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Al Mohammad Moniruzzaman (born 25 October 1976) is a Bangladeshi cricketer who has played in two One Day Internationals in 2003. He is now an umpire and stood in matches in the 2016–17 National Cricket League in Bangladesh. He also standing as an on-field umpire in BPL matches since 2015 Bangladesh Premier League.
He was included in Bangladesh's ICC Emerging Panel and was considered to be on his way to making the elite programme. But, he left the profession of umpiring due to the concern of senior national players like Shakib Al Hasan and Mahmudullah showing dissent aggressively to umpire's decisions during 2021 Dhaka Premier Division Twenty20 Cricket League. He had officiated 13 matches in the tournament. While expressing his concern, he said, "I am concerned about the behaviour of the senior cricketers in this 2021 DPL. I think other players could also be influenced by seeing their behaviour. This situation could turn worse in future."
"Enough is enough for me and I don't want to do umpiring anymore,....I have some self-respect and want to live with it.", he told to Cricbuzz.
References
1976 births
Living people
Bangladesh One Day International cricketers
Bangladeshi cricketers
Bangladeshi One Day International cricket umpires
Bangladeshi Twenty20 International cricket umpires
Barisal Division cricketers
Dhaka Division cricketers
People from Mymensingh
Sportspeople from Mymensingh Division
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moniruzzaman%20%28cricketer%29
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The Second Symphony was written by Charles Ives between 1897 and 1902. It consists of five movements and lasts approximately 40 minutes.
Scoring
The piece is scored for piccolo, 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, contrabassoon, 4 horns, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, triangle, snare drum, bass drum and strings.
The piece departs from the conventional four-movement symphonic structure by the insertion of a slow Lento maestoso movement as an introduction to the Allegro molto vivace.
History and analysis
Although the work was composed during Ives's 20s, it was half a century before it was premiered, on February 22, 1951, in a New York Philharmonic concert conducted by Leonard Bernstein. The symphony was premiered to rapturous applause but Ives responded with ambivalence (he reportedly spat)—he did not attend the concert in person, but listened to a radio rebroadcast on March 4. The public performance had been postponed for so long because Ives had been alienated from the American classical establishment. Ever since his training with Horatio Parker at Yale, Ives had suffered their disapproval of the mischievous unorthodoxy with which he pushed the boundaries of European classical structures to create soundscapes that recalled the vernacular music-making of his New England upbringing.
Like Ives's other compositions that honor the European and American inheritances, the Second Symphony makes no complete quotation of popular American tunes, but tunes such as "Camptown Races", "Bringing In the Sheaves", "Long, Long Ago", "Turkey in the Straw" and "America the Beautiful", are alluded to and reshaped into original themes. The sole exception is "Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean", whose verse is heard complete and almost unaltered at the climax of the fifth movement as a counterpoint to Ives's original first theme. There are also a number of references to works from the Western canon of music, notably the first movement of Beethoven's fifth symphony (some rather subdued compared with the original) and a rescoring of part of Brahms's first symphony, as well as a passage (in the first and last movements) from the F minor three-part invention of Johann Sebastian Bach. Ives also quotes the so-called Longing for Death motif from Wagner's opera Tristan und Isolde.
Bernstein's premiere and subsequent interpretations were later widely criticized for taking liberties with the score. The score used in 1951 contained about a thousand errors, but in addition Bernstein made a substantial cut to the finale, ignored some of Ives's tempo indications, changed instrumentation, and prolonged the terminating "Bronx cheer" discord from an eighth note to more than a half note. Many conductors and audiences, influenced by Bernstein's example, have considered the last of these practices one of the trademarks of the piece. In 2000, the Charles Ives Society prepared an official critical edition of the score and authorized a recording by Kenneth Schermerhorn and the Nashville Symphony Orchestra to adhere more closely to Ives's intentions.
Recordings
Although the world premiere performance was later issued on CD, the first studio recording was made by F. Charles Adler with the Vienna Philharmonia Orchestra in February 1953. Leonard Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic recorded the work in stereo and mono versions for Columbia Records on October 6, 1958. Eugene Ormandy and the Philadelphia Orchestra recorded the symphony for RCA Victor on February 7, 1973, in a multi-channel version later issued on CD with Dolby Surround Sound encoding.
Bernard Herrmann, another long-time champion of Ives's music, recorded the work with the London Symphony Orchestra in Decca/London's 'Phase 4 Stereo' on January 4, 1972. He had given the UK premiere of Ives's 2nd Symphony in a BBC radio broadcast with the same orchestra on April 25, 1956, a historic performance that has now been released on CD by Pristine Audio. Also of note is the 1998 recording Stephen Somary conducted with the Nürnberg Symphony Orchestra, released by Claves Records.
Notes
References
Repertoire notes from Pomona College Orchestra, 2003-4 – archived by Wayback Machine
Review of Schermerhorn's recording of the Critical Edition, December 13, 2000
Further reading
Burkholder, J. Peter (Summer 1987). "'Quotation' and Paraphrase in Ives's Second Symphony." 19th-Century Music, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 3-25.
Charles, Sydney Robinson (1967). "The Use of Borrowed Material in Ives' Second Symphony." The Music Review, vol. 28, pp. 102-111.
Sterne, Colin (January 1971). "The Quotations in Charles Ives's Second Symphony." Music & Letters, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 39-45.
Symphonies by Charles Ives
1902 compositions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony%20No.%202%20%28Ives%29
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The David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science is a professional school within the Faculty of Mathematics at the University of Waterloo. QS World University Rankings ranked the David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science 24th in the world, 10th in North America and 2nd in Canada in Computer Science in 2014. U.S. News & World Report ranked the David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science 42nd in world and second in Canada.
History
In 1965, when Mathematics was still a department within the Faculty of Arts, four third-year mathematics students (Richard Shirley, Angus German, James G. Mitchell, and Bob Zarnke) wrote the WATFOR compiler for the FORTRAN programming language, under the direction of lecturer Peter Shantz. "Within a year it would be adopted by computing centres in over eight countries, and the number of student users at UW increased to over 2500." Later on in 1966, two mathematics lecturers (Paul Dirksen and Paul H. Cress) led a team that developed WATFOR 360, for which they received the 1972 Grace Murray Hopper Award from the Association for Computing Machinery.
UW's Faculty of Mathematics was later established in 1967. As a result, the Department of Applied Analysis and Computer Science (AA&CS) was created. By 1969, AA&CS had become the largest department in the faculty. At that point, the first two PhD degrees in computer science were awarded, to Byron L. Ehle, for a thesis on numerical analysis, and to Hugh Williams, for a thesis on computational number theory. In 1975 the department dropped the words "Applied Analysis" and became simply the Department of Computer Science.
In 1982, the Institute for Computer Research (ICR) was established. Its goals were "to foster computer research..., facilitate interaction with industry, and encourage advanced education in computer science and engineering." Also that year, the Ontario government announced plans to build the Davis Centre, current home of the School of Computer Science. The groundbreaking was in April 1985 and the Davis Centre was formally dedicated on November 10, 1988.
On May 1, 2002, the department officially became the School of Computer Science. On November 18, 2005, it was renamed again to the David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, in recognition of the establishment of the David R. Cheriton Endowment for Excellence in Computer Science. Cheriton had recently donated $25 million to the university.
Support for computing within the School of Computer Science had been historically provided by the Computer Science Computing Facility (CSCF) and ICR.
Programs
The David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science offers several diverse undergraduate programs including:
Bachelor of Computer Science
Honours Computer Science
Business Option
Bioinformatics Option
Digital Hardware Option
Software Engineering Option
Honours Data Science
Bachelor of Mathematics
Honours Computer Science
Business Option
Digital Hardware Option
Bachelor of Software Engineering
Bachelor of Computing and Financial Management
In general, the philosophy of the undergraduate program is to build a solid foundation of mathematics and computer science during the first three years of the program, allowing students more flexibility in fourth year. Required courses for all computer science programs include courses in combinatorics, data structures, algorithms, compilers, software engineering and operating systems. The curriculum is also designed to encourage either significant depth in an area outside of computer science (such as in the Bioinformatics Option) or exposure to a variety of areas outside of the computer science.
The school also offers Masters of Mathematics and Ph.D. graduate programs.
Master of Mathematics (Computer Science)
Ph.D. in Computer Science
Reputation
The university is well-regarded in the field of Computer Science, where it ranks 41st in the world and fourth in Canada according to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, and 22nd in the world and second in Canada in the QS World University Rankings in 2019.
References
Further reading
External links
Official website
University of Waterloo
David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science (University of Waterloo)
Educational institutions established in 2002
2002 establishments in Ontario
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20R.%20Cheriton%20School%20of%20Computer%20Science
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A United States military "jury" (or "members", in military parlance) serves a function similar to an American civilian jury, but with several notable differences. Only a general court-martial (which may impose any sentences, from dishonorable discharge to death) or special court-martial (which can impose sentences of up to one year of confinement and bad-conduct discharge) includes members. There are no members in a trial by summary court-martial (which can impose sentences of up to 30 days of confinement). If the defendant at a general or special court-martial chooses to be tried by members rather than by a military judge alone, the members are responsible for rendering both a verdict and sentence should the accused be found guilty. The charges are brought forward by an officer called a "convening authority", who also selects the members who try the accused. The charges are prosecuted by judge advocates called "trial counsel". Defendants facing general or special courts-martial are represented free of charge from judge advocates acting as defense counsel. Defendants may also be represented at general or special courts-martial by civilian attorneys hired at their own expense. While not required by Congressional law, service policy provides that, at summary courts-martial, many military accused receive representation from a judge advocate defense counsel free of charge.
Mechanics
Jury composition
A special court-martial must have at least three members. A general court-martial must have at least five members unless the death penalty is a mandatory sentence, in which case there must be at least 12 members. The convening authority may detail as many members to a court-martial as he or she chooses so long as the minimum number is met. The convening authority chooses "such members of the armed forces as, in his [or her] opinion, are best qualified for the duty by reason of age, education, training, experience, length of service, and judicial temperament."
If the defendant is a commissioned officer, all of the members must also be commissioned officers. If the defendant is a warrant officer, the members may be either commissioned officers or warrant officers. If the defendant is an enlisted member of the armed forces, the members may be commissioned officers, warrant officers, and, if the defendant requests it, enlisted members. If an enlisted defendant requests to be tried by a panel that includes enlisted members, at least one-third of the members must be enlisted. All members of the court-martial are required to be senior or equal in rank to the defendant.
Verdicts
The members vote by secret written ballot on each of the allegations the accused person faces, with each member having one vote on each charge. Unlike most civilian jurisdictions, a unanimous verdict is not required in most cases. Unless the death penalty is mandatory for the offense in question, the members may convict by a two-thirds majority. If the death penalty is mandatory if convicted, then the members must be unanimous in their verdict. As such, military juries are incapable of being a hung jury.
See also
Uniform Code of Military Justice
Military law
Courts-martial in the United States
References
External links
U.S. News & World Report: Unequal Justice
U.S. News & World Report: Creating a Code of Justice
Dart Center: Injustice & the Military
The Seven Basic Myths About Military Justice
U.S. Army Judge Advocate General's Corps
United States military law
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20military%20jury
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Atwal () is a Jat clan and a family name of Sikhs.
Notable people
Notable people with the surname, who may or may not be affiliated with the clan, include:
Arjun Atwal, Indian golfer
A. S. Atwal, Indian police officer
Charanjit Singh Atwal, Indian politician
Harjeet Atwal, British Punjabi writer
Inder Iqbal Singh Atwal, Indian politician
Jaspal Atwal, Canadian businessman
References
Surnames
Sikh names
Punjabi-language surnames
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atwal
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Advanced Digital Information Corporation (ADIC) was an American manufacturer of tape libraries and storage management software which is now part of Quantum Corp. Their product line included both hardware, such as the Scalar line of robotic tape libraries, and software, such as the StorNext File System and the StorNext Storage Manager, a Hierarchical Storage Management system. Partners and resellers included Apple, Dell, EMC, Fujitsu-Siemens, HP, IBM and Sun.
ADIC was acquired by Quantum in August 2006.
References
1983 establishments in Washington (state)
2006 disestablishments in Washington (state)
2006 mergers and acquisitions
American companies established in 1983
American companies disestablished in 2006
Computer companies established in 1983
Computer companies disestablished in 2006
Defunct companies based in Redmond, Washington
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct technology companies of the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20Digital%20Information%20Corporation
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The Medellín Metro (Spanish: Metro de Medellín) is a rapid transit system that crosses the Metropolitan Area of Medellín from North to South and from Centre to West. It first opened for service on 30 November 1995. As one of the first implementations of modern mass transportation in Colombia and the only metro system in the country, the Medellín Metro is a product of the urban planning of the Antioquia department of Colombia. It is part of the Aburrá Valley Integrated Transport System (Sistema Integrado de Transporte del Valle de Aburrá, SITVA).
The city of Medellín and its urban complex (ten cities in the Aburrá Valley) had a period of relatively recent industrial development that started in the 1930s. The streetcar (tranvía) at the beginning of the 20th century can be considered a predecessor of the current Medellín Metro. The company known in Spanish as Empresa de Transporte Masivo del Valle de Aburrá - Metro de Medellín Ltda was created on 31 May 1979.
History
The railway history of Colombia and Antioquia has not been indifferent to the industrialization process that started at the end of the 19th century and that only has been restrained by the social and political conflicts of this South American nation.
The Antioquia Department, and the Paisa Region in general, owe their progress to the construction of railways that put them in direct contact with the rest of the country (especially with Bogotá, Cali and the Colombian Caribbean Littoral).
Although the famous Antioquia Railway came to a decline and is now only remembered by the so-called towns of the train, an urban railway system received the attention of the region. In the same way Antioquia's Railways had a century ago, the Medellín Metro became an important social, cultural and development axis in one of the most important cities of Colombia and South America.
The city's speedy urban growth, especially since the 1960s, has filled the entire Aburrá Valley and made towns touch its borders: Bello, Copacabana, Girardota, Barbosa, Envigado, Itagüí, San Antonio de Prado, La Estrella, Sabaneta and Caldas, among others. With the growth of the city placing Medellín among the most economically important cities in the nation, local leaders were compelled to view the city as a complex, urban system comparable to other industrialized cities in the world, rather than as a provincial town.
In the same sense, Medellín and its Metropolitan Area had to face the appearance of cartels during the 1970s, which produced serious problems of urban violence exacerbated by speedy urban growth and slow answers to the needs of the surrounding communities. The city grew due to big waves of migrants coming from the Colombian countryside looking for refuge from internal political conflict. This background explains why the young city would face urban violence with the same intensity as large metropolitan areas such as New York City, Mexico City or Rio de Janeiro and why the city had to create urban projects in answer to its conflicts and growth. The Medellín Metro was created not only as a massive urban transport solution for the working class residents of the city, but also as an important cultural symbol that would help develop marginalized sectors. The Metro would change the concept of public space in a city built for business and factories that had the systematic issue of lacking space for things like tourism.
As a company, the Medellín Metro was created for the administration and operation of the Metro system. It was founded with the association of the Medellín Municipality and the Antioquia Government. In 1979, research on economic and technical possibilities began, performed by the company Mott, Hay and Anderson Ltd.
In 1980 the project was presented to the National Government, and in 1982 it was approved by the National Council of Economic and Social Policies. It also gave the company an external contract of 100% of the required resources for the work. In 1984 the company subcontracted German and Spanish firms.
On 30 November 1995, 11:00 (local time), the first journey between Niquía and Poblado Stations began. The first phase of the metro network was completed in 1996.
The citizens soon welcomed the new service, and the social and cultural impact was significant. The Medellín Metro soon became a symbol of the city (it was the first, and still the only, rail-based Metro system in Colombia) which encouraged tourism and new business growth in areas of the city. There were visitors first from other regions and cities of Colombia and afterwards from abroad. Importantly, the metro bridged previously disparate poor urban and wealthy urban areas. The Metro passes through districts with widely varied socio-economic compositions. For example, it passes through both "Lovaina" and "Poblado".
Commuters also saw a vast improvement in transit times. Previously, workers from Bello spent two hours by bus travelling to Envigado. With the Metro, travel times between those two cities was shortened to just 30 minutes.
Network
The Medellín Metro currently comprises two lines: Line A, which is long and serves 21 stations, and Line B, which is long and serves 6 stations (plus San Antonio station, the transfer station with Line A). There is also a tram line: Line T-A (Ayacucho Tram).
Additionally, the aerial cable car system, Metrocable, which supplements the Metro system, comprises five lines: Line J with 3 stations (plus one transfer station with Metro Line B), Line K with 3 stations (plus one transfer station with Line L), Line L with one station (plus one transfer station with Line K), Line H with two stations (plus one transfer station with Line T-A), Line M with two stations (plus one transfer station with Line T-A) and Line P with three stations (plus one transfer station with Line A).
As of 2019, there are 27 Metro stations, 18 Metrocable stations, 3 Tramway stations (+ 6 stops), 20 BRT stations (+ 8 feeding buses stops) in the Medellín network, all listed in the following table; for a total of approx. 79 stations (14 stops); transfer stations are in bold, and the transfer station between Metro Lines A and B is shown in bold-italic:
Expansions
Metrocable
On 7 August 2004, the city inaugurated a new line known as "Metro Cable" (Line K). The line starts in the Acevedo Station and goes to the up hill district of Santo Domingo Savio. This important addition integrated new additions to the city that since the 1960s that previously were not considered part of the "real city".
On 3 March 2008, a second "Metro Cable" line (Line J) was inaugurated. The line starts in the San Javier Station and goes through Juan XXIII and Vallejuelos to the La Aurora district. This new line benefits approximately 150,000 new users.
A new Metrocable line (line L) was inaugurated in 2009 with a transfer station at Santo Domingo Savio Station. This line continues further uphill to El Tambo in Arví park near Guarne. The reason for constructing this line is because the city wants to promote tourism in the rural area near Lake Guarne. It takes 14 minutes to ascend to El Tambo and there are no intermediate stations.
Line A extension
Line A was expanded from Itagüí to La Estrella, in the south of the metropolitan area. A new intermediate station, Sabaneta, built near 67th South Street, was opened on 5 August 2012 and the final station, La Estrella, was built near 77th South Street and opened on 17 September 2012.
Train line
In February 2020 it was announced that Medellín will reactivate the train line between Bello and Caldas.
Rolling stock
Initially there were 42 three-car train sets from the manufacturer MAN, since 2009, 38 three-car train sets have been purchased from CAF and currently the system has 80 trains.
Network map
See also
List of Latin American rail transit systems by ridership
List of metro systems
References
External links
Civica – official webpage of the AFC of Metro de Medellín
Metro de Medellín at urbanrail.net
Railway lines opened in 1995
Passenger rail transport in Colombia
1500 V DC railway electrification
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn%20Metro
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Circle of Death may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Circle of Death (album), by Dance Club Massacre, 2008
The Circle of Death, a 1922 German silent film directed by William Karfiol
The Circle of Death, a 1935 American film directed by Yakima Canutt
Sports and recreation
Circle of death (boating), a hazardous phenomenon experienced by motorboats
Circle of Death (cycling), the hardest Tour de France stage in the Pyrenees
Circle of Death (drinking game) or Kings, a drinking game using playing cards
Circle of Death (sports), a type of tie in sporting events
See also
Red Ring of Death, an indicator of some types of Xbox 360 technical problems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle%20of%20Death
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John Pitann Kinsella (born August 26, 1952) is an American former competition swimmer, an Olympic champion, and a former world record-holder in multiple events.
Kinsella was a standout at Illinois swimming powerhouse Hinsdale Central High School in the late 1960s. As a 16-year-old, he was the silver medalist in the men's 1,500-meter freestyle at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, finishing second to U.S. teammate Mike Burton.
In 1970, while still a high school senior swimming for the Hinsdale McDonald's Swim Club under coach Don Watson, he was awarded the Amateur Athletic Union's James E. Sullivan Award in recognition of the outstanding American amateur athlete of the year. In 1970 he also became the first person to swim 1,500 meters under 16 minutes. After graduating from high school, Kinsella, together with Mark Spitz, Gary Hall Sr., and other notable swimmers, were part of Doc Counsilman's legendary Indiana Hoosiers swimming and diving team at Indiana University, which dominated men's college swimming in the early 1970s. Kinsella won NCAA national championships in the 500-yard and 1,650-yard freestyle events in 1971, 1972, and 1973.
At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany, Kinsella won a gold medal as a member of the winning U.S. team in the men's 4×200-meter freestyle relay. The first-place team of Kinsella, Fred Tyler, Steve Genter, and Mark Spitz set a new world-record time of 7:35.78 in the event final.
After graduating from Indiana University, Kinsella went on to swim professionally, setting a time record for swimming the English Channel. He was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame as an "Honor Swimmer" in recognition for his Olympic performances and later professional swimming career where he achieved the title of "World's Professional Champion."
After the end of his competition swimming career, Kinsella attended Harvard Business School. He joined RBC Dain Rauscher as an investment officer, but is no longer with the firm. He currently resides in Illinois. He has a daughter and three sons.
See also
List of Indiana University (Bloomington) people
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)
World record progression 400 metres freestyle
World record progression 1500 metres freestyle
World record progression 4 × 200 metres freestyle relay
References
External links
1952 births
Living people
American male freestyle swimmers
World record setters in swimming
Harvard Business School alumni
Indiana Hoosiers men's swimmers
James E. Sullivan Award recipients
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in swimming
Sportspeople from Hinsdale, Illinois
Swimmers at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Kinsella%20%28swimmer%29
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St. Lucie Inlet Preserve State Park is a Florida State Park east of Port Salerno on the northern end of Jupiter Island and is accessible only by boat. Activities include snorkeling and scuba diving, swimming, sunbathing, fishing, and picnicking and wildlife viewing.
Among the wildlife of the park are migratory birds such as the Peregrine falcon, Broad-winged hawk and the American kestrel, as well as bobcats, otters, raccoons. Amenities include more than of sandy beach, a boardwalk, and 8 picnic tables.
Hours
Florida state parks are open between 8 a.m. and sundown every day of the year (including holidays).
External links
St. Lucie Inlet Preserve State Park at Florida State Parks
St. Lucie Inlet State Preserve at Wildernet
Parks in Martin County, Florida
State parks of Florida
Beaches of Martin County, Florida
Beaches of Florida
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Lucie%20Inlet%20Preserve%20State%20Park
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The Absence is an American melodic death metal band from Tampa, Florida. Their style has been described as aggressive thrash metal with Scandinavian metal influences. They were previously signed to Metal Blade Records and are now signed to M-Theory Audio.
History
The band released a self-titled EP in 2004 and followed up with their debut album, From Your Grave, in 2005. The band's second album, Riders of the Plague, was released in 2007. The album was praised in a review for finding an "interesting balance" between the genres death metal and thrash metal. In 2007, bassist Michael Leon joined the band. Drummer Jeramie Kling left the band that same year and was temporarily replaced by Chris Pistillo from the Tampa death metal scene. The band recruited Justin Reynolds as their new drummer in early 2008.
The Absence stated in late 2008 that they would be entering the studio to record a new album in March 2009. Due to time constraints and touring duties, the band said they would enter the studio on September 10 since the original date "wasn't the right time." The band delayed the recording of the album again and later entered Mana Recording Studios on November 2, 2009, to record Enemy Unbound. Their third studio album, Enemy Unbound was released on September 14, 2010, and reached No. 55 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart. Jeramie Kling rejoined the band during summer 2010. On September 27, 2010, The Absence released their music video of "Enemy Unbound" from their eponymous album Enemy Unbound. As of January 1, 2013, guitarist Peter Joseph parted ways with The Absence. On January 22, 2013, it was announced that Per Nilsson of Scar Symmetry had joined the band.
On July 25, 2015, guitarist Patrick Scott Pintavalle announced on Facebook that he had left the band.
On March 30, 2021, the band announced their fifth full-length album, would be titled Coffinized. It was released June 25, 2021.
Band line-up
Current members
Jamie Stewart – vocals
Jeramie Kling – drums
Taylor Nordberg – guitars
Former members
Patrick Pintavalle – guitars
Nicholas Calaci – bass
Christopher Tolan – guitars
Justin Grant – drums
Peter Joseph – guitars
Mike Leon – bass
Justin Reynolds – drums
Per Nilsson – guitars
Joey Concepcion – guitars
Discography
Studio albums
From Your Grave (2005)
Riders of the Plague (2007)
Enemy Unbound (2010)
A Gift for the Obsessed (2018)
Coffinized (2021)
EPs
The Absence (2004)
Singles and music videos
"From Your Grave" (2005)
"Dead and Gone" (2008)
"Enemy Unbound" (2010)
"Oceans" (2013)
"Septic Testament" (2016)
References
External links
The Absence at Bandcamp
The Absence at MySpace
The Absence at Encyclopaedia Metallum
Metal Blade Records artists
Musical groups from Tampa, Florida
Death metal musical groups from Florida
American melodic death metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 2002
American musical quintets
2002 establishments in Florida
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Absence%20%28band%29
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Fena may refer to:
FENA, the Federal News Agency of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Fractional sodium excretion (FENa), a medical parameter representing the fraction of sodium in urine relative to the fraction of sodium in circulation
Fena Lake, the largest lake on the island of Guam
Jack Fena (1923-2010), American politician and judge
Lori Fena (born 1961), American internet activist, entrepreneur, and author
Fena: Pirate Princess, a TV series
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fena
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A thermodynamic free entropy is an entropic thermodynamic potential analogous to the free energy. Also known as a Massieu, Planck, or Massieu–Planck potentials (or functions), or (rarely) free information. In statistical mechanics, free entropies frequently appear as the logarithm of a partition function. The Onsager reciprocal relations in particular, are developed in terms of entropic potentials. In mathematics, free entropy means something quite different: it is a generalization of entropy defined in the subject of free probability.
A free entropy is generated by a Legendre transformation of the entropy. The different potentials correspond to different constraints to which the system may be subjected.
Examples
The most common examples are:
where
is entropy
is the Massieu potential
is the Planck potential
is internal energy
is temperature
is pressure
is volume
is Helmholtz free energy
is Gibbs free energy
is number of particles (or number of moles) composing the i-th chemical component
is the chemical potential of the i-th chemical component
is the total number of components
is the th components.
Note that the use of the terms "Massieu" and "Planck" for explicit Massieu-Planck potentials are somewhat obscure and ambiguous. In particular "Planck potential" has alternative meanings. The most standard notation for an entropic potential is , used by both Planck and Schrödinger. (Note that Gibbs used to denote the free energy.) Free entropies where invented by French engineer François Massieu in 1869, and actually predate Gibbs's free energy (1875).
Dependence of the potentials on the natural variables
Entropy
By the definition of a total differential,
From the equations of state,
The differentials in the above equation are all of extensive variables, so they may be integrated to yield
Massieu potential / Helmholtz free entropy
Starting over at the definition of and taking the total differential, we have via a Legendre transform (and the chain rule)
The above differentials are not all of extensive variables, so the equation may not be directly integrated. From we see that
If reciprocal variables are not desired,
Planck potential / Gibbs free entropy
Starting over at the definition of and taking the total differential, we have via a Legendre transform (and the chain rule)
The above differentials are not all of extensive variables, so the equation may not be directly integrated. From we see that
If reciprocal variables are not desired,
References
Bibliography
Thermodynamic entropy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20entropy
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F. B. Stearns and Company, later known as F. B. Stearns Company was an American manufacturer of luxury cars in Cleveland, Ohio marketed under the brand names Stearns from 1900 to 1911 then Stearns-Knight from 1911 until 1929.
History
Frank Ballou Stearns (1879–1955) left school at age 14 in 1893 in his freshman year at the Case School of Applied Science in Cleveland Ohio. At the age of 17 Stearns drove his first car, which incidentally he also built in 1896 in Cleveland. His father, F. M. Stearns, had built a fortune in the stone-quarry industry, and decided to indulge his son Frank with a fully equipped machine shop located in the basement of his home on the prestigious Euclid Avenue. Some sources state that a barn on the property was converted to a machine shop. Stearns became the first American automobile to use the sleeve valve Knight Engine in its vehicles in 1911.
The first production model evolved in 1898; it was a gasoline-fuel buggy-style automobile with a one-cylinder engine (horizontal under the floor), tiller steering, wire wheels, planetary transmission, and chain drive. In the same year, F. B. Stearns & Company was organized with his partners, brothers Raymond M. and Ralph L. Owen.
As early as 1901, he introduced a steering wheel instead of the tiller, and advanced to a gasoline runabout with a 4083cc (101ci) one-cylinder engine under the seat bench, and single chain drive. Until then, about 50 cars had been built.
For 1902, Stearns offered a variety of models, including a touring car model. Equipped with a front-mounted, 24 hp (17.9 kW) water-cooled flat twin and tonneau, and three-speed transmission was fitted. Notably, all vehicle controls were situated on the steering wheel. The armored wood-framed car weighed 2800 lb (1270 kg), seated six passengers, and sold for $3,000.
In 1904, Stearns had a very European four-cylinder of , with pressed steel chassis, wheelbase of 111 inches (282 cm), and four-speed gearbox, but a distinctly American (i.e., backward) coil and battery, rather than the magneto typical in Europe. This changed in 1905, when the 32/40 made magneto standard, as wheelbase grew to 118 in (300 cm). Stearns used the slogan Runs like A Deer in this year.
1905 brought a new car that was again bigger and which provided the only offering from the small Cleveland manufacturer. It was a huge automobile with a four-cylinder L-head engine with a block cast in pairs and mechanical operated side valves delivering 40 HP. Wheelbase of 118 inches (300 cm). It was called the model 32/40 and was available as a very expensive 7-passenger Touring that set a buyer back a hefty US$4,150 ($ in dollars ).
Stearns introduced a 40/45 four in 1906, with aluminum body panels, tonneau, and windshield, with "no less than 17 coats of paint", at a cost of $5,200. This car shared the wheelbase of previous year's 32/40, though the touring body now seated five passengers.
1907 was the last year in which the company offered but one single model. Again, it was a new one, and again, it was the largest and most powerful yet. The 30/60 rode on a 120-inch (3048 mm). It had a massive T-head four-cylinder engine with the cylinder block cast in pairs, displacing 536 c.i. (8783 cc) and delivering 60 HP. There were two body styles available: a Touring with either 5 or 7 seats for $4,500 each, and a 7-passenger Pullman at US$4,759 ($ in dollars ).
Believed to be the fastest stock automobile of its period, Barney Oldfield won the Mount Wilson hillclimb in a Stearns Six (which was a 45/90 of 12913cc/788ci). In 1910 at Brighton Beach, Al Poole and Cyrus Patschke won a 24-hour race, covering 1253 mi (2016 km) at an average 52.2 mph (84.0 km/h).
This is 1911 Stearns Model 15/30 Toy Tonneau, Chassis #4683. It has a 4-cylinder, T-head poppet valve engine with T-head configuration with a displacement of 294.2 c.i. (4821 cc), delivering 32 HP. It features a Stearns carburetor and Bosch ignition. Wheelbase is 116 in. (2946 mm). Price when new was US$3,200 or 3,500, depending on source, which put in easily in the luxury class although this was the least expensive of 4 model line for Stearns and Stearns-Knight that year. A Toy Tonneau is an open, light body for 4 or 5 passengers.
This car was part of the Harrah automobile collection in Reno, NV, in the 1970s.
Soon, however, Stearns turned away from performance. In 1911, the firm began installing Knight sleeve valve engines, marketed under the Stearns-Knight brand name. By 1914, they had a 5.1-liter four and a 6.8-liter six, electric lighting, and electric starter. This was followed by a V8, one of the first companies to offer one, in 1917.
Stearns retired in 1919 and sold his automotive company to J. N. Willys in 1925; Willys operated Stearns-Knight as a non-integrated affiliate of WillysOverland until 1929 when the F.B. Stearns Company was liquidated.
Production of the Stearns-Knight ended on December 20, 1929.
Gallery
See also
List of defunct United States automobile manufacturers
T-head engine
L-head engine
Knight Engine
Sleeve-valve engine
References
Wise, David Burgess. "Stearns: A Quality Car from Cleveland", in Northey, Tom, ed. World of Automobiles (London: Orbis, 1974), Volume 19, p. 2174-6.
Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly (January, 1904)
External links
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Ohio
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Historic American Engineering Record in Ohio
Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in Cleveland
American companies established in 1898
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1898
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1929
1898 establishments in Ohio
1929 disestablishments in Ohio
History of Cleveland
Veteran vehicles
Brass Era vehicles
Vintage vehicles
Luxury vehicles
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Ohio
Cars powered by Knight engines
Companies based in Cleveland
1890s cars
1900s cars
1910s cars
1920s cars
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stearns-Knight
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The Eye in the Door is a novel by Pat Barker, first published in 1993, and forming the second part of the Regeneration trilogy.
The Eye in the Door is set in London, beginning in mid-April 1918, and continues the interwoven stories of Dr William Rivers, Billy Prior, and Siegfried Sassoon begun in Regeneration. It ends some time before the conclusion of the First World War later the same year. The third part of the trilogy, The Ghost Road, continues the story.
Whereas Regeneration is an anomalous, but not unique, mixture of fact and fiction, The Eye in the Door acknowledges real events, including the campaign against homosexuals being waged that year by right-wing MP Noel Pemberton Billing, and the conviction of activist Alice Wheeldon for attempted assassination of Prime Minister David Lloyd George, here subsumed with the character named Beatrice Roper, but the whole remains consistently within the realm of fiction. This grants Barker more freedom to explore her characters and their actions, the descriptions of which might be considered libellous if attributed to real people. A major theme of the book, Prior's intense and indiscriminate bisexuality, is effectively contrasted with Rivers's tepid asexuality and Sassoon's pure homosexuality. Greater fictional scope also permits a deeper treatment of the psychological, political and professional life of the central character, Billy Prior.
Real people who appear in the Regeneration trilogy
Winston Churchill
Charles Lutwidge Dodgson
Robert Graves
Henry Head
Edward Marsh
Wilfred Owen
William Rivers
Robert Baldwin Ross
Bertrand Russell
Siegfried Sassoon
Harold Sherwood Spencer
Lewis Yealland
Alice Wheeldon (Beatrice Roper)
Hettie Wheeldon (Roper)
1993 British novels
Novels by Pat Barker
Novels set during World War I
Novels set in London
Fiction set in 1918
Viking Press books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Eye%20in%20the%20Door
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Mark Douglas Norman (1960s to present) is a scientist living in southern Australia. He works as a Chief Conservation Scientist with Parks Victoria.
Prior to 2016 he worked as a curator and marine biologist through the University of Melbourne and Museum Victoria. For over a decade in this role, Norman worked exclusively with cephalopods and was a leading scientists in the field, having discovered over 150 new species of octopuses. The best known of these is probably the mimic octopus.
Notable publications
Norman M., Reid A. (2000) A Guide to Squid, Cuttlefish and Octopuses of Australasia (The Gould League of Australia and CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne).
Norman M. (2000) Cephalopods: A World Guide (ConchBooks: Hackenheim, Germany). This book contains over 800 color photographs of cephalopods in their natural habitat.
Species described by Mark Norman
The following species have been described by M. Norman either individually or with co-authors.
Ameloctopus litoralis Norman, 1992
Cistopus platinoidus Sreeja, Norman & Biju Kumar, 2015
Microeledone mangoldi Norman, Hochberg & Boucher-Rodoni, 2004
Octopus (Abdopus) capricornicus Norman & Finn, 2001
Octopus abaculus Norman & Sweeney, 1997
Octopus aspilosomatis Norman, 1993
Octopus berrima Stranks & Norman, 1992
Octopus exannulatus Norman, 1993
Octopus mototi Norman, 1993
Octopus neglectus Nateewathana & Norman, 1999
Octopus nocturnus Norman & Sweeney, 1997
Octopus rex Nateewathana & Norman, 1999
Octopus siamensis Nateewathana & Norman, 1999
Scaeurgus nesisi Norman, Hochberg & Boucher-Rodoni, 2005
Thaumoctopus mimicus Norman & Hochberg, 2005
References
Australian marine biologists
Teuthologists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Norman%20%28marine%20biologist%29
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Perizoma flavofasciata, the sandy carpet or sandy rivulet, is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Carl Peter Thunberg in 1792. It is found in most of Europe and northern Africa and east across the Palearctic to the Urals and the Altai Mountains. The species prefers meadow valleys, floodplains, waterside areas, bushy meadows and gardens. In the Alps it rises to 1500 metres.
Description
Its wingspan is 26–32 mm. The forewing is brownish-yellow or sandy with three toothed white transverse bands. The innermost is close to the base and rather narrow, the two outermost are wider and double (with a yellow-brown stripe in the middle). the outer white band is interrupted in the middle. Otherwise, the wings have several thin white transverse stripes, more or less complete, but the brownish-yellow ground colour predominates. The hind wing is white. The larva is pale pink with dark pink longitudinal stripes on either side of the dorsum. The area between the two longitudinal stripes is white. See also Prout.
Biology
The larvae of sandy carpet moths live in flowers and capsules of carnations (family Caryophyllaceae); in particular they feed on the seed pods of various campions (Silene species).
The flight period is from late May to early August. It is scarce and overwinters as a pupa.
References
External links
Fauna Europaea
Butterflies and Moths of Northern Ireland
Perizoma
Moths described in 1792
Moths of Africa
Moths of Europe
Moths of Asia
Taxa named by Carl Peter Thunberg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy%20carpet
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Headline Events of the Year
First Major League Baseball All-Star Game, July 6 at Comiskey Park: American League, 4–2.
First Negro League Baseball All-Star Game, September 10, also at Comiskey Park: West, 11–7.
Champions
Major League Baseball
World Series: New York Giants over Washington Senators (4–1)
First All-Star Game, July 6 at Comiskey Park: American League, 4–2
Other champions
The Negro National League was the only Negro league operating this season. The Chicago American Giants won the pennant.
First Negro League Baseball All-Star Game, September 10 at Comiskey Park: West, 11–7
Awards and honors
Most Valuable Player
Jimmie Foxx, Philadelphia Athletics, 1B (AL)
Carl Hubbell, New York Giants, P (NL)
MLB statistical leaders
Major league baseball final standings
American League final standings
National League final standings
Negro leagues final standings
Negro National League final standings
Homestead was expelled for raiding players.
Several games were included in the standings against non-League teams.
Post-season:
Indianapolis and Pittsburgh won the first half.
Indianapolis beat Pittsburgh in a one-game play-off.
Nashville and Pittsburgh won the second half.
Pittsburgh beat Nashville in a 3-game play-off.
Indianapolis and Pittsburgh tied in a one-game play-off.
Pittsburgh owner/League commissioner awarded the Pennant to Pittsburgh, over the objection of Indianapolis.
Events
As a rookie with the San Francisco Seals of the Pacific Coast League, Joe DiMaggio hit safely in 61 consecutive games, breaking the PCL record of 49 games set by Jack Ness in 1914.
January
January 7 – The Cleveland Indians trade Luke Sewell to the Washington Senators for Roy Spencer.
February
February 9 – Brooklyn Dodgers and future Hall of Fame pitcher Dazzy Vance is traded to the St. Louis Cardinals along with infielder Gordon Slade in exchange for pitcher Ownie Carroll and infielder Jake Flowers.
March
March 11 – An earthquake hits the Los Angeles area, interrupting an exhibition game between the Chicago Cubs and New York Giants. Players from both teams were forced to huddle around the center of the diamond until the tremors stopped.
March 24 – Babe Ruth, another victim of the Great Depression, takes a pay cut of $23,000 from his previous salary of $75,000.
April
April 12 – The Cleveland Indians defeat the Detroit Tigers, 4–1, in thirteen innings on Opening Day.
April 25 :
During the New York Yankees' 16–0 drubbing of the Washington Senators, speedy Yankee outfielder Ben Chapman spikes Senators' second baseman Buddy Myer, leading to a wild 20-minute brawl. 300 fans join in, and all the involved players are suspended for five games and fined $100.
Philadelphia Phillies shortstop Dick Bartell is four-for-four with four doubles in the Phillies' 7–1 victory over the Boston Braves.
May
May 16 – The Washington Senators beat the Cleveland Indians, 11–10, in twelve innings. Cleveland uses five pitchers; Washington uses six. The combined eleven pitchers used was at the time a record.
May 30 – John Stone of the Detroit Tigers becomes the first player in major league history to collect six extra base hits in a regulation length doubleheader‚ as he hit four doubles and two home runs against the St. Louis Browns.
June
June 14 - Both New York Yankees manager Joe McCarthy and first baseman Lou Gehrig are ejected from a game. McCarthy is suspended for three games. Gehrig is luckily not suspended, thus keeping his iron man streak intact.
June 16 – The New York Giants trade Sam Leslie to the Brooklyn Dodgers for Watty Clark and Lefty O'Doul.
June 17 – The Philadelphia Phillies trade Hal Lee and Pinky Whitney to the Boston Braves for Wes Schulmerich and Fritz Knothe.
July
July 2 - The New York Giants' Carl Hubbell tied an MLB record for the longest shutout when he needed 18 innings to beat the St Louis Cardinals 1–0.
July 6 – The first Major League Baseball All-Star Game was held in Comiskey Park, Chicago, home of the Chicago White Sox. The American League defeated the National League, 4–2, highlighted by Babe Ruth's third inning home run
July 19 – Rick and Wes Ferrell become the first brothers on opposing teams to hit home runs in the same game, as Wes' Indians defeat Rick's BoSox, 8–7, in thirteen innings.
July 22 – The Washington Senators and New York Yankees are tied for first with 55–32 records. Washington beats the Detroit Tigers 4–3, while the Yanks fall to the Cleveland Indians 2–1. Washington maintains sole possession of first place for the remainder of the season.
July 26 – Rogers Hornsby joins the St. Louis Browns.
July 30 – St. Louis Cardinals pitcher Dizzy Dean set a modern major league record striking out 17 Chicago Cubs batters. Besides, his battery teammate Jimmie Wilson also sets a new mark for a catcher while recording 18 putouts.
August
August 4 – For the second game in a row, the New York Giants defeat the Philadelphia Phillies 18–1.
August 14 – 1933 American League MVP Jimmie Foxx hits for the cycle, and drives in nine runs to lead the Philadelphia Athletics to an 11–5 victory over the Cleveland Indians.
August 22 – The Detroit Tigers defeat the Washington Senators 10–8, snapping Washington's thirteen-game winning streak.
August 31 – Right-handed Dutch Leonard makes his major league debut, pitching 7.1 innings and giving up three earned runs in the Brooklyn Dodgers' 10–3 loss to the St. Louis Cardinals.
September
September 1 – New York Giants pitcher Carl Hubbell throws a 10-inning, four-hit shutout and drives in the winning run in a 2–0 victory over the Boston Braves. Hubbell does not walk a batter and never goes as deep as a 3-2 count on any of them. It is both his 20th win and his 10th shutout of the year, while five of the shutouts are 1–0, to set a National League season-record. Braves' pitcher Fred Frankhouse is the hard-luck loser when his mates make two crucial errors in the 10th inning.
September 8 - In the second game of a double header against the Detroit Tigers, Mel Almada makes his MLB debut for the Boston Red Sox. Almada makes history as the first player born in Mexico to play in the major leagues.
October
October 1 :
At Yankee Stadium, Babe Ruth attracts 25‚000 fans as he takes the mound against the Boston Red Sox. Ruth hits a fifth-inning home run and takes a 6–0 lead into the sixth inning‚ then hangs on for a 6–5, complete-game victory. Boston pitcher Bob Kline takes the loss. The Yankees back the Babe with 18 outfield putouts. It is the final pitching appearance of his career. Ruth now has ten winning seasons in ten years as a pitcher‚ a mark that will be matched in by Andy Pettitte. Ruth's record on the mound for the Yankees is a perfect 5–0.
At 57 years old, former Washington Senators pitcher and current coach Nick Altrock takes a pinch hit at-bat in the Senators' eleven inning 3–0 loss to the Philadelphia A's.
October 3 – Mel Ott's two-run home run in the first gives the New York Giants the early lead in game one of the 1933 World Series at the Polo Grounds. They go on to win 4–2.
October 4 – A six-run sixth inning and superb pitching by Hal Schumacher carry the Giants to victory in game two of the World Series.
October 5 – Earl Whitehill shuts out the Giants in game three of the World Series, as Washington takes game three, 4–0.
October 6 – Blondy Ryan's eleventh-inning single gives the Giants the 2–1 victory in game four of the World Series.
October 7 – In Game 5 of the World Series, the Giants defeat the Senators 4–3 in ten innings, to win their fourth World Championship, four games to one. This would be the last World Series the Senators franchise would play in the nation's capital.
November
November 15 :
The St. Louis Cardinals trade Jimmie Wilson to the Philadelphia Phillies for Spud Davis and Eddie Delker.
The New York Giants trade Glenn Spencer to the Cincinnati Reds for George Grantham.
November 21 – Philadelphia Phillies right fielder Chuck Klein, who won the National League Triple Crown after hitting .368 with 28 home runs and 120 RBI, is sold to the Cubs for $125,000 and three players. Klein, who also led the NL in hits (223), doubles (44), extra bases (79), total bases (365), slugging (.602), on-base % (.422) and OPS (1.025), and finished second in runs (102) and fourth in stolen bases (15), is the only player in major league history to be traded after a Triple Crown season.
December
December 12 – The Philadelphia Athletics trade Lefty Grove, Max Bishop, and Rube Walberg to the Boston Red Sox for Bob Kline, Rabbit Warstler and $125,000. They also send Mickey Cochrane to the Detroit Tigers for Johnny Pasek and $100,000, then package Pasek with George Earnshaw, and send them to the Chicago White Sox for Charlie Berry and $20,000.
December 20 – The Washington Senators trade Goose Goslin to the Detroit Tigers for John Stone.
Movies
Elmer, the Great
Births
January
January 1 – Gene Host
January 2 – Bill Oster
January 4 – Ramón Monzant
January 6 – Lenny Green
January 6 – Lee Walls
January 8 – Willie Tasby
January 12 – Audrey Bleiler
January 15 – Bobby Durnbaugh
January 17 – Jay Porter
January 20 – Gene Stephens
January 21 – Rita Keller
January 23 – Wally Shannon
January 25 – Mel Roach
February
February 2 – Jack Reed
February 4 – Shirley Burkovich
February 10 – Jerry Davie
February 10 – Russ Heman
February 10 – Billy O'Dell
February 14 – Tom Borland
February 26 – Johnny Blanchard
February 27 – Sammy Taylor
February 28 – Bill Kern
March
March 4 – John Easton
March 6 – Ted Abernathy
March 7 – Ed Bouchee
March 11 – Ann Garman
March 11 – Jack Spring
March 15 – Dick Scott
March 20 – George Altman
March 25 – Nelson Chittum
March 27 – Don Lassetter
April
April 3 – Jerry Dale
April 3 – Renae Youngberg
April 4 – Ted Wieand
April 7 – Bobby Del Greco
April 7 – Joe Hicks
April 8 – Lloyd Merritt
April 11 – Futoshi Nakanishi
April 12 - Terry Cooney
April 12 – Charley Lau
April 22 – Bob Schmidt
April 25 – Joyce Ricketts
April 29 – Ed Charles
May
May 5 – Joe McClain
May 13 – John Roseboro
May 16 – Bob Bruce
May 18 – Carroll Hardy
May 22 – Miguel Sotelo
May 26 – Ramón López
June
June 2 – Jerry Lumpe
June 2 – Benny Valenzuela
June 4 – Arnold Earley
June 7 – Herb Score
June 9 – Jesús Mora
June 10 – Ed Palmquist
June 14 – Jim Constable
June 16 – Ken Johnson
June 18 – Taylor Phillips
June 23 – Dave Bristol
June 26 – Joe Albanese
June 26 – Gene Green
June 29 – Bob Shaw
June 30 – Dave Roberts
July
July 1 – Frank Baumann
July 8 – Al Spangler
July 9 – Ray Rippelmeyer
July 11 – Katherine Herring
July 23 – Johnny James
July 26 – Norm Siebern
August
August 10 – Rocky Colavito
August 13 – Bob Giggie
August 17 – Jim Davenport
August 19 – Walter Owens
September
September 2 – Glenna Sue Kidd
September 2 – Marv Throneberry
September 11 – Bob Davis
September 12 – Dave Stenhouse
September 14 – Fred Green
September 15 – John Fitzgerald
September 17 – Chuck Daniel
September 26 – Roy Wright
September 27 – Jerry Casale
October
October 9 – Joan Berger
October 12 – Janet Wiley
October 17 – Bob Powell
October 19 – Ossie Álvarez
October 21 – Johnny Goryl
October 22 – Ron Jackson
October 23 – Jake Striker
October 23 – Lois Youngen
October 24 – Bill Bell
October 27 – Pumpsie Green
November
November 4 – Tito Francona
November 7 – Bob Hale
November 9 – George Witt
November 11 – Ken Walters
November 16 – Minnie Mendoza
November 17 – Dan Osinski
November 17 – Orlando Peña
November 18 – Curt Raydon
November 25 – Jim Waugh
November 26 – Minnie Rojas
November 27 – Billy Moran
December
December 4 – Dick Ricketts
December 14 – Jerry Schoonmaker
December 19 – Gordie Windhorn
December 23 – Noella Leduc
December 23 – Elder White
December 31 – Ken Rowe
Deaths
January
January 2 – Kid Gleason, 66, best known as the betrayed manager of the infamous 1919 Chicago White Sox; who previously collected four 20-wins seasons as a pitcher from 1890 to 1893, with a career-high 38 victories in 1890, and later became a timely hitter and steady second baseman, hitting a .300 average four times, while helping the Baltimore Orioles win a pennant in 1895; later serving as a coach, then winning the American League pennant as a rookie manager for the White Sox in 1919, when his heart was broken by his eight players implicated in the 1919 World Series scandal.
January 4 – Hal Deviney, 39, relief pitcher for the Boston Red Sox during the 1920 season.
January 14 – Jesse Hoffmeister, 60, third baseman for the 1897 Pittsburgh Pirates.
January 18 – Dan Marion, 43, pitcher who played with the Brooklyn Tip-Tops.43 in the 1914 and 1915 seasons.
January 19 – Con Starkel, 52, pitcher for the 1906 Washington Senators.
January 19 – Harry Hinchman, 54, pitcher for the Cleveland Naps in the 1907 season.
January 27 – Art Madison, 62, second baseman/shortstop who played for the Philadelphia Phillies in 1895 and the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1899.
January 31 – Beany Jacobson, 51, pitcher for the Washington Senators, St. Louis Browns and Boston Americans in the 1900s decade.
February
February 17 – Harry Smith, 59, British-born baseball player and manager, who caught from 1901 through 1909 for the Philadelphia Athletics, Pittsburgh Pirates and Boston Doves, also managing the Doves in 1909, and later in the minor leagues in a span of five seasons from 1913 to 1917.
February 22 – Bill Shettsline, 69, manager for the Philadelphia Phillies during five seasons spanning 1898–1902, who later owned the team from 1905 to 1909.
March
March 15 – Otis Stocksdale, 61, valuable utility who played all-positions except catcher for the Washington Senators, Boston Beaneaters and Baltimore Orioles from 1893 to 1896, while helping the Orioles win the National League pennant in 1896.
March 16 – Jack Wieneke, 39, pitcher who played briefly for the Chicago White Sox during the 1921 season.
March 20 – Dan Burke, 64, catcher/outfielder who played from 1890 to 1892 for the Rochester Broncos, Syracuse Stars and Boston Beaneaters.
March 21 – Bob Black, 70, outfielder/pitcher who played for the Kansas City Cowboys of the Union Association in 1884.
March 25 – Tom Donovan, 60, outfielder for the 1901 Cleveland Blues of the American League.
March 28 – Tom McCarthy, 48, pitcher who played from 1908 to 1909 with the Cincinnati Reds, Pittsburgh Pirates and Boston Doves.
March 29 – Harry Salisbury, 77, pitcher for the 1879 Troy Trojans of the National League and the 1882 Pittsburgh Alleghenys of the American Association, who finished in the top ten in eighteen categories during the 1882 season, including wins (20), strikeouts (135), earned run average (2.63), complete games (32), and innings pitched (335).
March 29 – Ed Watkins, 55, outfielder for the 1902 Philadelphia Phillies.
April
April 2 – Joe Cross, 75, right fielder who played briefly for the Louisville Colonels during the 1888 season.
April 13 – Ody Abbott, 44, outfielder for the 1910 St. Louis Cardinals.
April 17 – Thomas Griffin, 76, first baseman for the Milwaukee Brewers of the Union Association in 1884.
April 23 – Tim Keefe, 76, Hall of Fame pitcher who posted a 342–225 record and a 2.63 ERA in 600 games, including six 30-win campaigns for the New York Metropolitans/Giants teams from 1883 to 1888, with 40-win seasons in 1883 and 1886, while leading the National League in ERA three times and strikeouts twice, with career strikeout mark (2500+) being record until 1908, also winning 19 straight in 1888, leading the Giants to their first pennant while going 4–0 with 0.51 ERA in the championship series.
April 26 – Roy Graham, 38, backup catcher who played from 1922 to 1923 for the Chicago White Sox.
May
May 1 – Bobby Mitchell, 77, National League pitcher who played for the Cincinnati Reds, Cleveland Blues and St. Louis Brown Stockings in parts of four seasons spanning 1877–1882.
May 3 – Lefty James, 43, pitcher who played from 1912 through 1914 for the Cleveland Naps of the American League.
May 5 – Steve Dunn, 74, Canadian first baseman who played for the 1884 St. Paul Saints of the Union Association.
May 17 – Bill Van Dyke, 69, outfielder who played with the Toledo Maumees, St. Louis Browns and Boston Beaneaters in a span of three years from 1890 to 1893.
May 19 – Wes Curry, 73, American Association umpire for six seasons between 1885 and 1898, who previously pitched two games for the Richmond Virginians in the 1884 season.
May 20 – Billy Lauder, 59, third baseman who played four seasons between 1898 and 1903 for the Philadelphia Phillies, Philadelphia Athletics and New York Giants, and later coached for the Chicago White Sox.
May 21 – Charlie Osterhout76, outfielder/catcher for the 1879 Syracuse Stars.of the National League.
May 22 – Bunny Pearce, 48, backup catcher for the Cincinnati Reds from 1908 to 1909.
May 24 – Phonney Martin, 87, player/manager for the 1872 Brooklyn Eckfords of the National Association, who also played for the 1872 Troy Trojans and the 1873 New York Mutuals.
May 30 – Burley Bayer, 59, shortstop for the 1889 Louisville Colonels of the American Association.
June
June 3 – Jack O'Brien, 60, outfielder for four clubs between 1899 and 2003, who became the first player to pinch-hit in World Series history, as a member of the 1903 Boston Americans.
June 5 – Sam LaRocque, 70, Canadian second baseman for the Detroit Wolverines, Pittsburgh Alleghenys/Pirates and Louisville Colonels in parts of three seasons spanning 1888–1891.
June 13 – Gat Stires, 83, outfielder who played from 1868 to 1871 for the Rockford Forest Citys of the National Association.
July
July 2 -Tommy Dowd, 64, center fielder for seven clubs in two different leagues between 1891 and 1901, mainly for the St. Louis Browns of the National League, who posted a career average of .271 with 368 stolen bases and also managed the Browns from 1896 to 1897.
July 7 – Neal Finn, 29, second baseman who played for the Brooklyn Robins/Dodgers and the Philadelphia Phillies from 1930 through 193s; played his last MLB game on June 17, twenty days before his death.
July 12 – Joseph Herr, 68, National League infielder/outfielder during three seasons from 1887 to 1890 for the Cleveland Blues and the St. Louis Browns.
July 23 – Rip Williams, 51, versatile utility who played in four seasons for the Boston Red Sox, Washington Senators and Cleveland Indians between 1911 and 1918.
July 30 – Frank Allen, 44, National League pitcher who played from 1912 to 1917 for the Brooklyn Dodgers/Robins, Pittsburgh Rebels and Boston Braves.
August
August 7 – Bill Irwin, 73, pitcher for the 1886 Cincinnati Red Stockings of the American Association.
August 10 – George Mangus, 43, outfielder who played for the 1912 Philadelphia Phillies.
August 13 – Elliot Bigelow, 35, outfielder for the Boston Red Sox in the 1929 season.
September
September 3 – Ed Cartwright, 73, first baseman for the St. Louis Browns in 1890 and the Washington Senators from 1894 to 1897, who collected seven runs batted in in one inning of an American Association game in 1890, setting a major league record that would stand for 109 years until it was broken by St. Louis Cardinals' Fernando Tatís, who belted two grand slams in one inning during a 1999 game to drive in eight runs.
September 13 – Bill Brennan, 52, umpire who worked during seven seasons in the National League (1909–1913, 1921) and the Federal League (1914–1915), including the 1911 World Series, and also spent many years of umpiring in the minor leagues with the American Association and the Southern Association.
September 13 – Joe Harrington, 63, infielder for the Boston Beaneaters from 1895 to 1896, who in 1895 became the first major league ballplayer ever to hit a home run in his first at bat.
September 16 – George Gore, 76, center fielder who played 14 seasons in three leagues from 1879 to 1892, who batted a career .301 average, won the 1880 National League batting title and appeared in four World Series, while leading the league in walks three times and runs twice, and setting a single-game record with seven stolen bases.
September 22 – George Fields, 80, third baseman who played briefly for the Middletown Mansfields of the National Association during the 1872 season.
September 24 – Mike Donlin, 36, outfielder for six teams between 1899 and 1912; a superb hitter during the deadball era who topped the .300 mark in 10 of his 12 major league seasons, hitting .356 and leading the National League with 124 runs in 1905, then guiding the New York Giants with six hits in their 1905 World Series victory over the Philadelphia Athletics, while retiring with a .333 career average in 1050 games.
September 25 – Ring Lardner, 48, sports columnist and short story writer for several newspapers since 1907, mainly for the Chicago Tribune, who pioneered the satirical cynic's view of sports reporting in the early 1920s.
October
October 5 – William Veeck, Sr., 55, sports writer and baseball executive, who was president of the Chicago Cubs from 1919 until the time of his death, whose leadership led the Cubs win three National League pennants in the 1918, 1929 and 1932 seasons.
October 10 – Joe Kostal, 57, pitcher who played briefly for the 1896 Louisville Colonels.
October 13 – Al Mannassau, 67, minor league outfielder/manager during six seasons from 1890 to 1895, who later served as an umpire in the National League (1899), American League (1901), and the Federal League (1914).
October 20 – Lou Gertenrich, 58. outfielder who played with the Milwaukee Brewers and the Pittsburgh Pirates in a span of two seasons from 1901 to 1903.
October 22 – Philip DeCatesby Ball, 70, owner of the St. Louis Terriers of the "outlaw" Federal League from 1914 to 1915, and the St. Louis Browns of the American League from 1916 until his death.
October 22 – Bobby Clack, 83, English outfielder the Brooklyn Atlantics and the Cincinnati Reds from 1874 through 1876, who also served as an umpire during five games in 1876.
October 31 – Charlie Loudenslager, 52, second baseman who played in one game for the 1904 Brooklyn Superbas of the National League.
November
November 1 – Ed Scott, 63, pitcher from 1900 to 1901 for the Cincinnati Reds and Cleveland Blues.
November 2 – Lew Phelan, 69, manager for the 1895 St. Louis Browns of the National League.
November 5 – Frank Freund, 58, backup catcher for the 1896 Louisville Colonels.
November 18 – Charles Strick, 75, catcher/second baseman/centerfielder who played for the 1882 Louisville Eclipse of the American Association.
November 29 – John Humphries, 72, Canadian catcher/outfielder/first baseman who played from 1883 through 1885 for the New York Gothams of the National League and the Washington Nationals of the American Association.
December
December 7 – Fred Hoey, 68, manager for the 1899 New York Giants of the National League.
December 11 – Harry Croft, 58, National League OF/IF utility man who played in 1899 with the Louisville Colonels and the Philadelphia Phillies, before joining the Chicago Orphans in 1901.
December 17 – Charlie DeArmond, 56, third baseman for the 1903 Cincinnati Reds.
December 18 – Fred Robinson, 77, second baseman for the 1884 Cincinnati Outlaw Reds of the Union Association.
December 21 – Louie Heilbroner, 72, manager for the St. Louis Cardinals during the 1902 season.
December 22 – Nin Alexander, 75, catcher who played in 1884 for the Kansas City Unions of the Union Association and the St. Louis Browns of the American Association.
December 22 – Joe Flynn, 71, outfielder who played in 1884 for the Philadelphia Keystones and Boston Reds of the Union Association.
December 27 – Fritz Buelow, 57, fine defensive catcher during nine seasons from 1899 to 1907 for the St. Louis Perfectos/Cardinals, Detroit Tigers, Cleveland Naps and St. Louis Browns, who is regarded as the first ballplayer born in Berlin, Germany, to appear in a major league game.
December 31 – James Donnelly, 66, third baseman for the 1884 Kansas City Cowboys of the Union Association.
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933%20in%20baseball
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Lüliang (), also spelled as Lvliang or Lyuliang, is a prefecture-level city in the western Shanxi province, People's Republic of China. It borders Shaanxi province across the Yellow River to the west, Jinzhong and the provincial capital of Taiyuan to the east, Linfen to the south, and Xinzhou to the north. It has a total area of and a total population of 3,398,431 inhabitants according to the 2020 Chinese census, of whom 456,355 lived in the Lishi District metropolitan area.
History
Originally organized by the People's Republic of China as the Jinsui Border Region, the region was sparsely populated in the early 20th century. However, the discovery of coal, iron, and aluminum deposits incentivized economic investment and population growth in the region. In May 1971, Lüliang was established as a Prefecture-level area, and in July 2004 the area Lüliang was reformed into a Prefecture-level city.
In 2010, the city had a GDP growth rate of 21%; at the time, prices for coal were high and the city had an active coal industry. There were plans to build a new business district in Lüliang, strongly supported by then-mayor Zhang Zhongsheng. However, in 2014, the GDP declined by 2%, and by 2015, due to a slowing economy, plans in Lüliang stalled and many apartment blocks were left unoccupied. Zhongsheng lost his job due to corruption in 2015, and was sentenced to death in 2021 on bribery charges, with a 2-year reprieve.
In July 2021, following a Chinese government crackdown on Abrahamic religions in China, Christian church minister Zhao Weikai was arrested and charged with "illegal holding of materials promoting terrorism and extremism" by the municipal police and was forbidden from meeting with his legal council. This incident was used by various human rights groups as an example of religious persecution by the Chinese Communist Party.
The Chinese-American reproductive biologist Min Chueh Chang was born in Lüliang in 1908.
Administration
Lüliang has direct jurisdiction over 1 district, 2 county-level cities, and 10 counties:
Climate
Lüliang has a monsoon-influenced continental climate, that, under the Köppen climate classification, falls on the borderline between the semi-arid (Köppen BSk) and humid continental (Dwa) regimes, and features large diurnal temperature variation. Winters are cold and very dry, while summers are hot and slightly humid. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from in January to in July, while the annual mean is . Close to three-fourths of the annual precipitation occurs from June to September.
Transportation
China National Highway 209
Lvliang Dawu Airport
Taiyuan-Zhongwei-Yinchuan Railway
References
External links
Official website of Lüliang government
Cities in Shanxi
Prefecture-level divisions of Shanxi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCliang
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Marina Prior (born 18 October 1963) is an Australian soprano and actress with a career mainly in musical theatre. From 1990 to 1993, she starred as the original Christine Daaé in the Australian premiere of The Phantom of the Opera, opposite Anthony Warlow and later Rob Guest.
Early life
Prior was born in Port Moresby in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea, Australia, where her father was working in the shipping industry. Her parents were members of the local Gilbert and Sullivan Society. The family returned to Australia when she was a young child and she grew up in Melbourne, where she attended Syndal South Primary School and Korowa Anglican Girls' School. She began to take singing lessons at the age of twelve and also learnt piano, flute and guitar.
In 1982 Prior started studying for a Bachelor of Music degree at the Melbourne State College (which later became a faculty of the University of Melbourne). To raise money, she worked in coffee shops and tried busking. In September 1983 she auditioned for the Victoria State Opera production of The Pirates of Penzance. She was cast as "Mabel" and this started her career in musical theatre. Initially she had tried out for the chorus, she reflected "When they told me it was 'Mabel' I nearly fainted ... I could not believe it ... It was like a fairy tale". She deferred her studies due to performance and "touring commitments".
Theatre career
In 1984 Prior was "Guinevere" in the Australian production of Camelot with Richard Harris. In 1985, she performed the dual roles of "Jellylorum" and "Griddlebone" in the Australian premiere production of Cats. In 1987, she appeared as "Josephine" opposite Paul Eddington in Gilbert and Sullivan's H.M.S. Pinafore, as "Kathy" in The Student Prince at the Lyric Opera in Brisbane and as "Hope Harcourt" in Anything Goes. This was followed by "Cosette" and the Australian premiere production of Les Misérables opposite Normie Rowe, Philip Quast, Simon Burke, and Anthony Warlow in Melbourne. She later played "Fantine" in the same musical in Sydney.
From 1990 to 1993, she starred as the original "Christine Daaé" in the Australian premiere of The Phantom of the Opera, opposite Warlow and later Rob Guest. This was followed by roles in many major productions, including "Maria" in West Side Story, "Lily" in The Secret Garden opposite Warlow and Quast (1995), "Magnolia" in Show Boat (1998) and the title role in The Merry Widow (1999).
Other appearances include "Miss Adelaide" in Guys and Dolls (2000); the title role in Annie Get Your Gun (2004), both in staged concert versions with The Production Company; in 2003 in John Misto's play Harp on the Willow ("Mary O'Hara") at the Ensemble Theatre, Sydney; as "Jane Smart" in The Witches of Eastwick (2002); and as "Belinda Blair" in Noises Off (2003). Prior performed in the Australian premiere of The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee with the Melbourne Theatre Company and later with the Sydney Theatre Company. She appeared as "Miss Adelaide" in Guys and Dolls at the Princess Theatre, Melbourne in March 2008 and with the Melbourne Theatre Company in The Hypocrite in November 2008. She reprised her role in Guys and Dolls from March 2009 in Sydney.
Prior toured Australasia in 1994 with José Carreras. She has performed concerts with many Australian symphony orchestras. She is a regular performer at Melbourne's Carols by Candlelight and regularly appears at Opera in the Alps with David Hobson. She also appeared with Hobson at Opera by the Lock in Mildura, Victoria, in 2008.
In 2011, Prior appeared as Mrs Banks in the Australian production of the musical Mary Poppins. In 2012, she performed with David Hobson and James Morrison at the Leeuwin Estate Concert Series.
Prior performed in the most recent Australian production of The Sound of Music as Baroness Schraeder. The production began its national tour in Sydney on 13 December 2015 and closed in Perth on 7 October 2016.
From May 27 to 11 June 2017, Prior played the lead role of Dolly Levi in The Production Company's production of Hello, Dolly!. She then joined the Melbourne Theatre Company's production of Hay Fever from 23 September to 1 November 2017, starring as Judith Bliss. Following the closure of this production, it was announced that Prior will join the Melbourne cast of Dream Lover as the dual role of Polly Darin and Mary Douvan. She begins performing these roles from 27 December 2017.
In November 2019 Prior was announced to headline as Violet Newstead in the Australian debut production of 9 to 5 The Musical whose premiere engagement - set for Sydney in April 2020 - would in fact, due to COVID-19 pandemic concerns, be delayed for two years, the production premiering with a February to May 2022 engagement at Sydney's Capitol Theatre with subsequent engagements through the summer and autumn at the Lyric Theatre at the Queensland Performing Arts Centre, Melbourne's State Theatre, and the Festival Theatre at the Adelaide Festival Centre. Prior then co-starred in the dual role of Miss Andrews and the Bird Woman in the engagement of Mary Poppins which opened January 29 2023 at Melbourne's Her Majesty's Theatre where it is scheduled to run til April 2.
Television and recordings
In the 1990s, Prior recorded three albums accompanied by the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra. Leading Lady, Aspects of Andrew Lloyd Webber (which reached received an ARIA nomination) and Somewhere – The Songs of Sondheim and Bernstein.
Prior was a judge on both the 2006 and 2007 Seven Network reality television series It Takes Two.
In 2012, Prior released her fourth studio album, Both Sides Now, which peaked at number 42. This was followed by Encore and Candlelight Christmas in 2013 and a live album in 2014 Marina Prior Live.
In 2015, Prior starred in the television opera The Divorce.
In April 2016, Prior released Together with Mark Vincent. This has become her first top 5 album on the ARIA Chart.
Discography
Studio albums
Compilation albums
Live albums
Cast recordings
Cats (1985)
Anything Goes (1989)
The Secret Garden (1995)
Mary Poppins (2010)
The Divorce (original soundtrack) (2015)
Other
Prior was appointed 1996 Queen of Moomba by the Melbourne festival's committee.
Marina Prior has been the Goodwill Ambassador for Samaritan's Purse Australia since 2005. In this capacity she has visited several development projects in Asia, including schools, water projects and distribution of Operation Christmas Child shoe boxes. In 2009 she featured in "A Short Film About Shoe Boxes" to promote Samaritan's Purse and Operation Christmas Child.
Awards and nominations
Prior was appointed as an Member of the Order of Australia in the 2023 King's Birthday Honours for "significant service to musical theatre as a singer and performer".
Prior has received numerous awards; these include three Green Room Awards (Les Miserables in 1990, The Phantom of the Opera in 1991, and Kiss Me, Kate in 2005) and in 1993 the Advance Australia Award for her contribution to the performing arts.
Prior was inducted into Australia's 100 Entertainers of the Century.
Helpmann Awards
The Helpmann Awards is an awards show, celebrating live entertainment and performing arts in Australia, presented by industry group Live Performance Australia since 2001. Note: 2020 and 2021 were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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| 2003
| Marina Prior - The Witches of Eastwick
| Helpmann Award for Best Female Actor in a Musical
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| 2006
| Marina Prior - The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee
| Best Female Actor in a Musical
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| 2008
| Marina Prior - Guys and Dolls
| Best Female Actor in a Musical
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| 2011
| Marina Prior - Mary Poppins
| Helpmann Award for Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical
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| 2018
| Marina Prior - Dream Lover: The Bobby Darin Musical
| Best Female Actor in a Musical
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Mo Awards
The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016. Marina Prior won three awards in that time.
(wins only)
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| 1990
| Marina Prior
| Female Musical Theatre Performer of the Year
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| 1994
| Marina Prior
| Female Musical Theatre Performer of the Year
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| 2008
| Marina Prior
| Brian Stacey Female Musical Theatre Performer of the Year
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Personal life
From 1991 Marina Prior was married to Peter Lowrey, also a musical theatre actor: they have three children; by 2012 she had married Grant Piro, an actor.
Prior became a devout Christian in the late 1990s, she has worked for charity organisations, Samaritan's Purse (on their Operation Christmas Child) and Vision Australia's Carols by Candlelight.
References
Further reading
"Don't call me nice" by Lily Bragge, The Age, 18 August 2002 (profile and interview)
"Harp on the Willow" by Stephen Dunne, The Sydney Morning Herald, 10 October 2003
"Kiss me, Kate" by Jim Murphy, The Age, 22 July 2005
"An absolute farce" by Robin Usher, The Age, 16 June 2003
External links
1963 births
People from the National Capital District (Papua New Guinea)
Australian expatriates in Papua New Guinea
Actresses from Melbourne
Australian musical theatre actresses
Australian operatic sopranos
University of Melbourne alumni
Living people
Singers from Melbourne
Members of the Order of Australia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina%20Prior
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Principal Chief is today the title of the chief executives of the Cherokee Nation, of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, and of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians, the three federally recognized tribes of Cherokee. In the eighteenth century, when the people were primarily organized by clans and towns, they would appoint a leader for negotiations with the Europeans. They called him Uku, or "First Beloved Man".
The title of "Principal Chief" was created in 1794, when the Cherokee began to formalize a more centralized political structure. They founded the original Cherokee Nation. The Cherokee Nation–East adopted a written constitution in 1827, creating a government with three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. The Principal Chief was elected by the National Council, which was the legislature of the Nation. The Cherokee Nation–West adopted a similar constitution in 1833. In 1839 most of the reunited nation was reunited in Indian Territory, after forced removal from the Southeast. There they adopted one constitution. In 1868, the Eastern Band of Cherokee, made up of those who had managed to remain primarily in the homelands of North Carolina, created a separate and distinct constitution and formalized the position of Principal Chief. The position had existed in the east since the time of Yonaguska. Their descendants make up the members of the federally recognized Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians today, referred to as the EBCI.
In 1906, the US government dismantled the Cherokee Nation's governmental structure under the Dawes Act (except for allowing the tribe to retain limited authority to deal with remaining land issues, a provision that lasted until June 1914). This act also provided for the allotment of communal lands and extinguishing of Cherokee land title in preparation for admission of Oklahoma as a state in 1907. Following passage of the federal Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 and the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act of 1936, the Keetoowah Nighthawk Society organized in 1939 as the United Keetoowah Band. The Bureau of Indian Affairs approved their constitution in 1940.
The United States President began appointing a Principal Chief for the non-UKB Cherokee in 1941. In 1975, these Cherokee drafted their constitution as the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, which was ratified on June 26, 1976. In 1999, they approved several changes to the constitution, including the removal of the qualifying phrase "of Oklahoma" from their name, leaving it simply "Cherokee Nation".
Early leaders
Before 1794, the Cherokee had no standing national government. Their structure was based on clans and towns, which had various leaders. The clans had functions within each town and within the tribe. The towns appointed their own leaders to represent the tribe to British, French, and (later) American authorities. They typically had both peace ("white") and war ("red") chiefs. The range of aboriginal titles were usually translated by the English as "chief," but the Cherokee called their headmen of towns and villages "Beloved Man." The term "emperor" is placed in quotation marks, since this title was created by British emissary Sir Alexander Cuming; it was not accepted by the tribe as a whole.
Outacite (d. 1729), peace chief, signed a 1720 treaty with Governor Nicholson; outacite is his title rather than his given name
Charitey Hagey of Tugaloo (1716–1721)
Long Warrior of Tanasi (1729–1730)
Wrosetasetow, "emperor" of the Cherokee until 1730; his given name was Ama-edohi or "water-goer", and he served as a trade commissioner
Moytoy of Tellico (also known as Ama-edohi); (d. 1741), declared "emperor" by British emissary, Alexander Cuming, from 1730 until 1741
Attakullakulla (or "Little Carpenter", also spelled Ada-gal'kala, Attacullaculla, Oukou-naka) (1708/1711–1780), "white" peace chief from Echota recognized as primary chief by the British, or "president of the nation" from 1762 to 1778
Amouskositte (or Ammouskossittee, Amascossite, Ammonscossittee, Amosgasite, "Dreadfulwater") of Great Tellico (b. ca. 1728), served as "emperor" 1741–1753, son of Moytoy
Old Hop (or Guhna-gadoga, Kanagatucko, and "Standing Turkey")(1753–1756), war chief from Echota; either Ammouskossitte's uncle or father.
Moytoy of Citico (or Amo-adaw-ehi), war chief during the Anglo-Cherokee War (1759–1761), nephew of the Moytoy of Tellico.
Uka Ulah (also Ukah Ulah) (d. 1761), "emperor;" nephew of Old Hop,
Standing Turkey (or Cunne Shote), traveled to England in 1762 with Henry Timberlake
Outacite of Keowee (ca. 1703–ca. 1780) (also known as "Judd's Friend", Outacity, Outassite, Outacite, Outassatah, Wootasite, Wrosetasetow, Ostenaco, Outassete, Scyacust Ukah); he met Anglo-American emissary Henry Timberlake when the latter went to Overhill country, and traveled with him to England in 1762
Oconostota (also known as Ogan'sto', "Groundhog Sausage") (1712–1781), red war chief of Echota; served entire tribe 1778–1785
Savanukah of Chota (1781–1783)
Old Tassel (or "Corntassel," "Tassel," Kaiyatahee) (d. 1788), peace chief from Echota, served 1783–1788
Raven of Chota (or Colonah), war chief; nephew of Oconostota
Little Turkey, served 1788–1794
opposed by Hanging Maw (or Scolaguta), served 1788–1794
Chickamauga/Lower Cherokee (1777–1809)
In 1777, Dragging Canoe and a large body of Cherokee, primarily from Tennessee, separated from the bands that had signed treaties of peace with the Americans during the American Revolution. They migrated first to the Chickamauga (now Chattanooga, Tennessee) region, then to the "Five Lower Towns" areafurther west and southwest of therein order to continue fighting (see Cherokee–American wars). In time, these Chickamauga Cherokee comprised a majority of the nation, due to both sympathy with their cause and the destruction of the homes of other Cherokee who later joined them. The separation ended at a reunification council with the Cherokee Nation in 1809.
Chiefs:
Dragging Canoe (1777–1792)
John Watts (1792–1802)
Doublehead, brother of Old Tassel, served 1802–1807
The Glass, or Ta'gwadihi (1807–1809)
Cherokee Nation East (1794–1839)
Little Turkey was elected First Beloved Man of the Cherokee (the council seat of which was shifted south to Ustanali (later known as New Echota), near what is now Calhoun, Georgia) in the aftermath of the assassination by frontiersmen of Corntassel (also called Cornsilk) and several other leaders. Hanging Maw of Coyatee, listed above, claimed the title as his right by tradition, as he was the headman of the Upper Towns. Many Cherokee and the US government recognized him as Principal Chief. Little Turkey was finally recognized as "Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation" by all the towns after the end of the Cherokee–American wars, when the Cherokee established their first nominal national government.
Little Turkey (1794–1801)
Black Fox (1801–1811)
Pathkiller (1811–1827)
Big Tiger (1824–1828); self-proclaimed chief of a faction of those following Whitepath's teachings (which were inspired by Seneca prophet Handsome Lake)
Charles R. Hicks (1827), de facto head of government from 1813
William Hicks (1827–1828)
John Ross (1828–1839)
William Hicks (1833–1835), elected principal chief of the faction supporting emigration to the west
Cherokee Nation West (1810–1839)
Originally settling along the St. Francis and White rivers in what was classified first as Spanish Louisiana and later Arkansas Territory after the United States acquired it, the Western Cherokee eventually migrated to Indian Territory in 1828 after the Treaty of Washington. They named their capital there Tahlontiskee. John Jolly died while the Latecomers were arriving, and John Looney succeeded him automatically. Looney was deposed by the council and replaced with Brown; his supporters wanted to put the Cherokee Nation West in a better position vis-a-vis the Ross party of Cherokee Nation East.
The removal of the eastern Cherokee Territory took place in 1839. It was followed by the assassinations in June 1839 of Major Ridge, John Ridge, and Elias Boudinot (Treaty party members who had supported the Old Settlers). At that time, the council deposed Brown, replacing him with Looney. A sizable faction of the Old Settlers refused to recognize Looney and elected Rogers in his stead, but their efforts to maintain autonomy petered out the next year.
The Bowl (1810–1813)
Degadoga (1813–1817)
Tahlonteeskee (1817–1819)
John Jolly (1819–1838)
John Looney (1838–1839)
John Brown (1839)
John Looney (1839)
John Rogers (1839–1840)
Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (1824–present)
The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians is made up of descendants of Cherokee primarily from along the Oconaluftee River in Western North Carolina, in today's Cherokee County. The band formed after the treaties of 1817 and 1819 were made between the Cherokee Nation East and the US government; they were outside the former territory. They were later joined by Utsala's band from the Nantahala River in western North Carolina, and those few from the Valley Towns who managed to remain in 1838 following Indian Removal of most of the Cherokee to Indian Territory.
Principal chiefs:
Yonaguska (1824–1839)
Salonitah, or Flying Squirrel (1870–1875)
Lloyd R. Welch (1875–1880)
Nimrod Jarrett Smith (1880–1891)
Stillwell Saunooke (1891–1895)
Andy Standing Deer (1895–1899)
Jesse Reed (1899–1903)
Bird Saloloneeta, or Young Squirrel (1903–1907)
John Goins Welch (1907–1911)
Joseph A. Saunooke (1911–1915)
David Blythe (1915–1919)
Joseph A. Saunooke (1919–1923)
Sampson Owl (1923–1927)
John A. Tahquette (1927–1931)
Jarret Blythe (1931–1947)
Henry Bradley (1947–1951)
Jarret Blythe (1955–1959)
Osley Bird Saunooke (1951–1955)
Jarret Blythe (1955–1959)
Olsey Bird Saunooke (1959–1963)
Jarret Blythe (1963–1967)
Walter Jackson (1967–1971)
Noah Powell (1971–1973)
John A. Crowe (1973–1983)
Robert S. Youngdeer (1983–1987)
Jonathan L. Taylor (1987–1995)
Gerard Parker (1995)
Joyce Dugan (1995–1999)
Leon Jones (1999–2003)
Michell Hicks (2003–2015)
Patrick Lambert (2015-2017)
Richard Sneed (2017–present)
Two principal chiefs of the tribe have been impeached since the late 20th century: Jonathan L. Taylor in 1995 and Patrick Lambert in 2017.
Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory (1839–1907)
After removal of the eastern Cherokee to Indian Territory on the Trail of Tears, they created a new constitution to unify the former Eastern Cherokee with the Western Cherokee. This allowed for direct election of the Principal Chief. Though a holdout minority of the Old Settlers elected John Rogers as their principal chief, his government never gained further support and soon faded away.
The John Ross faction abandoned the established capital of Tahlontiskee and built Tahlequah instead. During the Civil War, the Nation voted to support the Confederacy, and Ross acquiesced for a time. In 1862, however, he and many of his supporters fled to Washington, DC. At that time Stand Watie, serving as a Confederate officer, was elected Principal Chief by a portion of the Nation. The remaining Ross group never supported Watie's election, though, and lived apart under their own officials.
John Ross (1839–1866)
Thomas Pegg, acting principal chief of the Union Cherokee (1862–1863)
Smith Christie, acting principal chief of the Union Cherokee (1863)
Lewis Downing, acting principal chief of the Union Cherokee (1864–1866)
Stand Watie, (1862–1866)
William P. Ross (1866–1867)
Lewis Downing (1867–1872)
William P. Ross (1872–1875)
Charles Thompson (1875–1879)
Dennis Bushyhead (1879–1887)
Joel B. Mayes (1887–1891)
C. J. Harris (1891–1895)
Samuel Houston Mayes (1895–1899)
Thomas Buffington (1899–1903)
William Rogers (1903–1905); deposed by the council
Frank J. Boudinot (1905–1906); also president of the Keetoowah Nighthawk Society
William Charles Rogers (1906)
Cherokee Nation (1975–present)
In preparation for Oklahoma statehood, the original Cherokee Nation's governmental authority was dismantled by the United States in 1906, except for limited authority to deal with land issues until 1914. The Principal Chief was appointed by the US federal government. In 1971 an election was held. Principal Chief and incumbent, W.W. Keeler, who had been appointed by President Harry Truman in 1949, was elected.
The constitution of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma was drafted in 1975 and ratified on June 26, 1976. A new constitution was ratified in 2003 with the name of the tribe changed to simply "Cherokee Nation".
Appointed
Appointed "Principal Chiefs", many holding the title to serve for a single day, signed documents and performed other pro forma duties as required by the federal government.
William C. Rogers (1907–1917)
With the admission of Oklahoma to the Union as the forty-sixth state and to extinguish land claims and terminate any unfinished business of the tribe, an Act of April 26, 1906 (34 Statutes at Large, 148) continued the tribal governments, and retained the principal chiefs and governors then in office. Under provisions of this act, Rogers continued in office to sign the deeds transferring the lands of the Cherokee Nation to the individual allottees. Upon his death on November 8, 1917, the President of the United States was authorized by this act to appoint Rogers' successor.
Charles J. Hunt (December 27, 1928)
Oliver P. Brewer (May 26, 1931)
William W. Hastings (January 22, 1936)
J.B. Milam (1941–1949)
W.W. Keeler (1949–1971)
Elected
W.W. Keeler (1971–1975)
Ross Swimmer (1975–1985)
Wilma Mankiller (1985–1995)
Joe Byrd (1995–1999)
Chad "Corntassel" Smith (1999–2011)
Joe Crittenden (acting, 2011)
Bill John Baker (2011–2019)
Chuck Hoskin Jr. (2019–present)
United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (1939–present)
The UKB Cherokee are descendants primarily of Old Settlers who organized under the federal Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 and the state Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act of 1936. They ratified their constitution and bylaws and were recognized by the federal government in 1950.
John Hitcher (1939–1946)
Jim Pickup (1946–1954)
Jeff Tindle (1954–1960)
Jim Pickup (1960–1967)
William Glory (1967–1979)
James L. Gordon (1979–1983)
John Hair (1983–1991)
John Ross (1991–1995)
Jim Henson (1996–2000)
Dallas Proctor 2000–2004
George Wickliffe 2005–2016
Joe Bunch 2016–present
See also
Junaluska
Mount Tabor Indian Community
References
Brown, John P. Old Frontiers. Kingsport: Southern Publishers, 1938.
Conley, Robert J. The Cherokee Nation: A History. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2008.
Conley, Robert J. A Cherokee Encyclopedia. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2007. .
Hoig, Stanley. The Cherokees and Their Chiefs: In the Wake of Empire. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1998.
McLoughlin, William G. Cherokee Renascence in the New Republic. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.
Mooney, James. Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee (1900). Reprint: Nashville: Charles and Randy Elder-Booksellers, 1982.
Moore, John Trotwood and Austin P. Foster. Tennessee, The Volunteer State, 1769–1923, Vol. 1. Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1923.
Morand, Anne, Kevin Smith, Daniel C. Swan, Sarah Erwin. Treasures of Gilcrease: Selections from the Permanent Collection. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2005. .
Timberlake, Henry and Duane King. The Memoirs of Lt. Henry Timberlake: The Story of a Soldier, Adventurer, and Emissary to the Cherokees, 1756–1765. University of North Carolina Press, 2007. .
Wilkins, Thurman. Cherokee Tragedy: The Ridge Family and the Decimation of a People. New York: Macmillan Company, 1970.
Titles and offices of Native American leaders
History of the Cherokee
Lists of Native American people
1794 establishments in the United States
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Acton-Boxborough Regional High School (ABRHS) is an open-enrollment high school in Acton, Massachusetts, United States. A part of the Acton-Boxborough Regional School District, it serves the Massachusetts towns of Acton and Boxborough and has students in grades 9 through 12. It is situated downhill from the Raymond J. Grey Junior High School, at 36 Charter Road in Acton. Raymond J. Grey Junior High School occupies the facility that, until 1973, was the high school
In 1999 multiple fires were set at ABRHS. The first fire began near the gymnasium but was quickly extinguished. The second fire, a five-alarm blaze in the school auditorium, seriously damaged the auditorium and forced the evacuation of all 1,300 students and canceled school the following day. No students or staff were injured, but one firefighters was hospitalized after suffering from smoke inhalation. ABRHS underwent a $40 million renovation and expansion in 2005.
Notable alumni
Seth Abramson, poet
Tom Barrasso, Hall of Fame NHL goalie, 2x Stanley Cup Champion, 2002 Winter Olympics Silver medalist
Bob Brooke, NHL player
Jamie Eldridge, MA Senator
Steve Hathaway, MLB pitcher
Drew Houston, founder of Dropbox
Maria Konnikova, writer, professional poker player, and journalist
Shin Lim, magician, America's Got Talent Season 13 and America's Got Talent: The Champions winner
Bill Morrissey, Grammy-nominated American folk singer-songwriter
Jeff Norton, NHL hockey player
Caroll Spinney, Sesame Street puppeteer who performed Big Bird
Evelyn Stevens, cyclist
Bob Sweeney, Retired NHL player, President of Boston Bruins Foundation
Jessamyn West, librarian
References
External links
ABRHS Homepage
Public high schools in Massachusetts
High schools in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Acton, Massachusetts
School buildings completed in 1973
1973 establishments in Massachusetts
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Wei (), known in historiography as Zhai Wei (), was a dynastic state of China ruled by the Dingling people that existed from 388 to 392, during the Sixteen Kingdoms period of Chinese history. Its founder Zhai Liao had previously been vacillating between being a vassal of the Later Yan, Western Yan, and Eastern Jin dynasties, and in 388, after his last overture to reconcile with Later Yan's emperor Murong Chui was rejected, he founded his own dynasty, over the territory of modern central and eastern Henan. In 392, Zhai Wei, then under Zhai Liao's son Zhai Zhao, was destroyed by Later Yan forces. Because of its relatively small size and short lifespan, Zhai Wei is not included by historians among the Sixteen Kingdoms.
The rulers of Zhai Wei used the title "Heavenly King" (Tian Wang).
Rulers of Wei
Family tree
See also
Ethnic groups in Chinese history
References
388 establishments
392 disestablishments
4th-century establishments in China
4th-century disestablishments in China
Former countries in Chinese history
Dynasties of China
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Winter Equinox were a post-rock/experimental band hailing from Dundas & Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, formed in May 2004.
The band was a mainly instrumental quartet that created music with elements of post-rock, electronic, glitch, and experimental sounds. The band placed an emphasis on heavily layered arrangements to create intense soundscapes, combined with occasional lyrical melodies and catchy bass grooves. Members of the band were classically trained and influenced by jazz and rock music.
Winter Equinox utilized a wide variety of instruments such as keyboards, bass, guitar, drums, percussion, flute, clarinet, melodica, and programmed rhythms to define their sound. The band took influences from artists such as Tortoise, Do Make Say Think, Mogwai, Caribou, Sigur Rós, Explosions in the Sky, The Notwist, M83, and Boards of Canada.
The band played many shows around the southern Ontario area. While playing live, they often employed a backdrop with self-produced videos playing behind them that synced up to the music. Notably, the band was invited to perform at Wavelength Magazine's Music Series while being featured within their monthly issue. They have also played alongside such acts as Caribou, The Organ, Matt Pond PA, and Holy Fuck. In the summer of 2005, Winter Equinox self-recorded and produced their debut album, Safe and Sound, released on Crony Records in August 2005. It was described Stylus Magazine's Theon Weber as " one of the great unnoticed albums of 2005." Following the release of their CD, the band toured out to Quebec and Eastern Canada as well as around Ontario.
Winter Equinox broke up in March 2006. The band's last show was on December 11, 2005 at The Casbah in Hamilton, Ontario, performing with Caribou and Holy Fuck. Weber currently creates solo music under the name Solitary Extraction. Lauren Yakiwchuk is currently in the duo Knife-Like Objects.
Winter Equinox had their song "Two Eyes" featured in the Canadian drama series, Whistler, in the fall of 2007. It was episode 4 of season 2 of the show.
Discography
Safe and Sound - August 2005
Demo 02 EP - January 2005
Demo 01 EP - August 2004
References
External links
Winter Equinox on Myspace
Crony Records
Canadian post-rock groups
Canadian experimental musical groups
Musical groups from the Regional Municipality of Waterloo
Musical groups established in 2004
Musical groups disestablished in 2006
2004 establishments in Ontario
2006 disestablishments in Ontario
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The 100 metres hurdles, or 100-meter hurdles, is a track and field event run mainly by women (the male counterpart is the 110 metres hurdles). For the race, ten hurdles of a height of are placed along a straight course of . The first hurdle is placed after a run-up of 13 metres from the starting line. The next 9 hurdles are set at a distance of 8.5 metres from each other, and the home stretch from the last hurdle to the finish line is 10.5 metres long. The hurdles are set up so that they will fall over if bumped into by the runner, but weighted so this is disadvantageous. Fallen hurdles do not count against runners provided that they do not run into them on purpose. Like the 100 metres sprint, the 100 m hurdles begins with athletes in starting blocks.
The fastest 100 m hurdlers run the distance in a time of around 12.5 seconds. The world record set by Tobi Amusan stands at 12.12 seconds.
History
The race started back in the 1830s in England where wooden barriers were placed along a 100-yard stretch. The hurdles event was included as part of the inaugural Women's World Games in 1922, and made its first appearance in the Olympic Games in 1932 as 80m hurdles.
Starting with the 1972 Summer Olympics, the women's race was lengthened to 100m hurdles.
The hurdles sprint race has been run by women since the beginning of women's athletics, just after the end of World War I. The distances and hurdle heights varied widely in the beginning. While the men had zeroed in on the 110 m hurdles, the International Women's Sport Federation had registered records for eight different disciplines by 1926 (60 yards/75 cm height, 60 yards/61 cm, 65 yards/75 cm, 83 yards/75 cm, 100 yards/75 cm, 100 yards/61 cm, 120 yards/75 cm, 110 metres/75 cm). At the first Women's World Games in 1922, a 100 m hurdles race was run.
From 1926 until 1968, the distance was 80 metres: women had to clear eight hurdles placed at a distance of 8 metres from each other and a height of .
Just like with the men's races, until 1935 no more than three hurdles could be knocked over, or the runner was disqualified, and records were only officially registered if the runner had cleared all her hurdles clean.
In 1935, this rule was abandoned, and L-shaped hurdles were introduced that fell over forward easily and greatly reduced the risk of injury to the runner. Hurdles are weighted, so when properly set for the height (for women, closer to the fulcrum of the "L"), they serve as a consistent disadvantage to making contact with the barrier.
The 80 m hurdles was on the list of women's sports demanded by the International Women's Sport Federation for the Olympic Summer Games in 1928, but was not included as an Olympic discipline until 1932. Starting with 1949, the 80 m hurdles was one of the disciplines included in the women's pentathlon.
During the 1960s, some experimental races were run over a distance of 100 metres using hurdles with a height of . During the 1968 Summer Olympics, a decision was made to introduce the 100 m hurdles from 1969, using hurdles with a height of .
The first international event in the 100 m hurdles occurred at the European Athletics Championships, which were won by Karin Balzer of the GDR.
The modern 100 m race has an extra two hurdles compared to the 80 m race, which are higher and spaced slightly further apart. The home stretch is shorter by 1.5 m.
Currently, women run 110 m hurdles at the World Athletics Relays, a mixed team event, which was instituted in 2019.
Masters athletics
A version of the 100 metres hurdles is also used for 50- to 59-year-old men in Masters athletics. They run the same spacing as women, which coordinates with existing markings on most tracks, but run over 36-inch (0.914 m) hurdles. In the 60-69 age range, the spacings are changed. Women over age 40 and men over age 70 run 80 metre versions with different heights and spacings.
Milestones
100 m hurdles:
First official time registered with hurdles of reduced height of : Pamela Kilborn, AUS, 26 November 1961
First official time with hurdles of standard height of : 15.1 seconds, Connie Pettersson, USA, 28 May 1966
First official world record: 13.3 seconds, Karin Balzer, GDR, 20 June 1969
First runner under 13 seconds: 12.9 seconds, Karin Balzer, GDR, 5 September 1969
First runner under 12.5 seconds:
12.3 seconds, Annelie Ehrhardt GDR, 20 July 1973 (last hand timed world record; electronically timed at 12.68 seconds)
12.48 seconds, Grażyna Rabsztyn, POL, 10 June 1978
First runner under 12.3 seconds: 12.29 seconds, Yordanka Donkova BUL, 17 August 1986
First runner under 12.2 seconds: 12.12 seconds, Tobi Amusan NGR, 24 July 2022. 12.06 seconds (wind aided) Tobi Amusan NGR, 24 July 2022.
First country to win gold, silver, and bronze in the women's 100 m hurdles in one Olympics: USA (Brianna Rollins, Nia Ali and Kristi Castlin), 2016; this was also the first time American women achieved such a sweep in any Olympic event
All-time top 25
Correct as of August 2023.
Assisted marks
Any performance with a following wind of more than 2.0 metres per second does not count for record purposes. Below is a list of all wind-assisted times equal or superior to 12.31:
Tobi Amusan (NGR) ran 12.06 (+2.5) in Eugene, Oregon on 24 July 2022.
Jasmine Camacho-Quinn (PUR) ran 12.17 (+3.5) in Devonshire, Bermuda, 12.23 (+2.5) in Eugene, Oregon on 24 July 2022, and 12.27 (+2.4) on 8 August 2022 in Székesfehérvár.
Britany Anderson (JAM) ran 12.23 (+2.5) in Eugene, Oregon on 24 July 2022.
Ackera Nugent (JAM) ran 12.25 (+3.8) in Austin, Texas on 10 June 2023.
Cornelia Oschkenat (GDR) ran 12.28 (+2.7) in Berlin on 25 August 1987.
Yordanka Donkova (BUL) ran 12.29 (+3.5) in Lausanne on 24 June 1988.
Gail Devers (USA) ran 12.29 (+2.7) in Eugene, Oregon on 26 May 2002.
Lolo Jones (USA) ran 12.29 (+3.8) in Eugene, Oregon on 6 July 2008.
Kendra Harrison (USA) ran 12.29 (+2.8) in New York City on 24 June 2023
Brianna Rollins (USA) ran 12.30 (+2.8) in Des Moines, Iowa on 22 June 2013.
Alaysha Johnson (USA) ran 12.30 (+2.8) in New York City on 24 June 2023.
Alia Armstrong (USA) ran 12.31 (+2.5) in Eugene, Oregon on 24 July 2022.
Most successful athletes
Shirley Strickland (AUS): two Olympic victories, 1952 and 1956 in the 80 m hurdles.
Ludmila Narozhilenko-Engquist (URS)/(RUS)/(SWE): Olympic victory, 1996, two World Championship victories, 1991 and 1997.
Gail Devers (USA): three World Championships, 1993, 1995, 1999, as well as runner-up at the 1991 and 2001 World Championships.
Sally Pearson (AUS): Olympic victory in 2012, as well as runner-up in 2008. World Championship victories in 2011 and 2017, as well as runner-up in 2013.
Brianna Rollins (USA): Olympic victory in 2016, World Championships 2013.
Danielle Williams (JAM): Two World Championships victories, 2015 and 2023.
Olympic medalists
World Championships medalists
Season's bests
See also
Women's 100 metres hurdles world record progression
External links
IAAF list of 100-metres-hurdles records in XML
Notes and references
Amusan ran 12.06 at the Oregon World Championships, but the time is unofficial, due to +2.5 wind
Much of the content of this article comes from the equivalent German-language Wikipedia article (retrieved 13 February 2006).
All-Time List
Year Lists
Events in track and field
Women's athletics
Hurdling
Summer Olympic disciplines in athletics
Articles containing video clips
Sprint hurdles
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Belinda Snell (born 10 January 1981) is an Australian women's basketball player. She is a member of the Australia women's national basketball team, and has won two silver medals in basketball at the 2004 & 2008 Summer Olympics, a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics, a gold medal at the 2006 Commonwealth Games, a gold medal at the 2018 Commonwealth Games, a gold medal at the 2006 World Championships, and a bronze medal at the 2014 World Championships.
Personal
Snell was born on 10 January 1981 and is from Victoria. She is tall. In 2006, she weighed .
Other sports Snell has played include tennis and netball. In April 2012, she was at the Reservoir West Primary School for the launch of Prime Minister's Olympic and Paralympic Challenges. As part of the event, she tried out in sports including goal ball and sitting basketball.
Basketball
Snell is a guard and forward. She started playing basketball when she was eight years old in the country Victoria location of Mirboo North for a mixed gendered team. For under-14 basketball, she played for a team in Knox, Victoria, travelling two hours to Melbourne each Friday night to play. She was later selected for the Country Victoria team.
Professional
WNBL
Snell was born the year the WNBL was founded.
In 1998/1999, she had a scholarship with and played for the Australian Institute of Sport. When she joined the AIS WNBL team, she was one of the newest members of the squad, with most of the team having been hold overs from the previous year. Her AIS team won the championship in 1998/1999. Her teammates included Lauren Jackson, Penny Taylor and Suzy Batkovic. In the 2000/2001 season, she was named WNBL's All-Star Five. In the 2004/2005 season, she was named WNBL's All-Star Five. She played for the Sydney Uni Flames this season. In a January 2005 game against the Perth Lynx that her team won 109–54, Snell scored 54 points and broke a WNBL single game scoring record set by Julie Nykiel in 1982 where Nykiel scored 53 points. In the game, she shot 12 of 21 from three-point range. This broke the WNBL's record of eight three-pointers in a game set by Michele Timms in 1988 and Narelle Fletcher in 2003. She had 29 points at the half. After reaching the 50-point mark, her teammates started intentionally feeding her the ball to help her break the record. She shot 6 of 9 from the free throw line in the game. She also had 9 rebounds, 9 steals and 7 assists. She played in 37 minutes of the 40-minute game. That season, she was coached by Karen Dalton.
In 2005/2006, Snell played for the WNBL's Sydney Uni Flames. She played for the Sydney Uni Flames in 2011/2012. In an October 2011 game against the Logan Thunder, she scored 23 points, sinking 5 of her 6 attempted three-pointers. She was named to the WNBL's All-Star Five. She missed at least one game in the WNBL pre-season. The team started off the season 7–0.
Europe
Snell has played professional basketball in Italy, Russia, Spain and France. In 2006, she was playing for Spezia in the Italian league. In June 2009, she joined by Ros Casares, then current champion of the Spanish Women's League. In June 2010, she joined another Spanish team, the great rival of Ros Casares; Perfumerías Avenidas de Salamanca. In PLKK season 2012/13 she played for CCC Polkowice and won Championship's title and Polish Cup as well.
WNBA
Snell was selected by the Phoenix Mercury following her performance at the 2004 Summer Olympics. and played for them during the 2006 season. In 2007, she played for the Phoenix Mercury but she did not feel like she got enough playing time. That season, she started in two games after Diana Taurasi's suspensions. By July 2007, she had was averaging four points a game, playing low minutes including three in one and thirteen in another. As of mid-July, she had a player efficiency rating of around 5.0. Her team won the Championship that year. Prior to the start of the 2011 WNBA season, she had signed a training camp contract with the Seattle Storm. She played for the Storm during the regular season but spent most of her time on the bench. In 2011, she played for the Seattle Storm, making appearances in 21 regular season games, playing an average of 6.4 minutes per game. She had a field goal percentage of 39.3%, with a three-point shooting percentage of 38.1%.
National team
Snell is a member of the Australia women's national basketball team. In 2003, she was a member of the Australian Women's Senior Team that competed in the Oceania Championship Series. She was a member of the Australian senior team that won a silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics. She was a member of the 2005 Opals. In 2006, she was a member of the Australian women's senior team that won a gold medal at the Commonwealth Games. She wore number 12. In 2006, she was a member of the Australian women's senior team that won a gold medal at the World Championships in Brazil. This was one of the highlights of her basketball playing career. She was one of the key components for the team's success. Her team beat the Canada women's national basketball team by 32 points with a final score of 97–65 in their third game of the competition. In the Canadian victory, she was the team's leading scorer with 24 points, three steals, two rebounds and two assists. On their off day from the tournament, she and her teammates did "girly" things like going shopping at a local mall.
In March 2007, Snell was named to the national team what would prepare for the 2008 Summer Olympics. She was a member of the 2008 Summer Olympics Australian women's team that won a silver medal at the Olympics. In the gold medal game against the United States, she scored 15 points in the first half. In June 2010, she was viewed by national team coach Carrie Graf as one of a quartet of strong players that would represent Australia in a tour of China, the United States and Europe. In July 2010, she participated in a four-day training camp and one game test match against the United States in Connecticut. In 2010, she was a member of the senior women's national team that competed at the World Championships in the Czech Republic. The team finished fifth. She was a member of the Opals in 2011. She was named to the 2012 Australia women's national basketball team. In February 2012, she was named to a short list of 24 eligible players to represent Australia at the Olympics. Opals teammate Lauren Jackson said O'Hea and Snell were players who would step up after Penny Taylor was injured and ruled out for London. She was scheduled to participate in the national team training camp held from 14 to 18 May 2012 at the Australian Institute of Sport.
On 31 July 2012, during the Opals' Olympics preliminary round game against France, Snell hit a buzzer-beating three-point shot from behind the half-court line to tie the game at 65–65, and force overtime. Unfortunately for the Opals, they would lose the game 74–70.
See also
List of Australian WNBA players
References
External links
Basketball Australia profile
Opals profile
WNBA profile
1981 births
Living people
Australian expatriate basketball people in France
Australian expatriate basketball people in Italy
Australian expatriate basketball people in Poland
Australian expatriate basketball people in Russia
Australian expatriate basketball people in Spain
Australian expatriate basketball people in the United States
Australian Institute of Sport basketball (WNBL) players
Australian women's basketball players
Basketball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Basketball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games medallists in basketball
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic basketball players for Australia
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
Olympic medalists in basketball
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
People educated at Lake Ginninderra College
Phoenix Mercury players
San Antonio Stars players
Seattle Storm players
Small forwards
Sydney Uni Flames players
Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Sportswomen from Victoria (state)
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Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park is a Florida State Park located in White Springs off U.S. 41, along the Suwannee River in north Florida.
Stephen Foster is famous for having written the song "Old Folks At Home," also known as "Way Down Upon the Suwannee River." The song, referring nostalgically to "home far, far away," is Florida's state song.
Stephen Foster Museum
The Stephen Foster Museum honors the accomplishments of American composer Stephen Foster and features dioramas and exhibits about his famous songs, including Old Folks at Home, more commonly known by the words of its first line as "(Way Down Upon the) Swanee River."
Honoring Foster, who never visited Florida, was the idea of Josiah K. Lilly Sr., the son of Eli Lilly. He proposed the memorial in 1931.
Carillon
The carillon was originally constructed by J. C. Deagan, Inc. for the spire of the Florida exhibit building at the 1939 World's Fair. It had 75 bells, weighed 25 tons, and was the largest carillon in the world (by number of bells). It was a gift of Florida's Stephen Foster Memorial Association, who intended to place it at a new Foster memorial building in White Springs after the fair.
The installation in at the Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park didn't occur until the summer of 1958; by which the bell count had increased to 97. More than a year was required by Deagan craftsmen to build the huge set of bells, perhaps the greatest single manufacturing project in the firm’s 78-year history.
The carillon plays Foster's songs throughout the day. A second museum area inside the tower also features exhibits about Stephen Foster and the carillon. The carillon was damaged by an electrical storm in 2017, repairs have begun to restore the bells.
Gallery
See also
List of music museums
References
External links
Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park at Florida State Parks
Photos of Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park at Florida Parks
Stephen Foster State Folk Culture Center at Absolutely Florida
Stephen Foster State Folk Culture Center at Wildernet
Explore Southern History - Information on Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park
Parks in Hamilton County, Florida
State parks of Florida
Museums in Hamilton County, Florida
Foster, Stephen
Music museums in Florida
Protected areas established in 1950
1950 establishments in Florida
Folk museums in the United States
Stephen Foster
Bell towers in the United States
Towers completed in 1957
Suwannee River
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"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" is a song by American boy band Backstreet Boys, taken from their third studio album, Millennium (1999). It was written by Max Martin and Herbie Crichlow, with production by Martin and Kristian Lundin.
Jive Records selected the track to be released as the third single from the album, on December 14, 1999. It received generally favorable reviews from music critics, who commended the lush orchestration, its melody and the group's vocal performance. The song was one of 3 tracks to be previewed at the end of Britney Spears' debut album, ...Baby One More Time. It has also experienced success on the charts, reaching the top 10 in most countries it charted, also peaking at number three on the UK Singles Chart and number six on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart.
The music video for the track was released on New Year's Eve of 1999 and was directed by Stuart Gosling. It follows each of the band members in a separate dramatic history, with the band uniting for the video's end. The song also earned a Grammy award nomination during the 43rd Grammy Awards for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.
Background and release
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" was written by Max Martin and Herbie Crichlow, while Martin also produced it. On the November 27, 1999, issue of Billboard Magazine, it was reported that Jive Records selected "Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" as Millenniums third single. The song was sent to US radio on December 14, 1999, and was released in the United Kingdom as a CD and cassette single on February 21, 2000.
Composition
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" is a pop and R&B ballad, with Latin pop influences. Lyrically, the song deals with heartbreak and how the protagonist is dealing with loneliness. "Show me the meaning of being lonely/Is this the feeling I need to walk with/Tell me why I can't be there where you are/There's something missing in my heart," they sing in the chorus. It is set in the key of F♯ minor and G♯ minor.
Critical reception
The song received acclaim from most music critics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic picked it as a standout track on the album. While reviewing their compilation, The Hits: Chapter One (2001), Erlewine wrote that "the rest of the singles that fill out the compilation aren't quite as good as "I Want It That Way", "As Long as You Love Me", "Quit Playing Games (with My Heart)", "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" and "Larger than Life" (although "Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" is)." Chuck Taylor of Billboard named it a "keepsake ballad that will have the quintet's loyal legions panting over their loss and loneliness." Taylor also called it "a beautifully produced anthem," and praised its melody, writing that, "it will instantly lock itself into the pop culture consciousness." Taylor finished his review, writing that the single is "the best ballad of the season and a sure-fine way to return the Boys to full glory." Chuck Arnold from People Magazine said that it "captures the ache of 'something missing in my heart' with a Latin-tinged lushness." Arion Berger of Rolling Stone commented that the song "digs its melodic claws into your skull on the first listen—it's the swooniest blending of the five vocalists' timbres to date, and mighty pretty besides."
Commercial performance
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" was a success on the charts, reaching the top-ten in most countries it charted. In the United States, the song debuted at number 74 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart while on the issue of March 18, 2000, the song peaked at number six, remaining at the peak position for two further weeks. In other Billboard component charts, the song also succeeded, topping the Top 40 Mainstream chart and reaching number two on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks. In Canada, the song topped the RPM Top Singles chart for two weeks.
In the United Kingdom, "Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" peaked at number three, becoming their last single to reach the top-three and eleventh top-ten single. The song became a success in countries like the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden and Switzerland, reaching number two. It also reached the top-ten in Austria, Belgium, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy and Norway. It only performed moderately in Australia, where it reached number 19, becoming their lowest charting-single since "Quit Playing Games (with My Heart)" in 1997.
Accolades
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" was nominated for a Grammy award on the 43rd ceremony for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals, but lost it to Steely Dan's "Cousin Dupree". Emily Exton of VH1 placed the song at number seven on their "20 Backstreet Boys Songs" list, writing that the song is "a more mature sound that showcased Kevin’s vocals instead of mostly his dark and mysterious looks. Here the Boys tackle grief surprisingly well, without pouring on too much schmaltz or over-complicating things." Danielle Sweeney of The Celebrity Cafe also placed it at number seven on her "Top 10 Backstreet Boys Songs", writing that, "it's their most emotional song, containing the lyrics, 'how can it be you’re asking me to feel the things you never show?'. Deep, guys."
Music video
Background
The music video for "Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" was directed by Stuart Gosling in Los Angeles from December 11–12, 1999, following the 1999 Billboard Music Awards. It follows each of the band members separately in a sad story, until they unite during the instrumental break and final choruses. The video, somewhat darker in tone than any of the band's previous releases, touches on several of the band's real-life issues. Brian Littrell had undergone open heart surgery the previous year for a defect he has had since birth. AJ McLean is shown holding a picture of a girlfriend which is dedicated to a dear friend of his who died in a car accident. The video also uses footage that represents Kevin Richardson and his deceased father. Nick Carter's scene sees him save a woman to represent the fan who almost got run over by a bus. The woman who Howie Dorough sees represents his sister, who died a year earlier of the disease lupus. Additionally, the bus that McLean rides is marked for "Denniz Street", and is driven by an actor who resembles Denniz PoP (who died in 1998 and produced some Backstreet Boys tracks, besides being the mentor of the song's producer Max Martin). An alternate version of the video was dedicated in his honor.
Synopsis
The video begins at a hospital, in which Brian Littrell watches doctors try to save a patient, also portrayed by Littrell, alluding to his open heart surgery he had. AJ McLean's scenes take place on a coach bus, which is driven by an actor who looks like Denniz Pop, while mourning the loss of a girlfriend whose photo he carries. He sees her appear on the bus, but she fades away. Kevin Richardson watches an old-age film of himself and his father in an apartment. Nick Carter walks down a city street in the rain and saves a woman from almost being hit by the bus that McLean is on. Howie Dorough drinks from a teacup at an old-style bar as a woman in red runs towards him, but fades away before she reaches him. Richardson arrives to meet Dorough and they leave the building together. McLean's bus arrives, and Littrell exits the hospital. While the woman lights the memorial candles for the deceased, the five band members congregate and begin walking down the street together. Most of the video is shot in a desaturated scheme in which only certain red elements were brightly colored, until the very end of the video when the band walks out of the city into a brightly colored field.
Track listings
UK CD single "Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" – 3:54
"I'll Be There for You" – 4:34
"You Wrote the Book on Love" – 4:38
US 2×12-inch vinyl'
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" (Soul Solution House of Loneliness Vocal) – 7:22
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" (Jason Nevins Crossover Instrumental) – 3:57 [track only, no vocals]
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" (Soul Solution Mix Show Version) – 4:12
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" (LP Version) – 3:54
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" (Jason Nevins Crossover Remix) – 3:55
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" (Remix Acapella) – 3:55 [vocals only, no track]
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" (Soul Solution House of Loneliness Dub) – 6:50 [track only, no vocals]
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" (Bonus Beats) – 2:55 [track only, no vocals]
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
See also
List of Romanian Top 100 number ones of the 2000s
References
1998 songs
1999 singles
1990s ballads
Backstreet Boys songs
Jive Records singles
Music videos directed by Stuart Gosling
Number-one singles in Romania
Pop ballads
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Song recordings produced by Max Martin
Songs about loneliness
Songs written by Max Martin
Songs written by Herbie Crichlow
Torch songs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show%20Me%20the%20Meaning%20of%20Being%20Lonely
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Birthright citizenship may refer to:
Jus soli (the right of the soil or the land), a Latin term meaning that one's nationality is determined by the place of one's birth
Jus sanguinis (the right of blood), a Latin term meaning that one may acquire nationality of a state at birth if either or both of their parents have citizenship of that state
Birthright citizenship in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthright%20citizenship
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The Mexican National Tequila Fair is held every year in Tequila, Jalisco from November 30 to December 12. It includes parades, charreadas (Mexican rodeos), cock fights, serenades with mariachis, and firework displays.
See also
The Cabo Corrientes Regional Tequila Fair is held on the last Saturday of November at the Vallarta Botanical Gardens near Puerto Vallarta in the state of Jalisco. While it may be a smaller, more scaled down version of the National Tequila Fair, it is more accessible to residents and visitors of the Bahía de Banderas Area and showcases the local distiliadores of the Cabo Corrientes Region.
American Whiskey Trail
Sources
Jalisco: Home & Heart of Tequila
Annual fairs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Tequila%20Fair
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Sowerby ( ) is a village in the Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale, in West Yorkshire, England. It lies in the Pennines, contiguous with Sowerby Bridge, west-southwest of Halifax.
History
Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Sowerby appears in the Domesday Book of 1086, and was an important settlement long before Halifax began to dominate. The ancient district of Sowerbyshire, a stretch of forest centred on the town leading down the Ryburn and Calder valleys and almost up to Halifax, was a Royal chase.
The name Sowerby, is made up from the Norse Sor for sour and suffixed with by representing a parished area. The local pronunciation follows the original Norse. (saw+bi).
A local legend described a castle in Sowerby and its presence was confirmed by excavations on 'Castle Hill' at the high end of the old town. Archaeologists uncovered the foundations of a Norman motte-and-bailey castle.
Governance
Sowerby was the centre of the Sowerby parliamentary constituency until the 1983 general election, when the constituency was expanded and renamed Calder Valley. Sowerby now falls within the Calderdale Ward of Ryburn.
Landmarks
Once home to many chapels and churches of several Christian denominations, the Anglican St Peter's Church is of architectural interest and the main focus of religious worship in the town.
Notable people
John Tillotson, 'The people's priest', Archbishop of Canterbury between 1691 and 1693, was a native of Sowerby. A statue of Tillotson exists in St Peter's Church and an avenue is named after him in the lower end of the town.
The summer home of the former MP for Great Grimsby, Austin Mitchell, was situated in the town. The nearby mansion of Field House was the seat of the Stansfeld family, who contributed much to the local community, including building St Peter's Church. Sowerby Hall, close to the church, was built by Josiah Horton in 1650 and the Rawson family, who owned the Brockwell estate at the lower end of St Peter's Avenue, contributed to the construction of several notable buildings in the town during the 18th century.
See also
Listed buildings in Ryburn
Sowerby, North Yorkshire
References
External links
Sowerby Website
Sowerby Bridge Chronicle newspaper website
Villages in West Yorkshire
Geography of Calderdale
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowerby%2C%20West%20Yorkshire
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Grands Prix (GPs) are professional Magic: The Gathering tournaments, awarding cash prizes, Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours. They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments. The first Grand Prix was held on 22–23 March 1997 in Amsterdam (Netherlands). By the end of 2018, 654 Grand Prix events have been held, the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors, making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held.
Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention. The term "Grand Prix" can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend. Starting in 2019, as part of a broader re-branding, the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event, which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events, which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools.
History
The first Grand Prix was in 1997. Unlike the invitation-only Pro Tour, GPs have always been open to all players. The first Grand Prix was held in Amsterdam and it was also the first professional Magic tournament held outside the United States. The total prize pool was $30,000, compared to $250,000 at Pro Tour Paris a few weeks later. The scheduling of Grand Prix events has varied over time, with 20 to 30 events per year in the 1990s growing to 50-60 events per year today. Grand Prix main events are the largest Magic: the Gathering tournaments to take place, with the 2015 event in Las Vegas, NV, having a record 7,551 entrants.
Most Grand Prix weekends host only a single main event, however, some contain multiple. GP Las Vegas in 2015 was large enough to be broken up into two independent events. GP Las Vegas in 2017 was scheduled as three separate events - one each starting on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday. The main event at MF London in 2019 was scheduled as four separate events - two starting each on Friday and Saturday. Players could drop from an earlier flight and register for a later flight, to get multiple chances to perform well enough to make the cut. All four events re-combined on Sunday morning for "day 2" of competition. Other events have also used these formats, especially in locations where the number of players likely to attend would make a single event prohibitively large.
Starting in 2019, the Grand Prix weekend was renamed as MagicFest, and the term Grand Prix now refers only to the main event. The average main event has between 1,000 and 1,500 competitors playing for a prize pool of $35,000 to $65,000, depending on the event's location and format.
Tournament structure
With the exception of some Grands Prix that have multiple main events, most are two day tournaments, taking place on weekends. The day prior to the start of the event (usually Friday) hosts a number of side events, including Last Chance Trials. Competitors who win a Last Chance Trial receive a two round bye to the Grand Prix, which can otherwise only be earned through having a certain number of Pro Points or Planeswalker Points. On Day 1 (usually Saturday), the tournament begins using the swiss tournament structure. The exact number of rounds has varied over the history of GPs, currently eight or nine rounds are played on Day 1. After the 8th round, a cut is performed. All competitors with a record of 6 wins and 2 losses or better are allowed to continue playing. Despite taking place after the cut, the ninth round is still played on Day 1 at Limited tournaments for logistical reasons.
On Day 2, play continues for an additional six or seven rounds (again, depending on the format). At the conclusion of the swiss rounds, the eight players with the best records advance to the single-elimination Top 8.
For Grands Prix played in a Constructed format all rounds are played with the same decks. Limited Grands Prix have a Sealed Deck portion on day 1 and Booster Drafts on day 2.
Prizes
Grands Prix award cash prizes, Pro Points, and invitations to a Pro Tour. The best eight competitors (or best four teams for team Grand Prix) - or all players with at least 39 match points at the end of the tournament, whichever is greater - receive an invitation to a previously determined Pro Tour. Cash prizes have varied considerably, ranging from $10,000 to $75,000. From 2013 to 2018, prize payout varied based on the number of competitors. In 2019, a system was introduced where the prize payout can vary based on expected attendance (from $35,000 to $80,000), but is always announced in advance, to allow competitors to know that information when deciding which events to travel to.
Of the total prize pool, the champion receives between $6,000 and $10,000. As many as 225 players can receive prizes, of $200 or more.
See also
The DCI
Pro Tour
List of all GPs
References
External links
Official Grand Prix page at Wizards.com
Magic: The Gathering professional events
Recurring events established in 1997
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Prix%20%28Magic%3A%20The%20Gathering%29
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Firearms regulation in Mexico is governed by legislation which sets the legality by which members of the armed forces, law enforcement and private citizens may acquire, own, possess and carry firearms; covering rights and limitations to individuals—including hunting and shooting sport participants, property and personal protection personnel such as bodyguards, security officers, private security, and extending to VIPs (diplomats, public officials, celebrities).
Mexico has extremely restrictive laws regarding gun possession.
There are only two stores in the entire country, DCAM near the capital, and OTCA, in Apodaca, Nuevo León. It also takes months of paperwork to have a chance at purchasing one legally. That said, there is a common misconception that firearms are illegal in Mexico and that no person may possess them. This belief originates from the general perception that only members of law enforcement, the armed forces, or those in armed security protection are authorized to have them. While it is true that Mexico possesses strict gun laws, where most types and calibers are reserved to military and law enforcement, the acquisition and ownership of certain firearms and ammunition remains a constitutional right to all Mexican citizens and foreign legal residents; given the requirements and conditions to exercise such right are fulfilled in accordance to the law.
The right to keep and bear arms was first recognized as a constitutional right under Article 10 of the Mexican Constitution of 1857. However, as part of the Mexican Constitution of 1917, Article 10 was changed where-by the right to keep and bear arms was given two separate definitions: the right to keep (derecho a poseer in Spanish) and the right to bear (derecho a portar in Spanish). The new version of Article 10 specified that citizens were entitled to keep arms (own them) but may only bear them (carry them) among the population in accordance to police regulation. This modification to Article 10 also introduced the so-called ...[arms] for exclusive use of the [military]... (in Spanish: ...de uso exclusivo del Ejército...), dictating that the law would stipulate which weapons were reserved for the armed forces, including law enforcement agencies, for being considered weapons of war.
In 1971, Article 10 of the present Constitution was changed to limit the right to keep arms within the home only (in Spanish: ...derecho a poseer armas en su domicilio...) and reserved the right to bear arms outside the home only to those explicitly authorized by law (i.e. police, military, armed security officers). The following year, the Federal Law of Firearms and Explosives came into force and gave the federal government complete jurisdiction and control to the legal proliferation of firearms in the country; at the same time, heavily limiting and restricting the legal access to firearms by civilians.
As a result of the changes to Article 10 of the Mexican Constitution and the enactment of the Federal Law of Firearms and Explosives, openly carrying a firearm or carrying a concealed weapon in public is virtually forbidden to private citizens, unless explicitly authorized by the Secretariat of National Defense (SEDENA). For purposes of personal protection, firearms are only permitted within the place of residence and of the type and caliber permitted by law.
History
Contemporary Mexican society experiences gun homicide at a higher rate than many other nations, despite strict gun laws (citation needed). Firearms have played a significant role in the History of Mexico, and the country was founded with a strong presence and adhesion to arms, though Mexico has a long history of passing gun restriction laws. Mexican Golden Age films often depicted the protagonists and antagonists as gun-slinging cowboys and charros, an example of a cultural attachment to guns which greatly differs on different sides of the border. For on the US side the citizens have a right and legally carry guns, but on the Mexican side the guns are carried in defiance of Mexican law.
It was through the means of armed combat that Mexico achieved its independence from Spain. From then on, the course of history was marked by several armed conflicts, including the American (1846–48) and French (1861–67) conflicts, as well as indigenous struggles due to the several forms of government that ruled over Mexican territory, culminating with the Mexican Revolution (1910–20) and the Cristero War (1926–29).
In 1972, the government modified Article 10 of the Constitution and enacted the Federal Law of Firearms and Explosives, limiting gun ownership to small-caliber handguns, heavily restricting the right to carry outside the homeplace and ending a cultural attachment to firearms by shutting down gun stores, outlawing the private sale of firearms, and closing down public shooting facilities.
In addition, the government has conducted gun-exchange programs from time to time, where citizens are encouraged to exchange any firearm (registered, unregistered, legal or illegal) for either a cash incentive or groceries, without fear of civil or criminal prosecution.
Historical legislation
Prior to the Independence of Mexico, the first official record of a restriction on the possession of firearms occurred in 1811 as the Mexican War of Independence was taking place. This restriction came about as an attempt to stop the Miguel Hidalgo-led insurgency against the Royalists of Spain. In 1812 and 1814 the Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy in Article 56 and Constitutional Decree for the Liberty of Mexican America in Article 81 prohibited appearing at Vestry meetings with weapons, but did not limit their possession or carrying on other sites such as the home.
Following Mexico's independence as the First Mexican Empire in 1822, the Political Provisional Regulation of the Mexican Empire in Article 54 made a reference to the carrying of prohibited arms (in Spanish: ...el porte de armas prohibidas...) and by 1824, following the establishment of the United Mexican States, it was declared that no person shall carry any type of weapon. The inclination to adopt a complete ban on firearms came as a precaution and attempt to prevent another armed insurrection that would put the new republic in jeopardy. After this measure, four years followed without war under President Guadalupe Victoria.
However, the results of the presidential elections of September 1828 were disputed by runner-up candidate Vicente Guerrero and he called for a revolution, provoking Congress to annul the election and elect Guerrero as president. After he took office in April 1829, civil unrest continued and he was ousted by mid-December only for two other men to serve as president before the end of the year. After Anastasio Bustamante took office in January 1830, considering the instability of the previous year, a mandate was issued that required all in unlawful possession of firearms to surrender them to the government and made it illegal to pawn or purchase them. Between 1831 and 1835, additional mandates were issued voiding all gun licenses previously issued and restricted the issuance of new firearm permits only to those deemed "peaceful, known and honest" and made acquiring a license to carry a more rigorous process.
Continuing several decades of instability, Mexico became once again a federal republic and given the important role firearms had played to establish the second republic, the Constitution of 1857 under Article 10, recognized for the first time the right for people to keep and bear arms as a constitutional guarantee. Also in 1857, another mandate was issued requiring a firearms license in order to carry lawfully. In February 1861, the Secretary of War (now the Secretariat of National Defense) issued a notice reassuring all citizens the guarantee to keep and carry firearms, and expressing that considering that under no circumstances could peaceful and lawful citizens be disarmed, only weapons exclusive of the military would be banned. In December of the same year, a mandate required all persons to surrender such banned weapons.
In 1893, new regulation on the bearing of arms was issued, recognizing the right to keep and the right to carry while regulating the issuance of licenses to carry, which conditioned that weapons only be carried in a manner that they are visible.
At the height of the Mexican Revolution, the Constitution of 1917 was enacted and Article 10, carried over from the previous constitution, was modified to define three separate things: one) it recognized the right of the people to keep and bear arms, two) it excepted from civilian possession weapons prohibited by law or reserved for the military, and three) it required that weapons carried in public be done in accordance to the law.
The 1960s were marked by a series of anti-government movements that escalated to the Tlatelolco massacre, prompting then-President Echeverría and Mexican Congress to modified Article 10 of the Constitution to its present form today, which permits private ownership of firearms within the home only. In January 1972, with the enactment of the Federal Law of Firearms and Explosives, the legal proliferation of firearms among the population was heavily limited and restricted.
Since its conception, the Federal Law of Firearms and Explosives has had several of its articles reformed in an effort to further restrict firearm ownership and their proliferation by imposing stricter rules for their acquisition and tougher penalties for violations.
Constitutional rights
Three major events mark the right to keep and bear arms as a constitutional guarantee:
Constitution of 1857
To keep and bear arms was first recognized as a constitutional right through Article 10 of the Mexican Constitution of 1857:
(original text) Artículo 10: Todo hombre tiene derecho de poseer y portar armas para su seguridad y legítima defensa. La ley señalará cuáles son las prohibidas y la pena en que incurren los que las portaren.
(translation) Article 10: Every man has the right to keep and to carry arms for his security and legitimate defense. The law will indicate which arms are prohibited and the penalty for those who would carry them.
Article 10 of the 1857 Constitution gave citizens the right to keep and bear arms, both in their homes and in public for their security and defense. Legislation was to indicate which types of weapons would be forbidden and the penalties imposed to violators.
Constitution of 1917
Sixty years later, with the introduction of the Constitution of 1917, Article 10 gives two separate definitions to the right to keep and bear arms:
(original text) Artículo 10: Los habitantes de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos tienen libertad de poseer armas de cualquiera clase, para su seguridad y legítima defensa, hecha excepción de las prohibidas expresamente por la ley y de las que la nación reserve para el uso exclusivo del Ejército, Armada y Guardia Nacional; pero no podrán portarlas en las poblaciones sin sujetarse a los reglamentos de policía..
(translation) Article 10: The inhabitants of the United Mexican States are free to possess weapons of any kind, for their security and legitimate defense, with exception of those expressly prohibited by law and that the nation reserves for the exclusive use of the Army, Navy and National Guard; but they may not carry them within populations without being subject to police regulations.
Article 10 of the 1917 Constitution still allowed citizens to keep and bear arms in the home or outside, while restricting those weapons reserved to the military but required that those who carry weapons in public, adhere to applicable police regulations.
Reform to Article 10 in 1971
Fifty-four years later, Article 10 was reformed to its actual text in force today:
(original text) Artículo 10: Los habitantes de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos tienen derecho a poseer armas en su domicilio, para seguridad y legítima defensa, con excepción de las prohibidas por la ley federal y de las reservadas para el uso exclusivo del Ejército, Armada, Fuerza Aérea y Guardia Nacional. La ley federal determinará los casos, condiciones, requisitos y lugares en que se podrá autorizar a los habitantes la portación de armas.
(translation) Article 10: The inhabitants of the United Mexican States have the right to keep arms in their homes, for security and legitimate defense, with the exception of those prohibited by federal law and those reserved for the exclusive use of the Army, Navy, Air Force and National Guard. Federal law will determine the cases, conditions, requirements, and places in which the carrying of arms will be authorized to the inhabitants.
Reformed Article 10 limited citizens' constitutional right to keeping arms in their homes only. Additionally, carrying firearms outside the home (in public) was no longer a right but a privilege federal law would regulate and authorize on a case-by-case basis. With this reform came the Federal Law of Firearms and Explosives, which limited civilians' legal access to a few small-caliber guns while reserving most types and calibers to the government (i.e., police and military).
Licensing and legislation
The authority in charge of the control of firearms in Mexico is the Executive Branch (Ejecutivo Federal) through the Secretariat of Interior (SEGOB) and the Secretariat of National Defense (SEDENA), the latter responsible for issuing licenses and running the General Directorate for the Federal Firearms Registry and Explosives Control (DGRFAFyCE).
The Federal Law of Firearms and Explosives (Ley Federal de Armas de Fuego y Explosivos) is an act of Congress and the legal framework overseeing the lawful proliferation of firearms in the country, including their import, manufacture, sale, purchase, ownership, and possession.
The Regulation of the Federal Law of Firearms and Explosives (Reglamento de la Ley Federal de Armas de Fuego y Explosivos) is an additional legal framework governing firearms.
The right to keep arms
In regard to the right to keep arms, Title II, Chapter II, Article 15 of the Federal Law of Firearms and Explosives states:
(translated) Weapons may be kept in the home for security and legitimate defense of its dwellers. Their possession imposes the duty to manifest them to the Secretariat of National Defense for their registration. For every weapon, record of its registration will be issued.
Under this clause, citizens are entitled to keep firearms of the type and calibers permitted by law for their security and defense within their home only. Every weapon must be registered with the federal government. While federal law does not set a limit, in legal practice, citizens are only allowed to keep a total of 10 registered firearms (nine long guns, one handgun) per household.
Additionally, a place of business or employment is not covered under this provision unless the place of business is the same as the place of residence (home business) and therefore it is illegal to keep or carry a firearm in a place of business, even if the business is owned by the lawful registered owner of the weapon unless the appropriate license to carry outside the home is issued by SEDENA.
The right to bear arms
In regard to the right to bear arms (carry them beyond the home), Title II, Chapter III, Article 24 of the Federal Law of Firearms and Explosives states:
(translated) To carry weapons, the appropriate license is required. Members of the Army, Navy and Air Force are exempted from the foregoing, in the cases and conditions stipulated by applicable laws and regulations. Members of federal, state, of the Federal District, and municipal police institutions, as well as private security services, may carry weapons in the cases, conditions, and requirements established by present law and other applicable legal provisions.Under this clause, only citizens who have been granted a license to carry can lawfully carry a firearm outside their homes. Beyond military and law enforcement members, these permits are only issued to persons who qualify such as those employed in private security firms, those who live in rural areas, or those who may be targets of crime (politicians, public officials, and wealthy citizens).
Type of firearms permitted
In regard to what type of firearms are permitted, Title II, Chapter I, Article 9 of the Federal Law of Firearms and Explosives states:
(translated) It may be kept or carried, under the terms and limitations established by this law, weapons of the following characteristics: Semi-automatic handguns of caliber no greater than .380 (9mm Browning, 9mm Corto, 9mm Kurz, 9mm Short, and 9×17mm). Left excepted are calibers .38 Super and .38 commander, and also calibers 9mm. [Such as] Mauser, Luger, etc., as well as similar models of the same caliber of the excepted, from other brands.
Revolvers of calibers no greater than .38 Special, left excepted is caliber .357 magnum.Land tenure owners, common land owners and farmworkers outside urban zones, may keep and carry, upon registration, one weapon of those already mentioned, or a .22 caliber rifle, or a shotgun of any caliber, except those of a barrel length shorter than 25 inches (635mm) and of caliber greater than 12 gauge (.729" or 18.5 MM).
Additionally, Article 10 of the Federal Law of Firearms and Explosives states:
(translated) The firearms that can be authorized to participants of shooting or hunting, to keep in their home or to carry with a license, are the following: Semi-automatic handguns, revolvers and rifles of caliber .22, rimfire ammo
Handguns of .38 caliber for Olympic shooting or other competition
Shotguns in all their calibers and models, except those with a barrel length shorter than 25 inches, and calibers greater than 12 gauge.
Triple-barrel shotguns in the calibers authorized in the preceding section, with a barrel for metallic cartridges of different caliber.
High-powered rifles, of repeating or semi-automatic function, non-convertible to full-auto, with the exception of .30 caliber carbines, rifles, muskets and carbines caliber .223, 7 and 7.62mm, and Garand rifles caliber .30.
High-powered rifles of greater caliber than those mentioned in the previous section, with special permission for their use abroad, for hunting of game bigger than those present in national wildlife.
Under these two articles, private citizens are generally restricted to semi-automatic handguns or revolvers of a caliber no greater than .380 (for home defense), rifles no greater than .22, and shotguns no greater than 12 gauge (hunting and shooting when a member of a club). Anything bigger than those calibers is considered for exclusive use of the military and strictly forbidden for civilian possession, as defined by Article 11 of the Federal Law of Firearms and Explosives. Only citizens with collector permits may be authorized to possess firearms outside those permitted for civilian ownership.
How many firearms may be owned
In regard to how many firearms a citizen may own, neither the Constitution nor the Federal Law of Firearms and Explosives say anything; however, Chapter II, Article 21 of the Regulation of the Federal Law of Firearms and Explosives states:
(translated) If more than two weapons are registered for security and legitimate defense of the dwellers of a single home, those interested must justify the need.This clause is somewhat controversial among gun enthusiasts in Mexico because current federal law does not set a limit on how many firearms may be owned. However, the Secretariat of National Defense (SEDENA) has set its own rules (in Spanish: Disposiciones giradas por la propia Secretaría), and while neither federal firearms law nor its regulation set a limit on the amount of firearms a person may own, SEDENA has determined that only nine long guns and one handgun for hunting or shooting activities will be authorized. Consequently, those who do not belong to a hunting or shooting club, will only be authorized one handgun for home defense. If the citizen is an official member of the Mexican hunting and shooting federation they will be allowed to have more than one handgun but always with the 10 gun limit.
Transport of firearms
In regard to the transport of firearms, Title III, Chapter IV, Article 60 of the Federal Law of Firearms and Explosives states:
(translated) General permits for any of the activities regulated in this title, include the authorization for the transport within national territory, of firearms, objects and materials authorized, but their holders must abide by relevant laws, rules and regulation.Under this clause, anyone intending to transport a firearm outside their home must first obtain the appropriate permit from SEDENA. Those who belong to hunting and/or shooting clubs and keep registered firearms for those purposes must maintain a valid permit (renewable every year) to remove the weapons from their home to the location of relevant activities. Even those who move to a new home address must not only notify SEDENA of the change of address but must also obtain a permit to transport the weapon from the current residence to the new one. Without the appropriate transportation permit, it is illegal to transport a firearm outside the home on your person or vehicle, even if lawfully registered, unloaded and in a locked container.
Taking firearms into Mexico
In regard to bringing firearms to Mexico, Title III, Chapter III, Article 55 of the Federal Law of Firearms and Explosives states:
(translated) Weapons, objects and materials referred in this law imported under ordinary or extraordinary permits, must be destined precisely to the use stated in given permits. Any modification, change or transformation different from the stated purpose, requires a new permit.Additionally, Title III, Chapter III, Article 59 of the Federal Law of Firearms and Explosives states:
(translated) Temporary import and export of firearms and ammunition for hunting and shooting sport tourists, must be vested by the appropriate extraordinary permit, which shall indicate the conditions that must be met in accordance to the regulation of this law.Under these articles, those who intend to engage in hunting and shooting sport activities in Mexico, must first obtain the required temporary import permit from the Secretariat of National Defense prior to traveling to Mexico.
Similarly, it is possible for Mexican citizens who reside in Mexico and foreign legal residents of Mexico (FM2 holders) to import a firearm into Mexico for their security and legitimate defense, under the types and calibers permitted for home defense and after receiving the appropriate import permit from the Secretariat of National Defense. Whoever intends to import a firearm to Mexico must be able to legally acquire the firearm outside of the country. For example, a US citizen who lawfully resides in Mexico as a FM2 holder or who holds dual nationality could purchase a firearm in the United States and request permission to import the weapon to Mexico. People eligible to legally purchase a firearm in the United States and eligible to reside in Mexico are allowed to import the weapon.
The U.S. Department of State warns US citizens [and all persons regardless of citizenship] against taking any firearm or ammunition into Mexico without prior written authorization from the Mexican authorities. Entering Mexico with a firearm, or even a single round of ammunition, carries a penalty of up to five years in prison, even if the firearm or ammunition is taken into the country unintentionally. Even if the weapon is lawfully registered in one's name in the U.S. (or any other country of residence) and even when the weapon falls under the types and calibers permitted for civilian ownership in Mexico, unless the bearer has explicit authorization from the Secretariat of National Defense, it is illegal and punishable by law to enter Mexican territory with any firearm as well as to keep and carry any firearm on one's person or vehicle. These permits cannot be obtained at Mexican customs and immigration when entering Mexico, but must be obtained in advance and in possession of the bearer before any gun enters Mexico.
Sales and ownership
Private ownership of firearms is restricted to the home only. Only Mexican citizens and foreign legal residents of Mexico (FM2 holders) may purchase and keep firearms in their place of residence. The Directorate of Commercialization of Arms and Munitions (Dirección de Comercialización de Armamento y Municiones - DCAM) is the only outlet authorized to sell firearms and ammunition in the country and it is located in Mexico City near SEDENA's headquarters. The transfer of ownership and the sale and purchase of firearms between individuals is also permitted, but the transaction must receive authorization from the Secretariat of National Defense by both parties (buyer and seller) appearing in person along with the weapon, to conduct the transaction in accordance to requirements set by law.
Firearm activity authorized by law
There are generally five ways private citizens may lawfully purchase, register, own and keep firearms in the home:
For home defense (seguridad y legítima defensa)
For hunting (cacería)
For target practice (tiro)
For shooting sport competition (competencia)
For collection (colección)
For home defense, the government will authorize the sale and registration of one handgun of the types and calibers permitted by law.
For hunting, target practice or competition, the government will authorize the sale and registration of up to nine long guns (rifles or shotguns) and one handgun of the types and calibers permitted by law (must belong to a hunting and/or shooting club for these permits to be issued). Licensed sport hunting is allowed in a season and regulated by SEMARNAP (Secretariat of the Environment, Natural Resources, and Fisheries).
For collection, the government may authorize the sale and registration of an unlimited amount of firearms of any type and caliber in accordance to law and regulation.
Legal procedures to own a firearm
Private citizens wishing to acquire a firearm and ammunition are required by law to do the following:
Apply for a firearm acquisition permit from the General Directorate of the Federal Firearms Registry and Explosives Control (DGRFAFyCE) in the Secretariat of National Defense (SEDENA) either by mail or in person by submitting the following:
(for Mexican citizens, males under 40) Copy of liberated National Military Service card; (for females or males over 40) certified birth certificate. Foreigners must provide documentation establishing legal presence (FM2 card),
Proof of income by submitting original employment letter stating position, time of employment and salary. If self-employed or retired, proof of such status,
Criminal background check showing no convictions, issued by the state's Attorney General where applicant resides (dated no older than six months),
Copy of proof of address (any utility bill in name of applicant; if different, head of household must sign a letter authorizing firearms and ammunition in the home),
Copy of government-issued photo identification (Voter ID Card if Mexican citizen, passport and FM2 card if foreign citizen),
If weapons are requested for shooting or hunting, must submit copy of hunting and/or shooting club membership card, indicating day, month and year of the beginning and end of validation,
Copy of birth certificate. Name(s) and last names must match all other documents, and
Copy of the Unique Key of Population Registry (Clave Única de Registro de Población - CURP) Analogous to US social security card and number.
Upon being granted the firearm acquisition permit, fill out form and make payment of MX$95.00 (US$7.60) for Permit to Purchase Firearm, Accessories and/or Ammunition,
Fill out form and make payment of MX$39.00 (US$3.12) for Registration of Firearm (one form and payment per gun),
Contact the Directorate of Commercialization of Arms and Munitions (DCAM) by internet or in person to make payment of firearm.
With all receipts and documentation, along with photo ID, appear in person at DCAM to pick up firearm. A temporary transportation permit (valid for 24 to 72hrs) is granted, which permits the owner to transport the firearm from DCAM to his or her home by personal or public transportation (ground or air).
Militia
Mexico has a history of various activities and insurrection by militia and paramilitary groups dating back several hundred years that include the exploits of historical figures such as Captain Manuel Pineda Munoz and Francisco "Pancho" Villa. This also includes groups such as the Free-Colored Militia (the interracial militias of New Spain, Colonial Mexico), the Camisas Doradas, and the contemporary Self Defense Council of Michoacan.
However some of the previous examples are historical, the current official view on the existence of such militias in Mexico, when are not backed by the government, has been always label them as illegal and to combat them in a military and a political way.
Modern examples on the Mexican view on militias are the Chiapas conflict against the EZLN and against the EPR in Guerrero, where the government forces combated the upraised militias. And in a more recent case when civilian self-defence militias appeared during the Mexican war on drugs, the government regulated them and transformed the militias in to Rural federal forces, and those who resisted were combated and imprisoned.
See also
Gun politics
Smuggling of firearms into Mexico
Law of Mexico
Politics of Mexico
Index of gun politics articles
References
Further reading
External links
Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional (Secretariat of National Defense) Government agency overseeing the control of firearms in Mexico.
México Armado (Armed Mexico) Online forum for gun enthusiasts in Mexico.
En la mira (In sight) Online forum for hunting and shooting sport enthusiasts in Mexico.
Todo por México (All for Mexico) Online forum for military and law enforcement enthusiasts in Mexico.
La Armería (The Armory'') Spanish guide on how to purchase firearms from SEDENA.
Mexico
Law of Mexico
Sport in Mexico
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearms%20regulation%20in%20Mexico
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Louis Rudolph Franz Schlegelberger (23 October 187614 December 1970) was State Secretary in the German Reich Ministry of Justice (RMJ) who served as Justice Minister during the Third Reich. He was the highest-ranking defendant at the Judges' Trial in Nuremberg.
Early life
Schlegelberger was born into a Protestant salesman's family in Königsberg. He graduated from the University of Königsberg – or according to documents from his trial the University of Leipzig – in 1899 attaining the degree of Doctor of Law. In 1901 Schlegelberger passed the state law examination and became a court Assessor at the Königsberg local court. In 1904 he became a judge at the State Court in Lyck (now Ełk). In early May 1908, he went to the Berlin State Court and in the same year was appointed assistant judge at the Berlin Court of Appeals (Kammergericht). In 1914 he was appointed to the Kammergericht Council (Kammergerichtsrat) in Berlin, where he stayed until 1918.
On 1 April 1918 Schlegelberger became an associate at the Reich Justice Office. On 1 October of that year, he was appointed to the Secret Government Court and Executive Council. In 1927, he was appointed as Ministerial Director in the RMJ. Schlegelberger had been teaching in the Faculty of Law at the University of Berlin as an honorary professor since 1922. On 10 October 1931 Schlegelberger was appointed State Secretary in the Reich Ministry of Justice under Justice Minister Franz Gürtner and kept this job until Gürtner's death in 1941. He was also made a member of the Academy for German Law and was the chairman of its Committee for Water Rights. On 30 January 1938 Schlegelberger joined the Nazi Party on Adolf Hitler's orders.
In the Nazi Party
Among Schlegelberger's many works in this time was a bill for the introduction of a new national currency which was supposed to end the hyperinflation to which the Reichsmark was prone. After Franz Gürtner's death in 1941, Schlegelberger became provisional Reich Minister of Justice for the years 1941 and 1942, followed then by Otto Thierack. During his time in office the number of death sentences rose sharply. He authored the bills such as the so-called Poland Penal Law Provision (Polenstrafrechtsverordnung) under which Poles were executed for tearing down German posters. Schlegelberger's attitude towards his job may be best encapsulated in a letter to Reich Minister and Chief of the Reich Chancellery Hans Lammers:
However, in a letter to Lammers dated 5 April 1942, Schlegelberger suggested some half-Jews be "spared" and given the choice between "evacuation" or sterilization:
Upon his retirement from the position on 20 August 1942, Hitler gave Schlegelberger an endowment of RM 100,000; in 1944, Hitler allowed him to buy an estate with the money, something that only agricultural experts were entitled to under the rules in force at the time. This would later weigh against him at Nuremberg, for it showed that Hitler thought highly of Schlegelberger.
After the war
At the Nuremberg Judges' Trial Schlegelberger was one of the main accused. He was sentenced to life in prison for conspiracy to perpetrate war crimes and crimes against humanity.
In the reasons given for the judgment, it says:
At the end of the 1945–1947 trials Schlegelberger was sentenced to life in 1947, although in 1950 the 74-year-old Schlegelberger was released owing to incapacity. For years afterward, he drew a monthly pension of DM 2,894 (for comparison, the average monthly income in Germany at that time was DM 535). Schlegelberger then lived in Flensburg until his death on 14 December 1970.
Bibliography
Das Landarbeiterrecht. Darstellung des privaten und öffentlichen Rechts der Landarbeiter in Preußen, Berlin., C. Heymann 1907.
Kriegsbuch. Die Kriegsgesetze mit der amtlichen Begründung und der gesamten Rechtsprechung und Rechtslehre -Berlin, Vahlen 1918 (with Georg Güthe)
Freiwillige Gerichtsbarkeit, Heft 43, Berlin 1935 Industrieverlag Spaeth & Linde
Gesetz über die Aufwertung von Hypotheken und anderen Ansprüchen vom 16. Juli 1925, Berlin, Dahlen, 1925. (co-author: Rudolf Harmening)
Zur Rationalisierung der Gesetzgebung., Berlin, Vlg. Franz Vahlen, 1928
Jahrbuch des Deutschen Rechtes., with Leo Sternberg, 26th volume, report about the year 1927, Vahlen, Berlin, 1928
Das Recht der Neuzeit. Ein Führer durch das geltende Recht des Reichs und Preußens seit 1914 with Werner Hoche, Berlin: Franz Vahlen 1932.
Rechtsvergleichendes Handwörterbuch für das Zivil- und Handelsrecht des In- und Auslandes – 4. Bd.: Gütergemeinschaft auf Todesfall – Kindschaftsrecht, Berlin Franz Vahlen, 1933
Die Zinssenkung nach der Verordnung des Reichspräsidenten vom 8. Dezember 1931, with an introduction and brief comments by Dr. Dr. F. Schlegelberger, State Secretary in the Reich Justice Ministry, Franz von Dahlen, Berlin 1932
Das Recht der Neuzeit. Vom Weltkrieg zum nationalsozialistischen Staat. Ein Führer durch das geltende Recht des Reichs und Preußens von 1914 bis 1934., Berlin: Franz Vahlen 1934.
Die Erneuerung des deutschen Aktienrechts, Vortrag gehalten am 15. August 1935 vor der Industrie- und Handelskammer in Hamburg, Verlag Franz Vahlen, 1935
Gesetz über die Angelegenheiten der freiwilligen Gerichtsbarkeit, Köln, Heymanns 1952.
Das Recht der Gegenwart. Ein Führer durch das in Deutschland geltende Recht as publisher, Berlin and Frankfurt a. M., Franz Vahlen Verlag 1955
Das Recht der Gegenwart : ein Führer durch das in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland geltende Recht – 29. Aufl., Stand: 1 January 1998. – München : Vahlen, 1998
Seehandelsrecht. Zugleich Ergänzungsband zu Schlegelberger, Kommentar zum Handelsgesetzbuch, Berlin, Vahlen, 1959.(with Rudolf Liesecke)
Kommentar zum Handelsgesetzbuch in der seit dem 1. Oktober 1937 geltenden Fassung (ohne Seerecht). Annotated by Ernst Geßler, Wolfgang Hefermehl, Wolfgang Hildebrandt, Georg Schröder, Berlin, Vahlen, 1960; 1965; 1966.
References
Further reading
Michael Förster, Jurist im Dienst des Unrechts: Leben und Werk des ehemaligen Staatssekretärs im Reichsjustizministerium, Franz Schlegelberger, 1876–1970, Baden-Baden 1995
Eli Nathans, Franz Schlegelberger, Baden-Baden 1990
Arne Wulff, Staatssekretär Professor Dr. Dr. h.c. Franz Schlegelberger, 1876–1970, Frankfurt am Main 1991
External links
Legal Order as Motive and Mask: Franz Schlegelberger and the Nazi Administration of Justice
Schlegelberger's testimony before the Nuremberg Tribunal
Excerpts from the Judges' Trial
1876 births
1970 deaths
Jurists from Königsberg
People from the Province of Prussia
German people of Austrian descent
Judges in the Nazi Party
Justice ministers of Germany
Nazi Germany ministers
Members of the Academy for German Law
Holocaust perpetrators in Poland
Nazis convicted of war crimes
German people convicted of crimes against humanity
German prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Judges convicted of crimes
People sentenced to life imprisonment by the United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%20Schlegelberger
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The Giant Viper was a trailer-mounted, vehicle-pulled, mine clearance system, designed to be deployed in areas containing land mines. It was developed for the British Army in the 1950s. It was designed to be towed behind a Centurion gun tank, FV4003, AVRE (Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers); and also the FV432 Armoured personnel carrier.
The Giant Viper used rockets to launch a 250-metre-long hose, packed with plastic explosive, across a minefield. In the 1970s, the Giant Viper hoses were filled at ROF Chorley. Once it lands the charge is detonated, clearing a six-metre-wide path of anti-personnel and anti-tank mines by sympathetic detonation. This cleared path has a length of around 200 metres. For safety, a vehicle fitted with a mine plough is driven through the cleared path before any other personnel, in order to push any undetonated mines safely out of the way.
This system has been superseded by the Python Minefield Breaching System, employing the same methodology, but using more modern components. It improves accuracy of delivery, deployment speed, and the size of the cleared path, which is now 230 metres long and 7 meters wide. Python was designed to be towed behind an AVRE.
The Hellenic Army's Engineer Corps still utilize the system.
See also
Mine-clearing line charge
Notes
References
Military engineering vehicles of the United Kingdom
Mine warfare countermeasures
Military equipment introduced in the 1950s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%20Viper
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Jack D. Dale was the Superintendent of Fairfax County Public Schools, the public school system for Fairfax County, Virginia and the twelfth largest school system in the United States from 2004 to 2013.
Dale had previously served as the Superintendent of Frederick County, Maryland Public Schools from 1996 to 2004, and was named Maryland's Superintendent of the Year in 2000. He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics and education; a Master's in educational administration; and a Doctorate in education from the University of Washington.
Dale is co-editor and author of the book: Creating Successful School Systems and has conducted workshops on teacher compensation systems for No Child Left Behind initiatives. He has also published papers in The Executive Educator; International Journal of Education Reform; American Association of School Personnel Administrators (AASPA) Research Brief; and SIRS Management Information.
During his time as Superintendent of Fairfax County Public Schools, Dale was criticized by some parents and students for his handling of various issues brought to the attention of the school system, including criticism by the child advocacy groups FAIRGRADE and SLEEP for refusing to change, respectively, the county's grading scale and school start-time policies (especially the 7:20 a.m. high school start time).
Despite some opposition, the Fairfax County Board of Education renewed his contract until June 2013 in September 2009. In September 2011 he announced that he would retire on June 30, 2013, when his contract ended.
Controversy over disciplinary policies
Dale was also criticized for the Fairfax County school disciplinary system, which was blamed for the suicides of two students: Josh Anderson, of South Lakes High School, took his life in March 2009; and Nick Stuban, a student at W.T. Woodson High School, committed suicide on January 20, 2011. On February 11, 2011, Dale defended himself in a letter to the Fairfax County School Board and the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors. In that letter, Dale refused to admit that the disciplinary system needed to be reformed, and blamed Supervisor Catherine M. Hudgins for "unconscionable" actions and "furthering a falsehood" by associating the student's suicide with the disciplinary process that had "crushed" his spirit.
References
People from Fairfax County, Virginia
Living people
Educators from Seattle
University of Washington College of Education alumni
School superintendents in Virginia
School superintendents in Maryland
People from Frederick County, Maryland
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20D.%20Dale
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The Trammell Bridge is long and carries State Road 20 over the Apalachicola River in the Florida Panhandle between Blountstown and Bristol. It is named for three members of the Trammell family: (1) U.S. Senator from Florida and former governor Park M. Trammell, who died in office in 1936; (2) his brother, John D. Trammell, member of the Florida legislature representing Calhoun County (Blountstown) who introduced the bill to construct the original bridge; and (3) Robert D. Trammell, John Trammell's grandson who represented the area in the Florida legislature and secured funding for the new bridge.
The westbound and eastbound lanes of SR 20 are on separate spans. The westbound span is the original, older bridge (opened in 1938) and the eastbound span is a modern, concrete high-rise bridge (opened in 1998).
The original bridge (westbound) was built of steel and concrete piers by the Wisconsin Iron and Bridge Company. In 1989, the original span was listed in A Guide to Florida's Historic Architecture, published by the University of Florida Press.
The Eastern end of the bridge is in the Eastern Time zone, while the Western end is in the Central Time zone.
See also
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Florida
References
External links
Blountstown Bridge
Historic American Engineering Record in Florida
Transportation buildings and structures in Calhoun County, Florida
Road bridges in Florida
Bridges over the Apalachicola River
1938 establishments in Florida
Steel bridges in the United States
Concrete bridges in the United States
Transportation buildings and structures in Liberty County, Florida
Bridges completed in 1938
Bridges completed in 1998
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trammell%20Bridge
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Mark Gardner may refer to:
Mark Gardner (baseball) (born 1962), former pitcher in Major League Baseball
Mark Gardner (inventor) (born 1955), American inventor
Mark Gardner (footballer) (1884–1949), Australian rules footballer
Mark Gardner (murderer) (1956–1999), murderer executed by the State of Arkansas
Mark Gardner (politician), politician serving in the Oregon House of Representatives
See also
Mark Gardener (born 1969), English rock musician
Mark Gardiner (born 1966), English footballer
Mark Gardiner (gamer) (born 1983), Scottish semi-professional video gamer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Gardner
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Anthony Walton White Evans (October 31, 1817 – November 28, 1886), known as Walton Evans, was an American civil engineer whose work included countless railroad and canal commissions in North and South America during the mid-nineteenth century.
Birth
He was born on October 31, 1817, in New Brunswick, New Jersey, to Thomas M. Evans and Eliza Mary White. His siblings included: Elizabeth Margaret Evans and Isabelle Johanna Evans. His maternal grandfather was Brigadier General Anthony Walton White, an American Revolutionary War veteran.
Education
He attended local schools before entering the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1834. He left the school in October 1836, and then served as an assistant engineer on the Erie Canal. In 1845 he became an assistant to Allan Campbell in the construction of the New York and Harlem Railroad extension to Albany, New York. The following year he became the resident engineer on the job but resigned in 1850 to join Campbell in building the Copiapo Railroad in Chile. Evans completed the road in 1853 after Campbell's departure. Evans then served as Chief Engineer for the construction of the Arica and Tacna Railroad in Peru from 1853 to 1856.
He returned to New York and worked as a consultant for the Lima and Oroya Railway in Peru. In that capacity, he designed the Verrugas Viaduct. This bridge was engineered by Leffert L. Buck. Also working on the railway was Virgil Bogue. Both of these men were fellow RPI graduates.
Marriage
Evans returned to the United States and married Anna Zimmerman on June 24, 1856. The couple moved to Chile where Evans supervised the building of the Southern Railroad, which ran for fifty miles south of Santiago. The railroad was completed in 1860.
After his return to New York in 1860 he became a consulting engineer, and designed the Varrugas Viaduct on the Luna & Oroya Railroad. He acted as agent for a number of foreign railways to purchase equipment and recruit staff, including two locomotives for the Victorian Railways in Australia in 1876 and the NZR K class of 1877, the first American locomotives supplied to the New Zealand Government Railways. He always recommended the use of American locomotives and cars over those built in Europe. From 1862 to 1864, he served as the engineer for the Port of New York and in 1865, he became President of the United States Petroleum Company. He also was President of the Spuyten Duyvil Rolling Mill.
He was interested in what would become the Panama Canal in Central America, and he attended the 1879 International Congress on the Canal in Paris, France. Evans collected books, and paintings which were displayed at his home, Sans Souci, in New Rochelle, New York. He donated his collection to the Smithsonian Institution before his death. He died on November 28, 1886.
References
External links
Evan's Family Papers at the RPI archives website
1817 births
1886 deaths
Morris family (Morrisania and New Jersey)
American civil engineers
People from New Rochelle, New York
People from New Brunswick, New Jersey
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
Engineers from New York (state)
Engineers from New Jersey
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton%20Evans
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Manseok Park is a large public park in the Jeongja-dong area of Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea.
Facilities
The centrepiece of the park is a man-made reservoir around which there is a 1200 m track used for walking, running, rollerblading and cycling. There is a huge paved area and permanent stage on the east side of the park, which hosts various outdoor events and celebrations every year, while the Suwon Arts Centre can be found on the south side. The park is also home to the 14 tennis-courts(Manseok tennis-court/Hard court) of the North Suwon Tennis Club. The specialized tennis shop is on the first floor across from the tennis court. There is a full size dirt soccer pitch on the west side and a high quality astroturf soccer pitch on the east side of the park.
In 2004 the Suwon X-games skatepark opened at Manseok. This public facility has two half pipes (one being the highest public half-pipe in Korea) and a large selection of top-quality ramps, rails and boxes. There is an oval speed track around the perimeter of the park for rollerbladers.
The park also features high quality restrooms in accordance with Suwon City Council's stated policy.
Events
Each June the park hosts the Suwon Galbi Festival, a highlight of the Korean gastronomic calendar. Galbi (marinated, barbecued beef ribs) originates from Suwon and is served all over Korea and around the world. The event consists of a massive number of pojangmacha (Hangeul: 포장마차) being erected and cooking up as much galbi as possible, accompanied by plenty of soju.
During the 2002 FIFA World Cup, Manseok became the Suwon World Cup Park and large screens and stages were erected to celebrate the country's co-hosting of the event. Tens of thousands of fans from Korea and around the world witnessed the performances of the South Korean team on the big screens.
Food and drink
The park has a variety of restaurants and bars along the street to the north-east. There is a wide range of Korean food, including galmaegisal (갈매기살) and stewed chicken (닭백숙), and Datzzang Donkas recently opened its first branch outside Seoul here. There is a range of Korean-style bars, and also It Bar, a western-style alternative.
Transport
Most buses which serve north Suwon and many express buses between Suwon and Seoul stop just outside the park, including the frequent 65 (Anyang - Woncheon Resort) and the 7770 (Suwon Station - Sadang (Seoul) express). The nearest subway stop is Hwaseo on Line 1. The park is also close to the Suwon kt Wiz park baseball stadium and the Suwon FC football stadium.
See also
Parks in South Korea
References
External links
Invil profile
Parks in Gyeonggi Province
Tourist attractions in Suwon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manseok%20Park
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A snow emergency is the active response plan when a snow storm severely impacts a city, county or town in the United States or Canada. Schools, universities, government offices, airports and public buildings may close during a snow emergency to prevent injuries during attempted travel; parking restrictions also usually go into effect to allow snowplows to clear the roads and streets effectively. The precise meaning of "snow emergency" varies depending on the issuing municipality. Snow emergencies are a common occurrence during the winter snowfall season in the Northern United States. The general public is alerted to snow emergency status via local broadcast stations, reverse 911 calls, mass text messaging services, public address systems, or lighted signals.
Typically, a snow emergency is declared by the mayor or other chief executive official of a jurisdiction. The declaration is usually issued after the winter storm has impacted a city or county. Winter Storm Warnings, Lake Effect Snow Warnings, Blizzard Warnings, and Winter Weather Advisories issued by the National Weather Service are taken into account when declaring a snow emergency.
During life-threatening winter storms, a state of emergency may be declared for an entire state. This allows additional measures to be taken by the executive, such as banning driving, enforcing a curfew, and deploying personnel, equipment, shelters, or financial resources that would be otherwise unavailable.
Examples
Many cities in the Upper Midwest define a snow emergency as a predefined-duration period of specific parking rules to allow snowplows to move about the entire breadth of every city street.
Cities such as Minneapolis follow a 3-day snow emergency plan, where main routes are plowed on day one. After the main routes are plowed, the even numbered side of the street is plowed on day two, then the odd side of the street is plowed.
Cities such as Saint Paul, Minnesota use the day-night plow protocol. Streets that are declared "night plow" routes are plowed as soon after the snow emergency is declared. Then on the second day, daytime plow routes are plowed.
On the other hand, Ohio snow emergencies are declared by the county sheriff's department on one of three levels; each level defines the recommended or mandated actions of the general public due to severe winter weather.
Ohio Snow Emergency levels
Level One Snow Emergency: Roadways are hazardous and motorists should drive with extreme caution. During a Level One Snow Emergency, motorists may not park alongside streets or along roadways with signage prohibiting parking during a Snow Emergency. Vehicles may be fined or towed if they are not removed from designated Snow Emergency routes. A sustained snowfall of about will likely cause a Level One Snow Emergency to be declared in some counties.
Level Two Snow Emergency: Driving is discouraged and residents should call ahead before heading to work. Only necessary travel is recommended during a Level Two Snow Emergency. Schools and some businesses do not operate during a Level Two Snow Emergency. A sustained snowfall of about will likely cause a Level Two Snow Emergency to be declared in some counties.
Level Three Snow Emergency: All public roadways are closed to the general public. Only police, medical, and emergency vehicles should be on the roads. Motorists can be fined or arrested if found driving on public roadways in a non-emergency situation. If a Level Three Snow Emergency is declared when students are at school or when a public building is open, attempts are usually made by officials to provide food and drinkable water to those affected. A sustained snowfall of about will likely cause a Level Three Snow Emergency to be declared in some counties.
Snow route and winter parking restrictions in Canada
In many Canadian municipalities snow routes and snow removal parking restrictions are used during winter months, usually from December to March.
In Toronto snow routes are marked and used to ensure roads are cleared to allow for use by emergency vehicles and others who need to travel during snow emergencies. Signs with a stop sign crossed out with wording Snow Route are attached to poles along the route.
Parking restrictions are initiated to remind homeowners to remove vehicles from the streets to allow for snowplows to clear the roadway. Those vehicles found parked along the route will be ticketed and towed. These tend to be found in downtown areas where roads are usually narrow or residents need to park along the road.
See also
Parking space reservation in snowstorms
Snow removal
Winter service vehicle
References
Snow
Weather warnings and advisories
Parking law
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow%20emergency
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Anderson W. Clark Magnet High School is a high school located in Glendale, California, United States. The school is managed as a part of the Glendale Unified School District.
History
The school was conceived from the recommendations of the "Vision of the Future" Task Force, created by the Glendale Unified School District to investigate overcrowding at the school district's three comprehensive high schools, Glendale High School, Herbert Hoover and Crescenta Valley. The task force recommended a new magnet school be commissioned, to focus on advanced technologies and the physical and earth sciences. To alleviate overcrowding, Clark Magnet High School accepts students from the attendance of all three comprehensive high schools through a lottery system.
The school uses the former campus of Anderson W. Clark Junior High School. It underwent a US$15,000,000 renovation and opened in September, 1998. The school is bolstered by corporate sponsorships. Doug Dall was the inaugural principal for Clark Magnet. He served the school until his retirement in 2016. Lena Kortoshian has been principal since 2016 until 2022, where she got promoted to a district level job. Following Kortoshian's leave, Assistant Principal Dr. Brian Landisi, became Clark's new principal as of October 2022.
About 300 students are enrolled each year. The Class of 2013 accepted 325 students out of 607 applicants, or about 54%.
Academics
In 2005, it was designated as a California Distinguished School, an honor bestowed by the California Department of Education to the best schools in the public system, and received the California Exemplary Career Technical Education Program Award. In 2005, it had the top Academic Performance Index (API) ranking of any high school in the Glendale Unified School District. In 2006 it became a National Blue Ribbon School. In addition, five students of the school won the 2010-2011 Lexus Eco Challenge Grand Prize for their analysis of toxins present in lobsters.
In 2015, it was ranked nationally as the 153rd best school in the country by Newsweek.
2021 rankings
Clark Magnet High School is ranked averagely high in many different categories. Clark Magnet has an overall score of 96.54/100. The school's rankings as of 2021 are as follows:
#510 National Ranking
#70 California High Schools
#29 Los Angeles, Metro Area High Schools
#105 Magnet High Schools
Application process
In order to attend Clark Magnet High School, students must fill out an application. These are the requirements for Clark Magnet High School as of 2019:
Grade point average of at least a 2.0 (C's).
Living in the GUSD area.
Eligible for Integrated Math I.
No more than five unsatisfactory (U's) citizenship marks.
No more than 10 missed days of school the year before.
The eligible applications will then go through an electronic lottery. Students who apply after the deadline are put on a waiting list. After an applicant has been chosen in the lottery, they have to accept or decline their seat at Clark Magnet High School.
Sports
Clark Magnet has intramural sports. These intramural sports allow students to participate in athletic activities such as basketball, flag football, softball, and volleyball. Students form teams with other fellow students and compete for trophies and medals. The school also hosts other informal athletic activities, such as a mountain biking club.
Demographics
Statistics for 2008-2009 school year
about 60% of the students were ethnic Armenian.
Students by grade
Grade 9 - 313
Grade 10 - 296
Grade 11 - 261
Grade 12 - 243
Gender and ethnicity
Gender
Male -
Female - 519
Ethnicity
American Indian/Alaskan Native - 1 (0.1%)
Asian - 102 (9.5%)
Hispanic/Latino - 58 (5.4%)
Caucasian/White - 841 (83.5%)
Multiple or no response - 4 (0.4%)
Black/African American - 1 (0.1%)
Robotics
FIRST Robotics Competition Team 696 (The Circuit Breakers) is based at Clark. Each year since 2001, members have created functional robots in the six-week time period allotted. With the help of several mentors, the team of high school students has competed at FIRST Robotics regional competitions in Los Angeles, California, San Diego, California, and Phoenix, Arizona. In the 2007 season, after taking finalist in the Los Angeles Regional and winning the San Diego Regional, the team attended the FIRST Championship in Atlanta, Georgia for the first time in the team's history.
VEX Robotics A VEX Robotics team was established during the 2014–2015 school year. The team, instead of using custom built and machined parts, uses VEX's prefabricated products and systems to create competition-ready, functional, and operational robots. The team attends its own competitions and competes with other schools, similar to the FIRST team.
Mentors
The FIRST team is supported by mentors who guide the students in the creation of each year's robot. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, located in Pasadena, California, has long been a source of mentors for the team. Other mentors come from local community organizations and businesses and provide the team with machining resources and sponsorship. Parents also mentor the team, and provide guidance through their knowledge of construction, machining, design, and strategy. During the 2010 season, mentor Hannah Goldberg was awarded the Woodie Flowers Award at the San Diego Regional. In the 2015 season, David Black, a Team 696 alumnus from 2002 who became the head mentor of the team in 2011 also received the Woodie Flowers Award during the Ventura Regional, presented by Woodie Flowers himself. The Woodie Flowers Award is presented to one outstanding mentor at each FRC competition.
Notable alumni
Tatev Abrahamyan, Armenian-American chess player
References
Magnet School Excitement is Coming to Glendale by Chuck Sambar, The Sambar Press, 1997, retrieved 15 February 2006
A High School for the Next Millennium: Clark Magnet High School by Douglas Dall, The Journal, August, 1999, retrieved 15 February 2006
District Schools|Clark Magnet High School retrieved 15 February 2006
Enrollment Data - 2006-07 2006-07 California Department of Education, retrieved 25 May 2007
External links
Educational institutions established in 1998
High schools in the San Fernando Valley
High schools in Los Angeles County, California
Public high schools in California
Magnet schools in California
Education in Glendale, California
Buildings and structures in Glendale, California
1998 establishments in California
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark%20Magnet%20High%20School
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Exocet is a typeface designed by the British typographer Jonathan Barnbrook for the Emigre foundry in 1991. It was originally designed for the European annual series Illustration Now.
The font is inspired by ancient incised Greek and Roman letter carvings, with geometric shapes used for the main construction. For example, its stylized Q is based on qoppa, an ancient form of Q. The O with a cross () is an early form of theta.
It is an all-capital font, but with different capital glyphs for both lowercase and capital letters. However, the only letter that has visually distinct forms is T, with the lowercase t being a cross.
Variants
It is available in "light" and "heavy" varieties. There is no italic.
A sans version of the font from the same designer, called Patriot, was released in 1997.
Notable uses
It was used extensively for product designs in the 1990s, most notably for the American tea company Tazo. It was also used on the album cover of Donald Fagen's 1993 album Kamakiriad. It can be seen in the 1993 movie Demolition Man where it is used extensively in the museum scene. It was also used in the film Dogma, the film Star Trek Nemesis, the Dungeons & Dragons campaign setting Planescape, the English translation of the Korean manhwa Priest, the Diablo computer game series, the Double Switch full motion video game, and the Sony PlayStation scrolling shooter game Einhänder.
See also
Samples of display typefaces
References
Emigre typefaces
Incised typefaces
Display typefaces
Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1991
Typefaces designed by Jonathan Barnbrook
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocet%20%28typeface%29
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The Korea Development Institute (KDI) is a Korean government agency established in 1971 to conduct policy research. KDI has conducted research on a broad range of economic and social issues, including macroeconomics policy, fiscal policy, and labor.
Timeline
31 December 1970: Promulgation of Act establishing KDI (Law No.2247)
11 March 1971: Establishment of KDI
1982: Installation and operation of the International Development Exchange Program (IDEP)
6 May 1982: Opening of the Korea Economic Institute (KEI) Washington D.C. Office in US
15 November 1990: Launching of the North Korean Economic Research Center
27 December 1991: Establishment of the Center for Economic Information
9 March 1994: Launching of the Center for Legal and Economic Research
5 December 1995: Act on KDI amended establishing KDI Graduate School (No.5047)
5 December 1997: Opening of the KDI School of International Studies
18 September 1998: 'Center for Economic Education', changed to 'Center for Economic Information and Education,' and moved to KDI
6 November 1999: 'KDI School of International Studies' changed to 'KDI School of Public Policy & Management'
6 January 2000: Establishment of the Public and Private Infrastructure Investment Management Center (PIMAC)
27 January 2005: Integration of Private Infrastructure Investment Center of Korea (PICKO) with KDI to launch the Public and Private Infrastructure Investment Management Center (PIMAC)
11 September 2009: Establishment of Center for International Development (CID)
30 December 2012: Relocation to Sejong completed
1 June 2014: Establishment of the Center for Regulatory Studies
22 December 2014: KDI School of Public Policy and Management's relocation to Sejong completed
Major research activities
1970s: "First Research Report: Opinion of the Corporate Liquidation", "Basic Plan for the Establishment of the 4th Five-Year Economic Development Plan", "A Study of Revised Agendas for the 5th Five-Year Economic Development Plan", "A Study of Relevant Agendas for the 6th Five-Year Economic and Social Development Plan", "The Economic and Social Modernization of the Republic of Korea", "Growth and Structural Transformation", "The Developmental Role of the Foreign Sector and Aid", "Public Finances During the Korean Modernization Process", "Financial Development in Korea", "Government, Business, and Entrepreneurship in Economic Development: The Korean Case", "Education and Development in Korea", "Economic Development, Population Policy, and Demographic Transition in the Republic of Korea", "Urbanization and Urban Problems", "Rural Development", "The Korean Economic 'Miracle' Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow", "Sources of Economic Growth in Korea", "Long-term Economic and Social Development, 1977-91", "Policy Documents on Economic Stabilization Measures (I)", "Policy Documents on Economic Stabilization Measures (II)", "Measure for Overcoming Economic Crisis", "Market Structure and Regulation of Monopolies and Oligopolies"
1980s: "Improving the Management System of Government-invested Enterprises", "State of Tariff Policy and Ideas for Improvement", "Basic Issues in Industrial Policy and Ideas for Revising Support Measures", "National Pension Scheme: Basic Framework and Socioeconomic Impact"
1990s: "Basic Vision for Developing Inter-Korean Economic Relations", "Implementation of the Real-Name Financial Transaction System", "Assessing the Impact of Instituting the Real-Name Financial Transaction System", "Major Points for Consideration in the Adoption of a Real-Name Financial Transaction System", "50 Years of Korean Economic Development: Assessment and Prospects for the 21st Century", "Comprehensive Measures to Overcome Economic Crisis and Promote Structural Reform"
2000s: "Vision 2011: Open Society, Flexible Economy", "A Study on Improving the Management of Government-Controlled Institution", "Introducing the Medium-term Expenditure Framework", "Population Aging in Korea: Policy Issues and Reform Agenda (I)", "Population Aging in Korea: Policy Issues and Reform Agenda (II)", "Socio-Economic Impacts of Population Aging and Policy Issues (I)", "Socio-Economic Impacts of Population Aging and Policy Issues (II)", "The Comprehensive Study Toward Developing a Post-Retirement Income Security System (I)", "The Comprehensive Study Toward Developing a Post-Retirement Income Security System (II)", "Policy Task to Improve Service Industry Productivity", "Service Industry Targeting and Development of Performance Indicators", "Policy Agenda for Improving the Service Sector"
2010s: "Restructuring the Korean Economy in the Post-crisis Era: Modernization of the Service Industry", 'Economic Growth in Low Income Countries: How the G20 Can Help to Raise and Sustain it", "G20 The Seoul Summit", "Toward the Consolidation of the G20", "Global Leadership in Transition", "Post Crisis Growth and Development", "In Search of New Paradigm in Housing Policy after the Global Financial Crisis(Volume I and II)", "Structural Changes and New Policy Directions(Volume I and II), "Paradigm Shift for the Virtuous Cycle of Growth and Employment(Volume I and II)"
References
Political and economic think tanks based in South Korea
Think tanks based in South Korea
Sejong City
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea%20Development%20Institute
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The Japanese Bantam or Chabo () is a Japanese breed of ornamental chicken. It is a true bantam breed, meaning that it has no large fowl counterpart. It characterised by very short legs (the result of hereditary chondrodystrophy) and a large upright tail that reaches much higher than the head of the bird.
History
The origin of the Chabo is unknown. Mitochondrial DNA evidence suggests that it, and all other Japanese breeds of ornamental chicken, derived through selective breeding from fighting chickens, the ancestors of the modern Shamo breeds. The earliest recognisable depiction of a Chabo in Japanese art dates from the beginning of the seventeenth century; a short-legged chicken with tall upright tail shown in the Portrait of Jacoba Maria van Wassenaer by Jan Steen, painted in about 1660, is believed to be a Chabo.
Japan was effectively closed to all foreign trade from 1636 until about the time of the Meiji Restoration in 1868. The first documented exports of the Chabo to Europe and the United States began at about this time. The Japanese Bantam apparently reached the United Kingdom in the 1860s; it was not included in the first British poultry standard of William Tegetmeier in 1865, but was described in his The Poultry Book in 1867. A breed society, the Japanese Bantam Club, was formed during the Crystal Palace Poultry Show of 1912.
In 1937 an international breed club – the International Chabo Bantam Club – was formed at a meeting in Switzerland.
Characteristics
The Japanese bantam has very short legs. This trait is caused by the creeper gene, Cp, which displays the standard behaviour of recessive lethal alleles:; when short-legged birds are bred, 25% of the embryos are homozygous for the lethal allele, and die in shell; 50% are heterozygous, and develop into short-legged birds; the remaining 25% are homozygous for the non-lethal allele, and develop longer legs, making them unsuitable for showing. Long-legged birds bred to each other can not produce short-legged offspring.
In western countries there are many colour varieties of the Japanese Bantam. The Entente Européenne lists forty-two, of which twenty-three are recognised, with standardised colours including birchen grey, black, black mottled, black-tailed buff, black-tailed white, blue, blue mottled, blue-red, brown-red, buff Columbian, cuckoo, dark grey, golden duckwing, grey, lavender, Miller's grey, partridge, red, red mottled, silver-grey, tri-coloured, wheaten and white. The American Poultry Association lists nine colours. There are also frizzle-feathered, Silkie-feathered and hen-feathered variations, though not in all colours.
In Japan a number of types are recognised. These include the Okina Chabo, which is bearded; two varieties of Higo-Chabo, the Dorama and Taikan, both with an unusually large comb (the Taikan has a normal Chabo tail, that of the Dorama is shorter); and the Shinguro Chabo or black-skinned black, which is entirely black, with black skin like that of a Silkie.
References
Further reading
Joseph Batty (2005). Japanese Bantams. Midhurst: Beech Publications. .
John K. Palin (1980). Understanding Japanese Bantams. Hindhead, Surrey: Saiga.
Bantam chicken breeds
Chicken breeds
Creeper chickens
Chicken breeds originating in Japan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20Bantam
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Ali Fawzi Rebaine () (born 24 January 1955 in Algiers) is the leader of the Ahd 54 political party in Algeria.
He is an optician and human rights-activist, and claims to have founded Algeria's first independent human rights association. In 1983-84 and again in 1985–87, he was imprisoned by the Algerian government for endangering the security of the state and forming an illegal association.
Rebaine founded Ahd 54 (named after the start of the Algerian War of Independence in 1954) and became its first secretary-general in 1991. He was re-elected in 1998, although the party has had little impact on Algerian politics. Rebaine ran again as its candidate in the Algerian presidential election of 2004, but ended up with only 0,6% of the vote.
References
1955 births
Living people
Politicians from Algiers
Ahd 54 politicians
Members of the People's National Assembly
Algerian prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of Algeria
21st-century Algerian people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Fawzi%20Rebaine
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Tankei (湛慶 1173 – June 13, 1256) was a Japanese sculptor of the Kei school, which flourished in the Kamakura period. He was the student of and eldest son of the master sculptor Unkei.
Famous works
Statue of Sahasrabhuja-arya-avalokiteśvara in the temple known as Sanjusangen-dō in Kyoto.
The statue of Ugyō, one of the Niō guardians at the Nandaimon in front of the temple Tōdai-ji in Nara, with Jōkaku and 12 assistant sculptors.
References
Hiromichi Soejima, « Japan, §V: Sculpture > (iv) Kamakura period (1185–1333) » [archive], Oxford Art Online, université d’Oxford. Consulté le 3 août 2012
Hisashi Mōri, Sculpture of the Kamakura period, vol. 11, Weatherhill, coll. « Heibonsha Survey of Japanese Art », 1974 (), p. 70
Victor Harris et Ken Matsushima, Kamakura: the renaissance of Japanese sculpture 1185–1333, British Museum Press, 2010 (), p. 36-37
Kei school
1173 births
1256 deaths
Japanese sculptors
People of Heian-period Japan
People of Kamakura-period Japan
Heian period Buddhists
Kamakura period Buddhists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankei
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The Blue Line is a light rail line on the TRAX system in the Salt Lake Valley of Utah, in the United States, operated by the Utah Transit Authority (UTA). It is the first line of the TRAX system completed. The line opened on December 4, 1999, one year ahead of schedule after two years of construction. In addition to Salt Lake City, it also serves the communities of South Salt Lake, Murray, Midvale, Sandy and Draper. The line was known as the North/South Line or the Sandy/Salt Lake Line until color names were adopted for each TRAX line in August 2011. An extension of the line to Draper began service on August 18, 2013.
As of 2019, The Utah Transport Authority has begun restoring the Siemens SD 100 and 160s that run on the line, the first restored unit placed into service on April 8, 2019.
Route
The TRAX Blue Line is designated as UTA Route 701. The right of way used by the Blue Line is one of the oldest in the state of Utah. It was first built by the Utah Southern Railroad in 1871, which was acquired by the Union Pacific Railroad and became their Salt Lake to Provo line. The line became largely unused after a 1985 track-sharing agreement between the Union Pacific and the Denver and Rio Grande Western. Both companies operated parallel lines in the area and the D&RGW line became the primary freight line between Provo and Salt Lake City. The former Union Pacific line was sold to the Utah Transit Authority in 1993 to eventually become the Blue Line's right of way. Since that time the line is not used for through freight traffic, however, there are freight customers that have a direct connection to the Blue Line, due to its origins as a freight railway. The Salt Lake City Southern Railroad was formed to serve these customers and manages the freight traffic over the Blue Line.
The Blue Line starts at Draper Town Center in northern Draper. This station is northwest of the Draper City buildings, northwest of the Draper City Park, and immediately north of East Pioneer Road (East 12400 South). From this station, the Blue Line heads west-northwest to cross Draper Parkway (East 12300 South) and then northwest along the southwest side of the Porter Rockwell Trail to cross East 12000 South and then South 700 East (SR-71). Immediately after crossing South 700 East it reaches Kimballs Lane. Continuing northwest (with the Porter Rockwell Trail running along the southwest side) it runs between residential neighborhoods until it crosses East 11400 South. Upon crossing East 11400 South it leaves Draper and enters Sandy and immediately reaches Crescent View. From this station the Blue Line heads north, with Porter Rockwell Trail (Sandy Rail Trail) once again on the east side of the tracks. Continuing north through residential neighborhoods, it crosses East 11000 South and East 10600 South.
Beyond East 10600 South, the Blue Line heads north-northwest until it reaches Sandy Civic Center (the former southern terminus of the Blue Line, until August 18, 2013). This station is several blocks east of Sandy City Hall and the South Towne Center Mall. The Porter Rockwell Trail runs by the east side of this station and, as the trail heads north, it crosses over to the west of the Blue Line tracks at East 10000 South/East 9800 South and then runs north parallel to the Blue Line until it ends at East 8530 South. From Sandy Civic Center, the Blue Line heads north, crossing East 10000 South/East 9800 South (Sego Lily Drive) and, while running along the west side of South 170 East, passing the east side of both Jordan High School and the South Towne Exposition Center. Just after crossing East 9400 South the Blue Line reaches an infill station, Sandy Expo, which provides service to Rio Tinto Stadium in addition to the South Towne Exposition Center.
After Sandy Expo, the Blue Line continues north on the east side of South 150 East until it crosses East 9000 South (SR-209). Then it crosses over the East Jordan Canal and immediately reaches Historic Sandy. Following Historic Sandy, South 150 East (South Center Street) once again parallels the west side of the Blue Line until that road ends at East 8530 South. As the Blue Line continues north it crosses East 8800 South, East 8720 South (East Main Street), East 8680 South, and East 8530 South. From East 8800 South north to East 8530 South a thin strip of a park (Sandy Station Park), fits between the Blue Line and 150 East (Center Street). Beginning at East 8680 South, North 160 East also runs along the east side of the Blue Line until just after East 8500 South. Just north of East 8500 South the road still continues north along the east side of the tracks until it reaches East 8000 South, but is now designated as North 150 East. At about 8400 South, as the Blue Line leaves Sandy and enters Midvale, it begins to curve to the northwest as it crosses East 8000 South and then immediately over the Jordan Salt Lake City Canal before reaching South State Street (US Route 89).
After crossing over South State Street, but just south of West 7720 South (West Center Street), the Blue Line reaches Midvale Center. From that station it continues northwest, crossing West 7720 South and West 7500 South (6th Avenue), and then curves back toward the north until it reaches Midvale Fort Union, just south of West 7200 South. After crossing West 7200 South, it heads directly north (passing from Midvale into Murray) until it reaches the junction with the TRAX Red Line, which is immediately south of West Winchester Drive. The previous station for the Red Line is Bingham Junction, having started in the Daybreak community of South Jordan. (The Red Line also provides access to UTA's Lovendahl Rail Service Center which is located just west of I-15.) Just after the junction the two lines cross West Winchester Drive and immediately reach Fashion Place West.
From Fashion Place West, the Blue and Red lines continue north on the east side of South 300 West (Cottonwood Street) as they cross over I-215 and then cross West 6100 South and West 5900 South. Just prior to crossing over West 5400 South (SR-173/Spartan Street), the lines curve slightly to the east as they cross under Cottonwood Street (which curves more sharply to the east). At about 5150 South, the lines reach Murray Central. This station is located just west of the Intermountain Medical Center. It is one of only three joint TRAX/FrontRunner stations and one of two served by the Blue Line. The FrontRunner platform is located directly west of the TRAX platform. (The FrontRunner provides commuter rail service between Pleasant View in north Weber County through Davis County and Salt Lake County to Provo in central Utah County.)
Heading north and slightly to the east from Murray Central, the Blue and Red lines cross West Vine Street (West 5090 South) and over Little Cottonwood Creek before continuing directly north as they cross West 4800 South and the 4500 South Frontage Road. After crossing over West 4500 South (SR-266) the lines reach Murray North at about 4300 South. After crossing West Fireclay Avenue the lines curve slightly to the west as they continue north and cross over Big Cottonwood Creek. Upon crossing over Big Cottonwood Creek, the lines also leave Murray and briefly enter unincorporated Salt Lake County. Continuing north and slightly to the west, the lines cross West Central Avenue and then West 3900 South. At West 3900 South the lines leave unincorporated Salt Lake County and enter South Salt Lake. Immediately north of West 3900 South is Meadowbrook. From this station, the lines head directly north until they cross West 3300 South (SR-171) and immediately reach Millcreek. Continuing north from Millcreek the lines cross West Gregson Avenue, West 2950 South, and West 2700 South, before crossing under I-80.
From I-80 the lines continue north and cross West Haven Avenue before the junction with the TRAX Green Line. The previous station for the Green Line is River Trail, having originated in West Valley City. Just after the junction all three lines head north and reach Central Pointe, which is just south of West 2100 South (SR-201). Central Pointe is the only TRAX station served by the S Line. The S Line platform is situated just southeast of the TRAX platform. (The S Line provides streetcar service east to the Fairmont stop in the Sugar House neighborhood of Salt Lake City.)
Upon crossing West 2100 South the three TRAX lines leave South Salt Lake and enter Salt Lake City and continue north as they cross West 1700 South and West 1300 South. Just north of West 1300 South is Ballpark, which provides service to the Smith's Ballpark. (Immediately north of this station is a non-revenue track that extends northwest to South 400 West at West 900 South and then north to West 600 South.) After Ballpark the three lines continue north in the center median of South 200 West, crossing under the 900 South/I-15 on and off ramps, until they reach the next station, 900 South. This station, which is just north of West 900 South, is an infill station and the last stop before the TRAX lines reach Downtown Salt Lake City.
The three lines continue north in the median of South 200 West, crossing West 800 South, until they reach West 700 South. At West 700 South they turn east and proceed down the middle of that street for two blocks, crossing South West Temple Street (SR-270). At South Main Street, the lines turn north and continue down the center median of that street and cross West 600 South (Martin Luther King Jr Boulevard/SR-269 eastbound), pass between the Grand America Hotel and the Little America Hotel, and then cross West 500 South (Cesar E Chavez Boulevard/SR-269 westbound). Just north of West 500 South and slightly west of the Scott Matheson Courthouse, is the first station within the Free Fare Zone, Courthouse. At West 400 South (University Boulevard/US Highway 89) the Red Line turns east and heads toward Library and eventually the University of Utah while the Green and Blue lines continue north. After crossing West 300 South (West Broadway) the two lines reach Gallivan Plaza, which is just west of the Wells Fargo Center and the Gallivan Center.
Continuing in the median of South Main Street, the Green and Blue lines continue north crossing West 200 South and West 100 South before reaching City Center. This station is in the middle of the new City Creek Center commercial and residential development. At the north end of South Main Street the two lines turn west down the middle of West South Temple Street for a little more than a block before reaching the next station, Temple Square. This station is just southwest of Temple Square (home to the Salt Lake Temple, Salt Lake Tabernacle, and other notable buildings of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints). It is also just south of the Family History Library, about two blocks south of the LDS Conference Center, and immediately north of Abravanel Hall and the Salt Palace.
Continuing down the median of West South Temple Street the lines reach Arena (formerly Delta Center). This station is immediately north of Vivint Arena, east of the Union Pacific Depot, and south of LDS Business College. Arena was formerly the terminus of both the Sandy/Salt Lake and the old University Line. However, an extension opened on April 16, 2008, which provided access to the Salt Lake City Intermodal Hub and the new FrontRunner commuter rail train. Eventually the Sandy/Salt Lake Line was renamed the Blue Line and the University Line was renamed the Red Line and routed south. About this same time the Green Line was created and its route continued, along with the Blue Line, on to Salt Lake Central (Salt Lake City Intermodal Hub). However, with the rerouting of the Green Line to accommodate the Airport Extension, Arena became the temporary terminus of the Green Line from December 9, 2012, to April 13, 2013.
Following Arena, the two lines continue on to 400 West where they divide paths. The Green Line turns north down the middle of North 400 West towards North Temple Bridge/Guadalupe and eventually ending at the Salt Lake City International Airport, while the Blue Line turns south. Heading down the median of South 400 West, just after crossing West 100 South once again, it reaches Planetarium, which provides access to the Clark Planetarium as well as the rest of The Gateway. At West 200 South, the Blue Line turns west again and continues down the median of that street. Just after crossing 500 West it reaches Old Greek Town. After that station, it turns south again, heading down the middle of South 600 West to West 300 South. At the intersection of South 600 West and West 300 South, it shifts from the median to the west side of the street where it immediately reaches the last station on the Blue Line, Salt Lake Central (Salt Lake Intermodal Hub). From August 23, 2009, to October 31, 2009, the terminus was truncated to Arena station. Salt Lake Central provides access to the FrontRunner, as well as the Amtrak California Zephyr, and Greyhound Lines.
Park and Ride
Many TRAX stations include free Park and Ride lots, with some lots having as few as six parking spaces and others having nearly 1200. However, there are certain restrictions for all lots (for example, no 24-hour parking).
Free Fare Zone
UTA currently has a Free Fare Zone in Downtown Salt Lake City for transportation patrons that both enter and exit bus or TRAX service within the Zone. The Zone covers an area of approximately thirty-six city blocks and the boundaries are roughly North Temple, 200 East, 500 South, and 400 West. TRAX stations within the Zone include Arena, City Center, Courthouse, Gallivan Plaza (mistakenly identified as "Gallivan Center Station" on the Free Fare Zone map), Planetarium, and Temple Square. In addition, the Free Fare Zone also includes the area of the State Capitol (north to 500 North), the bus stops on 400 South between 200 East and 300 East, and three additional TRAX stations: Library, Old GreekTown, and Salt Lake Central. In June 2012 UTA revealed plans to eliminate the Free Fare Zone, but by September 2012 it announced that it would continue the Zone, but with some minor adjustments, including when and how fares are collected.
Train schedule
On weekdays the first southbound Blue Line trains (to the Draper Town Center Station) leave the Midvale Fort Union Station at about 4:30 am and the Salt Lake Central Station at about 5:45 am. The first northbound trains (to the Salt Lake Central Station) leave the Fashion Place West and the Draper Town Center stations at about 5:00 am. The last southbound train leave the Salt Lake Central at 11:28 pm and the last northbound train leaving the Draper Town Center Station at 11:40 pm. However, the last southbound train only goes as far as the Central Pointe Station; the last southbound train to the Draper Town Center Station leaves the Salt Lake Central Station at 10:43 pm. Also, the last northbound train only goes as far as the Midvale Fort Union Station; the last train to the Salt Lake Central leaves the Draper Town Center Station at 10:33 pm.
On Saturdays the first southbound trains leave the Central Pointe Station at about 6:00 am and the Salt Lake Central Station at about 7:00 am. The first northbound trains leave the Central Pointe Station at about 6:15 am and the Draper Town Station at about 6:30 am. The last southbound train leaves the Salt Lake Central Station at 11:32 pm and the last northbound train leaves the Draper Town Center Station at 11:49 pm. However, the last trains only go as far as the Central Pointe Station. The last southbound train to the Draper Town Center Station leaves the Salt Lake Central Station at 10:52 pm and the last northbound train to the Salt Lake Central leaves the Draper Town Center Station at 10:29 pm.
On Sundays the first northbound trains leave the Central Pointe Station at about 9:45 am and the Draper Town Center Station at about 10:00 am. The first southbound trains leave the Central Pointe Station at about 9:30 am and the Salt Lake Central at about 10:15 am. The first northbound trains leave the Central Pointe Station at about 9:30 am and the Draper Town Center Station at about 10:00 am. The last southbound train leaves Salt Lake Central Station at 8:12 pm and the last northbound train leaves Draper Town Center Station at 8:49 pm. However, the last trains only go as far as the Central Pointe Station. The last southbound train to the Draper Town Center Station leaves the Salt Lake Central Station at 7:52 pm and the last northbound train to the Salt Lake Central Station leaves the Draper Town Center Station at 7:09 pm.
Blue Line trains run every fifteen minutes on weekdays and every twenty minutes on weekends.
Stations
The following table lists the current stations of the Blue Line, from north to south.
Station accessibility
Unlike the Red and Green Lines, the Blue Line uses high-floor vehicles without level-boarding. All Blue Line stations have mini-high platforms and train operators may need to assist riders with their use. These ramps are not used for the Red or Green Lines. Some riders have complained they can't roll their wheelchair up the steep ramps rendering the Blue Line inaccessible to them without operator assistance, and UTA policy does not allow passengers with strollers or luggage to use access ramps, forcing them to lift those items up the stairs of the train.
Similar systems that use a mix of high-floor and low-floor vehicles, operate trains with both types of vehicles, which allow level boarding on all lines without needing mini-high platforms.
Draper extension
The first phase of an extension of the Blue Line to Draper opened August 18, 2013. Construction on the extension began in 2010 as part of UTA's FrontLines 2015 project, which also includes the West Valley extension of the Green Line, the Mid-Jordan extension of the Red Line, the southern extension of the FrontRunner commuter rail line and the Airport TRAX Line (now part of the Green Line). The first phase of the Draper extension extended the line south from Sandy Civic Center Station to the Draper Town Center Station. Eventually, two more yet to be finalized stations are planned for further on down the line, one on Highland Drive at about 13800 South and the other on 14600 South just east of I-15 (Exit 288).
See also
List of rapid transit systems
Transportation in Salt Lake City
TRAX (light rail)
TRAX Red Line
TRAX Green Line
FrontRunner
UTA MAX
S Line (formerly known as Sugar House Streetcar)
Notes
References
External links
UTA TRAX
Utah Rails, timeline of UTA Trax project
Utah Transit Authority
Rail infrastructure in Utah
Light rail in Utah
Union Pacific Railroad
Transportation in Salt Lake City
Transportation in Salt Lake County, Utah
1999 establishments in Utah
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Line%20%28TRAX%29
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Gavriil Nikolayevich Popov (; 12 September 1904 – 17 February 1972) was a Soviet composer.
Life and career
Popov studied at the Leningrad Conservatory from 1922 until 1930 with Leonid Vladimirovich Nikolayev, Vladimir Shcherbachov, and Maximilian Steinberg. He was considered to have the raw talent of his slightly younger contemporary Dmitri Shostakovich.
His early works, in particular the Septet (or Chamber Symphony) (Op. 2, 1927) for flute, trumpet, clarinet, bassoon, violin, cello and bass, and his Symphony No. 1 (Op. 7) are impressively powerful and forward-looking. The symphony had its premiere by the Leningrad Philharmonic in 1935 and was immediately banned by a local censor; Popov was accused of formalism, a terrible stigma at the time. Together with Shostakovich, Popov successfully appealed the ban in Moscow, but nevertheless the symphony was not performed again until 1972. The influence of Popov's first symphony on Shostakovich's Symphony No. 4 is apparent.
Following his own censorship episode and the anonymous denouncing of Shostakovich in 1936, Popov began writing in a more conservative idiom in order to avoid further charges of formalism. Despite his alcoholism, Popov produced many works for orchestra, including six completed symphonies. Many of his compositions, written under the strictures of the Soviet system, are paeans to Soviet life and Communist heroes as prescribed by state authority. Examples include his Symphony No. 4 subtitled "Honor of the Motherland," and a poem-cantata titled "Honor to our Party." In spite of this, the few works which have been recorded bear witness to an almost intact creative strength. Recent research claims that the progressive aesthetical approach of his early years has been transformed and secretly kept in a politically more accessible, yet maintaining a highly socio-critical music language. His melodic and instrumental invention was sharp, deeply rooted in Russian folk music. Even pieces adapted from propagandist movies, such as his Symphony No. 2, recorded by Hermann Abendroth (Urania LP), can be profoundly stirring. His sense of the orchestra, brilliant and buoyant, his grasp of large formal patterns, as found in the huge Symphony No. 3 for large string orchestra, are equally outstanding. Symphony No. 6 "Festive" betrays a kind of convulsive and disturbing vigor. Popov also wrote several film scores. He was awarded the Stalin Prize in 1946.
Compositions
Orchestral
Symphonic Suite No. 1 (1933)
Symphony No. 1, Op. 7 (1935)
Concert-Poem for Violin and Strings, Op. 17 (1937)
Violin Concerto (started 1937 – unfinished)
Symphonic Divertimento, Op. 23 (1938)
Piano Concerto, Op. 24 (unfinished)
Hispania Suite, Op. 28 (1940)
Heroic Intermezzo, Op. 25 (1941)
Symphony No. 2 "Motherland", Op. 39 (1943)
Symphonic Aria for Cello and Orchestra, Op. 43 (1946)
Symphony No. 3 "Heroic", a.k.a. "Spanish", Op. 45 (1946)
Cello Concerto, Op. 71 (1953)
Symphony No. 5 "Pastoral", Op. 77 (1956)
Symphony No. 6 "Festival", Op. 99 (1969)
Organ Concerto (1970)
Overture for Orchestra (1970)
Symphony No. 7 (started 1970 – unfinished)
Chamber music
Chamber Symphony (Septet), Op. 2 (1927)
Concertino for Violin and Piano, Op. 4 (1927)
Song for Violin and Piano, Op. 6A (1927)
Octet, Op. 9 (1927)
Serenade for Brass, Op. 26
Melody for Violin and Piano, Op. 35 (1946)
String Quartet in C Major, Op . 61 ”Quartet-Symphony” (1951)
Quintet for Flute, Clarinet, Trumpet, Cello and Double bass (1958)
Piano
Two Pieces, Op. 1 (1925)
Images
Jazz Suite, Op. 5
Grand Suite, Op. 6 (1928)
Two Mazurka-Caprices, Op. 44 (1944)
Two Children's Pieces, Op. 46 (1946)
Two Pieces (1947)
Two Fairytales, Op. 51 (1948)
Three Lyric Poems, Op. 80 (1957)
Opera
The Iron Horseman (1937)
King Lear (1942)
Alexander Nevsky (started 1941 – unfinished)
Choral
The Red Cavalry Campaign
To the Victory, cantata (1944)
Our Homeland, suite for children's chorus Op. 50 (1948)
Comic Cossack Song, Op. 52
Symphony No. 4 "Glory to the Fatherland" for vocal quartet and mixed chorus, Op. 47 (1949)
Everything that is Beautiful in Life, Op. 54
O You Fields, for Voice and Female Chorus, Op. 56
Heroic Poem for Lenin, cantata after Konashkov Op. 58 (1950)
Peace to the People, after Filatov
Tsimlyanskoye Sea, Op. 64 (1951)
Three Choruses, Op. 66 (1952)
Honour to the Party, after Mashistov
The Communist, Someone Like You and Me, after Rustam
The Birch and the Pine, Op. 92 (1960)
Five Cossack Choruses, Op. 93 (1961)
The Eagle's Family, Op. 94
Spring Day, Op. 95
Five Choruses after Pushkin, Op. 101 (1970)
Vocal
Three Vocalises for Voice and Piano, Op. 3 (1927)
Two Lyrical Settings from Pushkin, Op. 22 (1938)
Two Romances after Levashov, Op. 48 (1948)
Moskva, Op. 49 (1948)
Film scores
The New Motherland (1932)
Island of Doom (1933)
A Severe Young Man (1934)
Chapaev (1934)
Call to Arms (1936)
Bezhin Meadow (1937)
The First Horse (1941)
Once at Night (1941)
She Defends the Motherland (1943)
Front (1943)
The Turning Point (1945)
The Great Force (1951)
Zvanyy Uzhin (1953)
Partisan Children (1954)
Unfinished Story (1956)
Baltic Glory (1957)
Poem of the Sea (1959)
Chronicle of Flaming Years (1961)
The Cossacks (1961)
Dinner Time (1962)
The Tale of Tsar Saltan (1966)
The Enchanted Desna (1968)
Recordings
Symphony No. 2, Op. 39 "Motherland" (with works by Farhad Amirov) – Leipzig Radio Symphony Orchestra/Hermann Abendroth (Urania, ULS 5156-CD)
Symphony No. 1, Op. 7 (with Theme and Variations, Op. 3 by Dmitri Shostakovich) – London Symphony Orchestra/Leon Botstein (Telarc SACD 60642)
Symphony No. 1, Op. 7; Symphony No. 2, Op. 39 "Motherland" – Moscow State Symphony Orchestra, USSR Radio and TV Symphony Orchestra/Gennady Provotarov (Olympia OCD 588)
Symphonic Suite No. 1 (from music to the film "Komsomol is the Chief of Electrification"); Symphony No. 5, Op. 77 "Pastoral" – Moscow Radio and TV Symphony Orchestra/Edvard Chivzhel; USSR State Symphony Orchestra/Gurgen Karapetian (Olympia OCD 598)
Symphony No. 6, Op. 99 "Festive"; Chamber Symphony for Seven Instruments, Op. 2 – USSR Radio Symphony Orchestra/Edvard Chivzhel; Moscow Chamber Ensemble/Alexander Korneyev (Olympia OCD 588)
Chamber Symphony (Septet); Symphony No. 1, Op. 7 – St. Petersburg State Academic Symphony Orchestra/Alexander Titov (Northern Flowers NFPMA9996)
Symphony No. 2, Op. 39 "Motherland"; The Turning Point, Op. 44; Symphonic Poster from "Red Cavalry Campaign" – St. Petersburg State Academic Symphony Orchestra/Alexander Titov (Northern Flowers NFPMA9977)
Symphony No. 3, Op. 45 "Heroic"; Symphonic Aria for Cello and Orchestra, Op. 43 – Dmitry Khrychov/St. Petersburg State Academic Symphony Orchestra/Alexander Titov (Northern Flowers NFPMA9972)
References
External links
Vought, Lynn. [ "Gavriil Nikolayevich Popov"]/[ "Gavriel Nikolayevich Popov"], AllMusic
1904 births
1972 deaths
Male film score composers
People from Novocherkassk
Saint Petersburg Conservatory alumni
Soviet film score composers
Soviet male classical composers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavriil%20Popov%20%28composer%29
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Idle animations are animations within video games that occur when the player character is not performing any actions. They serve to give games personality, as an Easter Egg for the player, or for realism.
History
One of the earliest games to feature an idle animation was Android Nim in 1978. The androids blink, look around, and seemingly talk to one another until the player gives an order. Another two early examples are Maziacs and The Pharaoh's Curse released in 1983. Idle animations grew in usage throughout the 16 bit era. Incorporating idle animations was done to give personality towards games and their characters as they are the only in-game actions aside from cutscenes where the characters are free to act independent of the player's input. The idle animation length and details can depend on interaction between the player and character, such as third person player idle animations are longer to avoid looking robotic on repeated viewing. In modern 3D games idle animation are done to give realism. For games targeting towards younger audiences the idle animations are more likely to be complex or humorous. In comparison games targeted towards older audiences tend to include more basic idle animations.
Examples
Maziacs - The sprite character will tap his feet, blink, and sit down.
Sonic the Hedgehog - Sonic will impatiently tap his foot when the player does not move.
Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy Kong's Quest - Diddy Kong juggles a few balls after a few seconds without input.
Super Mario 64 - Mario looks around and eventually will fall asleep.
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas - Carl "CJ" Johnson will sing songs including "Nuthin' But A'G' Thang" and "My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It)."
Red Dead Redemption 2 - When left on a horse for a while Arthur Morgan will pet the horse.
References
External links
Idle animations at Giant Bomb, games with idle animations
Video game development
Animation techniques
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idle%20animation
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Charles Nelson Herreid (October 20, 1857 – July 6, 1928) was the fourth Governor of South Dakota.
Biography
Charles Herreid was born in Dane County, Wisconsin. His parents, Nels Olson Herreid (1832–1902) and Thone Kittelson Herreid (1833–1908), were both Norwegian immigrants. He attended Galesville University in Wisconsin from 1874 to 1878 and the University of Wisconsin from 1880 to 1882. He married Jeannette E. Slye in 1881 and he moved to McPherson County, South Dakota in 1883. There he served as a McPherson County court judge from 1888 to 1891.
Career
Herreid was elected Lieutenant Governor of the new State of South Dakota from 1892 to 1896. He chaired the Republican State Central Committee from 1898 until 1900, when he was elected governor. Herreid, a Republican from Eureka, South Dakota, served from 1901 to 1905. He had previously served as the third Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota from 1893 to 1897 under Governor Charles H. Sheldon.
During Herreid's first gubernatorial term, efforts were made to reform the state's penal code, and a reduction in railroad rates helped ease the plight of farmers. Herreid worked for growth in state schools, Indian care and the development of good roads during his term as governor. During his second term, big business interests were brought under control, as was the power of political machines.
Herreid declined to run for a third term, returning to his law practice in Aberdeen, South Dakota. In addition to his political activism and engagement in the practice of law, during his lifetime, Herreid was director of the Western Mutual Life Insurance Company, president of Citizens Trust and Savings Bank, Federal Food Administrator for South Dakota, chairman of the South Dakota Military Training Camps Association, trustee of the University of Wisconsin, and a member of the Board of Regents for Education for South Dakota. He also served as a member of the South Dakota committee of the Red Cross.
Death
Herreid died in Aberdeen, South Dakota following an attack of ptomaine poisoning. and was interred at Riverside Memorial Park Cemetery, Aberdeen, Brown County, South Dakota.
References
External links
National Governors Association
1857 births
1928 deaths
People from Eureka, South Dakota
Politicians from Aberdeen, South Dakota
Politicians from Madison, Wisconsin
South Dakota state court judges
Republican Party governors of South Dakota
Lieutenant Governors of South Dakota
Gale College alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
American people of Norwegian descent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20N.%20Herreid
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Anthony Henderson may refer to:
Anthony M. Henderson (born 1966), U.S. Marine Corps general
Tony Henderson (born 1954), English footballer
Krayzie Bone (Anthony Henderson, born 1973), American rapper
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Henderson
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Zhai Liao (; died 391) was a leader of the western Dingling horde and the founder of the Dingling-led Zhai Wei dynasty of China. During his reign, he used the monarchical title of Heavenly King.
Early career
Zhai Liao, a royal family member of the West Ding Ling, followed the horde migrate from Kazakhstan into China, his cousin Zhai Bin (翟斌), khan of the horde, who wage war against Former Qin's emperor Fu Jiān in 383, supported Later Yan's founding emperor Murong Chui when Murong Chui rebelled against Former Qin as well and established Later Yan. However, in 384, as Murong Chui sieged the important city Yecheng, which was defended by Fu Jiān's son Fu Pi, Zhai Bin, seeing that Murong Chui was unable to capture the city quickly, began to consider other options. When, in particular, he requested a prime ministerial title from Murong Chui and was refused, Zhai Bin prepared to ally with Fu Pi instead, but his plan was discovered, and he was ambushed, along with his brothers Zhai Tan (翟檀) and Zhai Min (翟敏). It was apparently at this time that Zhai Liao and his cousin Zhai Zhen (翟真) fled with some of their Dingling troops and resisted Later Yan's subsequent campaigns to take the territory north of and around the Yellow River. In late 384, Zhai Liao was defeated by Murong Chui's sons Murong Lin and Murong Nong and forced to flee to his cousin Zhai Zhen. In 385, Zhai Zhen's subordinate Xianyu Qi (鮮于乞) assassinated him and attempted to take over, but the Zhai family struck back and killed him; another cousin of Zhai Liao's, Zhai Cheng (翟成), succeeded Zhai Zhen, but many of their subordinates surrendered to Later Yan. In fall 385, Murong Chui attacked Zhai Cheng, instead, Murong Chui had huge casualties and lose the advantage of the battle, but Zhai Cheng's subordinate Xianyu De (鮮于得) assassinated Zhai Cheng and surrendered his army. His surrendered Dingling troops were largely slaughtered.
However, Zhai Liao escaped the massacre and sought refuge with Teng Tianzhi (滕恬之), Jin's governor of Liyang Commandery (黎陽, roughly modern Hebi, Henan). Teng trusted Zhai Liao greatly, and Zhai Liao, because Teng's overdedication to hunting and ignorance of his soldiers' needs, began to develop relationships with soldiers with his popular among them. In 386, when Teng was on a campaign, he commissioned Zhai Liao to keep guard of Liyang; instead, Zhai Liao succeeded Liyang after Teng was ambushed during campaign. During the next two years, Zhai Liao begin to gather his lost DingLing subjects, his horde slowly reformed, same time, he repeatedly tried to attack Jin, but was repelled in his efforts, and he apparently entered into an alliance with Western Yan's emperor Murong Yong. In 387, Murong Chui betrayed alliance, attacked Zhai Liao, and many of Zhai Liao's subordinates suicided after month without food and water during the siege. Zhai Liao led reinforcements to crush the siege and defeated the Yan army. For peace treaty, Murong Chui created him the Duke of Henan.
Establishment of Wei
In winter 387, Zhai Liao repudiated allegiance to Later Yan and attacked Later Yan's Qinghe (清河, roughly modern Xingtai, Hebei) and Pingyuan (平原, roughly modern Dezhou, Shandong) Commanderies. In spring 388, he sent his subordinate Sui Qiong (眭瓊) to apologize to Murong Chui, but Murong Chui no longer believed him, and killed Sui, sent his head back, to show a great disrespect and that he was not interested. Same year, Zhai Liao adopted Chinese tradition, went on the throne, supported by his horde, his XianBei and Chinese army, created the first Ding Ling Empire in China, and titled Wei Empire. He himself had been titled the Khagan or Heavenly King. He also started new era name and established an imperial government, replaced ancient Siberian ruling structure with Chinese structure. He then moved the capital to Huatai (滑台, in modern Anyang, Henan). In 389, he captured Jin's Yingyang Commandery (滎陽, roughly modern Zhengzhou, Henan). He also sent his general Gu Ti (故堤) to pretend to surrender to the Later Yan Prince of Lelang, Murong Wen (慕容溫) and assassinate Murong Wen, although that maneuver yielded him no territory as Gu's forces were quickly destroyed by Murong Nong. In fall 390, Jin general Liu Laozhi (劉牢之) attacked Zhai Liao, capturing Juancheng (鄄城, in modern Puyang, Henan), forcing Zhai Liao's son Zhai Zhao, who was in charge of the city, to flee, and then defeated Zhai Liao near his capital Huatai, but did not destroy Wei.
In 391, Zhai Liao died. He was succeeded by his son Zhai Zhao.
References
Zhai Wei emperors
391 deaths
Jin dynasty (266–420) generals
Later Yan generals
Year of birth unknown
Founding monarchs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhai%20Liao
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NASCAR on Fox, also known as Fox NASCAR, is the branding used for broadcasts of NASCAR races produced by Fox Sports and have aired on the Fox television network in the United States since 2001. Speed, a motorsports-focused cable channel owned by Fox, began broadcasting NASCAR-related events in February 2002, with its successor Fox Sports 1 taking over Fox Sports' cable event coverage rights when that network replaced Speed in August 2013. Throughout its run, Fox's coverage of NASCAR has won thirteen Emmy Awards.
Background
On November 11, 1999, NASCAR signed a contract that awarded the U.S. television rights to its races to four networks (two that would hold the broadcast television rights and two that would hold the cable television rights), split between Fox and sister cable channel FX, and NBC and TBS (whose rights were later assumed by TNT) starting with the 2001 season. Fox and FX would alternate coverage of all races held during the first half of the season, while NBC and TNT would air all races held during the second half.
Beginning in 2001, Fox alternated coverage of the first and most preeminent race of the season, the Daytona 500, with Fox televising the race in odd-numbered years and NBC airing it in even-numbered years through 2006. For balance, the network that did not air the 500 in a given year during the contract would air Daytona's summer night race, the Pepsi 400. Valued at $2.4 billion, Fox/FX held the rights to this particular contract for eight years (through 2008) and NBC/TNT having the rights for six years (through 2006). Further on the cable side, in October 2002, Speed Channel – which was owned by the Fox broadcast network's parent subsidiary Fox Entertainment Group – obtained the rights to televise all of the races in the Craftsman Truck Series, a contract it bought out from ESPN.
During the first half of the season, FX served as the primary broadcaster of the Busch Series, airing all but the most prestigious races, which were instead shown on Fox. FX was also home to most of the NASCAR Cup Series night races, The Winston/All-Star Race, and the June race at Dover International Speedway.
Inclement weather policy
In the early years, should a Fox-scheduled race be rained out on their scheduled race day and rescheduled to resume the following Monday, FX would air the race and selected FOX stations would pick it up if syndicators permitted it. Rained out races now air in their entirety on the network it originally was scheduled for, unlike NBC, which puts it's rained out races to other NBCUniversal properties such as CNBC (if on a weekend) or USA Network.
Coverage on FOX Sports Net
Fox Sports Net covered the 2001 Gatorade Twin 125's at Daytona International Speedway, the only time it ever covered a race.
Contract
Contract extensions
On December 7, 2005, NASCAR signed a new eight-year broadcast deal effective with the 2007 season, and valued at $4.48 billion, with Fox and Speed Channel, which would also share event rights with Disney-owned ABC, ESPN and ESPN2, as well as TNT. The rights would be divided as follows:
Fox became the exclusive broadcaster of the Daytona 500 and also hold the rights to the first thirteen points paying races. In addition, the network carried the Sprint Unlimited and two Truck Series races (the network aired the Kroger 250 from Martinsville Speedway, and the Ohio 250 at Mansfield Motorsports Park in 2007, and the Kroger 250 from Martinsville, as well as the San Bernardino County 200 at Auto Club Speedway, in both 2008 and 2009). Fox did not air any races of what is now the Gander Outdoors Truck Series from 2010 to 2013, with all 25 races instead airing on Speed and later Fox Sports 1. Fox's 2011 coverage ended with the STP 400 at Kansas Speedway.
TNT carried six NASCAR Cup Series races during the month of June and the first half of July, including the Coke Zero 400 at Daytona. In 2013, in particular, the network aired Pocono Raceway, Michigan International Speedway, Sonoma Raceway, Kentucky Speedway, the Coke Zero 400, and New Hampshire Motor Speedway.
ESPN and ABC (through the ESPN on ABC arrangement) carried the final seventeen NASCAR Cup Series races from the Brickyard 400 through the end of the season, with the Cup Series Chase for the Championship races airing on ABC (until 2010, when ESPN took over most of the coverage, leaving ABC with the last 3 Saturday night races in their broadcasting period). The entire Nationwide season was aired primarily on ESPN2 and ESPN, with selected races on ABC, NASCAR returned to ESPN airing the first six races including Daytona, Atlanta, Las Vegas, and ESPN2 carrying Phoenix to Michigan.
Speed/Fox Sports 1 carried the Budweiser Duel races and the Sprint All-Star Race, as well as the entire Camping World Truck Series season, except for the 2 races carried each year by Fox from 2007 to 2009. After the 2009 season, all the Truck races aired on Speed/FS1 – with the exception of the 2014 Talladega race, which aired on Fox.
In October 2012, NASCAR extended its contract with Fox Sports through 2022, which allowed Fox the online streaming rights for its event telecasts; the Fox Sports contract also retains coverage of the first 13 races of the NASCAR Cup Series and exclusive coverage of the Daytona 500. On August 1, 2013, Fox Sports extended its contract by two additional years through 2024, due to NASCAR's contract with NBC Sports running through that same time, and acquired the rights to the first 16 races of the NASCAR Cup Series season, as well as the first 14 Xfinity (formerly Nationwide) Series events. As a result, Fox will broadcast the races it already covers, as well as all of the events held in June, which include the events at Pocono and Michigan with coverage ending with the Toyota/Save Mart 350 at Sonoma. Fox had previously held rights to these three races under its initial 2001–06 contract.
Under the current deal:
Fox broadcasts the first nine points races and two other races, the Coca-Cola 600 (totaling 11 races over the air), including the Daytona 500 and Busch Clash, Fox Sports 1 carries several other events, including the Bluegreen Vacations Duel, the All-Star Race and all other points races in the first half of the season that do not air on Fox (six races, four straight races after Fox's first nine races, then a break for the Coca-Cola 600, then two more race after that), plus the first half of the Xfinity Series season, with the exception of the more prestigious races, which aired on Fox from 2015 to 2018 and will be shown there in 2020–2024. They were aired on FS1 exclusively in 2012-2014 and 2019.
NBC will broadcast three regular season races, the Brickyard 400, Ally 400 and the Coke Zero Sugar 400, and five races in the NASCAR playoffs (8 races overall), with the other races in the second half being aired on USA network. However, in NBC's Olympics years, CNBC will air some Cup and Xfinity series races (CNBC did not air races during the 2020 Tokyo Olympics as NASCAR already scheduled an Olympic break). In 2022, USA Network will air the races since NBCSN will be shut down at the end of 2021. NBC also airs some races in the Xfinity Series, including some NASCAR Xfinity series playoff races.
Cup series races on NBC are a lead in to NBC Sunday Night Football (after local news and NBC Nightly News except for the final race of the season, when the race leads into SNF).
The Craftsman Truck Series remains exclusively on FS1, with 1-3 races airing on Fox.
Starting in 2013, Spanish-language network Fox Deportes airs select NASCAR Cup races either live or delayed.
Announcers
History
For its broadcasts from 2001 to 2018, Fox used a portable studio called the Hollywood Hotel for pre-race coverage. For the 2001 to 2007 races held at Daytona International Speedway, the infield media center situated next to Gatorade Victory Lane was used instead.
If the race is delayed to a Monday, the Hollywood Hotel studio was usually not used, with the exception of the 2012 Daytona 500, which was delayed by one day. This was because Myers also hosted a talk-show for Fox Sports Radio, resulting in him having to return to Los Angeles to begin the following week's shows. John Roberts filled in for Myers for this particular race, and had also filled in for Myers the previous week for the Budweiser Shootout as Myers was on bereavement leave.
However, if a Saturday night race is rained out to Sunday then the studio will be in use for the delayed coverage. Prior to 2015, if the hotel was no longer available, Jeff Hammond could be shifted to substitute for a pit reporter or analyst if necessary. For instance, Hammond did this in 2002 for the Dodge/Save Mart 350 at Sonoma Raceway to replace Steve Byrnes, as Byrnes was unable to make it due to the birth of his son Bryson. During the 2004 Dodge/Save Mart 350, the studio was not used and Myers and Hammond were located on the hillside on outdoor chairs; no explanation was given for this.
In 2011, Pizza Hut became the presenting sponsor of the pre-race show. In addition, the first segment of the telecast was moved from the hotel to a tented facility either trackside or in the infield, depending on the venue. The idea was to build a crowd around the production of the segment; this has similarities to Fox's own NFL pregame show in 2006, as well as the College GameDay football and basketball shows on ESPN.
In 2012, John Roberts filled in for Chris Myers as host for the Budweiser Shootout and the Daytona 500, as Myers was on bereavement leave following his son's death in a motorcycle accident. For the 2014 Sprint Unlimited, Michael Waltrip filled in for Darrell, who was undergoing gallbladder surgery; for Daytona 500 Practice and Pole Qualifying, the position was filled by Phil Parsons. Darrell Waltrip returned for the Budweiser Duels. In 2016, Jeff Gordon replaced McReynolds in the booth while McReynolds was reassigned as the rules and technical analyst, replacing Andy Petree.
In 2017, Dale Earnhardt Jr. joined the Fox booth as a guest color commentator for the Clash after deciding not to compete in the race as a driver. He would become a permanent color commentator for NBC in 2018 after he retired from driving full-time. With NBC's permission, Jr. returned to Fox as a guest color commentator for the GEICO 500 at Talladega in April 2022.
On June 10, 2017, the Xfinity Series race at Pocono Raceway was presented by current drivers in the Cup Series, the first time that a national sporting event was covered by currently active athletes. The presenters provided coverage from all three perspectives during the race (Hollywood Hotel studio, lap-by-lap commentary and pit road coverage). The driver commentators were Kevin Harvick (lap-by-lap), Joey Logano, Clint Bowyer (color analysts), Erik Jones, Ryan Blaney, Ricky Stenhouse Jr. (pit road), Danica Patrick and Denny Hamlin (Hollywood Hotel).
On April 28, 2018, the Sparks Energy 300, the Xfinity race at Talladega Superspeedway, was an all-drivers broadcast, the second time that a national sporting event was covered entirely by active athletes, the first being the aforementioned Pocono race. The presenters provided coverage from all three perspectives during the race (Hollywood Hotel studio, lap-by-lap commentary and pit road coverage). The booth team of Harvick, Logano and Bowyer was retained, while Ricky Stenhouse Jr. was moved to the Hollywood Hotel alongside Brad Keselowski, with Bubba Wallace replacing Stenhouse as a pit road reporter.
The studio was retired following the 2018 season due to the Charlotte studios getting redone in order to host more shows. In 2019, Fox often cut to the Charlotte studio during the race and talked to Jamie McMurray, who was new to the NASCAR on Fox team; also in 2019, Shannon Spake replaced Chris Myers as host due to Myers being moved to Fox's Premier Boxing Champions coverage, although Myers appeared on site for the Daytona 500, while Adam Alexander served as on site host for the rest of the season.
On May 25, 2019, the Alsco 300, the Xfinity race at Charlotte Motor Speedway, was an all-drivers broadcast, the third time that a national sporting event was covered entirely by active athletes, the first being the aforementioned Pocono race. The presenters provided coverage from all three perspectives during the race (Hollywood Hotel studio, lap-by-lap commentary and pit road coverage). The booth team of Harvick, Logano and Bowyer was retained, Erik Jones, Ryan Blaney, Bubba Wallace (pit road) was also retained. Brad Keselowski, Ricky Stenhouse Jr., and Chad Knaus hosted from the Charlotte studios.
In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic after the fourth race of the season Fox started using their Charlotte Studio to the maximum extent possible to avoid travel, ensure social distancing, and limit the number of staff onsite at races. The only on-air talent onsite was at most two pit reporters per race, all other talent was stationed at the Fox Studios in Charlotte.
In 2021, Myers returned to hosting the at-track portions of pre-race alongside Jeff Gordon and Clint Bowyer. Spake, McReynolds, and McMurrary host pre-race coverage from the Charlotte studios.
After the 2021 season, Gordon left Fox to work for Hendrick Motorsports full-time as the team's Vice Chairman. (He had previously worked with the team during the second half of the Cup Series season when NBC was broadcasting the races, after spending his entire full-time career with them). Fox did not replace him with one permanent color commentator and instead filled his spot with rotating guest commentators as they do in the Xfinity, Truck and ARCA Series. Retired Cup Series driver Tony Stewart was the first guest color commentator and was in the booth for the Clash, the Daytona 500 and the race at COTA.
Broadcast booth
NOTE: This is Fox's broadcast lineup for 2023
NASCAR Cup Series
Mike Joy – play-by-play announcer
Clint Bowyer – color commentator
Larry McReynolds – rules analyst (except Richmond), color commentator (Richmond and All-Star Race)
Bobby Labonte – color commentator (Martinsville)
Jamie McMurray – color commentator (All-Star Open and Sonoma)
Michael Waltrip – color commentator (Gateway)
Rotation of guest color commentators (see full list below)
Tony Stewart (Clash, Duels, Daytona 500, Fontana, Atlanta, Bristol, Talladega, Charlotte)
Danica Patrick (Las Vegas and Phoenix)
Kurt Busch (COTA and Kansas)
Guenther Steiner (COTA)
Chase Elliott (COTA)
Rusty Wallace (Dover)
Richard Petty (Darlington)
Kyle Petty (Darlington)
Carl Edwards (Darlington)
Bill Elliott (Darlington)
Darrell Waltrip (All-Star Race)
Danny McBride (Charlotte, Stage 2)
Kenny Wallace (Gateway, Stage 2)
Xfinity Series
Adam Alexander – play-by-play announcer
Michael Waltrip – color commentator (Qualifying only) (Darlington and Charlotte)
Jamie McMurray – color commentator (Charlotte and Portland)
Trevor Bayne - color commentator (Portland)
Coleman Pressley (in-race spotter analyst at Daytona, Phoenix, Atlanta, COTA, Martinsville, Talladega, Darlington and Sonoma)
Rotation of guest color commentators (see full list below)
Ryan Blaney (Daytona, Fontana, Las Vegas, and Darlington)
Austin Dillon (Daytona, and Dover)
Joey Logano (Fontana, Phoenix, Atlanta, COTA, Richmond, Martinsville, Talladega, and Dover)
Kevin Harvick (Las Vegas, Phoenix, Richmond, and Sonoma)
Daniel Suarez (Atlanta)
Brad Keselowski (COTA, Martinsville, and Talladega)
Austin Cindric (Sonoma)
Craftsman Truck Series
Adam Alexander – lap-by-lap announcer (Daytona, Bristol, Kansas, North Wilkesboro, Charlotte, Nashville)
Jamie Little - lap-by-lap announcer (Las Vegas, Atlanta, COTA, Texas, Martinsville, Darlington, Gateway and Mid-Ohio)
Michael Waltrip – color commentator
Phil Parsons – color commentator (most races)
Rotation of guest color commentators (see full list below)
Kevin Harvick - color commentator (COTA and Kansas)
ARCA Menards Series
Jamie Little – play-by-play announcer
Brent Stover - play-by-play announcer (Berlin and Elko)
Phil Parsons – color commentator
Trevor Bayne – color commentator (Mid–Ohio)
Rotation of guest color commentators (see full list below)
Austin Cindric (Daytona, Phoenix, Talladega)
Aric Almirola (Charlotte)
TBA (All Other Races)
For Xfinity, Truck and ARCA broadcasts, the guest color commentator will usually be an active Cup Series driver, if not a crew chief. Starting in 2022, they are doing this for the Cup Series as well to replace Jeff Gordon. The guest color commentators for the Cup Series have been retired Cup Series drivers and crew chiefs.
Pit reporters
Jamie Little (all Cup races)
Regan Smith (all Cup races and select Xfinity and Truck races)
Jamie Howe (Select Truck and select ARCA races)
Josh Sims (select Truck and Select Xfinity and Cup races)
Heather Debeaux (ARCA and select truck races)
Amanda Busick (select Truck races)
Larry McReynolds (Clash at the Coliseum and Duels at Daytona)
Michael Waltrip (Daytona 500 only)
Pre and post-race show
Chris Myers – on-site host (Cup Series)
Michael Waltrip – on-site analyst (Cup Series)
Shannon Spake – studio host (Cup and Xfinity Series)
Larry McReynolds – studio analyst (all Cup and Xfinity Series races and select Truck Series races)
Jamie McMurray – on-site analyst (Cup Series)
Bobby Labonte - studio analyst (Cup Series)
Kaitlyn Vincie – studio host (Truck Series)
Trevor Bayne – studio analyst (Cup, Xfinity and Trucks)
Todd Bodine – studio analyst (Truck Series races)
Former
See List of NASCAR on Fox broadcasters#Former commentators
Theme music
The original theme music for NASCAR on Fox broadcasts was in the same style as other Fox Sports properties (such as for NFL and Major League Baseball coverage) and was originally used from 2001 to 2008. In 2008, Fox introduced a new theme for its NASCAR telecasts titled NASCAR Love, performed by country singer Toby Lightman (an instrumental version was used for the opening segment).
From the 2011 Budweiser Shootout to 2015, Fox used the NFL on FOX theme song in NASCAR telecasts. In addition, country superstar Dierks Bentley unveiled a new version of his hit song "Sideways,” with new lyrics referencing NASCAR – which is played during the introduction of the pre-race show. "Sideways" was phased out entirely with the 2013 Sprint Unlimited telecast, with the Fox NFL theme music being used full-time. In addition, a new CGI introduction sequence, produced by Blur Studio, made its debut.
In 2015, the introduction sequence was eliminated in favor of intros unique to each track.
In 2016, Fox and FS1 (Cup Series only) reintroduced the original theme used between 2001 and 2008. FS1 continues to use their old theme for Xfinity Series and Truck Series.
On-screen graphics
Fox is known for being the first network to show a scoring banner across the top of the screen with scrolling text during NASCAR telecasts. In previous years when ESPN, CBS, and others owned the broadcasting rights, scoring had been displayed in a box on the top left corner. Fox was also the first network to use the unique font/styling for each car number (such as Dale Earnhardt's number 3, Jeff Gordon's 24, the Petty 43) for their on-screen graphics, as opposed to a generic font (however the banner continued to use just text). Other networks would adopt this innovation and is now commonplace for most American motorsport broadcasts.
From its debut until 2013, Fox initially used a scrolling ticker to display the current running order of drivers and other information (such as intervals and other statistics, shown on an occasionally displayed secondary line), instead of the boxes that were used by previous NASCAR broadcasters. Fox would eventually deploy the banner design across all of its sports properties, while its conventions would be adopted by fellow NASCAR broadcasters, including NBC, TNT, and later ESPN.
For the 2014 season, alongside a new corporate style, Fox replaced the scrolling ticker with a leaderboard-style sidebar occupying the right-side portion of the screen, with one section displaying the top three drivers, and a scrolling section displaying the remainder of the field of drivers. While Fox Sports president Eric Shanks justified the changes, noting that it would allow more of the field to be displayed at once and more frequently than the relatively longer ticker, the leaderboard was criticized by viewers during events leading up to the Daytona 500 (such as the Sprint Unlimited, Daytona 500 qualifying, and the ARCA series Lucas Oil 200) for obstructing too much of the screen.
In response to the criticism, Shanks stated that the layout of the leaderboard would be revised in time for the Daytona 500. The vertical leaderboard was reconfigured into a horizontal version with three columns of 3 drivers each, which could be resized into 2 longer columns of three drivers each to display intervals or other statistics (a version that was later used as the main graphic).
In the 2018 NASCAR season, NASCAR coverage adopted a new flat graphics package previously introduced during the previous NFL season. This package reintroduced a vertical leaderboard, although this time it initially occupied an opaque sidebar spanning the entire left side of the screen. The design was once-again criticized by viewers during events leading up to the Daytona 500, as the opaque sidebar reduced the amount of screen space devoted to race footage to a roughly 4:3 window, the ticker fell within overscan on some televisions, while some camera shots were not correctly framed to suit the new layout. By the Daytona 500, the graphic had been revised to remove the opaque sidebar, and make the leaderboard slightly translucent.
In 2019, during Daytona 500 qualifying, Fox introduced a new augmented reality "GhostCar," allowing for a live visualization of a previous driver's qualifying lap (such as the leader or driver on the bubble) to be overlaid into live footage of another driver's qualifying attempt. NBC had introduced the system in 2018, but only during replays. The GhostCar feature was re-introduced later in the season, when NASCAR ended its multi-car qualifying format in favor of the previous single-car format.
In 2022, Fox introduced a revamp of its on-air presentation for NASCAR (as part of a move towards dedicated graphics packages for each of Fox Sports' major properties, rather than a standard look shared by all telecasts), the package was built upon visual elements from the then-current NFL on Fox branding, including the use of stylized "comic book" illustrations of drivers.
Awards
NASCAR on Fox has won 13 Emmy Awards for its coverage, including three for Outstanding Sports Series (2001, 2005, 2007), six for Outstanding Live Event Audio Sound (2002, 2005, 2006, 2011, 2012, 2013), one for Outstanding Graphic Design (2001), five for Outstanding Technical Team Remote (2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007) and one for Promotional Announcement Episodic (2008).
Criticisms
Turn cam and "Digger"
After limited usage in 2007, the network introduced the "Gopher Cam" full-time in 2008, a camera angle from the bottom banking of a track's turn. Fox implied that it invented the technology. However, it was quickly brought to light that Terry Lingner of ESPN, along with engineer James Fishman, had developed the technology 15 years earlier under the name "Tread Cam.” However, it should be known that the devices are completely different.
"Digger," a CGI-animated gopher character that was voiced by Eric Bauza, began as a symbol of the corner camera and was later adopted as an unofficial mascot for Fox's NASCAR coverage. Beginning with the 2009 Daytona 500, Digger was extended into a series of short cartoons that aired during the pre-race show, country music superstar Keith Urban recorded the theme song for these shorts. Storylines revolved around Digger and his life beneath the infield of a fictional racetrack. Other characters include his girlfriend Annie and the track's security chief, Lumpy Wheels (respectively named after the daughter of Fox Sports president David Hill, and former track promoter Humpy Wheeler). Digger's souvenir trailer at the tracks attracted sizeable crowds of families with young children. However, the cartoon segment drew wide opposition from regular viewers of the broadcasts.
After a NASCAR town hall-style meeting at the end of May 2009, Fox Sports chair David Hill reported receiving an email from a high-ranking NASCAR official whose identity he chose to conceal, stating that Digger could have been the cause of ratings declines for Fox's NASCAR coverage. Hill said "It was because of Digger that people were turning off in droves because they couldn't stand it, I said, I'm so sorry. If I'd known, I never would have created him. I didn't realize how insidious he was. It's the biggest crock of shit I've ever heard."
Among the reasons of criticism is the purpose of the character's usage. Though it was at one time commonplace for networks to create mascots for sports coverage to incorporate an educational and entertaining element into their coverage, which was the case with Peter Puck, Digger was created purely to add entertainment to the broadcast and reach out to a younger audience. Some NASCAR fans accused Fox of dumbing down and fluffing its coverage in order to gain revenue from Digger merchandise sales.
Despite continuous outrage from the NASCAR fan community, as well as talk from the NASCAR community that the Fan Council was not pleased with the situation, Fox did not announce any plans to drop the usage of the characters, and even had posted pictures of holiday-themed versions of the Digger die-cast in 2009 and 2010. In response to the comments, in 2010, the Digger cartoon was not shown during pre-race shows and Digger appeared less often at the bottom of the screen. Throughout the 2011 season as well as the 2012 Budweiser Shootout and Daytona 500, Digger appeared very sparingly, usually only during commercial bumpers. As of the 2012 Subway Fresh Fit 500, all appearances and references to Digger were dropped entirely from Fox's NASCAR broadcasts. However, nods to it occasionally came up (for example, at the Talladega race in 2014, when Carl Edwards showed debris on his firesuit, Mike Joy commented that he hoped that nothing had happened to Digger, to which Darrell Waltrip responded, "Digger's retired").
Digger made a cameo appearance in the 2009 20th Century Fox film Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel. He also made an appearance in the Fox NFL Sunday introduction during the December 20, 2009 broadcast, in which the Chipmunks also made an appearance (20th Century Fox was then a corporate sister to the Fox network through News Corporation, 20th Century Fox was sold to the Walt Disney Company in 2019).
Commercial bias
In the starting grid for the 2001 Budweiser Shootout at Daytona International Speedway (which used 3D representations of the cars), Fox showed only the logos on the hoods of cars that had paid the network to advertise during the race. For instance, the Budweiser logo on the No. 8 car of Dale Earnhardt Jr. and The Home Depot logo on the No. 20 car of Tony Stewart were shown, but Miller Lite on the No. 2 car of Rusty Wallace was not. After outcry from some of the excluded companies, full logo graphics were restored to all cars four days later for the Gatorade Twin 125s telecast.
The computer-generated cars used initially on the starting grid and top-five standings when going to commercial break were phased out from main broadcast use, and were discontinued entirely in 2005 with the exception of the Daytona 500 starting grid (which featured the computer generated cars).
In 2012, Fox aired "In The Rear View Mirror" segments during the pre-race, showing computer-generated re-enactments of events during the 2012 season (most notably Juan Pablo Montoya's crash into a jet dryer at the Daytona 500), the intro sequence introduced in 2013 also incorporates CGI cars.
In the late 2010s and early 2020s, FOX was criticized by fans for heavily using crash footage for their ads. For example, Ryan Newman's massive accident from the previous years' Daytona 500 was used in many ads in 2021, and some fans interpreted this as a cash-grab from FOX attempting to make crashes the selling point of the events and not the racing itself.
End of the 2001 Daytona 500 and Dale Earnhardt's death
The 2001 Daytona 500, which was the first NASCAR points race ever telecast by Fox, also brought an unrelated controversy. At the end of that race, Fox concluded coverage shortly after Dale Earnhardt, who was fatally injured in a crash on the last lap of the race, was admitted to Halifax Health Medical Center in Daytona Beach, Florida. The network provided no updates on his condition at the time of the 5:15 p.m. Eastern Time sign-off (although no information was available at that time), and continued airing regular programming (with the animated series Futurama) at the moment Earnhardt's death was confirmed at a press conference held at 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time. NASCAR's other broadcast network partner, NBC, delayed a commercial break during an NBA telecast and ESPN (which aired the Craftsman Truck Series at the time) had coverage of Earnhardt's death and the aftermath that was both earlier and much more extensive. Fox News Channel and Fox Sports Net, however, did break into programming to announce the seven-time champion's passing, with Chris Myers providing reports on FSN programs. It is possible that Fox showed an on-screen crawl on the master control feed during Futurama. In addition, local affiliates may have chosen to pre-empt the episode, with anchors delivering the news live. However, none of this has ever been verified.
Shortly after the race, Hill explained to the Associated Press that the network had gone over its allotted time – as the result of an 18-car pileup on the back straightaway on lap 173 that led to the race being red-flagged for lengthy cleanup – and that continuing to cover the story would be too morbid. Producer Neil Goldberg also said Fox Sports staffers were not allowed near the crash scene.
When ESPN presented a tribute feature in remembrance of the ten-year anniversary of Earnhardt's death in 2011, it showed footage of the crash and aftermath, that looked like part of the live telecast. However, it was stamped with "WFTV,” the calls of the Cox-owned ABC affiliate in Orlando, Florida (Orlando and Daytona Beach share the same media market, and ABC's corporate parent The Walt Disney Company owns 80% of ESPN). How footage from Fox's NASCAR coverage got credited to the local affiliate of another network has not been made public, though it was likely that since none of the footage is similar to that of Fox's, the last lap was filmed by WFTV for their own local newscasts, intended originally as B-roll to add "color" to their post-race coverage of the Daytona 500.
Nielsen ratings
Top 10 races since 2011
Source:
Race broadcasts
2001–2006: Fox and FX
Cup Series
Notes
Busch Series
Notes
2007–2014: Fox
From 2007 to 2014, Fox Sports only covered the first 13 races of the Cup Series, plus the Shootout, along with select Truck Series races from 2007 to 2009. All races aired exclusively on Fox. In August 2013, Speed was rebranded as Fox Sports 1. From the start of 2013 on Speed and continuing with branding for NASCAR events on the new channel (the Duels, the All-Star Race, and Truck Series races) falling under the NASCAR on Fox banner.
Cup Series
Notes
Truck Series
2015-2024: Fox/FS1
Cup Series
Notes
Xfinity Series
Notes
Truck Series
Notes
References
External links
Fox Broadcasting Company original programming
2001 American television series debuts
2010s American television series
2020s American television series
Fox
Fox Sports original programming
Fox Sports 1 original programming
FX Networks original programming
American sports television series
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR%20on%20Fox
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State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta (Indonesian: Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Arabic: جامعة شريف هداية الله الإسلامية الحكومية جاكرتا) is a public university in Indonesia, located in Ciputat, South Tangerang, Banten.
Campuses
Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta has three campuses in walking distance.
Campus 1 is on Ir. H. Djuanda Street in Ciputat, Banten. Campus 1 (The main campus) comprises the Rectorate Building, Main Library, administrative offices, main auditorium, the guest house, the Student Center, Center for Integrated Laboratory, Bank Mandiri, BNI Bank, BRI Bank, and seven faculty buildings.
Campus 2 is on Kertamukti Street, only several hundred meters from Campus 1. It consists of the Postgraduate School, Language Centers, Syahida Inn Hotel, the Faculty Housing Complex, the Experimental Garden, sports facilities, Fathullah Mosque (the biggest mosque on campus), Syarif Hidayatullah Hospital, a student dormitory, National Information and Communication Technology (NICT), and three faculty buildings.
Campus 3 is on Tarumanegara Street, only several hundred meters from Campus 2. It consists of Faculty of Adab and Humanities and Clinic.
History
On June 1, 2007, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta celebrated its golden anniversary. For half a century, the university has carried out its mandate as an institution of learning and transmitting knowledge, a research institution that supports the process of nation building, and as an institution devoted to the community that provides programs to improve social welfare. Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta has gone through several periods: the founding, the al-Jami'ah faculty of IAIN, the IAIN Syarif Hidayatullah, and the Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta.
It began as an academy called ADIA (Akademi Dinas Ilmu Agama or State Academy of Islamic Sciences) from 1957 to 1960. It then became one of the faculties of IAIN Yogyakarta (1960–1963), and from 1963 on IAIN Syarif Hidayatullah. With Presidential Decree No. 31 of 2002 by Presidential (May 20, 2002), it officially became Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta.
Founding period
The establishment of Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta is part of the historical development of Islamic schools in Indonesia, in response to the higher education needs of modern Islam that began long before Indonesia's independence. In the colonial era (Netherlands), Dr. Satiman Wirjosandjojo, one of the Muslim educated, sought to establish Luhur as an institution of higher Islamic learning. These efforts failed because of resistance from the Dutch colonial administrators.
Five years before the proclamation of Indonesian independence, the Islamic Religious Teachers Association (PGAI) in Padang founded the Islamic High School (STI). STI only ran for two years (1940–1942) because of the Japanese occupation. The Japanese occupation government promised to establish the Institute of Higher Religious Education in Jakarta. In response, Muslim leaders formed a foundation with Mohammad Hatta as chairman and Muhammad Natsir as secretary.
On July 8, 1945, the foundation established the Islamic Academy of Higher Education (STI). STI was in Jakarta and led by Abdul Kahar Muzakkar. Several other Muslim leaders were instrumental in the establishment and development of STI. They included Drs. Mohammad Hatta, KH. Kahar Mudzakkir, KH. Wahid Hasyim, KH. Mas Mansur, KH. Fathurrahman Kafrawi, and Farid Ma'ruf. In 1946, STI was moved to Yogyakarta following the move of the capital city state from Jakarta to Yogyakarta. In line with the development of a growing STI, on March 22, 1948, STI's name was changed to the Indonesian Islamic University (UII) with the addition of new faculties. In 1948, UII had four faculties:
Faculty of Religion
Faculty of Law
Faculty of Economics
Faculty of Education
The need for new recruits in civil servants for the Department of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia became an important backdrop establishment of Islamic universities. To meet this need, the Faculty of Religion separated and transformed into the State Islamic University (PTAIN). This change is based on Government Regulation (PP) no. 34 of 1950. The preamble stated that PTAIN aims to provide high-level teaching Islamic studies and become the center of the development and deepening of the Islamic religious sciences. Based on the PP, PTAIN was established on September 26, 1950. PTAIN was led by KH. Muhammad Adnan; in 1951 there were as many as 67 students. In that period, PTAIN had three departments:
Department Tarbiyah
Department Qadla (Shariah)
Department of Da'wah
Composition courses consisted of Arabic language, Introduction to Religious Studies, Islamic Jurisprudence Fiqh, Principles of Jurisprudence Usul Fiqh, Qur'anic Commentary Tafsir, Sayings of the Prophet Hadith, Theology Kalam, Philosophy Falsafa, Logic Mantiq, Ethics Akhlaq, Mysticism, Comparative Religion, OutreachDa'wah, Islamic History, History of Islamic Culture, Pedagogy, Life Science, Introduction to Indonesian Law, Principles of Public and Private Law, Ethnology, Sociology, and Economics. Students who pass the baccalaureate and doctoral earned a Bachelor of Arts (BA) or Doktorandus (Drs) respectively. Academic degrees continued to be offered on this basis until the 1980s.
ADIA period (1957–1960)
The need for teachers of Islamic religion in accordance with the demands of modernity in the 1950s led to the founding of the Academy (ADIA) in Jakarta. ADIA was founded on June 1, 1957 with the aim to educate and prepare public servants for a degree to become a teacher of religion in public schools, in vocational schools, or in private religious schools. ADIA leadership was entrusted to Prof. Dr. H. Mahmud Yunus as dean and professor H. Bustami A. Gani as vice dean.
The period of study at ADIA was five years, consisting of a semi-academy of three years and two years at the college level. ADIA had three departments: Religious Education, Arabic, and Da'wah wal Ershad (Outreach and Propagation), also known as Imam Army Special Programs. The curriculum of ADIA was not very different from the curriculum of PTAIN, with some additional courses offered for the benefit of functional staff: Indonesian, Arabic, English, French, Hebrew, Pedagogy, General Science and Culture of Indonesia, History of Islamic Culture, Tafsir, Hadith, Musthalah Hadith, Fiqh, Usul Fiqh, chronicle Tasyri 'Islam, Kalam Science/Mantiq, Akhlaq Science/Mysticism, Philosophy Sciences, Comparative Religious Studies, and Education Society.
There were two main characteristics of ADIA.
In accordance with its mandate, it trained students for working for the Ministry of Religious Affairs or the institutions it oversaw at that time, including religious instruction in public schools and private religious schools.
In accordance with its mandate to prepare teachers of modern religion, the responsibility for the management and provision of ADIA budget came from the Bureau of Religious Education (Japenda) in the Department of Religion, which had the task of managing the madrasa and preparing teachers of modern Islam in public schools.
Al-Jami'ah Faculty of IAIN Yogyakarta period (1960–1963)
Within a decade, PTAIN showed encouraging progress. The number of students grew with the increasingly broad scope of learning. PTAIN students came from Indonesia and from neighboring countries such as Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, and Singapore. The rising number of students and expansion of the fields of studies demanded the expansion and additions of institutional capacities, faculties and departments as well as the composition of subjects. To meet this need, ADIA in Jakarta and Yogyakarta PTAIN were integrated into a single Islamic institution of higher education. Integration was implemented with the release of Decree President of the Republic of Indonesia No. 11 of 1960 dated 24 August 1960. Per Presidential Decree the name was changed from PTAIN to the State Islamic Institute (IAIN) al-Jami'ah al-Islamiyah al-Hukumiyah. IAIN was inaugurated by the Minister of Religious Affairs Republic of Indonesia in Building Kepatihan Yogyakarta.
IAIN with wider mandate
IAIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, one of the country's many IAIN, is the oldest in Indonesia. It occupies a unique and strategic position. It is a "window to Islam in Indonesia" and a symbol for the progress of national development, particularly in the field of socio-religious development.
To integrate general knowledge and science of religion with Islamic teachings, this body began to develop the IAIN concept with a broader mandate ("IAIN with Wider Mandate") toward the formation of Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta. This conversion plan was intensified in the academic year 1998/1999 under the leadership of Prof. Dr. Azyumardi Azra, with the opening of departments of psychology, and Department of Mathematics at the Faculty of MT, and the Department of Economics and Islamic Banking in Faculty of Sharia. To further strengthen this conversion, in 2000 the Agrobusiness Studies Program was added, as were the Information Engineering Program in cooperation with Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB) and the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), and the Program Management and Accounting. In 2001 the Faculty of Psychology was inaugurated, as was the Dirasat Islamiyah program in cooperation with Al-Azhar University, Egypt. In addition, the university conducted a joint effort with the Islamic Development Bank (IDB) as the lender of development of modern campus and entered cooperation agreements with McGill University through the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), Leiden University (INIS), Al-Azhar University (Cairo), King Saud University (Riyadh), University of Indonesia, Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB), Ohio University, the Indonesian Institute of America (IIA), Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), Bank Negara Indonesia, Bank Muamalat Indonesia, and other universities and institutions.
A further step toward accreditation as a UIN was made with the signing of the Joint Decree between the Minister of National Education No. 4/U/KB/2001 and Minister of Religious Affairs No. 500/2001 dated 21 November 2001. Furthermore, through its letter No. 088796/MPN/2001 dated 22 November 2001, the Director General of Higher Education Department of Education recommended the opening of 12 programs of study that included courses of social sciences and exact sciences — Information Systems, Accounting, Management, Social Economics of Agriculture / Agribusiness, Psychology, English Language and Literature, Library Science, Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics, and Biology.
The draft presidential decree on the amendment form that becomes Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta has also received the recommendations and considerations RI State Minister for Administrative Reform and the Ministry of Finance DG Budget Number 02/M-PAN/1/2002 dated January 9, 2002 and No. S −490/MK-2/2002 February 14, 2002. These recommendations form the basis for Presidential Decree No. 031 dated 20 May 2002 on changes from IAIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta to Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta.
Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta period
With Presidential Decree No. 31 dated May 20, 2002, IAIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta officially became Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta. The opening was performed by Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia on 8 June 2002 in conjunction with the ceremony of the 45th anniversary and Lustrum the 9th and the first campus development Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta through funds by the Islamic Development Bank (IDB).
The Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Public Health Study Program) was opened in accordance with a decree of the Minister of National Education No. 1338 / D/T/2004 Year 2004 date 12 April 2004 and the Director General of Islamic Institutions of the operating license of Public Health Study Program Undergraduate Program (S-1) at the State Islamic University (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta Number Dj.II/37/2004 on May 19, 2004.
Rectorate and faculty
Rectorate
Rector: Prof. Asep Saepudin Jahar, M.A., Ph.D.
Vice Rector for Academic Affairs: Prof. Dr. Ahmad Tholabi, S.Ag., S.H., M.H., M.A.
Vice Rector for General Administration: Dr. Imam Subchi, M.A.
Vice Rector for Student Affairs: Prof. Ali Munhanif, M.A., Ph.D.
Vice Rector for Cooperation and Institutional Development: Din Wahid, M.A., Ph.D
Faculties and programs
Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta consists of 12 faculties and one Graduate School (SPs).
Facilities
UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta has four campuses. Campus I on Jl. Ir. H. Juanda Chester; Campus II on Jl. Kertamukti Chester; Campus III on Jl. Tarumanegara Chester. Education facilities available in Campus I, II, III, and IV are:
Student organizations
University Level
MPMU: Musyawarah Perwakilan Mahasiswa Universitas
SEMA-U: Senat Mahasiswa Universitas (Students' Senate Board)
DEMA-U: Dewan Eksekutif Mahasiswa Universitas (Students' Executive Board)
UKM: Unit Kegiatan Mahasiswa (Students' Activity Unit)
LDK (Lembaga Dakwah Kampus) / Campus Da'wa Institute
HIQMA (Himpunan Qari-qari'ah Mahasiswa)
LPM Institut (Lembaga Pers Mahasiswa Institut)
TEATER SYAHID
PSM (Paduan Suara Mahasiswa) / Students' Choir
FORSA (Federasi Olahraga Mahasiswa) / Students' Sport Federation
KPA-ARKADIA (Kelompok Pencinta Alam – Arti Keagungan dan Keindahan Alam)
PRAMUKA / Students' Scout
MENWA (Resimen Mahasiswa) / Students' Regiment
KMM-RIAK (Komunitas Musik Mahasiswa – Ruang Inspirasi Atas Kegelisahan) / Students' Music Community - Inspiration Room of Worries
KSR-PMI (Korps Suka Rela – Palang Merah Indonesia) / Volunteer Corps - Indonesian Red Cross
KOPMA (Koperasi Mahasiswa)
KMPLHK RANITA (Kelompok Mahasiswa Lingkungan Hidup Kemahasiswaan Kembara Insani Ibnu Batuttah)
FLAT (Foreign Languages Association)
KMF KALACITRA (Komunitas Mahasiswa Fotografi) / Students' Photography Community
Faculty level
SEMA-F: Senat Mahasiswa Fakultas
DEMA-F: Dewan Eksekutif Mahasiswa Fakultas
Distrik Badan Eksekutif Mahasiswa Non Reguler
Program study level
HMJ/HMPS: Himpunan Mahasiswa Jurusan/Program Studi
Connected institutions
UIN Jakarta supervises and coordinates the following institutions:
Structural institutions
These are work units, for example, the existence of which are explicitly expressed in the structure of UIN organization. Such units are as follows:
Research Center
Social Service Center
Computer Center
Main Library
Non-structural institutions
These are institutions that are functionally recognized by the rector but are outside the organization structure of the UIN. The work units that belong to this category are as follows:
Coordinating Office of Private Islamic Higher Learning Institutions (Kopertais) of Region I
Syahid Foundation
Triguna Jaya Foundation
Civil Servants' Cooperative
Board for Islamic Community Services (BUPERDA)
Syahid Clinic
Madrasah Pembangunan
UIN Jakarta Press
Ketilang Kindergarten
Students' and Alumni organizations
Center for Languages and Cultures
Center for Women's Studies
Center for Islamic and Social Studies
Center for Human Resources Development
Center for Legal and Human Rights Consultation
Center for Environmental Studies
Center for Management Development
Center for Teaching and Learning Development
Center for the Study of Philosophy
Center for the Development of Science and Technology
Center for Applied Psychology
Center for Entrepreneurship and Economics Development
Indonesian Center for Civic Education
Research Center for Islamic Heritage and Local Project Implementing Unit
The students' organizations are intra-organizations which regulate and implement extra-curricular and scientific students' activities, as well as the development of students' interests and talents at all levels: university, faculties, and departments.
Notable people
Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta has produced more than 100,000 graduates. Distinguished figures were granted the "Doctor Honoris Causa" (Dr. HC). On May 14, 2014, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta awarded Malaysia's former prime minister Mahathir Mohamad, Doctor Honoris Causa in his outstanding legacy on political development in Asia. Notable alumni include:
Prof. Dr. Harun Nasution
Prof. Dr. Azyumardi Azra
Prof. Dr. Bachtiar Effendy
Prof. Dr. Komaruddin Hidayat
Prof. Dr. Dede Rosyada, MA
Prof. Dr. KH. Said Aqil Siroj, M.A
Prof. Dr. Nasaruddin Umar, MA
Sholeh Mahmoed Nasution
Student Admission
Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University opens for registration for undergraduate program from February to July. Annually, there are various student enrollment types offered by the university as follow:
Seleksi Nasional Masuk Perguruan Tinggi Negeri/SNMPTN (National Enrollment for State Higher Education Entrance) through PDSS/Pangkalan Data Siswa Sekolah (Student Database);
Seleksi Bersama Masuk Perguruan Tinggi Negeri/SBMPTN (Joint Enrollment for State Higher Education Entrance) with Paper-based Test and Computer-based Test
Seleksi Prestasi Akademik Nasional Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam Negeri/SPAN-PTKIN (National Academic Achievement Selection for State Islamic Higher Education), through PDSS
Ujian Masuk Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam Negeri/UM-PTKIN (Admission for State Islamic Higher Education), with Paper-based Test and Electronic Selection System
SPMB Mandiri (Independent Enrollment). This enrollment is organized independently by Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University
See also
List of Islamic educational institutions
References
External links
South Tangerang
Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta
Islamic universities and colleges in Indonesia
1957 establishments in Indonesia
Universities and colleges established in 1957
Indonesian state universities
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syarif%20Hidayatullah%20State%20Islamic%20University%20Jakarta
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John Robert Brown may refer to:
John Robert Brown (Virginia politician) (1842–1927), United States representative from Virginia
John Robert Brown (judge) (1909–1993), member of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, noted for his key decisions in favor of civil rights
John Robert Brown (British Columbia politician) (1862–1947), lawyer and politician in British Columbia, Canada
See also
John Brown (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Robert%20Brown
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The Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA) is the international governing body for the sport of women's flat track roller derby. It sets the international standards for rankings, rules, and competition in the sport, and provides guidance and resources to aid development of roller derby.
The organization was founded in April 2004 as the United Leagues Coalition (ULC), but was renamed in November 2005. It is registered in Raleigh, North Carolina as a 501(c)(6) Business League organization, a type of nonprofit organization.
History
In 2004, the United Leagues Coalition (ULC) was an informal electronic message board through which established leagues compared notes in order to prepare for interleague play, and exchanged information to help developing leagues.
The ULC evolved into a more formal organization in July 2005, when representatives of 20 leagues met in Chicago, Illinois to discuss establishing a governing body for women's flat-track roller derby. At the meeting, a voting system and set of goals was established, and a timeline delineated for facilitating interleague play. Among the actions from this meeting was the production of a standard track design, and an agreed ruleset. In early 2006, a track design and rules were published on the organization's fledgling website.
In November 2005, the ULC voted to change its name to the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA), with an initial membership of 22 leagues.
By early 2006, the organization had grown to 30 leagues, a cap decided upon at the July 2005 meeting. In February that year, soon after the initial membership requirements were published (and following the fragmentation of several leagues), a "multi-league per city" clause was added. Throughout the first half of the year the clause was listed as a requirement for membership, however a statement was issued in June 2006 labelling the policy as "unofficial". The WFTDA intimated that the policy was in place due to concerns about the impact on goodwill between member leagues of competition for support in the same city, and that having multiple leagues in the same city could undermine the organization's goals of fostering the development of the sport by sharing proprietary information by potentially limiting the sharing of competitive information.
Around this time, induction of new member leagues was put on hold until processes could be discussed at the second annual meeting, held in St. Paul, Minnesota in July 2006. At this meeting the membership application process, membership requirements and policies, rules, rankings and plans for tournaments were finalized. The WFTDA opened its doors to new members in September 2006, again capped at 30. This limit was reached by September 2008.
From its inception, membership of the WFTDA was only open to the US, but was opened up to leagues from Canada in February 2008. In January 2009 Montreal Roller Derby became the WFTDA's 66th member league and the first Canadian league admitted as a member and was placed in the East region. That same month, the WFTDA announced it would stop accepting applications for new membership from February until July, so that it could concentrate on internal restructuring in order to, among other things, "grow the scope" of the organization.
In May 2009, the first sanctioned international WFTDA game was played between Montreal Roller Derby and Harrisburg Area Roller Derby at the Olympic Skating Center in Enola, Pennsylvania. Shortly thereafter, in November 2009, the WFTDA opened for worldwide membership and the London Rollergirls became the first league outside North America to join as Apprentice members.
In March 2012, Bear City Roller Derby from Berlin, Germany became the WFTDA's first full member league in continental Europe. In June 2013 the Rock n Roller Queens of Bogota, Colombia became the first full member South American league. The Tokyo Roller Girls and Kokeshi Roller Dolls became the first full member leagues in Asia.
Mission statement
The WFTDA governs and promotes the sport of flat track roller derby and revolutionizes the role of women in sports through the collective voice of its member leagues around the world.
Statement About Gender
In November 2015, WFTDA issued a statement broadening its discrimination protections for gender identity to include transgender women, intersex women, and gender-expansive participants.
Anti-Racism
A statement was issued by the Board of Directors on 17 June 2020, committing the WFTDA to becoming an actively anti-racist organization, and setting the same expectation of all its partners and member leagues. This is an ongoing work plan under the auspices of the newly developed Anti-Racism Team (ART).
Organization
The WFTDA in its current incarnation began as a group of 22 leagues in November 2005, born out of the United Leagues Coalition (ULC). Membership expanded to 30 leagues by early 2006, and was held at this number by a temporary pause on new memberships until September 2006. A vote in a meeting that July opened membership to a maximum of sixty leagues; by late August 2007 WFTDA membership was up to 43 leagues, and reached the target of 60 by September 2008.
In July 2017, the WFTDA surpassed over 400 member leagues and as of March 2023, there were 443 member leagues on six continents.
New Member Program
Prospective WFTDA member leagues can apply to join the organization as long as they meet the following requirements:
Managed by at least 67% league skaters who identify as women or gender expansive, as detailed in the WFTDA Gender Statement.
51% owned by league skaters who identify as women or gender expansive, as detailed in the WFTDA Gender Statement.
Governed by democratic principles and practices.
Competitors must play by the Rules of Flat Track Roller Derby.
At least fifteen skaters who are skating at least two hours a week.
Each member league must have one charter team.
This charter team must include only skaters who identify as women or gender expansive, as detailed in the WFTDA Gender Statement.
Applications are reviewed twice yearly, in March and September.
WFTDA Apprentice Program
The Women's Flat Track Derby Association Apprentice program was opened to aspiring member leagues in July 2009, replacing its traditional membership application process. Apprentice leagues were matched with an established WFTDA mentor league, to guide the apprentice through the processes and requirements necessary to become a full member. The intention was that upon completion of the program, apprentice leagues should have had the knowledge and recommendations needed to apply for full WFTDA membership.
In June 2010, the WFTDA announced the first round of Apprentice league graduates: Demolition City Roller Derby, Garden State Rollergirls, ICT Roller Girls, London Rollergirls, New Hampshire Roller Derby, Paper Valley Roller Girls, Rockford Rage Women’s Roller Derby, Rollergirls of Southern Indiana, Silicon Valley Rollergirls, The Chicago Outfit and Wasatch Roller Derby.
In February 2019, the WFTDA announced it was replacing the Apprentice Program with a new New Member Program.
Management Structure
Leadership of the organization is via an annually elected voluntary Board of Directors, consisting of a President, Vice-President, Secretary, Treasurer and four General Board Members.
The Board appoints an Officer for each of the six Pillars: Games, Membership, Marketing, Regulatory, Technology, and Officiating. These Pillars are represented by Committees made up of WFTDA League Representatives.
WFTDA employs several staff members in the organization, as well as in its for-profit subsidiary, WFTDA Insurance (WFTDI) and its broadcast company Quad Media.
Media
On 15 August 2007, the WFTDA announced it had struck a deal with the MAVTV network to record, edit and broadcast the 2007 Eastern Regional Tournament as a weekly series of 12 one-hour episodes (one episode per bout). In December 2019, an announcement was made that the WFTDA had established Quad Media, Inc. to further their goals to promote the sport of roller derby, reducing barriers to watching games and achieving excellence in the way the sport is presented.
The official WFTDA magazine fiveonfive began publication in September 2008.
Affiliations
In September 2007, the WFTDA was admitted to USA Roller Sports (USARS) as a Class V member — a national amateur roller skating organization — and a WFTDA delegate joined the USARS Board of Directors. USARS has since developed its own separate set of rules, though WFTDA leagues can play against USARS leagues and there is an insurance reciprocity agreement between the organizations.
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic
During the COVID-19 pandemic the WFTDA, in consultation with epidemiologists, formed a tiered activity "ladder" in order to keep the league operating during the crisis. The plan was hailed as "the best COVID-19 plan in sports".
Restrictions on gameplay and cancellation of the annual season placed significant financial pressure on member leagues, so in July 2021 the WFTDA COVID-19 Recovery Fund was announced. This fund provides microgrants to leagues or other roller derby organizations to aid recovery from the pandemic's impact.
Rankings
WFTDA-charter teams compete for mathematically calculated rankings, and at the end of the Competitive Season (February 1 – June 30) are seeded into postseason tournaments (WFTDA Continental Cups and International WFTDA Playoffs & Championships) based on those rankings.
Post-season tournaments
International WFTDA Playoffs and Championships
Each year a series of playoffs are held, based on the June 30 rankings. While the top four teams as of June 30 get an immediate bye to Championships, the next 24 teams are seeded into two Playoff Tournaments, historically termed as Division 1, with the top three finishers at each advancing to Championships. This was down from the top 36 teams competing in three Division 1 Playoffs in 2017, when the top four finishers from each tournament advanced to Championships without any bye teams.
The Hydra Trophy is awarded annually to the top ranked team determined by the International WFTDA Championships tournament.
The 2020 Intentional Playoffs and Championships were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Continental Cups
Charter teams ranked below the cutoff for playoffs are seeded into geographically-based Continental Cups, replacing the former Division 2 system, which in 2017 saw the next 16 eligible teams compete in a single Playoff Tournament, with the winner crowned Division 2 champion. In 2018, there were two Continental Cups in North America, separated as West and East and featuring a combined total of 24 teams, and one Continental Cup in Europe featuring an additional eight teams. The 2018 announcement described the model for Continental Cups as "scalable", such that event numbers and sizes may change over time based on needs.
Teams in the WFTDA are assigned a region: North America-East, North America-West, Europe, Central/South America, Asia Pacific, and Africa. Regions without a Cup are assigned to the closest region: Asia Pacific to the North America–West Cup, South America to the North America–East Cup, and Western Australia and Africa to the European Cup.
The 2020 Continental Cups were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
WFTDA league divisions
At the start of 2013, the geographic regions were replaced with three divisions, each operating worldwide. However, foreseeing continued growth in membership, the WFTDA stated that future developments were likely to include new regional structures alongside the divisional system. The Division structure has now been replaced.
In 2013 WFTDA changed ranking systems from a regional, poll-based format released quarterly to a system based on the competitive ranking of teams using game results. When the organization did so, WFTDA introduced competitive divisions and expanded the playoff tournament structure. After the November 30 rankings release of each year, each league was placed within a competitive division for the next 12 months based on their charter team's rank. The leagues remained in their division for 12 months, no matter what their rank was in subsequent rankings releases.
Through 2016, the top 40 leagues from the November 30 rankings were placed in Division 1, the leagues ranked 41-100 (from 2015, those ranked 41-60) were put in Division 2, and through 2014 all other member leagues were grouped in Division 3.
A league's division placement determined the game play minimums for their WFTDA charter team in the following year. A Division 1 team needed to play no less than four WFTDA Sanctioned games, with at least three of those games against other Division 1 opponents and the fourth against either a Division 1 or Division 2 opponent, before June 30 of the following year. A Division 2 team needed to play a minimum of three WFTDA Sanctioned bouts, two against Division 1 or 2 opponents and the third against an opponent in any division. A Division 3 team needed to play a minimum of two WFTDA Sanctioned games against any opponents in order to maintain rankings. Division placement did not affect which playoffs a team qualified for, only minimum game play requirements. If a Division 2 or 3 team moved up the rankings into the top 40 at the time of tournament seeding that team would be invited to Division 1 Playoffs. Similarly, a Division 1 team moving down the rankings would receive an invitation befitting the team's rank at the time of seeding.
In 2017, the WFTDA adjusted the Division system and reduced the number of Playoff tournaments. The top 36 eligible teams qualified for one of three Division 1 Playoff tournaments, with 12 teams at each, and the top four at each event advanced to WFTDA Championships. The next 16 teams (ostensibly teams ranked 37 through 52, if all met eligibility requirements and accepted their invitation) competed at a single Division 2 Playoff, which included the Division 2 championship. In 2018 the Division 1 designation was effectively set aside, and play reduced to two tournaments and teams ranked fifth through 28th, with the top four advancing directly to Championships, and another 32 teams play for Continental Cups in North America and Europe, replacing the Division 2 structure.
WFTDA Geographic League Divisions
The earliest competition structure was geographical with Eastern and Western Regions delineated by the Mississippi River announced in July 2006.
In November 2008, it was announced that for the 2009 season, WFTDA member leagues would be divided into four regions, rather than two: West, South Central, North Central, and East. Each region had a tournament scheduled, followed by a national championship.
Roller Derby Certification Program for Officials
A referee certification program was initiated in July 2008.
Officials can work towards Skating (referee) and Non-Skating Official (NSO) certification at the same time. Training resources are provided by the WFTDA. The process involves registering as an Official with the WFTDA, completing online learning and tests, officiating an appropriate number and level of games for the level of certification, and gaining documentation of your officiating from other certified Officials.
The program has three certification levels, corresponding to proven performance in officiating at different levels of gameplay:
Recognized. Officials cannot currently apply for Recognized status, but may gain Recognition through application for Certification.
Level 1 – Other/Regulation Play.
Level 2 – Regulation/Sanctioned Play.
Level 3 – Sanctioned/Playoffs/Championships Play.
Rules of Flat Track Roller Derby
The Rules of Flat Track Roller Derby is the ruleset developed and published by the WFTDA, discussed and agreed by the WFTDA Rules Committee which features both WFTDA and Junior Roller Derby Association (JRDA) members. Updates are published each January.
The WFTDA ruleset is used by all WFTDA leagues, as well as MRDA and JRDA leagues. MRDA and WFTDA have worked together on developing the rules since 2014, and since 2017 have worked on a modified version of the rules for junior leagues. JRDA leagues use the WFTDA ruleset with addenda and a full set of updated JRDA rules is now published annually.
The first agreed ruleset and track design was developed in 2005 by member representatives of 20 leagues of the WFTDA-predecessor, the United Leagues Coalition (ULC), and published in 2005. In June 2008, the WFTDA Rules Committee created a Question and Answer forum to "provide definitive and final answers about the Women's Flat Track Derby Association Standard Rules. Version Two of the WFTDA Flat Track Derby Standardized Rules for Interleague Play was announced as forthcoming in mid-2006. The WFTDA Rules 4.0 were published in April 2009, with this revised ruleset becoming effective for all WFTDA sanctioned bouts on 1 June 2009.
, the Rules are published in five languages: German, English, French, Spanish, and Chinese.
References
External links
WFTDA.comWomen's Flat Track Derby Association official website
fiveonfivemag.comfiveonfive – official magazine of the WFTDA
FlatTrackStats.comstatistical aggregation of WFTDA sanctioned Roller Derby
DerbyNewsNetwork.comcomprehensive WFTDA bout data and news (archived data only, officially 'retired' since September 2014)
BloodAndThunderMag.comBlood and Thunder Magazine
Women's sports organizations in the United States
501(c)(6) nonprofit organizations
Organizations established in 2004
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s%20Flat%20Track%20Derby%20Association
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Hyneria is a genus of large prehistoric predatory lobe-finned fish which lived in freshwater during the Devonian period (Famennian).
Etymology
The genus name Hyneria is a reference to the village of Hyner, Pennsylvania, near where the first specimen was found. The species epiphet H. lindae is derived from the name of the wife of Keith Stewart Thomson, who described this fish.
Description
Hyneria was a large fish. H. lindae is estimated around in total length. The largest complete jaw reaches , but there is much larger fragment possibly from a jaw about twice that length, although that specimen may belong to a rhizodont instead. Assuming this jaw fragment does pertain to Hyneria, and assuming proportions similar to more complete tristichopterids, it suggests H. lindae could possibly reach lengths up to 3.5 metres (11 ft). A second species, H. uldezinye, was once estimated at range between before being described. However, the species description estimates that the largest specimen belongs to an animal about . Its skull had heavy, ornamented dermal bones and its lower jaw was relatively long and shallow. The teeth were stout, with those of the premaxilla forming fangs upwards of . Its body was covered by cycloid scales. It had large sensory canals to aid in detection of possible prey, as the freshwater environment it inhabited likely was murky and had low visibility. Adult individuals retained juvenile features (i.e. partially unossified skeletons), suggesting that they were likely neotenic.
Discovery
The original fossils came from two localities in Pennsylvania, United States, one found between the villages of North Bend and Hyner and another near Emporium. They consisted of a disarticulated partial skull and fragments of the shoulder girdle. The fossils were found in the Catskill Formation of the Red Hill Shale, dating to the upper Devonian. These were the only remains known until 1993 when a renewed collecting effort discovered abundant new material. Hyneria is considered the largest and most common lobe-finned fish found in the Red Hill Shale. In February 2023 a second species of Hyneria, H. udlezinye, was named from remains discovered in the Waterloo Farm lagerstätte. These remains include the skull and shoulder girdle.
References
External links
Hyneria at Devonian Times
Tristichopterids
Prehistoric lobe-finned fish genera
Devonian fish of North America
Late Devonian animals
Fossil taxa described in 1968
Famennian genera
Devonian fish of Africa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyneria
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Richard Dykstra (born April 10, 1966) is a Canadian politician. He served as president of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario from 2016 to 2018. He also served as the MP for the Ontario riding of St. Catharines from 2006 to 2015. He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 2006 federal election. He was re-elected in 2008 and 2011 but was defeated by Liberal candidate Chris Bittle in the 2015 federal election.
Early life and career
Dykstra was born in Grimsby, Ontario. Dykstra's parents, born in the Netherlands, emigrated to Montreal in 1951 and moved to the area around Halifax a year later, where they started an agricultural company. Dykstra has a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from Brock University, and a Master's Certificate in Project Management from York University. He served for twelve years as president of Dykstra Landscaping, a family business.
His brother, Larry Dykstra, was a Niagara Regional Councillor from 1994 to 1997.
Municipal politics
Dykstra served on the St. Catharines City Council from 1991 to 1997, representing St. Patrick's ward. In 1992, he encouraged the provincial government of Bob Rae to lower its gas tax to combat cross-border shopping, which was adversely affecting Ontario businesses.
He served as chair of the Standing Committee on Finance for five of the six years he served on Council. He was responsible for the first budget to decrease spending in a budget year. He also served six years on the Library Board and chaired the board in 1997.
In 1996, he attempted to have a book entitled Invisible Darkness by Stephen Williams banned from the city library. The book detailed the crimes of Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka. Bernardo and Homolka were former residents of St. Catharines, and Dykstra argued that he was acting to protect the interests of their victims. The board voted to keep the book in circulation, but ruled that patrons could not remove it from the library.
Dykstra ran for mayor of St. Catharines in 1997, and finished second against Tim Rigby.
Working in provincial politics
Dykstra worked for the Ontario provincial government from 1998 to 2002, during Mike Harris's administration, and served in two Ministries and in the Office of the Premier. He worked at management board as a senior policy advisor, served as chief of staff to Minister of Community and Social Services John Baird, and was director of caucus and public relations. While working for John Baird, Dykstra was among a group of political staff members who were criticized for excessive expense spending. Between January 2000 and March 2001, Dykstra billed over $7,000 while serving as Baird's executive assistant. Including $200 dinners at Toronto's Bier Market and Fiddlers Green pub.
Dykstra was appointed to the Niagara Parks Commission in 2003.
Federal politics
Dykstra co-chaired Conservative candidate Dean Allison's campaign in Niagara West—Glanbrook for the 2004 federal election. Dykstra was first elected to the House of Commons in 2006, defeating Liberal incumbent Walt Lastewka by 244 votes, one of the closest races in the country. The Conservative Party won a minority government in the election, and Dykstra sat in parliament as a government backbencher and served as a member of the Standing Committees on Justice and Finance. In 2007, he co-authored the "Dissenting Opinion of the Conservative Party of Canada" to a document entitled "Taxing Income Trusts: Reconcilable or Irreconcilable differences?" which agreed with the government's decision to implement a 31.5% tax on income trusts.
In April 2007, Dykstra and his colleague Dean Allison introduced a private member's bill proposing to eliminate the so-called Faint-Hope Clause. In November 2007, he introduced a private member's bill seeking to end the practice of giving double-credit for time served in custody prior to sentencing.
In April 2008, Dykstra introduced a motion to have the Finance Committee study the abolition of the penny. He later brought forward a motion to have the Justice Committee study the investigative approach of the Canadian Human Rights Commission.
On November 7, 2008, Dykstra was appointed by the Prime Minister as the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration. Parliamentary Secretaries are charged with coordinating government policy through the committee process, and responding to questions in the House of Commons when the Minister is on official business.
On September 7, 2010, the federal Ethics Commissioner, issued a report in which the Commissioner found that “Mr. Dykstra personally solicited funds from individuals with whom he had official dealings shortly before and after the fundraising event”. While the Commissioner determined that this soliciting was not in breach of the Conflict of Interest Act, the Commissioner did note that, in this case, the Act was a lesser standard than under the Conflict of Interest and Post-Employment Code for Public Office Holders which applied before the Stephen Harper government came to power. Commissioner Dawson issued a warning to Dykstra to exercise caution in the future when making decisions that would have a significant impact on those he was soliciting donations from.
In 2010 and 2012 Dykstra caused further controversy when he voted against anti-abortion legislation, in particular Bill C-510 and Motion 312. Motion 312 was a motion that would study when life began, his decision was seen as hypocritical because in a 2006 survey put out by Campaign Life Coalition, Dykstra was listed as believing that life began at conception. In that same survey, Dykstra said that he would support measures to pass legislation to restrict abortion. Bill C-510, also known as Roxanne's Law, was proposed to protect pregnant women from being forced into abortion, and so his decision to vote against it in 2010, was also seen as hypocritical. On November 11, 2009, Dykstra received criticism when he was photographed using his BlackBerry during a Remembrance Day ceremony in St. Catharines. Dykstra stated that he was writing a brief note about the event to be uploaded to his blog and using the device's camera to photograph the wreaths. The photograph was taken by Renate Hodges, the campaign manager for former Liberal candidate, Walt Lastewka.
In August 2015, Dykstra was present for the raising of the Pride flag at city hall in St. Catharines, in support of the gay and lesbian community in St. Catharines.
On October 2, 2015, BuzzFeed reported that Dykstra bought alcohol for high school aged girls at a nightclub in St. Catharines on September 2, 2015, and that an associate and supporter of his had offered a 16-year-old girl indefinite VIP service at the same club once she became of legal drinking age if she would refrain from tweeting about the night and if she would claim that Dykstra never bought her drinks. Dykstra denied he knowingly bought under age girls any alcohol saying that he assumed anyone at the nightclub was of legal drinking age.
On August 4, 2015, Dykstra lost his seat to Liberal candidate Chris Bittle.
Provincial politics
On March 6, 2016, Dykstra was acclaimed President of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario at its General Meeting in Ottawa, after his friend Patrick Brown, who had won the party leadership the year before, negotiated a deal to get the only other candidate to drop out.
On October 22, 2016, Dykstra's bid to stand for a by-election in Niagara-West Glanbrook was defeated by the local party membership, who nominated in his stead socially and politically conservative 19-year-old Brock University student Sam Oosterhoff.
Dykstra resigned as party president on January 28, 2018, several days after party leader Patrick Brown was forced to resign due to allegations of sexual misconduct. Dykstra resigned hours after Maclean's contacted him for reaction to allegations by a former staffer to another Conservative MP that she has been sexually assaulted by Dykstra the night the 2014 Canadian federal budget was released. According to the article, which was published later that night, the allegation had been brought to the attention of the Conservative campaign war room during the 2015 federal election, but Dykstra was not dropped as a candidate. On February 2, 2018, then Prime Minister Stephen Harper revealed in a statement that he knew about the allegations during the 2015 election but could not justify removing him as a candidate because the investigation was closed by police a year ago. However, this incident created a tense discussion between the campaign chair Guy Giorno, the campaign manager, Jenni Byrne, who advocated for his removal as a candidate while party lawyer Arthur Hamilton and Ray Novak, Harper's chief of staff, argued against his removal during the campaign.
On January 31, 2018, Conservative leader Andrew Scheer ordered a third-party investigation into the facts surrounding how Dykstra remained a candidate in the 2015 election after fellow MP Michelle Rempel publicly declared her outrage over the incident while MP Maxime Bernier and Brad Trost publicly demanded an investigation.
Electoral record
{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|Andrew Gill|10,358|20.6%|-4,294|$76,632.64 }}
Dykstra was elected to the St. Catharines city council for Ward Four (St. Patrick's Ward) in 1991 and 1994.
All federal election information is taken from Elections Canada. Italicized expenditures refer to submitted totals, and are presented when the final reviewed total are not available.
The 1997 municipal results are taken from the Hamilton Spectator'', November 11, 1997, B9. The final official results were not significantly different.
References
External links
Rick Dykstra
1966 births
Brock University alumni
Canadian people of Dutch descent
Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Living people
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
People from Grimsby, Ontario
St. Catharines city councillors
York University alumni
21st-century Canadian politicians
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick%20Dykstra
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Evil Dead: A Fistful of Boomstick is an action hack and slash video game developed by VIS Entertainment and published by THQ. It was released for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox, and based on the film trilogy The Evil Dead. It is set eleven years after the events of Army of Darkness, and three years after Jenny (Ash's girlfriend from Evil Dead: Hail to the King), was killed in a bus crash. Bruce Campbell returns to voice Ash, and the voices for supporting characters are provided by several notable voice actors, including Debi Mae West, Rob Paulsen and Tom Kenny.
Plot
The game begins three years after the events of Hail to the King. Ash Williams is telling the story of his battles with the Necronomicon Ex-Mortis to an Asian man, and then starts to tell the story of how he ended up with the man in the first place through a series of flashbacks.
Dearborn, Michigan: Last Night
A special "Live" episode of Mysteries of the Occult starts at the local KLA2 television station (a reference to the movie The Day the Earth Stood Still; KLA2 is pronounced "Klaatu," the name of the protagonist.) Trisha Pettywood, a journalist out to expose the truth of the Necronomicon, is the host, with her guest, the parapsychologist and best-selling author Professor Alex Eldridge, a colleague of the late Professor Raymond Knowby, who has written a book based on the Necronomicon. Ash is sitting at his favorite bar in the red-light district, having a few drinks during the broadcast, and badmouths Eldridge, claiming that he wouldn't know the real Necronomicon from "a roll of extra-fluffy two-ply". The bartender, who apparently knows Ash, gives him a free drink, telling him that he is sorry about Jenny, a subject which is apparently still very painful for Ash. Trisha also mentions a local Dearborn man (namely Ash) who claims that the Necronomicon can raise the dead and interdimensionally travel through time, but Eldridge dismisses it as the sad, depraved ramblings of a lunatic, while also claiming that it is easy to get caught up in the book's mythology. Hearing this, a drunken Ash babbles on about his remark, and also about his fights with the Deadites and how he had to amputate his own right hand. Trisha has somehow obtained the tape recording of Professor Knowby, and plays it live as a "treat" to the viewers. Ash, knowing what will happen if they do so, shouts at them not to play it, but of course, they do not hear him. The Deadites are released into the world once more, and the Evil Force floats through town, right into the bar, and possesses the bartender who is promptly shot down by Ash who strangely has his boomstick with him.
Ash goes outside to check out the seriousness of the situation, and it's pretty bad: Deadites are roaming around town, transforming civilians into Deadites themselves, and the local police are apparently going to great lengths to stop them. Ash decides to check out the KLA2 station, since that's where the trouble began, and get more weapons as well, as he is almost out of shotgun ammo. He finds a shovel nearby, and also finds that the Deadites have invaded the Kitten Club (Dearborn's local strip joint), and the police are blocking both the entrance to the bar and the part of town behind it to slay any creatures who come out. He manages to convince the chief of police to let him past after acquiring a police I.D. from a fallen officer and a chainsaw in the lumber yard. However, he discovers that the television station's gates are locked and jammed solid so that Ash cannot open them even with the key, and the station itself is on lockdown, and only the doorman has the key, and he went to the Kitten Club to "die with a smile on his face". The chief allows him in after he uses dynamite to blow up the Deadites in the club's backlot. He acquires the card key to the station, as well as a spell book, along with a spell that temporarily grants him the strength of ten men, which he uses to kick down KLA2's gates. Upon entering, he discovers Trisha and Eldridge being attacked by Deadites and saves them. He talks to Eldridge about what happened, and they unanimously agree that they need to find Professor Knowby's notes about the Necronomicon in order to discover a way to drive the Deadites back.
Afterwards, Trisha and Eldridge run and take shelter in the church, leaving Ash to do the dirty work. Around town, multiple vortices have opened up, releasing Deadites into the town, and the preacher at the church tells Ash that he needs silver to close them. He acquires some from a biker gang after saving them from the Deadites and acquires a handgun from a police officer, as well as Knowby's notes from a professor at the university; unfortunately, Knowby wrote the notes in code, being clearly aware of the dangers posed by the book, and they need a cipher to read them. Ash gives the notes to Eldridge and acquires another spell that allows him to possess Deadites, which he uses to bypass a massive horde of Deadites behind the police station and get the cipher and an envelope addressed to the local auto repairman from the trash can. He gives the envelope to the repairman, but it's only Knowby's payment for his car repairs; however, the guard gives him some explosive shotgun shells as a reward for his troubles. When he returns to the church, he discovers that the door has been broken in, the preacher has been killed, and Trisha and Eldridge are missing. He sets out to find them, and discovers that they have been taken by the Deadites to the park, along with mass numbers of civilians. Ash breaks into the park, kills the Deadites, and gives Eldridge the cipher. Eldridge reads the notes and discovers information about the Kandarian Summoning Stone, a mystical artifact that allows the possessor to control (and destroy) the Deadite hordes. They all deduce that the Stone may be in the local museum, as the museum's founder, Nathaniel Payne, was obsessed with occult artifacts and delighted in collecting them. Trisha and Eldridge go to the museum to search for it, and Ash accompanies them after closing all of the vortices around town.
When Ash arrives at the museum, he finds everything to be strangely quiet; Trisha and Eldridge are nowhere to be seen, and even the Deadites seem to be taking a breather. However, things soon heat up after Ash is locked in the basement and attacked by a small pack of undead sabre-toothed tigers, which he quickly defeats. Afterwards, he encounters more humanoid Deadites and acquires a card key from a dead security guard, which he uses to escape the basement, and two antique Greek vases. He finds a gasoline pump and a live security guard in a locker room, who at first mistakes Ash for a Deadite and orders him to stay back until Ash provides one of his famous wisecracks. The guard tells him that he had always known that something like this would happen, and states that Nathaniel Payne had built a temple believed to be used for human sacrifice under the museum and one day had gone down into the temple and never returned. He opens up all of the basement doors (although one is malfunctioning and automatically closes whenever Ash comes near it), and he stays there to continue with the broken door. Ash discovers Trisha and Eldridge, locked inside of the east wing by a power surge, and goes back to the basement to find a way to cut the power. He discovers a spell that allows him to possess hellhounds, and uses this spell to gain access to the malfunctioning door (which happens to also house the power grid) and blows up the generator with a stick of dynamite, freeing Trisha and Eldridge. He returns to the locker room, only to find that the guard has become a Deadite as well, and kills the guard. He finds a divining device hidden behind a portrait of Nathaniel Payne, uses it to find four magical gems, and uses these to gain access to Payne's chamber. He encounters Payne, who has long since been transformed into a demonic, fireball-launching monster, and defeats him by deflecting his fireballs back at him with the shovel. Afterwards, he grabs the Kandarian Summoning Stone and flirts with Trisha, though she has reservations about dating him, as people around town have claimed that he is crazy, perhaps even dangerous. It is soon revealed that Eldridge knew about the true nature of the Necronomicon all along, and plans to use its power and the Stone to take over the world. He opens up a vortex and disappears into it, and Ash decides to follow him. Trisha asks him if he is crazy, but he merely states that "crazy is as crazy does", kisses her, and follows Eldridge into the vortex while Trisha stays behind.
Dearborn, Michigan: circa 1695
Ash lands right after Eldridge, who had correctly predicted that he would follow him, in the colonial times of Dearborn. Eldridge sends a horde of Deadites after him and escapes. After killing them, a group of villagers arrive and mistake Ash for the town blacksmith, simply named "Williams the Blacksmith". Ash soon meets the blacksmith, who turns out to be his ancestor and resembles him in both appearance and mannerisms. When Ash reveals this to him, he is not the least bit surprised due to the Deadites running amok. He upgrades Ash's shotgun, allowing it to fire eight consecutive rounds before needing to reload, and also converts the gas pump into a flamethrower using some of his own moonshine. Ash looks around town for more parts and finds a piece of scrap iron, but when he returns, he finds mass amounts of Deadite bodies laying about and the blacksmith missing. Ash quickly sets out to find him, realizing that the death of the blacksmith in the past will also erase him from existence, and, after passing through the town cemetery, discovers that Eldridge has kidnapped the blacksmith. Eldridge uses the rules of time paradoxes to blackmail Ash into finding a spell scroll that will allow him to safely pass through the vortex, promising that he will let the blacksmith go if Ash complies. Ash does so, but Eldridge does not make good on the deal and escapes through the vortex, warning Ash that his two monstrous Deadite bodyguards will kill the blacksmith if he attempts to follow. Ash quickly finds a way around this by acquiring another possession spell and using it to kill the two Deadites. Ash gives the blacksmith the piece of scrap iron, and follows Eldridge through the vortex after the blacksmith coins their new family motto: "A man's gotta do what a man's gotta do."
Dearborn, Michigan: circa 1863
Ash once again lands after Eldridge, this time in Civil War-era Dearborn. Eldridge quickly enters the Unionists' fort and opens a vortex. In order to get into the fort, Ash manages to convince both the Unionists and the Confederates to call a cease-fire and help him defeat the Deadites; the captain of the Unionists is Ash's Civil War era ancestor the great-great-great-grandson of Williams the Blacksmith, who is in possession of a Gatling gun that the blacksmith made from the piece of scrap iron that Ash gave him. Ash confronts Eldridge and shoots him, but this only transforms him into a monstrous dragon-like demon. Ash manages to defeat monster-Eldridge, and travels back to the present time.
Evil Dearborn
Ash arrives back in the present of Dearborn, only to discover that the Deadites have taken over the whole town in his absence and are led by their Queen, who is in possession of the Kandarian Summoning Stone, which Ash stupidly left back in the Unionists' fort. After freeing the prisoners, Ash confronts the Deadite Queen, who turns out to be Trisha. Trisha reveals that she has taken the stone to rule the world on her own. Ash explodes her by making her swallows dozens of dynamites, and reacquires the Stone.
Epilogue
Now back to where the game first began, Ash attempts to use the Stone to restore Dearborn to its former glory, but blunders and ends up warping himself back in time to feudal Japan, during the time of the Mongul's invasion of Japan, where he has been captured by guards. As it turns out, the man he has been telling the story, who turns out to be Japanese Emperor Kameyama who cannot understand a word he's been saying, though they claim that he hasn't shut up for three hours. Kameyama decide to use the Kandarian Summoning Stone against the Mongols and execute Ash, but before they can do so, the Evil Force returns and possesses the man who Ash has been relating his tale to, as well as some nearby samurai. Ash grabs a katana from one of the guards and tells the Deadites to "come get some!" in perfect Japanese, thus ending the game.
Reception
Evil Dead: A Fistful of Boomstick received "mixed" reviews on both platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Chris Carle of IGN gave the game a mixed review, calling its gameplay "fun, if a little repetitive", and noting that its twenty-dollar retail value is a suitable maximum price. Adam Dodd of Bloody Disgusting wrote that the game was "actually pretty enjoyable" and that it was an improvement on its predecessor, Evil Dead: Hail to the King.
References
External links
Evil Dead: A Fistful of Boomstick at Deadites Online
2003 video games
Action games
Fistful of Boomstick
Hack and slash games
PlayStation 2 games
Single-player video games
THQ games
Video games about demons
Video games about time travel
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games set in Michigan
VIS Entertainment games
Xbox games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil%20Dead%3A%20A%20Fistful%20of%20Boomstick
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North Texas Regional Airport / Perrin Field is a county-owned airport in Grayson County, Texas between Sherman and Denison. Formerly Grayson County Airport, the airport was renamed in November 2007. Several buildings are occupied by businesses, Grayson County government agencies, and Grayson County College.
Most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, but this airport is GYI to the FAA and PNX to the IATA (which assigned GYI to Gisenyi Airport in Gisenyi, Rwanda).
The northern extension of State Highway 289 passes the airport on the west side.
History
The airport is on the site of Perrin Air Force Base, which was built in 1941 and closed in 1971. Since the closure, a group of local citizens have held the memory of Perrin together, hosting nine Perrin Field reunions since the early 1980s. The Perrin AFB Research Foundation was established in 1998. Today, in addition to serving as a general aviation airport, several businesses, as well as a juvenile detention center/boot-camp and adult probation center are built upon former barracks and nearby areas. There is a small museum dedicated to the former Perrin Air Force Base at the airport and Grayson County College uses several buildings. The college also operates the former base golf course.
After seeing the fighters take off from here as a young man, aviation expert Chesley Sullenberger (best known as the pilot of US Airways Flight 1549) became interested in flying.
In late 2018, the proposed Christian airline Judah 1 moved to North Texas Regional, but was subsequently unsuccessful in its efforts to obtain an air operator's certificate and begin scheduled flights. In early 2020, Judah 1 moved to Shreveport Regional Airport, citing a lack of hangar space and facilities suitable for Transportation Security Administration use at North Texas Regional; the airport manager stated that the move would have little impact, as Judah 1 had never started airline operations.
Facilities
The airport covers at an elevation of 749 feet (228 m). It has two runways: 17L/35R is 9,000 by 150 feet (2,743 x 46 m) asphalt/concrete; 13/31 is 2,277 by 60 feet (694 x 18 m) asphalt.
It had three runways, but one 8,000'(2,438m) runway is now a taxiway. The airport has a Category I instrument landing system (ILS) to Runway 17L. The former USAF control tower resumed operations in mid-2008.
In the year ending April 30, 2007 the airport had 53,300 aircraft operations, average 146 per day: 98% general aviation, 2% military and <1% air taxi. 169 aircraft were then based at the airport: 73% single-engine, 11% multi-engine, 11% jet, 4% helicopter and 1% ultralight.
References
External links
Perrin Field Historical Society and Museum
Sherman/Denison, North Texas Rgnl / Perrin Field (GYI) at Texas DOT Airport Directory
Airports in Texas
Buildings and structures in Grayson County, Texas
Transportation in Grayson County, Texas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Texas%20Regional%20Airport
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The University Line is an obsolete designation to a light rail line of Utah Transit Authority's (UTA) TRAX system in Salt Lake City. It was the second TRAX line opened by UTA, after the Sandy/Salt Lake Line opened in 1999. The original line ran from the Delta Center (now Arena) Station to the Stadium Station, which is west of the Rice-Eccles Stadium on the University of Utah campus. The eastern end of the line was extended to the University Medical Center Station in 2003, and the western end was extended in 2008 to the new Salt Lake City Intermodal Hub (Salt Lake Central). The University Line continued running under that name through August 6, 2011, after which this designation was no longer used following a system redesign. The University of Utah is now served by the Red Line.
History
In April 2001, a three-week closure of the Sandy/Salt Lake line's northern portion, between Gallivan Plaza and Arena stations, in Downtown occurred when the switch at 400 South Main Street was built to accommodate the University Line's western turn into Downtown. The first segment of the University Line opened on Saturday December 15, 2001 with service from the Delta Center to Rice-Eccles Stadium at a cost of 148.5 million, ahead of schedule and in time for the 2002 Winter Olympics, despite concerns that it would not be open in time. The entire UTA network (TRAX and buses) was free to all riders on opening day. The 89.4 million extension from Rice-Eccles Stadium to the University Medical Center opened in September 2003, a full 15 months ahead of schedule, adding of track and three new stations: University South Campus, Fort Douglas, and University Medical Center.
Route description
The TRAX University Line was designated as UTA route 702.
Originally starting at the Delta Center at South Temple Street and 300 West, the end of the line was extended several blocks to Salt Lake Central (Salt Lake City Intermodal Hub) in 2008, where it connects with the FrontRunner. The extension started at 250 South 600 West and proceeded north a half block to 200 South, stopping at Old GreekTown. The line then proceeded to 500 West and turned north and then east, stopping at the Arena (next to the Delta Center). From the extension the route followed South Temple Street, turning south to Main Street. The line diverted at 400 South, heading east and ending its sharing of track with the Sandy/Salt Lake Line. Traveling on 400 South, trains would stop at Library, Trolley, and 900 East & 400 South before entering the University of Utah campus. Trains turned north at University Street, and then east at South Campus Drive and stopping at Stadium. The route continued on South Campus Drive to Wasatch Drive before stopping at University South Campus. Finally, it turned north at Wasatch Drive and followed that street to Fort Douglas and eventually terminating at University Medical Center, just south east of the Medical Center campus.
Stations
References
Rail infrastructure in Utah
Transportation in Salt Lake City
Railway lines opened in 2001
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20Line%20%28TRAX%29
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Samuel Harrison Elrod (May 1, 1856 – July 13, 1935) was an American attorney and the fifth Governor of South Dakota. Elrod, a Republican from Clark, South Dakota, served from 1905 to 1907.
Biography
Elrod was born in Coatesville, Indiana. He attended public school in Coatesville and graduated from DePauw University in 1882 and studied law. He married Mary Ellen Masten and they had two children.
Career
Elrod moved to Clark, Dakota Territory and practiced law, was a real estate broker, and a farmer. He served as a member of the Sioux Falls Constitutional Convention in 1883, as Clark County (Dakota Territory) Attorney in 1884, as Clerk Postmaster from 1885 to 1887, as State Attorney from 1887 to 1897, and as U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs Disbursing Agent from 1892 until 1900.
A successful Republican nominee, Elrod was elected Governor of South Dakota four years later. He continued the policies of his predecessor-Charles Herreid-controlling political party machinery in South Dakota. During his tenure, he served as chairman of the building committee for the state capitol.
Elrod did not seek reelection. Following his term as governor, he practiced law and farmed near Clark, South Dakota.
Death and legacy
Elrod died July 13, 1935, and is interred at Rose Hill Cemetery, Clark, South Dakota. The town of Elrod in Clark County was named for him.
References
External links
National Governors Association
1856 births
1935 deaths
People from Hendricks County, Indiana
DePauw University alumni
Republican Party governors of South Dakota
People from Clark, South Dakota
People of Dakota Territory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20H.%20Elrod
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The Driskill, a Romanesque-style building completed in 1886, is the oldest operating hotel in Austin, Texas, United States, and one of the best-known hotels in Texas generally. The Driskill was conceived and built by Col. Jesse Driskill, a cattleman who spent his fortune constructing "the finest hotel south of St. Louis".
Today, the Driskill remains one of the premier hotels in Austin, featuring lavish bridal suites, two restaurants, and a grand ballroom. The Driskill has been operated by Hyatt Hotels Corporation since 2013. The hotel was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on November 25, 1969.
Architecture and design
The Driskill is composed of two interconnected buildings; the original four-story Romanesque Revival building constructed in 1886, and a 13-story annex constructed in 1930.
The original building, designed by local Austin architect Jasper N. Preston, was constructed with over six million pressed bricks and white limestone accents. The building contains two porticos on the southern and eastern facades, which contain large Richardsonian-style arches that were reputed to be the largest in Texas. The facade contains three limestone busts of Driskill and his sons; J.W. "Bud" Driskill facing Brazos Street, A. W. "Tobe" Driskill facing an alley on the west side, and Jesse Driskill facing Sixth Street, whose bust is surrounded by decorative carvings including longhorns on the gable ends.
The hotel opened with 60 rooms including 12 corner rooms with attached baths, a rare feature in hotels of the region at the time. At the center of the hotel was a four-story open rotunda capped by a domed skylight, which functioned as a flue to suck up the hot air and cool the building; the skylight was removed when air conditioning was installed on the roof in 1950. The building was designed for separate entrances for men and women. Two entrances, one on Sixth Street and another facing the alleyway on the west side the building, were reserved for men and were flanked by a saloon, billiard room, cigar shop, a newsstand and a barbershop featuring baths. The women's entrance on Brazos Street allowed female guests to proceed directly to their rooms, thereby avoiding the cigar smoke and rough talk of the cattlemen in the lobby. The second floor contained the main dining room and ballroom, separate parlors for men and women, a children's dining room, and bridal suites. Other embellishments included an electric bell system, marble bureaus, steam heating, and gas lighting.
The 13-story annex, designed by the El Paso architecture firm Trost & Trost, opened in 1930. The 180-room annex contains a bungalow penthouse that is only accessible from the building's roof. The bungalow contains two bedrooms with private baths, a living room, and a full kitchen. The bungalow was originally used as a private residence by superintendents of the Southern Pacific Railroad, but was later rented to high-profile guests including Jack Dempsey, Bob Hope, and President Lyndon Johnson. In 1979, the hotel manager restored the bungalow to use as his private residence.
History
Jesse Driskill, a successful cattle baron, had moved to Texas from Missouri in 1849. Flush with cash from his service to the Confederate Army, to which he supplied beef throughout the Civil War, he decided to diversify by constructing a grand hotel in Austin. In 1884, Driskill purchased land at the corner of 6th and Brazos for $7,500 and announced his plans for the hotel.
The hotel held a grand opening on December 20, 1886, and was featured in a special edition of the Austin Daily Statesman. On January 1, 1887, Governor Sul Ross held his inaugural ball in its ballroom, beginning a tradition for every Texas governor since. In May 1887, less than a year after it opened, Driskill was forced to close the hotel, as he could no longer afford to operate the hotel following a harsh winter and drought that killed his cattle inventory. In addition, S.E. McIlhenny, the hotel's general manager, and half of the staff were hired by the Beach Hotel in Galveston, which expedited the closure. Driskill sold the hotel in 1888 to his brother-in-law, Jim "Doc" Day, who reopened the hotel in January 1888.
Austin magnate George Littlefield, responsible for other Austin landmarks such as the Littlefield House, opened the Austin National Bank on the southeast corner of the building; the old bank vault still remains. Littlefield later purchased the hotel for $106,000 in 1895 and vowed that it would never close again. Littlefield invested over $60,000 in renovations, including ceiling frescoes, electric lighting, steam heating, and 28 additional lavatories, but still sold the hotel at a loss of $25,000 in 1903 to banking competitor, e.l. Wilmot. Under Wilmot's ownership, the hotel was managed by hotelier W.L. Stark, who added a barbershop and women's spa featuring Turkish baths, oversaw the construction of the annex, and adorned the former smoking room with eight antique Austrian gold leaf-framed mirrors previously owned by Maximilian and Carlota of Mexico.
In 1950, the hotel embarked on a renovation, which closed off the Sixth Street entrance and removed the rotunda's skylight to make way for air conditioning units on the roof. In 1952, the former Austin National Bank was transformed into a television studio for KTBC, the very first television station in Central Texas.
In 1969, The Driskill closed its guest rooms in anticipation of a renovation and new tower containing a modern glass facade, which never materialized. Most of its furnishings were sold, and an American-Statesman article declared, "Driskill Hotel's Fate 'Sealed'." The hotel was saved from the wrecking ball at almost the last minute, however, when a nonprofit organization called the Driskill Hotel Corporation raised $900,000.
Braniff International Hotels, Inc., a division of Braniff Airways, Inc., of Dallas, Texas, bought the hotel in 1972 and began a $350,000 restoration of the grand lobby of the historic facility. Braniff reopened the hotel to customers on January 15, 1973, to very strong bookings and conference business. Braniff threw an official grand reopening celebration on February 10, 1973. Over 1000 guests attended the gala event that included a parade of every Texas Governor and/or their descendants, since 1886. All proceeds from the event went to the Austin Heritage Society, who was strategically instrumental in the resurrection of the Hotel Driskill.
In 1995, The Driskill was purchased by Great American Life Insurance, who embarked on a $30 million renovation to restore the hotel to its original appearance, which had been heavily modified over the years. The hotel closed for four years for renovation work and was re-opened in a Millennium celebration on December 31, 1999.
In 2013, The Driskill was purchased by Hyatt Hotels Corporation for $85 million, who embarked on an $8 million renovation of the hotel. Hyatt sold the hotel to Dallas-based Woodbine Development in May 2022 for $125 million.
In addition to its beautiful architecture and rich history, The Driskill continues to draw attention due to its host of tragedies and rumors of paranormal activity. The hotel is said to be home to more than one ghost, including seven-year-old Samantha, who died after falling down the Grand Staircase.
Noteworthy events at the Driskill Hotel
In 1908, the Daughters of the Republic of Texas met at the Driskill hotel to discuss the fate of the Alamo Mission in San Antonio. At the meeting, a divide between two factions of the group erupted over whether to demolish or preserve the structure.
On October 12, 1931, Louis Armstrong opened a three-day performance at the Driskill Hotel. In attendance was Charles Black, a freshman at University of Texas at Austin at the time, who cited the performance as inspiration for his interest in race and civil rights.
In 1934, future President Lyndon Johnson met his future wife, Claudia Taylor, for their first date at the Driskill dining room. It became his campaign headquarters during his congressional career, especially during his famous 1948 Senate race, and became a favorite place on return trips to Austin during his presidency. He watched the results of the 1964 Presidential Election from its presidential suite and addressed supporters from its ballroom after his victory.
President Bill Clinton stayed in the four-room Cattle Baron's suite when he visited Austin in 1999.
On September 11, 2001, Jenna Bush, daughter of President George W. Bush, was relocated to the hotel by the Secret Service in the wake of the terrorist attacks earlier that day.
On March 17, 2018, actor Bill Murray and cellist Jan Vogler recited the poem "Dog" by Lawrence Ferlinghetti from the front steps of the Driskill Hotel to promote the film Isle of Dogs during the 2018 South by Southwest festival.
Gallery
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Travis County, Texas
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Travis County
References
External links
Official website
Official Hyatt website
AustinPostcard.com - The Driskill Hotel
Driskill Hotel from the Texas Archive of the Moving Image
Driskill Hotel
Hotels in Austin, Texas
City of Austin Historic Landmarks
Culture of Austin, Texas
Rotundas (architecture)
National Register of Historic Places in Austin, Texas
Hotel buildings completed in 1886
Hyatt Hotels and Resorts
Hotels established in 1886
Trost & Trost buildings
Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driskill%20Hotel
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Farmer's lung (not to be confused with silo-filler's disease) is a hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by the inhalation of biologic dusts coming from hay dust or mold spores or any other agricultural products. It results in a type III hypersensitivity inflammatory response and can progress to become a chronic condition which is considered potentially dangerous.
Signs and symptoms
Acute Stage: Appears four to eight hours after exposure. Symptoms such as headache, irritating cough, and shortness of breath upon physical exertion.
Subacute Stage: Symptoms persist without further exposure, and increase in severity. Symptoms include: shortness of breath upon exertion, chronic coughing, physical weakness, occasional fever and sweating, decrease in appetite, aches and pains.
Chronic Stage: Debilitating effects are now considered long-term. Symptoms include: severe shortness of breath, chronic coughing, physical weakness, occasional fever and sweating at night, decrease in appetite, and general aches and pains.
These symptoms develop between four and eight hours after exposure to the antigens. In acute attacks, the symptoms mimic pneumonia or flu. In chronic attacks, there is a possibility of the victim going into shock and dying from the attack.
Causes
Permanent lung damage can arise due to one's inability to recognize the cause of symptoms. Farmer's lung occurs because repeated exposure to antigens, found in the mold spores of hay, crops, and animal feed, triggers an allergic reaction within the farmer's immune system. The defense mechanisms of the body present as cold and flu-like symptoms that occur in individuals who experience either acute or chronic reactions.
The mold spores are inhaled and provoke the creation of IgE antibodies that circulate in the bloodstream, these types of immune response are most often initiated by exposure to thermophilic actinomycetes (most commonly Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula), which generate IgG-type antibodies. Following a subsequent exposure, IgG antibodies combined with the inhaled allergen to form immune complexes in the walls of the alveoli in the lungs. This causes fluid, protein, and cells to accumulate in the alveolar wall which slows blood-gas interchange and compromises the function of the lung. After multiple exposures, it takes less and less of the antigens to set off the reaction in the lung.
Prevention
Farmer's lung disease (FLD) is permanent and cannot be reversed, therefore in order to prevent the onset of further stages, farmers should inform their doctor of their occupation and if they have mold in their work environment. Prevention of this respiratory illness can be facilitated through the ventilation of work areas, drying of materials, and the use of a mask when working in confined areas with moldy hay or crops.
Diagnosis
Diagnoses of Farmer's lung is difficult due to its similarity to cold and flu-like symptoms. Doctors diagnose patients with Farmer's lung under the following conditions:
A clinical history of symptoms such as cough, fever, and labored breathing when exposed to mold in work environment.
The presence of diffuse lung disease in chronic cases.
Presentation of antibodies when exposed to thermophilic Actinomyces.
Examination procedures may include:
• taking a blood test
• taking a chest x-ray
• administering a breathing capacity test
• administering an inhalation challenge
• examining lung tissue
• performing an immunological investigation
• performing a lung function test
• reviewing the clinical history
Treatment
Depending on the severity of the symptoms, FLD can last from one to two weeks, or it can last for the rest of one's life. Acute FLD has the ability to be treated because hypersensitivity to the antigens has not yet developed. The main treatment options are: rest and reducing the exposure to the antigens through masks and increased airflow in confined spaces where the antigens are present. Any exposure to the antigens once hypersensitivity has occurred can set off another chronic reaction. For chronic FLD, there are no true treatments because the patient has developed hypersensitivity meaning that their condition will last the rest of their life.
Epidemiology
The growth of mold spores occurs when hay is not dried properly. The growth of these mold spores accumulates over time and will infect the host upon release from the source. When in the air, the farmer may inhale the particles and induce an allergic reaction. The hay at risk for increased volumes of spores is found at the bottom of the pile. The presence of Farmer's Lung Disease peaks during late winter and early spring and is mostly seen after the harvest season when symptoms have set in. This disease is most prevalent in damp climates.
See also
Organic dust toxic syndrome
References
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Occupational diseases
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer%27s%20lung
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Poetin (1997 - December 2005) was a world-class dressage horse that was the 2003 World Young Dressage Horse Champion in the six-year-old division, and sold for a record amount at the PSI Auction in Germany.
Breeding
Poetin was of excellent bloodlines, sired by Sandro Hit, the Winner of 1999 six-year-old Dressage World Championships and German Bundeschampionate. Her dam, Poesie, was by the 2003 Hanoverian Stallion of the Year, Brentano II.
Pedigree for Poetin
1997 Dark bay filly
Dressage career
Poetin had a short-lived career as a dressage horse. Her first great success was in 2000, when she won the Bundeschampion as a three-year-old with rider Heinz-Heinrich Meyer zu Strohen. There she received a 9.0 for her excellent conformation, an 8.5 for her walk, which did not score as well because she could get tense, a 9.0 for her trot, and a 9.0 for her uphill canter. She was also Bundeschampion as a five-year-old in 2002.
Perhaps her greatest fame, however, came from her spectacular performance at the 2003 World Young Dressage Horse Championship. Winning the six-year-old division, she completed the competition with a score of '10' for her amazing trot .
Ownership
The mare was originally owned by the Berlin/Brandeburg State Stud.
Following the Championships, Poetin was sold at the 2003 PSI Auction for a record 2.5 million Euros. The bidding between 10 parties started at 100,000 Euros, and eventually resulted in a purchase by Peter and Patty van der Zwan of stable De Keizershoeve in Kessel, Netherlands, and the ING Bank, for use as a brood mare. Her price was twice as much as the previous auction record of 2.8 million Deutsch Marks.
However, a financial dispute between the van der Zwans and ING Bank forced auction of many of the couple’s horses. To prevent her sale, the van der Zwans hid the mare, and an investigation ensued. Combined efforts by a team of detectives and the Dutch federal police eventually found Poetin on August 25, 2005, at an equine clinic in Kerken, Germany, where she was being officially treated for 'irritation of the right front tendon sheath.'
Poetin was returned to the Estate Balkenschoten in Nijkerk, Netherlands, to be auctioned off by Cees Lubbers Auctioneers on September 1, 2005. Although she appeared tender at the walk, the mare still showed her brilliant trot and lovely canter work and flying changes. The bidding included the likes of German Grand Prix rider Gina Capellmann Lutkemeier, who stopped her bidding at 700,000 euro, but the eight-year-old Brandenburger was finally purchased for 900,000 Euros by Xavier Marie, owner of Haras de Hus, a stud farm in France.
Also sold at the auction was A Special Poetin (by Jazz), the first embryo transfer foal of Poetin. The beautiful black filly was bought back by Peter van der Zwan via an agent. Following in her mother's hoofprints, she was sold for a record price of 138,000 Euros — the highest price ever for a warmblood foal bought in auction.
Poetin was also bred in 2000 to Dormello, the 1999 Oldenburg Stallion licensing Champion, but had a miscarriage.
Death
On September 3, 2005, Poetin was shipped to Petit Mars, France, to her new home at Haras de Hus. As soon as she arrived, however, it was clear that she was showing signs of severe laminitis in both front feet, as she was having trouble standing up due to the pain.
Aggressive treatment was begun by French and German veterinarians, including the use of a sling to hold the mare up and help relieve pressure on her feet. But the laminitis soon worsened, and the mare began to shed her hooves. Realizing there was little chance of recovery, it was decided to put the mare down. On December 13, 2005, Poetin was humanely euthanized at Haras de Hus.
Resulting Lawsuit
After the mare was euthanized, it was discovered that she had been treated with corticosteroids prior to and during the time of the auction . She also wore therapeutic shoes prior to the auction, and was only walked on soft ground.
Apparently, the mare's caretakers knew that she did not simply have a mild irritation to the sesamoid, as stated at the auction, but a tendon infection that was causing lameness. Use of the steroids not only masked the lameness, but likely caused the laminitis that the mare suffered from, a possible negative side effect of using steroids. Most agree that, considering her condition, riding her in the auction and shipping her to France (a journey more than 10 hours long) could be considered inhumane.
The final owner of Poetin, Xavier Marie, is now suing ING Bank. He is mainly basing his case on the fact that the use of corticosteroids were kept secret at the sale, which is illegal in Europe, and that he was never told the true condition of the mare at the sale. In May 2006, Judge Poelmann, the judge for the case, ordered ING Bank to provide Marie access with the medical files of Poetin. They found that, indeed, Celestovet (which contains the corticosteriod Betametazon) was given to the mare prior to sale.
Cloning
Poetin was cloned by Marie, with the purpose being to preserve her genetic code. The resulting filly was foaled March 30, 2007, and now lives at Haras de Hus .
External links
Image of Poetin
Dressage horses
Individual mares
1997 animal births
2005 animal deaths
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetin
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Coe Isaac Crawford (January 14, 1858 – April 25, 1944) was an American attorney and politician from South Dakota. He served as the sixth Governor and as a U.S. Senator.
Biography
A native of Volney, Iowa, Crawford graduated from the University of Iowa College of Law in 1882 and practiced law in Independence, Iowa before moving to Pierre, Dakota Territory in 1883. Active in politics as a Republican, Crawford served as Hughes County's prosecuting attorney in 1887 and 1888. In 1889, he was elected to the Territorial Council, the upper house of Dakota Territory's legislature. After South Dakota achieved statehood in 1889, Crawford served in the South Dakota State Senate, and was Attorney General of South Dakota from 1893 to 1897.
In 1906, Crawford was the successful Republican nominee for governor, and he served from 1907 to 1909. In 1908, he ran successfully for a seat in the U.S. Senate. Crawford served one term, 1909 to 1915, and was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1914. After leaving the Senate, Crawford resumed practicing law in Huron, South Dakota. He practiced until 1934, when he retired. Crawford died in Yankton, South Dakota in 1944, and was buried at Oakland Cemetery in Iowa City, Iowa.
Early life and education
Crawford was born by Volney, in Allamakee County, Iowa. He attended the common schools and received additional instruction from a private tutor. In 1882, he graduated from the University of Iowa College of Law with a LL.B. degree. He began his practice in Independence, Iowa, moving to Pierre, in what was the Dakota Territory, in 1883. He was twice married; firstly to May Robinson and then to Lavinia Robinson. He had five children.
Career
He was the prosecuting attorney for Hughes County, South Dakota in 1887 and 1888. In 1889, he was elected to the Territorial Council, the upper house of the Dakota Territorial Legislature.
When South Dakota was admitted as a state in 1889, he was elected as a member of the first South Dakota State Senate. He went on to serve as the state Attorney General from 1893 to 1897. He ran for the United States House of Representatives seat for South Dakota in 1896, but lost the election. He then moved to Huron, South Dakota, and served as an attorney for the Chicago & North Western Railway from 1897 to 1903, when he resigned.
He was elected as a Republican to the position of Governor of South Dakota in 1907, and served in that capacity through 1909. He ran for the United States Senate that year, and won the election. He served in the Senate through 1915, and lost his bid for renomination in 1914. He then returned to Huron and the practice of law until 1934, when he retired from active business and political life.
Death
He died in Yankton, South Dakota in 1944. His burial was in Oakland Cemetery, Iowa City, Iowa.
References
External links
National Governors Association
1858 births
1944 deaths
People from Allamakee County, Iowa
Republican Party United States senators from South Dakota
Republican Party governors of South Dakota
South Dakota Attorneys General
Republican Party South Dakota state senators
Members of the Dakota Territorial Legislature
District attorneys in South Dakota
19th-century American politicians
People from Pierre, South Dakota
People from Huron, South Dakota
Iowa lawyers
South Dakota lawyers
University of Iowa College of Law alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coe%20I.%20Crawford
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Zhai Zhao (; died 393) was the second and last monarch of the Dingling-led Chinese Zhai Wei dynasty. During his reign, he used the monarchical title of Heavenly King.
Zhai Zhao's father Zhai Liao had, after rebelling against Eastern Jin dynasty in 386, held a swath of territory near the Yellow River in modern Henan. In 387, he sent Zhao Zhao to attack Jin's Chenliu (陳留, roughly modern Kaifeng, Henan) and Yinchuan (潁川, roughly modern Xuchang, Henan) commanderies, but Jin general Zhu Xu (朱序) repelled his attack. Later that year, under pressure from Later Yan's emperor Murong Chui, Zhai Liao briefly submitted to Later Yan, but in winter 387 again rebelled. In 388, he tried to reconcile with Later Yan, but after Murong Chui turned down his overture, declared an independent Wei state.
In 390, the Jin general Liu Laozhi (劉牢之) attacked Zhai Zhao, who was then defending the city of Juancheng (鄄城, in modern Puyang, Henan), forcing Zhai Zhao to abandon Juancheng and flee back to his father's capital Huatai (滑台, in modern Anyang, Henan). Liu then defeated Zhai Liao in battle as well, but did not destroy Wei.
In 391, Zhai Liao died, and Zhai Zhao succeeded him as the Heavenly Prince. Zhai Zhao soon attempted to attack Later Yan's important city Yecheng, but was repelled by Murong Chui's son Murong Nong.
In 392, Murong Chui personally attacked Zhai Zhao, heading for his capital Huatai. Zhai Zhao sought aid from Western Yan's emperor Murong Yong, but Murong Yong, believing that Zhai Zhao could wear Later Yan out without his aid, refused. Murong Chui then pretended to build rafts to ready to cross the Yellow River, and Zhai Zhao tried to attack his flotilla—when Murong Chui's general Murong Zhen (慕容鎮) crossed the river at a different spot and camped in. Zhai Zhao tried to attack both places, but his army was worn out and completely collapsed. Zhai Zhao fled by himself to Western Yan. In 393, he tried to start a coup against Murong Yong and was killed.
Zhai Wei emperors
393 deaths
Year of birth unknown
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhai%20Zhao
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Roman Aleksandrovich Rusinov (, born 21 October 1981 in Moscow) is a Russian auto racing driver who competed in the FIA World Endurance Championship with G-Drive Racing from the Championship's first season in 2012 until 2021 and the European Le Mans Series from 2018 until 2021. He has four titles in international endurance championships.
Rusinov is the first Russian driver to win an international race in Europe.
Racing record
In 2000 Rusinov won the International Renault Finals in French Formula Renault, becoming the first Russian driver to win an international race in Europe. In 2002 he led the Formula Palmer Audi championship till the last event, but collided with his main rival and finished third overall. In 2003 he competed in Euro Formula 3000, taking a pole position at the Nürburgring.
The same year he won the LMP675 class at the first race of the Le Mans Series, the 1000 km of Le Mans. In 2004, Rusinov raced with Ferrari Modena and became the Le Mans Series Champion in the GT2 class. In 2005, he competed in a Maserati MC12 in the FIA GT Championship and was appointed one of Russia's A1GP drivers. The A1GP team lasted only three events before running out of funding.
In 2006, Rusinov was one of four test drivers signed to Formula One team MF1 Racing. The team's owner, Russian-born Canadian businessman Alex Shnaider, had announced an ambition to get a Russian driver into F1. Rusinov participated in the first MF1 tests at Jerez, but was the only test driver not to participate in at least one Friday practice session, due to the absence of Russian sponsors on the MF1 Racing car and the difficult financial situation of the team.
In 2008, Rusinov switched to endurance racing, driving a Reiter Engineering-prepared Lamborghini Murcielago racing under the IPB SPARTAK RACING name in the FIA GT Championship and the Le Mans Series, and a Lamborghini Gallardo in the ADAC GT Masters series. In the latter series he won two of the three races, with his driving partner Peter Kox.
In 2012 Rusinov entered the inaugural running of the FIA World Endurance Championship, joining the reigning Intercontinental Le Mans Cup champions Signatech-Nissan from round two onwards.
In 2013 Rusinov's association with G-Drive Racing began, with the Gazprom brand sponsoring the 26 car in the LMP2 category. In subsequent years until 2021 the brand and Rusinov moved through several partnerships as they expanded across WEC and in the European Le Mans Series.
At the 2018 24 Hours of Le Mans Rusinov's G-Drive LMP2 crossed the finish line first, but was disqualified during post-race scrutineering for a modified refuelling rig in their fuel system assemblies.
In 2022 the team formally entered the 53 car to ELMS under G-Drive Racing. However, on 6 March 2022 Rusinov announced via an Instagram post that the team would not be competing, citing that he was not willing to sign off the conditions of competition for Russian athletes introduced by the FIA in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Career summary
† Guest driver ineligible to score points
‡ Teams' Standings
Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results
Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results
Complete European Le Mans Series results
‡ Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.
Notes
References
Roman Rusinov page on FIAGT.com
Roman Rusinov page on GTMasters.org
Roman Rusinov page on LeMans-Series.com
Driver for Reiter Engineering
Driver for IPB SPARTAK Racing
External links
1981 births
Living people
Russian racing drivers
French Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
Formula Renault Eurocup drivers
A1 Team Russia drivers
Auto GP drivers
Formula Palmer Audi drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
European Le Mans Series drivers
FIA World Endurance Championship drivers
ADAC GT Masters drivers
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
WeatherTech SportsCar Championship drivers
24 Hours of Spa drivers
Sportspeople from Moscow
24H Series drivers
G-Drive Racing drivers
Asian Le Mans Series drivers
Nürburgring 24 Hours drivers
OAK Racing drivers
Graff Racing drivers
Signature Team drivers
Sports car racing team owners
EuroInternational drivers
TDS Racing drivers
W Racing Team drivers
Phoenix Racing drivers
A1 Grand Prix drivers
Piquet GP drivers
Jota Sport drivers
Alan Docking Racing drivers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Rusinov
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Robert Scadden Vessey (May 16, 1858 – October 18, 1929) was the seventh Governor of South Dakota. Vessey, a Republican from Wessington Springs, served from 1909 to 1913.
Biography
Vessey was born to Charles and Jane Elizabeth Vessey in Oshkosh, Winnebago County, Wisconsin, United States. His father was a Methodist lay preacher; his mother was an English immigrant. Vessey was raised and educated near Oshkosh in Winnebago County, Wisconsin. For a brief time, he studied at Oshkosh Commercial College before spending the next five years as a lumberjack in northern Wisconsin.
Vessey married Florence Albert on August 27, 1882. The couple moved to a "squatters claim" in what is now known as Pleasant Township, Jerauld County, South Dakota. They had four children.
Career
Vessey became a member of the South Dakota Senate in the 1905 and 1907 state legislatures. In January 1908, he was elected president of the senate. Despite limited abilities as a public speaker, he successfully guided Progressive measures through the state senate.
Vessey's candidacy for governor was supported in large part due to his solid record in the state senate. As governor, he worked to keep peace among South Dakota Progressives and sought to
enhance control of government through the direct primary law. He was also the first governor to proclaim Mothers' Day as a public observance.
In 1910, Vessey's bid for a second term as governor was threatened by an independent candidate named George W. Egan. In spite of Egan's popularity with voters, Vessey beat both Egan and former governor Samuel H. Elrod to receive the Republican nomination. He went on to defeat the Democratic candidate, Chauncey L. Wood, in the general election. After serving his terms, he moved to Pasadena, California where he owned and operated a real estate business.
Death
Vessey died in Pasadena and was entombed in Mountain View Cemetery in Altadena, California. His house on College Street in Wessington Springs was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, as Robert S. Vessey House.
References
External links
Robert S. Vessey's historical listing
Commentary on Governor Vessey: "Our Governor"
New York Times - November 21, 1910: "Just Like Westerners; Gov. Vessey of South Dakota Says Financial Bonds Are Uniting All"
National Governors Association
1858 births
1929 deaths
Republican Party South Dakota state senators
Republican Party governors of South Dakota
American people of English descent
Politicians from Pasadena, California
Politicians from Oshkosh, Wisconsin
People from Jerauld County, South Dakota
Businesspeople from California
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20S.%20Vessey
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Liliana Allen Doll (born March 24, 1970) is a track and field athlete, who started competing for Mexico in 1998. She previously represented Cuba. She won a bronze medal at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships in the 60 metres.
Career
She has participated in the 1992, 1996 and 2004 Summer Olympics. At the Pan American Games she has won three gold medals, four silver, and one bronze medal.
Achievements
External links
1970 births
Living people
People from Holguín
Sportspeople from Holguín Province
Mexican female sprinters
Cuban female sprinters
Olympic athletes for Cuba
Olympic athletes for Mexico
Pan American Games gold medalists for Cuba
Pan American Games silver medalists for Cuba
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Mexico
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1987 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1991 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1995 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1999 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2003 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships athletes for Cuba
World Athletics Championships athletes for Mexico
World Athletics Indoor Championships medalists
Cuban emigrants to Mexico
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Cuba
Competitors at the 1990 Central American and Caribbean Games
Competitors at the 1993 Central American and Caribbean Games
Competitors at the 2002 Central American and Caribbean Games
Goodwill Games medalists in athletics
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Mexico
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Cuba
Universiade silver medalists for Cuba
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics
Medalists at the 1989 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 1993 Summer Universiade
Competitors at the 1994 Goodwill Games
Medalists at the 1987 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1995 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2003 Pan American Games
Olympic female sprinters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliana%20Allen
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The Pentecostal Collegiate Institute refers to two antecedents of the Eastern Nazarene College in Massachusetts:
Pentecostal Collegiate Institute (New York)
Pentecostal Collegiate Institute (Rhode Island)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostal%20Collegiate%20Institute
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The National Liberation Army or ALN (; ) was the armed wing of the nationalist National Liberation Front of Algeria during the Algerian War. After Algeria won its independence from France in 1962, the ALN was converted into the regular Algerian People's National Armed Forces.
History
Algerian Revolution
The (National Liberation Front) was established by the (Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action) and organised in March 1954. Around two years later this group absorbed most but not all the Algerian nationalist organisations. It then re-organised itself and established a provisional government. This government included five members in executive and legislative bodies; all the members were district heads. During the ongoing war of independence in Algeria; Colonel Houari Boumedienne (the future President of Algeria) led the military wing of the FLN, the National Liberation Army, against the French.
The group grew to nearly 40,000 men in 1957, while France deployed 400,000 soldiers, starting in 1956, in response. The ALN established camps across the borders of Tunisia and Morocco to provide logistical support and arms to their fighters in Algeria. The struggle between the ALN and the French continued until 18 March 1962, when both parties signed a ceasefire in Évian-les-Bains. A referendum, held in Algeria on 1 July as part of the Évian Agreement, led to an overwhelming victory for the separatists, who declared independence two days later.
Post-war
On the morning of 5 July 1962 seven companies of ALN soldiers entering the city of Oran were fired on by some , white Europeans who were born in colonial Algeria. An outraged Arab mob swept into the Pied-Noir neighbourhoods, which had already been largely vacated, and attacked the estimated 40,000 remaining pieds-noirs there. The violence lasted several hours until it was ended by the deployment of French Gendarmerie.
Gallery
References
Bibliography
Algerian War
Arab nationalist militant groups
Paramilitary organisations based in Algeria
Military history of Algeria
National liberation armies
National Liberation Front (Algeria)
Rebel groups in Algeria
Separatism in Algeria
Separatism in France
Left-wing militant groups
1954 establishments in Algeria
1962 disestablishments in Algeria
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Liberation%20Army%20%28Algeria%29
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Whittaker is a surname of English origin, meaning 'white acre', and a given name. Variants include Whitaker and Whitacre. People with the name include:
Surname
A
Aaron Whittaker (born 1968), New Zealand rugby player
Al Whittaker (1918–2006), American business organizer
Alison Whittaker, Australian poet
Allien Whittaker (born 1983), Jamaican footballer
Andrew Whittaker (engineer) (born 1956), American engineer
Andy Whittaker, British film distributor
Anthony Whittaker (born 1968), American composer
Arnie Whittaker (1879–1955), English footballer
B
Ben Whittaker (born 1989), Australian rugby union footballer
Benjamin Whittaker (born 1997), English boxer
Bernard Whittaker (1865–??), English footballer
Bill Whittaker (disambiguation), multiple people
Bob Whittaker (born 1939), American politician
Brian Whittaker (1956–1997), Scottish footballer
C
Charles Whittaker (disambiguation), multiple people
Craig Whittaker (born 1962), British politician
Cynthia Whittaker (born 1942), American academic
D
Dale Whittaker (born 1961), American academic administrator
David Whittaker (disambiguation), multiple people
Desmond Whittaker (1925–1966), Indian cricketer
Dick Whittaker (1934–1998), Irish footballer
E
Edgar Whittaker, English footballer
Edwin Whittaker (1834–1880), English cricketer
Enos Whittaker (1888–1959), English footballer
Esmé Whittaker, British art historian
E. T. Whittaker (1873–1956), English mathematician
F
Fozzy Whittaker (born 1989), American football player
Frank Whittaker (1894–1961), Indian bishop
Fred Whittaker (disambiguation), multiple people
G
Gavin Whittaker (1970–2017), Australian rugby league footballer
Geoff Whittaker (1916–1997), English cricketer
Geoffrey Owen Whittaker (1932–2015), British civil servant
George Whittaker (disambiguation), multiple people
H
Harvey Whittaker (1875–1937), English footballer
Huey Whittaker (born 1981), American football player
I
Ian Whittaker (1928–2022), British set designer
Ike Whittaker (born 1935), Australian footballer
J
Jace Whittaker (born 1995), American football player
Jack Whittaker (disambiguation), multiple people
James Whittaker (disambiguation), multiple people
Jason Whittaker (disambiguation), multiple people
Jeff Whittaker (born 1940), New Zealand politician
Jim Whittaker (born 1929), American mountaineer
Jodie Whittaker (born 1982), English actress
John Whittaker (disambiguation), multiple people
Johnson Chesnut Whittaker (1858–1931), American military student
Joseph Whittaker (1813–1894), English botanist
K
Kai Whittaker (born 1985), German politician
L
Leon Whittaker (born 1985), Caymanian footballer
Lou Whittaker (born 1929), American mountaineer
M
Maria Whittaker (born 1969), English glamour model
Mark Whittaker (born 1965), Australian journalist
Meredith Whittaker, American researcher
Michael Whittaker (disambiguation), multiple people
Morgan Whittaker (born 2001), English footballer
N
Neil Whittaker (born 1956), Australian rugby union footballer
Nicholas Whittaker (born 1953), British writer
Noel Whittaker (born 1940), Australian columnist
P
Paul Whittaker (born 1957), Australian cricketer
Paul Whittaker (newspaper editor), Australian newspaper editor
Patricia Whittaker, West Indian cricketer
R
Ray Whittaker (born 1945), English footballer
Rebecca Whittaker, Canadian politician
Red Whittaker (born 1948), American robot scientist
Robert Whittaker (disambiguation), multiple people
Roger Whittaker (1936–2023), Kenyan-British singer-songwriter
Ron Whittaker (born 1971), American golfer
S
Sally Whittaker (born 1963), British soap opera actress
Sammy Whittaker (1888–1952), English footballer
Sandra Whittaker (born 1963), British sprinter
Sheelagh Whittaker (born 1947), Canadian business executive
Spen Whittaker (1871–1910), English football manager
Stanley Whittaker (born 1994), American basketball player
Stephen Whittaker (1947–2003), British actor and director
Steve Whittaker, American professor
Steven Whittaker (born 1984), Scottish footballer
Stuart Whittaker (born 1975) English football player
T
Thomas Whittaker (disambiguation), multiple people
Tony Whittaker (1932–2016), British politician
Trevor Whittaker (born 1942), English professor
V
Victor P. Whittaker (1919–2016), British biochemist
W
Walt Whittaker (1894–1965), American baseball player
Walter Whittaker (1878–1917), English footballer
William Whittaker (disambiguation), multiple people
Given name
Whittaker Chambers (1901–1961), American writer, witness in Alger Hiss espionage case
English-language surnames
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittaker
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Carl Gunderson (June 20, 1864February 26, 1933) was an American politician who served as the 11th Governor of South Dakota. Gunderson, a Republican from Mitchell, South Dakota, served from 1925 to 1927.
Biography
Gunderson was born in a log cabin in Clay County in the Dakota Territory, near Vermillion. As a young man, he filed a claim on a homestead in Clay County that remained dear to him all his life. He stated that his occupation was a farmer all his life. He attended the University of South Dakota and Cornell University. He went into the mercantile business in Vermillion. He married Gertrude Bertleson and they had four children.
Career
Gunderson served five terms in the state senate of the South Dakota Legislature, being elected in 1892, 1896, 1898, 1900, and again in 1916. Gunderson served as president pro tempore of the senate in the 1899 session and served as the 13th Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota from 1921 to 1925 under Governor William H. McMaster.
In 1924, when McMaster declined to seek re-election, Gunderson successfully ran to succeed him. He defeated the Democratic nominee, William J. Bulow, in a landslide. In 1926, however, Gunderson narrowly lost to Bulow in a rematch of the 1924 election. He ran for Governor again in 1930. In the Republican primary, no candidate received 35% of the vote, and under state law, the nomination had to be decided by a convention of the state Republican Party. Despite placing second in the primary, Gunderson fared poorly in the convention; his support collapsed quickly and he faded from contention after the first few ballots. In 1932, Gunderson challenged Republican Governor Warren Green for renomination, but lost the Republican primary in a landslide.
Death
After his defeat he returned to his home in Mitchell until his death on February 26, 1933. He was buried on the tract of land that he had homesteaded, Bluff View Cemetery, Vermillion, Clay County, South Dakota US.
References
External links
National Governors Association
1864 births
1933 deaths
Republican Party governors of South Dakota
Lieutenant Governors of South Dakota
Republican Party South Dakota state senators
American people of Norwegian descent
People from Vermillion, South Dakota
People of Dakota Territory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Gunderson
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General Sir Hugh Arbuthnott, KCB (1780 – 11 June 1868) was a British Army officer and Member of Parliament for Kincardineshire 1826–1865.
He was born the son of John Arbuthnott, 7th Viscount of Arbuthnott and the younger brother of John Arbuthnott, 8th Viscount of Arbuthnott.
He entered the 79th Regiment of Foot (Cameron Highlanders) as Ensign in May 1796 and was promoted Major-General on 22 July 1830, Lt-General on 23 November 1841 and full General on 20 June 1854.
He was given the colonelcy of the 38th (1st Staffordshire) Regiment of Foot from 1843 to 1862, transferring as colonel back to the Cameron Highlanders from 14 March 1862 to his death in 1868.
Sir Hugh never married.
References
Notes
External links
|-
|-
1780 births
1868 deaths
Younger sons of viscounts
British Army generals
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
UK MPs 1826–1830
UK MPs 1830–1831
UK MPs 1831–1832
UK MPs 1832–1835
UK MPs 1835–1837
UK MPs 1837–1841
UK MPs 1841–1847
UK MPs 1847–1852
UK MPs 1852–1857
UK MPs 1857–1859
UK MPs 1859–1865
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders officers
52nd Regiment of Foot officers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Arbuthnot%20%28British%20Army%20officer%29
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Unión Magdalena () commonly known as El Unión, and nicknamed as El Ciclón Bananero (The Banana Cyclone) and also Los Samarios (The Samarios), is a Colombian football club from the city of Santa Marta, capital of the department of Magdalena, founded on April 19 1953. They currently play in the Primera A, first division of the Dimayor.
Founded on 10 March 1951 as Deportivo Samarios, the club was re-founded as Unión Magdalena on 19 April 1953. The original playing squad was largely composed of Hungarians who were touring Colombia when their club, the Hungaria FbC Roma, was disbanded.
History
Unión Magdalena was founded as Deportivo Samarios on 10 March 1951. The team was founded with the help of José Eduardo Gnecco Correa and Eduardo Dávila Riascos and was formed by the squad of the Hungaria FbC Roma when it was disbanded after a tour in South America. The first team consisted in 10 Colombians, 8 Hungarians, 2 Yugoslavs, 1 Austrian, 1 Argentine, 1 Italian and 1 Romanian. Deportivo Samarios debuted on league that same year and placed 14th. That season, the team achieved the record of the biggest win in the Colombian league against Universidad, with a score of 12–1.
The club was re-founded as Unión Magdalena on 19 April 1953. Unión has only won one championship, in 1968 playing against Deportivo Cali in the final, thus becoming the first football club of the Caribbean region of Colombia to win a football championship in history. Carlos Valderrama, born in Santa Marta and one of the most famous Colombian footballer, started his career in this club.
Relegated in 2005 after losing 3–0 to Deportivo Pereira, Unión earned automatic promotion to the 2019 Categoría Primera A season, after playing 13 years in the second division football league. Despite qualifying for the semifinals of the 2019 Apertura, Unión's performance in the Finalización tournament was poor and the club ended up being relegated on 29 October after losing 3–1 to Once Caldas.
Red and blue stripes compose the traditional shirt of the team, and its design is inspired by the Argentine club San Lorenzo de Almagro.
2021 controversy and promotion
On 4 December 2021, the last matchday of the semi-final Group B of the second tournament of the 2021 Primera B season, Unión Magdalena sealed their promotion to Categoría Primera A after coming back from a 1–0 deficit against Llaneros in Villavicencio with a couple of goals in quick succession in stoppage time to win the game by a 2–1 score and get promoted at the expense of Fortaleza, who were clinching promotion with the score in Villavicencio despite losing their final match to Bogotá at the same time. However, video footage of Unión Magdalena's winning goal appeared to show the Llaneros players backing off and failing to make an effort to prevent their rivals from scoring. The events sparked outrage both within the country and abroad, with Colombian internationals Juan Cuadrado and Mateus Uribe expressing their displeasure, calling them "a lack of respect" and "an embarrassment for Colombian football", whilst President of Colombia Iván Duque Márquez stated it was a "national disgrace".
In response to the growing backlash, as well as calls from Fortaleza to get the match annulled and Unión Magdalena's promotion reversed, Dimayor chairman Fernando Jaramillo ordered the opening of an inquiry on the match events while also requesting the Office of the Attorney General of Colombia to investigate whether any criminal offenses had been committed, but on 7 December 2021, Jaramillo stated that the tournament would not be paused and Unión Magdalena's promotion would not be overturned while due process was completed. However, amid the ongoing inquiries, the Torneo II's final match between Cortuluá and Unión Magdalena, which was originally scheduled to be played on 11 December 2021 in Tuluá was postponed until further notice.
On 30 December 2021 Dimayor's disciplinary commission closed the investigation on Unión Magdalena as it found no evidence implying that members of the aforementioned club had been responsible for the events that occurred in the match against Llaneros, thus confirming their promotion to Primera A for the 2022 season.
Stadiums
The Eduardo Santos Stadium, inaugurated in 1951, was the highest sports venue for Magdalenes, located in the Olympic Village of Santa Marta. It served for the Unión Magdalena local games but since its inauguration, it has not only been the headquarters of the Unión Magdalena soccer club, it also witnessed the birth of prominent Colombian soccer figures such as the former Colombian team captain, Carlos "El Pibe" Valderrama. It currently has a capacity of 23,000 spectators.
On 3 March 2013, Unión Magdalena played its last game at the stadium against Llaneros F.C., in compliance with the final closure order of the Eduardo Santos Stadium.
The team had a tour of venues around Riohacha (La Guajira) at the Federico Serrano Soto Stadium and then in the Magdalena municipality of Ciénaga, at the "Luis Tete Samper" Municipal Stadium, with a capacity of 5,000 spectators.
After the inauguration of the Sierra Nevada Stadium for the 2017 Bolivarian Games, the Union Magdalena made the agreement with the mayor of Santa Marta official to return to the city from the 2018 season.
Players
Current squad
Players with dual citizenship
Carlos Bejarano
First Team (Deportivo Samarios – 1951)
Notable players
Gyula Zsengellér (1951–53)
Georg Hanke (1951)
György Marik (1951–1952)
Gabriel Rakosky (1952)
Kalman Lami (1952)
Ladislao Magyar (1952)
Nicolás Hrotko (1952)
Bruno Gerzelli (1952)
Corrado Contin (1952)
Manuel Rossi (1965)
Arístides Del Puerto (1973)
Luis Giribet (1976)
Víctor Solar (1977)
Carlos Valderrama (1981–84)
Alfredo Arango (1965–1972),(1973–1974),(1978–1980)
Carlos Arango (1950),(1960–1961)
Aurelio Palacios
Nixon Perea (1993)
Erwin Carrillo (2004–2005),(2007–2009),(2012–2014),(2018)
Ruyeri Blanco (2016–2021)
Fernando Batiste (2018–2019)
Abel Aguilar (2018–2020)
David Ferreira (2018–2019)
Ricardo Márquez (2018–2020), (2022–)
Jairo Palomino (2021–)
Alexander Mejía (2023–)
Honours
Domestic
Campeonato Profesional/Categoría Primera A:
Winners (1): 1968
Categoría Primera B:
Winners (1): 2021–II
Runners-up (2): 2000, 2018
Copa Colombia:
Runners-up (1): 1989
Performance in CONMEBOL competitions
Personnel
Current technical staff
References
External links
Football clubs in Colombia
Association football clubs established in 1950
Santa Marta
1950 establishments in Colombia
Categoría Primera A clubs
Categoría Primera B clubs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n%20Magdalena
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Presbyterian Ladies' College (PLC) is the name of several independent girls' schools in Australia, affiliated with either the Presbyterian Church of Australia or the Uniting Church in Australia. Many of these schools are seen as sister schools to Scotch Colleges and The Scots College.
List of schools
Establishments known as Presbyterian Ladies' College include:
Presbyterian Ladies' College, Armidale, in Armidale, New South Wales
Presbyterian Ladies' College, Goulburn, in Goulburn, New South Wales
Presbyterian Ladies' College, Melbourne, in Burwood, Victoria
Presbyterian Ladies' College, Perth, in Peppermint Grove, Western Australia
Presbyterian Ladies' College, Sydney, in Croydon, New South Wales
Former establishments known as Presbyterian Ladies' College include:
Arden Anglican School, in Beecroft, New South Wales (formerly the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Beecroft, a preparatory school of the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Sydney)
Fairholme College in Toowoomba, Queensland (formerly the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Toowoomba)
Oak Lodge and Spreydon (the heritage-listed houses in Toowoomba formerly occupied by the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Toowoomba)
Pymble Ladies' College, in Pymble, New South Wales (formerly the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Pymble)
Seymour College, in Glen Osmond, South Australia (formerly Presbyterian Girls' College)
Schools formed by merging with a Presbyterian Ladies' College include:
Ballarat and Clarendon College in Ballarat, Victoria (Clarendon Presbyterian Ladies' College)
Kinross Wolaroi School in Orange, New South Wales (The Presbyterian Ladies' College, Orange)
Penleigh and Essendon Grammar School in Essendon, Moonee Ponds and Keilor East, Victoria (Penleigh Presbyterian Ladies' College)
The Scots PGC College in Warwick, Queensland (The Presbyterian Girls' College)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian%20Ladies%27%20College
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Lawrence Kendall Hall (June 30, 1940 – September 24, 1997) was an American singer mostly known for his one-hit wonder song called "Sandy" in 1959. The disc reached number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.
Background
Hall was born in Hamlet, Ohio, a suburb of Cincinnati, Ohio, to Woodrow Burney Hall and Toto Sophia Sizemore Hall. He attended Rancho Alamitos High School in Garden Grove, California in the late 1950s. He appeared on American Bandstand in late 1959 and was seen with a variety of female singers. He married Sharon Lee Hattensty in 1961 and they moved to Pedee, Oregon in 1967. Before they divorced, they had three children: Jennifer (Ginger) Dawn Murphy Haber, born Saturday, July 28, 1962; Toto LaVerne Simons, born Sunday, November 3, 1963; and Larry Damon Hall, born Wednesday, July 14, 1965. He became involved with Barbara Gambetti after his divorce; he and Barbara had a son, Jesse Gambetti, born in 1977. He and his family lived in Pedee; he was a gentleman farmer of a ranch called the Circle H Ranch for the remainder of his life. He also sang for the rest of his life, joined by his brother Gene at various night clubs in the Willamette Valley and on the Oregon coast, and he was often noted in the Magpie, a local musical news tabloid published in Salem, Oregon. Hall continued to sing and play guitar until his death from cancer on September 24, 1997. He died in Oregon at the age of 57.
Career
Hall had a few releases on the Strand label. At a stage in his career, Hall was managed by Steve Brodie who also managed The Hot Toddys who were a labelmate. By early 1960, Hall had a single "A Girl Like You" b/w "Rosemary" out on Strand. It was a Spotlight Winner of the Week, although it failed to reach the charts. Another singer, Brian Hyland also had a version of "Rosemary" out which Billboard said could offer some serious competition. Hall's album on the Strand label contains both sides of his first four single releases.
Singles
Ever Green Records
"Sandy" / "Lovin Tree" (May 1959)
Hot Records
"Sandy" / "Lovin' Tree" (June 1959)
Strand Records
"Sandy" / "Lovin' Tree" (October 1959)
"A Girl Like You" / "Rosemary" (1960)
"For Every Boy" / "I'll Stay Single" (1960)
"The Girl I Left Behind" / "Kool Love" (1961)
"Lips of Wine" / "Rebel Heart" (1961)
"Ladder Of Love" / "The One You Left Behind" (1961)
Albums
Sandy And Other Larry Hall Hits, Strand SL 1005 (1960)
References
1940 births
1997 deaths
Singers from Cincinnati
20th-century American singers
20th-century American male singers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20Hall
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Krakus, Krak or Grakch was a legendary Polish prince, ruler of the Vistulans (a Lechitic tribe), and the presumed founder of Kraków. Krakus is also credited with building Wawel Castle and slaying the Wawel Dragon by feeding it a dead sheep full of sulfur. The latter is how Krak the cobbler became Krakus the prince, and later king. The first recorded mention of Krakus, then spelled Grakch, is in the Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae from 1190.
Historian J. Banaszkiewicz attributes Krak's name to a pre-Slavic word "krakula", meaning 'judge's staff' or 'scepter', which also signified judicial authority among the pagan Balts. Historians Cetwiński and Derwich suggest a different etymology, which seems more probable to some, with Krak, meaning simply an oak, a sacred tree, most often associated with the concept of genealogy. Moreover, the name of the city of Kraków is believed to be derived from the word , which translates to 'crow' or 'raven'.
Krakus Mound, which exists to this day, was previously believed to contain Krakus' remains. It has been the subject of thorough archeological research from 1934–38, however, no grave has ever been found in it. The mound has a diameter of over 50 meters. According to research, it was erected between the 8th and 10th centuries as a central element of an ancient grave site, which does not exist today.
The Krak and Princess Wanda legend appeared in the early Polish history written by Wincenty Kadłubek (); a similar legend, that of Krok and Libussa, appeared in the early Czech history by Cosmas of Prague.
See also
Princess Wanda, Krak's daughter
Krakus II, Krak's son
Lech II, Krak's son
References
Krak or Krakus? at historycy.org (Polish)
'Krakus and the Dragon'. A puppet re-telling by the pupils of St. Mary's Primary, Gorleston
Nobility from Kraków
History of Kraków
Legendary Polish monarchs
Polish princes
Mythological city founders
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakus
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Epoch of Unlight is a melodic death metal band from Memphis, Tennessee. The band formed in 1990, playing under a variety of different names including Enraptured and Requiem until 1994, when they officially settled on Epoch of Unlight.
Biography
In 1994 they released their first demo as Epoch, a four song cassette entitled 'Beyond the Pale.' In 1995 they recorded their second demo, Within The Night… as a 4-song MCD, and in May 1997 they returned to the studio to record three new tracks which became a promo CD entitled Black & Crimson Glory. The band succeeded in capturing the attention of several labels, and in the winter of 1998 Epoch of Unlight signed with The End Records. Shortly thereafter the band entered the studio to record their debut full-length album entitled What Will Be Has Been. The album was described as a mix of melodic death/black metal. The band supported the release with numerous live shows including a five-week national tour with Norwegian symphonic black metalers, Dimmu Borgir and Samael. The tour consisted of over 30 shows throughout the USA.
The band's second album, Caught in the Unlight!, was recorded in December 2000 with Keith Falgout (Soilent Green, Crisis, Crowbar and Cephalic Carnage, among others). This album placed less emphasis on the black metal aspects that had been present in their prior work, opting for a more melodic and technical death metal sound.
The band supported Caught in the Unlight! with numerous live shows through the country including a two-week national tour with Enslaved and an appearance at the first annual Northern Lights Festival in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
In 2003 Epoch of Unlight recorded a cover of Kreator's 'Betrayer' and At the Gates' ‘Raped by the Light of Christ’ for a split 7-inch single with Goatwhore through Bloated Goat Records.
The band entered Big Blue Meenie studio in New Jersey October 27, 2004, to record their third release for The End Records, entitled The Continuum Hypothesis. The album was engineered and co-produced by Erin Farley (All Out War, Agnostic Front, Sick of It All, Madball, M.O.D., Overkill, among others) This album saw the debut of new singer B.J. Cook (a.k.a. Lord Hellspawn) from Arkansas' Fallen Empire.
In October 2021, Epoch of Unlight entered AB Studios (Memphis, TN) with Alan Burcham at the helm to record their fourth full-length album, and their first since 2005, At War With the Multiverse. It was mastered in July 2022 by Tony Lindgren (Fascination Street Studios) and was released in September, 2022.
Discography
Beyond the Pale - Demo, 1994
Within the Night ... - EP, 1995
Promo '96 - Demo, 1996
Black & Crimson Glory - Demo, 1997
What Will Be Has Been - Full-length, 1998
Caught in the Unlight! - Full-length, 2001
Goatwhore / Epoch of Unlight - Split 7-inch, 2003
The Continuum Hypothesis - Full-length, 2005
At War With the Multiverse - Full-length, 2022
External links
Official Site
Band Members
Epoch on The End Records
Epoch of Unlight Bandcamp
American blackened death metal musical groups
American black metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1994
American musical quintets
1994 establishments in Tennessee
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch%20of%20Unlight
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(born 21 June 1974) is a Japanese snowboarder. Born in Osaka Prefecture, her career-high has so far been a 3rd-place finish in the 2005 Nokia Snowboard FIS World Cup held in Canada.
She competed in the Women's Halfpipe in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. Fushimi qualified for the competition's final, which was held on 13 February, but only finished 12th with a score of 15.6.
References
External links last verified on 14 February 2006
2006 Olympics profile
Japanese Olympic Committee profile (Japanese)
Living people
1974 births
Sportspeople from Osaka Prefecture
Olympic snowboarders for Japan
Japanese female snowboarders
Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
21st-century Japanese women
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikako%20Fushimi
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A mammary tumor is a neoplasm originating in the mammary gland. It is a common finding in older female dogs and cats that are not spayed, but they are found in other animals as well. The mammary glands in dogs and cats are associated with their nipples and extend from the underside of the chest to the groin on both sides of the midline. There are many differences between mammary tumors in animals and breast cancer in humans, including tumor type, malignancy, and treatment options. The prevalence in dogs is about three times that of women. In dogs, mammary tumors are the second most common tumor (after skin tumors) over all and the most common tumor in female dogs with a reported incidence of 3.4%. Multiple studies have documented that spaying female dogs when young greatly decreases their risk of developing mammary neoplasia when aged. Compared with female dogs left intact, those spayed before puberty have 0.5% of the risk, those spayed after one estrous cycle have 8.0% of the risk, and dogs spayed after two estrous cycles have 26.0% of the risk of developing mammary neoplasia later in life. Overall, unspayed female dogs have a seven times greater risk of developing mammary neoplasia than do those that are spayed. While the benefit of spaying decreases with each estrous cycle, some benefit has been demonstrated in female dogs even up to 9 years of age. There is a much lower risk (about 1 percent) in male dogs and a risk in cats about half that of dogs.
In dogs
Causes
The exact causes for the development of canine mammary tumors are not fully understood. However, hormones of the estrous cycle seem to be involved. Female dogs who are not spayed or who are spayed later than the first heat cycle are more likely to develop mammary tumors. Dogs have an overall reported incidence of mammary tumors of 3.4 percent. Dogs spayed before their first heat have 0.5 percent of this risk, and dogs spayed after just one heat cycle have 8 percent of this risk. The tumors are often multiple. The average age of dogs with mammary tumors is ten to eleven years old. Obesity at one year of age and eating red meat have also been associated with an increased risk for these tumors, as has the feeding of high fat homemade diets.
There are several hypotheses on the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of canine mammary tumors but a specific genetic mutation has not been identified.
Biology
Historically, about 50 percent of mammary tumors in dogs were found to be malignant, although taking into account tumor behavior, one study has estimated true malignancy in mammary tumors to be 21 to 22 percent. Adenomas and fibroadenomas make up the benign types. Malignant mammary tumors are divided into sarcomas, carcinosarcomas, inflammatory carcinomas (usually anaplastic carcinomas), and carcinomas (including adenocarcinomas), which are the most common. Inflammatory carcinomas describe tumors that are fast growing and have bruising, edema, and pain, and can also cause disseminated intravascular coagulation. They are the most malignant type of canine mammary tumor.
Malignant tumors are also subdivided histopathologically into those showing blood vessel wall invasion and those that do not. Without blood vessel wall invasion there is a better prognosis. Dogs with noninvasive adenocarcinomas have an average survival time of two years, while dogs with invasive adenocarcinomas have an average survival time of one year. Tumor size also affects the prognosis, in that dogs with tumors greater than five centimeters have a greater chance of lymph node metastasis. Tumor type is also important. Sarcomas and carcinosarcomas carry an average survival time of nine to twelve months. Inflammatory carcinomas have a very poor prognosis, and have usually metastasized by the time of diagnosis. Metastasis for any malignant mammary tumor is usually to the regional lymph nodes and lungs.
The molecular carcinogenesis of canine mammary tumors are not completely understand. However, the increasing information on molecular pathways involved in the carcinogenesis of this canine tumor has potential to complement and refine the current diagnostic and therapeutic approach to this tumor type. Furthermore, current data show that significant similarities and differences exist between canine and human mammary tumors at the molecular level.
Diagnosis and treatment
Appearance and location of the tumor is enough to identify it as a mammary tumor. Biopsy will give type and invasiveness of the tumor. In addition, newer studies showed that certain gene expression patterns are associated with malignant behaviour of canine mammary tumors.
Surgical removal is the treatment of choice, but chest x-rays should be taken first to rule out metastasis. Removal should be with wide margins to prevent recurrence, taking the whole mammary gland if necessary. Because 40 to 50 percent of dog mammary tumors have estrogen receptors, spaying is recommended by many veterinarians. A recent study showed a better prognosis in dogs that are spayed at the time of surgery or that had been recently spayed. However, several other studies found no improvement of disease outcome when spaying was performed after the tumor had developed. Chemotherapy is rarely used.
Breeds at increased risk
Chihuahua
Poodle
Brittany Spaniel
English Setter
Pointer
Fox Terrier
Boston Terrier
Cocker Spaniel
Lhasa Apso
In cats
Mammary tumors are the third most common neoplasia in cats, following lymphoid and skin cancers. The incidence of mammary tumors in cats is reduced by 91 percent in cats spayed prior to six months of age and by 86 percent in cats spayed prior to one year, according to one study. Siamese cats and Japanese breeds seem to have increased risk, and obesity also appears to be a factor in tumor development. Malignant tumors make up 80 to 96 percent of mammary tumors in cats, almost all adenocarcinomas. Male cats may also develop mammary adenocarcinoma, albeit rarely, and the clinical course is similar to female cats. As in dogs, tumor size is an important prognostic factor, although for tumors less than three centimeters the individual size is less predictive. According to one study, cats with tumors less than three cm had an average survival time of 21 months, and cats with tumors greater than three cm had an average survival of 12 months. About 10 percent of cat mammary tumors have estrogen receptors, so spaying at the time of surgery has little effect on recurrence or survival time. Metastasis tends to be to the lungs and lymph nodes, and rarely to bone. Diagnosis and treatment is similar to the dog. There is a better prognosis with bilateral radical surgery (removing both mammary chains) than with more conservative surgery. Doxorubicin has shown some promise in treatment.
In rats
Most mammary tumors in rats are benign fibroadenomas, which are also the most common tumor in the rat. Less than 10 percent are adenocarcinomas. They occur in male and female rats. The tumors can be large and occur anywhere on the trunk. There is a good prognosis with surgery. Spayed rats have a decreased risk of developing mammary tumors.
In mice
Most mammary tumors in mice are adenocarcinomas. They can be caused by viral infection. Recurrence rates are high, and therefore there is a poor prognosis. There is frequently local tissue invasion and metastasis to the lungs. A well known tumor virus of the mouse is the mouse mammary tumor virus, which may be the most common cause of this tumor in mice.
In other animals
Ferrets: Mammary tumors are rare in ferrets. Appearance tends to be a soft, dark colored lump. Most seem to be benign and occur most frequently in neutered males. Surgery is recommended.
Guinea pigs: Mammary tumors in guinea pigs occur in males and females. Most are benign, but 30 percent are adenocarcinomas. They usually do not metastasize, but aggressive surgery is necessary to prevent recurrence.
Hamsters and gerbils: Mammary tumors tend to be benign in hamsters and malignant in gerbils.
Hedgehogs: Mammary gland adenocarcinoma is the most common tumor of the hedgehog.
References
Types of animal cancers
Cancer in dogs
Cancer in cats
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammary%20tumor
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Warren Everett Green (March 10, 1869 – April 27, 1945) was an American politician who served as the 13th governor of South Dakota. Green, a Republican from Hazel, South Dakota, served from 1931 to 1933. He was also a state senator from 1913 through 1915, and again from 1923 to 1927.
Biography
Green was born in Jackson County, Wisconsin, the oldest of eight children. His family emigrated to Dakota Territory and settled in Hamlin County in the spring of 1881. Green grew up there and went into the farming business. He served in several local offices including twelve years as president of the local school board. He married Elizabeth Jane Parliament in 1899. They had four children.
Career
Green served three terms in the state senate, South Dakota Legislature. He was elected in 1906, 1922 and 1924. He served on the South Dakota Board of Charities and Corrections from 1913 to 1920.
Green was elected governor in 1930 and took office at the beginning of the Great Depression. He inherited a massive state debt that he met with tax reform, budget reductions and the reorganization of the state's relief agencies. He reduced salaries from 10 to 20 percent and also had to deal with drought, a grasshopper plague, a crop failure and an exceptionally hard failure. He sought re-election in 1932 but was defeated by Tom Berry.
Green went back to his farm at Hazel. He was a delegate to the 1936 Republican National Convention.
Death
Green moved to Watertown, where he died on April 27, 1945. He was buried in Mount Hope Cemetery, Watertown, Codington County, South Dakota.
References
External links
National Governors Association
1869 births
1945 deaths
People from Jackson County, Wisconsin
Republican Party governors of South Dakota
Republican Party South Dakota state senators
Candidates in the 1936 United States presidential election
20th-century American politicians
People from Hamlin County, South Dakota
People from Watertown, South Dakota
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren%20Green
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Dmitry Vladimirovich Kuzmin (, born December 12, 1968), is a Russian poet, critic, and publisher.
Biography
Kuzmin was born in Moscow, son of the architect Vladimir Legoshin and the literary critic Edwarda Kuzmina; among his grandparents were the critic Boris Kuzmin and the prominent literary translator Nora Gal. In 1985-87 he was enrolled in philology at Moscow State University, but was expelled from it. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in philology from Moscow State Pedagogical University in 1993. In 2005, he got a PhD for his thesis on one-line poems. In 2014, he is visiting professor in Princeton University. Since then he lives in Latvia claiming himself a protester against Vladimir Putin's regime in Russia.
Activities
He started his literary career in 1988 by organizing a group of poets who now are known as the "Vavilon" circle of poets/writers (this is the Russian word for Babylon). He and his friends started publishing an independent book series called The Library of Young Literature. In 1993 he founded the ARGO-RISK (Russian: АРГО-РИСК), an independent poetry press. In 1996 he published the first issue of the gay almanac called RISK. In 1997, he created a resource site at Vavilon.ru, where he made available texts by, as he claims, about 180 Russian writers. Kuzmin declared that the main purpose of the site was to resist the huge wave of “commercial literature”, which began flooding the Russian market for the first time since the 1920s. In 2007, he founded LitKarta, a reference site that provides information on a number of members of the Russian literary community.
Kuzmin organised quite a number of poetry readings and festivals, "non-commercial", as he referred to them. He claims that he has published about 300 books by other writers. He won a few awards for promotion of the works by young writers, including the Andrei Bely Prize (2002). Later, he became a Committee member for this award). Since 2006 he has been editing the literary magazine called Vozdukh, "the newest undertaking of the effervescent young poet, critic and publisher" as Canadian slavist Allan Reid put it. In 2007, the assembly of the editors of leading Russian literary magazines voted against including Vozdukh in Zhurnalny Zal, an Internet library of Russian literary magazines, this decision was claimed controversial and unfair by some Russian authors. Kuzmin is also a member of the Advisory Board for St. Petersburg Review.
Kuzmin actively promotes gay culture and fights homophobia. Kuzmin's poems (including explicitly gay ones) and essays appeared in some Russian literary magazines. In 2008 he published a collection of his poems and translations. Some of his poems were translated into English (A Public Space, Habitus, Aufgabe, Fulcrum, The Brooklyn Rail, Big Bridge, Zymbol e. a.), French (Europe), Serbian (Treći Trg), Estonian (Vikerkaar), selection of Ukrainian translations was published in 2018 as a book titled Blankets Are Not Included. As Russian scholar Ilya Kukulin points out, "The subject of his poems is the nonconformist who has a critical attitude toward himself and the society he is part of, yet his perception of the world is impressionistic rather than discursive". Another scholar, Vitaly Chernetsky, traces the origins of Kuzmin's manner to Frank O'Hara's poetics.
Selected bibliography
As editor
The almanac: RISK (In Russian:1996-2000)
The haiku almanac: Triton (In Russian:2000-2004)
Very Short Texts: An Anthology of Flash Fiction (In Russian:2000)
Ulysses Released: Contemporary Russian Poets Abroad (In Russian:2004)
Nine Measurements: An Anthology of Contemporary Russian Poetry (In Russian:2004)
Contemporary Russian Poetry (In Slovenian:2010)
El armario de acero: Amores clandestinos en la Rusia actual (Contemporary Russian Gay and Lesbian authors; In Spanish:2014)
As co-editor
Amerika: Russian Writers View the United States Dalkey Archive Press, 2004.
An Anthology of Contemporary Russian Women Poets University Of Iowa Press, 2005.
As publisher
The Series: “Library of Young Russian Writers” (In Russian:1993-1998)
The Series: “Generations” (In Russian:2004–present)
The Series: “Vozdukh” (In Russian:2004–present)
The Poetry Journal Vozdukh (In Russian:2006–present)
English translations of his poems
Some of his poems have been translated into English and have appeared in the following publications:
Essay in Poetics: Journal of Neo-Formalist Circle. Newcastle, Keel University, 1994. / Tr. Robert Reid
Out of the Blue: Russia's Hidden Gay Literature. An Anthology. Edited by Kevin Moss. San Francisco: Gay Sunshine Press, 1996. / Tr. Vitaly Chernetsky
Crossing Centuries: The New Wave in Russian Poetry. Jersey City, Talisman House Publishers, 2000. / Tr. Vitaly Chernetsky
The Poetry of Men's Lives: An International Anthology. University of Georgia Press, 2004. / Tr. Vitaly Chernetsky
References
External links
Bibliography of Poetry in English translation
Poet Dmitry Kuzmin on the Anti-Gay Government Campaign in Russia // Sampsonia Way, An Online Magazine on Literature, Free Speech and Social Justice
Russian male poets
Gay poets
Russian LGBT rights activists
1968 births
Living people
Russian gay writers
Russian LGBT poets
Russian expatriates in Latvia
Russian literary historians
20th-century Russian poets
21st-century Russian poets
20th-century Russian LGBT people
21st-century Russian LGBT people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry%20Kuzmin
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"Danke Deutschland" is a song by Croatian singer Sanja Trumbić, dedicated to Germany for its role in Croatia's gaining of independence.
The lyrics, in German:
Danke Deutschland, meine Seele brennt!
Danke Deutschland, für das liebe Geschenk.
Danke Deutschland, vielen Dank,
wir sind jetzt nicht allein,
und die Hoffnung kommt in das zerstörte Heim.
Translation:
Thank you Germany, my soul is burning!
Thank you Germany, for the lovely gift.
Thank you Germany, many many thanks,
now we are alone no longer,
and hope comes into our destroyed homeland.
References
1992 songs
Croatian songs
Songs in German
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danke%20Deutschland
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Thomas Matthew Berry (April 23, 1879 – October 30, 1951) was the 14th Governor of South Dakota. Berry, a Democrat from Belvidere, South Dakota, served from 1933 to 1937. He is noted for defeating two incumbent Democratic United States senators in the state Democratic primary and then losing the seat to the Republicans in the general election.
Biography
Berry was born in Paddock, Holt County, Nebraska, and attended public school in O'Neill, Nebraska. He was married to Lorena McLain and they had four children.
Career
Berry moved to South Dakota in 1897. He homesteaded in Gregory County, moved to Todd County, and finally settled in Mellette County south of Belvidere. He built up a 30,000 acre (120 km2) ranch raising Hereford cattle and saddle horses. Berry served in the House of Representatives of the South Dakota Legislature from 1925 to 1931, and was a member of the Custer State Park Board.
Elected governor twice, in 1932 and 1934, Berry assisted in South Dakota's recovery from the Great Depression. As Governor, he acted as Federal Relief Administrator and helped secure federal aid. He called the legislature into special session to legalize 3.2 percent beer and again to enact unemployment insurance. During his tenure, state property tax was abolished, replaced by gross income tax which was replaced by a state sales tax.
Berry ran for a third term in 1936 but was defeated by Leslie Jensen. In 1938, he defeated interim United States Senator Herbert Hitchcock in the Democratic primary, but lost the general election to Chan Gurney. In 1942, Berry defeated incumbent United States Senator William J. Bulow in the Democratic primary but lost the general election to Harlan J. Bushfield. That defeat ended his political career.
From 1942 to 1947 he served as director of the Farm Credit Administration in Omaha, Nebraska. In 1962, he was inducted into Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.
Death
He retired to Rapid City, South Dakota, where he lived until his death.
References
External links
National Governors Association
1879 births
1951 deaths
Democratic Party members of the South Dakota House of Representatives
Democratic Party governors of South Dakota
People from Mellette County, South Dakota
People from Holt County, Nebraska
People from Rapid City, South Dakota
Ranchers from South Dakota
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Berry%20%28South%20Dakota%20politician%29
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The Symphony on a French Mountain Air (), Op. 25, is written in 1886 by Vincent d'Indy.
As indicated by the title, d'Indy took the principal theme from a folk song he heard at Périer overlooking the Cévennes mountains (hence the work's alternative name, Symphonie cévenole). Originally conceived as a fantaisie for piano and orchestra, the symphony is unusual in that it is scored for a prominent (but never dominant) piano part together with orchestra, and has acquired the label sinfonia concertante from some critics.
It consists of three movements and lasts just under half an hour:
Assez lent - Modérément animé
Assez modéré, mais sans lenteur
Animé
The symphony begins with an evocative melody played first by a cor anglais. The main themes of subsequent movements are based on this melody, and as the symphony progresses each subsequent variation becomes more and more like the original version.
The work was dedicated to Marie-Léontine Bordes-Pène, who was the soloist at the premiere in Paris on March 20, 1887.
Discography
1950 – Prague Radio Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Karel Šejna with Hélène Boschi, piano.
1959 – Boston Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Charles Munch with Nicole Henriot-Schweitzer, piano.
1976 – Orchestre de Paris, conducted by Serge Baudo with Aldo Ciccolini, piano.
1977 – Budapest Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Tamás Pál with Gabriella Torma, piano.
1991 - Orchestre Symphonique de Montréal, conducted by Charles Dutoit with Jean-Yves Thibaudet, piano.
1992 – Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France, conducted by Marek Janowski with Catherine Collard, piano.
References
Further reading
Deruchie, Andrew. 2013. The French Symphony at the Fin de Siècle. New York: University of Rochester Press. . Chapter 5.
External links
Program notes by Paul Serotsky
Compositions by Vincent d'Indy
Romantic symphonies
1886 compositions
Compositions for piano and orchestra
Indy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony%20on%20a%20French%20Mountain%20Air
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Leslie Jensen (September 15, 1892 – December 14, 1964) was an American businessman and politician who served as the 15th Governor of South Dakota.
Early life and military career
Leslie Jensen was born in Hot Springs, South Dakota. In 1916 and 1917, he was a Second Lieutenant in the South Dakota National Guard 4th Infantry Regiment during the 1916 Mexican border expedition. From 1917 to 1919 he was a Captain in the 147th Artillery Regiment with the American Expeditionary Forces. He received an LL.B. degree from the University of South Dakota School of Law in 1921. He married Elizabeth Ward and they had three children.
Career
From 1922 until 1934 Jensen was a collector for the Internal Revenue Service. He became president and general manager of the People's Telephone and Telegraph Company.
In 1936, Jensen, a Republican, defeated incumbent Governor Tom Berry as South Dakota Governor. He served from 1937 until 1939. During Jensen's single term as governor, the legislature created a state department to implement the new federal Social Security Act. In addition, despite the financial demands of the relief effort, the Jensen administration was able to balance South Dakota's general fund and eliminate a twenty-year-old overdraft as well as to reduce the state's bonded indebtedness and provide for refunding of rural credit bonds at lower rates of interest. In 1938, the South Dakota Division of the Motor Patrol was formed under Governor Jensen. Harlan J. Bushfield, former Republican state chairman, succeeded Leslie Jensen as governor.
In 1938, Jensen opted to run for a seat in the U.S. Senate, rather than seek reelection to the governorship. However, he was narrowly defeated by businessman Chan Gurney in the Republican primary.
In 1940 Jensen was called to active military duty for World War II, serving in the Pacific Theater as a Colonel commanding the 147th Artillery Regiment, later serving on the staff of the Sixth United States Army. He returned to Hot Springs after the war, remaining active until his death.
Death
Jensen died in an automobile accident in Rapid City and is buried in Evergreen Cemetery, Hot Springs, Fall River County, South Dakota, US.
The Leslie Jensen Scenic Highway, part of US Route 18, was named in his honor. In 1987, the Governor Leslie Jensen House, his family residence was registered in the National Register of Historic Places listings in Fall River County, South Dakota.
References
External links
Governor Leslie Jensen Portrait
National Governors Association
1892 births
1964 deaths
Republican Party governors of South Dakota
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army personnel of World War II
People from Hot Springs, South Dakota
University of South Dakota alumni
American people of Danish descent
20th-century American politicians
South Dakota National Guard personnel
United States Army colonels
Road incident deaths in South Dakota
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie%20Jensen
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A jugular foramen is one of the two (left and right) large foramina (openings) in the base of the skull, located behind the carotid canal. It is formed by the temporal bone and the occipital bone. It allows many structures to pass, including the inferior petrosal sinus, three cranial nerves, the sigmoid sinus, and meningeal arteries.
Structure
The jugular foramen is formed in front by the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and behind by the occipital bone. It is generally slightly larger on the right side than on the left side.
Contents
The jugular foramen may be subdivided into three compartments, each with their own contents.
The anterior compartment transmits the inferior petrosal sinus.
The intermediate compartment transmits the glossopharyngeal nerve, the vagus nerve, and the accessory nerve.
The posterior compartment transmits the sigmoid sinus (becoming the internal jugular vein), and some meningeal branches from the occipital artery and ascending pharyngeal artery.
An alternative imaging based subclassification exists, delineated by the jugular spine which is a bony ridge partially separating the jugular foramen into two parts:
The smaller, anteromedial, "pars nervosa" compartment contains CN IX, (tympanic nerve, a branch of CN IX), and receives the venous return from inferior petrosal sinus.
The larger, posterolateral, "pars vascularis" compartment contains CN X, CN XI, Arnold's nerve (or the auricular branch of CN X involved in the Arnold's reflex, where external auditory meatus stimulation causes cough), jugular bulb, and posterior meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery.
Clinical significance
Obstruction of the jugular foramen can result in jugular foramen syndrome.
Additional images
See also
Occipitomastoid suture
References
External links
(, )
UCSD
Foramina of the skull
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugular%20foramen
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The Plot is a Patience game which is played with two decks of playing cards.
Rules
First, thirteen cards are dealt, squared up, and turned face up. This pile makes up the reserve. Then a card is placed as the first foundation. Then, below the reserve, twelve cards are dealt in three rows of four cards each.
As they become available, the seven other cards of the samerank as the first foundation card are placed in the foundations as well, and all are built up regardless of suit until each contains thirteen cards. For example, if the card dealt after the reserve is formed is a seven, the other sevens should start the other foundations. But the other foundations cards are subject on this restriction: The first foundation must be built up first until it has thirteen cards. When the first foundation is finished, the other seven foundations can be started and built at the same time.
The top card of the reserve is available for play only on the foundations. The top cards of the tableau piles (initially containing one card) are available for play both on the foundations and on other tableau piles. The tableau cards are built down regardless of suit, and only one card can be moved at a time. Building in this case is round-the-corner, i.e. an ace is ranked between a king and a two.
Spaces in the tableau are filled using only cards from the wastepile or the stock (never from the tableau), but not immediately; the player can leave a space as long as one likes. During the restriction, while the first foundation is still being built, only a card that is of the same rank as the first card of the first foundation can be placed in a space in the tableau. Foundation cards in the tableau cannot be built on other cards or built upon, they can only fill spaces. Once the first foundation is finished (i.e. contains thirteen cards), any card from the wastepile or the stock can be placed on a space.
The stock can be dealt one at a time and unplayable cards can be placed on the wastepile, the top card of which is available for play. There is no redeal.
The game is blocked if it cannot be completed after the stock runs out. The patience is out when all cards are built in the foundations.
Strategy
Because of the restriction, the player is advised to build on the first foundation as fast as possible so when that is done, the player can proceed in the building the other foundations.
Also, the use of the reserve is suggested in every opportunity, and the use of spaces must be maximized, since they may not filled immediately.
See also
List of patiences and card solitaires
Glossary of patience and card solitaire terms
References
Reserved packers
Double-deck patience card games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Plot
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Harlan John Bushfield (August 6, 1882September 27, 1948) was an American politician from South Dakota. He served as the 16th governor of South Dakota and as a United States senator.
A native of Iowa, Bushfield was raised in Miller, South Dakota. He attended Dakota Wesleyan University, graduated from the University of Minnesota Law School, and became an attorney in Miller. A Republican, he served as State's Attorney of Hand County (1906–1910), and as Miller's city attorney. After unsuccessful campaigns for South Dakota Attorney General (1913, 1918), and the state Supreme Court (1930), Bushfield became chairman of the South Dakota Republican Party in 1935. He served until 1938, when he received the party's nomination for governor. Bushfield won the governorship in 1938, and was reelected in 1940. A fiscal conservative, his term as governor was concentrated on responding to the lingering effects of the Great Depression, which included reductions in the number of state employees and the state budget, as well as elimination or reduction of several state taxes.
In 1942, Bushfield won election to the United States Senate. As a senator, he supported U.S. participation in World War II and federal spending on programs of concern to South Dakota, including relief for farmers still recovering from the Depression. He also took isolationist positions on other issues, including creation of the United Nations and reciprocal trade agreements between the United States and other countries. Bushfield suffered a stroke in 1947, and decided not to run for reelection in 1948.
Bushfield's health did not improve after his stroke, and he died in Miller on September 27, 1948. He was buried in Miller, and temporarily succeeded in the Senate by his wife Vera.
Early life
Bushfield was born in Atlantic, Iowa on August 6, 1882, the son of Cora E. (Pearson) Bushfield and newspaper publisher John A. Bushfield. He moved with his family to South Dakota in 1883, and attended the public schools in Miller, South Dakota. He attended Dakota Wesleyan University from 1899 to 1901, and graduated from the University of Minnesota Law School in 1904. He was admitted to the bar later that year and returned to Miller to practice.
Career
In addition to practicing law, Bushfield served as State's Attorney of Hand County from 1906 to 1910, and was also Miller's City Attorney for several years. In addition, Bushfield was a member of Miller's school board, and served on his local Selective Service board during World War I. He made unsuccessful runs for South Dakota Attorney General in 1913 and 1918.
In 1923, Bushfield was chairman of the state Republican convention. In 1930, he announced his candidacy for a seat on the South Dakota Supreme Court, but withdrew before the primary election.
In late 1934, state Republican chairman Charles S. McDonald died in a car accident, and his duties were carried out by the party's executive committee until October 1935, when Bushfield was elected chairman. He served until June 1938, giving up the post after obtaining the Republican nomination for governor in the May primary.
Governor
Bushfield was elected the 16th Governor of South Dakota in 1938, and reelected in 1940. He has been called "one of the state's most conservative governors ever." As governor, Bushfield coped with the state financial crisis caused by the Great Depression with reductions to state employees and the state budget, as well as reductions to the state income tax and elimination of the state property tax.
U.S. Senator
In 1942, Bushfield was the successful Republican nominee for a seat in the United States Senate, and he served from January 1943 until his death. Though he supported US involvement in World War II and relief for farmers still coping with the aftereffects of the Great Depression, he also advocated for several isolationist positions, including opposition to both reciprocal trade agreements and the founding of the United Nations.
Death and burial
Bushfield suffered a stroke in 1947 and decided not to run for another term in 1948. Bushfield died from a cerebral hemorrhage in Miller on September 27, 1948, and was buried at the GAR Cemetery in Miller. In October, the governor appointed Bushfield's wife Vera to temporarily fill the Senate vacancy caused by his death. In November, Karl E. Mundt won the election for the term that started in January 1949. In December, Vera Bushfield resigned, enabling the governor to appoint Mundt to complete the final days of Harlan Bushfield's term. This appointment gave Mundt seniority over other senators elected in 1948, whose terms also started in January 1949.
Family
In 1912, Bushfield married Vera Callahan. They were the parents of three children—Mary, John and Harlan Jr.
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)
References
External links
Harlan John Bushfield at National Governors Association
1882 births
1948 deaths
People from Atlantic, Iowa
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
Republican Party United States senators from South Dakota
Candidates in the 1940 United States presidential election
Republican Party governors of South Dakota
District attorneys in South Dakota
People from Miller, South Dakota
20th-century American politicians
South Dakota lawyers
Dakota Wesleyan University alumni
University of Minnesota Law School alumni
20th-century American lawyers
Old Right (United States)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan%20J.%20Bushfield
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The Café Wars took place during the Algerian War, as a part of the internal fighting in France between two rival Algerian nationalist movements, the Mouvement National Algérien and the Front de Libération National (which later became the ruling political party in independent Algeria).
The Café Wars are so called because part of the fighting took the form of bomb attacks and assassinations in cafés, directed at supporters of the other party, as they struggled for control and influence over the large Algerian expatriate community and its organizations. Since both organizations operated underground, and were wanted by the French government, the line between a military and a civilian target was hard to draw, and often wilfully disregarded by the combatants. Groups from both the MNA and the FLN resorted to gangland-style killings, intimidation and the murder of civilians to pursue their political goals and secure finances and influence. This led to the Café Wars being portrayed in France as acts of random terrorism, and conflated with attacks on French settlers in Algeria.
According to some estimates the Café Wars cost an estimated 5,000 lives. The official French figures are 3,975 dead and a total of 10,223 victims (dead or wounded).
The Café Wars did not end before Algeria was granted independence in 1962, by the government of Charles de Gaulle. The FLN had by then routed the MNA's guerrilla units in Algeria, and for all practical purposes destroyed its organization in France.
See also
Zohra Drif
References
External links
War in the 18th Arrondissement - article by Francis Fytton in the London Magazine, December 1961.
Algerian War
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9%20Wars
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The Banu Nadir (, ) were a Jewish Arab tribe that lived in northern Arabia at the oasis of Medina until the 7th century. They were expelled by the Islamic prophet Muhammad after his defeat at Uhud against the Quraysh, who finally took decisive action against his constant marauding attacks on their trade caravans and to revenge themselves for Badr.
Feeling that his defeat was enough to deter him, the people of Quraysh did not finish Muhammad off after the battle, who then fled to Medina. There, Muhammad found that some of the Jews, who had not taken part in the battle, were not concealing their pleasure at his tragedy. Feeling the need to set an example, Muhammad targeted the Banu Nadir, which he and his troops then besieged for several weeks. The tribe surrendered and was expelled, with their property becoming booty for the Muslims. Islamic tradition accuses the tribe of various crimes, but what exactly they were guilty of is difficult to ascertain. The Quran says simply that they defied Allah and Muhammad.
The tribe then planned the Battle of the Trench together with the Quraysh. They later participated in the battle of Khaybar.
Lineage
According to the Arab historian al-Sam'ani, the members of the Banu Nadir tribe are the descendants of al-Nadir, a Jewish man who migrated from Judea to Arabia. probably the name al-Nadir is derived from the Hebraic name Ha-Nazir.
According to the Arab historian (Ibn Hazm), they are the direct patrilineal descendants of the biblical Aaron.
Early history
In early Medina, in addition to the Banu Nadir, there were two other major Arab tribes: the Banu Aws and the Khazraj. They were previously joined by two Jewish Arab tribes, the Banu Qurayza and the Banu Qaynuqa.
Like other Jews of Medina, the Banu Nadir bore Arabic names, but they spoke a distinctly Jewish dialect of Arabic. They earned their living through agriculture, usury, and trade in weapons and jewels, maintaining commercial relations with Arab merchants of Mecca. Their fortresses were located half a day's march to the south of Medina. Banu Nadir were wealthy and lived in some of the best lands in Medina.
Tribal warfare
When the two Arabian tribes of Aws and Khazraj went to war against each other in the Battle of Bu'ath in 617, the three Jewish tribes backed both sides and sold weapons to both of them for profit. The Banu Nadir, led by Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf and Huyayy ibn Akhtab, and the Banu Qurayza fought with the Aws, while the Banu Qaynuqa were allied itself with the tribe of Khazraj. The latter were defeated after a long and arduous battle.
Arrival of Muhammad
Muhammad emigrated to Yathrib in September 622, he arrived with a group of his followers, who were given shelter by the members of the indigenous community who were known as the Ansar. Amongst his first actions were the construction of the first mosque in Medina and the acquisition of a residence with Abu Ayyub al-Ansari. Then he made a pact, known as the Constitution of Medina, between the Muslims, the Ansar, and the various Jewish tribes of Medina to regulate the matters of governance of the city, as well as the extent and nature of inter-community relations. The conditions of the pact included boycotting Quraysh, abstinence from "extending any support to them", assistance of one another if attacked by a third party, as well as "defending Medina, in case of a foreign attack".
Reaction to the expulsion of the Banu Qaynuqa
After the incidence between Muhammad and the Bani Qaynuqa, the tribe was besieged by Muhammad and expelled from Medina. The Banu Nadir did not get involved, viewing the conflict as another example of Jewish tribal struggle. The conflict led to a ruling by someone that such future action by any of the other parties under the Constitution of Medina would constitute a voiding of their benefits under the system.
Assassination of Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf
After the Battle of Badr, one of the Banu Nadir's chiefs Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf, went to the Quraish in order to lament the loss at Badr and to incite them to take up arms to regain lost honor, noting the statement of Muhammad: "He (Ka'b) has openly assumed enmity to us and speaks evil of us and he has gone over to the polytheists (who were at war with Muslims) and has made them gather against us for fighting". This was in contravention of the Constitution of Medina, of which the tribe led by Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf was a signatory, which prohibited them from "extending any support" to the tribes of Mecca, namely Quraish. Some sources suggest that during his visit to Mecca, Ka'b concluded a treaty with Abu Sufyan, stipulating cooperation between the Quraysh and Jews against Muhammad.
Other historians cite that Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf, who was also a gifted poet, wrote a poetic eulogy commemorating the slain Quraish notables; later, he also wrote erotic poetry about Muslim women, which the Muslims found offensive. This poetry influenced so many that this too was considered directly against the Constitution of Medina which states, loyalty gives protection against treachery and this document will not (be employed to) protect one who is unjust or commits a crime Muhammad called upon his followers to kill Ka'b. Muhammad ibn Maslama offered his services, collecting four others. By pretending to have turned against Muhammad, Muhammad ibn Maslama and the others enticed Ka'b out of his fortress on a moonlit night, and killed him in spite of his vigorous resistance. Some attribute this action to norms of the Arab society that demand retaliation for a slight to a group's honor. The Jews were terrified at his assassination, and as the historian ibn Ishaq put it, "there was not a Jew who did not fear for his life". However, there did not seem to be any feeling of remorse or guilt from the Jews for having broken the treaty or acting in a treacherous manner - except perhaps for one person.
Expulsion from Medina
After defeat by the Quraish at the Mount Uhud in March, 625, the Banu Nadir challenged Muhammad as the leader of Medina.
In July of the same year, two men were killed by a Muslim named ʿAmr ibn Umayya al-Ḍamrī. Because he and the Banū al-Naḍīr were both obliged by virtue of an agreement with the Banū ʿĀmir to pay the blood money, he visited the Naḍīr in order to negotiate their relative contributions to the blood money. Initially most of the Nadir, except Huyayy ibn Akhtab, were inclined to accept Muhammad's request. However, Ibn Ubayy communicated to ibn Akhtab of his intent, along with allied nomads, to attack Muhammad. The Nadir, then postponed the contribution until later that day.
Muhammad left the locality immediately accusing the Banu Nadir of plotting to assassinate him, saying to have learned this either through revelation or Muhammad ibn Maslama.
According to other sources, the Banu Nadir invited Muhammad to their habitations for a religious debate, to which Muhammad accepted. Muhammad also accepted the condition that he bring no more than three men with him. On his way he was notified by a Banu Nadir convert to Islam of an assassination attempt at the debate.
Muhammad besieged the Banu Nadir. He ordered them to surrender their property and leave Medina within ten days. The tribe at first decided to comply, but "certain people of Medina who were not Believers of Muhammad sent a message to the Banu al-Nadir, saying, 'Hold out, and defend yourselves; we shall not surrender you to Muhammad. If you are attacked we shall fight with you and if you are sent away we shall go with you.'" Huyayy ibn Akhtab decided to put up resistance, hoping also for help from the Banu Qurayza, despite opposition within the tribe. The Nadir were forced to surrender after the siege had lasted for 14 days, when the promised help failed to materialize and when Muhammad ordered the burning and felling of their palm-trees. Under the conditions of surrender, the Banu Nadir could only take with them what they could carry on camels with the exception of weapons.
The Banu Nadir left on 600 camels, parading through Medina to the music of pipes and tambourines. Al-Waqidi described their impressive farewell: "Their women were decked out in litters wearing silk, brocade, velvet, and fine red and green silk. People lined up to gape at them." Most of Banu Nadir found refuge among the Jews of Khaybar, while others emigrated to Syria. According to Ibn Ishaq, the chiefs of Nadir who went to Khaybar were Sallam b. Abu'l-Huqayq, Kenana ibn al-Rabi and Huyayy b. Akhtab. When these chiefs arrived in Khaybar, the Jewish inhabitants of Khaybar became subject to them.
Muhammad divided their land between his companions who had emigrated with him from Mecca. Until then, the emigrants had to rely upon the Medinese sympathizers for financial assistance. Muhammad reserved a share of the seized land for himself, which also made him financially independent.
Upon expulsion of the Banu Nadir, Muhammad is said to have received a revelation of the Surah al-Hashr.
Battle of Trench: 627
A number of Jews who had formed a party against Muhammad, including Sallam b. Abu'l-Huqayq, Kenana ibn al-Rabi and Huyayy b. Akhtab, the chiefs of Nadir who had gone to Khaybar, together with two chiefs from the tribe of B. Wa'ili went to Quraysh and invited them to form a coalition against Muhammad so that they might get rid of him altogether. Then they persuaded the tribe of Ghaftan to join the battle against Muhammad. Banu Nadir promised half the date harvest of Khaybar to nomadic tribes if they would join the battle against Muslims. Abu Sufyan, the military leader of Quraysh, with the financial help of Banu Nadir had mustered a force of size 10,000 men. Muhammad was able to prepare a force of about 3000 men. He had however adopted a new form of defense, unknown in Arabia at that time: Muslims had dug a trench wherever Medina lay open to cavalry attack. The idea is credited to a Persian convert to Islam, Salman the Persian. The siege of Medina began on March 31, 627 and lasted for two weeks. Abu Sufyan's troops were unprepared for the fortifications they were confronted with, and after an ineffectual siege lasting several weeks, the coalition decided to go home. The Qur'an discusses this battle in verses Qur'an 33:9-33:27.
Battle of Khaybar: 628
In 628, Muhammad attacked Khaybar. Later, Muhammad sent a delegation under Abdullah bin Rawaha to ask another chief of the Banu Nadir, Usayr (Yusayr) ibn Zarim, to come to Medina along with other Nadir leaders to discuss the two groups' political relations. Among whom were Abdullah bin Unays, an ally of Banu Salima, a clan hostile to the Jews. When they came to him they spoke to him and treated him saying that if he would come to Muhammad he would give him an appointment and honour him. They kept on at him until he went with them with a number of Jews. Abdullah bin Unays mounted him on his beast until when he was in al-Qarqara, about six miles from Khaybar, al-Yusayr changed his mind about going with them. Abdullah perceived his intention as he was preparing to draw his sword so he rushed at him and struck him with his sword cutting off his leg. Al-Yusayr hit him with a stick of shauhat wood which he had in his hand and wounded his head. All Muhammad's emissaries fell upon the thirty Jewish companions and killed them except one man who escaped on his feet. Abdullah bin Unays is the assassin who volunteered and got permission to kill Banu Nadir's Sallam ibn Abu al-Huqayq at a previous night mission in Khaybar.
Muhammad and his followers attacked Khaybar in May/June 628 after the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah. Although the Jews put up fierce resistance, the lack of central command and preparation for an extended siege sealed the outcome of the battle in favor of the Muslims. When all but two fortresses were captured, the Jews negotiated their surrender. The terms required them to hand over one-half of the annual produce to the Muslims, while the land itself became the collective property of the Muslim state.
See also
Banu Qaynuqa
Banu Judham
Safiyya bint Huyayy
Constitution of Medina
Jihad
Itmam al-hujjah
References
External links
Muhammad and the Jews of Medina
Jewish tribes of Arabia
Arabian tribes that interacted with Muhammad
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu%20Nadir
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KREN-TV (channel 27) is a television station in Reno, Nevada, United States, affiliated with the Spanish-language Univision network. It is owned by Entravision Communications alongside low-power, Class A UniMás affiliate KRNS-CD (channel 46). The two stations share studios on Wells Avenue in Reno; KREN-TV's transmitter is located on Slide Mountain between SR 431 and I-580/US 395/US 395 ALT in unincorporated Washoe County.
History
The station was founded on March 1, 1982, and first signed on in October 1986 as a Univision affiliate owned by the Sainte Broadcasting Group, a company that was partially related to the present-day Sainte Partners II, L.P. Pappas Telecasting acquired the station at the end of 1994 and converted it to an English-language general entertainment station, taking the WB affiliation when that network launched on January 11, 1995. When Paxson Communications launched Pax TV in 1998, KREN took on a secondary affiliation with that network. In 2000, KREN lost the WB affiliation to the newly launched cable-only The WB 100+ channel known by the fictitious call letters KWBV ("WB6"). In 2002, the WB affiliation was moved back to KREN, effectively merging the two channels since KREN then took over the channel 6 position on cable. Pax TV's successor, Ion Television, would not return to Reno until 2018, when KTVN (channel 2) began carrying it on its third subchannel. The cable channel 6 position is now used by KRNS-CD.
When The WB merged with UPN to create The CW in 2006, KREN became one of the charter affiliates of that network, with most of its programming provided by The CW Plus. On May 10, 2008, 13 of Pappas' stations, including KREN-TV and KAZR-CA, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. Pappas cited "the extremely difficult business climate for television stations across the country" in papers filed with the U.S. Bankruptcy Court in Wilmington, Delaware. The company reported in court filings that it has more than $536 million in debt and $460 million in assets. Problems that led to bankruptcy included poor performance of The CW network, its now-former involvement with Azteca América, and preparations for the 2009 analog shutdown.
On September 17, 2008, bankruptcy trustee E. Roger Williams put KREN under contract to Entravision Communications for $4 million, which doubled as a minimum bid for the station as it went up for auction in late October. Since that time, there were no suitable bids for either KREN or KAZR-CA, and Entravision officially assumed ownership on April 1, 2009. On that day, Entravision moved Univision programming from KNVV-LP back to KREN's main channel while it moved The CW to what was then KAZR-CA (now KRNS-CD), thus displacing that station's former TuVision affiliation. That station had been rebroadcast on KREN's second digital subchannel for some time before the sale to Entravision was finalized (and this arrangement continues to this day under Entravision). The affiliation switch effectively returned KREN to its Spanish-language roots. Around August 2009, KREN began to rebroadcast KNVV-LP (which became a TeleFutura [now UniMás] affiliate after the main KREN channel took over the Univision affiliation) on a new third subchannel.
During Pappas' ownership, KREN's main digital signal was broadcast in 1080i HDTV with a 16:9 aspect ratio. However, when Entravision took over the primary KREN digital signal reverted to 480i SDTV with a 4:3 aspect ratio as all programs which aired on Univision at the time were still produced entirely in that format (and many such programs were produced in studios which still used analog video equipment rather than digital video equipment). However, as Univision transitioned to HD programming in 2010, KREN's signal remained in 4:3 SD until the spring of 2010 when the station's main signal was upgraded back to 1080i transmissions.
News operation
On December 27, 2006, KREN launched a one-hour newscast at 10 p.m., the first HD newscast on a CW station, as well as Reno's only primetime local newscast. The station adopted the "Videojournalist" model of news gathering whereby the reporter is also the photographer and editor. On June 1, 2007, KREN severed its ties with local ABC affiliate KOLO-TV, which originally produced a 10 p.m. newscast for KREN.
Weekend 10 p.m. shows were launched in late 2007.
In January 2008, all KREN newscasts were scaled back to 30 minutes, instead of the previous 1 hour. Weekend KAZR Spanish language newscasts were canceled, but the weekday KAZR news shows remained an hour long.
On March 11, 2008, KREN and KAZR canceled all newscasts, and dismissed the entire news staff. Pappas Telecasting cited low advertising revenue as the reason for the cancellation.
After Entravision took over in April 2009, a local Spanish-language newscast was initially expected to return to KREN. However, in October 2009, KREN began carrying the 6 p.m. and 11 p.m. newscasts of Las Vegas sister station KINC, with Reno-specific inserts produced by reporter Anya Archinga and videojournalist Enrique Chiabra.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Analog-to-digital conversion
KREN-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 27, on February 17, 2009, the original target date on which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 26. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 27.
Translators
Former translator
Until April 16, 2010, KREN-TV was rebroadcast in Susanville, California on KREN-LP, UHF channel 29. Entravision fully returned the KREN-LP license to the Federal Communications Commission in April 2011, and the KREN-LP call sign was deleted on the 27th of that month.
References
External links
Univision network affiliates
Grit (TV network) affiliates
True Crime Network affiliates
Bounce TV affiliates
Court TV affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1986
1986 establishments in Nevada
REN-TV
REN-TV
Entravision Communications stations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KREN-TV
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Clavicula may refer to:
Clavicle, a slender, S-shaped bone approximately 6 inches long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum
Mappae clavicula, a medieval Latin text containing manufacturing recipes for crafts materials, including for metals, glass, mosaics, and dyes and tints for materials
Clavicula Salomonis (disambiguation)
See also
Clavis (disambiguation)
Key (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavicula
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Biarmosuchus is an extinct genus of biarmosuchian therapsids that lived around 267 mya during the Middle Permian period. Biarmosuchus was discovered in the Perm region of Russia. The first specimen was found in channel sandstone that was deposited by flood waters originating from the young Ural Mountains.
Description
Biarmosuchus was a medium-sized predator, similar in size to a large dog, grew up to 1.5–2 m in length with a skull length 15 cm (immature) to 21 cm. It was a lightly built, probably agile animal that would have fed on smaller tetrapods. Their legs are quite long, and the animals were probably quite agile in spite of their size. A large opening for the eye and a small temple opening common in primitive stem-mammals, this lends to a weak bite but how it ate is pure speculation. The teeth contained eight small incisors on the palate, followed by a canine tooth and a further five canine teeth. So together the species contained fourteen upper teeth and twelve lower teeth of small size.
Discovery and species
Biarmosuchus tener was described by Chudinov in 1960 from the Ezhovo locality, Udmurtia, Russia. It was named for Bjarmaland, the name for the White Sea region in Old Norse literature. Biarmosuchus tener, known from two assorted skulls and post-cranial remains, including several complete skeletons. In 1999, Biarmosuchus tchudinovi, a new species, was described by Ivakhnenko from the Sokol locality, Udmurtia, Russia.
Classification
Biarmosuchus would seem to represent one of the most primitive of the Biarmosuchia, and could be taken as a good generalized model for the other, mostly later, forms. This genus is abundantly represented, but most of the specimens remain inadequately prepared and have not been used for an anatomical and functional analysis. Such details as the configuration of the palatines are unknown, as well as numerous characteristics of the postcranial skeleton. It may be that several taxa are represented, but in the present state of our knowledge, it is not possible to define them. Biarmosaurus antecessor is based on a larger (206 mm as opposed to 153 mm) skull than the holotype, representing a mature individual. This animal is similar in size to Phthinosuchus, but opinions differ as to how distinct the two forms are. The large size of the orbit (eye socket) constitutes the most notable difference. Three monospecific genera, Biarmosuchus, Eotitanosuchus, and Ivantosaurus, are known from the Ocher locality, differing dramatically in size. Ivakhnenko (1999) argues that these represent different growth stages of the same animal but it is now believed the three forms appear to be quite distinct.
See also
List of therapsids
References
Chudinov, P. K. 1965, "New Facts about the Fauna of the Upper Permian of the USSR", The Journal of Geology, 73:117-30
Olsen, E. C., 1962, Late Permian terrestrial vertebrates, USA and USSR Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 52: 1–224.
Patricia Vickers-Rich and Thomas H. Rich 1993, The Great Russian Dinosaurs, Guntar Graphics, p. 27
Kemp, TS 1982. Mammal-like Reptiles and the Origin of Mammals. Academic Press, New York, 363 pp
External links
Biarmosuchidae at Kheper
Therapsida: Biarmosuchia at Palaeos
Therapsida: Biarmosuchia: Biarmosuchidae / Eotitanosuchidae at Palaeos
Systematic Palaeontology
Biarmosuchians
Prehistoric therapsid genera
Wordian genera
Guadalupian synapsids of Europe
Permian Russia
Fossils of Russia
Fossil taxa described in 1960
Guadalupian life
Wordian life
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biarmosuchus
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Merrell Quentin Sharpe (January 11, 1888 – January 22, 1962) was an American politician from Kennebec, South Dakota. Affiliated with the Republican Party, Sharpe was the attorney general of South Dakota from 1929 through 1933, and governor of South Dakota from 1943 through 1947.
Biography
Sharpe was born in Marysville, Kansas (in Marshall County), on January 11, 1888. Educated in the public schools of Axtel, Kansas, he taught in rural schools two years before enlisting in the United States Navy, where he served for four years. He married Emily Auld and they had one child, Lorna Mae Sharpe.
Career
Sharpe worked as a newspaper reporter while he studied at a Kansas City law school. He moved to South Dakota and earned an LL.B. from the University of South Dakota School of Law in 1914. He had a private law practice in Oacoma, South Dakota, where he also farmed. Sharpe was the Lyman County State's Attorney from 1916 to 1920. During World War I he served as a corporal assigned to Camp Dodge in Iowa, and later as an officer candidate at Camp Grant (Illinois).
Sharpe served as state Attorney General from 1929 to 1933. From 1937 to 1939, he was chairman of the South Dakota code commission appointed to revise the state's statutes.
Elected in 1942, Sharpe served as 17th governor of South Dakota from 1943 to 1947. During his tenure, he devoted himself to the war effort, promoted education, encouraged tourism and conservation.
Death
Sharpe died in Kennebec and is interred at Graceland Cemetery, Oacoma, Lyman County, South Dakota US.
References
1888 births
1962 deaths
Republican Party governors of South Dakota
South Dakota Attorneys General
District attorneys in South Dakota
People from Lyman County, South Dakota
University of South Dakota School of Law alumni
20th-century American politicians
People from Marysville, Kansas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrell%20Q.%20Sharpe
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(born November 22, 1974, in Akita, Akita, Japan) is a former J-pop idol, singer-songwriter and actress. Throughout her career, she released three albums and nine singles.
Biography
Early life
Junko Kawada graduated from Meguro Nihon University Junior High and High School and the Junior College of Kagawa Nutrition University.
Idol career
During her first year in junior high school, Kawada entered an audition hosted by CBS Sony, Fuji TV, and Shueisha. In her second year of junior high school, she left her parents' home and moved to a dormitory that was run by CBS Sony to focus on her singing and dancing lessons until she made her debut at the age of 13.
Kawada finished runner-up on the 2nd Tohato All Raisin Princess Contest in 1987, losing to Hanako Asada. Two years later, she formed the idol unit with Shinobu Nakayama and Mamiko Tayama. In 1990, Rakutenshi became part of the idol group , which included Rumi Shishido and Lip's. During her career as an idol, Kawada appeared in numerous commercials and recorded anime theme songs.
Retirement and post-career
Kawada retired in 1995 at the age of 20 without any formal announcements and became an office lady for 10 years until she became a middle manager. In 2005, she returned to the entertainment scene as a member of the idol duo Lenpha, under the pseudonym . The duo lasted a year before Kawada finally announced her retirement.
In 2009, Kawada moved to the health and beauty business by opening under the name . In addition, she expanded her business in Kenya to help create jobs for underprivileged neighborhoods.
In 2013, Kawada recorded the songs "Egao" and "Aitakute" for lyricist Miju, who was fighting a rare illness.
Personal life
Kawada married MMA fighter Shungo Oyama on September 20, 2010. She stood by him at ringside until his retirement in 2014.
Discography
Studio albums
Compilation albums
Singles
References
External links
1974 births
Japanese idols
Japanese women pop singers
Living people
Musicians from Akita (city)
Singers from Akita Prefecture
20th-century Japanese women singers
20th-century Japanese singers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junko%20Kawada
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Gigantiform cementoma is a rare, autosomal dental tumor. It is benign, but without intervention it can result in severe disfigurement of the jaw. The cause of this tumor is currently unknown. This is an exceedingly rare tumor with only a handful of documented cases worldwide. The most famous case is of Novemthree Siahaan (who died on September 15, 2005), a young Indonesian boy from Batam Island who received medical care in Haulien, Taiwan through a Buddhist missionary from the Tzu Chi Foundation, which was documented on the Discovery Health Channel. Another famous case is a young Korean girl named Ayun Lee (August 26, 2003~) and her father Young-hak Lee whose case has shown that the tumor can be heritable. She is currently under treatment, which she may need to continue until her growth stops in her early 20s.
The term has been used in the past to describe florid cemento-osseous dysplasia, but it is now reserved for an autosomal dominant condition affecting the maxillae. It affects mostly Caucasian people under the age of 10. Treatment is difficult. Surgical removal of the affected bone is needed, and has to be followed by reconstruction.
References
External links
Rare cancers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigantiform%20cementoma
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