reflective of the shift in the Communist International's political line that ushered in its "Third Period". Rather than "boring from within"—the policy of the "Second Period" that encouraged Communists to join mainstream labour unions and progressive organizations in order to move them to the revolutionary left—this new line emphasized creating independent communist organizations. The WUL paralleled similar alternative trade union structures elsewhere: the Trade Union Unity League in the US, and the National Minority Movement in the UK.
Some of the unions affiliated with the WUL include the Mine Workers' Union of Canada, Lumber Workers Industrial Union of Canada and the Relief Camp Workers' Union. Unlike both the Trades and Labor Congress of Canada (TLC) and the All Canadian Congress of Labour (ACCL), the WUL organized the unemployed as well.
History
Formation
The 6th World Congress of the Communist International held in summer 1928 adopted a militant political line, opposed to reformism and compromise with the moderate left. The Comintern believed global capitalism had entered a 'Third Period', which would be marked by economic collapse, leaving the working class ripe for radicalization. The Communists Party, as a Comintern member, accepted this new political line.
Communist Party member Samuel Carr returned from Moscow's Lenin School in Spring 1929, relaying the Comintern's intention for a Communist labour union centre in Canada. The Communist Party of Canada declared its intention of creating a 'red union centre' separate from the established Trades and Labor Congress of Canada during its June 1929 conference. The Workers' Unity League six months later, in January 1930.
Initial Struggles
The first action of the Workers' Unity League was a walkout in the National Steel Car Company factory in Hamilton, Ontario. Led by YCL member Harvey Murphey, 1200 workers walked off the job, most of them Finnish immigrants. Although members of Hamilton's Trades and Labour Council (HTLC) were initially sympathetic, the aggressive communist rhetoric scared the moderates on the council. A delegation of the strikes who came to the HTLC to ask for support and resources were turned away and denounced for their "nerve and effrontery."
The strikes then appealed to the Finnish Organization of Canada, which had been supportive of labour in the past. The Finnish Organization of Canada ignored their appeals. 300 of the 1200 workers maintained the strike for a full 6 weeks before it ended in defeat for the workers.
The failure of the strike was a major setback for the Workers' Unity League. The WUL faced failures in organizing miners in Alberta and Nova Scotia. A major difficulty faced by the WUL was that the depression made jobs hard to come by, and although conditions were bad, organizing with a union ran the risk of losing what little they had. Additionally, many workers were wary of communism- a fact only bolstered by the WUL's portrayal as a Soviet puppet in the media.
In spite of this, the WUL found success in organizing unemployed workers, led by Arthur "Slim" Evans. Unemployed workers were usually a hindrance to organized labor -striking workers were often replaced by the unemployed, who were willing to work for less- but the WUL organization brought them into the labour movements fold, and instead of crossing picket lines, unemployed workers joined them.
Growth and Militancy
In 1931, the WUL had less than 7,000 members. By 1932, this had more than doubled to 15,000 workers. Between 1929 and 1932, the TLC' membership fell by 25%, from 141,000 to 105,000. At its peak in 1935, the Workers' Unity League had over 40,000 members. The WUL's willingness to organize sectors previously considered organizable was a major factor in its growth.
The WUL, despite being smaller than the TLC and All-Canadian Congress of Labour, started 90% of strikes in Canada between 1933 and 1936. In 1933, 181 of the 233 strikes in Canada was led by the WUL and it won 111 of the strikes.
The Workers' Unity League was the most active labour union of its time, and was distinguished for its willingness to strike. Sam Scarlet, veteran union organizer and member of the Industrial Workers of the World, said that the WUL was the "only home for a serious class fighter".
1933 and 1934 saw the most bitter and numerous strikes since 1920. The Workers' Unity League affiliated unions represented 71% of the striker days during this period of time, and despite representing a minority of workers, half of all strikers were members and a majority of strikes were carried out by it. This includes the bloody walkout by Estevan, Saskatchewan miners in which the police killed three strikers, and the strike of furniture workers and chicken pluckers in Stratford, Ontario which was put down by calling in the Canadian army.
The WUL provided a solid base for growth of the Communist Party, with membership growing from 1,300 in 1930 to over 9,000 in 1935.
Popular Front Merger
In 1935, international developments changed the strategy of the Communist International. The rise of fascism in Europe urged Stalin to call for a Popular Front of Communists and non-Communists against the extreme right wing. Following the Popular Front strategy, the Worker's Unity League merged into the Congress of Industrial Organizations, a faction within the TLC. Many Communists such as Henry Segal, Fred Collins, and Leo Sax gained executive posts in the C.I.O. Following the Comintern line of 'unity for a price', many WUL industrial unions were liquidated and its members distributed among the TLC affiliated craft unions. For example, the red union of Food Workers was dissolved into the respective TLC affiliated bakers', teamsters', and hotel and restaurant employees' unions.
In 1938, the CIO was expelled from the TLC, being accused of communist sympathies. A new union central, the Canadian Congress of Labour (CCL) was founded by the expelled unions. Leading Communists were expelled form the new union, and Communist influence over the labour movement began to wane in favour of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. The CCL merged with the TLC in 1956, forming the current Canadian Labour Congress (CLC).
See also
Estevan Riot
On to Ottawa Trek
Stratford General Strike of 1933
References
Works cited
External links
Windsor Library - Communist Contributions
Communist Party of Canada mass organizations
National trade union centres of Canada
Defunct trade unions in Canada
1929 establishments in Canada
Trade unions established in 1929
Trade unions disestablished in 1935
1935 disestablishments in Canada
Profintern
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27%20Unity%20League
|
Arron Matthew Oberholser (born February 2, 1975) is an American professional golfer and an analyst and commentator for the Golf Channel.
Early life and amateur career
Oberholser was born in San Luis Obispo, California. He attended San Jose State University. In 1996, as a junior, he won six college golf titles during the regular season, matching Tiger Woods, a sophomore at Stanford University. In the 1996 postseason, competing for college Player of the Year, Woods won the regionals and the NCAA Championship, while Oberholser finished second in every statistical category.
Professional career
Oberholser turned professional in 1998. In 1999 he became an assistant coach for the golf program at Santa Clara University. He played on the Canadian Tour in 1999 and 2000, finishing second on the Order of Merit in 2000. In December 2000, at the final round of PGA Qualifying School, he finished one stroke short of qualifying for a PGA Tour card.
In 2001 Oberholser was a member of the second-tier tour in North America, the Nationwide Tour, but only competed three times due to a wrist injury. That year he had surgery to remove a bone chip from his right hand.
In 2002 Oberholser finished second on the Nationwide Tour money list and won a place on the elite PGA Tour. In his first three seasons on the PGA Tour, he played well enough to retain his card; in those years his best finish was second at the 2004 Wachovia Championship, where he lost in a playoff. In November 2004, he won the Shinhan Korea Golf Championship, a PGA Tour-sanctioned "Challenge Season" event.
In February 2006, Oberholser won a PGA Tour event, the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am. In May, he shot a round of 60, 10-under par, to set a record at the Byron Nelson Championship. 2006 was his best season: he made 20 of 23 cuts, had 13 top-25 finishes, and ended the year 23rd on the PGA Tour money list.
Despite injuring his back early in 2007, by September of that year Oberholser was number 22 in the Official World Golf Ranking. In October 2007, he had surgery to remove a bone chip from his left hand; he had hurt the hand in April, but the need for surgery hadn't been identified then. He played in only 10 events in 2008, having hand surgery in July 2008, and only four events in 2009. In his final event of the year in October 2009, the Frys.com Open, Oberholser placed 33rd.
Oberholser had a medical exemption for 2010, making him eligible to play in at least 14 events, but he had two more surgeries in May and October 2010. He did not play in 2010 or 2011.
In 2012, Oberholser played in two PGA Tour events. In the first, the Waste Management Phoenix Open, in early February, he missed the cut by one stroke. In the second, the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am, in March, he withdrew after rounds of 70 and 69.
In 2013, Oberholser played in two PGA Tour events. In February, he missed the cut at the Northern Trust Open by eight shots. With his left arm bothering him badly, he said "I can't tell you that I'm going to continue playing. I'm in a pretty precarious position, potentially looking at the end of my career.” In March, he missed the cut at the Shell Houston Open by two shots. In September 2013, he tried to get back to the PGA Tour through the Web.com Tour Finals (those with medical extensions were allowed to compete in the series of tournaments), but was forced to withdraw after a hand injury. In late 2013, Oberholser was told that he had a bone spur on the scaphoid, a bone near his wrist, which was causing very low blood flood in the region, and that surgery was risky.
In 2013, as injuries impacted his playing career, Oberholser began working as a part-time analyst for the Golf Channel. He is currently a part-time commentator and analyst for that television channel. He is also a co-host of the Center Cut Golf Podcast with PGATour.com's Senior Editor, Sean Martin.
Personal life
In 2007, Oberholser married golfer Angie Rizzo, whom he had met on a driving range. She cut short her playing career as a LPGA professional because of lingering effects of back injuries from a car crash.
Amateur wins
1997 Sahalee Players Championship
1998 Eastern Amateur
Professional wins (6)
PGA Tour wins (1)
PGA Tour playoff record (0–1)
Buy.com Tour wins (2)
*Note: The 2002 Utah Classic was shortened to 54 holes due to rain.
Buy.com Tour playoff record (0–1)
Canadian Tour wins (2)
Other wins (1)
Results in major championships
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied
Results in The Players Championship
"T" indicates a tie for a place
Results in World Golf Championships
QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play
"T" = Tied
See also
2002 Buy.com Tour graduates
References
External links
American male golfers
San Jose State Spartans men's golfers
PGA Tour golfers
Korn Ferry Tour graduates
Golf writers and broadcasters
Golfers from California
Golfers from Scottsdale, Arizona
Sportspeople from San Luis Obispo, California
1975 births
Living people
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arron%20Oberholser
|
Tihamah or Tihama ( ) refers to the Red Sea coastal plain of the Arabian Peninsula from the Gulf of Aqaba to the Bab el Mandeb.
Etymology
Tihāmat is the Proto-Semitic language's term for 'sea'. Tiamat (or Tehom, in masculine form) was the ancient Mesopotamian god of the sea and of chaos. The word appears in the Hebrew Bible as təhōm (Genesis 1:2), meaning "primordial ocean, abyss".
History
Era of Muhammad
During the era of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, many military expeditions took place here including the Battle of Hamra al-Asad and caravan raids. Beginning in January 623 CE, some of the Muslims resorted to the tradition of raiding the Meccan caravans that traveled along the eastern coast of the Red Sea from Mecca to the Syrian region.
While at Ḥamra' al-Asad (), Muhammad made an agreement with Mabad al-Khuzaah at Tihamah, in which Mabad pledged not to conceal anything from him. Mabad was then sent to Mecca to dissuade Abu Sufyan ibn Harb from fighting. In Mecca, Mabad met with Abu Sufyan and exaggerated that Muhammad had gathered a great force to fight Abu Sufyan. Abu Sufyan and his companions were planning a massive and decisive attack on Medina to finish off the Muslims once and for all. Hearing Mabad's talk of the great military strength of Muhammad, Abu Sufyan retreated from his plan of an immediate attack on the Muslims. In this fashion Muhammad successfully managed to prevent the massive onslaught the Meccans were planning.
Geography
The region is sometimes subdivided into two parts, Tihāmat Al-Ḥijaz (; northern part) and Tihāmat ʿAsīr (; southern part). The Yemeni part () is an extension of Tihamat ʿAsir. The plain is constricted and attains its greatest widths, , south of Medina and Mecca. The cities of Yanbu, Jeddah and Al Qunfudhah are located in the Hijazi part of the Tihamah. The Asiri-Yemeni part of the Tihami plain includes the cities of Jizan and Al Hudaydah. The temperatures in Tihamah are probably some of the hottest on earth. Tihamah in Arabic means severe heat and lack of wind.
Flora
The extensive sandy coastal plain (the Tihamah) is a hot and inhospitable area parallel to the Red Sea, and most of it, north of Zabid (Yemen), is devoid of trees. However, in a few places there is dense shrub composed almost exclusively of Vachellia flava and it may be assumed that this was originally the dominant natural vegetation of the Tihamah. Salvadora persica occurs in thickets, and there are odd trees of Balanites aegyptiaca and colonies of wild doum palm (Hyphaene thebaica), as well as planted date palms (Phoenix dactylifera).
Archaeology
Over sixteen megalithic menhirs were discovered by Edward Keall, director of the Royal Ontario Museum's Canadian Archaeological Mission near the village of Al-Mutaynah () in the Tihami area. The stones were made of granite and weighted up to . Three of the upright stones measured around tall with one fallen being over in length. Copper tools suggested to date to the same era as the construction of the stones were dated to around 2400 to 1800 BCE. An even more archaic lithic industry was found along with pottery sherds that were dated between 1200 and 800 BCE.
See also
Tihamah Region, a federal region in Yemen
Harrat al-Sham or the Black Desert
Idrisid Emirate of Asir
Kingdom of Hejaz
List of battles of Muhammad
Najahid dynasty
Najd
Rasulid dynasty
Sulaymanids
Sarat Mountains
'Asir Mountains
Fifa Mountains
Hijaz Mountains
Midian Mountains
References
Further reading
External links
Megalithic monuments in the Middle East
Geography of Saudi Arabia
Landforms of Saudi Arabia
Plains of Asia
Historical regions in Saudi Arabia
Historical regions
Tiamat
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihamah
|
Yauatcha is a Chinese restaurant in Broadwick Street, Soho, London, England, specialising in dim sum.
The restaurant was created in 2004 by Alan Yau, who previously created the Japanese Wagamama and Thai Busaba Eathai restaurant chains as well as the more expensive Hakkasan restaurant, also in London. Like Hakkasan, Yauatcha gained a Michelin star rating in 2005, which it lost in 2019.
In January 2008, Yau sold a majority interest in Yauatcha and Hakkasan to Tasameem, part of the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority.
Yauatcha opened a branch in Mumbai in December 2011, and another branch in Bangalore in September 2013, Delhi in November 2013 Kolkata in September 2014, with Honolulu and Houston locations both opening later in 2017. The Honolulu and Houston locations have since closed.
See also
List of Chinese restaurants
References
External links
Restaurants established in 2004
Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
Chinese restaurants in the United Kingdom
Michelin Guide starred restaurants in London
Asian restaurants in London
Chinese community in the United Kingdom
Tourist attractions in the City of Westminster
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yauatcha
|
The Royal Air Force's Logistics Command was a command formed to provide logistics support for the RAF.
History
The Command was formed on 1 April 1994 and its role was to provide logistics support to the RAF. The formation of Logistics Command resulted from the Government's PROSPECT study which was aimed to achieve a 20% reduction in the UK armed forces' headquarters staff to match the previous 'Options for Change' front-line cuts. This provided the mandate to create a centre of excellence in logistics management within the RAF with the task of delivering the best standards of support for the front-line whilst at the same time achieving significant reductions in cost.
The Command brought together most of the logistics functions of the Air Member for Supply and Organisation with those of RAF Support Command. These included the Maintenance Group Defence Agency, Support Command Communication and Information Systems, the Radio Introduction Unit, and the Central Servicing Development Establishment. Logistics Command was headquartered across two sites, RAF Brampton and RAF Wyton; on the later base 4 purpose-built open-planned pavilions were built. Its motto was Sustentamus ut Bellent which means 'We sustain that they may fight'.
The Strategic Defence Review (SDR) in 1997 marked the beginning of a process of radical and far-reaching modernization of the way the Armed Forces conducted defence activities including the creation of unified logistics support. Many of the RAF's innovations in Logistics Command were incorporated into the SDR's 'Smart Procurement Initiative'.
Logistics Command was disbanded on 31 October 1999 and thereafter the majority of its functions were subsumed by the tri-Services Defence Logistics Organisation which stood up formally on 1 April 2000.
Air Officers Commanding-in-Chief
Air Officers Commanding-in-Chief were:
1 April 1994 – 8 March 1996 Air Chief Marshal Sir Michael Alcock GCB KBE DSc FEng FIMechE FRAeS
8 March 1996 – 11 July 1997 Air Chief Marshal Sir John Allison KCB CBE FRAeS
11 July 1997 – 30 April 1999 Air Marshal Sir Colin Terry KBE CB BSc(Eng) FRAeS FRSA FILog FCGI
30 April 1999 – 3 September 1999 Air Marshal Malcolm Pledger OBE AFC BSc FRAeS RAF
3 September 1999 – 31 October 1999 Air Vice-Marshal Graham Skinner CBE MSc BSc CEng FILT FIMechE FIMgt MRAeS
See also
List of Royal Air Force commands
References
Logistics Command
Military units and formations established in 1994
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF%20Logistics%20Command
|
100 Demons is an American metalcore band from Waterbury, Connecticut. Being fans of tattoos, the band derived their name from a book of traditional Japanese tattoo artwork by Horiyoshi III. The band usually incorporates their agnostic beliefs into their lyrics.
After over a decade of playing in the Connecticut hardcore scene, Deathwish Inc. announced the signing of 100 Demons to a record contract in 2003. In a press release the label was quoted as saying "Today's 100 DEMONS encapsulate a viciousness and ravenous intensity that few could achieve." The band then found themselves at Planet Z Studios with producer Zeuss (Hatebreed, Shadows Fall) recording their self-titled album.
The video for the song "Repeat Process" was featured on Headbangers Ball.
In 2019, Pete Morcey announced his new folk-influenced side project entitled Murmur.
Members
Current
Pete Morcey - vocals
Rich Rosa - drums
Collin Reilly - guitar
Rick Brayall - guitar
Nick August - bass
Former
Bruce Lepage
Tim Mead
Jeremy Braddock
Discography
Music videos
"Repeat Process" (2004)
References
External links
Official Page
Metalcore musical groups from Connecticut
Hardcore punk groups from Connecticut
Heavy metal musical groups from Connecticut
American musical quintets
Musical groups established in 2000
Deathwish Inc. artists
Good Life Recordings artists
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100%20Demons
|
Theresa Magdalena "Tisa" Farrow (born July 22, 1951) is a retired American actress and model.
Early life
Farrow was born in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of Irish-born actress Maureen O'Sullivan and Australian-born film director John Farrow. She is the youngest of their four girls and three boys; her siblings are Mia (b. 1945), Prudence, Stephanie, Michael Damien, Patrick Joseph, and John Charles.
Like most of her siblings, Tisa received a strict and mainly Catholic education. In her high school freshman year she enrolled at the progressive New Lincoln School in New York City. She left school of her own volition in the middle of the 11th grade. She then worked as a waitress. In her own words, she also "spent a long time going around town trying out for commercials" - with no success: "I would always run into some career woman who disliked me right away because she didn't like my sister Mia."
Career
Farrow's first film role was in Homer. Farrow then starred in René Clément's And Hope to Die (1972), the drama Some Call It Loving (1973), and the comedy Only God Knows (1974).
Farrow was featured semi-nude in a photo article in the July 1973 issue of Playboy, photographed by Mario Casilli.
In the second half of the 1970s, Farrow acted in the Italian-Canadian action thriller Strange Shadows in an Empty Room (1976) directed by Alberto de Martino, and starred in the made-for-television horror film The Initiation of Sarah (1978), James Toback's first feature production Fingers (1978) alongside Harvey Keitel, and in the Canadian film Search and Destroy (1979).
In Woody Allen's Manhattan (1979), she has a cameo appearance.
From mid-1979 to 1980, Farrow took leading roles in three Italian genre films: in Lucio Fulci's horror film Zombi 2 (1979), Antonio Margheriti's Vietnam War film The Last Hunter (1980), and Joe D'Amato's horror film Antropophagus (1980).
Filmography
References
External links
Living people
American film actresses
American people of Australian descent
American people of English descent
American people of Irish descent
Actresses from Los Angeles County, California
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American women
1951 births
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisa%20Farrow
|
Choum () is a town in northern Mauritania, lying in the Adrar Region close to the border with Western Sahara. In the year 2000, Choum had a population of 2,735.
History
The town grew from its position on trans-Saharan trading routes. It declined with the trade, and, in 1977, was attacked by French troops as a suspected base of the Polisario Front, the national liberation movement fighting for independence for the Western Sahara. Fortifications from the period survive around the town.
Transport
Choum is a stop on the Mauritania Railway from Nouadhibou on the Atlantic coast to Zouérat, and a transport interchange for access to the Adrar Plateau and the Mauritanian capital Nouakchott.
Railway tunnel
The town stands on a spur of land which carries the major turning-point in the border between Mauritania and the Western Sahara. In the early 1960s, the French colonial authorities in Mauritania wished to build the line from Nouadhibou to Zouérat to exploit the iron ore reserves at Zouérat. The Spanish authorities then responsible for the Western Sahara negotiated to allow the railway to be built through Spanish territory over relatively level desert, but imposed conditions unacceptable to the French.
The French engineers therefore built the line parallel with the border and tunneled through the Choum hill spur — two kilometres through solid granite just to stay within French territory. The tunnel has been called a "monument to European stupidity in Africa".
The absurdity was highlighted when the southern part of the territory of Western Sahara was briefly administered by Mauritania after the Spanish withdrew in 1975/1976. The tunnel is no longer in use and a 5 km section of the railway cuts right through the POLISARIO controlled part of the Western Sahara ().
The N1 highway from Atar now runs all the way to north Zouérat, but the sandy track paralleling the railway west to Nouadhibou traverses low dune cordons so is much easier in a 4WD. Regular vehicles can be loaded onto a flatbed wagon at Choum.
See also
Railway stations in Mauritania
References
External links
Communes of Adrar Region
Railway stations in Mauritania
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choum
|
Maa-alused are, in Estonian folk religion, mysterious elf-like creatures which live beneath the ground. They were believed to have a parallel existence to that of humans, the principal differences being that all orientations are reversed, such that up becomes down and left becomes right, and that all things possessed by them are diminished in size.
External links
Page on maa-alused and folklore (in Estonian)
References
Estonian legendary creatures
Earth spirits
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maa-alused
|
Horlick Field, located on the north side of Racine, Wisconsin, in the United States, is a 5,000-seat football stadium and a baseball park enclosed within stone walls and chain fences. The land for the field was donated by William Horlick, the inventor of malted milk. It was designed in 1907 by Walter Dick, who also designed the North Beach Beach House.
Football has been a part of Horlick Field's history since 1919. It was the home for the Horlick - Racine Legion, a member of the NFL from 1922 to 1924, and the Racine Tornadoes, an NFL team in 1926. Now the Racine Raiders, a minor league team in the Mid-States Football League, call Horlick Field their home.
Teams from the high schools and local leagues play their regular season games in the baseball diamond, which is the site for local tournaments and championship games. The park has been the home of the Old Timer's Athletic Club softball tournament for over three decades. The Racine Belles, immortalized in the film A League of Their Own, called Horlick Field their home while the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League was in existence.
In 1945, the Chicago American Giants of the Negro American League hosted several games at the stadium.
Horlick Field has hosted 99 drum and bugle corps shows through 2013. Between 1962 and 1978, the stadium hosted 57 drum and bugle corps shows, an average of almost 3.5 shows a year.
Statistics
Location: 1648 North Memorial Drive, on the corner of High Street and North Memorial Drive.
Ownership: Owned and operated by the City of Racine, Wisconsin. Concessions for all events held at Historic Horlick Field are run by the Racine Raiders Minor League Football Club.
Playing Surface: artificial turf since 2021
References
Defunct National Football League venues
American football venues in Wisconsin
Baseball venues in Wisconsin
Buildings and structures in Racine, Wisconsin
Tourist attractions in Racine, Wisconsin
1907 establishments in Wisconsin
Sports venues completed in 1907
Sports in Racine, Wisconsin
Negro league baseball venues still standing
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horlick%20Field
|
The Running Horse is a pub in the town of Leatherhead, Surrey, England. It is Grade II* listed.
Dating back to 1403, on the bank of the River Mole, the Running Horse is located in one of the oldest buildings in Leatherhead.
History
Built in the 15th century on land belonging to the church, The Running Horse was originally known as Rummings House, after Eleynor Rumminge who was written about by Henry VIII's poet John Skelton. The poem can be found on a wall in the pub.
References
External links
http://www.running-horse.co.uk/
Pubs in Surrey
Grade II* listed pubs in England
Grade II* listed buildings in Surrey
Leatherhead
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Running%20Horse
|
Jiko Fatafehi Luveni ( – 22 December 2018) was a Fijian politician and Speaker of the Parliament of Fiji. She was a member of the FijiFirst party before resigning her party membership in order to take up the position of Speaker. This was because the Fijian Speaker is not a Member of Parliament and cannot be a member of a political party pursuant to section 77(1)(a) and section 77(7)(b)(ii) of the Fijian Constitution.
Early life
The daughter of a former shopkeeper turned shipping magnate, Luveni came from the village of Nukuni on the island of Ono-i-Lau, in the Lau archipelago. She was educated at Lautoka Fijian School and then at Nabua Secondary School in Suva, before enrolling in Adi Cakobau School in Sawani. She graduated in dentistry from the Fiji School of Medicine in 1967, the first Fijian woman to do so. After graduation, she worked for twenty years for the Ministry of Health, before working for the United Nations Population Fund as project manager for reproductive health from 1987 to 2002. She resigned three years ahead of the expiry of her term to take up a post as HIV project officer for the Ministry of Health, working as project manager for Fiji Network for People Living with HIV, a non-governmental organization.
From 2007 to 2008 Luveni served on the board of the interim Fiji Sports Council.
Political career
In January 2008 Luveni was appointed Minister of Health and then as Minister of Social Welfare, Women and Poverty Alleviation in the interim government headed by Prime Minister Commodore Voreqe Bainimarama. She was also co-chair of a government task team established to make recommendations regarding "social cultural identity and nation building" for the proposed People's Charter for Change, Peace and Progress.
In 2013 Luveni indicated that she would stand as part of Bainimarama's proposed political party. She was elected Chairperson of the Lau Provincial Council in April 2014, succeeding Filipe Bole, but after being announced as a parliamentary candidate for the FijiFirst party in July 2014, she resigned that post after only three months in office. She was succeeded by Ilisoni Taoba. In the 2014 election she received 2,296 votes and was elected to parliament as the 14th highest-polling Fiji First candidate. She resigned her seat immediately following the election in order to become Speaker, the first Fijian woman to hold the position. Her place as an MP was taken by Laisenia Tuitubou. She was formally elected Speaker on October 6, 2014.
Death
On 22 December 2018, Luveni died at the age of 72.
References
1946 births
2018 deaths
Women dentists
Fijian dentists
Fiji School of Medicine alumni
FijiFirst politicians
Health ministers of Fiji
Women's ministers of Fiji
I-Taukei Fijian members of the Parliament of Fiji
I-Taukei Fijian people
People educated at Adi Cakobau School
Speakers of the Parliament of Fiji
Politicians from Ono-i-Lau
21st-century Fijian women politicians
21st-century Fijian politicians
Women government ministers of Fiji
20th-century dentists
Women legislative speakers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiko%20Luveni
|
The London Symphony Chorus (abbreviated to LSC) is a large symphonic concert choir based in London, UK, consisting of over 150 amateur singers, and is one of the major symphony choruses of the United Kingdom. It was formed in 1966 as the LSO Chorus to complement the work of the London Symphony Orchestra (LSO). The LSC is today an independent self-run organisation governed by a council of nine elected representatives. It continues to maintain a close association with the LSO but also takes part in projects with other orchestras and organisations both in the UK and abroad. The LSC performs mainly with the LSO at the Barbican Centre in London as well as appearing at other concert venues around the UK and Europe and regularly at the Avery Fisher Hall, New York.
Repertoire
The Chorus's core repertoire consists of the major nineteenth and twentieth century orchestral choral works. The Chorus has performed and recorded works such as Elgar's The Dream of Gerontius, Mahler's Second, Third and Eighth Symphonies, Ravel's Daphnis et Chloé, Dvořák's Stabat Mater, Janáček's Glagolitic Mass, Britten's War Requiem, Beethoven's Ninth Symphony and Missa Solemnis, Berlioz's La damnation de Faust and Roméo et Juliette, Schoenberg's Gurre-Lieder, Brahms's Ein deutsches Requiem, Rossini's Stabat Mater, Stravinsky's Oedipus Rex & Symphony of Psalms, Tippett's A Child of Our Time and Verdi's Requiem.
The Chorus has also taken part in concert performances and commercial recordings of operas including Beethoven's Fidelio, Berlioz's Les Troyens and Benvenuto Cellini, Bernstein's Candide, Britten's Peter Grimes and Billy Budd, Verdi's Rigoletto, Falstaff and Otello, Wagner's Götterdämmerung and Richard Strauss's Elektra.
Notable recordings
The London Symphony Chorus's discography consists of over 140 recordings, and many of these recordings feature collaborations with the London Symphony Orchestra. Since 2000 the LSC has taken part in productions for the orchestra's new CD label, LSO Live which launched in 2000 and specialises in recordings of live performances in front of audiences. Among works recorded by the choir are Brahms's German Requiem (LSO, André Previn 2000); Mahler's Symphony No. 8 (CBSO, Simon Rattle 2005); Mozart's Requiem (LSO, Sir Colin Davis 2008); Britten: War Requiem (LSO, Giandrea Noseda 2012); Berlioz's Requiem (LSO, Colin Davis, 2013); and Weber's Der Freischütz (LSO, Sir Colin Davis, 2013). Notable solo artists who have featured on LSC releases include Ian Bostridge, Simon Keenleyside, Felicity Palmer and Anne Sofie von Otter.
A number of LSC recordings have received awards including the following:
Conductors
Since its creation the Chorus has worked with a number of major choir trainers including John Alldis, Arthur Oldham, Richard Hickox and Stephen Westrop. The current Chorus Director is Simon Halsey.
The London Symphony Chorus has performed with many of the leading conductors of the day including Claudio Abbado, Daniel Barenboim, Leonard Bernstein, Pierre Boulez, Colin Davis, Mark Elder, John Eliot Gardiner, Valery Gergiev, Bernard Haitink, Mariss Jansons, Charles Mackerras, Antonio Pappano, André Previn, Simon Rattle, Mstislav Rostropovich, Georg Solti and Michael Tilson Thomas.
Patrons
Past
Diana, Princess of Wales
Present
Simon Russell Beale
Howard Goodall
References
External links
London Symphony Chorus website
Musical groups established in 1966
London choirs
London Symphony Orchestra
1966 establishments in England
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20Symphony%20Chorus
|
The Dhruva reactor is India's largest nuclear research reactor. It was the first nuclear reactor in Asia proper. Located in the Mumbai suburb of Trombay at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), it is India's primary generator of weapons-grade plutonium-bearing spent fuel for its nuclear weapons program. Originally named the R-5, this open pool reactor first went critical on 8 August 1985 after 10 years of construction. However, the unit did not attain full power until 1988. The reactor experienced at least one serious accident when of heavy water overflowed from the reactor core in 1985 following vibration problems.
Designed as a larger version of the CIRUS reactor, Dhruva was an Indian designed project built to provide an independent source of weapons-grade plutonium free from safeguards. The Dhruva project cost 950 million rupees. The reactor uses heavy water (deuterium) as a moderator and coolant. Aluminum clad fuel rods containing natural uranium are used to obtain a maximum thermal power output of 100 megawatts. The reactor can produce of weapons-grade plutonium per year.
Dhruva, in Indian mythology, is a prince blessed to eternal existence and glory as the Pole Star by Vishnu. It can also mean 'immovable' in Sanskrit.
See also
N. S. Satya Murthy
India and weapons of mass destruction
References
External links
Nuclear research reactors
Nuclear technology in India
Atomic and nuclear energy research in India
Military nuclear reactors
1985 establishments in Maharashtra
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhruva%20reactor
|
Upper Yemen () and Lower Yemen are traditional regions of the north western highland mountains of Yemen. Northern Highlands and Southern Highlands are terms more commonly used presently. The Sumara Mountains just south of the town of Yarim denote the boundaries of the two regions. These two traditional regions also coincide with Gourchenour and Obermeyer's ecological zones. Upper Yemen is home to practitioners of the Zaidi sect of Islam and inhabitants of the region are sometimes referred to by that name. Major urban centers include Dhamar, Hajjah, and the Yemeni capital of Sanaa.
Regions of Yemen
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper%20Yemen
|
Lower Yemen () and Upper Yemen are traditional regions of the north western highland mountains of Yemen. Northern Highlands and Southern Highlands are terms more commonly used presently. The Sumara Mountains just south of the town of Yarim denote the boundaries of the two regions. These two traditional regions also coincide with Gourchenour and Obermeyer's ecological zones. Major urban centers include Ibb and Taiz.
Regions of Yemen
Geography of Yemen
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower%20Yemen
|
William Moses Roberts Jr. (August 16, 1936 – October 7, 2017) was an American songwriter and musician credited with composing the 1960s rock music standard "Hey Joe."
Biography
Roberts attended The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina but left school for the life of an itinerant musician. He learned to play the 12-string guitar and blues harmonica, on which he claimed to have been tutored by Sonny Terry. In the early 1960s he went to New York's Greenwich Village where he busked on the street and played in coffeehouses. It was there that he composed the song "Hey, Joe," which he copyrighted in 1962. Early the same year, after a brief and turbulent marriage, Roberts traveled to Reno, Nevada to obtain a divorce. After that, he went to San Francisco where he again played in coffeehouses. It would become his base of operations for the rest of his career.
In 1964-1965, Roberts was part of a San Francisco-based folk trio called The Driftwood Singers (with Steve Lalor and Lyn Shepard). Signed by David Allen, manager of the hungry i, the group did several month-long stints at the i, opening for the likes of Bill Cosby, Carmen McRae, Godfrey Cambridge, and Joan Rivers. The group also toured the West Coast, playing supper clubs and summer concert touring around Seattle and Vancouver, British Columbia. On New Years Day 1965, they participated in an entertainment event at San Quentin State Prison with Louis Armstrong, Sarah Vaughan, Johnny Cash, a Mariachi Band, and hula dancers. Dino Valenti was very likely in the audience, serving a term for a drug charge.
In 1965, Roberts was alerted by a friend to a recording of "Hey Joe" by the Southern California rock band, The Leaves. Roberts knew nothing of the recording and the friend (Hillel Resner, later his producer) offered to ask his father, an attorney in San Francisco, to look into the matter. The attorney discovered that folk singer Dino Valenti had claimed authorship of the song and signed a publishing contract with Third Story Music of Los Angeles. This led to negotiations that resulted in Roberts retrieving his author's rights, but it did not prevent numerous recordings being released that named several other songwriters, in addition to Valenti, as the author.
In 1967, David M. Overton left Detroit to attend Hastings College of Law in San Francisco, but in 1968, decided to be a drummer, performing with the Billy Roberts Blues Band.
In September 1968, Roberts played at the Sky River Rock Festival in Washington, and jammed with Big Mama Thornton, James Cotton, and members of the Grateful Dead. His friend Dino Valenti was also on the bill.
While residing in the Bay Area, Roberts performed in many of the local clubs and as the opening act for the Steve Miller Band at the Straight Theater in Haight-Ashbury in September 1967. He also opened for Santana at a Bill Graham Winterland concert in 1970.
In 1975, Roberts recorded the country rock album Thoughts of California with the band Grits, which he produced with Hillel Resner.
After a serious car accident in the early 1990s, Roberts was hospitalized for a time in Sonoma County, California. He later moved to Atlanta, Georgia to undergo rehabilitation. Roberts did not perform or record subsequently, but he held copyrights on nearly 100 songs. He died on October 7, 2017.
Guitarist Roy Buchanan recorded a version of "Hey Joe" (on the 1974 LP That's What I Am Here For); Buchanan also recorded Roberts' "Good God Have Mercy" on the 1976 LP A Street Called Straight.
Discography
1975, Thoughts of California, studio album
References
External links
1936 births
2017 deaths
Songwriters from South Carolina
Musicians from Greenville, South Carolina
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy%20Roberts
|
John Edward Walsh (12 November 1816 – 20 October 1869) was an Irish lawyer and Conservative politician. He served as Attorney-General for Ireland in 1866 and as Master of the Rolls in Ireland from 1866 to 1869.
Background and education
Walsh was born at Finglas, County Dublin, where his father, Robert Walsh, was rector. His mother was Anne Bayly. He was educated at Bective College, and matriculated at Trinity College Dublin in July 1832. He was elected a Scholar of the college in 1835, and graduated B.A. in 1836, obtaining a senior moderatorship in ethics and logics and gaining a gold medal. He was a distinguished speaker also at the college Historical Society. Walsh was called to the Irish Bar in 1839, and graduated LL.D. in his University in 1845. He published, in collaboration with Richard Nun, Q.C., a work on The Powers and Duties of Justices of the Peace in Ireland, which was long a standard textbook on this subject. He was a reporter in the Court of Chancery from 1843 to 1852; was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1857, and Crown Prosecutor for Dublin in 1859.
Political, legal and judicial careers
Walsh was Member of Parliament for Dublin University from 1866 to 1867 and served as Attorney-General for Ireland from 25 July to 1 November 1866. He was sworn of the Irish Privy Council on 17 August 1866. he left the House of Commons when he was appointed Master of the Rolls in Ireland in 1866, an office he held until his death.
It seemed probable that a long and distinguished career lay before him, but it was not to be. In the autumn of 1869 he went on a tour to Italy, his health not being very robust. He contracted a fever in the Roman Campagna and died in Paris on his way home on 20 October.
He published, in 1847, Ireland Sixty Years Ago, dealing with Grattan's Parliament and the first quarter of the 19th century, which was published originally as a series of articles in the Dublin University Magazine. It was afterwards re-issued in 1877 as Ireland Ninety Years Ago.
Family
He married Blair Belinda MacNeill, daughter of Captain Gordon MacNeill of Dublin, in 1841. They had five sons and a daughter. His eldest son Robert Walsh was Archdeacon of Dublin from 1909 until 1917. Another son, Henry Deane Walsh, emigrated to Australia, where he became one of the foremost engineers of his time, and did much to improve Sydney Harbour.
Arms
References
Who's Who of British Members of Parliament: Vol. I 1832-1885, edited by Michael Stenton (The Harvester Press 1976)
External links
1816 births
1869 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Irish Conservative Party MPs
Irish Queen's Counsel
Irish writers
Masters of the Rolls in Ireland
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Dublin University
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Politicians from County Dublin
Scholars of Trinity College Dublin
UK MPs 1865–1868
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Edward%20Walsh
|
Guinness Foreign Extra Stout (FES) is a stout produced by the Guinness Brewery, an Irish brewing company owned by Diageo, a drinks multinational. First brewed by Guinness in 1801, FES was designed for export, and is more heavily hopped than Guinness Draught and Extra Stout, which gives it a more bitter taste, and typically has a higher alcohol content (at around 7.5% ABV). The extra hops were intended as a natural preservative for the long journeys the beer would take by ship.
FES is the Guinness variant that is most commonly found in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean, and it accounts for almost half of Guinness sales worldwide. Over four million hectolitres of the beer were sold in Africa in 2011, where Diageo intend to grow the product into the continent's highest selling beer.
Guinness Flavour Extract, a dehydrated, hopped wort extract made from barley malt and roasted barley, is used for overseas production of the stout. The syrup is shipped from Ireland, where it is added at the ratio of 1:49 to locally brewed pale beer. In most overseas markets, Guinness Flavour Extract (GFE) is blended with locally brewed beer to produce FES.
FES was marketed in Nigeria as "gives you power" in the 1960s. This was updated for 1999–2006 with the Michael Power campaign, which aired across Africa.
History
Guinness West India Porter, the direct predecessor of Foreign Extra Stout, was first exported from the St. James's Gate Brewery in Dublin in 1801. The product was formulated for Irish immigrant workers in the Caribbean. The beer was brewed solely in the cooler months between October and April in order to reduce acidification, and was matured in large wooden vats for up to two years, which gave the finished product greater stability. To survive the long journey overseas, which was then taken by ship, it was brewed with extra hops and a higher alcohol content, which acted as natural preservatives for the beer. Exported in barrels, the product was then bottled locally, which helped to reduce costs.
The 1801 recipe included 73 per cent pale malt and 27 per cent brown malt.
The first recorded shipment of the beer to the United States was in 1817. In 1827, the first official shipment of Guinness on the African continent arrived in Sierra Leone. The beer was renamed Foreign Extra Stout from around 1849 onwards. The first recorded exports to South East Asia began in the 1860s.
FES accounted for around five per cent of all Guinness production at the turn of the twentieth century, with two-thirds destined for Australia and the United States, where it was largely used as a medicinal product. Australia remained the single largest export market for the product until 1910, when it was eclipsed by the United States. Due to the expense of importation, FES was a premium product, retailing for double the price of domestic stouts. Total production had reached 105,000 hogsheads by 1912.
The American trade was disrupted by the onset of World War I and then discontinued entirely with the introduction of Prohibition. The product was not popular when it returned in the 1930s, as drinkers now preferred the lighter and cheaper Guinness Extra Stout. Following discontinuation of export during World War II, FES did not return to the United States until 1956, but this was to prove unsuccessful, and the beer was withdrawn shortly afterwards.
Guinness export sales were mostly to British and Irish expatriates before 1920. This changed from the 1920s onwards, and among the first natives to develop a taste for the drink were the ethnic Chinese of the Malay Peninsula. A global Guinness salesman was appointed by the company in 1924, and sales began to be pursued among native populations.
In 1939, shortly after the outbreak of World War II, the British War Office purchased 500,000 half-pint bottles of FES for distribution to hospitals.
In 1951, exports totalled 90,000 barrels, but by 1964 had grown to 300,000 barrels. By 1959, sales in Ghana had grown large enough for Guinness to establish a joint venture in the country with the United Africa Company. By 1962, Nigeria had become the largest export market for Guinness, with around 100,000 barrels exported to the country every year. This led the company to build a brewery in Ikeja in western Nigeria to supply the demand; it was only the third brewery in the company's history. The brewery cost over £2 million, had a 150,000 barrel capacity, and was 60 per cent owned by Guinness Nigeria, 25 per cent by the United Africa Company with the remaining shares held by local Nigerian interests. Breweries followed in Malaysia (1965), Cameroon (1970) and Ghana (1971), whilst licences were granted to other companies to brew Guinness under contract in other African countries and the West Indies. Historically a small proportion of Guinness production, it was this success, especially in Africa but also in Asia, that allowed FES to grow into a 4.5 million hectolitre brand.
A new bottle design was debuted in Malaysia in 2005, and later rolled out worldwide. In 2013, FES received a packaging redesign in Africa and other selected markets, with a gold foil top and a new label.
Production
The Irish version of FES is brewed with pale malt, 25 per cent flaked barley (for head retention and body) and 10 per cent roasted barley, the latter being what gives the beer its dark hue. It uses the bitter Galena, Nugget and Target hop varieties which have undergone an isomerized kettle extract process. The beer contains about a third more hops, and nearly double the amount of roasted barley than Guinness Draught. The beer is force carbonated. The beer has 47 Bitterness Units.
Guinness have used a slightly different variant of their yeast to brew FES since 1960. It provides extremely poor flocculation and produces relatively high levels of diacetyl in the finished beer. Many breweries consider diacetyl an off-flavour, but Guinness consider it a "signature flavour" of FES.
Guinness Flavour Extract, a dehydrated, hopped wort extract made from barley malt and roasted barley, is used for overseas production of the stout. The syrup is shipped from Ireland, where it is added at the ratio of 1:49 to locally brewed pale beer. Each year, six million litres of GFE are made using 9,000 tonnes of barley. Guinness Flavour Extract was first created by scientists working for the company in the early 1960s. In 2003, production of GFE was relocated from St James's Gate to the former Cherry's brewery in Mary Street, Waterford, but in 2013 production returned to St James's.
FES is produced at Diageo owned breweries in Nigeria, Kenya, Ghana, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda, Seychelles, Malaysia and Jamaica. In addition, it is produced under licence in 39 other countries. Diageo has brewing arrangements with the Castel Group to license brew and distribute Guinness in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Togo, Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali and Guinea.
FES is the oldest variant of Guinness that is still available, although its ingredients and production methods have varied over time. In 1824, it had an original gravity (OG) of 1082. After a peak in strength in 1840, when the beer had an OG of 1098, by 1860, the beer was reduced to its current standard strength of around 1075 OG. FES was originally brewed with pale and brown malts. Black malt was used from 1819, and by 1828 its use had entirely replaced brown malt. In 1883, the beer was produced with 85 per cent pale malt, 10 per cent amber malt and 5 per cent roasted malt. From 1929 – 1930 onwards, Guinness switched from using roasted malt in the beer's production to roasted barley. Amber malt continued to be added to the grist until 1940. Flaked barley was introduced in the early 1950s, and the hopping rate was decreased.
Originally a bottle conditioned beer, FES has been pasteurised to ensure quality consistency since 1948. Since 1950, in an attempt to recreate the flavour profile of bottle conditioned FES, the beer has been produced by blending fresh FES with two per cent FES that has been aged for up to 100 days, and has developed a high lactic acid content. Finally, the beer is allowed to mature in the bottle for 28 days before being sent out for distribution.
Markets
Foreign Extra Stout constitutes 45 per cent of total Guinness sales worldwide. Originally exported to British and Irish expatriates, the beer began to be drunk by local populations from the 1920s. A 7.5% ABV version is sold throughout most of the world, although lower strength variants are found in some locations.
The beer is available in bottles and cans.
Africa
In Africa, the product retails at a premium, at up to double the price of rival beers. FES is produced at thirteen breweries in Africa.
Nigeria
FES is brewed and distributed by Guinness Nigeria, which is 58 per cent owned by Diageo, with the remaining shares held by local Nigerian interests. As of 2012–13, Nigeria has been the largest market for Guinness by sales.
FES was initially introduced into the Nigerian market through importation in the 1940s. Guinness in Nigeria is made with heavily roasted sorghum or maize that has been locally sourced. Some Nigerian versions also contain wheat. The switch from malted barley was made in 1986 when the Nigerian government briefly banned imports of the grain. The use of sorghum and maize continues as it is a cheaper alternative than barley, which has to be imported, and it is less vulnerable to local currency fluctuations. The Nigerian breweries use high gravity brewing techniques to ferment sorghum and pale malt to 1090 OG.
Beer writer Roger Protz describes the Nigerian product as "strikingly different" from the Irish brewed version, and it has been described as being sweeter and heavier than regular FES. Diageo have also confirmed that the carbonation levels are "different" from the Irish-brewed product.
Other markets
The brewing of FES has taken place at Sierra Leone Brewery since October 1967.
In Ghana, FES is brewed in Kumasi by Guinness Ghana Breweries, which is 50.5 per cent owned by Diageo. GFE is mixed with a locally brewed sorghum lager, but it differs from the Nigerian version in that it contains no wheat and has a higher proportion of roast barley. In Ghana, the product is believed to have medicinal properties, strengthening the blood and improving circulation.
In 2003, a 5.5% ABV, lightly-nitrogenated variant of FES was introduced in Ghana called Guinness Extra Smooth. It was released in Nigeria in 2005, where it constitutes 5-10 per cent of Guinness sales in the country.
Guinness holds 20 percent of the Cameroon beer market.
Asia
Sales of Guinness in South East Asia amounted to over £100 million in 2012-13. FES (6.8% ABV) is brewed and distributed in Malaysia by Heineken Malaysia Berhad. The Malaysian variant is distributed throughout most of South East Asia. The brew was reduced in ABV from 8 to 6.8% in 2008, and further reduced to 5.5% ABV from 2016, in response to changes in alcohol duty. Malaysia is the largest Asian market for Guinness, where, in 2012, the brand grew by between 10 and 15 per cent. In Singapore, FES is brewed and distributed by Asia Pacific Breweries. In Indonesia, Guinness is brewed to 4.9% ABV by PT Multi Bintang (a subsidiary of Asia Pacific Breweries), and is distributed by PT Dima Indonesia. In China, small amounts of FES are sold, where it is positioned as a premium priced import in upmarket bars.
Other markets
FES was sold and then withdrawn in the UK in 1976 as Guinness XXX Extra Strong Stout; it returned in 1994 when interest in craft beer increased. The beer was again withdrawn from the UK market, returning in 2003 to cater for the increasing African diaspora. The British market is supplied with both the Irish and the Nigerian brewed variants of the beer, the latter of which has annual sales of £2 million. Official imports of FES into the US were resumed in 2010, following a resurgent interest in craft beer; this was after a period of grey imports, predominantly for African and Caribbean expatriates.
Advertising and sponsorship
In the 1960s, FES was marketed in Nigeria as "gives you power" and its consumption was linked with an increase in sexual potency. This was updated for 1999–2006 with the Michael Power campaign, which aired all over the continent. Guinness credits the campaign with allowing the company to lead the Africa beer market by 50 per cent in 2000, experience volume growth of up to 50 per cent in some markets, achieve brand recognition of a reported 95 per cent, and by doubling Guinness sales in Africa by 2003. In 1999, Saatchi & Saatchi was given worldwide responsibility for marketing the FES brand. In October 2013, BBDO was awarded responsibility for marketing Guinness in Africa. Saatchi continues to market FES in the rest of the world. Since 2008, FES has been the largest sponsor of the Nigerian national football team.
Reception
The beer is ranked highly on beer rating websites. Garrett Oliver notes its refreshing qualities and "distinctive acidic edge". On the other hand, it has been criticised by British journalist Tony Naylor as being "more about treacly, boozy warmth" than "complex flavour".
References
External links
Beer in Africa
Diageo beer brands
Diageo
Food and drink in Ireland
Beer brands
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness%20Foreign%20Extra%20Stout
|
Angelo Buccarello, OSST (born 12 May 1942) is an Italian Catholic priest and member of the Trinitarians known for his founding of the Catholic Chaplaincy for Prisons.
Biography
Buccarello was born in Castrignano del Capo, a small Town in Southern Italy, on 12 May 1942.
After primary and junior secondary school, he entered the Trinitarian Order (OSST) on 17 November 1955. He entered the noviciate in 1959 and then pursued his studies: senior secondary school in Livorno, Italy, philosophy at the College of St. Crisogonus in Rome, and theology at the Pontifical Urbaniana University in Rome.
He was ordained to the priesthood on 28 June 1968. On 11 October 1969, he was assigned to a mission in Madagascar.
His missionary work consisted mostly in welcoming people, helping them, evangelizing them, educating them in the faith, often by touring and visiting the fifty or so Christian communities in the country.
In 1981, he was called to Antananarivo to train the young Trinitarian brothers of Madagascar. In 1983, the Cardinal named him Chaplain of the prisons of Antananarivo.
Work
He was named Catholic Chaplain for the Prisons of Madagascar. As a result, he founded the social programme of the ACP (Catholic Chaplaincy for Prisons). The ACP, whose centre is called Tonga Soa, has performed a service to detainees and their families.
The ACP is at present recognized by the Malagasy State as an ONG, of which Fr. Angelo is the founding president.
He has worked in the prison domain with the ACP until his departure from Madagascar in 2001.
With the ACP, his aim was to help his brother prisoners, especially the poorest, in their vital and legal needs, as well as in helping them regain their dignity, their goodness, their vocation.
The ACP team provides:
Food services
Medical aid
Social assistance
Legal aid
Rehabilitation for freed prisoners
Production of coal from refuse.
He opened centres for children of detainees in Amboditsiry, Andranobevava, Analamahitsy, Fenomanana, Anjiro, as well as for the most undernourished detainees of Androndra.
After 32 years in Madagascar, of which 20 in Antananarivo, he was elected and named general Counsellor of the Trinitarian Order, in July 2001, in Rome (Italy).
He was later named President of the Trinitarian International Solidarity, an organism with the aim of liberation.
Decorations
In December 1996, Fr. Angelo received the prize for Human Rights from the French President, Jacques Chirac.
He was named member of the Commission Nationale Malgache for Human Rights, and was decorated Knight and Officer of the Ordre National Malgache.
His great exploit: Madagascar was the only country in the world which, on the occasion of the Jubilee Year 2000, year of reconciliation and of debt remission, freed some 3000 prisoners, as a gesture of clemency, thanks to the faith and tenacity of Fr. Angelo and of the group Rêve 2000 which he had formed, as well as the good response of the Bishops and of the Government.
References
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
1942 births
Living people
People from the Province of Lecce
Pontifical Urban University alumni
Trinitarians
Italian expatriates in Madagascar
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo%20Buccarello
|
The number of national daily newspapers in Greece was 68 in 1950 and it increased to 156 in 1965.
Mid through the Greek financial crisis in 2016, on a national level there were 15 daily general interest, 11 daily sports, 4 daily business, 10 weekly and 16 Sunday newspapers in circulation.
On a local level, almost all regions of Greece have a printed newspaper.
Below is a list of newspapers published in Greece.
Greek daily newspapers
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Title
! Established
! Owner
! Sunday Edition
! Political orientation
|-
| Apogevmatini || 1952 || Apogevmatines Ekdoseis Monoprosopi AE || Yes || Conservatism
|-
| Avgi || 1952 || I Avgi Ekdotikos & Dimosiografikos Organismos SA || Yes ||Left-wing
|-
| Dimokratia || 2010 || Dimokratikos Typos SA || Yes || Centre-right
|-
| Efimerida ton Syntakton || 2012 || Anexartita Mesa Maziki Enimerosis SA || No (a weekend edition is published on Saturday) || Centre-left to Left-wing
|-
| Eleftheri Ora || 1981 || ΜV Press Ltd || Yes || Right-wing
|-
|-
| Eleftheros Typos || 1916 || SABD Ekdotiki SA || Yes || Liberal conservatism
|-
| Estia || 1876 || Estia Newspaper SA || Yes || Conservatism
|-
| Kathimerini || 1919 || Kathimerini Publishing SA || Yes || Liberal conservatism
|-
| Kontra News || 2013 || Kouris Media Group || Yes || Left-wing
|-
| O Logos || 1986 || Neo Typografiki MIKE || Yes || Centre Left
|-
| Rizospastis || 1916 || Communist Party of Greece || No (a weekend edition is published on Saturday) || Communism
|-
| Ta Nea || 1931 || Alter Ego Media SA || No (a weekend edition is published on Saturday) || Centrism
|-
| To Manifesto || 2022 || To Manifesto Front Page IKE || No|| Centrism
|-
|}
Greek daily specialized content newspapers
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Title
! Established
! Owner
! Sunday Edition
! Type
|-
| Naftemporiki || 1924 || Ζοfrank Holdings Co. Ltd.|| No || Financial
|-
| Espresso || 2000 || Estia Ependitiki SA || No (a weekend edition is published on Saturday) || Tabloid
|-
| Makeleio || 2015 || Makeleio Ltd || No (a weekend edition is published on Saturday) || Tabloid
|-
| On Time || 2020 || N/A || No (a weekend edition is published on Saturday) || Tabloid
|-
| Star Press || 2014 || Ellinikos Typos SA || No (a weekend edition is published on Saturday) || Tabloid
|-
|}
Greek daily sports newspapers
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Title
! Established
! Affiliation
|-
| Fos || 1955 || Olympiacos
|-
| Kokkinos Protathlitis || 1998 || Olympiacos
|-
| Livesport
|| 2012 || Neutral
|-
| Metrosport || 2000 || PAOK Aris
|-
| Ora ton Spor || 1991 || AEK
|-
| SportDay || 2005 || Neutral
|-
| Sportime (online newspaper) || 1994 || Neutral
|-
|}
Greek Weekly Newspapers
Greek Sunday newspapers
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Title
! Established
! Owner
! Political orientation
|-
| Documento || 2016 || Documento Media MIKE || Left Centre Left
|-
| Proto Thema || 2005 || Ekdoseis Proto Thema Ekdotiki SA || Centrism
|-
| Real News || 2008 || Real Media SA || Center
|-
| To Vima Ths Kyriakhs || 1922 || Alter Ego Media SA || Centre-right
|-
|}
Greek weekly political newspapers
{| class="wikitable"
! Title
|-
| Dromos tis Aristeras
|-
| Epochi
|-
| Karfitsa
|-
| Makedonia
|-
| Mpam
|-
| Parapolitika
|-
| Prin
|-
| Sto Karfi
|-
| To Paraskinio
|-
| To Paron
|-
| To Pοntiki
|-
| Vradyni
|-
|}
Greek weekly free press newspapers
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Title
! Established
! Owner
! Type
! Day of publication
|-
| Athens Voice || 2003 || Fotis Georgeles || Alternative weekly || Thursday
|-
| Lifo || 2005 || Dyo Deka Ekdotiki SA || Alternative weekly || Thursday
|-
| Thessaloniki || 2019 || Makedonia Enimerosi SA || Alternative weekly
|-
|}
Greek weekly betting newspapers
{| class="wikitable"
! Title
|-
| 12X
|-
| Kingbet
|-
| Match Money
|-
| Prognospor
|-
| Provlepsis sto Periptero
|-
|}
Greek weekly specialized content newspapers
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Title
! Type
|-
| Apopsi || Financial
|-
| Efimerida Dimoprasion || Financial
|-
| Echo Dimoprasion || Financial
|-
| Oikonomiki || Financial
|-
| Dimoprasiaki || Financial
|-
| Eleftheros Kosmos || Greek nationalism
|-
| Stochos || National conservatism
|}
Greek local and regional newspapers
Greek defunct newspapers
The following newspapers have terminated their printed versions. Some media groups have kept their titles active on-line.
General interest
24-Ores
Adesmeftos Typos
Aggelioforos Thessalonikis
Akropolis
Avriani
City Press
Documento
Eleftherotypia
Ethnos
Fileleftheros
Hora
Mesimvrini
Nea Selida
To Choni
Sports
Athltiki Icho
Derby
Gavros
Filathlos
Gata
Goal News
Prasini
Scorelive
Financial
Imerisia
Isotimia
Kerdos
Express
English
Athens News
Sources
Greece
Newspapers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20Greece
|
Richard Vaughan (born 28 July 1971) is a robotics and artificial intelligence researcher at Simon Fraser University in Canada. Since 2018, Vaughan is on leave from SFU and is working at Apple. He is the founder and director of the SFU Autonomy Laboratory. In 1998, Vaughan demonstrated the first robot to interact with animals and in 2000 co-founded the Player Project, a robot control and simulation system.
References
1971 births
Living people
Canadian roboticists
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Vaughan%20%28robotics%29
|
Knots Landing is an American prime time television soap opera that aired from December 27, 1979, to May 13, 1993. The show centered on the personal and professional lives of the residents of Seaview Circle, a cul-de-sac in the suburb of Knots Landing, California. Over the 14 seasons, 344 episodes aired, which were followed by a two-part mini-series in 1997 and a non-fiction reunion special in 2005.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (1979–80)
Season 2 (1980–81)
Season 3 (1981–82)
Season 4 (1982–83)
Season 5 (1983–84)
Season 6 (1984–85)
Season 7 (1985–86)
Season 8 (1986–87)
Season 9 (1987–88)
Season 10 (1988–89)
Season 11 (1989–90)
Season 12 (1990–91)
Season 13 (1991–92)
Season 14 (1992–93)
Knots Landing: Back to the Cul-de-Sac (1997)
Specials
Ratings
References
External links
KnotsLanding.Net Official Guide to the Series
Knots Landing
Knots Landing
Knots Landing
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Knots%20Landing%20episodes
|
The Super is a 1991 American comedy film directed by Rod Daniel and starring Joe Pesci as a New York City slum landlord sentenced to live in one of his own buildings until it is brought up to code. Screenwriter Nora Ephron co-scripted the story with Sam Simon. The Super is the last film in which Vincent Gardenia appeared.
Plot
Louie Kritski is a heartless slumlord who was born into money, thanks to his ruthless father, "Big Lou", also a slumlord. However, the tables turn on Louie when he's threatened with prison for his failure to keep his New York City slum up to code. The judge gives him another option, which he accepts: he must live in a vacant apartment of one of his own shoddy run-down apartment blocks until he brings it up to livable standards.
The sentence is an effective house arrest; Louie is not allowed to leave the apartment except for routine exercise, grocery shopping, medical emergencies or business relating to building repairs. In addition, Louie is not authorized to make any changes to the apartment he has been assigned unless all other apartments had the same upgrade beforehand. At first Louie is adamant that not one repair will be carried out and will wait until his father pulls strings. However, Louie has a change of heart after meeting and getting to know the building's residents, including a small-time hustler named Marlon, and a struggling street boy named Tito.
Over time, Louie grows more sympathetic with their problems and makes amends for his greediness through actions such as donating space heaters to the tenants to help them cope with the winter. Unfortunately, Big Lou is the owner of the property in title, and he resists his son's entreaties to spend money to improve the tenements. When Louie confronts Big Lou, who is about to set fire to his own tenement, all the residents appear on the roof to back up Louie. The film ends with Louie's building completely refurbished, Marlon becoming the new super, and all the tenants gathered outside to see Louie off with a gift: his Corvette—which had been completely stripped of its parts shortly after he first arrived—fully restored. A grateful Louie drives away as a large man appears and angrily demands to know who stole his car; all the tenants point in the direction in which Louie drove off in.
Cast
Joe Pesci as Louie Kritski Jr.
Daniel Baltzman as Young Louie Jr.
Vincent Gardenia as Lou "Big Lou" Kritski Sr.
Ruben Blades as Marlon
Madolyn Smith as Naomi Bensinger
Stacey Travis as Heather
Carole Shelley as Irene Kritski
Kenny Blank as Tito
Steven Rodriguez as Pedro
Beatrice Winde as Leotha
Anthony Heald as Ron Nessim
Eileen Galindo as Linda Diaz
Pete Cody as Pete "Fantastic Pete", In 2A
According to Rod Daniel, Chevy Chase was originally considered for the lead role.
Production
The Super had a $22 million production budget.
Exteriors were filmed on location, at 533 East 11th Street, in the East Village, Manhattan, built in 1920 with 6 stories and 14 units.
Reception
The Super was a box-office failure, only grossing $11,000,863 domestically in its release. It was also widely panned by critics in its theatrical release. On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 0% based on nine reviews. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "B−" on scale of A+ to F.
Roger Ebert gave the film 2 out of 4.
Kenny Blank, who played Tito, was nominated for a Young Artist Award in 1992 in the category 'Best Young Actor Co-starring in a Motion Picture'.
References
External links
1991 films
American comedy films
1991 comedy films
Films directed by Rod Daniel
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New York City
Largo Entertainment films
Hood comedy films
Films about landlords
Films scored by Miles Goodman
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Super%20%281991%20film%29
|
The Palace of the Governors () is an adobe structure built in the Territorial Style of Pueblo architecture on Palace Avenue in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Located within the Santa Fe Historic District along the Santa Fe Plaza between Lincoln and Washington avenues, it has served as the seat of government for New Mexico for centuries, having been established as the capitol building of Nuevo México in 1610.
History
In 1610, Pedro de Peralta, the newly appointed governor of Santa Fe de Nuevo México covering most of the modern American Southwest, began construction on the Palace of the Governors, though some recent historical research has suggested that construction began midway through his term in 1618. In the following years, the Palace changed hands as the territory of New Mexico did, seeing the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, the Spanish return from 1693 to 1694, Mexican independence in 1821, American territorial status in 1848, and US statehood in 1912.
The Palace originally served as the seat of government of the Spanish colony of Nuevo Mexico, which at one time comprised the present-day states of Texas, Arizona, Utah, Colorado, Nevada, and New Mexico. After the Mexican War of Independence, the Mexican province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México was administered from the Palace of the Governors. When New Mexico was annexed as a U.S. territory, the Palace became New Mexico's first territorial capitol.
Lew Wallace wrote the final parts of his book Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ in this building while serving as territorial governor in the late 1870s. He remembered later in life that it was at night, during a severe thunderstorm in the spring of 1879, after returning from a tense meeting with Billy the Kid in Lincoln County, when he wrote the climactic Crucifixion scenes of the novel. Wallace worked by the light of a shaded lamp in the shuttered governor's study, fearing a bullet from outside over the tensions surrounding the Lincoln County War.
In 1909 anthropologist Dr. Edgar Lee Hewett invited the young archeologist Jesse L. Nusbaum to oversee the restoration of the Palace of the Governors that had fallen into disrepair. For this assignment, which was completed in the Fall of 1913, Jesse L. Nusbaum was hired as the first employee of the Dr. Edgar Lee Hewett led School of American Archaeology, later the School of American Research, and Museum of New Mexico in Santa Fe, New Mexico. In his journal, Nusbaum stressed the importance of melding the Palace architecture with the environment, noting that "the Palace was begun with an adaptation to climate and atmosphere and had been fitted into the color of earth and sky.", a view he later applied again as Superintendent of Mesa Verde National Park.
Between 1909, when the New Mexico territorial legislature established the Museum of New Mexico, and Summer 2009 the Palace of the Governors served as the site of the state history museum.
In 2009 the New Mexico History Museum was opened adjacent to the Palace, which is now one of eight museums overseen by the New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs.
It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960.
The United States Postal Service issued a turquoise -cent stamp on June 17, 1960, featuring an image of the Palace. According to Steven J. Rod, "This was in coincidence with the opening day of Santa Fe's 350th anniversary celebration. The Palace is shown on the stamp from a front angle, a design which was taken from a photograph by Tyler Dingee of Santa Fe. The Governor's Palace stamp was the eighth 'national shrine' honored by this series."
See also
Oldest buildings in the United States
National Register of Historic Places listings in Santa Fe County, New Mexico
List of National Historic Landmarks in New Mexico
References
External links
Palace of the Governors – part of the NM History Museum campus
Palace of the Governors Photo Archives
Houses completed in 1610
Museums in Santa Fe, New Mexico
History museums in New Mexico
National Historic Landmarks in New Mexico
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico
Former governors' mansions in the United States
New Mexico
Palaces in the United States
Spanish-American culture in Santa Fe, New Mexico
Spanish Colonial architecture in New Mexico
Colonial Mexico
Adobe buildings and structures in New Mexico
National Society of the Colonial Dames of America
National Register of Historic Places in Santa Fe, New Mexico
1610 establishments in the Spanish Empire
Historic district contributing properties in New Mexico
Governor of New Mexico
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace%20of%20the%20Governors
|
This is a list of newspapers in the Republic of Cyprus.
Daily newspapers
Greek language
Alithia
Haravgi
Makhi
Phileleftheros
Politis
Simerini
English language
Cyprus Mail
Discontinued
The Cyprus Times
Weekly
Greek language
Kathimerini
English language
Cyprus Observer
Cyprus Today
Cyprus Weekly
Financial Mirror
See also
List of newspapers
List of newspapers in Northern Cyprus
Media of Cyprus
References
Newspapers
Cyprus
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20Cyprus
|
Barbara Crampton (born December 27, 1958) is an American actress and producer. She began her career in the 1980s in television soap operas before starring in horror and thriller films—both paths would define her continued accolade-winning career.
Crampton made her television debut on the daytime drama Days of Our Lives (1983–84) before a supporting role as Leanna Love on the soap opera The Young and the Restless (1987–93, 1998–2002, 2006–07 & 2023). Later in her career, she would appear in television horror anthologies such as Syfy's Channel Zero: The Dream Door (2018), Hulu's Into the Dark (2019), and Shudder's Creepshow (2021).
She made her film debut in Body Double (1984), but received recognition in the comedy horror film Re-Animator (1985) as Megan Halsey and the science fiction film From Beyond (1986) as Dr. Katherine McMichaels. Later defining roles are Chopping Mall (1986), Puppet Master (1989), Castle Freak (1995), You're Next (2011), We Are Still Here (2015), Little Sister (2016), Puppet Master: The Littlest Reich (2018), and Jakob's Wife (2021), for which she was nominated for Critics' Choice Super Awards.
Early life
Crampton was born December 27, 1958, in Levittown, Long Island, New York. She was raised Roman Catholic. Crampton grew up in Vermont, and spent summers traveling the country with the carnival, as her father was a carny. She started acting in school plays when she was in seventh grade and went on to study acting in high school. She attended Castleton State College in Vermont graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Theater Arts. After graduation, Crampton made a brief stop in New York, where she appeared as Cordelia in King Lear for the American Theater of Actors. She was a Theater Arts Major at Castleton State College from 1976 to 1981.
Career
From New York, Crampton moved to Los Angeles where she made her television debut on the daytime drama Days of Our Lives, where she played Trista Evans Bradford and subsequently starred in the pilot episode of Rituals, the television film Love Thy Neighbor, and the television series Santa Barbara. She made her film debut in the 1984 film Body Double. The following year, Crampton portrayed Chrissie in Fraternity Vacation, Megan Halsey in Re-Animator, and Stacy in Hotel. In 1986, Crampton portrayed Suzie Lynn in Chopping Mall, Dr. Katherine McMichaels in From Beyond, and Anne White in Prince of Bel Air. In 1987, Crampton was cast in Kidnapped and portrayed Teri in Ohara. From 1987 to 2007, Crampton portrayed Leanna Love in The Young and the Restless. In 2023, she returned to role for the show’s 50th anniversary. In 1989, Crampton had a cameo role in the horror film Puppet Master. In 1991, Crampton portrayed Sadie Brady in Trancers II.
In 1993, Crampton portrayed archeologist Dr. Leda Fanning in Robot Wars with Don Michael Paul. That year she also guest starred on Civil Wars and portrayed Mindy Lewis on Guiding Light from 1993 to 1995 and left when her contract expired and when she got engaged to L.A.-based actor and director Kristoffer Tabori in April 1995. By September of the same year, their engagement was called off. In 1995, Crampton starred in Castle Freak. From 1995 to 1998, Crampton portrayed Maggie Forrester on The Bold and the Beautiful. In 1996, Crampton portrayed Carol in Space Truckers. In 1997, Crampton guest starred on The Nanny. The following year, she guest starred on Party of Five and starred in the film The Godson. In 1999, Crampton guest starred on the television series Pacific Blue.
In 2001, Crampton had a recurring role as Dr. Leslie Bogan in 5 episodes of the television series Spyder Games and starred in Thy Neighbor's Wife. In 2004, Crampton starred in The Sisterhood. She subsequently starred in Read You Like a Book (2006) and Never Enough (2008). Crampton was a special guest at Creation Entertainment's Weekend of Horror 2010. She had a supporting role in the 2011 horror slasher film You're Next and played the leading role Anne Sacchetti in We Are Still Here (2015), co-starring Lisa Marie and Larry Fessenden. Both films received positive reviews from critics.
Crampton next appeared in Abner Pastoll's "taut Euro thriller" Road Games, in which she speaks both French and English. In 2015 she starred along with Danny Trejo, Kane Hodder, Bill Moseley, Michael Berryman, Doug Bradley, Gunnar Hansen, Ken Foree and Dee Wallace in the Harrison Smith horror film Death House.
In 2018, Crampton was given the prestigious Horror Channel Lifetime Achievement Award at Grimmfest in Manchester, United Kingdom.
In 2021, Crampton produced and starred in the horror-drama Jakob's Wife, which she personally developed over the course of several years. The same year, she voiced serial killer Nicolette Aster in an audio drama adaptation of Our Lady of the Inferno and appeared in the Lovecraftian film Sacrifice. In 2021, she also did a voice role for the first-person shooter video game Back 4 Blood (2021) as Mom.
Personal life
In December 1986, Crampton appeared in a nude pictorial in Playboy magazine titled "Simply Beastly. Behind every successful monster, there's a woman."
She married director of photography David Boyd on October 1, 1988. They divorced in 1990.
As of 2015, Crampton lives in Mill Valley, California, with her husband, Robert Bleckman, and their three children.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Vermont
American film actresses
American soap opera actresses
People from Levittown, New York
Castleton State College alumni
1958 births
Horror film actresses
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara%20Crampton
|
Thomas Henry Carter (October 30, 1854September 17, 1911) was an American politician, who served as territorial delegate, a United States representative, and a U.S. Senator from Montana. Carter was born in Junior Furnace, Ohio, on October 30, 1854. Born to an Irish immigrant family, he spent most of his childhood in on small farms in the Midwest. In 1882, he moved to Helena, Montana to begin his law career there. He entered then politics, and was elected Montana's territorial delegate in 1888. Following Montana's admission into the union as a state, Carter represented the state in U.S. House of Representatives. He ran for re-election in 1890, but was narrowly defeated by Democrat William W. Dixon in the general election.
Following his failed re-election bid, President Benjamin Harrison appointed Carter as the Commissioner of the General Land Office in 1891. He served as commissioner until 1892, when he was elected chairman of the Republican National Committee, the first Catholic to do so.
Early life and career
Childhood and youth
Carter was born to Irish immigrant parents on October 30, 1854, in a small village known as Junior Furnace, near Portsmouth, Scioto County, Ohio. His parents, Edward and Margaret (Byrnes) Carter, came to the United States in 1849 or 1850 following the Great Famine. They were married in Wheeling, West Virginia, shortly after their arrival in the U.S., Edward converting to Catholicism from the Anglican Church due to Margaret's influence. The Carters settled in Junior Furnace, Ohio by 1852 when their first son, Richard, was born. Shortly after Thomas' birth in 1854 the family moved to a farm a few miles from Junior Furnace.
Following the end of the Civil War in 1865, the Carters used their savings and moved to Pana, Illinois, where young Tommy Carter attended the common schools and worked on his parents' farm. Edward Carter instilled in his children a love for reading and with it a love of learning. Early in his adult life, following his family's loss of their farm due to a lightning-caused fire burning their barn and killing their farm animals, Thomas Carter engaged in railroad work and school teaching.
Career and marriage
For several years, Carter worked as a travelling salesman for a book publisher based in Burlington, Iowa. After the premature death of his mother to pneumonia in March 1879, Carter moved his two younger sisters, Julia and Margaret, and a younger brother, Edward Jr., to be with him in Burlington, Iowa, where he now worked as head of the sales department of the publishing company, while their father worked in Kentucky. Thomas and his sisters formed a particular bond in these years in Burlington as he supported them and cared for them as a father. After many long years of studying the law, Carter finally passed the bar examination in Nebraska while there on a business trip (likely in 1881, though the record is unclear).
In May 1882, at the advice of friends, he moved from Burlington to Helena, Montana, ostensibly to begin his law career there. After a brief stint selling books again, he formed a law partnership with Helena lawyer, John B. Clayton. Within a year of arriving in Helena, Carter sent for his sisters and brother in Burlington to join him. From his childhood Carter nurtured a close relationship with the Catholic Church, and upon his arrival in Helena this relationship continued and even strengthened. On January 27, 1886, Carter married Ellen Lillian Galen, the daughter of Montana pioneers, Hugh F. Galen and Matilda Gillogly Galen, at the cathedral in St. Paul, Minnesota.
Political career
Territorial delegate
Carter's first foray into public office in Montana was in the role of public administrator for Lewis and Clark County. In 1888, he was nominated as the Republican candidate for the position of Territorial Delegate to Congress. In the general election in November he faced Butte copper king and Democrat William Clark, making his first of numerous attempts at federal office. Carter upset Clark by winning the three largely Democratic counties of Silver Bow, Deer Lodge, and Missoula, likely with the assistance of Marcus Daly, another influential Montana Democratic copper king and enemy of Clark. Montana's Irish voters, who disliked Clark, also likely helped Carter to victory. This particular election is said to have initiated the famous "War of the Copper Kings." Nonetheless, Carter was elected as a Delegate to Congress and served a short term from March 4, 1889, to November 7, 1889, when the Territory of Montana was admitted as a state into the Union.
United States House
The people of Montana again elected Carter as their first Representative to Congress on October 1, 1889, when he defeated long-time territorial delegate and leading Montana Democrat Martin Maginnis, and he served from November 8, 1889, to March 3, 1891. Importantly, Carter served as chairman of the Committee on Mines and Mining, a remarkable achievement for a freshman legislator in the House of Representatives, and, as one historian suggested, due to his friendship with legendary Speaker of the House Thomas B. Reid of Maine. Carter was an unsuccessful candidate in 1890 for reelection, losing a close election to Butte lawyer and Democrat William W. Dixon by 283 votes, or less than 1% of the total votes cast. President Benjamin Harrison appointed Carter as the Commissioner of the General Land Office from 1891 to 1892, when he was elected chairman of the Republican National Committee. He was the first Catholic to be the chairman of the Republican Party.
United States Senate
Carter was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1895, until March 3, 1901. As a Senator he was chairman of the Committee on Relations with Canada (Fifty-fourth Congress), the Committee on the Census (Fifty-fifth and Fifty-sixth Congresses). President William McKinley appointed him a member of the board of commissioners of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and he served as its president. Carter was elected again as a Republican to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1905, to March 3, 1911. He was not a candidate for reelection. He died from a lung infarction while at home in Washington, D.C., on September 17, 1911. His funeral was held at St. Paul's Roman Catholic Church, and he was interred at Mount Olivet Cemetery in the city.
Legacy
In Glacier National Park, two natural features are named for Thomas H. Carter: a glacier and a peak. Two towns in Montana named for Carter are Carter in Chouteau County, and Cartersville in Rosebud County. Carter County, Montana was also named in his honor in 1917.
Citations
References
Further reading
Thomas H. Carter Papers at the Library of Congress
Thomas Carter Correspondence Selections and Related Material (1901–1971), Merrill G. Burlingame Special Collections Library, Montana State University Collection website
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
1854 births
1911 deaths
People from Scioto County, Ohio
American people of Irish descent
American Roman Catholics
Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from Montana Territory
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Montana
Republican Party United States senators from Montana
Republican National Committee chairs
19th-century American politicians
Carter County, Montana
General Land Office Commissioners
People from Pana, Illinois
People from Portsmouth, Ohio
Politicians from Burlington, Iowa
Politicians from Helena, Montana
Montana lawyers
Burials at Mount Olivet Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)
19th-century American lawyers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20H.%20Carter
|
Mameria is an area of high-elevation jungle to the northeast of the Paucartambo range in southeast Peru, drained by the Mameria river, an affluent of the Nistrón river. Until the 1960s this remote and sparsely populated area would have been considered a part of the Callanga jungle area. Machiguenga peoples, fleeing the slavery that they were subject to along the Yavero river, fled to this area which acquired its current name from the Machiguenga observing that "mameri," which means "there are none," regarding the lack of fish in the river.
Mameria has pre-Columbian stone ruins that are the remains of ancient Incan coca plantations, some of which were sacked by the Peruvian helicopter-borne General Ludwig Essenwanger in 1980, a year after the area was first brought to the attention of the outside world by the also helicopter-borne expedition made by French-Peruvian explorers Herbert and Nicole Cartagena, guided by Peruvian campesino/adventurer Goyo Toledo. The Cartagena's book, Paititi, dernier refuge des Incas (1981) recounts their expedition of their search for the lost city of Paititi.
In 1980 Goyo Toledo returned—on foot—to Mameria, the first known person since the ancient Incans to do so. The next year his brother Gabino, and Guillermo Mamani, made their way to Mameria to look for, and find, Goyo. In 1983 an architect/adventurer from Cusco, César Vilchez, his nephew César Medina, Carlos Cartagena, and Manuel Guevarra found their way to Mameria in a grueling two-month journey during which they nearly perished from hunger. Between 1984 and 1989 the American explorer Gregory Deyermenjian made five expeditions to Mameria—for three of which he was accompanied by Peruvian explorer Paulino Mamani H.—conducting anthropological as well as archaeological research concerning the area's Machiguenga inhabitants and ancient archaeological remains.
In the mid-1990s the Peruvian adventurer Darwin Moscoso made a long journey to Mameria, later producing a fine map of the area. An in-depth review of the history and archaeology of Mameria can be found in Deyermenjian's article Mameria: An Incan Site Complex in the High-Altitude Jungles of Southeast Peru, in the Volume 3 Number 4 (2003) issue of Athena Review. Deyermenjian sees Mameria as having functioned as an Incan frontier settlement, providing coca to the Incas of the highlands in pre-Conquest times, which became totally forgotten after the fall of the highland Incas to the Spaniards, protected until even now by its remote location, difficulty of access, and the difficulty of life there.
References
Natural regions of South America
Geography of Peru
Archaeological sites in Peru
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameria
|
The Malcolm Willey House is located in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. It was designed by the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright, and built in 1934. Wright named the house "Gardenwall".
Malcolm Willey was an administrator at the University of Minnesota. In June 1932, his wife Nancy Willey sent a letter to Wright asking if he would be able to provide them a "creation of art" for a budget of "about $8,000". The current design is the second design that Wright conceived for the Willeys, since the first design proved too costly for the family.
The home ended up a modest at a cost of $10,000. The Willeys sold the home in 1963 to a family that later sold it to a Wright aficionado who only sporadically occupied the home; when the current owners purchased the home in 2002 it was in need of major restoration which is now complete.
The Willey House is primarily built of red brick and cypress. Except for the red linoleum in the kitchen, the rooms on the main floor are floored with mortared brick pavers. A major design feature is the 30-60-90 triangle which shapes the terrace, the skylights, and two clerestory windows in the living room. The house is arranged so that the living room and dining room form a single space: the kitchen was separated from them by plate glass and a group of shelves. This gave a clear view from the kitchen to the living and dining area, allowing Mrs. Willey to watch the rest of the house while in the kitchen. This was an important step away from the historic precedent of compartmentalizing the functions of the house into separate rooms. The house can be considered a bridge between Wright's earlier Prairie School style houses, and his later Usonian style houses, since it incorporates certain elements from both styles.
Located at 255 Bedford Street Southeast in the Minneapolis neighborhood of Prospect Park, the home remains private and is only partially visible from public roads. It sits adjacent to a freeway wall blocking it from the sight and sound of nearby Interstate 94; the home originally had a panoramic view of the Mississippi River gorge before the freeway's construction obstructed it in the 1960s. The house hosted the dedication ceremony for Interstate 94 on December 9, 1968.
See also
List of Frank Lloyd Wright works
References
Storrer, William Allin. The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion. University Of Chicago Press, 2006, (S.229)
External links
Official site
Article on the house
Frank Lloyd Wright buildings
Houses completed in 1934
Houses in Minneapolis
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Minneapolis
1934 establishments in Minnesota
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm%20Willey%20House
|
Kwama may refer to:
Kwama people
Kwama language
Language and nationality disambiguation pages
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwama
|
Dallas is an American prime time television soap opera that revolves around the Ewings, a wealthy Texas family in the oil and cattle-ranching industries. The show was famous for its cliffhangers, including the "Who shot J.R.?" mystery and the "Dream Season".
The original miniseries (consisting of five episodes) from 1978 is now presented as "Season 1" in keeping with the initial release on DVD in 2004, although originally Season 1 officially began with the episode that aired on September 23, 1978. This article has been reformatted to list episodes by the current convention rather than original designation. Over its fourteen seasons, 357 episodes and four made-for-television movies and reunion specials aired.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (1978)
Season 2 (1978–79)
Season 3 (1979–80)
Season 4 (1980–81)
Season 5 (1981–82)
Season 6 (1982–83)
Season 7 (1983–84)
Season 8 (1984–85)
Season 9 (1985–86)
Season 10 (1986–87)
Season 11 (1987–88)
Season 12 (1988–89)
Season 13 (1989–90)
Season 14 (1990–91)
Telefilms and reunions
Non-fiction Specials
Ratings
References
General references
Lists of soap opera episodes
Dallas
Lists of American drama television series episodes
Dallas (1978 TV series)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Dallas%20%281978%20TV%20series%29%20episodes
|
The Daily Gamecock (formerly The Gamecock) is the editorially independent student news organization of the University of South Carolina. It primarily serves the main campus of the University of South Carolina System in the state of South Carolina.
History
The first issue of The Gamecock was published on January 30, 1908. Robert Gonzales, a student, was primarily responsible for the paper's establishment.
In its first semester only three issues were produced, but in the following term the paper began weekly production. The paper eventually moved to publication on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, and in the fall semester of 2006 began publishing Monday through Friday publication. At this time, it was renamed The Daily Gamecock and became the first student paper in South Carolina to publish daily. In the Fall of 2014 the paper ended Friday production, producing instead a tabloid-format known as Weekender. In the Fall of 2016 the paper moved two a twice-weekly production, Mondays and Thursdays, citing declining paper readership but increased digital readership. In fall 2018, the news organization's print edition moved to a once-weekly production with a circulation of 7,000.
On January 30, 2008, the newspaper completed 100 years of operation, which it marked with prizes, a special letterhead, historical headlines, and an alumni ball celebrated the milestone.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the newspaper stopped publishing weekly print editions and moved almost entirely online in March 2020. Themed print editions now release once or twice a semester.
Content
The Daily Gamecock prints all-original coverage of daily news, USC sports, opinion, and the arts & culture of the USC campus and Columbia, SC area.
Awards and honors
The Gamecock has won many South Carolina Press Association awards and was a finalist for the National Pacemaker Awards for the Associated Collegiate Press in 1999. In October 2007, the Gamecock won the Sun Newspaper of the Year Award and ten other awards at the 2007 Southern University Newspaper Conference. The newspaper also won 31 SCPA awards in 2013. It also won first place in the "General Excellence" category (formerly "Best Overall") at the SCPA awards in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2020, and 2021.
In March 2006, The Daily Gamecock was recognized by the South Carolina Press Association for excellence for its coverage of Hurricane Katrina. Eight Gamecock staffers drove to hurricane-affected areas in Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi to report on the story.
The Daily Gamecock was awarded a "Top 10" national ranking by the Princeton Review in 2013 (#10). It was ranked No. 17 in 2011, the first time the newspaper appeared in the annual rankings.
Operations
The newspaper has a staff of more than 50 students, both paid and volunteers. The paper's senior staff are appointed by the editor-in-chief.
External links
Official website
Student newspapers published in South Carolina
Newspapers established in 1908
Daily newspapers published in the United States
1908 establishments in South Carolina
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Daily%20Gamecock
|
Regulation of the telephone numbers in Serbia is under the responsibility of the Regulatory Agency of Electronic Communication and Mail Services (RATEL), independent from the government. The country calling code of Serbia is +381. The country has an open telephone numbering plan, with most numbers consisting of a 2- or 3-digit calling code and a 6-7 digits of customer number.
Overview
The country calling code of Serbia is +381. Serbia and Montenegro received the code of +381 following the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992 (which had +38 as country code). Montenegro switched to +382 after its independence in 2006, so +381 is now used only by Serbia.
An example for calling telephones in Belgrade, Serbia is as follows:
xxx xx xx (within Belgrade)
011 xxx xx xx (within Serbia)
+381 11 xxx xx xx (outside Serbia)
The international call prefix depends on the country being called from: for example, 00 for most European countries and 011 from North America. For domestic calls (within the country), 0 must be dialed before the area code.
For calls from Serbia, the prefix for international calls was 99, but was changed to 00 since 1 April 2008, in order to match the majority of Europe (e.g. for a United States number 00 1 ... should be dialed).
Landline telephony
Calling code areas in Serbia have been largely unchanged since the time of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. As Socialist Republic of Serbia had been assigned codes starting with 1, 2 and 3, they were simply carried over by Serbia after the breakup.
Calling code areas:
Until 2013, Telekom Srbija had a monopoly on fixed telephony services. When the new regulation came in force, competition became allowed in this field as well, and other operators entered the market, using alternative communication infrastructure:
Orion Telekom – over CDMA
SBB – over coaxial cable (cable TV infrastructure)
Yettel Serbia – offering services only to business customers
Mobile telephony
There are three active mobile operators in Serbia (without Kosovo):
Mobile Telephony of Serbia, styled as mts – subsidiary of Telekom Srbija
Yettel Serbia
A1 Serbia
and three virtual mobile operators:
SBB
Globaltel
Vectone Mobile
The calling codes are assigned to the operators using the following scheme:
Calling codes in the table are assigned to new customers by the respective provider. However, since 2011 customers can change the operator and retain the old calling code (along with the rest of the phone number). Thus, calling codes do not necessarily reflect the operator. It is not possible, however, to transfer a mobile number to a land-based operator and vice versa.
Special codes
The following special telephone numbers are valid across the country:
On 21 May 2012, 2-digit emergency numbers were replaced by 3-digit ones (i.e. 192, 193 and 194 instead of 92, 93 and 94). This also applied to 976 (becoming 1976), 985 (becoming 1985), 987 (becoming 1987) and 9860 (becoming 19 860). 112 redirects to 192 on mobile phones.
Kosovo
The dialing code for Kosovo is +383. This code is the property of the Republic of Serbia which it received by ITU to Serbia for the needs of the geographical region Kosovo as a result of the 2013 Brussels Agreement signed by the governments of Serbia and Kosovo. Kosovo declared independence from Serbia in 2008, but retained the +381 calling code only for fixed telephony until 2016. Dialing code +383 started to be allocated on 15 December 2016.
Currently phone numbers are accessible through both +381 and +383 code.
Fixed-line telephony
Mobile telephony
References
External links
Republic Telecommunication Agency (RATEL)
See also
Telecommunications in Serbia
Telecommunications in Serbia
Telephone numbers
Serbia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone%20numbers%20in%20Serbia
|
A picocell is a small cellular base station typically covering a small area, such as in-building (offices, shopping malls, train stations, stock exchanges, etc.), or more recently in-aircraft. In cellular networks, picocells are typically used to extend coverage to indoor areas where outdoor signals do not reach well, or to add network capacity in areas with very dense phone usage, such as train stations or stadiums. Picocells provide coverage and capacity in areas difficult or expensive to reach using the more traditional macrocell approach.
Overview
In cellular wireless networks, such as GSM, the picocell base station is typically a low-cost, small (typically the size of a ream of A4 paper), reasonably simple unit that connects to a base station controller (BSC). Multiple picocell 'heads' connect to each BSC: the BSC performs radio resource management and hand-over functions, and aggregates data to be passed to the mobile switching centre (MSC) or the gateway GPRS support node (GGSN).
Connectivity between the picocell heads and the BSC typically consists of in-building wiring. Although originally deployed systems (1990s) used plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) links such as E1/T1 links, more recent systems use Ethernet cabling. Aircraft use satellite links.
More recent work has developed the concept towards a head unit containing not only a picocell, but also many of the functions of the BSC and some of the MSC. This form of picocell is sometimes called an access point base station or 'enterprise femtocell'. In this case, the unit contains all the capability required to connect directly to the Internet, without the need for the BSC/MSC infrastructure. This is a potentially more cost-effective approach.
Picocells offer many of the benefits of "small cells" (similar to femtocells) in that they improve data throughput for mobile users and increase capacity in the mobile network. In particular, the integration of picocells with macrocells through a heterogeneous network can be useful in seamless hand-offs and increased mobile data capacity.
Picocells are available for most cellular technologies including GSM, CDMA, UMTS and LTE from manufacturers including ip.access, ZTE, Huawei and Airwalk.
Range
Typically the range of a microcell is less than two kilometers wide, a picocell is 200 meters or less, and a femtocell is on the order of 10 meters, although AT&T calls its product, with a range of , a "microcell". AT&T uses "AT&T 3G MicroCell" as a trademark and not necessarily the "microcell" technology, however.
See also
Femtocell
Macrocell
Microcell
Small cell
References
Mobile telecommunications
9. http://defenseelectronicsmag.com/site-files/defenseelectronicsmag.com/files/archive/rfdesign.com/mag/407rfdf1.pdf
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picocell
|
Sumner P. Hunt (Brooklyn, New York state, May 8, 1865 – Los Angeles, California, November 19, 1938) was an architect in Los Angeles from 1888 to the 1930s. On January 21, 1892, he married Mary Hancock Chapman, January 21, 1892. They had a daughter Louise Hunt.
Life and career
Hunt initially apprenticed with and worked for Clarence B. Cutler in Troy, New York from 1879–1887, and in his later career made claim to having worked in Cutler's office in New York City from 1888 to 1889. However, New York City directories make no mention of a Sumner Hunt as city resident and do not include a business listing for Clarence Cutler Architects during those two years. The 1888 Los Angeles City Directory lists Hunt as a resident, living in a rooming house on the east side of Hill Street north of Fifth Street.
In Los Angeles, he worked for Eugene Caulkin and Sidney I. Haas (designers of the 1889 Los Angeles City Hall) from 1888–1889. He supervised construction of City Hall for Caulkin and Haas. Following the building's completion he established his own practice in 1891 in the California Bank Block at 2nd Street and Broadway, the year he was hired by Louis Bradbury to design the Bradbury Building. In 1895, Hunt formed a partnership with Theodore A. Eisen. Eisen & Hunt continued until 1899.
Hunt was hired by Lewis Bradbury sometime in 1891. Bradbury had purchased the parcel at the Third and Broadway intersection on November 11, 1890. In the first week of October 1891, the building which housed an Eckstein's Drug Store was picked up, moved around the southern toe of Prospect/Bunker Hill and set on a new foundation at the northwest corner of Third and Flower. Eckstein had had the city's very first telephone. Sumner Hunt designed Bradbury's office building during the fall of that year and secured a general building permit on December 15. His last recorded involvement in the project was in pulling a foundation permit on the following March 9. Meanwhile, on or about February 8, Bradbury called in Hunt, requested that he bring the building's plans with him and when they met, Bradbury terminated his services without complaint. The L.A. City Directory for 1892 indicates that Wyman was then operating an office in the Stowell Block on the east side of Spring Street north of Third. There is no record of his ever having worked for Hunt, other than the suspect allegation by Wyman's daughters and grandson made to Esther McCoy in 1953. The March 1892 edition of 'Illustrated Herald of Los Angeles included Hunt's perspective rending of the Bradbury Building and made specific mention of a 45 ft. by 120 ft. interior court. As well, the 1896 edition of 'Los Angeles of Today Architecturally' credits Hunt with the design of the building.
In 1899, Hunt went into partnership with Abraham Wesley Eager. Hunt & Eager lasted until 1908, at which point Silas Reese Burns joined the firm, which became Hunt, Eager & Burns. In 1910 Eager left to partner with his brother, Frank Octavious Eager, and the firm became known as Hunt & Burns, a partnership that lasted until Burns' retirement in 1930.
In her essay on Hunt's early work, Karen J. Weitze notes that he may have been involved in the design of Sidney Haas's Moorish- and Mission-revival designs for the California Building at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Hunt adopted the Mission Revival Style for the Froebel Institute, also known as Casa de Rosas (1893), and “became a leading proponent of Hispanicism, a fact that was clearly reflected in his Southern California Building at the California Midwinter Exhibition” in 1894.
Hunt joined Charles Fletcher Lummis and the architect Arthur Burnett Benton in 1894 to found the California Landmarks Club, with the purpose of saving Southern California's mission buildings. The following year Lummis mentioned some of Hunt's architecture in an article in Land of Sunshine, in which he advocated for turning Los Angeles from a beautiful city into a picturesque one. In the same article Lummis attributed the plan of the Bradbury building to Hunt. Lummis brought in Eisen and Hunt to design his vision for his home, El Alisal and later hired Hunt and Burns to design the Southwest Museum.
Practice
Projects designed by Hunt, and by his architectural partnerships, include:
Casa de Rosas — 1893.
The Press Reference Library (Los Angeles: Los Angeles Examiner, 1912), p,. 82, lists the following buildings for Hunt, although he very likely designed them in partnership:
Los Angeles Country Club (Hunt & Burns)
Annandale Country Club
Ebell Club House (originally at Figueroa and Eighteenth)
Casa de Rosas (Froebel Institute), Adams and Hoover
J. F. Francis residence at Ninth and Bonnie Brae
W. G. Kerckhoff residence on Adams (Hunt & Eager)
Ross Clark residence on Adams
William Lacy residence on Wilshire
H. W. O’Melveny residence on Wilshire
T. L. Duque residence at New Hampshire and Seventh
Bradbury Building 1892—1893, Downtown Los Angeles
Eisen and Hunt (1895-1899)
Lummis House (El Alisal) — 1898, Arroyo Seco, Los Angeles
Hunt and Eager (1899–1908)
Edward Doheny Mansion — 1899, Chester Place, Los Angeles.
Arthur S. Bent House - 1904, Highland Park, Los Angeles
John G. Bullock House — 1906, Los Angeles
Echo Park Clubhouse — 1908, Echo Park, Los Angeles
W. G. Kerckhoff Hall — 1908, West Adams, Los Angeles
According to Our Architecture: Morgan & Walls, John Parkinson, Hunt & Eager, compiled by J. L. Le Berthon (Los Angeles, CA: J. L. Le Berthon, 1904),
Hunt & Eager were responsible for the following structures:
Raymond Hotel, Pasadena (original plans by Thomas William Parkes, revised and executed by Hunt & Eager)
Hollywood Cemetery entrance
Santa Barbara apartment house
Marion apartment house
F. W. Braun Residence
H. W. Vermillion residence
Sumner P. Hunt (Hunt Hancock) residence on Severance Street, Los Angeles
A. Wesley Eager residence
Foster residence
Beville residence, Hollywood
Cumnock School of Expression on Vermont
Strassburg residence
Vail residence
Bragdon residence
Armstrong residence
Gillis residence
Brown-Janvier residence
A. Herman residence
M. E. Moore residence
R. S. Crombie residence
S. K. Lindley residence
Theodore Weiss residence
F. K. Wilson residence
Storrow residence
Sartori residence
Fremont residence
Judge Knight residence
Hunt and Burns (1910–1930)
Pierpont Inn — 1910, Ventura, California
Glen Tavern Inn — 1910, Santa Paula, California
Los Angeles Country Club clubhouse — 1911, Los Angeles
Scottish Rite Temple — 1911, Santa Fe, New Mexico
Vermont Square Branch library — 1912, South Los Angeles
Highland Park Ebell Club — 1913, Highland Park, Los Angeles
Southwest Museum — 1914, Mount Washington, Los Angeles
Los Angeles Tennis Club — 1921, Los Angeles
Ventura County Country Club (Saticoy Country Club) — 1921
Automobile Club of Southern California headquarters — 1923, Exposition Park, Los Angeles
Virginia Robinson Gardens Pool Pavilion — 1924, Beverly Hills, California
Ebell of Los Angeles clubhouse — 1927, Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles
Balch Hall — 1929, Scripps College campus in Claremont, California. A gift of Mr. and Mrs. Allan C. Balch, in honor of trustee Janet Jacks Balch.
See also
References
External links
Flickr: Sumner P. Hunt, Architect gallery — album of Hunt's buildings.
Los Angeles Conservancy — Sumner P. Hunt
Friends of the Southwest Museum
1865 births
1938 deaths
American neoclassical architects
Baroque Revival architects
Historicist architects
Spanish Colonial Revival architects
Spanish Revival architects
Architects from Los Angeles
19th-century American architects
20th-century American architects
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumner%20Hunt
|
Billy Barnes (January 27, 1927 – September 25, 2012) was a composer, lyricist and actor from Los Angeles, California. Barnes may be best known for his theatrical revues and his recurring role as Mr. Edlin on the television series Mad About You.
Career
Barnes started writing musical comedy sketches while still in high school, and continued while at UCLA. He started collaborating in college with Bob Rodgers, and their first professional musical comedy revue, a Cabaret Concert Show, was staged in 1956 in Los Angeles. Barnes continued with theatrical revues, including The Billy Barnes Revue, Billy Barnes' People, Billy Barnes' Party, Billy Barnes' L.A., and Billy Barnes' Hollywood. Other productions with Barnes' songs include Movie Star, and Blame It on the Movies (1988).
His revues were the springboard for many comics and singers, including Bert Convy, Ken Berry, Jo Anne Worley, Steve Franken, Jackie Joseph, Ann Morgan Guilbert, David Ketchum, and his then wife Joyce Jameson.
For television, Barnes wrote special material and original musical production numbers for Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In, The Danny Kaye Show, The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour, Cher and The Carol Burnett Show. He wrote opening production numbers for several Academy Awards telecasts. He has composed comedic and topical songs for many of show business's greatest personalities including Lucille Ball, Bette Davis and Angela Lansbury. He wrote the songs for the 1976 television musical adaptation of Pinocchio starring Sandy Duncan.
Barnes' hit songs includes "(Have I Stayed) Too Long at the Fair" recorded by Patti Page and by Barbra Streisand on her 1963 album "The Second Barbra Streisand Album", and "Something Cool", first recorded in 1954 by jazz vocalist June Christy.
Barnes had a recurring acting role on the television series Mad About You in the 1990s as "Mr. Edlin", the musical director and pianist of a community theatre.
Personal life
Barnes married actress Joyce Jameson in the 1950s, and the couple had one child together, son Tyler, before their divorce. Barnes and Richard T. Jordan were life partners from the early 1980s until Barnes' death, from complications associated with Alzheimer's disease, on September 25, 2012.
Awards and recognition
Barnes received The Los Angeles Theatre Alliance Governor's Award for his lifetime achievement in the theatre.
The 2013–15 HBO series Getting On is set in the fictional Mt. Palms Hospital's "Billy Barnes Extended Care Unit" in Long Beach, California.
References
Citations
Sources
External links
1927 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Deaths from dementia in California
American lyricists
American male composers
American male songwriters
Actors from California
LGBT people from California
American bisexual actors
American bisexual musicians
American LGBT composers
Bisexual male actors
Bisexual male musicians
Bisexual composers
Bisexual songwriters
20th-century American LGBT people
21st-century American LGBT people
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy%20Barnes%20%28composer%29
|
Chaneque, Chanekeh, or Ohuican Chaneque, as they were called by the Aztecs, are legendary creatures in Mexican folklore, meaning "those who inhabit dangerous places" or "owners of the house" in Náhuatl. These small, sprite-like beings hold a connection to elemental forces and are regarded as guardians of nature. Comparable mythical beings are found across Mesoamerican and Latin American folklore, often referred to as "duende" in Spanish. Within Yucatec Mayan folklore, the Yucatán Peninsula's tradition identifies similar elemental entities as "aluxob".
In some contemporary legends, chaneques are portrayed as children with the faces of elderly men or women, capable of leading people astray for several days. During this period, victims experience memory lapses, attributed to their alleged transport to the Underworld, specifically Mictlán or Chiconauhmictlán. The entrance to this realm is believed to be located within a dried kapok tree. In other instances, chaneques are said to intimidate intruders to the point where their souls leave their bodies. A specific ritual is required to reunite the soul with the body; otherwise, illness and subsequent death result.
Chaneques have been portrayed both positively and negatively in Mexican media across centuries. Mexican writer Artemio de Valle-Arizpe, after delving into Mexican colonial history during his time as a diplomat in Spain and at the General Archive of the Indies, penned a number of books on colonial legends, often depicting chaneques with negative undertones as entities associated with the Christian devil. In Valle-Arizpe's tale "Un duende y un perro" set in the late 1500s, the chaneque pestering Dona Luisa is described as a "demon", inflicting bruises and inducing fear.
This complex narrative has evolved over time, blending elements of protection, mischief, and supernatural forces into the fabric of Mexican cultural heritage.
Background
Chaneques have a long history in Mexico, although they are represented differently based on the state. They have been found in Mesoamerican legends, as well as in documents written by the Spanish Inquisition. Scholars debate the idea that chaneques and duendes are the same mythological beings. These creatures have different names throughout the world, but they share many characteristics. The name “duende” comes from the Indo-European word dema, which means connected to the home. The root word dem- means house or household. This name stems from the fact that they tend to bother individuals in their homes.
Villagers used to give the chaneques offerings in exchange for protection. They hoped that the chaneques would protect their harvest and prevent intruders, or other evil beings, from entering their homes. Another form of protection is wearing clothing inside out if traveling in the forest.
Chaneques also had a reputation for kidnapping young men and women to have sexual relations. Historian Javier Ayala Calderon discovered an archive from 1676 in which a young man narrated his sexual experiences with a duende.
Both stories found in written text from the Spanish inquisition and oral history from Mesoamerica describe beings that tended to be naughty. Some were protective while others were hostile.
Characteristics
La chaneques, or duendes, can be described in different ways. Chaneques have short stature and are usually described as naked. They live in forests, rivers, or caves, and are connected to the earth and water. Mexican folklore has represented them both as evil creatures who want to cause harm or good creatures who want to help. They can communicate with animals in the jungle since they provide protection. They may not always be visible to adults but children can generally see them. They like to sing, scream, and cry.
Pedro Cholotio Temo described them as "a boy doll or a little man who hops and jumps" and is seen wearing a "wide-brimmed sombrero as the Mexicans do; his color is black." Temo believes that duendes are real and connected to the devil, similar to centuries old Spanish beliefs, and that people who practice Satanic rituals are more likely to see duendes.
When angered, Chaneques can be disruptive and physically hurt humans. In one example, the Chaneque threw a fistful of hay into the mouth of a prisoner. The prisoner scares the Chaneque by saying he will create a fire.
In popular culture
Chaneques have been represented positively and negatively in Mexican media for centuries. Mexican writer Artemio de Valle-Arizpe worked as a diplomat in Spain and spent time in the General Archive of the Indies where he discovered an interest in Mexican colonial history. He wrote many books about legends that existed during the Spanish colonial period. Stories during that time period tended to portray the legend of the chaneques with negative connotations. They were seen as creatures that worked with the devil. In Valle-Arizpe's story, Un duende y un perro (An Elf and a Dog), which takes place in the late 1500s, the creature that pesters Dona Luisa is described as a “demon”. The duende would beat her leaving her with bruises and would torment her so much that Dona Luisa lived in fear.
References
Works cited
Aztec legendary creatures
Aztec mythology and religion
Goblins
Latin American folklore
Mexican folklore
Nature spirits
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaneque
|
Luis Morones Negrete (1890 – 1964), also known as Luis Napoleón Morones, was a Mexican major union leader, politician, and government official. He was a pragmatic politician who experienced a rapid rise to prominence from modest roots and made strategic alliances. He served as Secretary General of the Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers (Confederación Regional Obrera Mexicana, CROM) and as secretary of economy under President Plutarco Elías Calles, 1924-1928. He is considered the "most important union leader of the 1920s...and undoubtedly decisive in Mexico's post-Revolutionary reconstruction." He was criticized for tying the labor movement closely to the national government and his displays of wealth were unseemly. He fell from power following the successful 1928 presidential run by Alvaro Obregón, who was assassinated before being inaugurated.
Early life
Morones was born 11 October 1890 in Tlalpan, a delegación of the Mexican Federal District, the only child of Ignacio Morones and his wife Rafaela Negrete, both cotton textile weavers in Jalisco. Married in 1888, the couple moved to the capital in order to find jobs in the textile factory of San Fernando in Tlalpan. The factory closed in 1895 and the couple was in straiten circumstances, but did not return to Jalisco. The family was aided by Rafaela's nine sisters, whose help allowed Luis to attend and finish primary school. He also learned typing and shorthand, skills he never used. Although his parents wished him to become a weaver, at age 17 Luis began working as an electrician, repairing all types of electrical motors. His electrician's card identifies him as "Luis N. Morones."
In the early years of the Mexican Revolution, he joined the radical Casa del Obrero Mundial (House of the World Worker, COS) in 1913, then helped found the electricians' union, Mexican Syndicate of Electricians (SME), based in the Mexican Telephone and Telegraph Co., in 1915. The SME later joined the COS.
During the Revolution, he supported the Constitutionalist faction, as well as its civilian leader, Venustiano Carranza, who became president of Mexico following the defeat of other factions. Carranza sought the support of labor against his foes, especially revolutionary generals Emiliano Zapata, leader of the Revolution in Morelos, and Carranza's former Constitutionalist general, Pancho Villa. Carranza's best general, Alvaro Obregón remained loyal to Carranza, and was tasked with gaining support from labor. Urban workers joined the Constitutionalist faction, forming Red Battalions to fight against the peasant army led by Zapata. They made a significant contribution to the Constitutionalist cause, and a number of their leaders became prominent in the CROM. Morones did not commit himself full force to the Constitutionalists, hedging his bets if they did not win. With Obregón's defeat of Villa at the Battle of Celaya in 1915, the Constitutionalists took power with Carranza becoming president. Although Carranza had needed organized labor at an earlier point, he backed away from supporting it. The electrical workers participated in a general strike in Mexico City in 1916. Carranza was incensed, viewing the strike as treasonous and threatened capital punishment for its organizers. He closed the Casa de Obrero Mundial. Obregón intervened to prevent Morones's execution, but he was imprisoned for a time and then left the capital for a provincial exile in Pachuca.
Rise to power and fall
U.S. labor leader, Samuel Gompers, head of the American Federation of Labor reached out to labor leaders in Mexico, including Morones. Gompers invited Mexican labor leaders to send a delegation to a meeting at the U.S.-Mexico border at El Paso, Texas in 1916. Morones and Mexican painter and revolutionary Dr. Atl were chosen as delegates. Twelve U.S. soldiers were killed and 23 captured at the border and President Woodrow Wilson threatened war with Mexico, if they were not released. An intervention by Mexican labor leaders and Gompers helped avert war, with prisoners released and war threats withdrawn. Gompers and Morones became labor allies.
From 1916 to 1918 Morones participated in political and labor organizations and congresses and by 1920 he was head of the CROM. He supported the anti-Carranza faction in 1920, when Carranza attempted to install the civilian Ignacio Bonillas as his successor. Three revolutionary generals from Sonora, Alvaro Obregón, Adolfo de la Huerta, and Plutarco Elías Calles revolted against Carranza under the Plan of Agua Prieta. Morones supported Obregón and helped broker his accession to the presidency in 1920, when new elections were held. During Obregón's administration he was in charge of the government munitions industry.
In 1922, he founded the Mexican Labor Party (Partido Laborista Mexicano PLM) and its organ El Sol, and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies of Mexico in Tacubaya, where his prime role consisted of mediating between the working class and government elites. His cooperation brought him into conflicts with communist and socialist elements of the union movement.
Morones had supported Calles in the 1923 armed conflict between Calles and De la Huerta for succession to the presidency in the 1924 elections. Calles rewarded him for his loyalty by appointing him as the nation's Secretary of Industry, Commerce, and Labor in 1924. At the same time he continued serving as head of CROM, using his office to weaken rival labor organizations. This period was the apex of Morones's power in Mexico. His fall was swift, however.
In the election of 1928, Obregón sought to run again. Morones opposed his candidacy. Morones and CROM broke with Obregón's Mexican Laborist Party as well. Obregón won, but he was assassinated before taking office. Obregón's death at the hands of a religious fanatic in 1928, but rumors that Morones circulated and Calles forced Morones to resign.
Morones and other leaders of the CROM had enriched themselves through corrupt practices in the 1920s. Morones possessed large property holdings in his Tlalpan neighbourhood and owned a luxury hotel in Mexico City. He flaunted his ill-gotten wealth with displays of diamond rings and expensive cars, leading to charges of hypocrisy and corruption.
The influence of the CROM was weakened as a result among its rank-and-file base and unions in the confederation began deserting it. Morones lost more of his political power in the period from 1928 to 1932 during the period of Calles's indirect rule, known as the Maximato.
In 1936, Morones was arrested in connection with the attempted dynamiting of a train, which the Cárdenas government regarded as part of a conspiracy against it. Morones was forced into exile, along with Calles and the last remaining highly influential callistas in Mexico. He lived in Atlantic City, New Jersey, returning to Mexico years later.
References
Further reading
Buchenau, Jürgen. Plutarco Elías Calles and the Mexican Revolution. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield 2007.
Buford, Nick "A Biography of Luis N. Morones: Mexican Labor and Political Leader", PhD dissertation, Louisiana State University 1971.
Carr, Barry. El Movimiento obrero y la política en México. 1976.
Clark, Marjorie Ruth. Organized Labor in Mexico. 1934; reprint 1973.
Crider, G. S. "Outcast and Demonized: Luis Napoleon Morones and the Mexican Anarchist Movement, 1913-1920." SECOLAS ANNALS 37 (2005): 5.
Crider, Gregory S. "Morones, Luis Napoleón (1890–1964)." The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest (2009): 1-2.
Dullles, John W. F. Yesterday in Mexico: A Chronicle of the Revolution, 1919-1936. 1961.
Espejel, Leticia Pacheco. "Morones, Luis Napoleon (1890–1946)." The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest (2009): 1.
Hart, John M. Anarchism & the Mexican Working Class, 1860-1931. 1987.
Levenstein, Harvey. Labor Organizations in the United States and Mexico. 1971.
External links
Nick Buford, "A Biography of Luis N. Morones: Mexican Labor and Political Leader", PhD dissertation Louisiana State University 1971
1890 births
1964 deaths
Politicians from Mexico City
Laborist Party (Mexico) politicians
Mexican trade unionists
Mexican Secretaries of Economy
20th-century Mexican politicians
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20N.%20Morones
|
Time Walker is a 1982 science fiction horror film directed by Tom Kennedy.
The film received negative reviews from critics. Under the title Being from Another Planet, it was featured in Mystery Science Theater 3000 episode 405, which first aired on July 4, 1992.
The film was shown on the MeTV show Svengoolie on June 26, 2021.
Plot
While California University of the Sciences Professor Douglas McCadden explores the tomb of the ancient Egyptian king Tutankhamun, an earthquake causes a wall in the tomb to collapse, revealing a hidden chamber. Inside, Douglas finds a mummy in a sarcophagus. Unbeknownst to Douglas, the "mummy" is not the body of a dead Egyptian, but an extraterrestrial alien in suspended animation, being wrapped up and buried alive thousands of years before and covered with a dormant, green fungus.
The body is brought back to California and Douglas has it examined by Dr. Ken Melrose and X-rayed by student Peter Sharpe before a big press conference about the discovery. While reviewing the X-rays, Peter notices there are five crystals around the "mummy's" head. Peter steals the crystals and makes new X-rays to cover up his theft. He sells four of the crystals to students who are unaware of their origin. The second set of X-rays overdose the body with radiation. This causes the fungus to re-activate and the alien to awaken from suspended animation.
At the press conference the next day, one of the students touches the fungus on the sarcophagus, which eats away one of his fingers. The sarcophagus is then opened in front of the press to reveal that the mummy is gone. Ken and his colleague Dr. Hayworth attempt to identify the fungus and destroy it.
At first, everyone assumes that the mummy's disappearance is because of a fraternity prank. However, University President Wendell Rossmore wants to pin the "theft" on Douglas, so that he can give the Egyptian department's directorship to his flunkie, Dr. Bruce Serrano.
Meanwhile, the "mummy" tracks down the students who have the stolen crystals. The crystals are crucial components of an intergalactic transportation device that will allow the alien to return to its home planet. The alien violently reclaims its crystals, and, when he brutally attacks a female student, Lt. Plummer is called in to investigate the crime. As more students turn up dead or injured, Plummer believes that he is on the trail of a serial killer.
While Plummer conducts his investigation, Douglas translates the hieroglyphic text from the sarcophagus. He hopes it will reveal the identity of the mummy. The text reveals that Tutankhamun found the alien in a coma-like state. Thinking that the unconscious alien was a god, Tutankhamun and his attendants touched it and were killed by its infectious fungus. The king and the alien were then buried together in the king's tomb. Douglas, having figured out that the "mummy" is an alien, makes the connection between the alien and the crystals. He then traces the stolen crystals back to Peter, who admits to the theft and gives Douglas the one crystal he kept for himself.
In the end Douglas, Wendall, Bruce, two students, a security guard and the alien all end up in a boiler room where the alien has set up its transportation device. The alien activates the device by placing the last recovered crystal on it; his mummy wrappings disintegrate, revealing his true form. The security guard urged by Bruce shoots at the alien, but Douglas leaps in front of the alien to protect it. As Douglas lies injured the alien takes his hand, and the two disappear. A single crystal is left where the alien stood. Bruce grabs the crystal, and the fungus begins to destroy his hand, as the film ends stating: "To Be Continued."
Cast
Production
Time Walker was produced by Dimitri Villard and Jason Williams. Williams, who starred in the 1974 sexploitation film Flesh Gordon, co-authored the story with Tom Friedman. It was distributed by New World Pictures. Skip Schoolnik edited the film.
The outside building of the University is California State University Northridge's Sierra Hall.
Release
Time Walker was re-released for home video under a new title (and new opening and closing credits) in Spring 1991. This is the version that aired on MST3K.
Shout! Factory released it on DVD bundled with several other New World films: Lady Frankenstein, The Velvet Vampire, and Grotesque on September 27, 2011. Shout! later released it on Blu-ray in 2016.
Reception
Critical reception for Time Walker was negative. TV Guide rated it 1/5 stars and called it a clichéd mummy film notable only for the non-traditional monster, which moves quickly. David Linck for Box Office criticized the film's lighting and special effects. He also described its story as "all-too-predictable with little suspense or excitement to look forward to". Lou Cedrone for The Evening Sun declared the film as "instant camp" and should be enjoyed for its badness. Evansville Courier & Press staff writer Patrice Smith was negative towards Tom Kennedy's direction and the writing, calling the screenplay "ludicrously illiterate". Smith considered the film to be a pathetic attempt at turning mummy movies into a contemporary Close Encounters of the Third Kind.
Fangoria criticized it for its slow pace, ultimately calling it a "time waster." Stuart Galbraith of DVD Talk rated it 3/5 stars and wrote, "Though mercilessly ridiculed on Mystery Science Theater 3000, Time Walker is a naively charming low-budget horror and sci-fi thriller, a real throwback to a more innocent time." Blockbuster Entertainment gave the film two stars, while Jim Craddock, author of VideoHound's Golden Movie Retriever, gave it one star. Film critic Leonard Maltin gave it a "BOMB" rating, calling it "low-budget junk."
Mystery Science Theater 3000
Under the name Being from Another Planet, this film was featured in episode #405 of Mystery Science Theater 3000. The episode debuted July 4, 1992, on Comedy Central. "The people in this movie are almost kind of attractive," MST3K writer Paul Chaplin claimed, "but then, not at all. ... The wardrobe department was good at making breasts seem really unappealing." After the movie finishes, Tom Servo declares Being from Another Planet the worst film out of all the previous bad films they have watched (until admitting The Castle of Fu Manchu was "just as bad").
The episode did not make the Top 100 list of episodes as voted upon by MST3K Season 11 Kickstarter backers. Writer Jim Vogel agreed with the fans' lack of enthusiasm, ranking it #171 out of 191 total MST3K episodes. Vogel found Being from Another Planet "a very painful film indeed; just outside the 'extreme' movie pain level."
The MST3K version of Being from Another Planet was included as part of the Mystery Science Theater 3000, Volume XXXV DVD collection, released by Shout! Factory on March 29, 2016. The other episodes in the four-disc set include Teenage Caveman (episode #315), 12 to the Moon (episode #524), and Deathstalker and the Warriors from Hell (episode #703).
See also
List of American films of 1982
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
1982 films
1980s science fiction horror films
American independent films
American science fiction horror films
Ancient Egypt in fiction
Mummy films
Films set in California
Films shot in Los Angeles
New World Pictures films
Films scored by Richard Band
1980s English-language films
1980s American films
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20Walker
|
Christopher Anderson Whyte (born 2 September 1961) is an English former footballer who played as a central defender and made nearly 400 appearances in the Football League and Premier League. He had lengthy spells with Arsenal, West Bromwich Albion, Leeds Unitedwhere he was a pivotal part of their 1991–92 title-winning teamand Birmingham City, and also played for numerous other clubs in England and abroad. Whyte was capped by England at under-21 level.
Club career
Whyte was born in Islington, London, and started his career as a youth player at Arsenal, turning professional in September 1978. A defender who played at centre half (but also less often at full back), he made his Arsenal first-team debut as a substitute against Panathinaikos in the UEFA Cup on 30 September 1981. He made his first appearance in the Football League against Manchester City on 17 October, and went on to start all but one of Arsenal's remaining league matches that season, partnering David O'Leary in central defence. Whyte stood out with his coolness and confidence, as well as his timing and good judgement of the game. The following season, Whyte continued as a regular for Arsenal as the team reached the semi-finals of both domestic cup competitions, and took his tally of England under-21 caps to four.
However, after Arsenal's shock League Cup loss to Walsall in November 1983 and the subsequent dismissal of Terry Neill, Whyte was dropped from the side in favour of new signing Tommy Caton. The emergence of Tony Adams forced Whyte further down the pecking order at Highbury. He made no appearances for Arsenal during 1984–85, instead being loaned out to Crystal Palace, and although he had a brief run as an emergency striker in 1985–86, he was given a free transfer at the end of that season. In all he played 113 matches for Arsenal, scoring eight goals.
No domestic club offered Whyte a contract, and disenchanted, he left for the United States and played for two years in the Major Indoor Soccer League for New York Express and Los Angeles Lazers. In the summer of 1988, Whyte was offered a return to England by Second Division West Bromwich Albion. Whyte made his Albion debut in a League Cup tie against Peterborough United in September 1988, and ended the 1988–89 season as the club's Player of the Year.
Whyte returned to the top flight in 1990, when he was signed for £450,000 by Howard Wilkinson's Leeds United. He was nearly ever-present for the next three seasons, putting in 146 appearances as Leeds won the 1991–92 First Division title. In 1993, he moved to Birmingham City, winning the 1994–95 Second Division title with the Blues. After a brief spell at Coventry City on loan, Whyte left Birmingham in 1996, and subsequently played for Charlton Athletic, Leyton Orient, Oxford United and Rushden & Diamonds.
He then returned to the United States for a spell with the Raleigh Express in the A-League before returning to England to play under former Arsenal teammate Ian Allinson, manager of Harlow Town of Rymans League Division One. In 2000, he played for Finnish third-tier club HyPS.
International career
Whyte was capped four times for the England under-21 team. His first two appearances were in the semi-finals of the 1982 UEFA European Under-21 Championship in April 1982, but he did not play in the final. His third and fourth appearances were later that year, in qualifiers for the next edition of the championships.
Honours
Club
Leeds United
Football League First Division: 1991–92
FA Charity Shield: 1992
Birmingham City
Football League Second Division: 1994–95
Individual
West Bromwich Albion Player of the Year: 1989
References
Infobox statistics
English Football League clubs:
New York Express, Los Angeles Lazers:
Detroit Neon/Safari:
Rushden & Diamonds:
General
External links
1961 births
Living people
Footballers from Islington (district)
English men's footballers
England men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football central defenders
Arsenal F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
New York Express players
Los Angeles Lazers players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Leeds United F.C. players
West Ham United F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Coventry City F.C. players
Charlton Athletic F.C. players
Detroit Neon players
Detroit Safari players
Leyton Orient F.C. players
Oxford United F.C. players
Rushden & Diamonds F.C. players
Raleigh Express players
Harlow Town F.C. players
Hyvinkään Palloseura players
English Football League players
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) players
Premier League players
National League (English football) players
Isthmian League players
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
English expatriate men's footballers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Whyte
|
Gordon Bernie Kaufmann (19 March 1888 – 1 March 1949) was an English-born American architect mostly known for his work on the Hoover Dam.
Early life
On 19 March 1888, Kaufmann was born in Forest Hill, London, England.
Education
Kaufmann attended Whitgift School in south Croydon, and went on to graduate from the London Polytechnic Institute, circa 1908. Kaufmann then moved to Vancouver in British Columbia, where he spent the next six years.
Career
During Kaufmann's early career, he did much work in the Mediterranean Revival Style, which had become popular at that time. He was also the initial architect for Scripps College, a liberal arts women's college in Claremont, California. It is a member of the Claremont Colleges.
Kaufmann, along with landscape architect Edward Huntsman-Trout, designed the general campus plan featuring four residence halls to be built the first four consecutive years of the College (1927–1930). The project's design is primarily in the Mediterranean Revival style.
While gaining recognition for Kaufmann's work on the Scripps campus, he was also hired by California Institute of Technology in 1928 to design the complex of dormitories now known as the South Houses, and the building for the Athenaeum, a private club located on the school's campus.
Later in his career, Kaufmann worked primarily in the Art Deco style, with a personal emphasis on massively thick, streamlined concrete walls which gave his buildings a very distinctive appearance. Kaufmann's buildings as a result took on a very "mechanical" appearance, often resembling huge versions of old-fashioned appliances. The Los Angeles Times''' headquarters is a perfect example of this. His work was also part of the architecture event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
Projects
This is a selected list of Kaufmann's projects.
1920 Hacienda del Gato, Tradition Golf Club - 78-505 52nd Avenue, La Quinta, California, Architect
1924 Hale Solar Laboratory, California Institute of Technology - 740 Holladay Road, Pasadena, California, Architect
1926 La Quinta Resort & Club - 49-499 Eisenhower Drive, La Quinta, California. Architect.
1926 Milton Getz House (also known as Beverly Estate) - 1011 North Beverly Drive, Beverly Hills, California. Architect.
1926 Scripps College for Women - 1030 Columbia Avenue, Claremont, California. Architect.
1928 Greystone Mansion – 905 Loma Vista Drive, Beverly Hills, California. Architect.
1929 Holmby Hall – 921 Westwood Boulevard, Los Angeles, California. Architect.
1930 Athenaeum, California Institute of Technology – 551 South Hill Avenue, Pasadena, California. Architect.
1932 Harper Hall, Claremont Graduate University – 150 East 10th Street, Claremont, California. Architect.
1934 Santa Anita Park – 285 West Huntington Drive, Arcadia, California. Architect.
1935 Hoover Dam
1935 Los Angeles Times Building – 202 West 1st St, Los Angeles, California. Architect.
1936 United States Post Office (San Pedro, Los Angeles) – Architect, with W. Horace Austin.
1939 Arrowhead Springs Hotel – 24918 Arrowhead Springs Road, San Bernardino, California. Architect.
1940 Hollywood Palladium – 6201 W. Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, California. Architect.
Personal life
In 1914, Kaufmann moved to California and settled in Fresno, California.
Kaufmann's wife was Elsie Bryant Kaufmann.
On 1 March 1949, Kaufmann died in Los Angeles California. Kaufmann is buried in Golden Gate National Cemetery in San Bruno, California.
References
External links
Pacific Coast Architecture Database: Gordon Kaufmann — projects and completed works''
Master Architects of Southern California 1920–1941: Gordon Kaufmann
Architect Gordon Kaufmann (1888–1949) at modernlivingla.com
20th-century American architects
Architects from Los Angeles
Art Deco architects
Mediterranean Revival architects
Spanish Colonial Revival architects
British emigrants to the United States
1888 births
1949 deaths
People educated at Whitgift School
Olympic competitors in art competitions
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20Kaufmann
|
Yahtzee is an American game show that premiered on January 11, 1988. Based on the dice game Yahtzee, the show was hosted by Peter Marshall, with Larry Hovis serving as both the show's announcer and a regular panelist. Each week featured a different hostess serving as "dice girl", including Kelly Grant, Denise DiRenzo, and Teresa Ganzel.
Yahtzee was originally taped at Trump's Castle in Atlantic City, New Jersey, though later it moved to Showboat Hotel & Casino.
Gameplay
Two teams of three contestants played against each other along with a panel of five celebrities.
The team in control—starting with the challengers—chose one of six open-ended questions (e.g., "Name something you put on rice." or "What's your biggest gripe when you go shopping?"). Marshall asked the chosen question to the panel, who then wrote down their responses. Each contestant, starting with the team captain, gave a verbal answer in an attempt to match the stars' answers. The other team played one of the remaining five questions. The team with the most matches won the round. If the teams had the same number of matches, a tie-breaker involving only the team captains was played. The celebrities read the question to themselves and then wrote down an answer. Marshall read the question aloud to the team captains, and the first contestant to buzz-in and provide an answer that matched one of the celebrities' answers won control of the round.
Winning a round gave the team captain a chance to roll five dice, as in regular Yahtzee. However, each die featured one face reading "Wild" in place of a number. The team rolled the dice and chose dice in order to build a combination of five of the same number.
Rounds two and three were played in similar fashion to round one, with each team responding to one question in each round. However, the winner of round two rolled all five dice (as opposed to using only the remaining dice as in the traditional game), attempting to build on any previous combination from the earlier round. The winners of round three chose to either roll their dice or pass the dice to their opponents. The team that eventually rolled the dice in round three received two rolls.
The first team to make a Yahtzee, or the team closest to a Yahtzee at the end of three rounds won the game. If the game ended a tie (e.g., if one team had four 6's and the other had four 5's), a sudden death question was played, with the same rules as the tie-breaker in the question rounds. The first team to match at least one celebrity won the game.
Bonus Round
The winning team chose a letter in the word "Yahtzee" to determine the payout for winning the bonus round. Four letters hid $5,000, two letters hid $10,000, and one letter hid $25,000.
Marshall read one final question to the celebrity panel. As in the main game, each team member tried to match the celebrities' responses, and each match earned one roll of the dice, for a maximum of five rolls. However, the team was guaranteed at least one roll.
The team captain then rolled the dice and attempted to make a Yahtzee. If they were successful within the number of rolls earned, the team split the prize chosen at the beginning of the bonus round. Otherwise, the team received $500 for each number or wild that would have contributed toward a Yahtzee. Rolling a Yahtzee on the first roll won the team $100,000.
Later in the show's run, rolling a Yahtzee on the first roll was worth double the winning payout chosen at the beginning of the round. The team could only win the $100,000 prize if all five wilds were rolled on the first roll.
Any team that won three consecutive games also received a vacation for themselves and companions.
Production End and Lawsuit
On February 2, 1988, executive producers Gary Bernstein and Larry Hovis were arrested as they were checking out of the Showboat over a dispute with co-executive producer Ralph Andrews over continued funding for Yahtzee, which had premiered less than a month prior and had not caught on with audiences at all. The move effectively cancelled the low-rated game show.
Just as they were about to leave, Atlantic City police placed Hovis and Bernstein under arrest and detained them in the lobby of the casino on suspicion of theft. It had been alleged that the men had stolen several set pieces, including the giant dice, from the now-shuttered production. They were later interrogated for three hours by New Jersey state gaming officials.
On April 19, 1988, by which point the show had been dropped by most of the stations airing it, Bernstein and Hovis filed a defamation lawsuit in Atlantic County Superior Court, much to the bewilderment of Andrews, who accused the men of looking for "deep pockets". This lawsuit, which followed a second suit against various entities involved in producing Yahtzee and led to a precipitous drop in affiliates, was filed against several defendants including the city, the state of New Jersey, and distributor ABR Entertainment. Hovis in particular was displeased as many of the casino patrons who walked past him as he was detained recognized him due to his previous role on the TV comedy Hogan's Heroes.
References
1988 American television series debuts
1988 American television series endings
1980s American game shows
Television series by Ralph Andrews Productions
Television shows based on dice games
English-language television shows
Television shows based on Hasbro toys
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahtzee%20%28game%20show%29
|
Basket Case 2 is a 1990 American comedy slasher film written and directed by Frank Henenlotter, and the sequel to the 1982 film Basket Case. It stars Kevin Van Hentenryck as Duane Bradley, who moves with his deformed, formerly conjoined twin brother Belial into a home for "unique individuals" run by their long-lost aunt, eccentric philanthropist Granny Ruth (played by Annie Ross).
The film spawned another sequel, Basket Case 3: The Progeny, in 1991.
Plot
After falling from an apartment building at the end of the first film, Duane Bradley and his deformed, surgically-separated conjoined twin brother Belial are taken to the hospital. Their unusual situation draws media attention, making it impossible to lead a secret life. They are rescued from the hospital by Granny Ruth, who saw their story on the news. She takes them to her home, where she and her granddaughter Susan care for an extended family of similarly deformed individuals. Among these individuals is Eve, who is similar to Belial in that she is a bodiless torso. Traumatized by how she has been treated prior to Ruth rescuing her, Eve is mute and spends most of her time in the attic. A few years pass and as Eve and Belial fall in love, Duane's resentment of Belial grows. He hasn't forgiven Belial for Sharon's death and wishes to live a life without being surrounded by "freaks", as previously he had been unable to leave Belial due to their psychic bond.
During all of this a sleazy reporter named Marcie and her equally sleazy photographer Arty have been looking for the Bradley brothers in order to bring them to justice. Upon discovering the freaks Marcie decides that she will expose them to the world, forcing Ruth and the others to stop her. They kill Arty, as well as a private detective named Phil who was assisting Marcie. Duane tricks Marcie into allowing the freaks into her home under the guise that Belial wants an interview; Belial mutilates her face, turning her into a freak as well.
That night the freaks celebrate their victory while Eve and Belial consummate their relationship in the attic. Seeing this as an opportunity to finally be free of Belial, Duane approaches Susan and asks her to run away with him. She is horrified that he would leave his brother and reveals that she, too, is a freak. She has been pregnant for six years as her baby refuses to leave her womb; upon revealing this, a grotesque lamprey-like creature emerges from Susan's surgical wounds where failed cesarean sections have been attempted. This shatters the last of Duane's psyche and he kills Susan by pushing her out a window. He then goes to Belial and forcibly sews him to his body. The film ends as Ruth and the others discover what Duane has done, and stare at him horrified.
Cast
Kevin Van Hentenryck as Duane Bradley
Annie Ross as Granny Ruth
Kathryn Meisle as Marcie Elliott
Heather Rattray as Susan Smoeller
Jason Evers as Lou the Editor
Ted Sorel as Phil
Judy Grafe as News Woman
Chad Brown as News Man
Beverly Bonner as Casey
Leonard Jackson as Police Commissioner
Alexandra Auder as Nurse Sherri
Brian Fitzpatrick as Cop
Gale Van Cott as Desk Clerk
Kuno Sponholz as Sick Old Man
Dominic Marcus as Security Guard, Belial Bradley and Unique Individuals (voices; uncredited)
Doug Anderson as Snoring Cop
Jan Saint as Lyle Barker
Matt Mitler as Arty
Michael Rubenstein as Clancy
George Andros Aries as Worm Man
Deborah Bauman as Mouse Face
Marianne Carlson as Huge Arthur
David Emge as Half Moon
James Farley as Pearl
Ron Fazio and Joseph Leavengood as Leon
Tom Franco as Frog Boy
Jeri LaShay as Ellice
Matt Malloy and Jeffrey Danneman as Toothy
Jody Oliver as Brainiac
Nick Roberts as Platehead
Michael Rogen as Man with 27 Noses
Tom Franco as Frog Boy
Sturgis Warner as Frederick the Pinhead
Richard Pierce as Mr. Bradley (archive footage; uncredited)
Diana Browne as Dr. Judith Kutter (archive footage; uncredited)
Bill Freeman as Dr. Julius Lifflander (archive footage; uncredited)
Lloyd Pace as Dr. Harold Needleman (archive footage; uncredited)
Sean McCabe as Young Duane (archive footage; uncredited)
Reception
The staff of Variety called Basket Case 2 "a hilarious genre spoof" that pays homage to the 1932 film Freaks. Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times complimented the film's atmosphere, which he felt was aided by the cinematography and score, and highlighted Ross and Van Hentenryck's performances. He wrote that Basket Case 2 "has everything it needs to become the cult film that its 1982 predecessor has been: outrageous dark humor, bizarre horror, driving energy and genuine pathos."
Joe Kane of the New York Daily News gave the film a mostly positive review, commending its "dark wit" and exploration of Duane and Belial's romantic pursuits. He wrote that, "While the interior-bound sequel lacks the original's sleazy Times Square ambience, and most of the flick's secondary freaks are more whimsical than menacing in design [...] Basket Case 2 stacks up as fun fear fare for Basket Case cultists, fright-film fans and adventurous viewers of every stripe." The New York Times Caryn James wrote, "As cheap horror spoofs go, this one isn't all bad", but lamented a perceived deviation from an initial "tongue-in-cheek approach" as the film progresses, writing, "Twenty minutes or so into the movie, there is very little left to surprise you, except an exceptionally tacky ending."
In his 2011 book Horror Films of the 1990s, John Kenneth Muir opined that Basket Case 2 was "disappointing" and that it "eschews all the qualities that made the down-and-dirty, low-budget original such a great pleasure."
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 71% based on seven surveyed critics, with an average rating was 6.3/10.
Home media
Basket Case 2 was released on DVD by Synapse Films in October 2007.
Sequel
References
External links
1990 films
1990 comedy horror films
1990s slasher films
1990 romantic comedy films
American comedy horror films
American sequel films
American slasher films
American monster movies
Films about twin brothers
Films directed by Frank Henenlotter
Puppet films
Parasitic twinning in culture
Films scored by Joe Renzetti
1990s English-language films
1990 direct-to-video films
1990s American films
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basket%20Case%202
|
Just Glü It is the debut album by the L.A. punk rock band Glue Gun. It was released in April 1994 (see 1994 in music). At this time, the band was known simply as Glü Gun until changing their name to Glue Gun after the release of this album.
Track listing
"Condoms Can Save the World" – 2:03
"Eva's Got a Mohawk" – 1:28
"Suddenly You're Gone" – 2:17
"Enter the Slaughterhouse" – 3:37
"Six Pack of Blondes" – 2:36
"Blanket of Scars" – 1:32
"L.A.P.D. (Army of the Rich)" – 3:06
"Stand in Defiance" – 1:52
"Let's Rob a Convenience Store" – 1:57
"Bloodstains" (Agent Orange cover) – 1:38
"Television Man" – 2:35
"Peace Through Unconsciousness" – 1:57
"Here Comes the Hammer" – 2:39 *
"Mourning Would" – 3:12
"Sudden Disappearance" – 1:57
"The Devil May Care" – 2:03
"Inner Prison" – 1:56
Notes
* = Available for downloading at MySpace
Glue Gun (band) albums
1994 debut albums
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just%20Gl%C3%BC%20It
|
Settimia Caccini (6 October 1591 – , Italy) was a well-known Italian singer and composer during the 1600s, being one of the first women to have a successful career in music. Caccini was highly regarded for her artistic and technical work with music. She came from a family of well-known composers and singers, with her father being Giulio Caccini and her sister Francesca Caccini. Settimia Caccini was less well known as a composer because she never published her own collection of works. Instead, nine works are attributed to her in two manuscripts of secular songs. Settimia was known much more for her talent as a singer, and she performed for nobility with the Caccini family consort and as a soloist. Coming from a musical family, she was able to lead herself to her own fame and success.
Life
Settimia Caccini was born on 6 October 1591, in Florence, Italy. Her father was a famous and popular composer and a pioneer in monodic music. At a young age her father taught her about music and composition. Her mother, Lucia Gagnolanti, was a singer as well, but died when Caccini was young. Caccini was the youngest child of three. Her sister Francesca also became quite a renowned composer, and she had an older brother, Pompeo Caccini, who was a singer. Growing up in a household of musicians led her to learn and master music at such a young age that it later led to her fame and her own success (it was common among families to pass an entire career to each member of the family).
Her father Giulio was employed by the Medici family, who ruled over much of Florence. Giulio passed down much of his career in to his family; he involved them in his music and even formed a singing family band. While working there Giulio was introduced to the concerto delle donne, a group of professional female singers hired by the court of Ferrara. It is presumed that Giulio persuaded the concerto delle donne to train his daughters to sing in the same manner as they did. Instead of singing solo which was widely popular at the time, Giulio insisted they were trained to sing as a group, called Il Concerto Caccini. Both Caccini and Francesca sang soprano. In 1600, the sisters sang in their father's opera Il rapimento di Cefalo for the wedding of Maria de' Medici and Henry IV of France.
Both Caccini and her sister grew up living very similar lives, performing together and learning how to sing and compose music together at the Medici theater. The family soon went their separate ways, each fulfilling their own music career. Caccini became famous as a solo artist in 1608 when she went to Mantua, where she sang the role of Venus, soprano, in Monteverdi's opera L'Arianna. During all of her success Caccini was offered many marriage proposals and employment offers, one being from the court of Mantua and from Enzo Bentivoglio in Rome, which she declined Instead, in 1609 Caccini married Lucca-born singer and composer Alessandro Ghivazzani (1572-) and in the same year they both became employed by the Medici. In 1611 they left the Medici court and in 1612 they moved to Mantua to serve the Gonzaga court. Ghivazzani was employed in Mantua starting in 1622 and likely until his death in 1632.
After Ghivazzani's death Caccini returned to Florence where she rejoined the Medici court starting in 1636. She remained in the court until her death sometime around 1638 to 1640. Her date of death is uncertain; there are court documents that have her name on it until 1660, but that is generally assumed to refer to her daughter.
Caccini and Ghivazzani usually were always employed by the same employer and their work led them to many locations across Italy. Caccini lived in this manner until her husband died (somewhere between 1630 and 1636).
Career and works
Caccini is mostly known for performing other composers' arias and starring in operas. She was a very well-known singer and highly regarded by her contemporaries. She was an active composer but none of her work was published by herself or while she was alive. She wrote quite a few pieces but most of them are lost to historians. She started composing music at a young age. In 1611 she composed her own piece for the Mascherate delle Ninfe della Senna carnival, which was one of the many masked carnivals in Venice. For the most part her career was performing for high nobility and royalty. She sang for Henry IV, the king of France, with her sister when she was younger.
When she was older she was employed at the court of Duke Ferdinando Gonzaga at Mantua with her husband in 1613. The Gonzaga family were a powerful family in Mantua at the time, and there are records indicating that she was valued highly because of the high pay she received. Next the couple found service in Parma under the service of Cardinal Farnese in 1622. In 1628 Caccini was sought after by Monteverdi in Parma. Caccini performed as Dido in one of Monteverdi's intermedi and as Aurora in "Mercurio e Marte." Monteverdi stated Caccini sang the arias with "superhuman grace and angelic voice".
Eight of Caccini's compositions survived, all of which are accompanied Italian monody. These pieces of music have expressive melodies and are usually performed by single singers with basso continuo accompaniment, perfect for her to sing for herself. These were a very popular style of Italian monody. Some of her arias are now published as piano arias, such as this book 4 Arias. Her most famous piece that was published was a 3-line aria called Gia sperai non spero hor piu. It was published in a 17th-century collection of historic music.
A few of Caccini's other works for soprano and basso continuo include "Core di questo core," "Cantan gl'augelli," and "Due luce ridenti."
References
Bibliography
1591 births
1638 deaths
17th-century Italian singers
17th-century Italian women
Italian women classical composers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settimia%20Caccini
|
Dubsound & Power is a 2000 album by Christafari. It contains instrumental mixes of songs from his WordSound&Power album.
Track listing
All tracks by Mark Mohr except where noted.
"Dub Inna de Night" – 5:45
"Dub of My Life" (Derrick Jefferson, Mohr) – 5:43
"Babylon Has Fallen" (Mohr, Wayne Swiderski) – 2:54
"Dubbing on the Frontline" (Jefferson, Kevin Kelleher, Mohr, Scott Whelan) – 7:13
"Lift Him Up and Dub It Up Daily" (Case, Max Fulwider, Jefferson, Mohr, Whelan) – 5:22
"Render Your Dub" (Case, Jim Kleinman, Mohr) – 4:06
"Why You Ago Look?" [A Cappella] (Jefferson, Kevin Kelleher, Mohr, Whelan) – 1:51
"Selassie Say II" (Interlude) – 0:42
"Why You Ago Dub?" – 3:41
"Emancipation Dub-the-Nation" – 5:17
"My Other Radio" (Interlude) – 0:50
"The Dub's So Nice – 5:04
"Dub and Fire" (Jefferson, Mohr) – 5:22
"Thief Inna de Night" [A Cappella] (Interlude) – 0:20
"Everyday Dubbing" – 4:34
"How You Fe Dub Me?" – 5:02
"As the Dub Goes By" – 4:18
"Dub Sound and Power" – 5:12
Personnel
Lead Vocals – Mark Mohr
Additional Vocals – Ace Winn, Bernard Schroter, Geneman & Othniel Lewis
Background Vocals – Mark Mohr, Vanessa Mohr, Bernard Schroter, Diedrich Jones, Lyndon Allen, Scott Wehlen, Viki Hampton, Ace Winn
Drums – Kevin Kelleher
Bass – Anthony Case, Jim Kleinman
Guitar – Anthony Case, Chris Howell, Jim Kleinman,Rick Strickland
Piano & Synth & Organ – Scott Wehlen, Othniel Lewis
Saxophone – Max Elliott Fulwider
Trombone – Barry Greene & Chris McDonald
Trumpet – Jeff Bailey & Denver Bierman
Percussion – Mark Mohr, Kevin Kelleher
Niyabinghi Drums – Mark Mohr, Kevin Kelleher, Scott Wehlen, Diedrich Jones
Acoustic Guitar – Mike Severs, Jim Kleinman
Crowd & Shouting Vocals – Mark Mohr, Kevin Kelleher, Scott Wehlen, Diedrich Jones, Troy Buchanan III, Othniel Lewis
References
Christafari albums
Dub albums
2000 remix albums
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub%20Sound%20%26%20Power
|
The Turin Metro () is the modern VAL rapid transit system serving Turin. It is operated by Gruppo Torinese Trasporti (GTT), a public company controlled by the municipality of Turin. The system comprises one line with 23 stations connecting Fermi station in Collegno with Piazza Bengasi in Turin, near the border with the municipality of Moncalieri.
History
The history of metro in Turin begins in 1930s, when the first project of an underground railway was put forward. However, only a part of the first tunnel was built, and the actual project was put aside. Nowadays, the tunnel is part of an underground parking system.
A new company committed to the development of a metro system in Turin was founded in 1960s. Several projects and feasibility studies were made for a underground line under the city centre and then for a line connecting FIAT factories to surrounding neighborhoods, but eventually all the proposals were rejected.
In the mid-1980s, a new proposal for a system of 5 fast tram lines at-grade was approved. However, only the planned line 3 was built following the original project, while the others eventually were built either as regular tram lines, with no dedicated lane, or as bus lines.
A new project was approved in 1995 for a line running from Campo Volo on the west border of the city to Porta Nuova, the main railway station in Turin. The project was put in hold due to lack of funds.
The project for the underground line was resumed in April 1999 with a longer route to Lingotto based on the VAL system. Works on the line began on 19 December 2000, part of the works for the Turin 2006 Winter Olympics. The first section from Fermi to XVIII Dicembre was opened on 4 February 2006, while the second section on the south to Porta Nuova opened on 5 October 2007. Porta Susa station opened later on 9 September 2011. The last part of the line on the south to Lingotto was inaugurated on 6 March 2011.
Lingotto – Bengasi southern extension
Two additional stations, reaching the Southern boundary of the city, were built between 2012 and 2021. These stations are Italia '61, serving the new Piedmont Region Headquarters, and Bengasi, named for the piazza under which it is located. They were opened on 23 April 2021.
Timeline
Network
Service
Ticketing
From May 2018, the single journey ticket costs €1.70 and it includes the urban line and the suburban line for 100 minutes. Moreover, any form of urban transport season ticket is valid also for the metro system.
Opening hours
Turin metro starts operating at 5:30 from Monday to Saturday and at 7:00 on Sundays. It closes at 22:00 on Mondays, at 00:30 from Tuesday to Thursday, at 1:30 on Friday and Saturday and at 1:00 on Sundays.
Plans
Line 1
Collegno – Cascine Vica westward extension
A further Western extension is planned to reach the boundaries of Collegno and the city of Rivoli. In December 2017, the city approved the first stage of the project, valued at €123.7 million, to construct two already named stations: Certosa, which will interchange with the central railway station of the city of Collegno, and Collegno Centro, serving its central market area. An additional two stations, including one in the Leumann Village neighbourhood and another in the Cascine Vica district of Rivoli, were allocated €148 million. The Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport expects the extension to Cascine Vica to be completed by Summer 2023.
Line 2
On 30 August 2017, a contract to create the preliminary design for a second line was awarded to Systra, a French conglomerate. The line will connect South-Western suburbs of the city (Orbassano and Beinasco) with the northern district of Barriera di Milano. The first 26 stations had already been defined, starting from Mirafiori Sud district to Barriera di Milano, crossing the Line 1 at Porta Nuova station and serving key points as Politecnico di Torino University and Piazza Castello, one of the major central squares of the city.
Part of the Southern track will be elevated to reduce building costs (starting from Piazza Cattaneo to Cimitero Sud). On Northern side, from Vanchiglia to Rebaudengo, it will follow an old (currently abandoned) railway track, which was used to connect the old and abandoned scalo Vanchiglia freight terminal to the main Turin railway.
Preliminary analysis conducted by Systra in the Spring of 2018 resulted in some changes to this original alignment. The following June, public consultations were announced and the new alignment, with the list of 23 planned stations was published on the city's website. In December 2018, the preliminary project was submitted to the Ministry of Transportation for funding approval, with an objective to start the bidding process by 2021. In 2019, the Italian government committed €828 million in funding for Line 2's total projected €3 billion cost, with construction due to begin in 2021 for a 2028 opening.
In the future, a 4 station extension could cover suburbs of Beinasco and Orbassano to reach terminus Pasta di Rivalta in the city of Rivalta di Torino.
Possibility for Line 3
The former mayor of Turin, Chiara Appendino, publicly supported the idea of a third line for the city's Metro system. Campaign literature, published on the then candidate's website during the Turin municipal election, 2016, show Line 3 using tracks that formally served the Ferrovia Torino-Ceres railway. Potential stations would serve the community of Venaria Reale, the Juventus Stadium and Turin International Airport. Since the election, Deputy Mayor and Chief of Urban Planning Guido Montanari has expressed interest in readapting the Torino-Ceres line to be part of the city's Metro network. After which the city council decided to keep the railway line Torino-Ceres with a new tunnel and a new station, called Torino Grosseto.
In 2019, the mayor of Venaria, together with the first citizens of Pianezza, Druento, Cafasse, Alpignano, Fiano and Val della Torre, presented a new proposal of metro to the mayor of Turin Chiara Appendino.
The route will include the west part of the city: Torino Dora railway station, Juventus Stadium, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Maria Vittoria Hospital, San Donato district, Campidoglio, Parella, Cenisia, San Paolo, Mirafiori Nord and Caio Maio Square. The metro will would provide for interchange in three stations: Rivoli, Pitagora, Bengasi.
Rolling Stock
58 Siemens VAL 208
Network Map
See also
Trams in Turin
Turin metropolitan railway service
List of suburban and commuter rail systems
Lists of rapid transit systems
Notes
References
External links
Turin Metro Map on Google earth with geolocation
Turin Metro Infrastructure
Metrotorino at UrbanRail.Net
Site with information and picture of Metrotorino
Metrotorino at metros.hu
Photos
Turin Metro Map
Transport in Turin
2006 establishments in Italy
VAL people movers
Railway lines in Piedmont
Railway lines opened in 2006
Urban people mover systems
People mover systems in Italy
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin%20Metro
|
Whortle's Hope is a dark fantasy novel for children by British author Robin Jarvis. It is the second book in The Deptford Mouselets series, prequels to Jarvis's Deptford Mice trilogy aimed at a slightly younger audience. It was first published in the United Kingdom in 2007. The story focuses on Whortle Nep, a fieldmouse who was a minor character in The Crystal Prison, and is set a year prior to that book's events.
Synopsis
In the story, which takes place in the summer before the events of The Crystal Prison, it is almost the time of the Fennywolde games, when the young field mice compete to see who will have the honour of being the head sentry of the cornfield for the entire summer. Young Whortle longs to win the competition, but not if it means his friends are going to sabotage the other competitor's chances. He wants to win on his own merits, but soon realises winning isn't the most important thing as another mouse needs the prize more than he does.
Reception
John Lloyd of The Bookbag gave Whortle's Hope a five star review, calling it "an essential addition to the bookshelves of anybody who has read Robin Jarvis before, and despite filling in blanks elsewhere in the series for fans, it really works as an initial launch into the rest."
References
2007 British novels
British fantasy novels
Novels by Robin Jarvis
The Deptford Mice series
Headline Publishing Group books
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whortle%27s%20Hope
|
A rotary vane pump is a type of positive-displacement pump that consists of vanes mounted to a rotor that rotates inside a cavity. In some cases these vanes can have variable length and/or be tensioned to maintain contact with the walls as the pump rotates.
This type of pump was invented by Charles C. Barnes of Sackville, New Brunswick, who patented it on June 16, 1874. There have been various improvements since, including a variable vane pump for gases (1909).
This type of pump is considered less suitable than other vacuum pumps for high-viscosity and high-pressure fluids, and is . They can endure short periods of dry operation, and are considered good for low-viscosity fluids.
Types
The simplest vane pump has a circular rotor rotating inside a larger circular cavity. The centres of these two circles are offset, causing eccentricity. Vanes are mounted in slots cut into the rotor. The vanes are allowed a certain limited range of movement within these slots such that they can maintain contact with the wall of the cavity as the rotor rotates. The vanes may be encouraged to maintain such contact through means such as springs, gravity, or centrifugal force. A small amount of oil may be present within the mechanism to help create a better seal between the tips of the vanes and the cavity's wall. The contact between the vanes and the cavity wall divides up the cavity into "vane chambers" that do the pumping work. On the suction side of the pump the vane chambers are increased in volume and are thus filled with fluid forced in by the inlet vacuum pressure, which is the pressure from the system being pumped, sometimes just the atmosphere. On the discharge side of the pump the vane chambers decrease in volume, compressing the fluid and thus forcing it out of the outlet. The action of the vanes pulls through the same volume of fluid with each rotation.
Multi-stage rotary-vane vacuum pumps, which force the fluid through a series of two or more rotary-vane pump mechanisms to enhance the pressure, can attain vacuum pressures as low as 10−6 mbar (0.0001 Pa).
Uses
Vane pumps are commonly used as high-pressure hydraulic pumps and in automobiles, including supercharging, power-steering, air conditioning, and automatic-transmission pumps. Pumps for mid-range pressures include applications such as carbonators for fountain soft-drink dispensers and espresso coffee machines. Furthermore, vane pumps can be used in low-pressure gas applications such as secondary air injection for auto exhaust emission control, or in low-pressure chemical vapor deposition systems.
Rotary-vane pumps are also a common type of vacuum pump, with two-stage pumps able to reach pressures well below 10−6 bar. These are found in such applications as providing braking assistance in large trucks and diesel-powered passenger cars (whose engines do not generate intake vacuum) through a braking booster, in most light aircraft to drive gyroscopic flight instruments, in evacuating refrigerant lines during installation of air conditioners, in laboratory freeze dryers, and vacuum experiments in physics. In the vane pump, the pumped gas and the oil are mixed within the pump, and so they must be separated externally. Therefore, the inlet and the outlet have a large chamber, perhaps with swirl, where the oil drops fall out of the gas. Sometimes the inlet has louvers cooled by the room air (the pump is usually 40 K hotter) to condense cracked pumping oil and water, and let it drop back into the inlet. When these pumps are used in high-vacuum systems (where the inflow of gas into the pump becomes very low), a significant concern is contamination of the entire system by molecular oil backstreaming.
Variable-displacement vane pump
One of the major advantages of the vane pump is that the design readily lends itself to become a variable-displacement pump, rather than a fixed-displacement pump such as a spur-gear (X-X) or a gerotor (I-X) pump. The centerline distance from the rotor to the eccentric ring is used to determine the pump's displacement. By allowing the eccentric ring to pivot or translate relative to the rotor, the displacement can be varied. It is even possible for a vane pump to pump in reverse if the eccentric ring moves far enough. However, performance cannot be optimized to pump in both directions. This can make for a very interesting hydraulic-control oil pump.
A variable-displacement vane pump is used as an energy-saving device and has been used in many applications, including automotive transmissions, for over 30 years.
Materials
Externals (head, casing) – cast iron, ductile iron, steel, brass, plastic, and stainless steel
Vane, pushrods – carbon graphite, PEEK
End plates – carbon graphite
Shaft seal – component mechanical seals, industry-standard cartridge mechanical seals, and magnetically driven pumps
Packing – available from some vendors, but not usually recommended for thin liquid service
See also
Guided-rotor compressor
Powerplus supercharger
References
External links
U.S. Patent of a Vane Pump
H. Eugene Bassett's articulated displacer compressor
Vane Pump Animation
Pumps
Canadian inventions
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary%20vane%20pump
|
Pia Ann-Kristin Johansson (born 16 November 1960 in Umeå) is a Swedish actor, lecturer and examinator.
Johansson studied at the Skara scene school, which was followed by a degree from Swedish National Academy of Mime and Acting in 1989. After studying she was employed at Stockholm City Theatre's permanent ensemble. She has been a guest on a number of productions, such as På minuten, Så ska det låta´ and the radio show Sommar.
She has also taken part in the TV program Parlamentet. Johansson participated in Let's Dance 2016 which was broadcast on TV4.
References
External links
1960 births
Living people
People from Umeå
Swedish stage actresses
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pia%20Johansson
|
Proprietary hardware is computer hardware whose interface is controlled by the proprietor, often under patent or trade-secret protection.
Historically, most early computer hardware was designed as proprietary until the 1980s, when IBM PC changed this paradigm. Earlier, in the 1970s, many vendors tried to challenge IBM's monopoly in the mainframe computer market by reverse engineering and producing hardware components electrically compatible with expensive equipment and (usually) able to run the same software. Those vendors were nicknamed plug compatible manufacturers (PCMs).
See also
Micro Channel architecture, a commonly cited historical example of proprietary hardware
Vendor lock-in
Proprietary device drivers
Proprietary firmware
Proprietary software
Computer peripherals
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary%20hardware
|
Voodoo Dawn is a 1991 American horror film directed by Steven Fierberg and starring Tony Todd, Raymond St. Jacques, Theresa Merritt and Gina Gershon. It was written by Jeffrey Delman, Evan Dunsky, Thomas Rendon and John A. Russo, and produced by Steven D. Mackler.
The film was adapted from the eponymous pulp horror novel by John A. Russo, known also as the screenwriter for Night of the Living Dead.
Premise
In the Deep South, a diabolical, machete-wielding voodoo priest (Tony Todd) is busily turning Haitian migrant farm workers into flesh-eating, zombie slaves. However, his plans are disrupted by the arrival of two college students searching for a missing colleague who turns out to have been one of the priest's earlier zombie experiments.
Cast
Tony Todd as Makoute
Raymond St. Jacques as Claude
Theresa Merritt as Madame Daslay
Gina Gershon as Tina
J. Grant Albrecht as Tony
Kirk Baily as Kevin
Billy 'Sly' Williams as Miles
Georgia Allen as Suzanne
Gloria Reuben as Girl on Boat
Production
Voodoo Dawn was shot in South Carolina.
Reception
Variety called it "an atmospheric supernatural thriller for genre fans". Nigel Honeybone of HorrorNews.Net wrote that it should be watched by horror fans based on the novelty value of having been written by Russo. Peter Dendle wrote in The Zombie Movie Encyclopedia, "Though acting and production value are solid, the script is outdated by about forty years and assumes we want to see more witch doctor than zombie."
References
External links
1991 films
1990s supernatural horror films
1990s English-language films
Fiction about Haitian Vodou
American supernatural horror films
American zombie films
Films about Voodoo
Films shot in South Carolina
Films based on American horror novels
1991 directorial debut films
1990s American films
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo%20Dawn
|
Tom Boardman may refer to:
Tom Boardman (racing driver) (born 1983), British racing driver
Tom Boardman, Baron Boardman (1919–2003), English Conservative politician and businessman
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Boardman
|
A Tootsie Pop (known as Tutsi Chupa Pop in Latin America) is a hard candy lollipop filled with the chocolate-flavored chewy Tootsie Roll candy. They were invented in 1931 by an employee of The Sweets Company of America. Tootsie Rolls had themselves been invented in 1896 by Leo Hirschfield. The company changed its name to Tootsie Roll Industries in 1969.
The candy made its debut in 1931 and since then various flavors have been introduced. The idea came to be when a man who worked at The Sweets Company of America licked his daughter's lollipop at the same time he was chewing his Tootsie Roll. He loved the idea and pitched it to everyone at the next snack ideas meeting.
In 2002, 60 million Tootsie Rolls and 20 million Tootsie Pops were produced every day.
Commercials
Tootsie Pops are known for the catch phrase "How many licks does it take to get to the Tootsie Roll center of a Tootsie Pop?". The phrase was first introduced in an animated commercial which debuted on US television in August 1969. In the original television ad, a questioning boy (voiced by Buddy Foster) proposes the question to a cow (voiced by Frank Nelson), a fox (voiced by Paul Frees), a turtle (voiced by Ralph James) and an owl (voiced by Paul Winchell). Each one of the first three animals tells the kid to ask someone else, explaining that they would bite a Tootsie Pop every time they lick one. Eventually, he asks the owl, appearing wise, who offers to investigate. He starts licking the orange Tootsie Pop, but bites into it after only three licks. The child walks away, saying to himself, "If there's anything I can't stand, it's a smart owl." The commercial ends the same way, with various flavored Tootsie Pops unwrapped and being "licked away" until being crunched in the center with Herschel Bernardi asking, "How many licks does it take to get to the Tootsie Roll center of a Tootsie pop? The world may never know."
While the original commercial is 60 seconds long, an edited 30-second version and 15-second version of this commercial are the ones that have aired innumerable times over the years.
In the shorter 30-second ad, Mr. Owl returns the spent candy stick, and the boy's final line is replaced with him frowning at the empty stick.
The 15-second commercial (which is still broadcast today as of November 2022) only shows the boy with Mr. Owl, and a different narrator (Frank Leslie) speaks the same concluding line (this time without mentioning "Tootsie Roll" in the sentence), but without the scene showing the Tootsie Roll pops slowly disappearing with an APM Music track "Crepe Suzette" (composed by Cyril Watters) playing in the background. The question still stands unanswered.
In the 1990s, a new commercial was made featuring a boy asking a robot and a dragon how many licks it takes to get to the center, with the Tootsie Pops known for the catch phrase "How many licks to the center of a Tootsie Pop?", rather than "How many licks does it take to get to the Tootsie Roll center of a Tootsie Pop?".
Rumors and set attempts
Redeemable wrappers
At some point, a rumor began that the lollipop wrappers which bore three unbroken circles were redeemable for free candy or even free items like shirts and other items. The rumor was untrue, but some shops have honored the wrapper offer over the years, allowing people to "win" a free pop.
Some stores redeemed lollipop wrappers with the "shooting star" (bearing an image of a child dressed as a Native American aiming a bow and arrow at a star) for a free sucker. This was clearly up to the store owner and not driven by the lollipop manufacturer. One convenience store in Iowa City, Iowa, for example, gave candy away when the children asked. Also, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Osco Drug used to give children free suckers for star wrappers. In 1994, the owner of Dan's Shortstop told a reporter that when he first opened children came by often, but after a while, he said he had to stop giving things away. Giveaways also occurred in Chico, California, where a 7-Eleven store manager in the Pleasant Valley area, said she had to stop because it had become too expensive. Since 1982, Tootsie Roll Industries has been distributing a "consolation prize", the short story, The Legend of the Indian Wrapper, to children who mail in their Indian star wrappers.
Lick tests
A student study by Purdue University concluded that it took an average of 364 licks to get to the center of a Tootsie Pop using a "licking machine", while it took an average of 252 licks when tried by 20 students. Yet another study by the University of Michigan concluded that it takes 411 licks to get to the center of a Tootsie Pop. A 1996 study by undergraduate students at Swarthmore College concluded that it takes a median of 144 licks (range 70–222) to get to the center of a Tootsie Pop.
In 2014, the Tribology Laboratory at the University of Florida published a study examining the coupled effects of biology, corrosion, and mechanical agitation on the wear of Tootsie Roll Pops. Self-reported wear data from 58 participants was used in conjunction with statistical analysis of actual lollipop cross-sectional information in a numerical simulation to compute the average number of licks required to reach the Tootsie Roll center of a Tootsie Roll Pop. The number of licks required to reach the center, based on equatorial cross-section data, was found to be nearly independent of the licking style with the one-sided approach requiring 195±18 licks and the full-surface approach requiring 184±33. Detailed examination of the lollipops indicates that the minimum candy shell thickness is rarely (if ever) located along the equator. Using the global minimum distance resulted in a calculated 130±29 licks to reach the center, independent of licking style.
Flavors
Original assortment
Chocolate
Raspberry
Cherry
Orange
Grape
Banana
Lemon was an early flavor, as well; it disappeared in the mid-1980s, and returned to the assortment after 2016.
All assortment flavors can also be purchased in single-flavor bulk.
In 2004, and again in 2011 with different flavors, Tootsie Pops would have a random, rotating sixth flavor.
Tropical Stormz
Strawberry/Banana
Citrus Punch
Berry Berry Punch
Lemon/Lime
Orange/Pineapple
"Wild Berry" assortment
Wild Apple Berry
Wild Blueberry
Wild Black Cherry
Wild Cherry Berry
Wild Mango Berry
Non-standard
Pomegranate (rotated as a "sixth flavor" in 2012)
Blueberry (rotated as a "sixth flavor" in 2011)
Lemon-Lime (rotated as a "sixth flavor" in 2004)
Blue Raspberry (rotated as a "sixth Flavor" in 2004)
Watermelon (rotated as a "sixth flavor" in 2004)
Strawberry (rotated as a "sixth flavor" in 2004)
Strawberry-Watermelon (rotated as a "sixth flavor" in 2015)
Pineapple
Tangerine
Fruit Punch
Non-standard flavors can be now purchased in single-flavor bulk.
Additional flavors: Strawberry-Vanilla, Cherry (Valentine's Day), Tangerine, Pineapple, Tropical Punch, Wild Blackberry and Strawberry Watermelon.
Seasonal
Candy Cane (Christmas seasonal flavor, also available as Pop Drops)
Caramel (Halloween seasonal flavor, but seems to be sold all year)
"Sweet & Sour Bunch" pops
The "Sweet & Sour Bunch" flavors came in a package of eight Assortment pops, at .50 oz. / 14.8 grams each.
Sour Apple
Sour Blackberry
Sour Blue Raspberry
Sour Lemon
Sweet Cherry
Sweet Grape
Sweet Orange
Sweet Raspberry
Tootsie Fruit Chews Pops
Hard candy matched with a complementary Tootsie Fruit Chew flavor core.
Orange Pop/Lime Center
Strawberry Pop/Lemon Center
Lemon Lime Pop/Orange Center
Blue Raspberry Pop/Cherry Center
Sister products
Tootsie Rolls - the original Tootsie candy on which Tootsie Pops were based
Tootsie Pop Drops - Smaller Tootsie Pops without the stick, made to be portable and often sold in a pocket package.
Pop Drops Assortment: Blue Raspberry, Cherry, Chocolate, Orange, and Grape
Candy Cane Pop Drops (seasonal)
Caramel Apple Pops - flat lollipop of apple-flavored hard candy, coated with a chewy caramel layer
Caramel Apple Pops (original flavor: Green Apple a.k.a. Granny Smith)
Caramel Apple Orchard Pops (three flavors: Red Macintosh, Green Apple, Golden Delicious)
Charms Blow Pops - Tootsie Pops with bubble gum in the center, instead of a Tootsie Roll
Charms Blow Pops Assortment: Cherry, Sour Apple, Grape, Watermelon, Strawberry, Blue Raspberry
Super Blow Pops
Blow Pops Minis
Way-2-Sour Blow Pops
See also
List of confectionery brands
References
External links
Official page on Tootsie Pops from the manufacturer
Scientific study about the number of licks to get to the center of a Tootsie Pop
Brand name confectionery
Tootsie Roll Industries brands
Products introduced in 1931
Candy
Lollipops
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tootsie%20Pop
|
USS Lee Fox (DE-65/ADP-45), a of the United States Navy, was named in honor of Ensign Lee Fox (1920–1941), who was killed in action during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, on 7 December 1941.
Lee Fox was laid down on 1 March 1943 at the Bethlehem-Hingham Shipyard, Inc., in Hingham, Massachusetts; launched on 29 May 1943, sponsored by Mrs. Lee Fox, mother of Ensign Fox; and commissioned on 30 August 1943.
Service history
Built with dispatch, Lee Fox helped to overcome the German submarine menace in the Atlantic. Her greatest enemy, however, turned out to be the buffeting storms of the North Atlantic. Returning from her Bermuda shakedown voyage on 17 October 1943, she was overtaken by a hurricane that almost capsized the vessel and caused a fire in the aft engine room. On 11 December off Cape Cod, during a storm, a projectile exploded on her forecastle, causing more fire damage and further yard repairs.
Overcoming her early misfortunes, Lee Fox completed 18 Atlantic crossings between 6 November 1943 and 7 January 1945. Derry, Northern Ireland, became her port away from home as she helped escort the invasion troops and supplies to England for "Operation Overlord", the invasion of Normandy. The last round-trip voyage required 30 days to convoy heavy equipment, such as floating cranes and powerplants, being towed to Plymouth, England, for use in the captured ports on the continent. Her only sure contact with enemy submarines occurred on 20 December 1944 when two ships in the return convoy were torpedoed.
Beginning on 21 February 1945, Lee Fox was converted to a Charles Lawrence-class high-speed transport and reclassified APD-45 two days later. On 7 May, she sortied from Norfolk, Virginia, with TU 29.6.1 bound for the war in the Pacific. Lee Fox arrived at Pearl Harbor on 31 May, having transited the Panama Canal on 13 May and spent three days at San Diego, California.
After she had additional training with Naval Combat Demolition Teams, 120 passengers were embarked on 18 June for Guam. Continuing westward from Guam with a new list of passengers, Lee Fox next dropped anchor in San Pedro Bay, Philippines, on 6 July. Here, the end of the war overtook her, but on 9 September the first of a series of escort assignments ended at Tokyo Bay. As a member of TU 53.7.1, she sailed for Yokohama on 23 October to see that the northern Japanese islands of Ōshima and others nearby were complying with the terms of surrender.
Released from this duty on 15 November, she sailed for home before the end of the month and disembarked 123 veterans at San Diego on 15 December. Departing New Year's Day 1946, she reached her home port of Boston on 17 January. Following a period in dry dock, she arrived at Green Cove Springs, Florida, on 14 February 1946 and decommissioned there on 13 May and entered the Atlantic Reserve Fleet.
Struck from the Navy List on 1 September 1964, Lee Fox was sold on 31 January 1966 for scrapping to the Southern Scrap Material Company, New Orleans, Louisiana.
References
External links
Buckley-class destroyer escorts
Charles Lawrence-class high speed transports
World War II frigates and destroyer escorts of the United States
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Ships built in Hingham, Massachusetts
1943 ships
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Lee%20Fox
|
The sorption pump is a vacuum pump that creates a vacuum by adsorbing molecules on a very porous material like molecular sieve which is cooled by a cryogen, typically liquid nitrogen. The ultimate pressure is about 10−2 mbar. With special techniques this can be lowered till 10−7 mbar. The main advantages are the absence of oil or other contaminants, low cost and vibration free operation because there are no moving parts. The main disadvantages are that it cannot operate continuously and cannot effectively pump hydrogen, helium and neon, all gases with lower condensation temperature than liquid nitrogen. The main application is as a roughing pump for a sputter-ion pump in ultra-high vacuum experiments, for example in surface physics.
Construction
A sorption pump is usually constructed in stainless steel, aluminium or borosilicate glass. It can be a simple Pyrex flask filled with molecular sieve or an elaborate metal construction consisting of a metal flask containing perforated tubing and heat-conducting fins. A pressure relief valve can be installed. The design only influences the pumping speed and not the ultimate pressure that can be reached. The design details are a trade-off between fast cooling using heat conducting fins and high gas conductance using perforated tubing.
The typical molecular sieve used is a synthetic zeolite with a pore diameter around 0.4 nanometer ( Type 4A ) and a surface area of about 500 m2/g. The sorption pump contains between 300 g and 1.2 kg of molecular sieve. A 15-liter system will be pumped down to about 10−2 mbar by 300 g molecular sieve.
Operation
The sorption pump is a cyclic pump and its cycle has 3 phases: sorption, desorption and regeneration.
In the sorption phase the pump is actually used to create a vacuum. This is achieved by cooling the pump body to low temperatures, typically by immersing it in a Dewar flask filled with liquid nitrogen. Gases will now either condense or be adsorbed by the large surface of the molecular sieve.
In the desorption phase the pump is allowed warm up to room temperature and the gases escape through the pressure relief valve or other opening to the atmosphere. If the pump has been used to pump toxic, flammable or other dangerous gasses one has to be careful to vent safely into the atmosphere as all gases pumped during the sorption phase will be released during the desorption phase.
In the regeneration phase the pump body is heated to 300 °C to drive off water vapor that does not desorb at room temperature and accumulates in the molecular sieve. It takes typically 2 hours to fully regenerate a pump.
The pump can be used in a cycle of sorption and desorption until it loses too much efficiency and is regenerated or in a cycle where sorption and desorption are always followed by regeneration.
After filling a sorption pump with new molecular sieve it should always be regenerated as the new molecular sieve is probably saturated with water vapor. Also when a pump is not in use it should be closed off from the atmosphere to prevent water vapor saturation.
Performance improvement
Pumping capacity can be improved by prepumping the system by another simple and clean vacuum pump like a diaphragm pump or even a water aspirator or compressed-air venturi pump.
Sequential or multistage pumping can be used to attain lower pressures. In this case two or more pumps are connected in parallel to the vacuum vessel. Every pump has a valve to isolate it from the vacuum vessel. At the start of the pump down all valves are open. The first pump is cooled down while the others are still hot. When the first pump has reached its ultimate pressure it is closed off and the next pump is cooled down. Final pressures are in the 10−4 mbar region. What is left is mainly helium because it is almost not pumped at all. The final pressure almost equals the partial pressure of helium in air.
A sorption pump does pump all gases effectively with the exception of hydrogen, helium and neon which do not condensate at liquid nitrogen temperatures and are not efficiently adsorbed by the molecular sieves because of their small molecular size. This problem can be solved by purging the vacuum system with dry pure nitrogen before pump down. In purged system with aspirator rough pumping ultimate pressures of 10−4 mbar for a single sorption pump and 10−7 mbar for sequential pumping can be reached. A typical source of dry pure nitrogen would be a liquid nitrogen Dewar head space.
It has been suggested that by applying a dynamic pumping technique hydrogen, helium and neon can also be pumped without resorting to dry nitrogen purging. This is done by precooling the pump with the valve to the vacuum vessel closed. The valve is opened when the pump is cold and the inrush of adsorbable gases will carry all other gases into the pump. The valve is closed before hydrogen, helium or neon can back-migrate into the vacuum vessel. Sequential pumping can also be applied. No final pressures are given.
Continuous pumping may be simulated by using two pumps in parallel and letting one pump pump the system while the other pump, temporally sealed-off from the system, is in the desorption phase and venting to the atmosphere. When the pump is well desorbed it is cooled down and reconnected to the system. The other pump is sealed-off and goes into desorption. This becomes a continuous cycle.
References
Vacuum pumps
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorption%20pump
|
Siblicide (attributed by behavioural ecologist Doug Mock to Barbara M. Braun) is the killing of an infant individual by its close relatives (full or half siblings). It may occur directly between siblings or be mediated by the parents, and is driven by the direct fitness benefits to the perpetrator and sometimes its parents. Siblicide has mainly, but not only, been observed in birds. (The word is also used as a unifying term for fratricide and sororicide in the human species; unlike these more specific terms, it leaves the sex of the victim unspecified.)
Siblicidal behavior can be either obligate or facultative. Obligate siblicide is when a sibling almost always ends up being killed. Facultative siblicide means that siblicide may or may not occur, based on environmental conditions. In birds, obligate siblicidal behavior results in the older chick killing the other chick(s). In facultative siblicidal animals, fighting is frequent, but does not always lead to death of a sibling; this type of behavior often exists in patterns for different species. For instance, in the blue-footed booby, a sibling may be hit by a nest mate only once a day for a couple of weeks and then attacked at random, leading to its death. More birds are facultatively siblicidal than obligatory siblicidal. This is perhaps because siblicide takes a great amount of energy and is not always advantageous.
Siblicide generally only occurs when resources, specifically food sources, are scarce. Siblicide is advantageous for the surviving offspring because they have now eliminated most or all of their competition. It is also somewhat advantageous for the parents because the surviving offspring most likely have the strongest genes, and therefore likely have the highest fitness.
Some parents encourage siblicide, while others prevent it. If resources are scarce, the parents may encourage siblicide because only some offspring will survive anyway, so they want the strongest offspring to survive. By letting the offspring kill each other, it saves the parents time and energy that would be wasted on feeding offspring that most likely would not survive anyway.
Models
Originally proposed by Dorward (1962), the insurance egg hypothesis (IEH) has quickly become the most widely supported explanation for avian siblicide as well as the overproduction of eggs in siblicidal birds. The IEH states that the extra egg(s) produced by the parent serves as an "insurance policy" in the case of the failure of the first egg (either it did not hatch or the chick died soon after hatching). When both eggs hatch successfully, the second chick, or B-chick, is known as the marginal offspring; otherwise stated, it is marginal in the sense that it can add to or subtract from the evolutionary success of its family members. It can increase reproductive and evolutionary success in two primary ways. Firstly, it represents an extra unit of parental success if it survives along with its siblings.
In the context of Hamilton's inclusive fitness theory, the marginal chick increases the total number of offspring successfully produced by the parent and therefore adds to the gene pool that the parent bird passes to the next generation. Secondly, it can serve as a replacement for any of its siblings that do not hatch or die prematurely.
Inclusive fitness is defined as an animal's individual reproductive success, plus the positive and/or negative effects that animal has on its sibling's reproductive success, multiplied by the animal's degree of kinship. In instances of siblicide, the victim is usually the youngest sibling. This sibling's reproductive value can be measured by how much it enhances or detracts from the success of other siblings, therefore this individual is considered to be marginal. The marginal sibling can act as an additional element of parental success if it, as well as its siblings, survive. If an older sibling happens to die unexpectedly, the marginal sibling is there to take its place; this acts as insurance against the death of another sibling, which depends on the likelihood of the older sibling dying.
Parent–offspring conflict is a theory which states that offspring can take actions to advance their own fitness while decreasing the fitness of their parents and that parents can increase their own fitness while simultaneously decreasing the fitness of their offspring. This is one of the driving forces of siblicide because it increases the fitness of the offspring by decreasing the amount of competition they have. Parents may either discourage or accept siblicide depending on whether it increases the probability of their offspring surviving to reproduce.
Mathematical representation
The cost and effect siblicide has on a brood's reproductive success can be broken down into an algebraic equation. is the level of parental investment in the entire brood, with an absolute maximum value MH(0 ≤M ≤M"H)." A parent investing units of parental investment (PI) in its current brood can expect a future reproductive success given by
if M ≤ 0
f(M)= { fH[1-(M/MH)^θ ] if
if MH≤M,
is the parents' future reproductive success, if it makes no reproductive attempt. The parameter θ determines the relationship between parental investment and the cost of reproduction. The equation indicates that as increases, the future reproductive success of the parent decreases.
The probability p(m) that a chick joins the breeding population after receiving M units of PI is
' if
if m ≤ mv
Examples
In birds
Cattle egrets, Bubulcus ibis, exhibit asynchronous hatching and androgen loading in the first two eggs of their normal three-egg clutch. This results in older chicks being more aggressive and having a developmental head start. If food is scarce the third chick often dies or is killed by the larger siblings and so parental effort is distributed between the remaining chicks, which are hence more likely to survive to reproduce. The extra "excess" egg is possibly laid either due to exploit the possibility of elevated food abundance (as seen in the blue-footed booby, Sula nebouxii) or due to the chance of sterility in one egg. This is suggested by studies into the common grackle, Quiscalus quiscula and the masked booby, Sula dactylatra.
The theory of kin selection may be seen as a genetically mediated altruistic response within closely related individuals whereby the fitness conferred by the altruist to the recipient outweighs the cost to itself or the sibling/parent group. The fact that such a sacrifice occurs indicates an evolutionary tendency in some taxa toward improved vertical gene transmission in families or a higher percentage of the unit in reaching a reproductive age in a resource-limited environment.
The closely related masked and Nazca boobies are both obligately siblicidal species, while the blue-footed booby is a facultatively siblicidal species. In a facultatively siblicidal species, aggression occurs between siblings but is not always lethal, whereas in an obligately siblicidal species, aggression between siblings always leads to the death of one of the offspring. All three species have an average brood size of two eggs, which are laid within approximately four days of each other. In the few days before the second egg hatches, the first-born chick, known as the senior chick or A-chick, enjoys a period of growth and development during which it has full access to resources provided by the parent bird. Therefore, when the junior chick (B-chick) hatches, there is a significant disparity in size and strength between it and its older sibling.
In these three booby species, hatching order indicates chick hierarchy in the nest. The A-chick is dominant to the B-chick, which in turn is dominant to the C chick, etc. (when there are more than two chicks per brood). Masked booby and Nazca booby dominant A-chicks always begin pecking their younger sibling(s) as soon as they hatch; moreover, assuming it is healthy, the A-chick usually pecks its younger sibling to death or pushes it out of the nest scrape within the first two days that the junior chick is alive. Blue-footed booby A-chicks also express their dominance by pecking their younger sibling. However, unlike the obligately siblicidal masked and Nazca booby chicks, their behavior is not always lethal. A study by Lougheed and Anderson (1999) reveals that blue-footed booby senior chicks only kill their siblings in times of food shortage. Furthermore, even when junior chicks are killed, it does not happen immediately. According to Anderson, the average age of death of the junior chick in a masked booby brood is 1.8 days, while the average age of death of the junior chick in a blue-footed booby brood may be as high as 18 days. The difference in age of death in the junior chick in each booby species is indicative of the type of siblicide that the species practices. Facultatively siblicidal blue-footed booby A-chicks only kill their nest mate(s) when necessary. Obligately siblicidal masked and Nazca booby A-chicks kill their sibling no matter if resources are plentiful or not; in other words, siblicidal behavior occurs independently of environmental factors.
Blue-footed boobies are less likely to commit siblicide and if they do, they commit it later after hatching than masked boobies. In a study, the chicks of blue-footed and masked boobies were switched to see if the rates of siblicide would be affected by the foster parents. It turns out that the masked boobies that were placed under the care of blue-footed booby parents committed siblicide less often than they would normally. Similarly, the blue-footed booby chicks placed with the masked booby parents committed siblicide more often than they normally did, indicating that parental intervention also affects the offspring's behavior.
In another experiment which tested the effect of a synchronous brood on siblicide, three groups were created: one in which all the eggs were synchronous, one in which the eggs hatched asynchronously, and one in which asynchronous hatching was exaggerated. It was found that the synchronous brood fought more, was less likely to survive than the control group, and resulted in lower parental efficiency. The exaggerated asynchronous brood also had a lower survivorship rate than the control brood and forced parents to bring more food to the nest each day, even though not as many offspring survived.
In other animals
Siblicide (brood reduction) in spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta'') resulted in the champions achieving a long-term growth rate similar to that of singletons and thus significantly increased their expected survival. The incidence of siblicide increased as the average cohort growth rate declined. When both cubs were alive, total maternal input in siblicidal litters was significantly lower than in non-siblicidal litters. Once siblicide has occurred, the growth rates of siblicide survivors substantially increased, indicating that mothers don't reduce their maternal input after siblicide has occurred. Also, facultative siblicide can evolve when the fitness benefits gained after the removal of a sibling by the dominant offspring, exceeds the costs acquired in terms of decreasing that sibling's inclusive fitness from the death of its sibling.
Some mammals sometimes commit siblicide for the purpose of gaining a larger portion of the parent's care. In spotted hyenas, pups of the same sex exhibit siblicide more often than male-female twins. Sex ratios may be manipulated in this way and the dominant status of a female and transmission of genes may be ensured through a son or daughter which inherits this solely, receiving much more parental nursing and decreased sexual competition.
Siblicidal "survival of the fittest" is also exhibited in parasitic wasps, which lay multiple eggs in a host, after which the strongest larva kills its rival sibling. Another example is when mourning cloak larvae will eat non-hatched eggs.
In sand tiger sharks, the first embryo to hatch from its egg capsule kills and consumes its younger siblings while still in the womb.
In humans
Siblicide can also be seen in humans in the form of twins in the mother's womb. One twin may grow to be an average weight, while the other is underweight. This is a result of one twin taking more nutrients from the mother than the other twin. In cases of identical twins, they may even have twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). This means that the twins share the same placenta and blood and nutrients can then move between twins. The twins may also be suffering from intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), meaning that there is not enough room for both of the twins to grow. All of these factors can limit the growth of one of the twins while promoting the growth of the other. While one of the twins may not die because of these factors, it is entirely possible that their health will be compromised and lead to complications after their birth.
Siblicide in humans can also manifest itself in the form of murder. This type of killing (siblicide) is rarer than other types of killings. Genetic relatedness may be an important moderator of conflict and homicide among family members, including siblings. Siblings may be less likely to kill a full sibling because that would be a decrease in their own fitness. The cost of killing a sibling is much higher than the fitness costs associated with the death of a sibling-in-law because the killer wouldn't be losing 50% of their genes. Siblicide was found to be more common in early to middle adulthood as opposed to adolescence. However, there is still a tendency for the killer to be the younger party when the victim and killer were of the same sex. The older individual was most likely to be the killer if the incident were to occur at a younger age.
See also
Fratricide, the killing of a brother
Infanticide (zoology), a related behaviour
Intrauterine cannibalism
Nazca booby (displays obligate siblicide)
Parent–offspring conflict
Sibling abuse
Sibling rivalry
Sororicide, the killing of a sister
References
Further reading
Killings by type
Fratricides
Homicide
Selection
Sibling
Sibling rivalry
Sociobiology
Sororicides
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siblicide
|
In music, standard tuning refers to the typical tuning of a string instrument. This notion is contrary to that of scordatura, i.e. an alternate tuning designated to modify either the timbre or technical capabilities of the desired instrument.
Violin family
The most popular bowed strings used nowadays belong to the violin family; together with their respective standard tunings, they are:
Violin – G3 D4 A4 E5 (ascending perfect fifths, starting from G below middle C)
Viola – C3 G3 D4 A4 (a perfect fifth below a violin's standard tuning)
Cello – C2 G2 D3 A3 (an octave lower than the viola)
Double bass – E1 A1 D2 G2 (ascending perfect fourths, where the highest sounding open string coincides with the G on a cello).
Double bass with a low C extension – C1 E1 A1 D2 G2 (the same, except for low C, which is a major third below the low E on a standard 4-string double bass)
5-stringed double bass – B0 E1 A1 D2 G2 (a low B is added, so the tuning remains in perfect fourths)
Viol family
The double bass is properly the contrabass member of the viol family. Its smaller members are tuned in ascending fourths, with a major third in the middle, as follows:
Treble viol – D3 G3 C4 E4 A4 D5 (ascending perfect fourths with the exception of a major third between strings 3 and 4)
Tenor viol – G2 C3 F3 A3 D4 G4 (a perfect fifth below the treble viol)
Bass viol – D2 G2 C3 E3 A3 D4 (an octave lower than the treble viol)
7-stringed bass viol – A1 D2 G2 C3 E3 A3 D4 (an extra low A is added)
A more recent family is the violin octet, which also features a standardized tuning system (see page).
Guitar family
Guitars and bass guitars have more standard tunings, depending on the number of strings an instrument has.
six-string guitar (the most common configuration) – E2 A2 D3 G3 B3 E4 (ascending perfect fourths, with an exception between G and B, which is a major third). Low E falls a major third above the C on a standard-tuned cello.
Renaissance lute – E2 A2 D3 F♯3 B3 E4 (used by classical guitarists for certain pieces; identical to standard guitar tuning, except for the F♯, lowered one semitone from the standard G string, making a perfect fourth between 2nd and 3rd rather than 3rd and 4th strings)
seven-string guitar – B1 E2 A2 D3 G3 B3 E4 (identical, except for the low B, which is a perfect fourth below the low E on a 6-stringed guitar)
four-string bass guitar (most popular) – E1 A1 D2 G2 (its standard tuning coincides with that of a 4-stringed double bass)
five-string bass – B0 E1 A1 D2 G2 (identical to 4-stringed bass with the addition of a low B string a perfect fourth below the E).
six-string bass – B0 E1 A1 D2 G2 C3 (identical to 5-stringed bass with the addition of a high C string a perfect fourth above the G).
Baritone (older use) / 6 string bass (older use) such as the Fender Bass VI – E1 A1 D2 G2 B2 E3 (Similar to a standard guitar but an octave lower, and often played like a standard guitar rather than a bass guitar.)
Baritone guitar (contemporary versions) – B1 E2 A2 D3 F♯3 B3 a fourth below standard tuning, although A1 to A3; a fifth lower is also used.
12-string guitar E3 E2 A3 A2 D4 D3 G4 G3 B3 B3 E4 E4 in six two-string courses.
Other
Other plucked string instruments and their respective standard tunings include:
Banjo (Five-stringed): G4 D3 G3 B3 D4 for bluegrass; old time and folk banjoists use this and a wide variety of other tunings
Mandola: C3 G3 D4 A4 (same as standard viola tuning)
Mandolin: G3 D4 A4 E5 (same as standard violin tuning)
Pipa: A2 D3 E3 A3 (most common and used in Chinese orchestra; several other tunings exist)
Balalaika (Prima): E4 E4 A5 (the two identical Es are on strings of different gauges)
Requinto Jarocho: A3 D3 G3 C4 (G string tuned the same as a guitar's)
Ukulele (Soprano): G4 C4 E4 A4 (C6) and A4 D4 F♯4 B4
See also
List of guitar tunings
Musical tuning
Scordatura
References
Musical tuning
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20tuning
|
This is a list of newspapers in Belize.
Major newspapers
Amandala, established in 1969, offers a mix of national news, sports, and editorial opinion
The Belize Times, official newspaper of the People's United Party
The Guardian, official newspaper of the United Democratic Party
The Reporter, weekly independent newspaper established in 1967
Minor newspapers
Ambergris Today: rival to The San Pedro Sun on Ambergris Caye
Caye Caulker Chronicles: chief paper for village of Caye Caulker
The Placencia Breeze: tourism paper for Placencia
The San Pedro Daily: online newspaper
The San Pedro Sun: respected source for San Pedro
The Wabagari Post: local newspaper of Dangriga Town
Defunct newspapers
The Alliance Weekly: weekly newspaper published in Belize City (1990s)
The Beacon: weekly newspaper published in Belize City (1980s)
The Independent: soft news and opinions (2006–2007)
The National Perspective: based in Belmopan (2008–2011)
Star: local newspaper of Cayo District (2004–2016)
Honduras Gazette: weekly newspaper published in Belize City (1826 to sometime during 18291838)
See also
List of television stations in Belize
References
External links
List of Belize newspapers at newspaperindex.com
Global NewsNetwork (global-news.info): Belize
Belize
Newspapers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20Belize
|
The Scene Is Not for Sale is the second and last album by the L.A. punk rock band Glue Gun. It was released in November 1995.
Track listing
"Drug Life"
"The Scene Is Not for Sale"
"Happy Forever"
"Self Respect"
"Powder Keg"
"Land of Treason"
"No Not Never"
"Problem Child"
"Confess"
"Inside of Me"
"Skate the Haight"
"Rock & Roll Star"
Notes
"Land of Treason" is a cover of the Germs and "Problem Child" is a cover of Wasted Youth.
Glue Gun (band) albums
1995 albums
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Scene%20Is%20Not%20for%20Sale
|
This is a list of winners and nominees of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie. Before 1975, supporting actors featured in a miniseries or movie were included in categories such as comedy or drama. From 1975 to 1978, the award was called Outstanding Single Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy or Drama Special. Despite the category's name, actors appearing in many episodes of a miniseries were included. In 1979, the award was named Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Special. The award was renamed again in 1986, in Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Special. By 1998, the award was renamed Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie.
Winners and nominations
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
Programs with multiple nominations
6 nominations
American Crime Story
5 nominations
American Horror Story
4 nominations
Angels in America
Fargo
The Normal Heart
3 nominations
And the Band Played On
Baby M
Dopesick
Hamilton
John Adams
Roots: The Next Generations
The Thorn Birds
Watchmen
When They See Us
The White Lotus
2 nominations
12 Angry Men
Backstairs at the White House
Barbarians at the Gate
Beef
Black Bird
Brideshead Revisited
Broadway Bound
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee
Citizen X
Conspiracy
Death of a Salesman
Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years
Elizabeth I
Empire Falls
Feud
Hollywood
The Josephine Baker Story
Little Dorrit
Masada
Mildred Pierce
Miss Evers' Boys
The Night Of
Our Fathers
QB VII
Raid on Entebbe
The Rat Pack
Recount
RKO 281
Sherlock
Shōgun
Too Big to Fail
Performers with multiple wins
2 wins
Beau Bridges
Michael Moriarty
Performers with multiple nominations
4 nominations
Brian Dennehy
3 nominations
Beau Bridges
John Gielgud
John Malkovich
Joe Mantegna
Michael K. Williams
2 nominations
Alan Alda
Murray Bartlett
Ralph Bellamy
Art Carney
Don Cheadle
Dabney Coleman
James Cromwell
Hume Cronyn
Charles Durning
Ed Flanders
Martin Freeman
Danny Glover
John Glover
John Goodman
Harold Gould
Derek Jacobi
James Earl Jones
Richard Kiley
John Leguizamo
Ian McKellen
Burgess Meredith
Alfred Molina
Michael Moriarty
Denis O'Hare
Peter O'Toole
Laurence Olivier
Jim Parsons
Jesse Plemons
Christopher Plummer
Jonathan Pryce
Randy Quaid
Anthony Quayle
David Strathairn
Michael Stuhlbarg
Stanley Tucci
Tom Wilkinson
Finn Wittrock
See also
TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Drama
Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Miniseries
Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie
References
Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie
Emmy Award
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime%20Emmy%20Award%20for%20Outstanding%20Supporting%20Actor%20in%20a%20Limited%20or%20Anthology%20Series%20or%20Movie
|
William Heaton Cooper RA (6 October 1903 – 1995) was an English impressionistic landscape artist who worked predominantly in watercolours, most famous for his paintings of the Lake District. Since the 1950s, he has become known as one of the most celebrated British landscape artists of the 20th century.
Life
Heaton Cooper was born in Coniston, Cumbria, in the English Lake District in 1903, the third child to a Norwegian mother, Mathilde, and the landscape artist Alfred Heaton Cooper.
William Heaton Cooper was strongly influenced by his father's artistic style. Alfred lived entirely by his painting and William soon aspired to follow in his father's footsteps. He gained a scholarship to the Royal Academy School in London and subsequently exhibited at the Royal Academy, with the Royal Society of British Artists and the Royal Institute. Alongside his painting, he became an authority on the lore and landscape of the Lake District, walking and rock climbing in its mountains with the pioneer climbers of the 1920s. He was noted for his knowledge of the Lakeland fells, their structure and their geography. This knowledge is apparent from his illustration of the rock climbing guides published by the Fell & Rock Climbing Club, of which he was elected life president.
In 1953, he was elected to membership of the Royal Institute of British Watercolourists and was for eleven years president of the Lake Artists Society. At the time of his father's death in 1929, William was living in the south of England in an experimental commune, which was home to a variety of people with artistic talents and was a source of inspiration for him. Heaton Cooper left the south to take over the studio in Ambleside which his father had built, in order to provide for his mother and younger sister. A period of intense unhappiness followed during which a search for inner peace and integrity led him on a religious quest, culminating in his adoption of the doctrines of the Oxford Movement. The strength of his sincere belief in the tenets of this movement led him to ignore the more contentious side of its dogma. He decided that he would hand over control of his whole life to God. He claimed that this included a commitment even to give up painting if God so wished. He remained convinced that this decision enabled him to find it in himself to love, and always referred to the moment as his 'release'.
His painting continued to improve, so much so that he soon eclipsed the reputation of his father. A decision was taken to move the studio business to Grasmere, and the building of a home and studio there began in 1938. In the same year he met the sculptor Ophelia Gordon Bell, who in 1940 became his wife.
It was after the Second World War, in which Heaton Cooper served as a camouflage officer, that the idea of reproduction sales occurred. For many years William, like Alfred before him, had needed to produce a constant output of original paintings to earn a living. The advent of improved colour printing techniques meant that more faithful reproductions of originals could be made, which enabled Heaton Cooper's popularity to spread.
William died in 1995 and is buried in Grasmere. Obituaries in the Times, Guardian and Daily Telegraph paid tribute to his outstanding contribution to landscape art.
Style
William's style of mountain painting is more impressionistic than his father's, with his knowledge of geology used to the full in his sometimes spare and skeletal depiction of crags and fells. He was fascinated by the ever changing light of Lakeland, with views seldom looking twice alike. His most spectacular pictures were obtained in the light of evening or dawn, to which end he would walk miles over the fells, camping out to capture the late or early glows over fell tops and lakes. The result has been a body of work which continues to give pleasure to thousands of visitors to the English Lakes. Likewise his books on the area continue to delight the Lakeland enthusiast.
His legacy is not simply in his art. Through his painting he manages to suggest the deep spirituality with which he regarded his life and work. The spare and deceptively simple renderings of Lakeland landscapes reflect the simplicity of his belief, whilst revealing the depth of his knowledge.
References
External links
Heaton Cooper Studios
1903 births
1995 deaths
20th-century English painters
English male painters
English watercolourists
Landscape artists
People from Coniston, Cumbria
People from Grasmere (village)
20th-century English male artists
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Heaton%20Cooper
|
Howard Frank Mosher (June 2, 1942 – January 29, 2017) was an American author of thirteen books: eleven fiction and two non-fiction. Much of his fiction takes place in the mid-20th century and all of it is set in the Northeast Kingdom of Vermont, a region loosely defined by the three counties in the northeastern corner of the state (Essex, Orleans, and Caledonia). His characters are often quirky, reflecting the distinctive peculiarities of the region's taciturn residents. The community struggle with changing times is often a theme, with the more traditional ways of rural Yankee life coming in conflict with an expanding, modern society. The last novel published during his lifetime was God's Kingdom (St. Martin's Press, October 2015).
Personal life
Mosher graduated from Cato-Meridian Central School, in Cato, New York, in 1960 and graduated from Syracuse University in 1964. He taught English at Orleans High and Lake Region Union High School during his early years.
Mosher lived with his wife, Phillis, in Irasburg, Vermont. They had a grown son and a daughter. He was a die-hard Red Sox fan, and this was a recurring element in his work. Mosher often developed a fictional character (usually still in boyhood) who would become obsessed with the fate of the Red Sox.
Death
In December 2016, Mosher was ill with what he believed to be an upper respiratory ailment. He was soon diagnosed with an aggressive form of cancer, induced from treatment of prostate cancer in 2007. Mosher announced his latest cancer via his Facebook page. He died at home on January 29, 2017, at age 74.
Awards
Mosher was a Guggenheim Fellow in 1979, and is the 1981 recipient of the Literature Award bestowed by the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. A Stranger In the Kingdom won the New England Book Award for Fiction in 1991, and was later made to a feature film of the same name by director Jay Craven. Craven has also adapted Disappearances, Where the Rivers Flow North and Northern Borders to film. In 2006, Mosher received the Vermont Governor's Award for Excellence in the Arts. In 2011 he was awarded the New England Independent Booksellers Association's President's Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Arts.
Bibliography
His books, in order of publication, are:
Disappearances (1977)
Where the Rivers Flow North (1978)
Marie Blythe (1983)
A Stranger in the Kingdom (1989)
Northern Borders (1994)
North Country (nonfiction, 1997)
The Fall of the Year (1999)
The True Account (2003)
Waiting for Teddy Williams (2004)
On Kingdom Mountain (2007)
Walking to Gatlinburg (2010)
The Great Northern Express (nonfiction, 2012)
God's Kingdom (2015)
Points North: Stories (2018)
References
External links
Howard Frank Mosher Official Website
2007 interview with The Optimistic Curmudgeon
1942 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from cancer in Vermont
Vermont culture
People from Irasburg, Vermont
People from Cayuga County, New York
Syracuse University alumni
Novelists from Vermont
American male novelists
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from New York (state)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Frank%20Mosher
|
Judith Nisse Shklar (September 24, 1928 – September 17, 1992) was a philosopher and political theorist who studied the history of political thought, notably that of the Enlightenment period. She was appointed the John Cowles Professor of Government at Harvard University in 1980.
Biography
Judith Shklar was born as Judita Nisse in Riga, Latvia, to Jewish parents. Because of persecution during World War II, her family fled Europe via Japan to the US and finally to Canada in 1941, when she was thirteen. She began her studies at McGill University at the age of 16, receiving bachelor of arts and master of arts degrees in 1949 and 1950, respectively. She later recalled that the entrance rules to McGill at the time required 750 points for Jews and 600 for everyone else. She took her PhD degree from Harvard University in 1955. Her mentor was the famous political theorist Carl Joachim Friedrich, who, she later recalled, only ever offered her one compliment: "Well, this isn't the usual thesis, but then I did not expect it to be." Eventually she became his successor.
Shklar joined the Harvard faculty in 1956, becoming the first woman to receive tenure in Harvard's Government Department in 1971. During her first year in the job, the Department permitted her to stay at home with her first child while writing her first book. When it came time for her tenure decision, the Department dithered, so Shklar proposed a half-time appointment with effective tenure and the title of lecturer, partly because she had three children by then. In 1980, she was appointed as John Cowles Professor of Government. Her friend and colleague Stanley Hoffmann once remarked, “she was by far the biggest star of the department.” Hoffmann also called her "the most devastatingly intelligent person I ever knew here."
During her career, Shklar served in various academic and professional capacities. For example, she was active in the committee that integrated the American Repertory Theater into the Harvard community.
A renowned teacher and advisor, many of Shklar's former students and colleagues contributed to a volume of essays, Liberalism without Illusions: Essays on Liberal Theory and the Political Vision of Judith N. Shklar (University of Chicago Press, 1996), edited by Bernard Yack. Contributors include her celebrated former students Amy Gutmann, Patrick T. Riley, Nancy L. Rosenblum, Bernard Yack, Rogers Smith, Melissa Williams, and Tracy Strong.
Throughout her life, Judith Shklar was known as "Dita." She and her husband, Gerald Shklar, had three children, David, Michael, and Ruth.
Views
Shklar's thought centered on two main ideas: cruelty as the worst evil and the "liberalism of fear." She discusses the first idea in her essay "Putting Cruelty First," published in Daedalus (1982) and in Ordinary Vices (1984). Her second main idea, expounded in her essay "The Liberalism of Fear," is founded on the first idea and focuses on how governments are prone to abuse the "inevitable inequalities in power" that result from political organization.
Based on these core ideas, Shklar advocated constitutional democracy, which she saw as flawed but still the best form of government possible. A constitutional democracy, in Shklar's view, protects people from the abuses of the more powerful by restricting government and by dispersing power among a "multiplicity of politically active groups". Her concern for possible governmental abuse stemmed from her focus on ordinary citizens instead of institutions and elites, since it is the average person who faces the brunt of institutional evil and injustice.
Shklar believed that "the original and only defensible meaning of liberalism" is that "every adult should be able to make as many effective decisions without fear or favor about as many aspects of his or her life as is compatible with the like freedom of every adult." Shklar described rights less as absolute moral liberties and more as licenses which citizens must have in order to protect themselves against abuse.
Shklar was deeply interested in injustice and political evils, claiming that "philosophy fails to give injustice its due"; that is, most past philosophers have ignored injustice and talked only about justice, likewise ignoring vice and talking only about virtue. Instead, Shklar's writing avoided justice and virtue and focused on evil, fear, or injustice. Ordinary Vices and The Faces of Injustice articulate Shklar's attempts to fill this gap in philosophical thought, drawing heavily on literature as well as philosophy to argue that injustice and the "sense of injustice" are historically and culturally universal and are critical concepts for modern political and philosophical theory.
Awards and honors
She became a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1970 and a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1990. She served as president of the American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy (1982) and then as vice president of the American Political Science Association (1983). While serving as the vice president of the APSA, she was also the visiting Pitt Professor of American History and Institutions at Cambridge University (1983–1984). In 1984, she received a MacArthur Fellowship for her work. She served as a visiting fellow at All Souls College, Oxford University, in 1983 and 1986. Following this, she was the Carlyle Lecturer at Oxford in 1986; Storrs Lecturer, Yale Law School, 1988; Tanner Lecturer, University of Utah, 1989; and Charles Homer Haskins Lecturer of the American Council of Learned Societies, 1989. Also in 1989, she was elected the first female president of the APSA.
In 1985 the Harvard University chapter of Phi Beta Kappa awarded her its teaching prize, calling her "demanding, rewarding, forthright, fair, and reasonable, a model of intellectual and human qualities rarely combined."
In popular culture
Shklar's Ordinary Vices is referenced in the American television series The Good Place, serving as an inspiration for a well-ordered society.
Works
Professor Shklar wrote many influential books and articles on political science, including the following:
After Utopia: The Decline of Political Faith (Princeton University Press, 1957) – Analysis of the decline of political philosophy in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
Legalism: Law, Morals, and Political Trials (Harvard University Press, 1964) – A look into political theory and jurisprudence, thereby analyzing legalism
Men and Citizens: A Study of Rousseau's Social Theory (Cambridge University Press, 1969) – A close look at Rousseau and his social theory
Freedom and Independence: A Study of the Political Ideas of Hegel's Phenomenology of Mind (Cambridge University Press, 1976) – A close look at Hegel's Phenomenology of the Mind
Ordinary Vices (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1984) – A collection of six essays on the ordinary vices of cruelty, hypocrisy, snobbery, betrayal, and misanthropy.
Montesquieu (Oxford University Press, 1987) – An introduction to the thought of Montesquieu
The Faces of Injustice (Yale University Press, 1990) – Three essays on injustice: "Giving Injustice Its Due," "Misfortune and Injustice," and "The Sense of Injustice."
American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion (Harvard University Press, 1991) – A look at what constitutes American citizenship.
On Political Obligation (Yale University Press, 2019) – A series of lectures published posthumously by Samantha Ashenden and Andreas Hess.
Several of her essays, including the "classic" "The Liberalism of Fear," have been collected in two posthumous volumes edited by Stanley Hoffmann and published by the University of Chicago Press: Redeeming American Political Thought (1998) and Political Thought and Political Thinkers (1998).
References
Further reading
Andreas Hess, The Political Theory of Judith N. Shklar: Exile from Exile, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2014.
Giunia Gatta, Rethinking Liberalism for the 21st Century: The Skeptical Radicalism of Judith Shklar, London: Routledge, 2018.
Jacob T. Levy, Who's Afraid of Judith Sklar?, Foreign Policy, (2018).
External links
A Life of Learning by Shklar
Papers of Judith N. Shklar, Harvard University Archive
Is cruelty worse than hypocrisy? The importance of ranking our vices in liberal democracies, accompanying webpage to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 53-minute Ideas radio programme episode on Shklar of January 2021 titled "The Rising Star of Judith Shklar, the skeptical liberal". Includes a link to the audio recording of the programme.
1928 births
1992 deaths
American women political scientists
American political scientists
American people of Latvian-Jewish descent
American political philosophers
Harvard University alumni
Harvard University Department of Philosophy faculty
Harvard University faculty
McGill University alumni
Jewish philosophers
Jewish American writers
MacArthur Fellows
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Latvian emigrants to Canada
Latvian Jews
20th-century American women
20th-century American people
American women academics
20th-century American Jews
Members of the American Philosophical Society
20th-century political scientists
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith%20N.%20Shklar
|
NGC 1309 is a spiral galaxy located approximately 120 million light-years away, appearing in the constellation Eridanus. It is about 75,000 light-years across, and is about 3/4s the width of the Milky Way. Its shape is classified as SA(s)bc, meaning that it has moderately wound spiral arms and no ring.
Bright blue areas of star formation can be seen in the spiral arms, while the yellowish central nucleus contains older-population stars. NGC 1309 is one of over 200 members of the Eridanus Group of galaxies.
Supernova 2002fk
SN 2002fk was discovered jointly by Reiki Kushida of the Yatsugatake South Base Observatory, Nagano Prefecture, Japan; and Jun-jie Wang and Yu-Lei Qiu of the Beijing Astronomical Observatory on Sept. 17.719 UT.
When it was discovered it was magnitude ~15.0; it was estimated to have reached maximum magnitude of ~13.0 before fading away. It was a Type Ia supernova (i.e., the progenitor star was white dwarf). White dwarfs are older stars that have used up almost all of their main fuel (the lighter elements such as hydrogen and helium). SN 2002fk's spectra showed no indications of hydrogen, helium or carbon; instead ionized calcium, silicon, iron and nickel were found.
Supernova 2012Z
SN 2012Z was discovered jointly by S. B. Cenko, W. Li, and A. V. Filippenko using the Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope on January 29.15 UT as part of the Lick Observatory Supernova Search. The scientists have hypothesized that this is a type Iax supernova, and may have left behind a remnant zombie star. In February 2022 a study with new observations has confirmed that the star survived the explosion and is even brighter than before.
References
External links
Unbarred spiral galaxies
Eridanus (constellation)
Eridanus Group
1309
012626
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201309
|
America by Havalina was released in 1999 on Wignalls' own label, Jackson Rubio. It is a musical tour of America by region and draws on many regional musical influences.
Track listing
"Bovine Stomp" – 0:53
"American Skies" – 3:35
"Mexi Radio" – 0:21
"Puerco Chico" – 2:52
"Dark Skies" – 3:10
"Little Darl'n" – 5:28
"Travel Music I" – 0:42
"Miss. River" – 2:33
"Cajun Blue" – 2:58
"Travel Music II" – 0:50
"Bullfrog" – 8:02
"Travel Music III" – 0:42
"Flower Of The Desert" – 2:33
"Travel Music IV" – 0:38
"Feeling Green" – 1:16
"United State(s)" – 4:40
"Pick'n And Yodel" – 0:49
"Borris The Milkman" – 3:03
"Devil In The Cornfield" – 6:13
"Alaska" – 1:12
"Chips" – 0:32
"California" – 3:05
"Let's Not Forget Hawaii" – 6:52
"Keep Smil'n" – 4:30
Personnel
Matt Wignall - Vocals, Guitar, Lap Steel, Banjo, Mouth Harp, Harmonica
Orlando Greenhill - Electric and Upright bass, Background Vocals
Mark Cole - Percussion
Jeff Suri - Drums, Vocals, Percussion
Lori Suri - Washboard, Percussion, Background Vocals
Erick Diego Nieto - Violin, Percussion
References
1999 albums
Havalina albums
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%20%28Havalina%20album%29
|
This is a list of newspapers in the Bahamas.
Newspapers
Abaconian, Marsh Harbour, Abaco
The Bahama Journal - Nassau, New Providence
Bahamas National
Bahamas News Ma Bey, founded in 2009, headquarters located in Orlando, Florida
Bahamas Press
Bahamas Spectator
Bahamas Uncensored
Bahamas Weekly
Eleutheran, Eleuthera
The Freeport News - Freeport, Grand Bahama Island
The Nassau Guardian - Nassau, New Providence
Official Gazette The Bahamas, founded in 1783, official newspaper of the Bahamas' government
The Punch - Nassau, New Providence
The Tribune - Nassau, New Providence
See also
Television in the Bahamas
References
Bahamas
Newspapers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20the%20Bahamas
|
, meaning Heavenly Dragonfly, was a manzai comedy duo consisting of and . Members of the Yoshimoto Kogyo entertainment conglomerate, they performed on the Fuji TV variety show Mecha-Mecha Iketeru! Their main act was based on arguing and fighting in public.
On July 18, 2006, it was found out that Yamamoto was questioned by the Hakodate West Police station in Hokkaidō on suspicion of statutory rape of a minor. As a result, Yoshimoto Kogyo announced the cancellation of their contract with the agency. The duo was also disbanded. Kato apologized for Yamamoto's scandal on his live TV program broadcast by Nippon Television Network the next day, the whole apology delivered as Kato wept loudly.
In 2016, Yamamoto returned to television after over a decade long hiatus and has resumed activities in the industry. He is also currently a member of Yoshimotozaka46.
In 2022, Yamamoto married former AKB48 member Miki Nishino.
References
Profile by Yoshimoto Kogyo)
Fuji TV - Mecha-Mecha Iketeru!
Japanese comedy duos
Performing groups established in 1989
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokuraku%20Tombo
|
Strangeland is a 1998 American horror film written by Dee Snider and directed by John Pieplow. The film centers around a police detective trying to save his city, as well as his daughter, from an online predator who enjoys bringing "enlightenment" through ritual pain.
The film has a strong emphasis on the Modern Primitive subculture and its ethos of spiritual transcendence through painful rites, showing several such different practices therein. Accordingly, a large amount of dialogue of the film's villain (concerning his personal philosophy) are paraphrases or direct quotations of Fakir Musafar, the father of the Modern Primitive movement.
Plot
Fifteen-year-old Genevieve Gage and her best friend Tiana Moore are typical high school students in Helverton, Colorado who spend their idle time chatting with strangers in chat rooms. After chatting with another apparent student who goes by the screen name of "Captain Howdy", Genevieve and Tiana decide to attend a party at Captain Howdy's house, which is a trap. When neither Genevieve nor Tiana returns home by the next morning, Genevieve's mother, Toni, alerts her husband, local cop Mike Gage. With the assistance of a younger cop named Steve Christian, Gage begins searching for Genevieve and Tiana. The case takes an unexpected turn when Tiana's car is pulled out of a lake with Tiana's tortured body inside and no sign of Genevieve.
Mike discovers that Captain Howdy is into "body art", including significant tattooing, piercing, branding, and scarification. But it is not until Mike's niece Angela Stravelli informs him of Genevieve's penchant for meeting strangers through the Internet that Mike gets his first lead. Meeting the Captain Howdy online, Mike attempts to get Captain Howdy to invite him to a party. Despite the plan going awry, he later figures out Captain Howdy's location and finds his torture chamber. There, Gage finds Genevieve naked and bound, with her mouth stitched shut, as well as five other teenagers who are in similar predicaments. After a brief struggle in which Captain Howdy gets shot, Mike arrests him and discovers his real name is Carlton Hendricks.
Mike thinks he has closed the case. But a year later, Hendricks is declared not guilty by reason of insanity and he is put in the Meistrich Psychiatric Institute, only to be released three years later. Doctors at the Meistrich Institute state that Hendricks, who has been diagnosed as a schizophrenic with a severe chemical imbalance, is okay as long as he is on his medication. So, Hendricks moves back to his old neighborhood. While taking his medicine, Hendricks is timid and apologetic about what he did, but the memories of what Hendricks did are still fresh in the minds of Helverton's residents. Many people are not happy about Hendricks's release, especially an activist group led by Jackson Roth and Catherine "Sunny" Macintosh.
One night, while Roth's teenage daughter, Kelly, is out, a fearful Roth jumps to the conclusion that Hendricks has taken her. Roth calls Catherine and several others and they kidnap Hendricks. During this, Hendricks accidentally drops his medicine bottle, and it is run over by a car. Roth and the group then beat Hendricks and hang him from a tree. As Roth, Catherine, and the others leave, it starts raining and the rope, which turns out to be weak, snaps, saving Hendricks's life. However, the near-death experience, something he had mentioned hoping to attain earlier on in the film, reverts him to being Captain Howdy, this time with revenge on his mind.
After recovering, Hendricks kills Roth's wife Madeline in front of Roth before knocking him unconscious and then kidnapping him. Hendricks also kidnaps Catherine before contacting Mike at the police station. After hanging up with Mike, Hendricks brutally tortures Roth and Catherine. The next day, Toni calls Mike and tells him that Genevieve is missing. When Mike gets home with Steve, Hendricks's face is on Toni's computer screen. Hendricks has Genevieve and her mouth is stitched shut again. Hendricks tortures Genevieve while Mike and Toni watch the screen. After Hendricks disconnects, Genevieve, Roth, Catherine and a few other victims are soon found alive, but brutally tortured, by officers responding to a call. That night, after leaving the torture scene, Mike tracks Hendricks back to the club Xibalba. After a long struggle, Hendricks stands ready to kill Mike with a large meat hook chained to the ceiling. However, Mike sinks the hook into Hendricks's back, slams Hendricks into a wall, and then uses the hook to lift Hendricks off the floor. After Hendricks taunts Mike, Mike pours a flammable liquid on Hendricks, and presumably kills Hendricks by setting him on fire.
Cast
Dee Snider as Carlton Hendricks / Captain Howdy
Kevin Gage as Detective Mike Gage
Elizabeth Peña as Toni Gage
Brett Harrelson as Detective Steve Christianson
Linda Cardellini as Genevieve Gage
Robert Englund as Jackson "Jack" Roth
Leslie Wing as Madeline Roth
Amy Smart as Angela Stravelli
Ivonne Coll as Rose Stravelli
Tucker Smallwood as Captain Churchill Robbins / Fetish Man With Studded Hood
Robert LaSardo as Matt Myers, Tow-Truck Driver
J Cooch Lucchese as Xibalba Bouncer / Band Member of Bile
Barbara Champion as Catherine "Sunny" MacIntosh
Amal Rhoe as Tiana Moore
Soundtrack
Dee Snider – "Inconclusion"
Sevendust – "Breathe"
Megadeth – "A Secret Place"
Pantera – "Where You Come From"
Anthrax – "Piss N Vinegar"
Snot – "Absent"
dayinthelife... – "Street Justice"
Coal Chamber – "Not Living"
Bile – "In League"
Marilyn Manson – "Sweet Tooth"
Soulfly – "Eye for an Eye"
Hed PE – "Serpent Boy" (Radio Edit)
Kid Rock – "Fuck Off", featuring Eminem
The Clay People – "Awake"
System of a Down – "Marmalade"
Nashville Pussy – "I'm the Man"
Crisis – "Captain Howdy"
Twisted Sister – "Heroes Are Hard to Find"
Other songs recorded/used in the film but not present on the official CD:
Backyard Babies – "Highlights" (credited at the end of the movie)
Crisis – "Methodology" (credited at the end of the movie)
Paw – "Street Justice" (recorded for the movie; was not used for the film nor the CD)
Concept
The film's conceptual basis has its roots in the fourth track on Twisted Sister's 1984 release Stay Hungry. The song, entitled "Horror-Teria (The Beginning): A) Captain Howdy B) Street Justice", tells the story of a sadistic child murderer named Captain Howdy who ultimately walks free on a technicality and is then avenged upon by an outraged mob of parents. A line from the song, spoken by Howdy to one of his victims, carries over into the film after he stitches Genevieve's mouth shut: "There...that's better!" The overall tale of the song and character has similarities with that of A Nightmare on Elm Street and the backstory of Freddy Krueger, although the film debuted in theaters six months after the release of Stay Hungry. The name "Captain Howdy" was taken from The Exorcist, wherein it is the name used early on by the Mesopotamian demon king, Pazuzu, who ultimately possesses Reagan MacNeil.
The Captain Howdy character differs significantly from one medium to another: the song's villain is presented as a cold-blooded monster who is fully in control of his actions and is a traditional killer with no mention of body modifications; conversely, the film portrays a mentally imbalanced man whose motivations are more on par with that of a would-be cult leader. He does not initially set out to kill anyone, instead intending to "help" them through forced body modifications and ritualistic pain in the name of transcendental enlightenment, albeit for his own sadistic pleasure.
Filming
The setting for the film takes place in the fictional city of Helverton, Colorado, and was filmed in the Colorado Springs and Denver vicinity. The club scenes for Xibalba were filmed at Denver's Church nightclub, and Strangeland was the first TSG Pictures and Artisan DVD release.
Snider had to sit in the makeup chair for several hours every day to be transformed into Captain Howdy. All of the tattoos, brandings, filed teeth, and body piercings were fake, apart from his septum, which he did indeed have pierced. However, his septum piercing was a standard 14g, and a special piece of jewelry was made to give it the appearance of being around 00g. The septum spike discovered by Christianson, however, is visibly more around 1/2 inch to 5/8 inch.
Reception
Although the film took advantage of the inherent dangers of what was at that time the burgeoning precursor to social network platforms, many found the story overly contrived and emotionally flat. This was coupled with what was perceived as poor acting, direction, and cheap and unconvincing makeup effects.
During its box office run, it grossed $713,239, opening at 315 theaters in North America.
Sequel
In May 2015, a sequel, titled Strangeland: Disciple, was in development by Emaji Entertainment and TSG Entertainment, to be distributed by Lionsgate. Snider planned to have it rated NC-17 and later release an R-rated version for wider exposure. He believed this unusual marketing strategy would create buzz for the "original" NC-17 version. Although the film never made it into production, , Snider was still hoping to make the sequel at some point.
Comic
Dee Snider's Strangeland: Seven Sins is a 2007–2008 comic book limited series prequel to Strangeland. It was announced as a monthly four-issue limited series by Fangoria Comics. The first issue was released on August, 29 2007. Due to the sudden closing of Fangoria Comics, the remaining three issues went unreleased until the series was picked up by The Scream Factory in 2008.
References
External links
Strangeland at BME Encyclopedia
1998 films
1998 horror films
1998 independent films
1990s American films
1990s English-language films
American horror films
American independent films
Artisan Entertainment films
Body modification
Films adapted into comics
Films scored by Anton Sanko
Modern primitive
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangeland%20%28film%29
|
This is a list of newspapers in Costa Rica.
Newspapers
The Costa Rica News, daily, in English
Diario Extra, daily, in Spanish; tabloid press; the country's principal newspaper by circulation
La Nación, daily, in Spanish
La Prensa Libre, daily, in Spanish; first newspaper founded in the country
La Teja, daily, in Spanish
The Tico Times, weekly, in English
See also
Media of Costa Rica
References
Further reading
External links
qcostarica.com, daily news, in English
Costa Rica
Newspapers published in Costa Rica
Magazines published in Costa Rica
Newspapers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20Costa%20Rica
|
A New Covenant was a political slogan used by U.S. President Bill Clinton to describe his political philosophy and agenda. The term was used sporadically during the 1992 campaign and Clinton's terms in office to describe a "new social compact" between the United States Government and its citizens.
In speech to the Democratic Leadership Council in May 1991, Clinton used the slogan "New Choice". He started publicly using the phrase "New Covenant" when he announced his candidacy for the Democratic Party's nomination on October 3, 1991. The phrase has been attributed to Clinton advisor William Galston.
Georgetown University speeches
A New Covenant was the theme of a series of speeches given by then-Governor Bill Clinton at his alma mater, Georgetown University, in late 1991 to outline his political philosophy at the start of his campaign for the presidency. In these talks, the "New Covenant" referred to both domestic and foreign policy. The titles of the speeches were "The New Covenant: Responsibility and Rebuilding the American Community" (October 23, 1991), "A New Covenant for Economic Change" (November 20, 1991), and "A New Covenant for American Security" (December 12, 1991).
Acceptance speech to the 1992 Democratic National Convention
Clinton repeatedly used the phrase "New Covenant" in his acceptance speech to the 1992 Democratic National Convention to describe economic, health care, minority rights, tax, and defense issues. He also said it was "a new approach to government. A government that offers more empowerment and less entitlement; more choices for young people in public schools and more choices for older people in long-term care. A government that is leaner, not meaner; that expands opportunity, not bureaucracy; that understands that jobs must come from growth in a vibrant and vital system of free enterprise." The term was also used in the party's 1992 platform.
1995 State of the Union Address
After the Republican Party gained control of Congress in 1994, Clinton returned to the New Covenant theme in his 1995 State of the Union Address, but reframed the philosophy as a centrist approach that included smaller government, tax reductions, and less bureaucracy. Conservative William Kristol called the address the "most conservative State of the Union by a Democratic president in history." In the speech, Clinton narrowed the New Covenant to domestic policy and focused on "opportunity and responsibility" to describe his proposals on his legislative agenda, such as welfare reform.
I call it the New Covenant. But it's grounded in a very, very old idea -- that all Americans have not just a right, but a solid responsibility to rise as far as their God-given talents and determination can take them; and to give something back to their communities and their country in return. Opportunity and responsibility: They go hand in hand. We can't have one without the other. And our national community can't hold together without both.
...
Our New Covenant is a new set of understandings for how we can equip our people to meet the challenges of a new economy, how we can change the way our government works to fit a different time, and, above all, how we can repair the damaged bonds in our society and come together behind our common purpose. We must have dramatic change in our economy, our government and ourselves.
Commentary
Clinton's call for a "New Covenant" was seen as saying that the 12 previous years under Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush represented a breaking of the traditional relationship between the American people and their government, presumably because of the close relationship between leaders in those administrations and "big business" interests, as opposed to traditional Democratic constituencies such as labor unions, women's groups, and minority group members. Clinton apparently hoped that this term would come to be used to describe the policies adopted by his administration.
The term was never widely adopted, and thus is not as widely associated with Clinton and his policies as is the Square Deal with Theodore Roosevelt, the New Deal with Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Fair Deal with Harry S. Truman, the New Frontier with John F. Kennedy, or the Great Society with Lyndon Johnson.
The term had distinctly Christian connotations deriving from the New Covenant of the Bible.
References
Clinton administration initiatives
United States presidential domestic programs
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Covenant%20%28politics%29
|
The IWK Health Centre is a major pediatric hospital and trauma centre in Halifax, Nova Scotia that provides care to maritime youth, children and women from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and beyond. The IWK is the largest facility in Atlantic Canada caring for children, youth and adolescents, and is the only Level 1 pediatric trauma centre east of Quebec.
Location
The IWK Health Centre is located in the south end of Halifax. The front entrance is on University Avenue between Robie Street and Summer Street. The IWK emergency entrance is located on South Street.
History
The present-day IWK Health Centre traces its history to the development of two separate facilities, a pediatric hospital and a maternity hospital.
Pediatric hospital
In the early 20th century, a group of Halifax residents along with interested physicians proposed the idea of establishing a children's hospital in Halifax. A multi-year fundraising campaign ensued, raising $6,000 by 1907; later that year a donation of $10,000 by the late Mr. F.D. Corbett resulted in the beginning of construction of the Halifax Children's Hospital which opened for use in 1909. It was located on the east side of Robie Street on the block bounded by University Avenue and South Street; in 1922 the Grace Maternity Hospital would be built on the opposite (north) side of University Avenue. This early pediatric facility had no private beds and, since health care in Canada at that time was private, surgical and medical staff donated their services without charge. The building expanded in 1919 to increase bed capacity to 50, followed by a further expansion in 1931 to 90 beds, and finally 217 beds in 1955.
Mrs. Dorothy J. Killam donated $8 million toward construction of a new pediatric hospital in the memory of her late husband Izaak Walton Killam. Construction of the new Izaak Walton Killam Hospital for Children (informally nicknamed the IWK) began in 1967 and the $20 million 325-bed facility opened in 1970. The location chosen was immediately west and adjacent to the province's largest health care facility, the Victoria General Hospital, which was the teaching hospital associated with the Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine; the IWK would continue the Halifax Children's Hospital's affiliation with the Faculty of Medicine's Department of Pediatrics. Upon the opening of the IWK in 1970, the historic Halifax Children's Hospital was demolished.
The Children's Hospital School of Nursing operated from 1916 until 1971, having trained and graduated 801 pediatric nurses over its existence.
Maternity hospital
In 1906 The Salvation Army purchased an old school in Halifax's South End as a haven for "fallen women". The facility was named Harrow House. Physicians there donated their time and the facility gained an excellent reputation for maternity care. The Halifax Explosion of December 6, 1917 gave momentum to the Halifax Medical Association's desire for a dedicated maternity institution, resulting in a resolution from that association on September 15, 1918 to Halifax City Council requesting funds for such a facility and that the Salvation Army be asked to run it. Dalhousie University offered the Salvation Army both land and funds to build and run the hospital.
The Grace Maternity Hospital (informally nicknamed the Grace) opened on April 29, 1922 as the only independent maternity hospital at that time in Canada; from the outset, the facility was affiliated as a teaching hospital with the Department of Pediatrics at Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine. It was located on the east side of Robie Street on the block bounded by University Avenue and College Street; it was opposite the Halifax Children's Hospital which was located on the south side of University Avenue. The initial facility could accommodate 65 mothers and 65 babies. Major renovations to the facility took place in 1956, 1962, 1973 and 1977. In 1975 the Halifax Infirmary announced that it would no longer handle maternity cases, forcing the Grace to absorb its patients. By the 1970s the Grace occupied half a city block with 126 adult beds and 166 bassinets with 40 in the neo-natal intensive care unit (NICU).
According to the Halifax Mail Star of May 28, 1970, the children's hospital financed by the Killam Estate opened, despite the failed condition that the South Street Poor House be eliminated. Today, this hospital is gone, torn down after only 40 years for a much larger provincially funded building set much further back on the former Poor House property.
A Government of Nova Scotia proposal in the late 1970s to construct a new maternity facility for the Grace as part of the $120 million Camp Hill Medical Centre was postponed in 1982, forcing the Salvation Army to undertake an independent plan for a new Grace. By 1984, plans were underway to build a $30 million facility on the old site of the Halifax Children's Hospital which was adjacent to and immediately west of the Izaak Walton Killam Hospital for Children that had opened in 1970. The new Grace facility opened in 1992 bounding the block formed by University Avenue, Robie Street and South Street west of the IWK. The new building was connected to the IWK to provide access to that facility's pediatric medicine departments. It was designed by Nycum Fowler Group and DuBois Plumb Partnership and won the 1994 Lieutenant Governor's Award for Architecture. The old Grace Maternity Hospital located on the north side of the intersection of University Avenue and Robie Street was transferred to Dalhousie University and became home to the Faculty of Dentistry and the Faculty of Pharmacology.
The Grace Maternity School of Nursing opened in 1922 at the time the hospital itself opened, offering an 18-month course in Obstetrical and Newborn Nursing (these programs ended in 1959) and the school began a 3-year nursing program in affiliation with the Victoria General Hospital, Halifax Children's Hospital, Nova Scotia Sanatorium and Nova Scotia Hospital. The program ended in 1964, having trained and graduated almost 400 nurses over its existence.
1996 merger to present
In 1996 the Izaak Walton Killam Hospital for Children and the adjacent Grace Maternity Hospital merged to become the IWK Grace Hospital for Women, Children and Families. At that time a new "Link" building was constructed to join the separate buildings. In 2000 a helipad was constructed on the southwest corner of the former Grace Maternity Hospital building; this proposal caused some concern in the adjacent residential area on the west side of Robie Street.
In 2001 the Salvation Army ended its involvement with the amalgamated institution and the name was simplified to become the IWK Health Centre which remains in current use as of 2013.
A 5-year $48 million redevelopment began in 2004 which resulted in the construction of of new space and renovations to of existing space. Inpatient units, perioperative facilities and ambulatory care space also saw major redevelopment. The most prominent exterior change to the facility was the addition of a parking garage accessed from University Avenue as well as an atrium connected to the Link Building. Today the IWK Health Centre terms the former Izaak Walton Killam Hospital for Children as the "Children's Site" and the former Grace Maternity Hospital building as the "Women's Site". Around 2006 two floors were added to the link building, which provided of additional space.
On June 24, 2013, philanthropist Marjorie Lindsay announced she would be donating $1 million to help fund the construction of a new inpatient mental health unit due to open in 2014.
The Garron Center for Child and Adolescent Mental Health opened for patients on May 14, 2014.
Education and research
The IWK is a teaching hospital and is affiliated with Dalhousie University. The hospital is also renowned as a research hospital in the areas of children's and women's health.
Telethon
In 1985, CBC Television affiliates began airing the Children's Miracle Network telethon. CHSJ-TV, the private CBC station and the last private CBC station province wide simultaneously aired the telethon for 10 years. The Telethon aired at the IWK and the CBHT studios until 1994. The IWK logo changed in 1996. In 1995, CTV Atlantic began airing the telethon. Various CBC stations stopped airing Children's Miracle Network telethons in the 1990s, except for CBNT-DT, which aired the telethon until 2011 for the Janeway Telethon. Steve Murphy has been hosting the telethon since 1995 on CTV Atlantic (formerly ATV) when CBC stopped airing the telethon in 1994. The original host was Don Tremaine. The new host is Todd Battis.
Statistics
Approximately 5,000 babies are delivered at the IWK Health Centre each year.
There are more than 3,200 employees at the IWK Health Centre.
Approximately 29,170 patient visits to the emergency department each year.
Approximately 1,298,717 tests are completed in laboratories at the IWK Health Centre each year.
Approximately $20 million of funded research was underway at the IWK Health Centre in 2010.
As of 2010, the IWK Health Center has 1,252 beds.
See also
List of hospitals in Canada
Notes
References
"The Izaak Walton Killam Hospital is born". Dalhousie University. Accessed February 10, 2006.
"Dalhousie Medical Alumni Association (DMAA) Medical History Walking Tour". Dalhousie Medical Alumni Association/ Accessed February 12, 2006.
External links
Official site
IWK Foundation
IWK Telethon for Children
Hospitals established in 1970
Children's hospitals in Canada
Hospitals in Halifax, Nova Scotia
Teaching hospitals in Canada
Heliports in Canada
Certified airports in Nova Scotia
Hospitals established in 1909
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWK%20Health%20Centre
|
Fielfraz was a Danish band, which had its heyday between 1990 and 1996. The band members were Claus Hempler on guitar and vocals, Nils Brakchi on bass, Kenneth Priisholm on guitar (lead) and Jens Langhorn on drums.
After several years of building up a live reputation in Odense, Fielfraz broke through with their very first record Shine, a Beatlesque guitar-oriented rock record. 1992's Electric Eel also included big radio hits like Surfer and Naked but the album as a whole was a lesser success. The third album, Slick, came late in 1996 and although widely critically acclaimed, it was largely ignored by the public.
Fielfraz continued to perform live occasionally, but Priisholm eventually left the band for good, leaving Fielfraz as a trio which released Hempler in 2004.
Fielfraz have been cited as an influence on Danish rock and grunge bands that broke through in the early 1990s like Kashmir and Dizzy Mizz Lizzy. However Fielfraz´ influences were primarily British; Priisholms guitar play was influenced by new wave like XTC and experimental rock like King Crimson and Claus Hemplers lyrics and vocal talent rendered Elvis Costello and Frank Sinatra, much more than hardcore punk and hard rock.
Fielfraz' time took place in a transitional period in the history of Danish rock, that broke the pop hegemony established by acts like Gnags, TV-2 and Sanne Salomonsen, in the 1980s. Alongside a few other British influenced 1990s acts like The Sandmen and Simcess, and the American influenced rock of D-A-D, they probably made the commercial breakthrough for the Danish grunge wave possibly in Denmark, by getting airplay on the dominating pop station, the national Danish radio (Danmarks Radio, P3).
Discography
Shine - Genlyd/BMG, 1990
Electric Eel - Genlyd/BMG, 1992
Slick - Virgin, 1996
References
External links
Brakchi
Danish rock music groups
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielfraz
|
Tyson Mao (born May 8, 1984, in San Francisco, California) is an American Rubik's Cube speedsolver. He is a co-founder and a former board member of the World Cube Association, an organization that holds competitive events for the Rubik's Cube. In 2005, he set the world record for 3x3x3 blindfolded. In 2006, he appeared on the CW Television Network's Beauty and the Geek as one of the participants of the second incarnation of the reality television show.
Personal
Tyson Mao was born in San Francisco to immigrant parents from Tainan, Taiwan. He lives in the San Francisco Bay Area and previously used to work as a Poker Product Manager for Zynga. Mao graduated from the California Institute of Technology in 2006 with a degree in astrophysics. His father is a doctor based in South San Francisco.
In 2017, Mao opened the Wursthall Restaurant & Bierhaus in San Mateo, California with partners Adam Simpson and J. Kenji López-Alt.
Rubik's Cube
Tyson began solving the cube during the Rubik's Cube's second boom in 2003, first using a beginner's method, then the Petrus and Fridrich methods. Tyson is credited for popularizing the "Caltech move" for solving the three diagonal corner permutation in blindfold solving.
Competition Organizer
Tyson has been the main organizer of major U.S competitions, including all US Nationals up to 2013, as well as many Caltech competitions.
Tyson Mao's beginner method
Tyson Mao's unofficial beginner method is a set of 8 videos which can be viewed at Rubiks.com. This method is most famous for being used by Will Smith in a past film The Pursuit of Happyness, that was released in 2006. The method is basically a simplified layer-by-layer approach which works much the same way as the Fridrich method. The difference is that the cross is first built around the opposite side to simplify the permutation foresight required, the first two layers are permuted individually, the last layer requires an algorithm to construct a cross, and then repetition of Lars Petrus' Sune algorithm to orient, and finally permutation requires the use of two algorithms, one for the corners and one for the edges. These algorithms may have to be executed multiple times.
Media appearances
Beauty and the Geek Season 2
CNN's Anderson Cooper 360° (Air date: December 15, 2006)
Identity
The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (Air date: January 27, 2006)
Twins
USA Network: Show Us Your Character
Good Morning America (Air date: February 4, 2008)
References
External links
Brothers square off in cubing contest, San Francisco Chronicle
Tyson's Blog
1984 births
American people of Chinese descent
American people of Taiwanese descent
American speedcubers
California Institute of Technology alumni
Living people
Participants in American reality television series
People from San Francisco
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyson%20Mao
|
IWK may refer to:
IWK Health Centre
Indah Water Konsortium
Indigenous Weather Knowledge
Industrie-Werke Karlsruhe
Initiativen Wirtschaft für Kunst
Institut für Wiener Klangstil (Institute for Viennese Sound Style IWK)
IATA code for Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWK
|
John David Wathan (; born October 4, 1949) is an American former professional baseball player, coach and manager. He played his entire career in Major League Baseball as a catcher for the Kansas City Royals from 1976 to 1985. Wathan was a member of the world champion 1985 Kansas City Royals team. After his playing career, he worked as a coach before serving as the Royals manager from 1987 to 1991. He also managed the California Angels in 1992. Wathan is notable for setting the single-season stolen base record for catchers in 1982 when, he stole 36 bases to break the previous record set by Ray Schalk in 1916.
Baseball career
Wathan, nicknamed "The Duke" for his dead-on impersonations of John Wayne, was drafted in the first round, fourth overall in the 1971 MLB Draft from the University of San Diego, where he played college baseball for the Toreros in 1968–70.
Wathan played ten seasons with the Royals from to where he played in 860 games, averaging a career .262 batting average with 21 home runs, 261 RBIs, and 105 stolen bases. Wathan had his best season in in which he played in 126 games, and had a .305 batting average with 6 home runs and 58 RBI.
After he retired, Wathan coached for the Royals in 1986 before becoming the manager of Kansas City's AAA Omaha Royals farm club. He was promoted to manager for the big-league Royals on August 28, . He managed five seasons in Kansas City, having two winning seasons in and and finishing second in the American League West both times. He was fired early in the season after a 15–22 start.
In , Wathan began the season as the third-base coach of the California Angels, but he was named acting manager midway through the campaign when Buck Rodgers was badly hurt in a bus accident and took a medical leave of absence. Wathan led the Angels to a 39–50 record until Rodgers was well enough to return. He spent as a Boston Red Sox coach, worked as a color analyst on Royals telecasts in and , and has worked as a scout and minor league instructor for a number of organizations since. In -07, Wathan was a roving baserunning and bunting instructor in Kansas City's farm system, and in 2008 he served the Royals as a special assistant to the director of player development.
Two of John's sons, Derek and Dusty, played professional baseball. Derek played minor league baseball from 1998 to 2008, while Dusty played briefly for the Royals in 2002 and is the current third-base coach of the Philadelphia Phillies.
See also
List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise
References
External links
John Wathan at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
The 100 Greatest Royals of All-Time- #41 John Wathan
1949 births
Living people
Baseball players from Iowa
Boston Red Sox coaches
California Angels coaches
California Angels managers
Jacksonville Suns players
Kansas City Royals announcers
Kansas City Royals coaches
Kansas City Royals managers
Kansas City Royals players
Kansas City Royals scouts
Major League Baseball catchers
Major League Baseball bench coaches
Major League Baseball bullpen coaches
Major League Baseball third base coaches
Minor league baseball managers
San Diego Toreros baseball players
Sportspeople from Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Tiburones de La Guaira players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
University of San Diego alumni
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wathan
|
"Back Door Santa" is a funk-style song recorded by Clarence Carter, which Atlantic Records released as a single in 1968. In an artist biography, it is described as "a superbly funky Christmas single" and "raunchy". The song was included on an Atco various artists compilation album Soul Christmas (1968).
"Back Door Santa" has been recorded by several artists and Run-D.M.C. sampled it for "Christmas in Hollis". The lyrics include:
References
1968 songs
1968 singles
2005 singles
American Christmas songs
Atlantic Records singles
Songs written by Clarence Carter
Songs about Santa Claus
Clarence Carter songs
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back%20Door%20Santa
|
The Buffalo nickel or Indian Head nickel is a copper-nickel five-cent piece that was struck by the United States Mint from 1913 to 1938. It was designed by sculptor James Earle Fraser.
As part of a drive to beautify the coinage, five denominations of US coins had received new designs between 1907 and 1909. In 1911, Taft administration officials decided to replace Charles E. Barber's Liberty Head design for the nickel, and commissioned Fraser to do the work. They were impressed by Fraser's designs showing a Native American and an American bison. The designs were approved in 1912, but were delayed several months because of objections from the Hobbs Manufacturing Company, which made mechanisms to detect slugs in nickel-operated machines. The company was not satisfied by changes made in the coin by Fraser, and in February 1913, Treasury Secretary Franklin MacVeagh decided to issue the coins despite the objections.
Despite attempts by the Mint to adjust the design, the coins proved to strike indistinctly, and to be subject to wear—the dates were easily worn away in circulation. In 1938, after the expiration of the minimum 25-year period during which the design could not be replaced without congressional authorization, it was replaced by the Jefferson nickel, designed by Felix Schlag. Fraser's design is admired today, and has been used on commemorative coins and the gold American Buffalo series.
Background
In 1883, the Liberty Head nickel was issued, featuring designs by Mint Engraver Charles E. Barber. After the first coins were circulated, the design was modified to add the word "CENTS" to the reverse because the similarity in size with the half eagle allowed criminals to gild the new nickels and pass them as five-dollar coins. An Act of Congress, passed into law on September 26, 1890, required that coin designs not be changed until they had been in use 25 years, unless Congress authorized the change. The act excepted the current five-cent piece and silver dollar from the twenty-five-year rule and made them eligible for immediate redesign. However, the Mint continued to strike the Liberty Head nickel in large numbers through the first decade of the 20th century.
In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt expressed his dissatisfaction with the artistic state of American coins, and hoped to hire sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens to redesign all of them. Constrained by the 1890 act, the Mint hired Saint-Gaudens to redesign only the cent and the four gold pieces. Saint-Gaudens designed the eagle and double eagle, which entered circulation in the year of his death, 1907; the cent, quarter eagle, and half eagle were designed by other artists and released into circulation by 1909. By that time, the Liberty Head nickel had been in circulation for more than 25 years and was eligible for redesign. In 1909, Mint Director Frank Leach instructed Barber to make pattern coins for new nickels. Most of these coins featured the first president, George Washington. The press found out about the pieces, and speculated that they would be in circulation by the end of the year. The Mint received orders from banks in anticipation of the "Washington nickel". However, the project was discontinued when Leach left office, on November 1, 1909, to be replaced by Abram Andrew.
Andrew was dissatisfied with the Lincoln cent, which was new, and considered seeking congressional authorization to replace it with a design by sculptor James Earle Fraser. Although the change in the cent did not occur, according to numismatic historian Roger Burdette, "Fraser's enthusiasm eventually led to adoption of the Buffalo nickel in December 1912."
Inception
New design
On May 4, 1911, Eames MacVeagh, son of Treasury Secretary Franklin MacVeagh, wrote to his father:
Soon after the MacVeagh letter, Andrew announced that the Mint would be soliciting new designs for the nickel. Fraser, who had been an assistant to Saint-Gaudens, approached the Mint and rapidly produced concepts and designs. The new Mint director, George Roberts, who had replaced Andrew, initially favored a design featuring assassinated President Abraham Lincoln, but Fraser soon developed a design featuring a Native American on one side and a bison on the other. Andrew and Roberts recommended Fraser to MacVeagh, and in July 1911 the Secretary approved hiring Fraser to design a new nickel. Official approval was slow in coming; it was not until January 1912 that MacVeagh asked Roberts to inform Fraser that he had been commissioned. MacVeagh wrote, "Tell him that of the three sketches which he submitted we would like to use the sketch of the head of the Indian and the sketch of the buffalo." Roberts transmitted the news, then followed up with a long list of instructions to the sculptor, in which he noted, "The motto, 'In God We Trust', is not required upon this coin and I presume we are agreed that nothing should be upon it that is not required." Fraser completed the models by June 1912, and prepared coin-size electrotypes. He brought the models and electrotypes to Washington on July 10, where they met with the enthusiastic agreement of Secretary MacVeagh.
Hobbs affair
In July 1912, word of the new design became publicly known, and coin-operated machine manufacturers sought information. Replying to the inquiries, MacVeagh wrote that there would be no change in the diameter, thickness, or weight of the nickel. This satisfied most firms. However, Clarence Hobbs of the Hobbs Manufacturing Company, of Worcester, Massachusetts requested further information. According to Hobbs, his firm was the manufacturer of a device which would detect counterfeit nickels inserted into vending machines with complete accuracy. Discussions continued for most of the rest of 1912, with Hobbs demanding various changes to the design, to which the artist was reluctant to agree. When in December 1912, the Hobbs Company submitted a modified design for the nickel, MacVeagh strongly opposed it. On December 18, Roberts officially approved Fraser's design, and the sculptor was authorized to complete and perfect the design, after which he would be paid $2,500 (US$ with inflation) for his work.
On January 7, 1913, Fraser's approved design was used to strike experimental pieces; the sculptor later wrote that he remembered several of the workmen commenting that the new piece struck more easily than the old. Afterwards, Roberts asked Fraser if the Hobbs Company was content with the design. The sculptor told the Mint director that the firm wanted changes made, and Fraser agreed to meet with them further. Over the following two weeks, Fraser worked with George Reith, the Hobbs Company's mechanic who had invented the anti-slug device, in an attempt to satisfy the firm's concerns. On January 20, Fraser wired the Mint from his studio in New York, announcing that he was submitting a modified design, and explained that the delay was "caused by working with inventor until he was satisfied". The next day, Philadelphia Mint Superintendent John Landis sent Roberts a sample striking of the revised design, stating, "the only change is in the border, which has been made round and true".
Despite the apparent agreement, the Hobbs Company continued to interpose objections. Engraver Barber was asked for his view; he stated that Reith, who had attended the trial striking, had been given all the time and facilities he had asked for in testing the new pieces, and the mechanic had pronounced himself satisfied. Hobbs Company agent C. U. Carpenter suggested that Reith had been intimidated by the preparations that had already gone into the issue of the modified nickel, "and, instead of pointing out clearly just what the situation demanded, agreed to adapt our device to the coin more readily that he was warranted in doing". On February 3, Hobbs sent Roberts a lengthy list of changes that he wanted in the coin, and the sculptor was required to attend a conference with Hobbs and Reith. On the fifth, following the conference, which ended with no agreement, Fraser sent MacVeagh a ten-page letter, complaining that his time was being wasted by the Hobbs Company and appealing to the Secretary to bring the situation to a close. MacVeagh agreed to hold a meeting at his office in Washington on February 14. When the Hobbs Company requested permission to bring a lawyer, Fraser announced he would be doing the same. The Hobbs Company sought letters of support from the business community, with little success; Fraser's efforts to secure support from artists for his position were more fruitful. Barber prepared patterns showing what the nickel would look like if the changes demanded by Hobbs were made. MacVeagh conducted the meeting much like a legal hearing, and issued a letter the following day.
The Secretary noted that no other firm had complained, that the Hobbs mechanism had not been widely sold, and that the changes demanded—a clear space around the rim and the flattening of the Indian's cheekbone—would affect the artistic merit of the piece.
After he issued his decision, MacVeagh learned that the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad Company, which Hobbs claimed had enthusiastically received his device, was actually removing it from service as unsatisfactory. The Secretary's decision did not end the Hobbs Company efforts, as the firm appealed to President Taft. With only two weeks remaining in his term, the President was not minded to stop the new nickel (production of which had started on February 18) and MacVeagh wrote to Taft's secretary, Charles D. Hilles, "Certainly Hobbs got all the time and attention out of this administration that any administration could afford to give to one manufacturing corporation." Numismatic historian and coin dealer Q. David Bowers describes the Hobbs matter as "much ado about nothing from a company whose devices did not work well even with the Liberty Head nickels".
Release and production
The first coins to be distributed were given out on February 22, 1913, when Taft presided at groundbreaking ceremonies for the National American Indian Memorial at Fort Wadsworth, Staten Island, New York. The memorial, a project of department store magnate Rodman Wanamaker, was never built, and today the site is occupied by an abutment for the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. Forty nickels were sent by the Mint for the ceremony; most were distributed to the Native American chiefs who participated. Payment for Fraser's work was approved on March 3, 1913, the final full day of the Taft administration. In addition to the $2,500 agreed upon, Fraser received $666.15 (US$ with inflation) for extra work and expenses through February 14.
The coins were officially released to circulation on March 4, 1913, and quickly gained positive comments as depicting truly American themes. However, The New York Times stated in an editorial that "The new 'nickel' is a striking example of what a coin intended for wide circulation should not be ...[it] is not pleasing to look at when new and shiny, and will be an abomination when old and dull." The Numismatist, in March and May 1913 editorials, gave the new coin a lukewarm review, suggesting that the Indian's head be reduced in size and the bison be eliminated from the reverse.
With the coin now in production, Barber monitored the rate at which dies were expended, as it was the responsibility of his Engraver's Department to supply all three mints with working dies. On March 11, 1913, he wrote to Landis that the dies were being used up three times faster than with the Liberty Head nickel. His department was straining to produce enough new dies to meet production. In addition, the date and denomination were the points on the coin most subject to wear, and Landis feared the value on the coin would be worn away. Barber made proposed revisions, which Fraser approved after being sent samples. These changes enlarged the legend "FIVE CENTS" and changed the ground on which the bison stands from a hill to flat ground. According to data compiled by numismatic historian David Lange from the National Archives, the changes to what are known as Type II nickels (with the originals Type I) actually decreased the die life. The new Treasury Secretary, William G. McAdoo, wanted further changes in the coin, but Fraser had moved on to other projects and was uninterested in revisiting the nickel. The thickness of the numerals in the date was gradually increased, making them more durable; however the problem was never addressed with complete success, and even many later-date Buffalo nickels have the date worn away.
The Buffalo nickel saw minor changes to the design in 1916. The word "LIBERTY" was given more emphasis and moved slightly; however many Denver and San Francisco issues of the 1920s exhibit weak striking of the word, the Denver issue of 1926 especially; Bowers questions whether any change was made to the portrait of the Indian, though Walter Breen in his reference work on United States coins states that Barber made the Indian's nose slightly longer. According to Breen, however, none of these modifications helped, with the coin rarely found well-struck and with the design subject to considerable wear throughout the remainder of its run. The bison's horn and tail also posed striking problems, again with the Denver and San Francisco issues of the 1920s in general, and 1926-D in particular, showing the greatest propensity for these deficiencies.
The piece was struck by the tens of millions, at all three mints (Philadelphia, Denver and San Francisco), through the remainder of the 1910s. In 1921, a recession began, and no nickels at all were struck the following year. The low mintage for the series was the 1926-S, at 970,000 — the only date-mint combination with a mintage of less than 1 million. The second lowest mintage for the series came with the 1931 nickel struck at the San Francisco Mint. The 1931-S was minted in a quantity of 194,000 early in the year. There was no need for more to be struck, but Acting Mint Director Mary Margaret O'Reilly asked the San Francisco Mint to strike more so that the pieces would not be hoarded. Using materials on hand, including the melting down of worn-out nickels, San Francisco found enough metal to strike 1,000,000 more pieces. Large quantities were saved in the hope they would become valuable, and the coin is not particularly rare today despite the low mintage.
A well-known variety in the series is the 1937–D "three-legged" nickel, on which one of the buffalo's legs is missing. Breen relates that this variety was caused by a pressman, Mr. Young, at the Denver Mint, who in seeking to remove marks from a reverse die (caused by the dies making contact with each other), accidentally removed or greatly weakened one of the animal's legs. By the time Mint inspectors discovered and condemned the die, thousands of pieces had been struck and mixed with other coins.
Another variety is the 1938-D/S, caused by dies bearing an "S" mintmark being repunched with a "D" and used to strike coins at Denver. While the actual course of events is uncertain, Bowers is convinced that the variety was created because Buffalo nickel dies intended for the San Francisco mint were repunched with the "D" and sent to Denver so they would not be wasted—no San Francisco Buffalo nickels were struck in 1938, but they were produced at Denver, and it was already known that a new design would be introduced. The 1938-D/S was the first repunched mintmark of any US coin to be discovered, causing great excitement among numismatists when the variety came to light in 1962.
When the Buffalo nickel had been in circulation for the minimum 25 years, it was replaced with little discussion or protest. The problems of die life and weak striking had never been solved, and Mint officials advocated its replacement. In January 1938, the Mint announced an open competition for a new nickel design, to feature early President Thomas Jefferson on the obverse, and Jefferson's home, Monticello on the reverse. In April, Felix Schlag was announced as the winner. The last Buffalo nickels were struck in April 1938, at the Denver Mint, the only mint to strike them that year. On October 3, 1938, production of the Jefferson nickel began, and they were released into circulation on November 15.
Design, models, and name controversy
In a 1947 radio interview, Fraser discussed his design:
The visage of the Indian which dominates Fraser's obverse design was a composite of several Native Americans. Breen noted (before the advent of the Sacagawea dollar) that Fraser's design was the second and last US coin design to feature a realistic portrait of an Indian, after Bela Pratt's 1908 design for the half eagle and quarter eagle.
The identity of the Indians whom Fraser used as models is somewhat uncertain, as Fraser told various and not always consistent stories during the forty years he lived after designing the nickel. In December 1913, he wrote to Mint Director Roberts that "[b]efore the nickel was made I had done several portraits of Indians, among them Iron Tail, Two Moons, and one or two others, and probably got characteristics from those men in the head on the coins, but my purpose was not to make a portrait but a type."
By 1931, Two Guns White Calf, son of the last Blackfoot tribal chief, was capitalizing off his claim to be the model for the coin. To try to put an end to the claim, Fraser wrote that he had used three Indians for the piece, including "Iron Tail, the best Indian head I can remember. The other one was Two Moons, the other I cannot recall." In 1938, Fraser stated that the three Indians had been "Iron Tail, a Sioux, Big Tree, a Kiowa, and Two Moons, a Cheyenne". Despite the sculptor's efforts, he (and the Mint) continued to receive inquiries about the identity of the Indian model until his 1953 death.
Nevertheless, John Big Tree, a Seneca, claimed to be a model for Fraser's coin, and made many public appearances as the "nickel Indian" until his 1967 death at the age of 90 (though he sometimes alleged he was over 100 years of age). Big Tree was identified as the model for the nickel in wire service reports about his death, and he had appeared in that capacity at the Texas Numismatic Association convention in 1966. After Big Tree's death, the Mint stated that he most likely was not one of the models for the nickel. There have been other claimants: in 1964, Montana Senator Mike Mansfield wrote to Mint Director Eva B. Adams, enquiring if Sam Resurrection, a Choctaw was a model for the nickel. Adams wrote in reply, "According to our records, the portrait is a composite. There have been many claimants for this honor, all of whom are undoubtedly sincere in the belief that theirs is the one that adorns the nickel."
According to Fraser, the animal that appears on the reverse is the American bison Black Diamond. In an interview published in the New York Herald on January 27, 1913, Fraser was quoted as saying that the animal, which he did not name, was a "typical and shaggy specimen" which he found at the Bronx Zoo. Fraser later wrote that the model "was not a plains buffalo, but none other than Black Diamond, the contrariest animal in the Bronx Zoo. I stood for hours ... He refused point blank to permit me to get side views of him, and stubbornly showed his front face most of the time." However, Black Diamond was never at the Bronx Zoo, but instead lived at the Central Park Zoo until he was sold and slaughtered in 1915. Black Diamond's mounted head is still extant and has been exhibited at coin conventions. The placement of Black Diamond's horns differs considerably from that of the animal on the nickel, leading to doubts that Black Diamond was Fraser's model. One candidate cited by Bowers is Bronx, a bison who was for many years the herd leader of the bison at the Bronx Zoo.
During an "oral history" interview with the sculptor Beniamino Bufano recorded in 1965, he stated that he "made" and "designed the buffalo" for the coin, when he was Fraser's apprentice.
From its inception, the coin was referred to as the "Buffalo nickel", reflecting the American colloquialism for the North American bison. As the piece is 75% copper and 25% nickel, prominent numismatist Stuart Mosher objected to the nomenclature in the 1940s, writing that he was "uncertain why it is called a 'Buffalo nickel' although the name is preferable to 'Bison copper'". The numismatic publication with the greatest circulation, Coin World, calls it an Indian head nickel, while R.S. Yeoman's Red Book refers to it as an "Indian Head or Buffalo type".
In 2001, the design was adopted for use on a commemorative silver dollar. Photographer Mitchell Simon, inspired by an encounter with a buffalo, launched a post card campaign. Colorado Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell in 2001 successfully sponsored a bill for the minting of 500,000 commemorative silver dollars reproducing Fraser's design. The entire mintage sold out in the span of just weeks and raised 5 million dollars to help in the building of The Smithsonian Museum of The American Indian in Washington, D.C.
In 2006, the Mint began striking American Buffalo gold bullion pieces, using a modification of Fraser's Type I design.
See also
United States nickel mintage figures
The Nickel Trophy, an oversized Indian Head nickel awarded to winners of the annual football game between the North Dakota State Bison and the University of North Dakota Fighting Sioux
Hobo nickel, artistically carved nickels created during the Great Depression
Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar, designed in 1926 by James Earle Fraser and his wife Laura Gardin Fraser
References
Bibliography
Other sources
Further reading
Van Ryzin, Robert R. "Which Indian Really Modeled?" Numismatic News February 6, 1990
Van Ryzin, Robert R. Fascinating Facts, Mysteries & Myths About U.S. Coins, Krause Publications
External links
NGC Coin Encyclopedia for Buffalo Nickels
Currencies introduced in 1913
Five-cent coins of the United States
Native Americans on coins
Bison
Bison on coins
Works by James Earle Fraser (sculptor)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo%20nickel
|
In field theory, a nonlocal Lagrangian is a Lagrangian, a type of functional containing terms that are nonlocal in the fields , i.e. not polynomials or functions of the fields or their derivatives evaluated at a single point in the space of dynamical parameters (e.g. space-time). Examples of such nonlocal Lagrangians might be:
The Wess–Zumino–Witten action.
Actions obtained from nonlocal Lagrangians are called nonlocal actions. The actions appearing in the fundamental theories of physics, such as the Standard Model, are local actions; nonlocal actions play a part in theories that attempt to go beyond the Standard Model and also in some effective field theories. Nonlocalization of a local action is also an essential aspect of some regularization procedures. Noncommutative quantum field theory also gives rise to nonlocal actions.
Quantum measurement
Quantum field theory
Theoretical physics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlocal%20Lagrangian
|
Shklar (Shkliar, Shklyar, , , ) is Ukrainian and Belarusian surname meaning Glassmaker often given to Jews, may refer to:
Judith N. Shklar (1928–1992), American political scientist
Leon Shklar, software developer and an author on the subject of web development
Vasyl Shkliar Ukrainian writer and political activist.
See also
Sklar
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shklar
|
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is a condition involving the overproduction of the hormone, parathyroid hormone, produced by the parathyroid glands. The parathyroid glands are involved in monitoring and regulating blood calcium levels and respond by either producing or ceasing to produce parathyroid hormone. Anatomically, these glands are located in the neck, para-lateral to the thyroid gland, which does not have any influence in the production of parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone is released by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood calcium circulation. Persistent low levels of circulating calcium are thought to be the catalyst in the progressive development of adenoma, in the parathyroid glands resulting in primary hyperparathyroidism. While primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common form of this condition, secondary and tertiary are thought to result due to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Estimates of CKD prevalence in the global community range from 11 to 13% which translate to a large portion of the global population at risk of developing tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism was first described in the late 1960s and had been misdiagnosed as primary prior to this. Unlike primary hyperparathyroidism, the tertiary form presents as a progressive stage of resolved secondary hyperparathyroidism with biochemical hallmarks that include elevated calcium ion levels in the blood, hypercalcemia, along with autonomous production of parathyroid hormone and adenoma in all four parathyroid glands. Upon diagnosis treatment of tertiary hyperparathyroidism usually leads to a surgical intervention.
Presentation
Symptoms in tertiary hyperparathyroidism are generally those seen in relation to elevated blood calcium levels. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism shares many symptomatic features with that of primary hyperparathyroidism, as the two are defined by hypercalcemia. These symptoms can vary greatly from asymptomatic to conditions leading to decreased quality of life.
Non-specific symptoms include feeling tired and thirsty, mood changes including, feeling blue, weak and irritable along with other symptoms like itching, headache, joint pain, forgetfulness and abdominal pain have also been noted. More specific symptoms related to elevated blood calcium and phosphate levels include bone pain or osteodynia and tenderness which are common and related to proximal muscle tenderness. Other signs can include pancreatitis, kidney stones, corneal calcifications, thinning of long bones, and hypodermic calcifications which may be palpable in some patients.
Calciphylaxis, though uncommon, can develop in patients with tertiary hyperparathyroidism. The product of elevated calcium and phosphate, forming crystal structures, that are then deposited in blood vessels. These crystals cause an inflammatory response and can lead to the occlusion of smaller vessels. Further complications like secondary infections and necrosis can develop from this and can be fatal for some, making the monitoring of blood calcium and phosphate levels necessary.
Conditions due to bone loss such as osteopenia and osteoporosis are common in tertiary hyperparathyroidism along with pathologic fractures. Pseudoclubbing of the digits can also be indicative of a severe tertiary hyperparathyroidism due to excess resorption at the distal phalanges.
Diagnosis includes both clinical and laboratory investigations. Radiological investigations include looking for signs of bone loss in both the hands and pelvis which is characteristic of tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Other clinical examination can include grading of muscle weakness, which is done by asking the patient to stand from a seated position with their hands folded across their chest. Laboratory investigations include evaluating blood calcium and alkaline phosphatase, which are always increased in tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Other common results from laboratory investigations would include decreased vitamin D levels, elevated blood parathyroid hormone and hyperphosphatemia.
Etiology
Hyperparathyroidism, in general, is caused by either tumorous growth in one or more parathyroid glands or a prolonged decrease in blood calcium levels or hypocalcaemia which in turn stimulates the production of parathyroid hormone release from the parathyroid gland. The parathyroid gland is located beside the thyroid gland in the neck, below and in front of the larynx and above the trachea. It is composed of four glands in total that monitor blood calcium levels via the calcium sensing receptors, a g-coupled protein receptor. The parathyroid glands main role is calcium homeostasis. Histologically, these glands are composed of chief cells and oxyphil cells with the chief cell primarily responsible for the storing and release of parathyroid hormone. These cells are arranged in a pseudo-follicular pattern similar to the thyroid follicles. Keratin staining is used to image the parathyroid hormone granules.
Parathyroid hormone is responsible for the induction of increased calcium absorption in the gastrointestinal tract or gut and in the kidney. It also induces calcium and phosphate resorption from the bone by osteoclasts. Parathyroid hormone also plays a role in activating vitamin D from its pro form to its active form. Vitamin D is also responsible for increased blood calcium levels and works in conjunction with parathyroid hormone. Vitamin D is also partly responsible for the inhibition of parathyroid hormone release by binding Vitamin D receptors at the parathyroid gland.
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is defined by autonomous release of parathyroid hormone while in a hypercalcaemic state. Unlike primary hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia in the tertiary form is thought to be the result of resolution of secondary hyperparathyroidism rather than adenoma formation alone.
Many of the mechanisms that drive the formation of tertiary hyperparathyroidism are due to outcomes of secondary hyperparathyroidism and so the tertiary from is said to be a continued progressive hyperparathyroidism. Secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs mainly in those who have chronic kidney disease or vitamin D deficiencies both of which lead to malabsorption of calcium and phosphate leading to decreased blood calcium levels inducing a hyperparathyroidism. Hyperphosphatemia in secondary hyperparathyroidism, due to increased parathyroid hormone, is thought to act directly on parathyroid glands and induce a hyperplasia or increased growth of the chief cells in particular. At the same time the hyperplasic parathyroid glands have reduced fibroblast-growth-factor-23 (FGF-23) and vitamin D receptor expression. FGF-23 is partly responsible for phosphate homeostasis and provides negative feedback to the parathyroid gland as does vitamin D.
During prolonged secondary hyperparathyroidism increased blood phosphate levels drive hyperplasia of the parathyroid gland and this acts to reset calcium sensitivity at the calcium sensing receptors leading to tertiary hyperparathyroidism after resolution of the secondary form with the continued release of parathyroid hormone in the presence of hypercalcemia.
Risk Factors and genetics
An elevated risk of developing tertiary hyperparathyroidism exists when late stage kidney disease is not corrected timely. This is due to a hyperphosphatemia acting directly on the parathyroid glands. Genetically, those who have an X-linked dominant disorder that disrupts phosphate transport at the renal tubules (X-Linked hypophosphatemic rickets) and are receiving oral phosphate treatment have shown to be at high risk of developing tertiary hyperparathyroidism in the absence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Recurring tertiary hyperparathyroidism is generally seen to be caused by incomplete parathyroidectomy without renal transplant and the risk is increased when the parathyroid tissue left after surgery is that of a nodular type.
Other risk factors of tertiary hyperparathyroidism include an elevated risk of developing acute pancreatitis, mainly due to the hypercalcemia associated with the hyperparathyroidism. Other studies have shown a significant increase in the risk of developing malignancies of the urinary tract and renal system with women being more at risk. Though there is some conjecture as to the correlation between hyperparathyroidism and thyroid carcinoma development, there is however a correlation between the two, which is thought to be due to prolonged irradiation of the neck and head for parathyroid adenomas and increased parathyroid hormone.
Other studies have found some correlation in the development of renal disease following parathyroidectomy. However, the mechanism for this effect remains unknown.
Pathophysiology
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism is almost always related to end stage kidney disease and a secondary hyperparathyroidism. Physiological changes due to the kidney damage adversely affect feedback loops that control secretion of parathyroid hormone. Renal management of phosphate is impaired in secondary hyperparathyroidism which results in hyperphosphatemia.
Primary hyperplasia of the parathyroid gland, results from both hypocalcaemia and increased phosphate levels by decreasing expression of calcium sensing receptors and vitamin D receptors at the parathyroid gland. These decreases in receptor expression lead to hyperfunctioning of the parathyroid. Hyperfunction of the parathyroid gland is thought to exacerbate primary hyperplasia which evolves further to a secondary more aggressive hyperplasia. Histologically, these hyperplasic glands can be either diffuse or nodular. Primary hyperplasia, usually resulting in diffuse polyclonal growth is manly related to reversible secondary hyperparathyroidism. Secondary hyperplasia of the parathyroid gland is more often a nodular, monoclonal growth that sustains secondary hyperparathyroidism and is the catalyst in the progression to tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Nodular hyperplastic glands in tertiary hyperparathyroidism are distinctly larger in both absolute size and weight up to 20-40-fold increases have been reported.
Parathyroid glands are normally composed of chief cells, adipocytes and scattered oxyphil cells. Chief cells are thought to be responsible for the production, storage and secretion of parathyroid hormone. These cells appear light and dark with a prominent Golgi body and endoplasmic reticulum. In electron micrographs, secretory vesicles can be seen in and around the Golgi and at the cell membrane. These cells also contain prominent cytoplasmic adipose. Upon onset of hyperplasia these cells are described as having a nodular pattern with enlargement of protein synthesis machinery such as the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. Increased secretory vesicles are seen and decreased intercellular fat is characteristic. Oxyphil cells also appear hyperplasic however, these cells are much less prominent.
Biochemically, there are changes in function between normal and nodular hyperplastic parathyroid glands. These changes involve proto-oncogene expression and activation of proliferative pathways while inactivating apoptotic pathways. In nodular parathyroid tissue increased expression of TGF-a, a growth factor, and EGFR, its receptor, results in aggressive proliferation and further downregulation of vitamin D receptors, which act to suppress hormone secretions. Furthermore, the proliferative marker, Ki67 is seen to be highly expressed in the secondary nodular hyperplastic state. Tumour suppressor genes have also been highlighted as being silenced or degraded in nodular hyperplastic parathyroid tissue. One such gene, p53, has been shown to regulate multiple tumour suppressor pathways and in tumorigenesis can be degraded by b-catenin. This pathway, in some aspect, is mediated by CACYBP, which is highly expressed in nodular parathyroid hyperplasia.
Treatment
Early pharmaceutical treatment for tertiary hyperparathyroidism may include supplementing vitamin D and the use of cinacalcet. Cinacalcet acts to increase the sensitivity of the calcium sensing receptors to calcium leading to a reduction in parathyroid hormone release, however, its use has limited impact in those with tertiary hyperparathyroidism. These treatments are more likely only transient therapies before parathyroidectomy is performed. Indications for surgery in tertiary hyperparathyroidism commonly involve the development of chronic, severe conditions including osteopenia, persistent severe hypercalcemia, bone pain and pathologic fracture. Other indications include development of conditions such calciphylaxis. Surgical options for tertiary hyperparathyroidism include subtotal parathyroidectomy (three and one half of total tissue) and total parathyroidectomy with autotransplatation of resected tissue. Outcomes from surgery are generally favourable and a return to normalised blood calcium levels and parathyroid function is seen.
History
In 1962, Dr C.E Dent reported that autonomous hyperparathyroidism may result from malabsorption syndromes and chronic kidney disease. The term 'tertiary hyperparathyroidism' was first used in 1963 by Dr Walter St. Gaur to describe a case reported on at Massachusetts General hospital. This case involved a patient who had presented with autonomous parathyroid adenoma causing hypercalcemia with a background of parathyroid hyperplasia. Further reports were recorded in 1964, 65 and 67 of suspected tertiary hyperparathyroidism.
In 1968 Davies, Dent and Watson produced a historic case study where they reviewed 200 cases of previously diagnosed primary hyperparathyroidism and found the majority of these cases should be reclassified as tertiary. These were important findings as it allowed an understanding into distinguishing features of primary, secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism which then allows appropriate medical treatment.
It is now understood that tertiary hyperparathyroidism is defined as the presence of hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia and parathyroid hormone due to terminally biased parathyroid-bone-kidney feedback loop. Although there is still conjecture as to whether tertiary hyperparathyroidism is also due to adenomatous growth or hyperplasia it is clear that tertiary hyperparathyroidism presents with some form of tissue enlargement in all four parathyroid glands.
See also
Hyperparathyroidism
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
References
External links
Parathyroid disorders
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary%20hyperparathyroidism
|
Probuzhdane (written Пробуждане in Bulgarian) is the first self-released album by Balkandji. The name means "Awakening" and the band translates it to "Awake". "Probujdane" is also used for a transliteration of the name into English.
It is freely distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licence.
Track listing
Personnel
Nikolay Barovsky (Николай Баровски) – Keyboards, kaval, vocals
Vladimir Leviev (Владимир Левиев) – Bass, vocals
Kiril Yanev (Кирил Янев) – Vocals, guitar
Alexander Stoyanov (Александър Стоянов) – drums, vocals, programming, percussions
Lyudmila Barovska (Людмила Баровска) – Bass flugelhorn on Track 3
Dimitar Vasilev (Димитър Василев) – Bass flugelhorn on Track 3
Albena Velikova (Албена Великова) – Vocals on Track 4
Spas Dimitrov (Спас Димитров) – Bass on Track 1 and vocals on Track 1, 2 and 8
Inna Zamfirova (Инна Замфирова) – Vocals on Track 1 and 7
Mihail Kalachev (Михаил Калъчев) – Flute on Track 3
Kristina Morozova (Кристина Морозова) – Vocals on Track 2
Boris Tassev (Борис Тасев) – Trombone on Track 3
Raya Hadzhieva (Рая Хаджиева) – Trumpet on Track 3
References
External links
Album download.
2001 albums
Balkandji albums
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probuzhdane
|
High-energy X-rays or HEX-rays are very hard X-rays, with typical energies of 80–1000 keV (1 MeV), about one order of magnitude higher than conventional X-rays used for X-ray crystallography (and well into gamma-ray energies over 120 keV). They are produced at modern synchrotron radiation sources such as the beamlines ID15 and BM18 at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF). The main benefit is the deep penetration into matter which makes them a probe for thick samples in physics and materials science and permits an in-air sample environment and operation. Scattering angles are small and diffraction directed forward allows for simple detector setups.
High energy (megavolt) X-rays are also used in cancer therapy, using beams generated by linear accelerators to suppress tumors.
Advantages
High-energy X-rays (HEX-rays) between 100 and 300 keV bear unique advantage over conventional hard X-rays, which lie in the range of 5–20 keV They can be listed as follows:
High penetration into materials due to a strongly reduced photo absorption cross section. The photo-absorption strongly depends on the atomic number of the material and the X-ray energy. Several centimeter thick volumes can be accessed in steel and millimeters in lead containing samples.
No radiation damage of the sample, which can pin incommensurations or destroy the chemical compound to be analyzed.
The Ewald sphere has a curvature ten times smaller than in the low energy case and allows whole regions to be mapped in a reciprocal lattice, similar to electron diffraction.
Access to diffuse scattering. This is absorption and not extinction limited at low energies while volume enhancement takes place at high energies. Complete 3D maps over several Brillouin zones can be easily obtained.
High momentum transfers are naturally accessible due to the high momentum of the incident wave. This is of particular importance for studies of liquid, amorphous and nanocrystalline materials as well as pair distribution function analysis.
Realization of the Materials oscilloscope.
Simple diffraction setups due to operation in air.
Diffraction in forward direction for easy registration with a 2D detector. Forward scattering and penetration make sample environments easy and straight forward.
Negligible polarization effects due to relative small scattering angles.
Special non-resonant magnetic scattering.
LLL interferometry.
Access to high-energy spectroscopic levels, both electronic and nuclear.
Neutron-like, but complementary studies combined with high precision spatial resolution.
Cross sections for Compton scattering are similar to coherent scattering or absorption cross sections.
Applications
With these advantages, HEX-rays can be applied for a wide range of investigations. An overview, which is far from complete:
Structural investigations of real materials, such as metals, ceramics, and liquids. In particular, in-situ studies of phase transitions at elevated temperatures up to the melt of any metal. Phase transitions, recovery, chemical segregation, recrystallization, twinning and domain formation are a few aspects to follow in a single experiment.
Materials in chemical or operation environments, such as electrodes in batteries, fuel cells, high-temperature reactors, electrolytes etc. The penetration and a well-collimated pencil beam allows focusing in the region and material of interest while it undergoes a chemical reaction.
Study of 'thick' layers, such as oxidation of steel in its production and rolling process, which are too thick for classical reflectometry experiments. Interfaces and layers in complicated environments, such as the intermetallic reaction of Zincalume surface coating on industrial steel in the liquid bath.
In situ studies of industrial like strip casting processes for light metals. A casting setup can be set up on a beamline and probed with the HEX-ray beam in real time.
Bulk studies in single crystals differ from studies in surface-near regions limited by the penetration of conventional X-rays. It has been found and confirmed in almost all studies, that critical scattering and correlation lengths are strongly affected by this effect.
Combination of neutron and HEX-ray investigations on the same sample, such as contrast variations due to the different scattering lengths.
Residual stress analysis in the bulk with unique spatial resolution in centimeter thick samples; in-situ under realistic load conditions.
In-situ studies of thermo-mechanical deformation processes such as forging, rolling, and extrusion of metals.
Real time texture measurements in the bulk during a deformation, phase transition or annealing, such as in metal processing.
Structures and textures of geological samples which may contain heavy elements and are thick.
High resolution triple crystal diffraction for the investigation of single crystals with all the advantages of high penetration and studies from the bulk.
Compton spectroscopy for the investigation of momentum distribution of the valence electron shells.
Imaging and tomography with high energies. Dedicated sources can be strong enough to obtain 3D tomograms in a few seconds. Combination of imaging and diffraction is possible due to simple geometries. For example, tomography combined with residual stress measurement or structural analysis.
See also
Bremsstrahlung
Cyclotron radiation
Electromagnetic radiation
Electron–positron annihilation
Gamma ray
Gamma-ray generation
Ionization
Synchrotron light source
Synchrotron radiation
X-radiation
X-ray fluorescence
X-ray generator
X-ray tube
References
Further reading
External links
Applied and interdisciplinary physics
Gamma rays
Materials testing
Synchrotron radiation
Synchrotron-related techniques
X-rays
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-energy%20X-rays
|
Glutamate transporters are a family of neurotransmitter transporter proteins that move glutamate – the principal excitatory neurotransmitter – across a membrane. The family of glutamate transporters is composed of two primary subclasses: the excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) family and vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) family. In the brain, EAATs remove glutamate from the synaptic cleft and extrasynaptic sites via glutamate reuptake into glial cells and neurons, while VGLUTs move glutamate from the cell cytoplasm into synaptic vesicles. Glutamate transporters also transport aspartate and are present in virtually all peripheral tissues, including the heart, liver, testes, and bone. They exhibit stereoselectivity for L-glutamate but transport both L-aspartate and D-aspartate.
The EAATs are membrane-bound secondary transporters that superficially resemble ion channels. These transporters play the important role of regulating concentrations of glutamate in the extracellular space by transporting it along with other ions across cellular membranes. After glutamate is released as the result of an action potential, glutamate transporters quickly remove it from the extracellular space to keep its levels low, thereby terminating the synaptic transmission.
Without the activity of glutamate transporters, glutamate would build up and kill cells in a process called excitotoxicity, in which excessive amounts of glutamate acts as a toxin to neurons by triggering a number of biochemical cascades. The activity of glutamate transporters also allows glutamate to be recycled for repeated release.
Classes
There are two general classes of glutamate transporters, those that are dependent on an electrochemical gradient of sodium ions (the EAATs) and those that are not (VGLUTs and xCT). The cystine-glutamate antiporter (xCT) is localised to the plasma membrane of cells whilst vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) are found in the membrane of glutamate-containing synaptic vesicles. Na+-dependent EAATs are also dependent on transmembrane K+ and H+concentration gradients, and so are also known as 'sodium and potassium coupled glutamate transporters'. Na+-dependent transporters have also been called 'high-affinity glutamate transporters', though their glutamate affinity actually varies widely. EAATs are antiporters which carry one molecule of glutamate in along with three Na+ and one H+, while export one K+. EAATs are transmembrane integral proteins which traverse the plasmalemma 8 times.
Mitochondria also possess mechanisms for taking up glutamate that are quite distinct from membrane glutamate transporters.
EAATs
In humans (as well as in rodents), five subtypes have been identified and named EAAT1-5 (SLC1A3, SLC1A2, SLC1A1, , ). Subtypes EAAT1-2 are found in membranes of glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes). However, low levels of EAAT2 are also found in the axon-terminals of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells. EAAT2 is responsible for over 90% of glutamate reuptake within the central nervous system (CNS). The EAAT3-4 subtypes are exclusively neuronal, and are expressed in axon terminals, cell bodies, and dendrites. Finally, EAAT5 is only found in the retina where it is principally localized to photoreceptors and bipolar neurons in the retina.
When glutamate is taken up into glial cells by the EAATs, it is converted to glutamine and subsequently transported back into the presynaptic neuron, converted back into glutamate, and taken up into synaptic vesicles by action of the VGLUTs. This process is named the glutamate–glutamine cycle.
VGLUTs
Three types of vesicular glutamate transporters are known, VGLUTs 1–3 (SLC17A7, SLC17A6, and SLC17A8 respectively) and the novel glutamate/aspartate transporter sialin. These transporters pack the neurotransmitter into synaptic vesicles so that they can be released into the synapse. VGLUTs are dependent on the proton gradient that exists in the secretory system (vesicles being more acidic than the cytosol). VGLUTs have only between one hundredth and one thousandth the affinity for glutamate that EAATs have. Also unlike EAATs, they do not appear to transport aspartate.
VGluT3
VGluT3 (Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 3) that is encoded by the SLC17A8 gene is a member of the vesicular glutamate transporter family that transports glutamate into the cells. It is involved in neurological and pain diseases.
Neurons are able to express VGluT3 when they use a neurotransmitter different to Glutamate, for example in the specific case of central 5-HT neurons. The role of this unconventional transporter (VGluT3) still remains unknown but, at the moment, has been demonstrated that, in auditory system, the VGluT3 is involved in fast excitatory glutamatergic transmission very similar to the other two vesicular glutamate transporters, VGluT1 and VGluT2.
There are behavioral and physiological consequences of VGluT3 ablation because it modulates a wide range of neuronal and physiological processes like anxiety, mood regulation, impulsivity, aggressive behavior, pain perception, sleep–wake cycle, appetite, body temperature and sexual behavior. Certainly, no significant change was found in aggression and depression-like behaviors, but in contrast, the loss of VGluT3 resulted in a specific anxiety-related phenotype.
The sensory nerve fibers have different ways to detect the pain hypersensivity throughout their sensory modalities and conduction velocities, but at the moment is still unknown which types of sensory is related to the different forms of inflammatory and neuropathic pain hypersensivity. In this case, Vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (VGluT3), have been implicated in mechanical hypersensitivity after inflammation, but their role in neuropathic pain still remains under debate.
VGluT3 has extensive somatic throughout development, which could be involved in non-synaptic modulation by glutamate in developing retina, and could influence trophic and extra-synaptic neuronal signaling by glutamate in the inner retina.
Molecular Structure of EAATs
Like all glutamate transporters, EAATs are trimers, with each protomer consisting of two domains : the central scaffold domain (Figure 1A, wheat) and the peripheral transport domain (Figure 1A, blue). The transport conformational path is as follows. First, the outward facing conformation occurs (OF, open) which allows the glutamate to bind. Then the HP2 region closes after uptake (OF, closed) and the elevator like movement carries the substrate to the intracellular side of the membrane. It worth nothing that this elevator motion consists of several yet to be categorized/identified conformational changes. After the elevator motion brings the substrate to the IC side of the membrane, EAAT adopts the inward facing (IF, closed) state in which the transport domain is lowered, but the HP2 gate is still closed with the glutamate still bound to the transporter. Lastly, the HP2 gate opens and the glutamate diffuses into the cytoplasm of the cell.
Pathology
Overactivity of glutamate transporters may result in inadequate synaptic glutamate and may be involved in schizophrenia and other mental illnesses.
During injury processes such as ischemia and traumatic brain injury, the action of glutamate transporters may fail, leading to toxic buildup of glutamate. In fact, their activity may also actually be reversed due to inadequate amounts of adenosine triphosphate to power ATPase pumps, resulting in the loss of the electrochemical ion gradient. Since the direction of glutamate transport depends on the ion gradient, these transporters release glutamate instead of removing it, which results in neurotoxicity due to overactivation of glutamate receptors.
Loss of the Na+-dependent glutamate transporter EAAT2 is suspected to be associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and ALS–parkinsonism dementia complex. Also, degeneration of motor neurons in the disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has been linked to loss of EAAT2 from patients' brains and spinal cords.
Addiction to certain addictive drugs (e.g., cocaine, heroin, alcohol, and nicotine) is correlated with a persistent reduction in the expression of EAAT2 in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc); the reduced expression of EAAT2 in this region is implicated in addictive drug-seeking behavior. In particular, the long-term dysregulation of glutamate neurotransmission in the NAcc of addicts is associated with an increase in vulnerability to relapse after re-exposure to the addictive drug or its associated drug cues. Drugs which help to normalize the expression of EAAT2 in this region, such as N-acetylcysteine, have been proposed as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of addiction to cocaine, nicotine, alcohol, and other drugs.
See also
Dopamine transporters
Norepinephrine transporters
Serotonin transporters
NMDA receptors
AMPA receptors
Kainate receptors
Metabotropic glutamate receptors
References
External links
Amphetamine
Membrane proteins
Neurotransmitter transporters
Solute carrier family
Glutamate (neurotransmitter)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate%20transporter
|
This is a list of newspapers in Dominica.
The Chronicle
Dominica News Online
See also
List of newspapers
References
External links
Dominica
Newspapers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20Dominica
|
Michael D. Bissonnette is the former mayor of Chicopee, Massachusetts. Bissonnette was first elected mayor in a landslide in the November 2005 election after he defeated embattled mayor Richard Goyette, who has been arrested weeks prior on federal extortion charges. Bissonnette served as mayor from 2006 through 2013, but was unseated by Richard J. Kos, who had previously served as mayor, in the 2013 general election.
After leaving the mayor's office, he served as interim DPW director for the Town of Greenfield from November 2014 until May 2015. He challenged Kos to a rematch in 2015 but was unsuccessful. He returned to his law practice shortly thereafter. In 2019 Kos announced he would not seek re-election and Bissonnette was one of several candidates to run for the seat. He was eliminated in the City's preliminary election in September of 2019.
Bissonnette lives in Chicopee with his wife Erin.
Chicopee is a city in Western Massachusetts. As of the 2000 census, a total population is 54,653.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Mayors of Chicopee, Massachusetts
Westfield State University alumni
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20D.%20Bissonnette
|
In universal algebra and in model theory, a structure consists of a set along with a collection of finitary operations and relations that are defined on it.
Universal algebra studies structures that generalize the algebraic structures such as groups, rings, fields and vector spaces. The term universal algebra is used for structures of first-order theories with no relation symbols. Model theory has a different scope that encompasses more arbitrary first-order theories, including foundational structures such as models of set theory.
From the model-theoretic point of view, structures are the objects used to define the semantics of first-order logic, cf. also Tarski's theory of truth or Tarskian semantics.
For a given theory in model theory, a structure is called a model if it satisfies the defining axioms of that theory, although it is sometimes disambiguated as a semantic model when one discusses the notion in the more general setting of mathematical models. Logicians sometimes refer to structures as "interpretations", whereas the term "interpretation" generally has a different (although related) meaning in model theory, see interpretation (model theory).
In database theory, structures with no functions are studied as models for relational databases, in the form of relational models.
History
In the context of mathematical logic, the term "model" was first applied in 1940 by the philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine, in a reference to mathematician Richard Dedekind (1831 – 1916), a pioneer in the development of set theory. Since the 19th century, one main method for proving the consistency of a set of axioms has been to provide a model for it.
Definition
Formally, a structure can be defined as a triple consisting of a domain a signature and an interpretation function that indicates how the signature is to be interpreted on the domain. To indicate that a structure has a particular signature one can refer to it as a -structure.
Domain
The domain of a structure is an arbitrary set; it is also called the of the structure, its (especially in universal algebra), its (especially in model theory, cf. universe), or its . In classical first-order logic, the definition of a structure prohibits the empty domain.
Sometimes the notation or is used for the domain of but often no notational distinction is made between a structure and its domain (that is, the same symbol refers both to the structure and its domain.)
Signature
The signature of a structure consists of:
a set of function symbols and relation symbols, along with
a function that ascribes to each symbol a natural number
The natural number of a symbol is called the arity of because it is the arity of the interpretation of
Since the signatures that arise in algebra often contain only function symbols, a signature with no relation symbols is called an algebraic signature. A structure with such a signature is also called an algebra; this should not be confused with the notion of an algebra over a field.
Interpretation function
The interpretation function of assigns functions and relations to the symbols of the signature. Each function symbol of arity is assigned an -ary function on the domain. Each relation symbol of arity is assigned an -ary relation on the domain. A nullary (-ary) function symbol is called a constant symbol, because its interpretation can be identified with a constant element of the domain.
When a structure (and hence an interpretation function) is given by context, no notational distinction is made between a symbol and its interpretation For example, if is a binary function symbol of one simply writes rather than
Examples
The standard signature for fields consists of two binary function symbols and where additional symbols can be derived, such as a unary function symbol (uniquely determined by ) and the two constant symbols and (uniquely determined by and respectively).
Thus a structure (algebra) for this signature consists of a set of elements together with two binary functions, that can be enhanced with a unary function, and two distinguished elements; but there is no requirement that it satisfy any of the field axioms. The rational numbers the real numbers and the complex numbers like any other field, can be regarded as -structures in an obvious way:
In all three cases we have the standard signature given by
with and
The interpretation function is:
is addition of rational numbers,
is multiplication of rational numbers,
is the function that takes each rational number to and
is the number and
is the number
and and are similarly defined.
But the ring of integers, which is not a field, is also a -structure in the same way. In fact, there is no requirement that of the field axioms hold in a -structure.
A signature for ordered fields needs an additional binary relation such as or and therefore structures for such a signature are not algebras, even though they are of course algebraic structures in the usual, loose sense of the word.
The ordinary signature for set theory includes a single binary relation A structure for this signature consists of a set of elements and an interpretation of the relation as a binary relation on these elements.
Induced substructures and closed subsets
is called an (induced) substructure of if
and have the same signature
the domain of is contained in the domain of and
the interpretations of all function and relation symbols agree on
The usual notation for this relation is
A subset of the domain of a structure is called closed if it is closed under the functions of that is, if the following condition is satisfied: for every natural number every -ary function symbol (in the signature of ) and all elements the result of applying to the -tuple is again an element of
For every subset there is a smallest closed subset of that contains It is called the closed subset generated by or the hull of and denoted by or . The operator is a finitary closure operator on the set of subsets of .
If and is a closed subset, then is an induced substructure of where assigns to every symbol of σ the restriction to of its interpretation in Conversely, the domain of an induced substructure is a closed subset.
The closed subsets (or induced substructures) of a structure form a lattice. The meet of two subsets is their intersection. The join of two subsets is the closed subset generated by their union. Universal algebra studies the lattice of substructures of a structure in detail.
Examples
Let be again the standard signature for fields. When regarded as -structures in the natural way, the rational numbers form a substructure of the real numbers, and the real numbers form a substructure of the complex numbers. The rational numbers are the smallest substructure of the real (or complex) numbers that also satisfies the field axioms.
The set of integers gives an even smaller substructure of the real numbers which is not a field. Indeed, the integers are the substructure of the real numbers generated by the empty set, using this signature. The notion in abstract algebra that corresponds to a substructure of a field, in this signature, is that of a subring, rather than that of a subfield.
The most obvious way to define a graph is a structure with a signature consisting of a single binary relation symbol The vertices of the graph form the domain of the structure, and for two vertices and means that and are connected by an edge. In this encoding, the notion of induced substructure is more restrictive than the notion of subgraph. For example, let be a graph consisting of two vertices connected by an edge, and let be the graph consisting of the same vertices but no edges. is a subgraph of but not an induced substructure. The notion in graph theory that corresponds to induced substructures is that of induced subgraphs.
Homomorphisms and embeddings
Homomorphisms
Given two structures and of the same signature σ, a (σ-)homomorphism from to is a map that preserves the functions and relations. More precisely:
For every n-ary function symbol f of σ and any elements , the following equation holds:
.
For every n-ary relation symbol R of σ and any elements , the following implication holds:
where , is the interpretation of the relation symbol of the object theory in the structure , respectively.
A homomorphism h from to is typically denoted as , although technically the function h is between the domains , of the two structures , .
For every signature σ there is a concrete category σ-Hom which has σ-structures as objects and σ-homomorphisms as morphisms.
A homomorphism is sometimes called strong if:
For every n-ary relation symbol R of the object theory and any elements such that , there are such that and
The strong homomorphisms give rise to a subcategory of the category σ-Hom that was defiend above.
Embeddings
A (σ-)homomorphism is called a (σ-)embedding if it is one-to-one and
for every n-ary relation symbol R of σ and any elements , the following equivalence holds:
(where as before , refers to the interpretation of the relation symbol R of the object theory σ in the structure , respectively).
Thus an embedding is the same thing as a strong homomorphism which is one-to-one.
The category σ-Emb of σ-structures and σ-embeddings is a concrete subcategory of σ-Hom.
Induced substructures correspond to subobjects in σ-Emb. If σ has only function symbols, σ-Emb is the subcategory of monomorphisms of σ-Hom. In this case induced substructures also correspond to subobjects in σ-Hom.
Example
As seen above, in the standard encoding of graphs as structures the induced substructures are precisely the induced subgraphs. However, a homomorphism between graphs is the same thing as a homomorphism between the two structures coding the graph. In the example of the previous section, even though the subgraph H of G is not induced, the identity map id: H → G is a homomorphism. This map is in fact a monomorphism in the category σ-Hom, and therefore H is a subobject of G which is not an induced substructure.
Homomorphism problem
The following problem is known as the homomorphism problem:
Given two finite structures and of a finite relational signature, find a homomorphism or show that no such homomorphism exists.
Every constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) has a translation into the homomorphism problem. Therefore, the complexity of CSP can be studied using the methods of finite model theory.
Another application is in database theory, where a relational model of a database is essentially the same thing as a relational structure. It turns out that a conjunctive query on a database can be described by another structure in the same signature as the database model. A homomorphism from the relational model to the structure representing the query is the same thing as a solution to the query. This shows that the conjunctive query problem is also equivalent to the homomorphism problem.
Structures and first-order logic
Structures are sometimes referred to as "first-order structures". This is misleading, as nothing in their definition ties them to any specific logic, and in fact they are suitable as semantic objects both for very restricted fragments of first-order logic such as that used in universal algebra, and for second-order logic. In connection with first-order logic and model theory, structures are often called models, even when the question "models of what?" has no obvious answer.
Satisfaction relation
Each first-order structure has a satisfaction relation defined for all formulas in the language consisting of the language of together with a constant symbol for each element of which is interpreted as that element.
This relation is defined inductively using Tarski's T-schema.
A structure is said to be a model of a theory if the language of is the same as the language of and every sentence in is satisfied by Thus, for example, a "ring" is a structure for the language of rings that satisfies each of the ring axioms, and a model of ZFC set theory is a structure in the language of set theory that satisfies each of the ZFC axioms.
Definable relations
An -ary relation on the universe (i.e. domain) of the structure is said to be definable (or explicitly definable cf. Beth definability, or -definable, or definable with parameters from cf. below) if there is a formula such that
In other words, is definable if and only if there is a formula such that
is correct.
An important special case is the definability of specific elements. An element of is definable in if and only if there is a formula such that
Definability with parameters
A relation is said to be definable with parameters (or -definable) if there is a formula with parameters from such that is definable using Every element of a structure is definable using the element itself as a parameter.
Some authors use definable to mean definable without parameters, while other authors mean definable with parameters. Broadly speaking, the convention that definable means definable without parameters is more common amongst set theorists, while the opposite convention is more common amongst model theorists.
Implicit definability
Recall from above that an -ary relation on the universe of is explicitly definable if there is a formula such that
Here the formula used to define a relation must be over the signature of and so may not mention itself, since is not in the signature of If there is a formula in the extended language containing the language of and a new symbol and the relation is the only relation on such that then is said to be implicitly definable over
By Beth's theorem, every implicitly definable relation is explicitly definable.
Many-sorted structures
Structures as defined above are sometimes called s to distinguish them from the more general s. A many-sorted structure can have an arbitrary number of domains. The sorts are part of the signature, and they play the role of names for the different domains. Many-sorted signatures also prescribe on which sorts the functions and relations of a many-sorted structure are defined. Therefore, the arities of function symbols or relation symbols must be more complicated objects such as tuples of sorts rather than natural numbers.
Vector spaces, for example, can be regarded as two-sorted structures in the following way. The two-sorted signature of vector spaces consists of two sorts V (for vectors) and S (for scalars) and the following function symbols:
If V is a vector space over a field F, the corresponding two-sorted structure consists of the vector domain , the scalar domain , and the obvious functions, such as the vector zero , the scalar zero , or scalar multiplication .
Many-sorted structures are often used as a convenient tool even when they could be avoided with a little effort. But they are rarely defined in a rigorous way, because it is straightforward and tedious (hence unrewarding) to carry out the generalization explicitly.
In most mathematical endeavours, not much attention is paid to the sorts. A many-sorted logic however naturally leads to a type theory. As Bart Jacobs puts it: "A logic is always a logic over a type theory." This emphasis in turn leads to categorical logic because a logic over a type theory categorically corresponds to one ("total") category, capturing the logic, being fibred over another ("base") category, capturing the type theory.
Other generalizations
Partial algebras
Both universal algebra and model theory study classes of (structures or) algebras that are defined by a signature and a set of axioms. In the case of model theory these axioms have the form of first-order sentences. The formalism of universal algebra is much more restrictive; essentially it only allows first-order sentences that have the form of universally quantified equations between terms, e.g. x y (x + y = y + x). One consequence is that the choice of a signature is more significant in universal algebra than it is in model theory. For example, the class of groups, in the signature consisting of the binary function symbol × and the constant symbol 1, is an elementary class, but it is not a variety. Universal algebra solves this problem by adding a unary function symbol −1.
In the case of fields this strategy works only for addition. For multiplication it fails because 0 does not have a multiplicative inverse. An ad hoc attempt to deal with this would be to define 0−1 = 0. (This attempt fails, essentially because with this definition 0 × 0−1 = 1 is not true.) Therefore, one is naturally led to allow partial functions, i.e., functions that are defined only on a subset of their domain. However, there are several obvious ways to generalize notions such as substructure, homomorphism and identity.
Structures for typed languages
In type theory, there are many sorts of variables, each of which has a type. Types are inductively defined; given two types δ and σ there is also a type σ → δ that represents functions from objects of type σ to objects of type δ. A structure for a typed language (in the ordinary first-order semantics) must include a separate set of objects of each type, and for a function type the structure must have complete information about the function represented by each object of that type.
Higher-order languages
There is more than one possible semantics for higher-order logic, as discussed in the article on second-order logic. When using full higher-order semantics, a structure need only have a universe for objects of type 0, and the T-schema is extended so that a quantifier over a higher-order type is satisfied by the model if and only if it is disquotationally true. When using first-order semantics, an additional sort is added for each higher-order type, as in the case of a many sorted first order language.
Structures that are proper classes
In the study of set theory and category theory, it is sometimes useful to consider structures in which the domain of discourse is a proper class instead of a set. These structures are sometimes called class models to distinguish them from the "set models" discussed above. When the domain is a proper class, each function and relation symbol may also be represented by a proper class.
In Bertrand Russell's Principia Mathematica, structures were also allowed to have a proper class as their domain.
See also
Notes
References
External links
Semantics section in Classical Logic (an entry of Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Mathematical logic
Mathematical structures
Model theory
Universal algebra
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure%20%28mathematical%20logic%29
|
This is a list of newspapers in the Dominican Republic.
theAdscene.com (North Coast, Cabarete, Sosua, Puerto Plata)
Camino – weekly religious newspaper
El Caribe (Santo Domingo)
Clave (Santo Domingo) - free weekly newspaper
El Día (Santo Domingo) – free newspaper
Diario a Diario (Santo Domingo) – weekly newspaper
Diario Libre (Santo Domingo) – free newspaper
Dominican Today
DominicanCentral.com (North Coast, Cabarete, Sosua, Puerto Plata)
DominicanoDigital.com (Santo Domingo) - multilingual newspaper
DominicanosHoy.com (Santo Domingo)
El Expresso (Santo Domingo) – free daily newspaper; defunct
El Faro (Puerto Plata)
Hoy (Santo Domingo)
La Información (Santiago)
El Jaya (San Francisco de Macoris)
Listín Diario (Santo Domingo) – oldest newspaper in the Dominican Republic
La Nación (Santo Domingo) – defunct
El Nacional (Santo Domingo) – afternoon newspaper
La Noticia (Santo Domingo) – defunct
Nuevo Diario (Santo Domingo)
Primicias (Santo Domingo) – weekly newspaper
El Siglo 1989–2002 (Santo Domingo) – defunct
El Sol (Santo Domingo) – defunct
Última Hora (Santo Domingo) – defunct
Metro RD (Santo Domingo)
See also
List of newspapers
Further reading
External links
Dominican Republic
Newspapers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20the%20Dominican%20Republic
|
The Spode Museum is based in Stoke-on-Trent, England, where Josiah Spode, known for his role in the Industrial Revolution, established his pottery business in 1774. The Spode Museum collection includes a ceramics collection representing 200 years of Spode manufacture, ranging from spectacular pieces made for Royalty, the Great Exhibitions and the very rich to simple domestic wares.
History
Spode's achievements include the formulation of Bone China, which became the standard for all English chinawares, and the development and perfection of underglaze transfer printing on earthenwares, which enabled mass-production of attractively decorated ceramic items on a scale never previously achieved. By the early 1820s, his factory, now managed by his son Josiah Spode II and his business partner William Copeland, had become the largest in Stoke, employing some 2,000 workers and boasting 22 bottle ovens.
Spode's factory was in continuous production from 1774 to 2008, when it finally closed (although the brand was subsequently purchased by Portmeirion, who continue to make Spode branded wares at their own factory in Stoke). The Spode factory occupied some 90 buildings on a site and such was the amount of space available that over the years many thousands of items that might otherwise have been thrown out were simply put into store. Consequently, over the two centuries when the factory was operational, a massive quantity of papers and objects was accumulated.
In 1987 the Spode company, recognising the importance and uniqueness of its archive and collection, established the Spode Museum Trust, an independent charitable body, to take over the entire collection. This step was taken to protect the collection in perpetuity irrespective of whatever economic misfortunes the Spode company might suffer in the future.
In April 2018, the museum was hit by a car damaging items in the museum shop. In 2022, the museum hosted an exhibition of art made from the damaged items.
Collection
This collection is recognised as the largest and most wide-ranging single collection of Spode wares in the world. It also includes a "paper" archive of some ¼ million documents and early photographs, of which the most important are the 70,000 hand-painted watercolour images of every pattern produced since around 1800. In addition, some 25,000 engraved copper plates, used as the basis for printed wares, dating back from the 1790s and recognised to be the largest collection of its type in the world. There is also a collection of antique potters' tools and machinery, some dating back before 1800.
Since 2008, most of the collection has been in storage, but with the support of the Heritage Lottery Fund, in 2012 the Spode Museum Trust opened the Spode Works Visitor Centre in part of the historic Spode factory.
References
External links
Spode Museum Trust
Portmeirion Group, who make Spode today
Spode Works Visitor Centre
Information from the Culture24
Biographical museums in England
Museums in Stoke-on-Trent
Decorative arts museums in England
Industry museums in England
Museums established in 1925
Staffordshire pottery
Ceramics museums in the United Kingdom
1925 establishments in England
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spode%20Museum
|
The Cathedral Quartet, also known as the Cathedrals, was an American southern gospel quartet who performed from 1964 to December 1999. The group's final lineup consisted of Glen Payne (lead), George Younce (bass), Ernie Haase (tenor), Scott Fowler (baritone and bass guitar), and Roger Bennett (piano and rhythm guitar).
History
Formation and early years
The Cathedrals formed in 1963 as a trio consisting of the California Weatherford Quartet lead singer Glen Payne, tenor Bobby Clark, and baritone Danny Koker. Initially a house group of Rex Humbard's Cathedral of Tomorrow, they called themselves the Cathedral Trio. The group became a quartet with the addition of Blue Ridge Quartet bass singer George Younce in 1964. They decided to become a full-time touring group in 1969, leaving the Cathedral of Tomorrow. Koker and Clark left the group to pursue other interests, and were replaced by tenor Mack Taunton and baritone-pianist George Amon Webster. The group signed with Canaan Records; Canaan producer Marvin Norcross worked with them and Florida Boys lead singer Les Beasley to help the group gain exposure. Norcross gave them performance time on the nationally syndicated television Gospel Singing Jubilee. With Canaan, the group experimented with different styles of dress and performance to find their identity.
Rise to prominence
Gospel singer Bill Gaither invited the group to perform at his annual Praise Gathering in Indianapolis, and they received more requests for appearances. Gaither collaborated with Younce and Payne to produce their future albums for Word Records. The group began incorporating Younce and Payne's comedy routines, and added Roy Tremble as a tenor. Tremble, Webster, and pianist Lorne Matthews left the group and started their own trio called "The Brothers" in 1979. Their first replacement, Kirk Talley of the Hoppers, was a tenor; Steve Lee was added to sing baritone and play piano. Shortly before 1980, the group hired Roger Bennett as their pianist after hearing him play for their opening act. Lee left the group, and former member Roger Horne filled in briefly before bass guitarist and Kingsmen baritone Mark Trammell joined the group. They left Canaan (Word), and signed with Riversong (Benson).
1980s
Talley left the group in the summer of 1983 to form the Talleys with his brother, Roger, and sister-in-law, Debra. Danny Funderburk of the Singing Americans was chosen to replace him in December of that year. This lineup remained in place for several years, until Bennett left to help found Journey Records. Bennett was replaced by young, classically trained pianist and vocalist Gerald Wolfe. With Wolfe at the piano and singing, the group contributed to Symphony of Praise a 1987 album with the London Philharmonic Orchestra. The album included "This Ole House", "Champion Of Love", "I Can See The Hand" (written by Steven Curtis Chapman), and "I've Just Started Living". During this period, the group added Trammell's bass guitar and a synthesizer to its quartet vocals.
1990s: Gaither Homecoming years
In February 1990, Funderburk left to help form the quartet Perfect Heart. The Cathedrals hired tenor Kurt Young to replace him, but Young left the quartet after two months. Young was replaced by Ernie Haase, a young tenor from Indiana. Later that year, Trammell left to form Greater Vision with Gerald Wolfe. Scott Fowler, former lead singer of the Sound, became the quartet's baritone and bass guitarist; this was the final version of the Cathedrals. The full group (including present and former members, except for Danny Koker, Roger Horne, Lorne Matthews, Bill Dykes, Jim Garstang, Steve Lee and Kurt Young) recorded a concert, The Cathedral Quartet: A Reunion, in 1995.
Bill Gaither and the Gaither Vocal Band recorded Homecoming, a tribute to Southern gospel music, during the early 1990s. Gaither enlisted George Younce and Glen Payne for the album (which inspired the Gaither Homecoming videos), and the Cathedral Quartet was included on later videos in the series. In addition to touring and appearing in the Gaither Homecoming videos, the group appeared three times on NBC's Today show during the decade.
Final years and farewell tour
Younce and Payne's health began to decline; Younce had kidney failure and heart disease by 1999, and Payne was diagnosed with liver cancer. They decided to disband the group after a farewell tour, as the group's health permitted. The Gaithers and the Cathedrals recorded a live Cathedrals Farewell Celebration video on May 18, 1999, on which they were joined by The Statler Brothers, The Oak Ridge Boys, Sandi Patty, Guy Penrod, and the Gaither Vocal Band. The Cathedrals would make their final appearance at the National Quartet Convention without Payne. During a performance Payne called via telephone from his hospital bed, he sang the song I Won't Have to Cross Jordan Alone to which the audience gave him a standing ovation at the end. On October 15, 1999, Payne died from liver cancer at aged 72. After Payne's death, Bennett sung Payne's part until the group final concert on December 11, 1999, in Akron, Ohio.
After the group
In 2000, former members Fowler and Bennett formed the Southern gospel group Legacy Five; Fowler was the lead singer and bass guitarist, and Bennett was the group's emcee and pianist. Haase continued a solo career he had begun and, with Gaither's help, formed The Old Friends Quartet with Younce, Jake Hess, Wesley Pritchard, and Gold City alumnus Garry Jones on piano. They recorded two albums and a concert video for the Gaither Homecoming series, but Younce and Hess's poor health brought an end to the Old Friends two years later. In 2003, Haase and Garry Jones formed the Signature Sound Quartet. After Jones and Haase developed artistic differences, Jones left. Signature Sound Quartet became associated with Gaither and his Homecoming tour, and changed its name to Ernie Haase & Signature Sound.
After leaving the Cathedrals, Trammell was the original baritone of Greater Vision before leaving to join Gold City. In 2002, Trammell formed his own quartet called Mark Trammell Quartet. Gerald Wolfe is emcee and piano player with Greater Vision and Danny Funderburk has recorded solo and has been in several groups since leaving Perfect Heart. Kirk Talley had a solo career from the Talleys breakup to December 2012, when he developed vocal problems. On April 11, 2005, George Younce died from kidney failure, aged 75. On March 17, 2007, Roger Bennett died aged 48 after battling 11 and a half year of leukemia. On February 17, 2008 original baritone Danny Koker died aged 74. In 2010, Ernie Haase & Signature Sound released A Tribute to the Cathedral Quartet DVD/album set and was nominated for Southern Gospel Album of the Year at the 42nd GMA Dove Awards.
On September 28, 2013 Webster died aged 67 from cancer. In 2014, former members Haase, Fowler, Funderburk, Trammell and Wofle released the Cathedrals Family Reunion, a DVD/album set to commemorate the Cathedrals 35 years journey in stories and songs. On May 22, 2014 original tenor Bobby Clark died aged 78 from a stroke. On June 13, 2023 Roy Tremble died aged 76 from a brief illness.
On September 28, 2023 Roger Horne died aged 77.
Members
Backing musicians
George Amon Webster: bass guitar (1971, 1974–79)
Steve Lee: bass guitar (1979–80)
Kirk Talley: bass guitar (1979–83)
Victor Clay: rhythm guitar (occasional appearances from 1964)
Roger Bennett: rhythm guitar (1985)
Robbie Willis: drums (occasionally)
Timeline
Cathedrals Family Reunion members
Discography
Albums
1963: Introducing the Cathedral Trio
1963: When the Saints Go Marching In
1964: Beyond the Sunset
1965: Taller Than Trees
1965: Presenting the Cathedral Quartet, Mariner’s Quartet, Gospel Harmony Boys
1965: The Cathedral Quartet with Strings
1966: The Cathedral Quartet with Brass
1966: Greatest Gospel Hits
1966: Land of the Bible
1967: I Saw the Light
1968: Family Album
1968: Focus On Glen Payne
1969: Jesus is Coming Soon
1970: I’m Nearer Home
1970: It’s Music Time
1970: A Little Bit of Everything
1971: Everything’s Alright
1971: Somebody Loves Me
1971: Right On
1972: Welcome to Our World
1973: Seniors in Session
1973: Town and Country
1973: The Last Sunday
1974: Our Statue of Liberty
1974: Live in Concert
1975: Plain Ole Gospel
1975: For Keeps
1976: The Cathedral Quartet Sings Albert E. Brumley Classics
1976: Easy on the Ears, Heavy on the Heart
1977: Then and Now
1978: One at a Time
1978: The Cathedral Quartet Featuring Oh, What a Love
1978: Sunshine And Roses
1979: You Ain’t Heard Nothing Yet
1979: Then I Found Jesus
1979: Live With The Cathedral Quartet
1979: Keep On Singing (2 Versions)
1979: Smooth as Silk
1980: Interwoven
1980: Better Than Ever
1980: Telling the World About His Love
1981: Cherish That Name
1981: Colors of His Love
1982: Something Special
1982: Greater
1982: Oh Happy Day
1983: Individually
1983: Voices in Praise/A Cappella
1983: Favorites Old and New
1983: Live in Atlanta
1983: Featuring George Younce
1983: Featuring Glen Payne
1984: Distinctively
1984: The Prestigious Cathedral Quartet
1985: An Old Convention Song
1985: Especially For You
1985: A Cathedral Christmas A Cappella
1986: Master Builder
1986: Travelin’ Live
1987: Land Of Living
1987: Symphony of Praise
1988: Goin’ In Style
1989: 25th Anniversary
1990: Climbing Higher and Higher
1991: The Best of Times
1992: Camp Meeting (Live)
1993: High and Lifted Up
1997: Alive! Deep In The Heart Of Texas
1998: Faithful
1999: A Farewell Celebration
1999: Live in Jacksonville
2012: Moody Radio Presents... Live In Chicago (recorded live in 1996)
2013: Cathedrals Family Reunion
2014: Cathedrals Family Reunion: Past Members Reunite Live In Concert
Compilations
1998: 20 Gospel Classics (Landmark)
2000: Southern Gospel Treasury Series (Word Entertainment)
2000: Convention Classics (Diamante)
2000: Signature Songs, Vol. 1 (Homeland)
2001: Cherish That Name (Cathedral)
2002: Signature Songs, Vol. 2 (Homeland)
2002: Years Gone By, Vol 1 (Homeland)
2002: The Best of the Cathedrals (Canaan)
2003: Live in Concert: Live With the Cathedral Quartet (Cathedral)
Appearances on the Gaither Homecoming videos
1994: A Christmas Homecoming - "God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen"
1995: The Sweetest Song I Know - "An Old Convention Song"
1996: Moments to Remember - "This Old House"
1997: Feelin' At Home - "New Born Feeling"
1997: This Is My Story - "Boundless Love"
1998: Singing With The Saints - "Mexico"
1999: Singin' In My Soul - "He Made A Change"
2000: Good News - "Trying To Get A Glimpse"
References
External links
Cathedrals History and Discography
American Christian musical groups
Gospel quartets
Musical groups disestablished in 1999
Musical groups established in 1964
Musical groups from Ohio
Southern gospel performers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral%20Quartet
|
The bare-throated tiger heron (Tigrisoma mexicanum) is a wading bird of the heron family, Ardeidae, found from Mexico to northwestern Colombia, with one recorded sighting from the United States in Hidalgo County, Texas. It is in length and weighs .
This large species is found in more open habitats than other Tigrisoma herons, such as river and lake banks. It waits often motionless for suitable prey such as fish, frogs or crabs to come within reach of its long bill.
This is a solitary breeder, not normally found in heron colonies. The nest is a small flattish stick platform in a tree into which 2–3 green-tinged white eggs are laid.
Description
The throat is bare and is greenish-yellow to orange in all plumages. The adult has black crown and light grey sides of the head, the sides of the neck and the upperparts otherwise blackish narrowly barred buff. The median stripe down the fore-neck is white-bordered with black; the remaining underparts are dull cinnamon brown. The juvenile is buff coarsely barred with black, more mottled and vermiculated on wings; the throat, median underparts, and belly are whitish.
The flight is heavy, and the call is a hoarse howk-howk-howk. Males also give a booming hrrrowwr! call, especially at sunset. During emission of the call, the beak opens wide and undulations can be seen along the course of the throat from mid-thorax caudally.
References
Robert S. Ridgely and John A. Gwynne - Birds of Panama with Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Honduras
Stiles and Skutch, A guide to the birds of Costa Rica
External links
bare-throated tiger heron
Birds of Central America
bare-throated tiger heron
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bare-throated%20tiger%20heron
|
Miss A (stylized as "MISS A" or "miss A", Hangul: ) was a South Korean girl group formed by JYP Entertainment. The group debuted in July 2010 with the single "Bad Girl Good Girl" as a quartet consisting of Fei, Jia, Min, and Suzy. Their debut song reached number one on the Gaon Digital Chart, which made them the first act ever to have their debut song reach the top of the chart, the song also became the best-performing single of 2010 on the chart.
Their debut studio album, A Class (2011) produced two more number one songs, and their follow-up extended plays, Touch and Independent Women Part III (both 2012), proved furthermore success. Their second studio album, Hush (2013), was well received by critics, and its title track has been covered on numerous occasions by girl groups and on survival reality shows. This would be followed by a year-long hiatus, until the release of their third extended play, Colors (2015), which would go on to become their last release before disbandment. In 2017, Billboard ranked Miss A at number ten on their "Top 10 K-pop Girl Groups of the Past Decade" list.
Member Jia left the group in May 2016, while member Min left the group in November 2017. In December 2017, JYP officially announced that Miss A has disbanded.
History
Originally, the group consisted of five trainees who were formed by JYP Entertainment in 2010. They first appeared in Chinese variety shows performing dance routines and songs as the "Chinese Wonder Girls," with Woo Hyerim as a member, who was placed in Wonder Girls soon before Miss A's debut in order to replace Sunmi. In March 2010, fifteen-year-old trainee Bae Suzy joined the group which, then a trio became known as 'Miss A'. The group signed with the Samsung Electronics group in China and released a song used for the commercial called "Love Again" for the Samsung Beat Festival. Lee Min Young, a solo artist and a long-time trainee in America, also made a cameo appearance in the music video, and joined the group for their South Korean debut in April 2010.
2010–2011: Debut, A Class, and Chinese debut
Miss A made their official debut in South Korea as a four-member group on July 1 with their single "Bad Girl Good Girl." The song was taken from their debut single album Bad but Good. Miss A received first place in the on KBS Music Bank, becoming the fastest girl group to take the #1 spot on a music show.
The group also consequently got first place program Inkigayo from the SBS. On August 1, 2010, Miss A received their first "Mutizen" award on M.net's M! Countdown. The song stayed as the number 1 song for four straight weeks, breaking the previous record set by Girls' Generation.
The group later on made their comeback with their second single album called "Step Up" on September 26. The group promoted "Breathe" as the lead single for the single album and showed an "exotic and [...] doll-like transformation" that was completely different from their debut EP. The first performance was on M! Countdown on October 7. The group received first place on M! Countdown in the last week of October.
In May 2011, Miss A released "Love Alone", a single from their unreleased album A Class. "Love Alone" was used as a promotional song for Yuna Kim's ice show, and Miss A performed the song at the opening of "All That Skate Spring 2011".
Miss A announced their comeback with their first full album called A Class, which was released digitally on July 18, 2011. A Class consists of a mix of previously released hits and four new tracks, including the single "Good Bye Baby". The album has 13 songs. They started promoting "Good Bye Baby" on July 21, 2011, on M.net's M! Countdown, followed by KBS's Music Bank, MBC's Show! Music Core, and SBS's Inkigayo. On the following week of promotions, they won all awards from the shows.
On September 30 of the same year, Miss A debuted in China with the release of a special edition of their first full album, containing a DVD with music videos, as well as Chinese versions of "Bad Girl Good Girl", "Breathe", "Good Bye Baby" and "Love Again". After the Chinese album release, it ranked #3 on Taiwan's G-Music Chart.
2012: Touch and Independent Women Part III
Miss A announced their comeback in Korea with an EP called Touch, released on February 20, 2012. On February 19, 2012, the music video was uploaded to YouTube through Miss A's official channel and gained over one million views in one day.
Touch, both the song and the album, peaked at #2 on Gaon Chart Digital Singles and Physical Albums rankings for the 4th week of February.
Miss A started their promotions for Touch on February 23 on M.net's M! Countdown and on other music shows respectively. On February 29, Miss A won the Champion Song on MBC MUSIC's Show Champion with the song "Touch". On March 1, Touch also went to #1 on M.net M! Countdown. On March 4, they won Mutizen on SBS's Inkigayo with Touch. On March 7 Miss A won on jTBC Music On Top.
On March 22, popular Chinese video sharing site YinYueTai revealed Miss A's Chinese music video for "Touch". On March 23, Miss A released a Chinese version of the Touch album in Hong Kong and Taiwan. This album contains the Korean and Chinese version of "Touch" and also the music videos under the DVD version. After the release, "Touch" immediately topped Chinese online charts.
The group wrapped up their promotions for the album by performing "Over U", another song from the album, on each music program during their last week.
On October 8, 2012, Miss A announced their comeback with their fifth project album entitled Independent Women Part III. The five-track mini-album was released on October 15. On October 16, Miss A were involved in a minor car accident. They were taken to a hospital, and continued their schedules with only a few hours delay. They began their promotions for its lead single, "I Don't Need a Man", on October 18. "I Don't Need a Man" was also included on Miss A's next album, Hush.
2013–2017: Hush, Colors, final activities and disbandment
On October 29, 2013, Miss A released their second studio album, Hush.
Miss A released their extended play Colors on March 30, 2015. This was accompanied by an online reality series, Real Miss A. The music video for the lead single, "Only You", gained more than 2 million views on YouTube within 24 hours.
Following the end of Colors promotions, Miss A became inactive indefinitely. In May 2016, Jia left the group; according to management, the other members were focusing on solo activities at the time. In November 2017, it was reported that Min had also departed from the group as her contract with JYP Entertainment had come to an end.
On December 27, 2017, JYP Entertainment confirmed that the group had disbanded.
Discography
A Class (2011)
Hush (2013)
Awards and nominations
See also
List of best-selling girl groups
References
External links
2010 establishments in South Korea
2017 disestablishments in South Korea
JYP Entertainment artists
K-pop music groups
Korean Music Award winners
Melon Music Award winners
MAMA Award winners
Musical groups disestablished in 2017
Musical groups established in 2010
Musical groups from Seoul
South Korean dance music groups
South Korean girl groups
South Korean synthpop groups
English-language singers from South Korea
Mandarin-language singers of South Korea
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%20A
|
The Castle is a video game released by ASCII Corporation in 1986 for the FM-7 and X1 computers. It was later ported to the MSX and NEC branded personal computers, and got a single console port for the SG-1000. The game is set within a castle containing 100 rooms, most of which contain one or more puzzles.
It was followed by Castlequest (Castle Excellent in Japan). Both games are early examples of the Metroidvania genre.
Gameplay
The object of the game is to navigate through the Castle to rescue the Princess. The player can push certain objects throughout the game to accomplish progress. In some rooms, the prince can only advance to the next room by aligning cement blocks, Honey Jars, Candle Cakes, and Elevator Controlling Block. Additionally, the player's progress is blocked by many doors requiring a key of the same color to unlock, and a key is removed from the player's inventory upon use. The prince must be standing on a platform next to the door to be able to unlock it, and cannot simply jump or fall and press against the door. The player can navigate the castle with the help of a map that can be obtained early in the game. The map will provide the player with a matrix of 10x10 rooms and will highlight the room in which the princess is located and the rooms that he had visited. The player must also avoid touching enemies like Knights, Bishops, Wizards, Fire Spirits, Attack Cats and Phantom Flowers.
References
External links
1986 video games
HAL Laboratory games
Metroidvania games
MSX games
SG-1000 games
NEC PC-6001 games
NEC PC-8801 games
NEC PC-9801 games
FM-7 games
Sharp X1 games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games set in castles
Single-player video games
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Castle%20%28video%20game%29
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.