text stringlengths 3 277k | source stringlengths 31 193 |
|---|---|
Link Access Procedure for Modems (LAPM) is part of the V.42 error correction protocol for modems.
LAPM is an error control protocol defined in ITU-T recommendations V.42. Like many data link layer protocols, it is a variant of HDLC. Like the Microcom Networking Protocols that preceded it, LAPM uses cyclic redundancy checking (CRC) and retransmission of corrupted data (ARQ) to ensure data reliability.
Error control protocols such as LAPM use frames of variable lengths, each beginning with a header and ending with a frame check sequence trailer (a cyclic redundancy check). Correctly received packets are acknowledged, and unacknowledged packets are automatically retransmitted (ARQ).
The larger the payload included in each frame, the smaller the relative cost of transmitting the header and trailer bits. Usually LAPM adds only about 5 percent framing overhead. This is a noticeable improvement over the fixed 25% overhead of start and stop bits required by direct asynchronous serial communication, but obviously such large frames impose a cost in the form of communication latency.
LAPM has an optional Selective reject (SREJ) functionality which allows it to resend only the corrupted frames, providing faster recovery from an error.
The ITU-T V.42 LAPM procedure is considered more robust than the Microcom Networking Protocols (MNP) that preceded it, and has a more sophisticated and powerful data compression option in V.42bis, allowing much greater data throughput.
ITU-T V.42bis added a string compression algorithm called BTLZ (British Telecom Lempel Ziv), in which frequently occurring strings of characters are replaced by code words. The "dictionary" of strings is dynamically maintained during transmission and keeps track of changes in the data; new strings are added and old strings are deleted. As the data may not always be compressible (for example encrypted or pre-compressed data) the modem has the ability to switch between compressed and uncompressed modes of operation. Compression performance is continually monitored and, if no compression is obtained, the modem transmits the data in uncompressed form. Even while in uncompressed mode, the modem monitors the characteristics of the data and switches compression back on as soon as some benefit can be achieved.
See also
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
References
Modems
Link access protocols | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link%20Access%20Procedure%20for%20Modems |
Pershore Town Football Club (generally known simply as Pershore Town) are an English association football club based in Pershore, Worcestershire, England, and are members of the .
History
The club was established in 1988 by the merger of three clubs, Pershore United, Pershore Rec. Rovers and junior club Pershore Bullets. The new club joined the Midland Football Combination in 1989, initially in Division Two, where they were champions at the first attempt. The following season they were promoted again, this time to the Premier Division.
In the 1993–94 season, they were crowned Midland Combination Premier Division champions and also reached the final qualifying round for the FA Cup which saw them featured on the BBC before their 3–1 loss at home to Yeading.
After their title win, they were among the founder members of the newly formed Midland Football Alliance, where they spent six seasons before succumbing to relegation back to the Midland Combination Premier Division. In 1998, Pershore Town absorbed Worcester Athletico. For the 2019–20 season, the club applied to join the Hellenic Football League but were instead placed in the West Midlands (Regional) League. However, at the end of the 2020–21 season, they were transferred to Division One of the Hellenic League. The club were promoted to the Hellenic Premier Division as Champions in the 2022–23 season.
Club records
Best league performance: 1st in Hellenic Football League, 2022―23
Best FA Cup performance: 4th qualifying round, 1993–94
Best FA Vase performance: 3rd round proper, 1995–96
References
External links
Pyramid Passion feature on their ground
West Midlands (Regional) League
Midland Football Combination
Association football clubs established in 1988
Football clubs in Worcestershire
Midland Football League
Midland Football Alliance
Football clubs in England
Pershore
1988 establishments in England
Hellenic Football League | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pershore%20Town%20F.C. |
Borough of Darlington, or Darlington borough, is a unitary authority area in County Durham, Northern England. It is named after the town of Darlington and in the Tees Valley mayoral area. The area borders three local authority areas; the County Durham district is to the north and west, Stockton-on-Tees to the east and North Yorkshire to the south, the River Tees forming the border for the latter. In 2011, the borough had a population of 106,000. The council is .
History
The current borough boundaries were formed on 1 April 1974, by the creation of a new non-metropolitan district of Darlington by the Local Government Act 1972, covering the previous county borough of Darlington along with nearly all of Darlington Rural District (the Newton Aycliffe parts of which went to Sedgefield). It remained part of County Durham for administrative purposes until it was granted unitary authority status on 1 April 1997. For ceremonial purposes it remains part of County Durham, with whom it continues to share certain local services, such as Fire and Rescue and Police. It is included within the Tees Valley area for both cultural and regional government administration.
Council
It is made up of 20 council wards, sixteen within the town of Darlington itself, which are also covered by the Darlington parliamentary constituency and four rural wards of Heighington & Coniscliffe, Hurworth, Middleton St George and Sadberge & Whessoe (part of the Sedgefield parliamentary constituency.
The council operates a Leader and Cabinet model of political leadership although a group of local residents aimed to force a referendum on moving to a system with directly elected executive Mayor. Their bid was unsuccessful.
Settlements
As well as Darlington itself the borough includes the surrounding villages of:
Archdeacon Newton
Barmpton
Beaumont Hill
Bishopton
Blackwell
Brafferton
Coatham Mundeville
Denton
Great Burdon
Great Stainton
Heighington
High Coniscliffe
Houghton
Houghton Bank
Houghton-le-Side
Hurworth
Hurworth-on-Tees
Hurworth Place
Neasham
Killerby
Little Stainton
Low Dinsdale
Near airport
Middleton One Row
Middleton St George
Oak Tree
Piercebridge
Redworth
Sadberge
Summerhouse
Walworth
Walworth
Walworth Gate
It is home to Teesside International Airport (previously known as Durham Tees Valley Airport).
Economy
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Darlington at current basic prices published (pp. 240–253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.
includes hunting and forestry
includes energy and construction
includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured
Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Freedom of the Borough
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the Borough of Darlington.
Individuals
John Williams: 24 November 2011.
Alasdair MacConachie: 24 November 2011.
Military Units
The Light Infantry: 1996.
The Rifles: 17 September 2010.
References
External links
Darlington Borough Council
Darlington Tourist Information
Darlington Railway Centre & Museum
Darlington Arts Centre & Civic Theatre
Video clips
Darlington Borough Council YouTube channel
Local government in County Durham
Unitary authority districts of England
Places in the Tees Valley
Local government districts of North East England
Boroughs in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough%20of%20Darlington |
Hugh Travers Tracey was an English ethnomusicologist. He and his wife collected and archived music from Southern and Central Africa. From the 1920s through the 1970s, Tracey made over 35,000 recordings of African folk music. He popularized the mbira (a musical instrument of the Shona people) internationally under the name kalimba.
Hugh Tracy saw the importance of music within culture when he worked a tobacco farm in Southern Rhodesia. Here, he experienced music that displayed beliefs and morals, which inspired him to make his field recordings. He wanted to stop the loss of traditional music and culture from modernity and recorded all of his field recordings from rural areas that still held onto traditional culture and ideas.
Life and career
Tracey was born in Willand, Devon, in 1903. In the late 1920s Tracey was a farmer in rural Devon, when he decided to travel to Southern Rhodesia, current Zimbabwe. There he continued to work as a farmer, but became deeply interested in the local music. In 1934, he left farming to work in the South African Broadcasting Corporation. In 1947, he established the African Music Society in Roodepoort, South Africa.
Kalimba
The kalimba is most similar to the mbira nyunga nyunga, but varies substantially from the more popular mbira dzavadzimu which is a fundamentally different instrument. Tracey was interested in the mbira, the national instrument of Zimbabwe, which has been part of the music of the Shona people for hundreds of years. In his efforts to spread awareness of Africa’s vast musical heritage, he created an adaptation of the mbira known as the kalimba. The kalimba, which literally translates as "little music", was designed so that it could be learned and appreciated internationally. Today, kalimbas continue to be handcrafted in a family run workshop in Grahamstown, South Africa. They come in several different models: the treble and celeste treble (17 notes, 2+ octaves), the alto and TM alto (15 notes, 2 octaves), 11-note pentatonic kalimba, the African-tuned karimba, and an 8-note beginner's kalimba.
International Library of African Music
In 1954, Tracey founded the International Library of African Music (ILAM) and became its director. ILAM publishes the African Music Society Journal. As part of the ILAM, Tracey made over 35,000 recording of African folk music during multiple recording tours throughout Africa. Notable tours include:
1957 - Zambezi Valley (Valley Tonga tribe) recording tour
1958 - Nyasaland recording tour
1958 - Swaziland recording tour
1959 - Western Transvaal and Bechuanaland recording tour
1959 - Basutoland recording tour
Hugh's sons, Andrew and Paul, also became well known ethnomusicologists and musicians specializing in African music. Andrew took over ILAM as director following his father's death. Paul and his wife Barbara composed several songs for the Muppet Show.
Death
Tracey died on 23 October 1977 and is buried at the Saronde Valley Farm, near Krugersdorp, South Africa.
Recordings
Tracey's recording were published in 210 LPs by the International Library of African Music. Although commercially available, his Music of Africa series (also known as the Sound of Africa series) can be mostly found in University libraries. Many of his recordings were also issued by other record labels such as Decca, London and Gallo, and have been made available on CD and digitally. He also edited the Wild Life series, which encompasses animal recordings made in Africa.
Publications
See also
Music of Africa
Chemirocha – Tracey's field recordings in Kenya
Notes
References
External links
African Musical Instruments
ILAM International Library of African Music
Review of Tracey's work in ethnomusicology
Kalimba Magic's interview with Andrew Tracey, which includes information about Hugh Tracey.
1903 births
1977 deaths
British ethnomusicologists
20th-century musicologists
People from Mid Devon District
British expatriates in South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Tracey |
"Stupid Girls" is a song recorded by American singer Pink from her fourth studio album I'm Not Dead (2006). It was released in February 2006 as the first single from her third studio album on LaFace Records. The song marked Pink's return to LaFace Records under Zomba Label Group via Sony BMG, after Arista Records consolidated LaFace's operations into its own in mid-2001. "Stupid Girls" was written by Pink, Billy Mann, Niklas Olovson, and Robin Mortensen Lynch. Mann and MachoPsycho both produced the track. The song introduces a more provocative, feminist, and explicit side of Pink. Lyrically, it condemns sexism and encourages intelligence in women.
A music video was filmed and premiered on MTV's Overdrive in January 2006. It features Pink in a variety of roles, both as an angel and a demon, a variety of celebrities, a random woman getting plastic surgery, a lady with a purging disorder, and others. The song was well received by critics for its sound, its lyrical content, and that it was "sexy". Due to the lyrical content, Zomba Label Group (a division of Sony BMG) was reluctant to release the song as the first single and decided to release the music video first before soliciting the track to radio markets. According to Zomba, over eight million people downloaded the video immediately after it was available online, but also "went online to download the audio from the video in order to get it on radio".
The song reached the top 10 in 15 countries, including the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, and throughout Europe. In the United States, the song peaked at number 13. The song earned Pink a nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 2007 Grammy Awards.
Composition
Set in the key of E minor, "Stupid Girls" lyrically condemns sexism and promotes intelligence in women and girls.
Commercial performance
The single entered the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart in the week of February 25 at number 24, the week's highest debut and the highest debut of Pink's career (later topped by her 2008 single, So What). In the week of March 4, it climbed to number 13, becoming Pink's eighth top-20 single in the United States and her highest peaking single since "Just Like a Pill" (2002). Its number-17 peak on the Top 40 Mainstream chart, however, did not match that of most of her previous singles. "Stupid Girls" remained on the Hot 100 for sixteen weeks, and it reached the top 20 on the Pop 100 and appeared on the Adult Top 40. It received airplay in nightclubs, peaking inside the top 20 on the Hot Dance Club Play chart. "Stupid Girls" was certified Gold by RIAA on February 13, 2008.
The single was a bigger chart hit elsewhere—it reached number two on the Canadian Singles Chart, and on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, it entered at number four and is certified gold for sales of over 35,000. It was ranked number 39 on ARIA's top 100 singles of 2006 list. It also peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Pink's highest charting single in the UK since "Feel Good Time" (2003). It reached the top 10 in most countries in Europe.
"Stupid Girls" was nominated in the category of Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 2007 Grammy Awards.
Critical reception
About.com praised the song and highlighted it: "she has rarely been as pointed in her socio-political views as in the hit "Stupid Girls" (...) "Stupid Girls" is musically a dance/hip hop gem." Allmusic praised her delivery when she's taunting and teasing this song and it was titled as one of the standouts on the album. Entertainment Weekly noted that this song has some verve. The Guardian was less positive, noting that her vocals are as superficial as the starlets she attacks. LA Times wrote that this song fuses many genres greatly and called it "hilarious feminist romp." Jon Pareles was favorable: "the pop-reggae of Stupid Girls snidely dismisses the bimbos she sees everywhere, though she apparently has studied their habits closely." PopMatters was negative:
"On "Stupid Girls", she rails against the idea that women have to choose between being smart and being sexy, as if the two are mutually exclusive. Sal Cinqeman was favorable: "As always, Pink's ragged vocals are better than she's often given credit for and there's still a rebel sensibility, at least lyrically, on the catchy lead single "Stupid Girls" ("Where, oh where, have all the smart people gone?" she begs, lambasting "porno paparazzi girls"—which would have made for a more fun title—the way she took aim at Britney two albums ago)." Rolling Stone praised the collaboration with Lilith Fair and added that she takes on 'stupid girls' with these lyrics "What happened to the dream of a girl president?/She's dancing in the video next to 50 Cent."
Feminist website Feminspire were considerably more critical, naming the song in 2014 as one of "the top ten most sexist songs that aren't rap or hip hop from the last 20 years". Author Noor Al-Sibai remarked that: "Pink shits on these women who are too stupid to break out of the chains of patriarchy by harshly judging their promiscuity and blaming them for 'giving in' to sexist tropes. Because obviously, women are to blame for their sexist objectification."
Music video
The single's video was directed by Dave Meyers and premiered on MTV's broadband channel Overdrive on January 26, 2006. Meyers and Pink shot the videos for "Stupid Girls" and "U + Ur Hand", the album's third single, in late 2005, before the decision was made as to which would become the album's lead single. Pink described the video as "sick and twisted and insane" and said of Meyers, "He has an insane imagination. I don't think everyone else is going to laugh, but just know that we all did." Pink did her own stunts for the video. According to Barry Weiss, president of Zomba Music Group, executives at Pink's label were reluctant to release the song as the album's first single until the video "hit a chord" with them. They decided to release the video before issuing the song to radio, and 8.6 million people downloaded the video when it was made available on the internet. Zomba's senior vice president of marketing Janet Kleinbaum said that radio programmers "went online to download the audio from the video in order to get it on radio".
The video shows Pink as an angel and a demon who try to influence the future of a young girl. The angel shows her a series of images demonstrating the stupidity of current trends in female celebrities, and the images feature Pink in various roles, including a dancer in a 50 Cent video, a girl attempting to attract the attention of an instructor at the gym but her tracksuit pants get caught in the treadmill, causing them to be ripped off and exposing her bright pink panties, a girl who uses her emergency inflatable breasts at a bowling alley, a girl at a tanning salon, a girl with purging disorder who considers calories "so not sexy", an old woman in a pink tracksuit who looks as if she is trying too hard to look young, a girl getting plastic surgery, a girl making a sex tape, a girl washing her car and rubbing a facecloth and soap all over herself, and a girl who goes into what looks like a pet shop, buys an "itsy bitsy doggy" with the advertisement that it "stays younger longer", and drives her car so carelessly while putting on makeup that she runs over two people. Pink also plays characters meant to represent the opposite of "stupid girls", such as a female president and a girl winning a game of football. The video ends with the girl choosing a football (fitness), a computer (work), books (knowledge and adequate education), a pair of dance shoes (love), and a keyboard (leisure) over makeup (vanity) and a set of dolls (children) as she wants a normal life and the images are too overwhelming for her; the demon is defeated.
Some of the negatively portrayed characters in the video are parodies of young female celebrities such as Mary-Kate Olsen, who provides the basis for the Boho-chic dressing style of the girl who visits a Fred Segal clothing store. The redheaded girl who hits pedestrians with her car is a parody of Lindsay Lohan. The scene in which Pink washes a car in a bikini is a parody of similar scenes in the video for Jessica Simpson's "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'" (2005) and a 2005 Carl's Jr. television commercial featuring Paris Hilton. The girl dancing in a 50 Cent video portrayed the image of Fergie from The Black Eyed Peas. The digital video shots showing Pink in bed with a man parallel those in the Paris Hilton sex tape 1 Night in Paris. The scene where Pink portrays a blonde coming into a bathroom throwing up food in order to be skinny (portraying anorexia and bulimia) is reported to be portraying Nicole Richie and Hilary Duff's eating disorders. Towards the end of the video, an older woman with leathery skin appears next to a hot pink Honda S2000, which is exactly the same car driven by Devon Aoki in the film 2 Fast 2 Furious.
The video debuted on the U.S. MTV Total Request Live countdown on January 31 and peaked at number six; it remained on the countdown for fourteen days, until February 23. The video was retired on the Poland version of MTV's Total Request Live, and it won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Pop Video in August 2006 (see 2006 MTV Video Music Awards). When she was receiving the award, Pink parodied Paris Hilton by talking in a higher pitched voice and acting overly excited. Nicole Richie co-presented the award.
In 2023, Paris Hilton wrote in her memoir that she felt judged by being parodied in the music video but called Pink a "brilliant" singer.
Live performances
Pink has performed "Stupid Girls" on her I'm Not Dead Tour and her Funhouse Tour.
Track listings
UK CD1
"Stupid Girls" – 3:16
"Heartbreaker" – 3:08
UK CD2
"Stupid Girls – 3:16
"Stupid Girls" (D-Bop's 3am at Crash Mix) – 6:51
"Stupid Girls" (Junior Vasquez & Dynamix Club Remix) – 8:59
"Stupid Girls" (Noize Trip Remix) – 3:13
"Stupid Girls" (video) – 3:25
UK 12-inch
"Stupid Girls" (Junior Vasquez & Dynamix Club Remix) – 8:59
"Stupid Girls" (Noize Trip Remix) – 3:13
"Stupid Girls" (D-Bop's 3am at Crash Mix) – 6:51
"Stupid Girls" (Kardinal Beatz Remix) – 3:23
"Stupid Girls" (Eddie Baez Big Room Anthem Radio Mix) – 3:18
Remixes
"Stupid Girls" (Hani Stupid Radio Edit) - 3:28
"Stupid Girls" (D-Bop's 3am at Crash Radio Edit) – 4:11
"Stupid Girls" (Junior Vasquez & Dynamix Radio Edit) – 4:02
"Stupid Girls" (Eddie Baez Big Room Anthem Radio Edit) – 3:18
"Stupid Girls" (Kardinal Beatz Remix) – 3:35
"Stupid Girls" (Noize Trip Remix) – 3:13
"Stupid Girls" (Hani Stupid Club Mix) – 8:26
"Stupid Girls" (D-Bop's 3am at Crash Club Mix) – 6:51
"Stupid Girls" (Junior Vasquez & Dynamix Club Mix) – 9:00
"Stupid Girls" (Eddie Baez Big Room Anthem Club Mix) – 7:37
"Stupid Girls" (Soul Seekerz Club Mix) – 6:04
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
References
External links
Chicago Sun-Times article
The Guardian article
The Independent article
PopMatters article
"Pop Singer Makes Slaving for Beauty Look Ugly" Women's eNews, May 2006
The Oprah Winfrey Show episode summary
MTV interview
2006 singles
American hip hop songs
American reggae songs
Body image in popular culture
Parodies of films
Parodies of television shows
Cultural depictions of actors
Cultural depictions of Paris Hilton
Cultural depictions of pop musicians
Cultural depictions of socialites
Dance-pop songs
LaFace Records singles
Music videos directed by Dave Meyers (director)
Number-one singles in Finland
Pink (singer) songs
Song recordings produced by MachoPsycho
Songs with feminist themes
Songs written by Billy Mann
Sony BMG singles
2006 songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupid%20Girls |
The Ledberg stone, designated as Ög 181 under Rundata, is an image-stone and runestone located in Östergötland, Sweden.
Description
The Ledberg stone is a partially surviving runestone, similar to Thorwald's Cross. It features a figure with his foot at the mouth of a four-legged beast, below which lies a legless, helmeted man, with his arms in a prostrate position. This is thought to be a depiction of Odin being devoured by the wolf Fenrir at Ragnarök, the final battle in Norse mythology, in which several gods meet their death. The battle and death of Odin are described in the poem Völuspá from the Poetic Edda.
Some scholars, however, believe that the images of the Ledberg stone depict the final story of either Þorgautr or Gunna, who are memorialized in the runic inscription. If the images are followed in the same order as the runes are written, they seem to create a chronological account. The first image is of a ship; this depicts a journey abroad. Next, there is a figure walking to the left, carrying what is most likely a shield, in preparation for departure. In the third image, the figure is carrying weapons and a shield to the right, probably marching to battle. At the top of the second side of the stone, the figure's foot is being bitten by a wolf and finally, we see the figure legless with arms sprawled, likely lying dead on the battlefield. Wolves were often used in Viking art and poetry to signify combat, so it is thought to be unlikely that the figure fell in battle due to wounds caused by a wolf.
The warrior figures have shields, one carries a spear, and all have moustaches and beards, except for the Odin figure. The helmets are conical and similar in shape to those shown on the Bayeux Tapestry.
Inscription
The runic inscription of the Ledberg stone is carved in the Younger futhark, and is dated to the 11th century. It reads:
§A ᛒᛁᛋᛁ ᛬ ᛋᛅᛏᛁ ᛬ ᛋᛏᛁ ᛬ ᚦᛁᛋᛁ ᛬ ᛁᚠᛏᛁᛦ ᛬ ᚦᚢᚱᚴᚢᛏ ᛬ ᚢ----ᚦᛁ ᛬ ᚠᛅᚦᚢᚱ
(b)isi · sati : sti[n] : þisi : iftiʀ : þurkut : u----þi : faþur
§B ᛬ ᛋᛁᚾ ᛬ ᚢᚴ ᛬ ᚦᚢ ᛬ ᚴᚢᚾᛅ ᛬ ᛒᛅᚦᛁ ᛬
: sin : uk : þu : kuna : baþi :
Translated into English:
§A Bisi placed this stone in memory of Þorgautr … his father. §B And Gunna, both.
Charm
The final part of the B-side contains a rhyming charm or spell (galdr), which reads:
ᚦᛘᚴ ᛬ ᛁᛁᛁ ᛬ ᛋᛋᛋ ᛬ ᛏᛏᛏ ᛬ ᛁᛁᛁ ᛬ ᛚᛚᛚ ᛬
þmk : iii : sss : ttt : iii : lll :
which is to be read (in normalized Old Icelandic spelling):
þistill, mistill, kistill
The three words mean thistle, mistletoe and casket respectively. This type of charm is found on a few other inscriptions, among them the runic inscription on the Gørlev runestone, DR 239, from Sjælland, Denmark. It has been noted that Pliny the Elder recorded that the Celts gathered mistletoe as a cure for infertility, and that singing a charm over herbs increased their power, which may have led to the þistill mistill kistill combination.
Of the personal names in the inscription, Þorgautr contains as a name element the Norse god Thor.
See also
Runic magic
References
Picture stones
Runestones in Östergötland
11th-century inscriptions
Odin in art | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledberg%20stone |
Arthur Morris Jones (1889–1980), was a missionary and musicologist who worked in Zambia during the early 20th century. He was stationed at St Mark's School in Mapanza, a community in the Southern Province of present-day Zambia (called Rhodesia at the time). He is best known for his ethnomusicological work, particularly his two-volume Studies in African Music. He made an important contribution to the literature with his work in African rhythmic structure.
In 1934 he introduced the technical term cross-rhythm: Formulae of movement, phrases or motifs are combined in that way, that their starting place, main accents and, or beat reference points "cross", that is, that they do not coincide.
He is also remembered for his controversial theories on scales and the music of the xylophone, which he claimed migrated from Southeast Asia to Africa. One hundred of Jones' acetate field recordings are part of the British Library Sound Archive (number C424).
Bibliography
Jones, A.M. Africa and Indonesia: The Evidence of the Xylophone and Other Musical and Cultural Factors. Leiden: Brill, 1964.
Jones, A.M. "African Hymnody in Christian Worship." Gwelo: Mambo Press, 1976.
Jones, A.M. African Music. Rhodes-Livingstone Museum Occasional Papers; No. 2. Livingstone, Northern Rhodesia: Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, 1943.
Jones, A.M. African Rhythm. London: International African Institute, 1954.
Jones, A.M. Studies in African Music. 2 vols. London: New York, 1978.
Jones, A.M., and L. Kombe. The Icila Dance, Old Style. A Study in African Music and Dance of the Lala Tribe of Northern Rhodesia. Roodepoort, South Africa: Published by Longmans, Green and Co. for African Music Society, 1952.
References
External links
British Library Sound Archive catalogue
Listen to Arthur Morris Jones recordings
1889 births
1980 deaths
Protestant missionaries in Zambia
British ethnomusicologists
People associated with the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute
English Protestant missionaries
20th-century British musicologists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Morris%20Jones |
The Boeing Model 15 was a United States single-seat open-cockpit biplane fighter aircraft of the 1920s, manufactured by the Boeing company. The Model 15 saw service with the United States Army Air Service (as the PW-9 series) and with the United States Navy as a carrier-based fighter (as the FB series).
Design and development
The design of the Model 15 was based on studies of the Fokker D.VII, of which 142 were brought back to the U.S. for evaluation as part of the Armistice Agreement ending World War I. Many of the features were similar. The Model 15 had a fuselage of welded steel tubing braced with piano wire, while the tapered single bay wings were fabric on a wooden frame, with spruce and mahogany wing spars and three-ply wood ribs. Wing struts were changed from the normal wood used in Boeing designs to streamlined steel tubes. The landing gear had a straight axle, streamlined into a small chord wing.
The original engine was a Wright-Hispano, but when the liquid-cooled Curtiss D-12 became available the aircraft was redesigned, moving the radiator from the nose to a "tunnel" under the engine. Along with some other minor design changes to the wings, the design was finalized on January 10, 1922.
The Army expressed interest in the new design, and agreed to provide armament, powerplants, and test the aircraft, while leaving Boeing the rights to the aircraft and design. The contract was signed on April 4, 1923 and the first prototype, designated XPW-9 for "Experimental Pursuit, Water-cooled engine", flew on June 2, 1923. The XPW-9 competed with the Curtiss Model 33 for contracts for a pursuit aircraft to replace the Thomas-Morse MB-3A in the United States Army Air Service.
Ultimately, both models were accepted; the Curtiss aircraft was designated PW-8 and the Model 15 PW-9. The Air Service preferred the PW-9, which outperformed the PW-8 in all performance aspects except speed, and was built on a more rugged and easier to maintain design, ordering 113 aircraft (only 25 PW-8s were procured). A naval version was also developed, designated FB, and 44 aircraft produced.
Operational history
Deliveries of the first 25 PW-9s began on October 30, 1925. Boeing delivered a total of 114 PW-9s of all variants including prototypes to the United States Army Air Corps between 1925 and February 1931. Virtually all PW-9s served with overseas units, in Hawaii with the 5th Composite Group at Luke Field and later the 18th Pursuit Group at Wheeler Field, and in the Philippines with the 4th Composite Group at Clark Field, Luzon. PW-9s equipped the 3rd, 6th, and 19th Pursuit Squadrons between 1925 and 1931.
The FB-1, of which the Navy ordered 16 but received only ten between December 1 and 22, 1924, was not modified for naval operations (for instance, no arresting hook), and was assigned to Marine Corps squadrons VF-1M, VF-2M, and VF-3M, being deployed to China in support of the Marine Expeditionary Force. Two additional planes—designated FB-2—were altered to operate on the carrier with the addition of arresting gear and a straight-across axle for the landing gear. These went into service with VF-2 in December 1925. Generally satisfactory results led to an order for 27 FB-5s, which became the Navy's first fighters intended specifically for carrier operation. They were upgraded to Packard 2A-1500 engines, and sported a row of hooks on the bottom of the axle, used to guide the plane via cables on the deck. The FB-5 first flew October 7, 1926 and was delivered to the Navy beginning in the following January, carried on barges in Puget Sound from Boeing's factory to Langley anchored in Seattle's harbor. Hoisted aboard, their first official flights were from the carrier's deck.
Production history
Of the 158 aircraft built, 147 were standard production aircraft and the remaining were aircraft developed for specific interests.
The production runs are shown below with the PW designations for Army aircraft and the FB designations being for the Navy.
Variants
XPW-9
Three prototypes built for Air Service evaluation. First aircraft scrapped at McCook Field on February 21, 1925, second static tested in October 1928 and the third was still flying in December 1928.
PW-9
30 produced 1925-26, first production variant, D-12 engine.
PW-9A
24 produced 1926-27, D-12C engine.
PW-9B
One modified PW-9A, delivered as PW-9B in 1927.
PW-9C
40 produced 1927-28, D-12D engine.
PW-9D
16 produced 1928-34, final production variant.
XP-4
Designation of one PW-9 (ser no. 25-324) re-engined with Packard 1A-1500 engine. Boeing Model 58.
AT-3
Designation of one PW-9A (ser no. 26-374) converted to single-seat trainer with Wright-Hispano engine.
FB-1
Ten built as FB-1s from initial order of 16, remaining six modified to other sub-types (FB-2, FB-3, FB-4). Powered by a Curtiss D-12. Initial Navy delivery, shore-based only.
FB-2 (Model 53)
Two FB-1s modified for carrier operation, Packard 1A-1500 engine. Later converted to FB-1 standard.
FB-3 (Model 55)
Three built to evaluate Packard 1A-1500 engine. Like the FB-4, the FB-3 was fitted with floatplanes. Following a crash in December 1925, the remaining two were converted to conventional landing gear.
FB-4 (Model 54)
One built, experimental model with a Wright P-1 radial engine and fitted with floatplanes. Later converted to FB-6 standard.
FB-5 (Model 67)
27 built, production version. Powered by Packard 2A-1500 engine.
FB-6
FB-4 re-engined with a Pratt & Whitney R-1340-B Wasp engine.
FB-7 (Model 67A)
Development of FB-5, powered by a Pratt & Whitney R-1340-A Wasp engine, not built.
XFB-5 (Model 97)
Designation for one FB-5 (A-7101) used for development tests in 1927.
Operators
United States Army Air Corps
United States Navy
United States Marine Corps
Specifications (PW-9)
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
Lloyd S. Jones, U.S. Naval Fighters Fallbrook CA: Aero Publishers, 1977, pp. 35–38. .
Swanborough, Gordon and Bowers, Peter M. United States Navy Aircraft since 1911. London: Putnam. Second edition 1976. .
External links
Instructions for the Assembly and Maintenance of the Boeing Single Seat Pursuit and Fighter Airplanes – manual for the PW-9 and FB-1/FB-5
1920s United States fighter aircraft
015
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing%20Model%2015 |
Paul Hardin Jr. (November 7, 1903 – June 22, 1996) was a bishop in The Methodist Church in the U.S., elected in 1960.
He was Bishop of the Alabama-West Florida Annual Conference of the Methodist Church in 1963 when he joined seven other white clergymen to write the letter A Call For Unity, making a thinly veiled reference to Martin Luther King Jr.; King replied to this letter with his Letter from Birmingham Jail.
Paul was the son of Paul and Harriet (Wannamaker) Hardin. He attended Wofford College in 1920, where he studied law and then to Candler School of Theology, Emory University in 1924, where he received his divinity degree in 1927. Hardin was ordained Deacon in 1929 and Elder in 1931. He was assigned to pastorates in North Carolina and in 1949 he was appointed to Birmingham, Alabama First Methodist Church. Hardin was elected bishop on July 15, 1960, at the Southeastern Jurisdictional conference. For many years he was the resident bishop of the Columbia (South Carolina) area. From 1961 to 1964 he also had charge of the Alabama-West Florida Conference following the death of Bishop Bachman Gladstone Hodge.
Bishop Hardin was a member of the General Board of Education; of the General Board of Christian Social Concerns; and president of the Council on World Service and Finance. He was a delegate to the General Conference and Jurisdictional Conference of 1960. He was a member of the Lake Junaluska Assembly and a trustee of Emory University. Bishop Hardin was installed as president of the United Methodist Church's Council of Bishops on April 15, 1971, in San Antonio, Texas. Bishop Hardin died in 1996.
Birth and family
Paul Hardin Jr. was born November 7, 1903, in Chester, South Carolina. He was the son of Paul and Harriet Wannamaker Hardin. He married Dorothy (Dot) Elizabeth Reel, who died in 1992. She was later buried at the Garrett-Hillcrest Cemetery/Memorial Gardens. They had three children, a daughter named Betsy Reel Hardin, and two sons, Paul III and Edward.
Death
Paul Hardin Jr. died Saturday June 22, 1996, at the age of 92. His service was held on June 25, 1996, at the First Methodist Church in Waynesville, North Carolina. He was buried in Garrett-Hillcrest Memorial Gardens next to his wife Dorothy.
Honorary titles
Member of the Western North Carolina Conference for 20 years.
1949–1960—minister of the First Church in Birmingham, Alabama.
Resident bishop of South Carolina (Columbia) in the Southeastern Jurisdictional Conference for 12 years. During that time, he also served as relief bishop to the Alabama-West Florida Conference and was President of the Council of Bishops, 1971–1972.
Member of the Rotary Club of Emory University for life.
Former Vice-Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Emory University.
Accomplishments
Member of the General Board of Education
Member of the General Board of Christian Social Concerns
President of the Council on World Service and Finance
Delegate to the General Conference and Jurisdictional Conference of 1960
Member of the Lake Junaluska Assembly
Trustee of Emory University
One of the signers of the letter to Martin Luther King Jr. when King was in the Birmingham Jail
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
Notes
External links
Oral History Interview with Paul Hardin Jr. from Oral Histories of the American South
Hardin, Paul Jr.
Hardin, Paul Jr.
Hunt
Candler School of Theology alumni
Wofford College alumni
20th-century American clergy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Hardin%20Jr. |
London is a 2004 three-part BBC history documentary series about the history of London, presented by Peter Ackroyd.
Episodes
1: Fire and Destiny
(7 May 2004)
Boudicca, Great Fire of London, Blitz,
2: Crowd
(14 May 2004)
Riots, Peasants' Revolt, Gordon Riots
3: Water and Darkness
(21 May 2004)
Sewers, River Thames, London Bridge, Springheeled Jack
Cast list
The series made a visual trope of, as Ackroyd walked around London or was sitting in his study, the persons of famous and anonymous historical figures would fade in and out and act their testimonies. These were played, in alphabetical order, by:-
Tyler Butterworth .... Merry Andrew
Jim Carter .... Henry Fielding
Michael Feast .... Christopher Wren
William Forde .... Young Thomas de Quincey
Tom Hollander .... T. S. Eliot
Philip Jackson .... Samuel Pepys
Derek Jacobi .... Tacitus
Alex Jennings .... Stephen Spender
Kara Kyne .... Jane Alsop
Chris Langham .... Ned Ward
Anton Lesser .... Charles Dickens
Philip Madoc .... Geoffrey of Monmouth
Joseph McFadden .... James Boswell
Tim Pigott-Smith .... John Evelyn
Amanda Root .... Charlotte Brontë
Jack Shepherd .... Thomas de Quincey
John Simm .... Friedrich Engels
Toby Stephens .... Casanova
Richard Stockwell .... Young Peter Ackroyd
Ronan Vibert .... Joseph Conrad
Harriet Walter .... Virginia Woolf
Don Warrington .... Ignatius Sancho
Timothy West .... Henry Mayhew
John Woodvine .... Henry Moore
External links
BBC television documentaries
2004 British television series debuts
2004 British television series endings
2000s British documentary television series
2000s British television miniseries
English-language television shows
Social history of London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20%28TV%20series%29 |
Dimitris Lyacos (; born 19 October 1966) is a contemporary Greek poet and playwright. He is the author of the Poena Damni trilogy. Lyacos's work is characterised by its genre-defying form and the avant-garde combination of themes from literary tradition with elements from ritual, religion, philosophy and anthropology.
The trilogy interchanges prose, drama and poetry in a fractured narrative that reflects some of the principal motifs of the Western Canon. Despite its length - the overall text counts no more than two hundred and fifty pages - the work took over a period of thirty years to complete, with the individual books revised and republished in different editions during this period and arranged around a cluster of concepts including the scapegoat, the quest, the return of the dead, redemption, physical suffering, mental illness. Lyacos's characters are always at a distance from society as such, fugitives, like the narrator of Z213: Exit, outcasts in a dystopian hinterland like the characters in With the People from the Bridge, or marooned, like the protagonist of The First Death whose struggle for survival unfolds on a desert-like island. Poena Damni has been construed as an "allegory of unhappiness" together with works of authors such as Gabriel Garcia Marquez and Thomas Pynchon and has been acknowledged as an exponent of the postmodern sublime as well as one of the notable anti-utopian works of the 21st century.
Dimitris Lyacos is internationally considered as the best-known contemporary Greek author and the country's most likely candidate for a Nobel Prize in Literature.
Life
Lyacos was born and raised in Athens, where he studied law. From 1988 to 1991 he lived in Venice. In 1992 he moved to London. He studied philosophy at University College London with analytical philosophers Ted Honderich and Tim Crane focusing on Epistemology and Metaphysics, Ancient Greek philosophy and Wittgenstein. In 2005 he moved to Berlin. He is currently based in Berlin and Athens.
Career
In 1992, Lyacos set about writing a trilogy under the collective name Poena Damni, referring to the hardest trial the condemned souls in Hell have to endure, i.e. the loss of the vision of God. The trilogy has developed gradually as a work in progress in the course of thirty years. The third part (The First Death) appeared first in Greek (Ο πρώτος θάνατος) and was later translated into English, Spanish and German. The second part under the title "Nyctivoe" was initially published in 2001 in Greek and German, and came out in English in 2005. This work was substituted in 2014 by a new version under the title With the People from the Bridge.
Various artists have brought Lyacos' work in different artistic media. Austrian artist Sylvie Proidl presented a series of paintings in 2002 in Vienna. In 2004, a sound and sculpture installation by sculptor Fritz Unegg and BBC producer Piers Burton-Page went on a European tour. In 2005 Austrian visual artist Gudrun Bielz presented a video-art work inspired by Nyctivoe. The Myia dance company performed a contemporary dance version of Nyctivoe in Greece from 2006 to 2009. A music/theatre version of Z213: Exit by Greek composers Maria Aloupi and Andreas Diktyopoulos, performed by Das Neue Ensemble and Greek actor Dimitris Lignadis was presented in 2013. Two contemporary classical music compositions inspired by the trilogy, "Night and Day in the Tombs"and "The Un-nailing of our Childhood Years", by The Asinine Goat were released in February and June 2022 respectively.
Dimitris Lyacos was Guest International Poet with Les Murray in 1998 Poetryfest International Poetry Festival, Aberystwyth, Wales. Henceforth he has conducted readings and has lectured on his work at various universities worldwide, including Oxford, Trieste, Hong Kong and Nottingham. In 2012 he was Writer in Residence at the International Writing Program, University of Iowa. He is one of the most recent Greek authors to have achieved international recognition, Poena Damni being the most widely reviewed Greek literary work of the recent decades and Z213: Exit, arguably, the best-selling book of contemporary Greek poetry. Lyacos was guest author at the International Literature Festival of Tbilisi in 2017 In 2018 he represented Greece in the Transpoesie Festival, Brussels. He was guest author at the 2020 International Literary Festival of Prishtina and at the 2022 Bucharest International Poetry Festival.
Until autumn 2022 Lyacos's work was translated in 21 languages with the full trilogy having appeared in 7 languages, being thus the most extensively translated work of contemporary Greek Literature in the new millennium. The Italian version of the trilogy was voted by Indiscreto Journal among the ten most important poetry books published in Italy in 2022.
Poena Damni
Summary/Context
The trilogy would appear to belong to a context of tragic poetry and epic drama, albeit distinctly postmodern at the same time. It explores the deep structure of tragedy instead of its formal characteristics, having thus been called a post-tragic work. Homer, Aeschylus and Dante as well as the darker aspects of romantic poetry together with symbolism, expressionism, and an intense religious and philosophical interest permeate the work. Poena Damni has thus been related, despite its postmodern traits, more to the High Modernist tradition of James Joyce and Virginia Woolf The first of the three pieces, Z213: Exit (), accounts a man's escape from a guarded city and his journey through dreamlike, sometimes nightmarish, lands. In the second book, With the People from the Bridge () the protagonist of Z213: Exit becomes a first-degree Narrator appearing as one spectator in a makeshift play performed under the arches of a derelict train station. The third book, The First Death () opens with a marooned man on a rocky island and details his struggle for survival as well as the disintegration of his body and the unrolling of its memory banks.
Survey
The work is hard to classify since it crosses the usual boundaries of genre. Z213: Exit re-contextualizes elements from the greater Greek canon – including the escaped hero and the devote wanderer. It often takes narrative form, mixing poetry and prose. The trilogy moves into dramatic representation of character and situation in With the People from the Bridge, and subsequently to a hard lyrical kind of poetry used to depict the break-up and eventual apotheosis of the body in The First Death. The possibilities of divergence between the perceived and the objective outside world are exploited; the reader follows the irregular flow of internal monologues stemming from events in the external world but ultimately viewed as reflected onto the thinking and feeling surfaces of the protagonist's mind. On the other hand, an alien setting and the unfolding, dreamlike occurrences are presented with impressive solidity, pointing to an alternative reality, or, unveiling a hidden dimension of the world. From that perspective, the work has been interpreted as a kind of surfiction whereby the world depicted within the trilogy allows an open space for the reader to contribute his own internalized version.
Z213: Exit
Z213: Exit uses the device of the palimpsest to present a fictional tissue combining elements of both ancient and modern sources as well as the "dialogue" of its two protagonists. It is composed of a series of fragmented entries in a fictional diary recording the experiences of an unnamed protagonist during a train journey into an unknown land. The man has been released - or escaped - from some time of confinement elliptically described in his journal and reminiscent of a hospital, prison, ghetto or enclave of some sort. His subsequent wanderings among desolate landscapes on the verge of reality are set in a closely detailed, and somehow Kafkaesque, atmosphere, underlining the point that the most dreamlike occurrences are also the realest. Along the way, the protagonist delves deeper in what seems like a quasi-religious quest while, at the same time, his growing impression of being stalked introduces an element of suspense and a film noir-like quality. Thus, the text hinges on the metaphysical but is also reminiscent of an L.A. private eye in a 1940s detective novel closing upon an extraordinary discovery. Z213: Exit ends with a description of a sacrifice where the protagonist and a "hungry band feasting" roast a lamb on a spit, cutting and skinning its still bleating body and removing its entrails as if observing a sacred rite.
With the People from the Bridge
With the People from the Bridge is fragmentary, hallucinatory, at once firmly rooted in a complex webwork of allusions and drifting free of referentiality, evading attempts to pin it down. The plot hinges on the story of a character resembling the Gerasene demoniac from St. Mark's gospel, living in a cemetery, tormented by demons, and cutting himself with stones. He enters the tomb of his dead lover attempting to open the coffin in which she seems to lie in a state not affected by decomposition and the urgency of his desire reanimates her body whose passage back to life is described. The grave becomes a "fine and private place" for lovers still capable of embracing.
The story recounts a multiperspectival narrative based on the theme of the revenant through the first-person embedded accounts of four characters: a man possessed by demons attempts to resurrect the body of his lover but ends in joining her in the grave. The action is enveloped in a context reminiscent of a festival for the dead as well as that of a vampire epidemic. There are clear references to Christian tradition and eschatology and the piece results in a joint contemplation of collective salvation which is ultimately left unresolved after a final narrative twist.
The First Death
In The First Death a place is denied to the mutilated body which grinds against the rocks and suffers continuing degradation, physical and mental, as even the mechanisms of memory are dislocated. Yet the bond between person and body that ensures life still persists, and, "at that point without substance/ where the world collides and takes off", the mechanical instincts of the cosmos rumble into action and sling this irreducible substance again into space - prompting, perhaps, a future regeneration.
From trilogy to tetralogy: Until the Victim Becomes our Own
In an interview with Lyacos for 3:AM Magazine, translator Andrew Barrett announced that he is in the process of translating the author's new work-in-project, titled Until the Victim Becomes our Own, which is conceived as the "zeroth" book that will convert Poena Damni into a tetralogy. According to Barrett, the new book explores bloodshed as the building-block in the formation of society and the eventual place of the individual in a world "permeated by institutionalized violence." The first excerpt from the book in English translation appeared in Mayday Magazine in March 2023.
The interviews
Lyacos's literary output is complemented by a series of interviews that aim to function as a conceptual companion to his work and, at the same time, informally expand on a variety of literature-related subjects as well as philosophy, religion, cinema and the arts. These interviews have appeared on an annual basis in outlets including World Literature Today (A World to Be Repaired - 2021), 3:AM Magazine (Entangled Narratives and Dionysian Frenzy - 2020), Los Angeles Review of Books (Neighboring Yet Alien - 2019), BOMB (A Dissociated Locus - 2018), Berfrois (Controlled Experience - 2018), Gulf Coast (An Interview with Dimitris Lyacos - 2018). and The Bitter Oleander (2016)
Critical reception
Poena Damni is, arguably, one of the most widely and best reviewed work of contemporary Greek literature in translation with its various editions having received 84 international reviews until summer 2023, and mentioned as "one of the most-discussed and most-lauded pieces of contemporary European literature". It has been noted for creatively surpassing the distinction between modernism and postmodernism while, at the same time, being founded on a large variety of canonical texts of Western Literature. Most critics comment on the use of an intricate network of textual references and paraphrases of classical and biblical works, in tandem with the work's unconventional style and character. On a different note, one critic, pointed out that "despite it being beautifully written and heart-wrenching, the gruesome detail of some passages filled [her] with a sense of dread at the turning of every page" and issued a content warning for readers. In the light of the COVID-19 pandemic, Poena Damni has attracted attention as "a vertiginous work that is at once archetypal, transcendent, and uniquely suited to this particular moment in time".
The trilogy has given rise to scholarly criticism and is also part of various university curricula on postmodern fiction, while Lyacos has been mentioned for the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Further reading
Selected criticism
A 6000 words essay by Robert Zaller, analyzing Lyacos's trilogy in the Journal of Poetics Research
Selected interviews
A Dissociated Locus: Dimitris Lyacos Interviewed by Andrew Barrett. BOMB, November 2018, New York, USA.
A World to Be Repaired: A Conversation with Dimitris Lyacos World Literature Today, October 2021, Oklahoma, USA.
An interview with the author in The Writing Disorder Magazine
Callie Michail interviews Dimitris Lyacos in Berfrois, November 2018, London, UK.
Entangled Narratives and Dionysian Frenzy: An interview with Dimitris Lyacos. 3:AM Magazine, September 2020, UK.
John Taylor interviews Dimitris Lyacos. Gulf Coast, Issue 30.1, Winter/Spring 2018, Houston USA, (pp. 277–286)
John Taylor interviews Dimitris Lyacos. New Walk, Issue 12, Spring/Summer 2016, Leicester UK.
Neighboring Yet Alien: An interview with Dimitris Lyacos. Los Angeles Review of Books, September 2019, Los Angeles, USA.
Bibliography
Poena Damni - German Edition. Translated by Nina-Maria Wanek. KLAK Verlag, Berlin 2020.
Poena Damni - Italian Edition. Translated by Viviana Sebastio. Il Saggiatore, Milan 2022.
Poena Damni - Portuguese/Brazilian Edition. Translated by Jose Luis Costa. Relicario Edicoes, Belo Horizonte, 2023.
Poena Damni - Turkish Edition. Translated by Arzu Eker. Can, Istanbul, 2024 (forthcoming).
Poena Damni Der erste Tod. German edition. Translated by Nina-Maria Wanek. Verlagshaus J. Frank. First edition 2008. Second edition 2014.
Poena Damni Nyctivoe. English edition. Translated by Shorsha Sullivan. Shoestring Press. 2005.
Poena Damni Nyctivoe. Greek - German edition. Translated by Nina-Maria Jaklitsch. CTL Presse. Hamburg. 2001.
Poena Damni O Protos Thanatos. Odos Panos. Athens. 1996.
Poena Damni The First Death, Second Edition (Revised). Translated by Shorsha Sullivan. Shoestring Press, Nottingham 2017.
Poena Damni The First Death. English edition. Translated by Shorsha Sullivan. Shoestring Press. 2000.
Poena Damni With the People from the Bridge, Second Edition (Revised). Translated by Shorsha Sullivan. Shoestring Press, Nottingham 2018.
Poena Damni With the People from the Bridge. Translated by Shorsha Sullivan. Shoestring Press, Nottingham 2014.
Poena Damni Z213: Exit, French Edition. Translated by Michel Volkovitch. Le Miel des Anges, 2017.
Poena Damni Z213: Exit, Second Edition (Revised). Translated by Shorsha Sullivan. Shoestring Press, Nottingham 2016.
Poena Damni Z213: Exit. English edition. Translated by Shorsha Sullivan. Shoestring Press 2010.
Poena Damni Z213: ΕΞΟΔΟΣ. Greek Edition. Dardanos Publishers, Athens 2009.
POENA DAMNI: THE TRILOGY. 3-Book Box Set Edition (English). Translated by Shorsha Sullivan. Shoestring Press, Nottingham 2018.
References
External links
A video review of the trilogy by Chris Via/Leaf by Leaf channel on YouTube.
A video reading with the author (Greek subtitled in English) on YouTube
1966 births
Living people
Writers from Athens
Greek dramatists and playwrights
Writers
Postmodern writers
Modern Greek poets
Alumni of University College London
International Writing Program alumni
20th-century Greek poets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitris%20Lyacos |
York House may refer to:
Royal residences
York House was traditionally the name given, often temporarily, to houses in London, England occupied by holders of the title of Duke of York:
Albany (London) in Piccadilly
Cumberland House in Pall Mall
Dover House in Whitehall
Lancaster House in Pall Mall
York House, St James's Palace, a wing of St. James's Palace
Other structures
in Canada
York House School at Vancouver, British Columbia
in England
York House School, Redheath, Croxley Green, Hertfordshire
York House, Strand in the Strand, London
York House, Twickenham in the London suburb of Twickenham, which now serves as the town hall, a tourist attraction, wedding venue and filming location
York House, Waterloo, an office building in Lambeth, London
in Grenada
York House, Grenada, the former home of the Grenadian Parliament
in Hong Kong
York House, Hong Kong in The Landmark, Hong Kong, see Hongkong Land
in the United States
York House (Napa, California)
York House (Mountain City, Georgia), listed on the NRHP in Georgia
York House (Pikeville, Kentucky), listed on the NRHP in Kentucky
York Mansion, Pikeville, Kentucky, listed on the NRHP in Kentucky
York-Skinner House, Westfield, New York
York-Gordon House, New Bern, North Carolina, listed on the NRHP in North Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York%20House |
Mark Dutiaume (born January 31, 1977), is a Canadian former professional ice hockey winger, who played in the minor leagues and in Europe.
Playing career
Dutiaume was selected by the Tri-City Americans in the 1992 WHL Bantam Draft, however, he only played three games with the team, as he was traded to the Brandon Wheat Kings in exchange for overager Jeff Hoad early in his rookie season. Following the 1994-95 season in which he scored 44 points in 62 games and the team made it to the President's Cup final, Dutiaume was selected 42nd overall in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft by the Buffalo Sabres. He would go on to play two further season with the Wheat Kings, before turning professional.
Dutiaume turned pro following the culmination of the 1996-97 WHL season, playing for the Rochester Americans, the AHL affiliate of the Buffalo Sabres. After his initial six game stint with the Amerks, he returned for the 1997-98 season, splitting time between Rochester and the Sabres ECHL affiliate, the South Carolina Stingrays. The following season, he would play 3 games in Rochester, and spend the rest of the season with the B.C. Icemen of the UHL, who also served as a Sabres affiliate. With the Icemen he had a solid season, scoring 62 points in 67 games whilst helping the team claim the Eastern division, before being knocked out of the playoffs by the Flint Generals.
Dutiaume remained with the Icemen during the 1999-00 season, increasing his scoring to 66 points in 58 games, and again helping the team win their division. The team again made the playoffs, earning a first round bye, before losing in the quarterfinals to the Fort Wayne Komets. During the season, Dutiaume also dressed once for the Americans. The following season, he began with the Icemen, scoring 47 points in 45 games, before moving to the U.K. in order to play for BISL side London Knights. At the Knights he played alongside former Wheat Kings team mate Mark Kolesar, as well as Jeff Hoad. His time in London began slowly, registering 1 point in 10 games during the regular season, however, we would find form in the play-offs, scoring 9 points in 8 games as the Knights narrowly lost the Play-off final to the Sheffield Steelers.
Dutiaume remained in the UK for the 2001-02 season, however, he dropped down a league and signed for the BNL's Fife Flyers. There, he was in fine form, scoring 47 points in just 30 games. However, on the BISL's transfer deadline day, he would sign for the Sheffield Steelers who were looking for a goalscorer following a season-ending injury to then leading scorer Kevin Miehm. The move would pay off, as the Steelers were crowned British champions after beating the Manchester Storm in the final. He remained with the Steelers for the 2002-03 season, winning the Challenge Cup and finishing 1st in the league, before losing in the playoffs to the Belfast Giants. Following the culmination of the 2002-03 season, the London Knights, as well as the Manchester Storm and Ayr Scottish Eagles all folded, whilst the Bracknell Bees dropped down the BNL. This resulted in the demise of the BISL.
Sheffield would be a founding member of the EIHL, which became the new top-tier of hockey in the U.K., and as such Dutiaume remained with the team. He would have a massive season, leading the league in scoring after tallying 88 points in only 53 games, and would subsequently be named as a First Team All-Star.
The team would find success as well, finishing 1st at the end of the regular season, and subsequently beating the Nottingham Panthers in the playoff finals to again be crowned British Champions.
For the 2004-05 season, Dutiaume moved to Italy, playing for HC Bolzano of the Serie A, although he would leave the club by December 2004, he nevertheless won silverware, after the team won the Supercoppa Italiana, beating the Milano Vipers. He rejoined the Steelers, however, both he and the team would struggle; the team finished the season 5th, and Duitaume would end the season with 14 points in 22 games. He returned to Sheffield the following year, and was named team captain. he would have another strong season, registering 50 points in 41 games, and was named to the EIHL All-Star Second Team. The team would make it to the playoff finals, before losing to the Newcastle Vipers.
He would move across the Irish Sea for the 2006-07 in order to play for the Belfast Giants. 'Magical' Mark as he was known, would have a solid season in Belfast, registering 64 points in 54 games, helping the team to a 2nd place finish, and narrowly losing in the playoff semifinals to the Nottingham Panthers. Dutiaume would return to Belfast for the following season, registering 55 points in 51 games. The team would finish fourth and go out in the first round of the playoffs. At the culmination of the season, Dutiaume would retire from professional hockey.
He briefly came out of retirement in 2009 to play senior hockey for the Steinbach North Stars in order to challenge for the Allan Cup. In doing so, he once again reunited with Hoad and Kolesar. The team had a successful exhibition season, however, they lost in the Cup semi-finals to the South East Prairie Thunder.
Awards and achievements
British champion (2002) & (2004)
BISL League champion (2003)
Italian Supercup Champion (2004)
EIHL All-Star First Team (2004)
EIHL Champion (2004)
EIHL Top Scorer (2004)
EIHL All-Star Second Team (2006)
Career statistics
Personal life
Mark's older brother Todd was also a hockey player; the pair played alongside each other on the Fife Flyers. Todd has an extensive history with the Flyers, having played for them for 14 years. As of July 2020, he is serving as the team's head coach, a position he has been in since 2005.
References
External links
1977 births
B.C. Icemen players
Belfast Giants players
Bolzano HC players
Brandon Wheat Kings players
Buffalo Sabres draft picks
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in England
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Northern Ireland
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Italy
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Scotland
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Fife Flyers players
Franco-Manitoban people
Ice Hockey Superleague players
London Knights (UK) players
Living people
Ice hockey people from Winnipeg
Rochester Americans players
Sheffield Steelers players
South Carolina Stingrays players
Tri-City Americans players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Dutiaume |
Ozyorny (masculine), Ozyornaya (feminine), Ozyornoye (neuter), or Ozyornye (plural for all genders) may refer to:
Ozyorny (inhabited locality) (Ozerny, Ozyornaya, Ozyornoye), name of several inhabited localities in Russia
Ozyornaya (Moscow Metro), a metro station in Moscow, Russia.
Ozyornaya railway station, a railway station in Saint Peterburg, Russia
Ozerne (air base), an air base in Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine
Rivers
Ozyornaya (river, Severnaya Zemlya), a river on October Revolution Island in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia
Ozyornaya (river, Sea of Okhotsk), a river in Kamchatka Krai, Russia
See also
Ozyornye, a village in Kirov Oblast, Russia
Ozerne (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozyorny |
The Midland Railway 2000 Class was a class of 40 0-6-4T steam locomotives designed by Richard Deeley. They were known as "flatirons" or "hole-in-the-wall tanks" because of their distinctive shape; their side tanks extended to the front of the smokebox and they had a distinct cut-out in the side tanks to access the motion. They were numbered 2000–2039.
Development
They were originally developed from 0-4-4T types designed for commuter work with an extra set of driving wheels. Acceleration and stability, however, were poor and, after a derailment, they were relegated to freight work. All were rebuilt with Belpaire firebox and superheater between 1920 and 1926. The superheated engines had slightly longer smokeboxes which extended slightly in front of the side tanks.
Ownership change
The locomotives passed to the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) in 1923. They kept their Midland Railway numbers and the LMS gave them the power classification 3P.
Accidents and incidents
The class were rough riders at speed. They were liable to oscillate on poor track, which led to a number of derailments.
In June 1928, locomotive No. 2015 was hauling a mail train that was derailed at Swinderby, Lincolnshire.
In August 1928, locomotive No. 2029 was hauling a train that was derailed at Ashton under Hill, Worcestershire.
On 25 February 1935, locomotive No. 2023 was hauling a passenger train that was derailed at Ashton under Hill. One person was killed.
In 1935, locomotive No. 2011 was hauling a train that was derailed at Moira, Leicestershire.
Withdrawal
All were withdrawn between 1935 and 1938. The standard parts would have mostly been used for spares rather than scrap. None were preserved.
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Midland Railway Society photo of an unsuperheated flatiron No. 2031
a photograph of a superheated flatiron No. 2000
2000 Class
0-6-4T locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1907
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
C2′ n2t locomotives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland%20Railway%202000%20Class |
Olga Valeryevna Medvedtseva (), former Pyleva (), née Zamorozova (), (born 7 July 1975) is a former Russian biathlete.
At the 2002 Winter Olympics, she won an individual gold medal in the 10 km pursuit, as well as the bronze medal in the team relay. She won her second gold at the 2010 Winter Olympics in a relay.
Pyleva also won twice at the Holmenkollen ski festival biathlon competition during the 2004–05 season in the sprint and pursuit events.
She retired after the 2009–10 season.
Doping offense and disqualification in 2006
At the 2006 Winter Olympics she won the silver in the women's 15 km individual race, but on February 16, 2006, she was disqualified from further competition for failing a drug test when she tested positive for the stimulant carphedon. The International Olympic Committee panel found her guilty, and she was expelled from the games and stripped of her medal. She was then banned for two years from competition, and the authorities in Turin started a criminal investigation into the matter. The head of the Russian Anti-Doping Committee claimed that Pyleva took an over-the-counter medication for an ankle injury prescribed by her personal doctor who is not a team doctor, which contained carphedon.
Record
Olympic Games
World Championships
See also
Russia at the 2006 Winter Olympics
List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences
References
External links
1975 births
Biathletes at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Biathletes at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Biathletes at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Doping cases in biathlon
Holmenkollen Ski Festival winners
Living people
Russian female biathletes
Olympic biathletes for Russia
Olympic gold medalists for Russia
Olympic bronze medalists for Russia
Sportspeople from Krasnoyarsk
Olympic medalists in biathlon
Soviet sportspeople in doping cases
Russian sportspeople in doping cases
Competitors stripped of Winter Olympics medals
Biathlon World Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga%20Medvedtseva |
Marilyn Kaye (born 1949) is an American children's writer. She taught children's literature at St. John's University, New York. She is the author of over 100 children's and young adult novel series, including the successful Replica and Gifted series.
Biography
Marilyn Kaye was born in 1949 in New Britain, Connecticut. She spent most of her childhood in Atlanta, Georgia, although she spent her tenth year in Montgomery, Alabama and her thirteenth in Ann Arbor, Michigan. She kept a diary as a child and wrote in a wide range of formats.
Marilyn majored in English at Emory University, going on to study a master's degree in library science at Emory and a Doctor of Philosophy degree at the University of Chicago, with the thesis title "The nature of didacticism as related to romance and sexuality in young adult novels, 1965–1978". She taught children's literature at St. John's University, New York for over twenty years. She began publishing her work in 1984 under the pseudonym Shannon Blair, and has since had much success, particularly with the internationally selling Replica series.
Replica
"Replica" is a children's science fiction series about Amy Candler, a young teenager who discovers she is one of thirteen cloned girls who have been genetically modified to have superhuman abilities. She was created in the government-funded Project Crescent, and was kidnapped and adopted by one of the scientists after a change of heart. Throughout the series Amy struggles to live a normal life as the mysterious Organisation tries to use her and the other Project Crescent clones to create a master race and take over the world. Amy also seeks to help the other clones in the project, and encounters a number of other children and teenagers with genetic modifications or supernatural powers.
This series is very popular and has been sold internationally.
Books
There are twenty-four books in the original series, published regularly between 1998 and 2002. A separate trilogy based on the same characters was also published in 2002.
1. Amy, Number 7: Whilst writing an autobiography for an English project, Amy begins to question the identity of her "father", who supposedly died before she was born. She is also confused by her suddenly increased physical abilities and powers of healing. She is shocked to discover that she is one of thirteen clones created in a government project which her "mother" was part of.
2. Pursuing Amy: Amy struggles to hide her true identity from her friends, particularly when her mother's new boyfriend turns out to be from the organization attempting to track her down. She eventually reveals her abilities to Eric, her best friend's brother. Amy also sees another clone for the first time.
3. Another Amy: Another clone comes to Amy's school to film a movie, and is horrified by Amy's insistence that they are clones. Over time, Amy begins to realise that this clone is very unlike Amy – she is evil. Also, Amy begins dating Eric.
4. Perfect Girls: Amy thinks she has won the trip of a lifetime to New York, but she soon discovers this is a front to capture and test herself and seven other clones. Amy eventually escapes, but no-one believes her story.
5. Secret Clique: When a group of popular girls appear to gain supernatural abilities, Amy begins to investigate, confusing her best friend Tasha and boyfriend Eric.
6. And The Two Shall Meet: Amy meets a boy named Andy at a wilderness camp, and is instantly attracted to him. When someone dies in a freak accident, Andy claims he witnessed the murder and convinces Amy to run away with him. However, Amy grows suspicious and discovers that Andy is another clone, designed to be her perfect other half.
7. The Best of the Best: When Eric is asked to show around a new student, obnoxious eight-year-old child genius Adrian Peele, Amy senses something is not right. She is surprised to discover that, rather than being a victim, Adrian runs a genetics company.
8. Mystery Mother: Amy has always been satisfied that her mother loves her, even though they are not genetically related. However, when a woman claims to be Amy's birth mother, and accuses Nancy of kidnap, Amy begins to wonder if she really is a clone.
9. The Fever: When Amy, who has been genetically modified to never become ill, suddenly becomes feverish and hallucinates, her mother believes that Amy must have been drugged at the new club in town. However, when a doctor arrives for a blood sample, Tasha suspects something more sinister is going on.
10. Ice Cold: Amy fears her secret will be revealed to the world after her worst enemy Jeanine discovers that Amy is a clone and begins blackmailing her. However, Jeanine ends up in a coma, making Amy the main suspect.
11. Lucky Thirteen: Amy meets Aly, another clone who was rejected by the project because of her lack of special abilities. Aly encourages Amy to act out, but Aly's desire to live up to Amy's perfection leads her into trouble. Eventually, Amy is forced to break contact.
12. In Search of Andy: On a trip to Paris, Amy is surprised to run into Andy, her "perfect match" who disappeared suddenly the summer before. She wants to find Andy, but she suspects that he might be leading her into a trap.
13. The Substitute: Amy is at risk after the death of her mysterious ally, Mr Devon. Amy suspects that the cruel new teacher at school, Ms Heartshorn, is there to kidnap her, but the truth is not what she expected.
14. The Beginning: A trip to Washington DC, home of Project Crescent, puts Amy on edge. Meanwhile, Amy's mother remembers the origins of the project, including the pain of losing her brother to a genetic disorder and the betrayal which puts Amy at risk in the modern day.
15. Transformation: When Tasha and Amy's other classmates begin to act like zombies, Amy suspects they have been influenced by the new TV show, Cherry Lane.
16. Happy Birthday, Dear Amy: On the eve of Amy's thirteenth birthday, she suddenly ages into her twenties. After she impulsively runs away from the private hospital where she is being treated, she finds herself at a very unusual homeless shelter.
17. Missing Pieces: Amy becomes suspicious when her fellow students start losing their most prized abilities, such as a sprinter losing his running ability and a basketball player forgetting how to throw. Meanwhile, Eric has begun High School and has little time for Amy any more, leading her to become fascinated with newcomer Chris.
18. Return of the Perfect Girls: Thinking she is headed on a romantic cruise with her new boyfriend Chris, Amy is kidnapped by the organisation and taken to a desert island. There, she must compete with the other Amys and Andys in a Survivor-style competition, in which those voted off face death.
19. Dreamcrusher: After being struck by lightning, Amy develops the unwanted ability to read minds and see the future.
20. Like Father, Like Son: After Chris's absent father returns asking for a bone marrow transplant, Amy suspects that Chris and many of her other classmates are clones intended as organ donors for the wealthy.
21. Virtual Amy: After Andy mysteriously disappears after giving her a warning, Amy becomes worried by a new virtual reality computer game.
22. All About Andy: Andy investigates the truth about his past and his family.
23. War of the Clones: When a tabloid runs a story of human clones creating a master race, Amy and Andy begin to uncover the truth about Project Crescent and The Organisation.
24. Amy, On Her Own: When Amy's crescent birthmark fades and she and the other clones begin experiencing new physical problems, they fear that their genes are deteriorating. Amy tries to cope with the possibility that she must return to a normal life.
The Plague Trilogy: A miniseries about Amy's battle against a deadly plague which threatens to destroy civilisation.
1. Rewind: Amy travels back in time to prevent the plague from beginning.
2. Play: Amy travels inside a human body to fight the plague within them.
3. Fast Forward: After she is exposed as a clone and rejected, Amy travels to a world where everyone is a clone like her.
Gifted
Gifted is the latest series by Marilyn Kaye and features a small class of students at Meadowbrook Middle School Each has a different supernatural ability, or "Gift", and they all attend a class to learn to use these abilities, although few people outside the class know about them. The class teacher, Madame, encourages the students to work together to use their abilities, particularly as they are being targeted by a group who wants to control their abilities to make money. However, the students dislike their abilities and each other, and are often reluctant to join forces.
The first book was published in February 2009, with the latest installment scheduled for publishing September 2010. Although only six books have so far been announced, each book so far has focused on a different student, suggesting the series will run to nine books in total. As of May 2020, there have been no announcements or updates about continuing this series. Goodreads has it listed as a completed series with 6 books, or two volumes (vol. 1 contains the first three books, and vol. 2 contains the last three books).
Characters
Amanda Beeson: A cruel queen bee who is disliked by her classmates. She is frequently mean, and tries to avoid empathising with people as, when she does, she uncontrollably possesses their body for an indeterminate amount of time. When she possesses a body, the person she is possessing "blacks out" and a "fake" Amanda with no real emotions takes her place. She generally tries to avoid this, although her classmates believe she purposefully uses her ability out of spite. Over the course of the series, she tries to help the class but is often ignored and taunted. She has a crush on Ken. Which is shown in a later series.
Jenna Kelley: A telepathic Goth with a reputation as a juvenile delinquent. Many of her friends outside the Gifted class are criminals, and she is frequently in trouble with the law because of her involvement with them. This led to a brief time in reform school. Her mother is an alcoholic who has frequently failed to complete rehab, and they face financial difficulties. Jenna's father disappeared many years ago, and in Better Late than Never Jenna learns of his death. Although she is initially annoyed by her classmates, she develops a friendship with Tracey and Emily as the series progresses.
Emily Sanders: A girl known for day-dreaming, which is actually caused by near-constant visions of the future. Her ability is hard to control and her visions are difficult to interpret, often seeming meaningless until after the event they depict. She feels guilty for not warning her father when she predicted his death in a car accident.
Ken Preston: A popular athletic student, who no longer plays sports after a sporting accident killed his best friend. Ken can contact the dead telepathically, although he is irritated by their constant requests for his help which he is incapable of completing without revealing his ability and appearing delusional.
Tracey Devon: A shy, plain girl who feels constantly ignored, particularly by her parents, who care more for her septuplet siblings. Her feelings of invisibility cause her to become invisible, although as her confidence grows she gains more control of this ability. She is possessed by Amanda for a long period in Out of Sight, Out of Mind, and receives a makeover and change of life which helps her become confident. Tracey is friends with Jenna, and has her to stay while her mother is in rehab. Trace also has seven sisters called the "Devon Seven."
Charles Temple: A selfish and unhelpful boy in a wheelchair. He is telekinetic, but he refuses to use his abilities except for personal gain.
Sarah Miller: A kind, friendly girl with the ability to control the actions of others. She is very afraid of her power, and refuses to use it unless absolutely necessary.
Martin Cooper: A victim of bullying who becomes supernaturally strong when angry.
Carter Street: A mute amnesiac found wandering Carter Street.
Books
1. Out of Sight, Out of Mind: Amanda finds herself trapped in Tracey's body, with her own place occupied by a clone. Reluctantly, she decides to improve Tracey's life, ending her years of invisibility. Meanwhile, the Gifted class fights off a TA who attempts to hypnotise Emily to predict the lottery.
2. Better Late Than Never: Jenna, who has begun to befriend Tracey, is shocked by the sudden reappearance of her "father", not realising that this man is a fraud who wants her ability to win at poker. Meanwhile, Amanda possesses Ken and develops a romance with a dead boy.
3. Here Today, Gone Tomorrow: Emily is worried by visions that her classmates are disappearing. Soon, many of them are kidnapped and forced to rob a bank, but the remaining classmates work together to rescue them in time.
4. Finders Keepers: Ken struggles to simultaneously help his dead friend Jack look after his girlfriend, and keep his ability secret after attending a seance at which a boy begs for help finding his dead father's winning lottery ticket. Meanwhile, Amanda possesses the body of a woman plotting to steal the boy's money, uncovering a conspiracy acting against the class.
5. Now You See Me: Tracey investigates her suspicion that there is a spy in the class, particularly after Jenna is framed for a crime she didn't commit and sent away. Meanwhile, Amanda volunteers in the school office to investigate the principal's involvement in the conspiracy.
6. Speak No Evil: Carter is at Harmony House and has talks with Dr. Paley. It is revealed that he has a gift which is shape-shifting. Meanwhile, in the gifted class, Madame tries to get everyone to think of positive ways to use their gifts, while Ken and Amanda find no point to, so they think of losing their gifts. Dr. Paley might have the answer.
Bibliography
Works by Marilyn Kaye include:
Celebrating Children's Books, published 1981. A collection of essays edited by Marilyn Kaye and Betsy Hearne.
Films, Young People and Libraries, a non-fiction work published 1984.
Sweet Dreams, a long-running novel series contributed to by many authors:
Call Me Beautiful, written under the pseudonym Shannon Blair, published 1984.
Starstruck, written under the pseudonym Shannon Blair, published 1985.
Wrong Kind of Boy, written under the pseudonym Shannon Blair, published 1985.
Kiss and Tell, written under the pseudonym Shannon Blair, published 1985.
Will You Cross Me?, illustrated by Ned Delaney, published 1985.
Baby Fozzie Is Afraid of the Dark, published 1986 in Weekly Reader. A story based around Muppets character Fozzie Bear.
Out of This World, published 1986–1989. A nonconformist alien named Max comes to Earth to learn about human emotions, but faces trouble with her literal interpretation of human culture:
Max on Earth
Max in Love
Max on Fire
Max Flips Out
Max Goes Bad
Max All Over
Sisters, published 1987–1989. A family of four girls face struggles in their everyday lives:
Phoebe
Daphne
Cassie
Lydia
A Friend Like Phoebe
The Best Baby-Sitter in the World, published 1987.
Zoobille Zoo: Big Mess, illustrated by Carol Hudson, published 1987.
Miss Piggy and the Big Gorilla, published 1988. Based around Muppets character Miss Piggy.
What a Teddy Bear Needs, published 1989.
Gonzo the Great, published 1989. Based around Muppets character Gonzo.
Camp Sunnyside Friends, published 1989–1992. Friends Katie, Trina, Megan, Sarah and Erin enjoy their holidays at Camp Sunnyside:
No Boys Allowed
Cabin Six Plays Cupid
Color War
New Girl in Cabin Six
Looking for Trouble
Katie Steals the Show
A Witch in Cabin Six
Too Many Counselors
The New-and-Improved Sarah
Erin and the Movie Star
The Problem With Parents
The Tennis Trap
Big Sister Blues
Megan's Ghost
Christmas Break
Happily Ever After
Camp Spaghetti
Balancing Act
My Camp Memory Book: A Camp Sunnyside Friends Special
Christmas Reunion: A Camp Sunnyside Friends Special
School Daze: A Camp Sunnyside Friends Back to School Special
The Spirit of Sunnyside: A Camp Sunnyside Friends Christmas Special
The Real Tooth Fairy, illustrated by Helen Cogancherry, published 1990. A child questions the existence of the tooth fairy, but her mother explains away the doubts.
Attitude, published 1990.
Three of a Kind, published 1990–1991. Orphans Cat, Josie, and Becka are adopted by the same family:
With Friends Like These, Who Needs Enemies?
Home's a Nice Place to Visit, but I Wouldn't Want to Live There
Will the Real Becka Morgan Please Stand Up?
Two's Company, Four's a Crowd
Cat Morgan, Working Girl
101 Ways to Win Homecoming Queen
The Atonement of Mindy Wise, published 1991. Yom Kippur prompts a girl to atone for the sins she has committed to gain popularity.
A Day with No Math, illustrated by Tim Bowers, published 1992.
Disney's The Little Mermaid: The Same Old Song, illustrated by Fred Marvin, published 1992. Based around Disney's The Little Mermaid.
Disney's The Little Mermaid: Reflections of Arsulu, illustrated by Fred Marvin, published 1992. Based around Disney's The Little Mermaid.
Changes Romance, a series of romance books contributed to by several authors:
Runaway, published 1992.
Choose Me, published 1992.
Real Heroes, published 1993. A boy is torn when his father campaigns against his HIV-positive teacher.
Video High, published 1994–1995. A group of teenagers from the same high school star in a TV show:
Modern Love
The High Life
Date is a Four-Letter Word
The Body Beautiful
The Colors of the Heart
Checking Out
Groupies
Secrets & Lies
French Kisses
After School Club, published 1997. A group of third graders attend the same after school club:
Jill's Happy Un-Birthday
Valentine's Day Surprise
Teammates
Dream Lover, published 1995. A girl is drawn to an amnesiac who she suspects is a reincarnated rock star.
Club Paradise, published 1995–1997:
Scandal in Paradise
Trouble in Paradise
Stranger in Paradise
Double Click Cafe, published 1997. A group of teens face encounters online and IRL in an Internet cafe:
Cyber Kiss
Love Bytes
Access Romance
Control and Escape
Last on Earth, published 1998–1999. A group of High School seniors leave their maths class to discover that everyone else on Earth has vanished. Over the course of the series the group try to discover what happens, forging their own society as they do so. Eventually, they realise that an alien civilisation has kidnapped the Earth's inhabitants:
The Vanishing
The Convergence
The Return
Replica, published 1998–2002. See above.
Penelope, published 2007. A novelisation of the movie Penelope, based on the original screenplay by Leslie Caveny.
Demon Chick, published 2009. Jessica is shocked to learn that her mother has sold her to the Devil to get ahead in her career.
Gifted, published 2009–present. See above.
Ticket to Love, published 2012. Four girlfriends travel to New York City for a long weekend and encounter a variety of romantic adventures.
White Lies and Tiaras, published 2012. Alice, Lara, and their boyfriends go to Paris for a wedding, and find romantic surprises in the City of Lights.
Gloss, published 2013. In 1963, a group of girls learn about life as magazine interns in the city that never sleeps.
References
External links
Marilyn Kaye at Fantastic Fiction
Shannon Blair at LC Authorities, no records
1949 births
Living people
American children's writers
Emory University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
St. John's University (New York City) faculty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn%20Kaye |
John Halcomb (later Halcombe, 1790 – 3 November 1852) was an English serjeant-at-law, and a Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Dover between 1833 and 1835. Of several written works, his most significant was A Practical Treatise of Passing Private Bills through both Houses of Parliament (1836).
Halcomb, who was later known as Halcombe, married Margaret Birch. Their fifth child, Arthur Halcombe, went to New Zealand as an immigration agent under William Fox. The daughter of his brother William, Sarah Holcomb, was the wife of William Fox.
References
External links
1790 births
1852 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Serjeants-at-law (England)
UK MPs 1832–1835
Tory MPs (pre-1834)
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Dover
19th-century English lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Halcomb |
Kia Abdullah (born 17 May 1982) is a British novelist and travel writer. She is the best-selling author of courtroom dramas Take It Back (HarperCollins, 2019), Truth Be Told (HarperCollins, 2020), Next of Kin (HarperCollins, 2021) and Those People Next Door (HarperCollins, 2023). She has written for The New York Times, The Guardian, The Times, The Financial Times, The Telegraph and the BBC, among other publications.
Background
Abdullah is of Bangladeshi descent and was born and brought up in the London borough of Tower Hamlets in a family of eight children. Of her childhood, Abdullah has said: "[People] imagine poverty and misery, hardship and hand-me-downs. Of course I forfeited my fair share of material pleasures but a household of noise and colour is far better than possessions and privilege."
Education
Abdullah was educated in England, with secondary schooling at the Central Foundation Girls' School. She graduated from Queen Mary, University of London with a first class in BSc Computer Science. Her final year thesis was titled A Program Slicing Tool for Analysing Java Programs. Abdullah has an IQ of 150. She was a member of Mensa International – a non-profit organization open to people who score at the 98th percentile of IQ – but left within a year of joining.
Career
Abdullah graduated in 2003, after which she worked in tech for three years. In 2007, she quit her job in tech to pursue a career as a writer, taking a 50% pay cut in the process.
From 2008 to 2010, Abdullah wrote about a range of topics, from politics to relationships, for The Guardian. She also worked as Features Editor at Asian Woman magazine, during which time she interviewed a range of prominent Asian actors and musicians including Riz Ahmed, Meera Syal, Nitin Sawhney, Jay Sean and Anoushka Shankar.
Abdullah was an occasional guest on BBC Asian Network's DJ Nihal show and spoke about a range of subjects, from drug abuse and gender inequality to dealing with culture and identity as a British-Asian writer. In 2009, she was nominated for a Muslim Writers Award. In 2011, she was involved in a Twitter controversy after commenting on the deaths of three British tourists.
In 2012, Abdullah joined global publisher Penguin Random House where she worked on travel brand Rough Guides. In 2014, Abdullah quit her job to found Atlas & Boots, an outdoor travel blog read by 150,000 people a month. Abdullah has contributed to Lonely Planet and Rough Guides and has spoken about her travels on television, radio, print and online.
In 2019, Abdullah's mainstream debut crime novel, Take It Back, was published by HarperCollins. It was chosen by The Guardian, The Telegraph and The Sunday Times newspapers as one of the best new crime and thriller novels.
In 2020, Abdullah's second novel, Truth Be Told, was published by HarperCollins and consequently short-listed for a Diverse Book Award. In July that year, Abdullah founded Asian Booklist, a website to help readers discover new books by British-Asian authors.
In 2021, Abdullah's third novel, Next of Kin, was published by HarperCollins. It was named The Times Book of the Month, was long-listed for the CWA Gold Dagger and won the Diverse Book Award for Adult Fiction.
In 2023, Abdullah's fourth novel, Those People Next Door, was publised by HarperCollins. It was the Times Book of the Month, a Guardian best new thriller, the Waterstones Thriller of the Month and a Times Bestseller, spending five weeks in the chart.
Personal life
Abdullah is in a relationship with British travel photographer Peter Watson. Abdullah was born and brought up as Muslim. In 2020, she stated that she identifies as an agnostic and a cultural Muslim.
Abdullah speaks three languages: English, Bengali and Spanish.
Bibliography
Novels
2019: Take It Back
2020: Truth Be Told
2021: Next of Kin
2023: Those People Next Door
References
External links
1982 births
Living people
People from the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
21st-century English novelists
21st-century English women writers
Alumni of Queen Mary University of London
British Asian writers
English agnostics
English people of Bangladeshi descent
English women novelists
English journalists
English columnists
Mensans
The Guardian journalists
British women columnists
Writers from London
English women non-fiction writers
Cultural Muslims | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia%20Abdullah |
The Estonian Navy () are the unified naval forces among the Estonian Defence Forces.
With only six commissioned ships and displacement well under 10,000 tonnes, the Estonian navy is one of the smallest navies in the world. Its ship prefix is EML (Eesti Mereväe Laev/Estonian Navy Ship). The Estonian Navy has participated numerous times in NATO's naval joint-exercises.
History
Interwar period
Foundation
The Merevägi was founded on November 21, 1918. The foundation and development of the Estonian Navy rely greatly on the Royal Navy which operated in the Gulf of Finland as an ally to Estonia during the Estonian War of Independence. The first Estonian navy warships were the destroyers Lennuk and Wambola and were gifts from the UK's Royal Navy after they had been captured from the Russian Baltic Fleet in 1919.
Marine Infantry
The Meredessantpataljon was a short-lived marine infantry - Naval landing battalion of the Estonian Defence Forces subject to the Estonian Navy. The battalion was created from the crews of the Estonian surface warships and was based in Tallinn.
Coastal batteries
Since the end of the 19th century, the Russian Empire began to build coastal fortresses and naval strongholds in Estonia which was annexed to the empire after the Great Northern War in 1721. Tallinn, having been historically an important trading center between the East and the West, became one of the main naval bases of the Imperial Russian Baltic Fleet. A systematic coastal defence network and naval gun installations were ordered, and the construction works began at the end of the 1890s.
During the Estonian War of Independence and after the Treaty of Tartu the Estonian Navy began to rebuild and develop the coastal defence network. From 1918 to 1940 Estonia invested millions of kroons into the renovation and development of coastal defences. By 1939 the coastal batteries presented a considerable naval force and were considered among the Estonian Navy elite forces. During World War II and later the Soviet occupation of Estonia, little has remained of the former coastal defence lines and fortifications. Today some buildings and firing positions can be seen at various places of which the best-preserved ones are located on the island of Aegna.
After restoration of independence
20th century
In 1998 the Baltic Naval Squadron BALTRON was inaugurated. The main responsibility of BALTRON is to improve the co-operation between the Baltic States in the areas of naval defence and security. Constant readiness to contribute units to NATO-led operations is assured through BALTRON.
Each Baltic state appoints one or two ships to BALTRON for certain periods and staff members for one year. Service in BALTRON provides both, the crews and staff officers, with an excellent opportunity to serve in an international environment and acquire valuable experience in mine countermeasures. Estonia provides BALTRON with on-shore facilities for the staff.
Since 1995 Estonian Navy ships have participated in most of the major international exercises and operations carried out in the Baltic Sea. Even though it was not until 1993 when the Navy was re-established, and despite the fact that it incorporates one of the smallest fleets in the world, the young crews of the Navy ships have demonstrated excellent interoperability during international exercises and have proved to be equal partners with other navies.
21st century
From May 2005 to March 2006, was assigned as the Command and Support Ship of NATO's Standing NRF Mine Countermeasures Group 1 which is part of the NATO Response Force's maritime capability. ENS Admiral Pitka was the first vessel from the Baltic navies to be part of the force. SNMCMG1 is also one of the Estonian Navy's main NATO partners.
In 2020, the Estonian Defence Forces started planning the development of new defensive capabilities, which included procuring naval mines and anti-ship missile systems. In 2021, Estonia signed a contract with a Finnish company for the procurement of naval mines. In October, Estonia also signed a contract for Blue Spear 5G SSM anti-ship missiles.
In November 2021, the Estonian government decided to merge the fleet of the Police and Border Guard Board to the Estonian Navy. The navy would take over the ships, personnel and tasks of the Police and Border Guard Board. The merger would be completed by 1 January 2023.
Organisation
Commanders
Operating forces
The top priority for the Estonian Navy is the development of mine countermeasures capability that is also one of the Navy's peacetime responsibilities: during World War I and World War II more than 80,000 sea mines were laid in the Baltic Sea. Since 1995 a number of mine clearance operations have been carried out in Estonian waters by the Estonian Mineships Division in close co-operation with other navies of the Baltic Sea region in order to find and dispose of ordnance and contribute to safe seagoing.
The Estonian Navy uses a small number of different vessels and weapon systems. Since the restoration of the Estonian Defence Forces on 3 September 1991 and the Estonian Navy on 1 July 1993, the naval force has developed tremendously. Then-Commander Estonian Naval Defence Forces, Commodore Roland Leit, was interviewed by Jane's Defence Weekly on 9 July 1994. 'When the Soviet Navy left the Tallinn Naval Base, they sabotaged the facilities and scuttled about 10 of their ships in the harbour. They broke all the windows, all the heating, and all the electrical equipment. When they came in 1939, they took over our port facilities in good order. Now they are leaving us a mess, he said bitterly.' 'We got nothing from the Russian Navy. The Griff class patrol craft we got not from them but from a Russian firm that had bought the hulls first. Their navigation and radio systems are broken, too. We hope to have it all repaired and bring the craft into service before the end of the year.'
Although the Soviet legacy's clean-up and military infrastructure rebuilding has taken most of the defence budget resources away from the Navy, the armament and equipment has improved a great deal.
Naval Flotilla
Although the Estonian Defence Forces have a relatively small selection of marine vessels, the Navy still has a variety of different light-combat craft, coastal patrol-craft and support vessels. The first crafts that entered the service in the restored Estonian Navy in 1993 were mainly German background mine-layers and mine-hunters. Within the last 15 years, the Navy logistics support has increased year by year. Most of the modern navy vessels have either been received as foreign aid or been bought from Germany, Finland, United Kingdom and Denmark. In 2006, Estonia purchased three from the UK to enhance the Estonian Navy's mine-hunting capabilities.
In 2012, the Estonian Navy received a former Estonian Maritime Administration vessel EVA-321. It was renamed "Lood" (A530) and became a diving support vessel.
In September 2013, it was reported that the Estonian Navy was interested in acquiring the 1979-built Finnish minelayer Pohjanmaa that had been decommissioned by the Finnish Navy and was offered for sale. However, all of this speculation came to nought; in March 2016, a Finnish State-owned company (Meritaito) acquired the vessel.
In July 2018, it was reported that three Sandown-class minehunters were set to be modernized between 2018 and 2019. The modernization would include improvements in mine clearance and marine surveillance capabilities. The estimated cost of the project would be €30 million.
In April 2020, the Ministry of Defence announced that it would buy two force protection patrol boats. The boats would be manufactured by Baltic Workboats AS for a total sum of €3.9 million. They would enter service in 2021 and would be used for force protection at sea and in ports, and could also provide support for other agencies, including the Police and Border Guard Board. In December 2020, the Estonian Defence Forces received the two boats and named them Roland and Risto.
Naval Base
The “Merevägi” has operated a number of naval bases, and war harbors most of them being located on the western coast and the islands. Until 1939 there were more than ten smaller and bigger war harbors and bases; including Aegna, Paldiski, Virtsu, Rohuküla, Mõntu, Kuressaare, Kõiguste, Papisaare, Jaagurahu, Tagalaht, Küdema, Sõru, Kärdla, Kallaste, Mustvee and Tallinn harbor. Currently, there is only one major naval harbor Miinisadam which located in northern Tallinn. The Miinisadam is a base for the Mineships Division.
Personnel
Most Estonian Navy officers have been trained in European or American naval academies (notably the US Naval Academy). In 2003, the Navy established its own Centre of Naval Education and Training (CNET) to train junior petty officers.
Each Baltic State shares its limited training resources with the others. For instance, Estonia provides communications training at the Baltic Naval Communications School in Tallinn, and Latvia hosts a common Baltic Naval Diving Training Centre in Liepāja.
See also
Finnish–Estonian defense cooperation
References
External links
Estonian Navy
Military units and formations established in 1918
Military units and formations disestablished in 1940
Military units and formations established in 1991
1991 establishments in Estonia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian%20Navy |
Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA; ) is a Malaysian government agency. It was formed to aid, train, and guide Bumiputra (Malays and other indigenous Malaysians) in the areas of business and industry. MARA was formed on March 1, 1966, under the Rural and National Development Ministry.
History and organization
The Rural Industrial Development Authority (RIDA) was established in 1951 by the British colonial administration as a program to provide economic assistance and support to Malay farmers and rural inhabitants. The organization expanded its scope and the Parliament of Malaysia converted it into the MARA in 1966. Although it is an autonomous government agency, it reports to the Minister of Rural and Regional Development, who appoints all the members of the MARA Council. Besides state-level offices in the 13 states of Malaysia and the federal territory of Kuala Lumpur, MARA operates three overseas offices in London, Washington, D.C., and Alexandria, Egypt.
Entrepreneurship aid
Among other activities, MARA offers loans to Bumiputera entrepreneurs. Such loans may be repaid either in the conventional Western manner or via Islamic banking, better known as the Sharia system. MARA also offers business starter courses, vocational training, consultancy services, and marketing help for Bumiputra entrepreneurs.
Bumiputera entrepreneurs lend MARA infrastructure, such as shop-lots or factories, at a subsidized rate. These facilities are often built in smaller towns or underdeveloped areas to encourage economic development.
Education
MARA operates several junior colleges or boarding schools and the University of Kuala Lumpur, a multi-campus technical university. Until 1976, Universiti Teknologi MARA was also operated by MARA, though it has since become its own entity under the Ministry of Higher Education. The junior colleges, referred to as Maktab Rendah Sains MARA (MARA Junior Science Colleges, often abbreviated as MRSMs), are operated by the Education and Training (Secondary) Department of MARA. Their stated mission is to "produce Bumiputra students of potential in science and technology".
Until 2005, the MRSMs were only open to Bumiputra students. However, following the Barisan Nasional government's pledge during its campaign in the 2004 general election, a quota of 10% of all places in MRSMs was granted to non-Bumiputras. In admissions, preference is given to students from low-income families, rural areas, and/or those living in squatter settlements in the cities.
In addition to MRSMs and the UniKL, MARA operates vocational and professional colleges such as Pusat GIAT MARA, Institut Kemahiran MARA (IKM) and Kolej Kemahiran MARA. These vocational colleges provide a second higher education option to students who are unable to continue their studies in universities. Other colleges include Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA, Institut Kemahiran MARA, Kolej Professional MARA, and Kolej MARA.
Scholarships are offered to Bumiputra students to attend local and foreign institutions of higher learning. Students are required to specialise in certain professions such as engineering, medicine, or accounting.
Subsidiaries
Kolej Poly-Tech MARA Sdn. Bhd. (Universiti Poly-Tech MARA - UPTM)
Universiti Teknikal MARA Sdn. Bhd. (Universiti Kuala Lumpur - UniKL)
German-Malaysian Institute (GMI)
GIATMARA Sdn. Bhd. (GIATMARA)
Pelaburan MARA Berhad (PMB)
Yayasan Pelajaran MARA (YPM)
Pusat Pembangunan Reka Bentuk Sdn. Bhd. (DDEC)
F.I.T Center Sdn. Bhd. (FITEC)
Asia Aerotechnic Sdn. Bhd. (AAT)
MARALiner Sdn. Bhd (MLSB)
Technology Park Malaysia College Sdn. Bhd. (TPM College)
MARA Excellent Ventures Sdn. Bhd. (MEX)
UniMARA Sdn. Bhd. (UniMARA)
Rural Capital Sdn. Bhd. (RCSB)
MARA Aerospace & Technologies Sdn. Bhd (M-AeroTech)
YPM Realties Sdn. Bhd. (YPMR)
MARA Incorporated Sdn. Bhd (MARA Inc.)
Glocal Link (M) Sdn. Bhd (GLSB)
MARA Corporation Sdn. Bhd. (MARA Corp.)
See also
Te Puni Kōkiri, an analogous body in New Zealand.
Mara Junior Science College Kuching, Sarawak.
References
External links
1966 establishments in Malaysia
Government agencies established in 1966
Ministry of Rural Development (Malaysia) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis%20Amanah%20Rakyat |
Zemfira is the debut album by Russian rock singer Zemfira. It was released in May 1999 on DMI Records. The album sold over 700,000 copies in Russia.
Track listing
"Почему" (Why)
"Снег" (Snow)
"Синоптик" (The Weatherman)
"Ромашки" (Daisies)
"Маечки" (Shirts)
"СПИД" (AIDS)
"Румба" (Rumba)
"Скандал" (Scandal)
"Не Пошлое" (Unplatitudinous)
"Припевочка" (Songstergirl)*
"-140"
"Ариведерчи" (Arrivederci)
"Ракеты" (Rockets)
"Земфира" (Zemfira)
*Here: means girl who is very easy to get along with. The song tells about problems of young couple, it contains lyrics such as: "He is your boy | You are his girl | He is a liar | Well, and you're not a songstergirl"
Personnel
Zemfira – Vocals, Lyrics, Music
Sergei Cozinov – Drums and Percussion
Oleg Pungin – Drums and Percussion
Vadim Solov'ev – Guitar
Yurii Tsaler – Guitar
Rinat Akhmadiev – Bass
Sergei Miroliubov – Keyboard
1999 debut albums
Zemfira albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemfira%20%28album%29 |
Kalindula is a kind of bass guitar which gives its name to a style of popular music in southern-central Africa. It originated in the late 20th century and is popular in Zambia and is also found in Malawi and Zimbabwe. Some people claim it originated in the Democratic Republic of Congo but this cannot be fully supported by the evidence. It combines features of 20th century popular music with rhythmic and metric elements.
The kalindula musical style is characterized by an up-tempo rhythm and, in addition to the kalindula bass guitar, one or more hand-crafted guitars which are called 'banjos' (pronounced locally as 'bahn-jo'). Homemade drum sets are also used in some kalindula bands. Kalindula bands in urban areas often incorporate electric guitars, electric bass and modern drum sets into their ensembles.
In the Southern Province of Zambia, kalindula bands compete to participate in the annual Tonga Music Festival sponsored by Chikuni Radio station. Winning groups are offered recording contracts by the radio station and their tapes are sold in markets throughout the province. Current favorites in the Southern Province are Green Mamba and Mashombe Blue Jeans. Amayenge, winners of the 2005 Ngoma Music Award, are another well-known and long-established group, together with Distro Kuomboka band, winners of several regional and national awards as 'Best Band', who dominate the Kalindula scene on the Copperbelt.
See also
List of African musicians
External links
Chikuni Radio
Tonga Music Festival photo gallery
Kalindula Music Videos
Other information
Zambian musical instruments
Malawian music
Zimbabwean musical instruments
Bass guitars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalindula |
"Living with a Hernia" is a song by "Weird Al" Yankovic. The song is a parody of "Living in America" by James Brown, from the film Rocky IV. The song mostly describes the terrible "aggravation" and "back pain" that a hernia causes. The narrator himself claims to be suffering from a hernia, and that he's "Got to have an operation".
Recording
"Living with a Hernia" is a spoof of "Living in America" by Dan Hartman and Charlie Midnight (which was also the theme to the 1985 film Rocky IV). As the title suggests, it is about hernias. When it came time to pick a song to parody as the lead single for Polka Party! Scotti Brothers Records "had some very strong ideas" and wished to have Yankovic parody a musician who was signed on the same label. After "Living in America" became a hit, the record label insisted that Yankovic parody the song, to which Yankovic obliged. In order to accurately write the song, Yankovic researched the various types of hernias. On August 4, 1986, Yankovic began recording parodies for Polka Party!, starting with "Living With a Hernia".
Critical reception
The single received mostly mixed reviews. Eugene Chadbourne of AllMusic was critical of the parody, and wrote that "'Living in America' in its original version has all the overblown grandeur needed to make a good parody target, but 'Living With a Hernia' just isn't funny." Christopher Thelen of the Daily Vault noted that "Yankovic even falls flat tackling" Brown with this parody. In a positive review, Keith Thomas of The Atlanta Journal-Constitution called the single "a comical classic", praising Yankovic's lampooning of Brown's stage performance. He was particularly pleased with Yankovic naming specific types of hernias as opposed to cities in the United States. He concluded that, "Some people say Weird Al's appeal will wear out [but] I beg to differ."
Music video
Yankovic noted that "it was a real thrill to do James Brown. I'm a total non-dancer, never went to any dances in high school, but if I analytically dissect a dance routine I can figure it out." Choreographer Chester Whitmore was hired to accurately create the dance scenes featured in the video, which was shot on the concert set used in the movie Rocky IV.
Track listing
"Living with a Hernia" – 3:16
"Don't Wear Those Shoes" – 3:35
See also
List of singles by "Weird Al" Yankovic
List of songs by "Weird Al" Yankovic
References
Footnotes
Bibliography
External links
"Living with a Hernia" music video on YouTube/VEVO
Songs about diseases and disorders
"Weird Al" Yankovic songs
1986 singles
Songs written by Charlie Midnight
Songs with lyrics by "Weird Al" Yankovic
1986 songs
Funk songs
James Brown
Scotti Brothers Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living%20with%20a%20Hernia |
After the Truth () is a 1999 German film depicting the fictional trial of Dr. Josef Mengele, known as the "death angel of Auschwitz".
The film, starring Götz George as Mengele and Kai Wiesinger as his lawyer, is based on the original English-language screenplay by American writers Christopher and Kathleen Riley. The German title translates to "Nothing but the truth".
Synopsis
The infamous Nazi doctor Josef Mengele, who performed unethical medical experiments and is considered to be personally responsible for the selection of mass groups of detainees to be murdered in the gas chambers at the Auschwitz concentration camp, comes back from his hideout in Argentina as an 87-year-old man who is in his last days. Back in Germany, he must face trial for his crimes. Peter Rohm, a young solicitor and expert on Mengele, has to defend him. But Rohm feels unable to do so; when he decides to take on the case he endangers not only the relationship to his wife but also their very lives.
While the entire world looks on the Mengele trial, Rohm learns that the history of his own family has a closer connection with the Nazis' genocide than he ever had suspected.
Production
Götz George was also a co-producer of the film, which had problems finding financial support. The actor invested heavily to see the film completed.
Cast
Kai Wiesinger as Peter Rohm
Götz George as Josef Mengele
Karoline Eichhorn as Rebekka Rohm
Doris Schade as Hilde Rohm
Peter Roggisch as Chief Prosecutor Heribert Vogt
Bastian Trost as Felix Hillmann
Peter Rühring as Dr. Füglein
Michaela Rosen as Judge Gunda Friedrichs
Traugott Buhre as Dabrowski
as Daniel Ginsberg
Heinz Trixner as Müller
Detlef Bothe as Siebert
Volker Risch as Prosecutor
Frank Röth as Wendler
Peer Martiny as Adlatus Vogt
Jockel Tschiersch as Commissioner Wichmann
Michael Schenk as Judge Kürten
Further reading
External links
Screenwriters' website with press quotes and festival history
1999 films
1999 drama films
German drama films
1990s German-language films
World War II war crimes trials films
Films about the aftermath of the Holocaust
Films about Nazis
Cultural depictions of Josef Mengele
Films scored by Harald Kloser
1990s German films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After%20the%20Truth |
Fellows Riverside Gardens (11 acres) are public botanical gardens, part of the Mill Creek Metro Parks system. The gardens are located at 123 McKinley Avenue, in Youngstown, Ohio, United States. They are open daily with no admission fee.
History
In 1958, Elizabeth A. Fellows bequeathed the property to Mill Creek Park, together with funds to create a public garden on the site. She died in 1958 at the age of 96 in her home. In 1962, plans of how the garden would be designed came to fruition by Landscape Architect John L. Paolano. In order to keep the authenticity of the land, he maintained the overlooks and natural rolling landscape. After the design was completed, the first plantings began in 1963.
Facilities
Today the gardens include labeled flower displays of annuals, chrysanthemums, perennials, and tulips, with over 40,000 bulbs blooming each spring. The rose collection includes a formal rose garden with hybrid tea, floribunda and grandiflora roses, as well as climbing roses along a perennial border walk. Botanical and shrub roses are represented throughout the site. The gardens also contain a variety of labeled trees and woody shrubs, with collections of European beech, dwarf conifers, hollies, and rhododendrons, as well as an observation tower with a fine view of Lake Glacier.
The D.D. and Velma Davis Visitor & Education Center located at the Gardens houses a horticultural library, a Garden Cafe by Kravitz Deli, classrooms, a gift shop and meeting rooms. Many cultural events take place there each year and classes in horticulture, art and culture are offered year-round. The Visitor Center also contains a museum and an art gallery which features nature- and horticulture-themed shows. National and international speakers are hosted at the center as well.
Two other structures, the Gazebo and the Kidston Pavilion, are often the site of weddings, programs, and classes.
Events
The garden is the site of an All-America Selections Roses demonstration garden where new rose varieties are tested before being released to the public, a trial garden for new releases of annuals and perennials and a dahlia trial garden where showy dahlia varieties are tested. The dahlia trial garden is sponsored by the American Dahlia Society.
Children can interact with gardening and take classes in the Family Garden. Some classes and events require a fee.
Several annual events, such as Pumpkin Walk at Twilight, an autumn exhibit of carved and lighted jack-o-lanterns, Winter Nights, a winter display of luminary, and numerous flower shows are hosted at the gardens.
Fellows Riverside Gardens celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2008 with a variety of special events.
Gallery
See also
List of botanical gardens in the United States
References
External links
Botanical gardens in Ohio
Protected areas of Mahoning County, Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellows%20Riverside%20Gardens |
Ryan Palmer (born 23 January 1974) is a chess player of Jamaican origin; he was the Jamaican National Champion in 1992. During the academic years of 2004-2007, he taught mathematics at Adams' Grammar School in Newport, Shropshire, and now has moved to the United States, to pursue further studies. In both 2006 and 2007, he and his teammates were the Shropshire Chess League Division 1 Champions. In 2007, Palmer accomplished one win, one draw, and one loss leading to an accumulative score of 50%. He later returned to the UK to teach at St Olaves Grammar School, Orpington and is now teaching maths at Richmond Park Academy
References
External links
The Chess Drum Article
Ryan Palmer 365Chess.com
1974 births
Living people
Jamaican chess players
People from Newport, Shropshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan%20Palmer%20%28chess%20player%29 |
Lieutenant General Henry Wase Whitfield (Chinese: 威非路) was the Lieutenant Governor of Hong Kong and Commander of British Troops in China, Hong Kong and the Straits Settlements.
Military career
Whitfield was commissioned into the 2nd West India Regiment in 1828. He went on to be commanding officer of his regiment in 1843 and commanded it for 15 years.
He was promoted to major-general in 1868 and appointed Commander of British Troops in China, Hong Kong and the Straits Settlements in 1869.
Memory
Whitfield Road (威非路道) in North Point and Whitfield Barracks in Tsim Sha Tsui, both in Hong Kong, were named after him.
References
|-
1814 births
1877 deaths
Commanders of Hong Kong
British Army lieutenant generals
West India Regiment officers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Wase%20Whitfield |
Eric Allen Boe (born October 1, 1964) is a retired United States Air Force fighter pilot, Colonel, test pilot, and a current, active NASA astronaut. He flew as the pilot of Space Shuttle missions STS-126 and STS-133.
Early life and education
Boe was born in Miami, Florida, and grew up in Atlanta, Georgia. He graduated from Henderson High School, Chamblee, Georgia, in 1983. He was a cadet in the Georgia Wing of the Civil Air Patrol. While a cadet, Eric Boe earned the General Carl A Spaatz Award, the highest award given to Civil Air Patrol cadets. Boe is still a senior member in the Texas Wing of the Civil Air Patrol, along with his son, who recently became a cadet. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in astronautical engineering from the United States Air Force Academy in 1987, and a Master of Science degree in electrical engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1997. He is married to the former Kristen Newman of Thousand Oaks, California, and they have two children.
Military career
Boe was commissioned from the U.S. Air Force Academy in 1987. He completed Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training (ENJJPT) at Sheppard Air Force Base, Texas in 1988. Following transition training in the F-4 Phantom II, he was then assigned to the 3d Tactical Fighter Squadron at Clark Air Base in the Philippines as a combat-ready pilot in the F-4E. In 1991, he served as a T-38 instructor pilot in the 50th Flying Training Squadron, and as an AT-38B instructor pilot in the 49th Fighter Training Squadron at Columbus AFB, Mississippi. In 1994, following transition training in the F-15 Eagle at Tyndall AFB, Florida, he was assigned to the 33rd Fighter Wing's 60th Fighter Squadron at Eglin AFB, Florida, serving as a flight commander in the F-15C. He flew 55 combat missions over Iraq in support of Operation Southern Watch after the first Gulf War. In 1997, he attended the USAF Test Pilot School at Edwards AFB, California. After graduation, he was assigned as the director of test, Air-to-Air Missile Test Division, 46th Test Wing, Eglin AFB, where he served as a test pilot flying the A/B/C/D and E models of the F-15 and the UH-1N helicopter. He has logged over 6,000 flight hours in more than 50 different aircraft.
NASA career
Selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in July 2000, Boe reported to the Johnson Space Center in August 2000. Following the completion of two years of training and evaluation, he was assigned technical duties in the Astronaut Office Advanced Vehicles Branch and Station Operations Branch. His current technical assignment involves work with displays and controls for future space vehicles. He made his first trip to space as pilot of during STS-126 on November 14, 2008. Boe flew his second space flight as pilot on STS-133, the final scheduled flight of the Space Shuttle Discovery and the third-to-last flight of the Space Shuttle program.
In August 2012, Boe was named Deputy Chief of the Astronaut Office.
In July 2015, NASA announced Boe as one of the first astronauts for U.S. Commercial spaceflights. Subsequently, he has started working with Boeing and SpaceX to train in their commercial crew vehicles, along with the other chosen astronauts – Sunita Williams, Robert Behnken and Doug Hurley. In August 2018 he was assigned to Boe-CFT, the first test flight of the Boeing CST-100 Starliner. On January 22, 2019, NASA announced that Boe was unable to fly due to medical reasons and replaced him with Michael Fincke.
Awards and honors
Boe is a distinguished graduate with honors from the United States Air Force Academy, and was awarded the Fannie and John Hertz Foundation Fellowship for graduate studies.
In addition to his current U.S. Air Force aeronautical rating of Command Pilot/Astronaut, his personal military decorations and service awards include:
Defense Meritorious Service Medal
Meritorious Service Medal
Air Medals (2 awards)
Aerial Achievement Medals (5 awards)
Air Force Commendation Medals (3 awards)
Air Force Achievement Medal
Combat Readiness Medal
Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards (3 awards)
National Defense Service Medals (2 awards)
Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal
War on Terrorism Service Medal
References
External links
NASA bio of Boe
Spacefacts biography of Eric A. Boe
Civil Air Patrol article about Boe
1964 births
Living people
American test pilots
United States Air Force astronauts
People from Miami
People from Chamblee, Georgia
United States Air Force Academy alumni
Georgia Tech alumni
U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni
United States Air Force officers
People of the Civil Air Patrol
Recipients of the Air Medal
Space Shuttle program astronauts
Recipients of the Meritorious Service Medal (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Boe |
In microscopy, negative staining is an established method, often used in diagnostic microscopy, for contrasting a thin specimen with an optically opaque fluid. In this technique, the background is stained, leaving the actual specimen untouched, and thus visible. This contrasts with positive staining, in which the actual specimen is stained.
Bright field microscopy
For bright-field microscopy, negative staining is typically performed using a black ink fluid such as nigrosin and India ink. The specimen, such as a wet bacterial culture spread on a glass slide, is mixed with the negative stain and allowed to dry. When viewed with the microscope the bacterial cells, and perhaps their spores, appear light against the dark surrounding background. An alternative method has been developed using an ordinary waterproof marking pen to deliver the negative stain.
Transmission electron microscopy
In the case of transmission electron microscopy, opaqueness to electrons is related to the atomic number, i.e., the number of protons. Some suitable negative stains include ammonium molybdate, uranyl acetate, uranyl formate, phosphotungstic acid, osmium tetroxide, osmium ferricyanide and auroglucothionate. These have been chosen because they scatter electrons strongly and also adsorb to biological matter well. The structures which can be negatively stained are much smaller than those studied with the light microscope. Here, the method is used to view viruses, bacteria, bacterial flagella, biological membrane structures and proteins or protein aggregates, which all have a low electron-scattering power. Some stains, such as osmium tetroxide and osmium ferricyanide, are very chemically active. As strong oxidants, they cross-link lipids mainly by reacting with unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds, and thereby both fix biological membranes in place in tissue samples and simultaneously stain them.
The choice of negative stain in electron microscopy can be very important. An early study of plant viruses using negatively stained leaf dips from a diseased plant showed only spherical viruses with one stain and only rod-shaped viruses with another. The verified conclusion was that this plant suffered from a mixed infection by two separate viruses.
Negative staining at both light microscope and electron microscope level should never be performed with infectious organisms unless stringent safety precautions are followed. Negative staining is usually a very mild preparation method and thus does not reduce the possibility of operator infection.
Other applications
Negative staining transmission electron microscopy has also been successfully employed for study and identification of aqueous lipid aggregates like lamellar liposomes (le), inverted spherical micelles (M) and inverted hexagonal HII cylindrical (H) phases (see figure).
References
External links
Electron microscopy stains
Electron microscopy
Microscopy
Staining | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative%20stain |
Miller & Martin PLLC is a midsize Southeastern law firm with offices in Atlanta, Georgia, Chattanooga, Tennessee, Nashville, Tennessee, and Charlotte, North Carolina. The firm employs over 130 attorneys and a similar number of support staff.
Miller & Martin's practice was founded in 1867 in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Many of its early clients, such as the original bottler of Coca-Cola, have evolved from local concerns into global enterprises. Miller & Martin is a member of the World Law Group — an international network of independent law firms.
References
External links
Miller & Martin PLLC
Companies based in Chattanooga, Tennessee
Law firms established in 1867
Law firms based in Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%20%26%20Martin |
Congolese rumba, also known as African rumba, is a dance music genre originating from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) and the Republic of the Congo (formerly French Congo). With its rhythms, melodies, and lyrics, Congolese rumba has gained global recognition and remains an integral part of African music heritage. In December 2021, it was added to the UNESCO list of intangible cultural heritage.
Emerging in the mid-20th century in the urban centers of Kinshasa and Brazzaville during the colonial era, Congolese rumba originated from a fusion of various musical influences, including Kongolese maringa dance music and Cuban son. Congolese rumba customarily features lively guitar melodies, groovy basslines, catchy rhythms, and danceable beats. The genre's roots can be traced to the 1930s, when African musicians, particularly those from the Congo Basin, incorporated guitar, bottles, and ikembe to perform songs in traditional forms combined with Cuban son. This gave rise to soukous, a genre characterized by its lively rhythms, intricate high-pitched guitar melodies, and large brass and polyrhythmic percussion sections.
The style has gained widespread popularity in Africa, reaching countries like Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Zimbabwe, Madagascar, Zambia, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Nigeria, Ghana, South Sudan, Senegal, Burundi, Malawi, and Namibia. Additionally, it has found a following in Europe, particularly in France, Belgium, Germany, and the UK, as well as the US, as a result of touring by Congolese musicians, who have performed at various festivals internationally. Musicians such as Henri Bowane, Wendo Kolosoy, Franco Luambo Makiadi, Le Grand Kallé, Nico Kasanda, Tabu Ley Rochereau, Sam Mangwana, Papa Noel Nedule, Vicky Longomba, and Papa Wemba have made significant contributions to the genre, pushing its boundaries and incorporating modern musical elements.
History
Origins
A proposed etymology for the term "rumba" is that it derives from the Kikongo word nkumba, meaning "belly button", denoting the native dance practiced within the former Kingdom of Congo, encompassing parts of the present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, and Angola. Its rhythmic foundation draws from Bantu traditions, notably the Palo Kongo religion, which traces back to the Kongo people who were unceremoniously transported to Cuba by Spanish settlers in the 16th century. According to Miguel Ángel Barnet Lanza's On Congo Cults of Bantu Origin in Cuba, the majority of African slaves brought to Cuba were of Bantu origin, although later, the Yoruba from Nigeria became the primary group of slaves in Cuba. Despite the tribulations endured by enslaved Africans, their musical traditions, dance forms, and spiritual practices from were covertly preserved across generations within regions characterized by significant populations of enslaved Africans. Musical instruments like the conga, makuta, catá, yambu, claves, güiro, and cajón de rumba were used to craft a musical dialogue that engaged in call-and-response with ancestral spirits and the deceased. Notable figures like Arsenio Rodríguez blended traditional Bakongo sounds with Cuban son.
Late 1920s–1950s
According to Phyllis Martin's Leisure and Society in Colonial Brazzaville, the popular partnered dance music in the former Belgian Congo and French Congo, which now constitute the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Republic of the Congo, respectively, was known as maringa. It involved a small skin-covered frame drum called patenge for counter-rhythms, a bottle functioning as a triangle, and an accordion known as likembe. The distinctive movements of maringa dancers involved a rhythmic hip sway that shifted body weight alternately from one leg to the other, reminiscent of the Afro-Cuban rumba dance, which later eclipsed older dances and musical forms. The popularity of partnered dancing traversed the Congo region by 1930. Ethnomusicology professor Kazadi wa Mukuna of Kent State University explains that many recording studio proprietors at the time sought to reinterpret the term maringa by infusing it with the new "rumba" rhythm, while retaining its original name. In 1934, Jean Réal, a French entertainment director from Martinique, coined the term "Congo Rumba" when he founded an ensemble by that name in Brazzaville. Clément Ossinondé, a Congolese musicologist specializing in Congolese music, notes that among the Congolese musicians affiliated with Congo Rumba, Gabriel Kakou and Georges Mozebo were prominent figures instrumental in popularizing Congolese rumba and mentoring emerging local musicians. By 1937, Réal had refined his arrangements and equipped local musicians with contemporary instruments, leading to substantial advantages for native artists, including Alphonse Samba, Michel Kouka, Georges Nganga, Côme Batoukama (guitars), Vital Kinzonzi (accordion), Emmanuel Dadet (saxophone, guitar, and more), and Albert Loboko (banjo, piano, guitar).
In the early 1940s, the music of Cuban son groups, such as Septeto Habanero, Trio Matamoros, and Los Guaracheros de Oriente, was played on Radio Congo Belge in Léopoldville, gaining popularity in the country during the following decades. Maringa dance music—although unrelated to Cuban rumba—became known as "Congolese rumba", as imported records by Sexteto Habanero and Trio Matamoros were often mislabeled as "rumba". Various artists and groups emerged on the Congolese music scene, with Paul Kamba in 1941 (Victoria Brazza) and Antoine Wendo Kolosoy in 1943 (Victoria Kin) being credited as pioneers of modern Congolese music. Local musicians associated with eclectic Congolese labels owned by white settlers began producing a similar style of Congolese rumba, often characterized by a slower tempo and minimal distinctions between orchestras, such as African Jazz, OK Jazz, Conga Jazz, Negro Band, and Rumbanella Band, among others. Although the band names frequently included the word "jazz", Martin notes that "the essential musical inspiration came from African and Latin American roots". The name "jazz" was used because young men were bedazzled by the American soldiers, especially African Americans, who were based at a military camp in Léopoldville during the Second World War.
In 1957, Congolese rumba underwent a significant development, with the emergence of two prominent schools: the OK Jazz School, which embraced a style known as odemba, characterized by a fast tempo and influenced by the odemba rhythm from the Mongo folklore of Mbandaka along the Congo River that later evolved into Soukous music; and the African Jazz School, which introduced "rumba-rock", a faster tempo. One of the musical innovations of Franco Luambo's OK Jazz was the mi-solo (meaning "half solo") guitarist, playing arpeggio patterns and filling a role between the lead and rhythm guitars. The band held sway over the Congolese rumba style until 1959, when Les Bantous de la Capitale was established, ushering in a third musical school of Congolese rumba.
1960s–1970s
By the late 1960s, Congolese rumba was an established genre in most of Central Africa, and it would also impact the music of West and East Africa. Certain artists who had performed in Franco Luambo and Grand Kalle's bands went on to establish their own ensembles. Tabu Ley Rochereau and Nico Kasanda formed African Fiesta in 1963. Nico's faction, including Mwamba Déchaud, went on to create a new ensemble called Docteur Nico and African Fiesta Sukisa, while Rochereau and Roger Izeidi founded African Fiesta National. Others, such as Mujos and Depuissant, departed to join different musical collectives. They were joined by Papa Wemba and Sam Mangwana, and classics like Afrika Mokili Mobimba made them one of Africa's most prominent bands.
While Congolese rumba influenced bands such as Lipua-Lipua, Veve, TPOK Jazz, and Bella Bella, younger Congolese musicians sought to diminish that influence and embrace a faster-paced soukous style of the OK Jazz School. In 1969, a collective of students known as Zaïko Langa Langa, led by vocalist Papa Wemba, emerged, introducing a fourth school of Congolese rumba, characterized by its unconventional structure, abrupt movements, and intricate elements. This innovation brought distinctive features, such as variations in drum tempo, snare drum usage, sebene (repeated musical note sequences), and an entertainment ensemble comprising atalaku (singing entertainers), a unified choir, a soloist, and the dynamic "shocked" dance, featuring intricate body movements. Pepe Kalle, a protégé of Grand Kallé, established the band Empire Bakuba together with Papy Tex, and they also gained popularity in Africa, playing a stripped-down, high-energy interpretation of Franco and Rochereau's music.
21st century
In December 2021, Congolese rumba was added to the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
Musical examples
The following example is from the Congolese rumba "Passi ya boloko" by Franco (Luambo Makiadi) and O.K. Jazz (c. mid-1950s). The bass is playing a tresillo-based tumbao, typical of son montuno. The rhythm guitar plays all of the offbeats, the exact pattern of the rhythm guitar in Cuban son. According to the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, the lead guitar part "recalls the blue-tinged guitar solos heard in bluegrass and rockabilly music of the 1950s, with its characteristic insistence on the opposition of the major-third and minor-third degrees of the scale."
Banning Eyre distills down the Congolese guitar style to this skeletal figure, where the guide-pattern clave is sounded by the bass notes (notated with downward stems).
In a densely textured seben section of a soukous song (below), the three interlocking guitar parts are reminiscent of the contrapuntal structure of Cuban music, with its layered guajeos.
Influence
Colombian champeta
African music has been popular in Colombia since the 1970s and has had a significant impact on the local musical genre known as champeta. In the mid-1970s, a group of sailors introduced records from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Nigeria to Colombia, including a plate-numbered 45 RPM titled El Mambote by Congo's l'Orchestre Veve, which gained popularity when played by DJ Victor Conde. Record labels proactively dispatched producers to find African records that would resonate with DJs and audiences. The music gained traction, especially in economically underprivileged urban areas, predominantly inhabited by Afro-Colombian communities, where it was incorporated into sound systems at parties across cities such as Cartagena, Barranquilla, and Palenque de San Basilio.
The emergence of champeta involved replicating musical arrangements by Congolese artists like Nicolas Kasanda wa Mikalay, Tabu Ley Rochereau, M'bilia Bel, Syran Mbenza, Lokassa Ya M'Bongo, Pépé Kallé, Rémy Sahlomon, and Kanda Bongo Man. Local artists such as Viviano Torres, Luis Towers, and Charles King, all from Palenque de San Basilio, started composing their own songs and producing unique musical arrangements, while still maintaining the Congolese soukous influence, a derivative of Congolese rumba. They composed and sang in their native language, Palenquero, a creole mix of Spanish and Bantu languages like Kikongo and Lingala.
Champeta's sound is intimately intertwined with Congolese rumba, particularly the soukous style, sharing the same rhythmic foundation. The guitar and the use of the Casio brand synthesizer for sound effects are instrumental in shaping champeta's distinct sound.
During the Super Bowl LIV halftime show on 2 February 2020, at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida, Shakira danced to the song "Icha" by the Congolese artist Syran Mbenza, accompanied by several dancers. The track is colloquially known as "El Sebastián" in Colombia. Shakira's performance inspired the #ChampetaChallenge on various social media platforms.
Ivorian coupé-décalé
The Congolese rumba dance called ndombolo has significantly impacted coupé-décalé dance music with the incorporation of atalaku, a term referencing animators or hype men who enhance the rhythm and interactivity of performances, into its songs. The first Congolese band to employ atalaku was Zaïko Langa Langa, in the 1980s. In one of their early compositions featuring these animators, the repeated chant "Atalaku! Tala! Atalaku mama, Zekete" (Look at me! Look! Look at me, mama! Zekete!) echoed, commanding attention. As coupé-décalé emerged, the Congolese rumba influence remained conspicuous. Notably, with the release of "Sagacité", Douk Saga's debut hit, the explicit imprint of atalaku was apparent. In an RFI interview, DJ Arafat, an Ivorian musician, acknowledged atalaku's influence on his artistic approach. The term has transcended its origins, becoming embedded in the lexicon of Ivory Coast and neighboring countries, though it now signifies "flattery".
French hip hop
With the emergence of satellite television across Africa in the early 1990s, coupled with the subsequent development and expansion of the internet across the continent in the subsequent decades, French hip hop flourished within the African francophone market. Originating in the United States, the genre rapidly gained popularity among youth of African descent in France and various other European nations. Initially molded by American hip hop, the French variant has since developed a distinct identity and sound, drawing influences from the African musical heritage shared by many French rappers.
By the late 1990s, Bisso Na Bisso, a collective of French rappers from the Republic of the Congo, pioneered the infusion of Congolese rumba rhythms into French rap. Their album Racines melds hip hop, Congolese rumba, soukous, and zouk rhythms, featuring collaborations with African artists like Koffi Olomidé, Papa Wemba, Ismaël Lô, Lokua Kanza, and Manu Dibango, alongside the French-Caribbean zouk group Kassav'. Nearly all their thematic elements revolve around a reconnection with their roots, evident through samples sourced directly from Congolese rumba and soukous. In the early 2000s, the lingua franca of many French rap tracks was Lingala, accompanied by resonant rumba guitar riffs. Mokobé Traoré, a Malian–French rapper, further accentuated this influence on the album Mon Afrique, where he featured artists like Fally Ipupa on the soukous-inspired track "Malembe". The far-reaching impact of "Congolization" transcends hip hop, permeating other genres like French R&B and religious music, all while concurrently gaining traction across Europe and francophone Africa. Prominent artists include Youssoupha, Maître Gims, Dadju, Niska, Singuila, Damso, KeBlack, Naza, Zola, Kalash Criminel, Ninho, Kaysha, Franglish, Gradur, Shay, Bramsito, Baloji, Tiakola, and Ya Levis Dalwear—all descendants of Congolese musical lineage.
See also
Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Musicians from the Democratic Republic of the Congo
References
Bibliography
External links
The Sound of Sunshine: How soukous saved my life
Democratic Republic of the Congo music
Dance music genres | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congolese%20rumba |
MAFA (Mast cell function-associated antigen) is a type II membrane glycoprotein, first identified on the surface of rat mucosal-type mast cells of the RBL-2H3 line. More recently, human and mouse homologues of MAFA have been discovered yet also (or only) expressed by NK and T-cells. MAFA is closely linked with the type 1 Fcɛ receptors in not only mucosal mast cells of humans and mice but also in the serosal mast cells of these same organisms.
It has the ability to function as both a channel for calcium ions along with interact with other receptors to inhibit certain cell processes. It function is based on its specialized structure, which contains many specialized motifs and sequences that allow its functions to take place.
Discovery
Experimental discovery
MAFA was initially discovered by Enrique Ortega and Israel Pecht in 1988 while studying the type 1 Fcɛ receptors (FcɛRI) and the unknown Ca2+ channels that allowed these receptors to work in the cellular membrane. Ortega and Pecht experimented through using a series of monoclonal antibodies on the RBL -2H3 line of rat mast cells. While experimenting and trying to find a specific antibody that would raise a response, the G63 monoclonal antibody was shown to raise a response by inhibiting the cellular secretions linked to the FcɛRI receptors in these rat mucosal mast cells. The G63 antibody attached to a specific membrane receptor protein that caused the inhibition process to occur. Specifically, the inhibition occurred by the G63 antibody and glycoprotein cross-linking so that the processes of inflammation mediator formation, Ca2+ intake into the cell, and the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositides were all stopped. This caused biochemical inhibition of the normal FcɛRI response. The identified receptor protein was then isolated and studied where it was found that when cross-linked, the protein actually had a conformational change that localized the FcɛRI receptors. Based on these results, both Ortega and Pecht named this newly discovered protein Mast cell function-associated antigen or MAFA for short.
Structure and coding
Protein structure
General structure
MAFA is said to be a type II membrane glycoprotein, which means that its N-terminus will face the cytosol while its C-terminus will face the extracellular environment. The protein is 188 amino acids in length and has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions within these amino acids. The MAFA protein weighs between 28-40 kiloDaltons and can exist as both a monomer or a homodimer in various species as seen by the SDS-PAGE results that show two broad bands based on these two forms. The MAFA core polypeptide sequence weights about 19 kiloDaltons, however, a large amount of the weight comes from the N-linked oligosaccharides that are attached onto the protein. This heavy glycosylation is a common occurrence among type II membrane glycoproteins and is a key part of both their structure and function. The variation among glycosylation levels helps play an important role in the properties of MAFA proteins, so the protein must be properly made and modified in order to have full functionality.
CRD region
The C-terminus of MAFA contains 114 amino acids and has a distinct region called the carbohydrate recognition domain, or CRD for short. This region, as implied in the name, is where various carbohydrates and signaling molecules are recognized and attach to the protein. This CRD is present in many other glycoproteins present in higher level eukaryotes. The CRD is distinguished by a conserved 15 amino acid sequence that includes the following number of amino acids: two glycine residues, two leucine residues, five tryptophan residues, and six cysteine residues. These residues help to form various motifs through their interactions including both WIGL and CYYF motifs.
Intracellular domain
Along with specialized sequences on both the N terminus and C terminus, the intracellular domain of this protein contains a specialized sequence called the SIYSTL sequence, where the name is the one letter amino acid abbreviations of its residues. All of the amino acids in this sequence are polar in nature and are considered to be a part of the Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Inhibitory Motif (ITM). This ITIM allows the MAFA receptor protein to not only be considered a type II glycoprotein, but is also classified as an inhibitory receptor.
Genetic coding
Transcriptional and translational coding
As with other proteins, the MAFA undergoes both transcription followed by translation and post-translational modifications in the ER and Golgi. The genomic coding region of this protein consists of 13 kilobytes of genetic information with five exons that are split by four introns in the gene. Of these five exons, three are used to help code the CRD region that was previously mentioned. This gene is also regulated through an upstream promoter region that is 664 basepairs up from the first nucleotide of the protein. Like other proteins, the gene is copied in multiple starting points and put together into an mRNA transcript.
Alternative splicing
After the code was transcribed into mRNA, the MAFA strand was also found to undergo alternative splicing which has allowed various forms of the MAFA protein to be translated and lead to many of the variations previously discussed. One form of this code deletes the transmembrane portion of the MAFA protein and causes a soluble version to be made, being unique to this protein and has allowed scientists to apply this alternative splicing idea to other Mast cell transmembrane proteins as well. Once translated, the protein enters the proper cellular pathways from the ER to the Golgi and eventually the cellular membrane, where it is integrated and begins its functionality.
Function
Channel functionality
As discovered by Ortega and Pecht, one of the main functions of MAFA is to function as a Ca2+ channel as seen in their experiment with inhibition of Ca2+ when the G63 antibody was bound to the MAFA receptor region. Additionally, as seen by the fact that it is a type II membrane glycoprotein and by its ability to change conformation to allow varying amount of calcium to enter the cell, MAFA also functions as a receptor molecule and can be inhibit various processes in the mast cells. Specifically, this inhibition is in part due to the SIYSTL motif at the C-terminus of the protein, which is in the extracellular matrix. This motif is dense with Tyrosine residues, some of which are phosphorylated. The phosphorylation on these residues play the primary role in allowing MAFA to inhibit different biochemical processes.
Clustering
FcɛRI
MAFA protein also interact greatly with FcɛRI receptors through the formation of aggregates and lipid rafts within the cellular membrane. By forming these aggregate structures, the conformation of MAFA is changed so that it can fully interact with the FcɛRI receptors and therefore cannot bind with the G63 monoclonal antibodies and is inhibited from allowing diffusion across its membrane. Along with inhibition of MAFA function, the FcɛRI receptor is also inhibited, meaning that even if a stimulus was bound to its receptor, the FcɛRI would not cause the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositides as it normally does. Therefore, by forming these large clusters, both the function of MAFA and FcɛRI receptors are inhibited and can lead to further inhibitions of cell signaling processes within the cell. Even when the MAFA is not induced to interact heavily with FcɛRI, the mast cell membrane has natural interactions between these two receptors that cause small amounts of MAFA-FcɛRI complexes to be found without large changes to either of their functions. The specific mechanism by which the MAFA and FcɛRI interact and aggregate is still yet to be discovered.
Cell cycle
Along with interacting with other proteins, MAFA can form aggregates consisting only of itself, which are induced by either the monoclonal antibody G63, which was involved in its discovery, or by parts of the F(ab')2 antibody binding to its extracellular complex. By forming these MAFA groups, it was found to cause inhibition of cell cycle processes and prevent mitosis or DNA Replication from occurring. Specifically, this formation causes an increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation of various cyclins and proteins involved in the cell cycle. The main two proteins that are phosphorylated are p62DOK and inositol phosphatase SHIP and this causes further change of downstream processes that these proteins are involved in. For p62DOK, the phosphorylation process causes it to have increased binding to RasGAP, which functions to inhibit the Ras protein function by taking causing GTPase activity to take place and GDP to be bound, which inhibits Ras functionality. By having inhibition of Ras, further downstream promotion of DNA transcription is also halted, which includes some cell cycle proteins. For inositol phosphatase SHIP, the phosphorylation caused an increased amount of binding to Shc, which is normally found to be bound to Sos1 during cell cycling. Sos1 and SHIP both bind to Shc competitively and by having an increased affinity for Shc during phosphorylation, Sos1 binding decreases greatly. This relationship suggests that decreased Sos1 binding is also associated with halting the cell cycle, although the mechanism by which this inhibition occurs has not been discovered.
Alternative forms
MAFA can also exist in multiple forms due to alternative splicing and one of these forms in a soluble version of the protein where its transmembrane portion was not translated and modified. This form of MAFA can diffuse out of the cellular membrane and into the extracellular matrix without being degraded or broken down by lysosomes, meaning that it does serve a function within human cells. The degree of glycosylation along with the specific function of these proteins is still yet to be discovered, but it is hypothesized that they play an important role in helping maintain calcium levels along with limiting the formation of inflammation mediators within these mast cells. Much about these alternative forms is yet to be discovered.
References
Cell biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAFA |
The Demographic Window is defined to be that period of time in a nation's demographic evolution when the proportion of population of working age group is particularly prominent. This occurs when the demographic architecture of a population becomes younger and the percentage of people able to work reaches its height. Typically, the demographic window of opportunity lasts for 30–40 years depending upon the country. Because of the mechanical link between fertility levels and age structures, the timing and duration of this period is closely associated to those of fertility decline: when birth rates fall, the age pyramid first shrinks with gradually lower proportions of young population (under 15s) and the dependency ratio decreases as is happening (or happened) in various parts of East Asia over several decades. After a few decades, low fertility however causes the population to get older and the growing proportion of elderly people inflates again the dependency ratio as is observed in present-day Europe.
The exact technical boundaries of definition may vary. The UN Population Department has defined it as period when the proportion of children and youth under 15 years falls below 30 per cent and the proportion of people 65 years and older is still below 15 per cent. The Global Data Lab released an alternative classification of phases:
Europe's demographic window lasted from 1950 to 2000. It began in China in 1990 and is expected to last until 2015. India is expected to enter the demographic window in 2010, which may last until the middle of the present century. Much of Africa will not enter the demographic window until 2045 or later.
Societies who have entered the demographic window have smaller dependency ratio (ratio of dependents to working-age population) and therefore the demographic potential for high economic growth as favorable dependency ratios tend to boost savings and investments in human capital. But this so-called "demographic bonus" (or demographic dividend) remains only a potential advantage as low participation rates (for instance among women) or rampant unemployment may limit the impact of favorable age structures.
For a list of demographic windows of other nations check the UN link in References.
See also
Demographics
References
Proceedings of the United Nations Expert Meeting on World Population to 2300
Bloom, David E., David Canning and Jaypee Sevilla (2003)- The Demographic Dividend: A New Perspective on the Economic Consequences of Population Change.
A CICRED Policy Paper on implications of age structural transitions
Demographic economics
Demographics
Ageing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic%20window |
DirectX Diagnostic Tool (DxDiag) is a diagnostics tool used to test DirectX functionality and troubleshoot video- or sound-related hardware problems. DirectX Diagnostic can save text files with the scan results. These files are often posted in tech forums or attached to support emails in order to give support personnel a better idea of the PC the requester is using in case the error is due to a hardware failure or incompatibility.
DirectX Diagnostic Tool is located in . Starting from Windows Vista, DirectX Diagnostic Tool only shows information; it is no longer possible to test the hardware and the various DirectX components.
Functions
The System tab displays the current DirectX version, the computer's hostname, the operating system's version, information on the system BIOS, and other data. The DirectX Files tab displays information about the versions of specific DirectX system files, which are portable executables or dynamic-link libraries (DLLs).
DirectX Diagnostic Tool displays information about the current display settings and the video hardware on the Display tab. If the computer has more than one monitor, then DirectX Diagnostic Tool will display a separate tab for each monitor. This tab can disable DirectDraw, Direct3D, and/or AGP Texture Acceleration for troubleshooting purposes. If the installed display driver has passed Windows Hardware Quality Labs testing, DirectX Diagnostic Tool will display this result on the right side of the window.
The Music tab displays information about the computer's MIDI settings, and lists different music-related software and hardware on your computer. The Input tab, displays information about input devices installed in the computer such as keyboards and mice. It will also attempt to detect problems with these devices. DirectX Diagnostic Tool also displays information about the installed DirectPlay Service Provider.
In Windows XP Professional x64 Edition, Windows Vista x64 edition, Windows 7 x64 edition, Windows 8 x64 edition and Windows 10 x64 edition, two versions of DirectX Diagnostic Tool are included, a native 64-bit version and a 32-bit version. In Windows XP Professional x64 Edition, Windows Vista x64 edition and Windows 7 x64 edition, the 32-bit version of DirectX Diagnostic Tool is run by default.
References
Utilities for Windows
Windows-only proprietary software
DirectX | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DirectX%20Diagnostic%20Tool |
Troy Southgate (born 22 July 1965) is a British far-right political activist and a self-described national-anarchist. He has been affiliated with far-right and fascist groups, such as National Front and International Third Position. He co-created the think tank New Right alongside Jonathan Bowden and is the founder and editor-in-chief of Black Front Press. Southgate's movement has been described as working to "exploit a burgeoning counter culture of industrial heavy metal music, paganism, esotericism, occultism and Satanism that, it believes, holds the key to the spiritual reinvigoration of western society ready for an essentially Evolian revolt against the culturally and racially enervating forces of American global capitalism."
Far-right activism
Southgate joined the National Front in 1984 and began writing for publications such as National Front News and Nationalism Today. According to Searchlight magazine, in 1987 he joined the Society of St. Pius X (SSPX).
In 1998, he and other ENM members founded the National Revolutionary Faction. In 2001, Southgate and the NRF were the subject of a Sunday Telegraph article, in which the NRF was accused of being a neo-Nazi organisation infiltrating animal rights groups to spread fascism.
Southgate's national-anarchist ideology has been described as an opportunistic appropriation of aspects of leftist counter-culture in the service of a racist, far-right ideology.
Black Front Press
Black Front Press was established in 2010 by Southgate to print his biography of Otto Strasser, and has subsequently become a publisher of historical, political, philosophical and esoteric texts.
Views
Southgate, who graduated in history and theology from the University of Kent at Canterbury in 1997, comes from a non-religious background—although he converted to Catholicism in 1987 and was in that same year, according to Searchlight, associated with the Society of St. Pius X (SSPX). Southgate later joined the International Third Position (ITP), believing it to be ‘the legitimate heir to the National Revolutionary Movement in Britain’, though he eventually broke with it in 1992, accusing its membership of gross financial impropriety, hypocrisy, racial miscegenation and of practising a ‘bourgeois’ form of reactionary ultra-Catholic fascism incompatible with the ‘revolutionary’ nationalism that, he claimed, they had betrayed.
According to Searchlight, in 1998 Southgate was partly the subject of a smear piece by former colleagues in the ITP, in the booklet Satanism and its Allies – The Nationalist Movement Under Attack, published by Final Conflict, and linking him and others that left the ITP to Satanism, with which he has never been involved. Graham D. Macklin refers to this slander as an "attack" due to leaving the "staunchly Catholic ITP" although he points out that it was only later, after the original publication of the booklet, that the ITP decided for some reason to produce an update that "singled out Southgate as a 'Satanist' and 'pro-faggot'".
Southgate, to further his ideology of "revolutionary nationalism", subsequently formed the English National movement, which denounced Hitler and Mussolini as "reactionary charlatans" whilst praising fascists he felt had represented the Third Position more sincerely, such as Otto Strasser, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, and José Antonio Primo de Rivera. Around this time he began to justify British ethnic homogeneity, which he claimed was "not racist", by recourse to the European New Right concept of Ethnopluralism.
Southgate rejected Catholicism in 1997, and gravitated towards the extreme-right interpretation of traditionalism espoused by Julius Evola, particularly Evola's "spiritual racism", and synthesized this with Carl Jung's notion of the collective unconscious in order to push the idea of a "primeval Aryan psyche". The multiplicity of his influences led to his espousing an idiosyncratic form of palingenetic ultranationalism that divorced itself from the "artificial" concept of the nation-state.
Southgate subsequently incorporated green-anarchism into his perspective in order to counter the 'corrosive influence of urbanism and decay', and embraced neo-pagan and heathen groups. Along with like-minded musicians, he sought to diffuse the ideals of Mithraic paganism and Nordic folk myths into music-orientated youth cultures.
Southgate was influenced by Evola's view that feminism had led to a breakdown in what the feminine and masculine roles had to offer.
Bibliography
Southgate has edited in excess of 100 books, chiefly through Black Front Press, but the following is a list of titles published under his own name.
Tradition and Revolution: Collected Writings of Troy Southgate
Hitler: The Adjournment
Nazis, Fascists or Neither: Ideological Credentials of the British Far Right, 1987-94
Otto Strasser: The Life and Times of a German SocialistAdventures in Counter-Culture: Politics, Music, Film and LiteratureFurther Writings: Essays on Philosophy, Religion, History & PoliticsBehold the Hammer! Nietzsche Under ScrutinyImperator Romanorum: Henry the Fowler, Otto the Great & the Rise of the First German ReichIntellectual Gallery: A New Collection of WritingsThe Bishop of Hippo: Life and Thought of Saint AugustineRunic Sex Postures of the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc (with Zbigniew Boguslawski)The Tribe Abhorr'd: Hilaire Belloc and the JewsFrom Lightning: Corneliu Codreanu, Horia Sima and the Story of the Romanian Iron GuardAesthetic Dawn and Other Romantic VersesPolitical Soldier: The Life and Death of Ernst RöhmEagle of Saladin: The Life of Gamal Abdel NasserJudas in Paris: The Remarkable Life of Alfred DreyfusThe World Through a Monocled Eye: A Detailed Exposition of Julius Evola's Men Among the RuinsContra Principem: Frederick the Great and the Anti-Machiavellian RiposteThe Self Unleashed: Max Stirner and the Politics of the EgoBeyond East and West: Ayatollah Khomeini & the Iranian RevolutionJewish Mysticism: From Pagan Antiquity and the Hebrew Prophets to the Kabbalistic Renaissance and BeyondAnti-Zion: A NovelThinking Our Way to God: Romantic Philosophy and the Coming of Absolute IdealismBlack Nemesis: A Critical Life of Thomas SankaraHogwash & Balderdash: Peculiar Rhymes for Extraordinary ChildrenPendulum of Faith: The Lives of Douglas HydeIn Search of the Absolute: German Idealism in Light of Politics, Philosophy & SpiritualityReturn to Evola: A Fresh Look at Revolt Against the Modern WorldTo Walk Among the Angels: The Mystical Life and Work of Emanuel SwedenborgTruth Dressed as a Lie: The Unmentionable Life of Arnold Spencer LeeseSurviving Kali Yuga: A Contemporary Reading of René Guénon's The Crisis of the Modern WorldBeneath the Shade of the Lightning Tree: The Dawn of Acéphalic Man (with Von Sanngetall)The Spirit Unbound: Rudolf Steiner's Philosophy of FreedomQuest for the Numinous: The Sacred Mysticism of Rudolf OttoThe Book of Emptiness: Learning from Japanese PhilosophyModernity Under the Microscope: Byung-Chul Han's Damning Critique of Contemporary SocietyRoots in the Sublime: Frithjof Schuon's Traditionalist Interpretation of the Great Religions''
References
1965 births
Alt-right politicians in the United Kingdom
Alt-right writers
Male critics of feminism
Living people
Politicians from London
National Front (UK) politicians
English fascists
Alumni of the University of Kent
People associated with the University of Kent
English nationalists
English magazine editors
English autobiographers
Publishers (people) from London
English expatriates in Portugal
English modern pagans
Neo-fascists
Strasserism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy%20Southgate |
Idrimi (meaning "It is my help") was the king of Alalakh c. 1490–1465 BC, or around 1450 BC. He is known, mainly, from an inscription on his statue found at Alalakh by Leonard Woolley in 1939. According to that inscription, he was a son of Ilim-Ilimma I the king of Halab, now Aleppo, who would have been deposed by the new regional master, Barattarna, king of Mitanni. Idrimi would have succeeded in gaining the throne of Alalakh with the assistance of a group known as the Habiru, founding the kingdom of Mukish as a vassal to the Mitanni state. He also invaded the Hittite territories to the north, resulting in a treaty with the country Kizzuwatna.
Jacob Lauinger considers Idrimi as a historical character, king of Alalakh around 1450 BC, in Late Bronze Age, but suggests his statue and inscriptions can be dated from c. 1400 to 1350 BC, and be related to a Mesopotamian pseudo-autobiography (called narû-literature), in which kings apparently leave records of their misadventures as a lesson for future generations. Lauinger also comments that the inscriptions try to legitimate the rule of Alalakh only by acknowledging the supremacy of Mitanni, and the text(s) may have had an audience coeval to politics of that time.
Sources of Idrimi
All three sources were discovered by British archaeologist Leonard Woolley within the Level IV (Late Bronze Age in the mid-15th century BC) archives of the Alalakh palace and come from his collection at the British Museum.
Statue text
The inscription bears 104 lines "written in a provincial dialect of Akkadian,"
and records Idrimi's autobiographical vicissitudes on his statue's base found within a pit of a Level IB temple at the site of Tell Atchana (Alalakh). Jacob Lauinger dates the inscription around 1400-1350 BC, in Level III (/II) excavated by Woolley, or Period 3, according to Yener's excavations.
The first part of the inscription revealed Idrimi's circumstances fleeing from Aleppo. The translated inscription, according to author Amélie Kuhrt, stated: "I am Idrimi, the son of Ilimilimma, servant of Teshub, Hepat, and Shaushga, the lady of Alalakh, my mistress. In Aleppo, in the house of my fathers, a crime had occurred and we fled. The Lords of Emar were descended from the sisters of my mother, so we settled in Emar. My brothers, who were older than me, also lived with me..." After his family had been forced to flee to Emar, with his mother's people, he realized that he wouldn't wield real power in Emar, saying "...but he that is with the people of Emar, is a slave." As a result, He left his family and brothers, took his horse, chariot, and squire, went into the desert, and joined the "Hapiru people" in "Ammija (Amiya) in the land of Canaan", where other refugees from Aleppo (the people from Halab, people from the land Mukish [dominated by Alalakh], people from the land of Nihi [near the Orontes River in Syria], and people of Nuhašše, also known as Ama'e), recognized him as the "son of their overlord" and "gathered around him."
The second part of the inscription revealed major events in Idrimi's life including a campaign in Hurrian territory to reclaim Alalakh. After living among the Habiru (Hapiru) for seven years, he led his new friends and Habiru allies in a successful attack by sea on Alalakh, where he became king. The inscription further stated: "In the seventh year, Teshub turned towards me. As a result, I built ships. The x-soldiers I caused to enter the ships...when my country heard of me, cattle and sheep were brought before me. In a single day...Nihi...Amae...the country of Mukish and Alalah, turned towards me like one man. My brothers heard of this and came to me. My brothers and I swore mutual alliance; I placed my brothers under my protection." Idrimi built ships and likely gathered soldiers from Mukish, Amae, Nihi, and Alakah, which was enough to impress his own brothers to join him in reclaiming Alalakh. Inscription continues telling he somehow gained the trust of Barattarna who recognized Idrimi's oath of alliance with his brothers and placed himself within the alliance. A final section requested a blessing of the statue from Sharruwa, the statue's scribe, and cursed those who would deface his statue. However, there is a strong danger of using the statue's text as a single historical source. Just like the inscriptions of Ramesses II's poetic prose of the Battle of Kadesh, the statue of Idrimi's text suggested that Idrimi's real campaigns were probably exaggerated to make himself legitimate. Many scholars studying the inscription have suggested it to be a form of pseudo-history, possibly based on "exaggerations" of his campaigns, or a moralizing story, composed 50-100 years after Idrimi's lifetime.
Idrimi tablet 1
This tablet (shown left) was excavated by Leonard Woolley between 1936-1949 at Tell Atchana (Alalakh) in northern Syria. It dates back to c. 1500–1450 BC. The tablet contained Idrimi's royal seal and revealed an agreement that Idrimi made for the annual dues of gold and sheep to be paid to him or to his successor, his son Niqmepa who often used his own father's seal. The seal's inscription also read: "Idrimi, servant of the God Adad" (the local storm-god in Alalakh). The tablet suggested that Idrimi not only wielded absolute power in Alalakh, but it also suggested that Idrimi had exercised some independence through his own self-deification.
Idrimi tablet 2
This tablet (shown right) was excavated at Tell Achtana in northern Syria between 1936-1949 and dates back to c. 1480 BC. It was a treaty that Idrimi made with another vassal ruler to Mitanni, Pilliya of Kizzuwatna. The treaty was for fugitives exchanges between Idrimi and Pilliya.
Early life of Idrimi
In the first part of Idrimi's autobiography on his statue, it is claimed that an incident had occurred in Halab and that he and his family had to flee as a result. Jack M. Sasson of the University of North Carolina speculated that Idrimi didn't claim any relationship to Halab's rulers. He argued that Ilim-Ilimma I, Idrimi's father, was either dethroned or had unsuccessfully attempted to usurp the throne of Halab from an unknown king. Idrimi goes to Emar because of his maternal ancestral connections to the Lords of Emar. While living in Emar, he considered himself as a slave.
According to Tremper Longman, lines 8b-9 of the autobiography indicate that Idrimi may have considered retaking his father's lost throne, and that he tried to involve his brothers in his cause. As his brothers declined to participate, Idrimi went to Alalakh alone but then fled to Ammiya in the land of Canaan. According to Marc Van de Mieroop, Idrimi was unhappy at Emar for being an "underling".
If the narrative is historical, there is no scholarly debate that is adequate enough to explain why Idrimi chose to live among the Habiru in Canaan, though it is psychologically clear that Idrimi got along well with the other refugees. It was because they went through a similar experience of being uprooted from their own hometowns. Another possibility by looking at Tremper Longman's theory is that Idrimi was recruiting potential allies in a greater effort to take Alalakh. But, it is clear from these various scholarly speculations that a political motivation may be involved in Idrimi's desire to take back Alalakh. This motive is further indicated by author Garrett Galvin who compared Idrimi's story to the famous Egyptian work, the Story of Sinuhe. Idrimi was similar to Sinuhe in the sense that he was a high-class refugee looking back to his roots and finding an opportunity to take back his throne while being fueled by humiliation and anger towards his political enemies. Galvin also argued that Idrimi's attitude of being from a higher social class overcame the hardships he had as a refugee.
The decision to take back Alalakh
After seven years living among the Habiru in Canaan, seeking an opportunity to take back his throne, Idrimi found his chance. Edward Greenstein and David Marcus' translation of the inscription on lines 29–34 revealed that following the storm-god Teshub's advice in a dream, Idrimi "made ships and had auxiliary troops board them and proceeded via the sea to Mukishe (Mukish)," and he adds that "Now, when my country heard of me, they brought me large cattle and small cattle, and in one day, in unison, the countries of Ni'i (Niya)..., Mukishe (Mukish), and my own city Alalah (Alalakh) became reconciled with me...they concluded a treaty and established them truly as my allies." This newfound alliance with local rulers, created by cattle exchanges, was just the beginning of the gradual restoration of Idrimi's royal status as the king of Alalakh.
Edward Greenstein's and David Marcus's translation of the inscription on lines 42-51 revealed that despite Barattarna's hostility to Idrimi while he was in exile in Canaan, he actually respected Idrimi's coalition, maybe submitting to Idrimi out of fear that his social outcast army could overthrow him. Idrimi said that King Barattarna for "seven years...was hostile to me. I sent Anwanda to Barattarna, the mighty king, the king of the Hurrian warriors, and told him of the treaties of my ancestors...and that our actions were pleasing to the former kings of the Hurrian warriors for they had made a binding agreement. The mighty king heard of the treaties of our predecessors and the agreement made between them and...read to him the words of the treaty in detail. So on account of our treaty terms he received my tribute...I...restored to him a lost estate. I swore to him a binding oath as a loyal vassal." Here, possibly influenced by the nature of Hittite oaths, Idrimi swore loyalty to Barattarna after seven years despite him overthrowing his father on the throne in Aleppo. He made his request to the throne peacefully by restoring Barattarna's estate and swore him an ultimate Hurrian loyalty oath, which was the first step to Idrimi regaining his power again.
The inscription in lines 42-51 of Greenstein and Marcus's translation described Idrimi's capture of Alalakh as a peaceful effort to appease Barattarna with tributes of restoring his estate and swearing a loyalty oath unto him rather than using warfare to capture the city. Marc Van de Mieroop mentioned that Idrimi "captured" Alalakh implying a warfare approach that the inscription doesn't give. Author Paul Collins described Idrimi's maneuver as a "greeting-present, the traditional form of establishing and maintaining friendly relations between rulers, even those of different rank, and reminded him (Barattarna) of earlier oaths sworn between the kings of Halab (Aleppo) and the kings of Mitanni." Also, Collins mentioned that Barattarna had accepted Idrimi's tribute to him as a loyal vassal ruler. He only allowed Idrimi limited independence of making his own military and diplomatic decisions just as long as it didn't interfere with Mitanni's overall policy. This further allowed Idrimi to set his sights on his diplomatic and military aims in Kizzuwatna and act as an independent ruler. Idrimi's "capture" of Alalakh was evidenced in his statue inscription and Collins' analysis as a peaceful movement rather than a military movement.
The rule of Idrimi in Alalakh
After Idrimi's success in establishing a peaceful agreement with King Barattarna of Mitanni sometime around 1490 BC, most of his actions as king are vaguely written and are limited to only smaller sources. Tablets 1 and 2 at the British Museum are great primary sources about Idrimi's actions during his rule, but it's not enough to just look at those two tablets as a whole description of Idrimi's rule. Strong scholarly consensus argued by ancient Syro-Palestine scholars Dominique Collon and Gary Oller also suggested that Idrimi led cross-border raids into Hittite territory during his rule. According to Collon, he raided Hittite territory and used the booty from that raid to build his massive palace.
Gary Oller, in his 1977 dissertation, further confirmed Collon's statement by reaffirming Idrimi's statement in lines 64-77 of his statue inscription that he raided seven cities somewhere near the city of Gaziantep in modern-day Turkey.
According to Edward Greenstein and David Marcus' translation of Idrimi's statue inscription, "Then I took troops and attacked Hatti-land. As for the seven cities under their protection...these I destroyed. Hatti-land did not assemble and did not march against me, so I did what I wanted. I took captives from them and took their property, valuables, and possessions and distributed them to my auxiliaries, kinsmen, and friends. Together with them I took booty."It is possible that Idrimi may have taken slaves along with other trade goods in his raids on the seven Hittite towns as booty to restore his own power. Gary Oller gave some validity to the existence of the cities sacked in Idrimi's raid by mentioning two of the seven Hatti cities of Hassuwa (Khashshum) and Zaruna in Hattusili I's annals from his reign in c. 1580–1556 BC. The annals mentioned that Hattusili I destroyed Zaruna in his fifth campaign and defeated a coalition of Hassuwa and Halab, cities also mentioned by Idrimi in his statue inscription.
Lines 77-78 from Greenstein's and Marcus's translation of the statue inscription confirmed Collon's argument of what Idrimi did with his booty: "Then I returned to Mukishe (Mukish) and entered my capital Alalah (Alalakh). With the captives, goods, and property, and possessions which I brought down from Hatti, I had a palace built." The inscription from lines 78-86 of that same translation states, "I made my regime like the regime of kings. I made my brothers like royal brothers, my sons like their sons and my relatives their relatives. The inhabitants who were in my land I made to dwell securely, and even those who did not have a dwelling I settled. Then I organized my land, and made my cities like they were before. Just as our ancestors had established regular rites for the gods of Alaklah, and just as our forefathers had performed sacrifices, I constantly performed them. These things I did, and I entrusted them to my son Adad-niari. It is possible according to the statue text that Idrimi would have used his "spoils of war" from the seven Hittite towns, especially any valuable items, to help fund the rebuilding of his cities. It is very likely that, based on his coalition he had when he took over Alalakh as vassal king, Mukish and other cities in the coalition became a part of Alalakh's vassal kingdom. As a "gratefulness" gift for Idrimi, they would offer tribute to him for him to rebuild their cities for them, which is mentioned in the royal seal of Idrimi. It is also possible that he supported the gods of Emar and the cults of the storm-god Teshub if one looks at the brief mentions of those gods in his statue inscriptions during the early phases of his life.
On the other hand, Tremper Longman III considers all this narrative passages in Idrimi's statue as having the same "basic threefold structure that characterizes all Akkadian fictional autobiography," and that "what is debated is whether the text is 'true' autobiography, which may be used uncritically as a source to reconstruct Syrian history in the fifteenth century B.C., or fictional autobiography...written after Idrimi had died...With these difficulties in mind, attention may be focused on the literary nature of the Idrimi inscription. Rather than being concerned with narrating historical facts, the author of the inscription employed many traditional folkloristic motifs in order to tell the story of Idrimi."
Debate on Sharruwa the scribe and his blessing of the statue
In the final parts of the statue inscription, Idrimi commissioned the scribe Sharruwa to write his statue inscription, invoking major blessings for those who respect his statues and cursings by the gods to anyone who would defile his statue. Jack M. Sasson of the University of North Carolina contended that Sharruwa wrote the inscription for selfish reasons to bolster his national pride. This was indicated by the fact that Idrimi's statue was not found in Level 4 in Woolley's time, but on Level 1B (1250–1200 BC). Dominique Collon refuted his arguments by saying that many of the documents associated with Idrimi in the Level 4 Alalakh palace archives discovered by Woolley were associated with his reign in 1490–1460 BC, therefore giving some validity to Sharruwa's statements.
Idrimi's rule in tablet #1: The royal seal of Idrimi
This tablet or "seal" was one of only two recorded sources of Idrimi from the British Museum. The tablet was Idrimi's royal seal, which contained his accounts of goodwill gifts of silver and other forms of tribute like cattle from Mukish and Zelki and other nearby cities, possibly demonstrating a tribute system among his allied city-states dating back to his alliance with them during his exile. His seal represented his act of piety towards the Shutu people and to those who "had no settled abode," to show his generosity as a king and former Habiru refugee as he rebuilt his cities.
It is clear from the inscriptions on the seal that Idrimi ruled within Level IV in the mid to late Bronze Age with piety and wise administration and that it was subsequently used by his son and successor Niqmepa as his royal seal as a replica of his own royal seal. If Niqmepa used his father's royal seal for his own royal seal, which contained the names of his predecessors, "Abbaban, Sararan, Naraam", it is implied that Idrimi would have those same names on his royal seal, indicating his need for legitimacy from his previous Hurrian rulers, who made oaths to legitimize their claims to the throne according to his statue inscription. Royal seals were frequently used in the Hittite Empire and Hurrian regions in northern Syria to demonstrate the king's power in Idrimi's time. They were made up of a material of glass and silica called failence. The failence was heated at a lower temperature so that the surface could have a glazed appearance, allowing them to be easily carved and cheaply produced. The seal could suggest a possible theory that despite the Hittites being a political rival to Idrimi, he adapted the Hittite-style royal seal along with Hittite-style oaths of loyalty he made to Parshatatar and Pilliya. Oller theorized that Idrimi's predecessors in his royal seal were Halabian rulers of the 16th century BC of an independent Halab (Aleppo) prior to Mitanni's rise to power, though their relationship with Idrimi has yet to be determined by other scholars. Oller also proposed a theory that Idrimi's predecessors ruled Yamhad when Alalakh was a part of Yamhad's territory, though that theory has not been confirmed by other scholars.
Idrimi's rule in tablet #2: Idrimi's treaty to Pilliya of Kizzuwatna
This tablet from several treaty texts revealed that Idrimi had somehow exchanged other slaves or fugitives with Pilliya of Kizzuwatna, which made sense considering that both Idrimi and Pilliya were vassal kings to Barattarna. According to Donald L. Magetti, the treaty was partly influenced by the swearing of oaths in the Hittite Empire, but only within the context of swearing oaths of loyalty with one another as leaders, saying in lines 3-5, they "took an oath by the gods and made this treaty". He argued that lines 40-43 of the treaty required that Barattarna, the Hittite king of Mitanni, approved the treaty before it could be effective and that fugitives or slaves could be exchanged between Idrimi and Pilliya only after the king approved the agreement. The treaty was concluded by Idrimi and Pilliya following Idrimi's raids into Hittite territory. This may somewhat validate line 77 of Greenstein's and Marcus's translation of Idrimi's statue inscription, "Together with them I took (booty)," suggesting that Idrimi led raids into Kizzuwatna and wanted to end them in order to gain Pilliya's favor against bigger enemies like the Hittites as a buffer state. This favor was to be gained by a runaway slave clause within the treaty allowing ordinary citizens to retrieve runaway slaves for rewards of five-hundred copper shekels for a man and one thousand shekels for a woman. A slave owner could also enter into Kizzuwatna and Alalakh to retrieve their runaway slaves for no reward.
Idrimi as a comparative character to Biblical characters
Assyriologist A. Leo Oppenheim saw parallels between Idrimi and King David of Judah. Idrimi stayed for seven years among Hapiru warriors. After seven years, the god Addu or Teshub became favorable to him and he started building ships. The king Barattarna was hostile to him for seven years. In the seventh year Idrimi launched negotiations with Barattarna. He also gathered spoils from seven Hittite cities and built his own palace. David had a similar pattern with the number seven too. He was the youngest of seven sons of Jesse. He stayed seven years in Hebron before conquering a Jebusite fortress outside of Jerusalem and renaming it the "City of David." He also offered the elders of Judah gifts from spoils won during the raid, while Idrimi raided the seven Hittite towns and gave those spoils to his allies as mentioned in his inscription.
Oppenheim also commented on similar stories of Joseph with his brothers, as those of David, claiming Idrimi's narrative is different from the content and style of Mesopotamian literature, but Jacob Lauinger considers it as part of a Mesopotamian pseudo-autobiography (called narû-literature).
For Edward Greenstein, the story of Idrimi was similar to the Biblical stories of Jacob, Joseph, Moses, Jephthah, and Nehemiah. All five Biblical figures and Idrimi were exiles in their younger days, undertook journeys to discover the divine will, and attributed their success in maintaining the well-being of their people to divine intervention. Christopher Woods (2020) comments on parallels, along with these five characters, to David and the Egyptian story of Sinuhe.
Notes
References
External links
The Electronic Idrimi - Jacob Lauinger ORACC
Idrimi the Movie
Idrimi: a 3,500-year-old refugee from Aleppo – a six-minute presentation of the statue of Idrimi in the British Museum (on YouTube)
Idrimi's campaign map.
15th-century BC monarchs
Kings of Alalakh
Amorite kings
Hurrian people
Habiru
15th-century BC deaths
15th-century BC births
Yamhad dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrimi |
Ashley Renaldo Chambers (born 1 March 1990) is an English professional footballer who plays as a winger or a striker for Coalville Town.
Chambers started his career with Leicester City, making his first-team debut in 2005 at the age of 15 in a League Cup match against Blackpool, which made him the youngest player in the club's history. In 2009, he joined League One club Wycombe Wanderers on loan. This was followed by a loan period with League Two club Grimsby Town. He signed for Conference Premier club York City on loan in November 2010 before signing permanently. He won in the 2012 FA Trophy Final and 2012 Conference Premier play-off final with York at Wembley Stadium, the latter seeing the club promoted into League Two. Chambers joined Conference Premier club Cambridge United in 2014.
Club career
Leicester City
Born in Leicester, Leicestershire, Chambers joined the youth system of hometown club Leicester City aged eight. After playing for the Leicester under-18 team he made his reserve-team debut in March 2005. He became the club's youngest ever first-team player at the age of 15 years and 203 days after making his debut as a substitute in a League Cup second round win over Blackpool on 20 September 2005. He made his league debut against Cardiff City on 26 November 2007. Chambers signed a new contract with Leicester in November 2008, which contracted him to the club until June 2011.
On 21 August, Chambers joined League One club Wycombe Wanderers on loan until 2 January 2010. He returned to Leicester on 16 November. He signed for League Two club Grimsby Town on 22 January 2010 on loan for the remainder of the 2009–10 season. He made his debut in the away defeat against Rotherham United a few days later. After making his debut, Chambers fell out of contention at Blundell Park with manager Neil Woods bolstering his squad with the signings of fellow forwards Lee Peacock and Tommy Wright. He failed to make another appearance until 20 March when he came off the bench late on to and score a 91st-minute winner in a 3–2 win against AFC Bournemouth. The following week Chambers was given a go from the start, and scored again, this time with Grimsby being defeated 4–1 at Rochdale.
On 11 August 2010, Chambers scored two goals to help Leicester reserves win the Combination Challenge Cup following a 2–1 win over Oldham Athletic reserves at Quorn. He had a trial with League One club Bournemouth in September 2010 and impressed in a reserve match against Plymouth Argyle.
York City
On 12 November 2010, Chambers joined Conference Premier club York City on loan until January 2011. He made his debut in a 1–1 draw at home to Wrexham on 14 November 2010, scoring his first goal in a 4–0 victory away to Rushden & Diamonds on 20 November. Michael Rankine flicked the ball onto Chambers for a clear run on goal before he chipped the ball over the advancing goalkeeper. On 5 January 2011, his loan was extended until the end of 2010–11. The loan finished with 29 appearances and three goals. He was released by Leicester on 21 May 2011.
Chambers signed for York permanently on 25 May 2011 on a one-year contract, becoming the club's first signing of the summer transfer window. His first appearance of 2011–12 came in the opener, a 2–1 victory away to Ebbsfleet United on 13 August, and having started York's first nine matches he scored his first goal of the season in a 3–0 victory away to Wrexham on 17 September. Chambers won the 2012 FA Trophy Final with York at Wembley Stadium on 12 May, in which the team beat Newport County 2–0. Eight days later he scored York's opening goal with a rising 12 yard shot from Chris Smith's cross in the 2–1 victory over Luton in the 2012 Conference Premier play-off final at Wembley Stadium, which saw the club return into the Football League after an eight-year absence with promotion into League Two. He finished his first full season at York with 10 goals in 51 appearances and signed a new one-year contract, which would be extended for a second year dependent on his number of starts, in June 2012.
Chambers started for York away to League One team Doncaster Rovers in the League Cup first round in the opening match of 2012–13 on 11 August 2012, which the team lost 4–2 in a penalty shoot-out following a 1–1 draw after extra time. He then played in York's first Football League fixture since their promotion, a 3–1 defeat at home to Wycombe Wanderers on 18 August 2012. His first goal of the season came three days later with an 86th-minute equaliser in a 2–2 draw away to Morecambe. Chambers finished the season as York's top scorer with 10 goals in 42 appearances.
Cambridge United
After being made available on a free transfer, Chambers signed for Conference Premier club Cambridge United on 9 January 2014 on a contract for the remainder of 2013–14, with the option of another year. Two days later he scored the equaliser on his debut against Luton Town in the FA Trophy.
Chambers joined League Two club Dagenham & Redbridge on 7 March 2014 on a one-month emergency loan. He made his debut as a half-time substitute for Luke Howell in a 2–2 away draw with Exeter City on 8 March 2014 before being recalled by Cambridge United on 4 April, before his loan was due to end. He had made six appearances while on loan with Dagenham.
Chambers was on the bench as Cambridge beat Gateshead 2–1 in the 2014 Conference Premier play-off final at Wembley to win promotion to League Two, ending a nine-year stay out of the Football League. He had made 14 appearances and scored three goals for Cambridge in 2013–14 before being made available on a free transfer.
Dagenham & Redbridge
Chambers signed for Dagenham & Redbridge permanently on 19 June 2014 on a two-year contract. In May 2016, he was released along with eleven players as Dagenham were relegated into the National League.
Grimsby Town
Chambers signed a one-year contract with newly promoted League Two club Grimsby Town on 21 June 2016 on a free transfer.
On 8 February 2017, he joined National League North club Nuneaton Town on loan until the end of 2016–17. After making 19 appearances and scoring one goal for Grimsby in 2016–17, he was released by the club.
Later career
On 15 May 2017, Chambers joined Nuneaton Town permanently on a two-year contract.
Chambers signed for Nuneaton's National League North rivals Kidderminster Harriers on 12 June 2018 on a two-year contract.
In August 2020, Chambers signed for Brackley Town
In July 2021, he dropped down a division to sign for Northern Premier League Premier Division side Buxton on a free transfer.
Coalville Town
In July 2022, Chambers signed a one-year deal with top Leicestershire non-league side Coalville Town for the 2022/23 Southern League Premier Division Central season. Chambers played a crucial role in Coalville's run to the 1st Round of the FA Cup, scoring 6 goals in 6 games, including a goal in the away win at National League side Notts County, and becoming the first player in Coalville's history to score in the FA Cup proper in the 1st round tie at Charlton Athletic.
Chambers scored the equaliser for Coalville in their 1-1 draw with Royston Town on December 3rd, 2022. The goal marked Chambers' 20th goal in all competitions for 2022/23 season and is only the second time he's reached that milestone in his career. On February 4th 2023, Chambers celebrated his 500th competitive career appearance and 12th goal of the season with a stylish finish into the top corner against A.F.C. Rushden & Diamonds.
International career
Chambers made his debut for the England national under-16 team against Wales in the 2005 Victory Shield on 14 October 2005, scoring the third goal in a 4–0 victory. His seventh and last cap at this level came against Japan in a 1–1 draw on 17 April 2006, having scored three goals for the team. His first international appearance for England came for the under-17s against Finland as a 62nd-minute substitute on 2 August 2005 in the 2005 Nordic Tournament. The following day Chambers scored a hat-trick against the Faroe Islands in a 7–0 victory on his full debut. He was named in the under-17 squad for the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup in August 2007. Chambers was on the bench for England's opening Group B match against North Korea but started the following match against New Zealand, scoring the final goal in the 88th minute of a 5–0 victory. He was limited to the bench for the final group match against Brazil but entered the Round of 16 3–1 win over Syria as a 90th-minute substitute. After entering England's quarter-final 4–1 defeat to Germany as a 58th-minute substitute he was sent off in the 88th minute for a rash tackle. This was his last appearance at under-17 level, for whom he played 13 matches and scored seven goals.
Chambers then represented the under-18 team, making his debut against Ghana on 20 November after entering the match as a 72nd-minute substitute, having been called into the squad as a replacement for Victor Moses. He earned his second and final cap for the under-18s against Austria as a 71st-minute substitute in a 2–0 victory on 16 April 2008. He made his only appearance for the under-19 team as a 78th-minute substitute in a 3–0 defeat to Spain at Dean Court in a friendly on 10 February 2009.
Chambers was called up by the England C team, who represent England at non-League level, in November 2011 for a friendly away to Gibraltar. He made his debut in this match, played on 15 November 2011, as a half-time substitute, with England losing 3–1. Chambers made his second appearance in England's 2011–13 International Challenge Trophy 1–1 draw at home to Italy on 28 February 2012, entering the match as a 69th-minute substitute. Following the end of 2011–12, he was called up for England C's match away to Russia on 5 June, but was forced to withdraw from the squad through injury. He finished his England C career with two caps from 2011 to 2012.
Style of play
Chambers primarily plays as a striker, describing himself as "a striker that likes to run in behind defences off a big striker", but is also able to play as a winger.
Career statistics
Honours
York City
Conference Premier play-offs: 2011–12
FA Trophy: 2011–12
Cambridge United
Conference Premier play-offs: 2013–14
References
External links
1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Leicester
English men's footballers
England men's youth international footballers
England men's semi-pro international footballers
Men's association football wingers
Men's association football forwards
Leicester City F.C. players
Wycombe Wanderers F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
York City F.C. players
Cambridge United F.C. players
Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. players
Nuneaton Borough F.C. players
Kidderminster Harriers F.C. players
Brackley Town F.C. players
Buxton F.C. players
Coalville Town F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Northern Premier League players
Black British sportsmen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley%20Chambers |
York House (formerly Norwich Palace or Norwich Place) was one of a series of grand mansions that formerly stood on the Strand, the principal route from the City of London to the Palace of Westminster.
Norwich Palace
The residence was originally known as Norwich Palace when it was built as the London bishop's palace of the Bishops of Norwich not later than 1237. On 4 February 1536 it was given by King Henry VIII to his favourite, Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, in exchange for Suffolk House in Southwark, the Bishop of Norwich having been provided with a new residence at Cannon Row in Westminster.
York House
The residence was subsequently known as York House after it was granted to the Archbishop of York in 1556, and it retained that name for the rest of its existence. Its neighbour to the west was Suffolk House (later Northumberland House), the London townhouse of the Earls of Suffolk (a branch of the Howard family headed by the Dukes of Norfolk), which was sold in the 1640s to the Earl of Northumberland. Its neighbour to the east was Durham House, the London residence of the Bishop of Durham.
The Bishop of York was by tradition Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England and for about seventy years from 1558 the house was leased to various secular holders of that high office, including Nicholas Bacon, Thomas Egerton and Francis Bacon.
In the 1620s York House was acquired by the royal favourite George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham. After an interlude during the English Civil War it was returned to George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, who sold it to developers for £30,000 in 1672. He made it a condition of the sale that his name and full title should be commemorated by George Street, Villiers Street, Duke Street, Of Alley, and Buckingham Street. Some of these street names are extant, but Of Alley has been renamed York Place, Duke Street is now John Adam Street, and George Street is now York Buildings. Villiers Street runs along the eastern side of Charing Cross railway station.
Riverside setting
The mansions facing in the Strand were built there partly because they had direct access from their rear gardens to the River Thames, then a much-used transport artery. The surviving York Watergate (also known as Buckingham Watergate), built by George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham in about 1626 as a ceremonial landing stage on the river, is now marooned from the river, within the Embankment Gardens, due to substantial riverside land reclamation following the construction of the Thames Embankment. With the Banqueting House it is one of the few surviving reminders in London of the Italianate court style of King Charles I. Its rusticated design in a Serlian manner has been attributed to three plausible candidates, Sir Balthazar Gerbier, to Inigo Jones, and to the sculptor and master-mason Nicholas Stone. The design is modelled closely on that of the Medici Fountain in the Jardin du Luxembourg in Paris. It was restored in the 1950s. George Belton Moore’s nineteenth-century picture of it shows it as it would have been when its steps were washed by the waters of the Thames.
Events
The York House Conference which assembled there in February 1626 ended unsatisfactorily with the final rupture between Puritan members of Parliament and Buckingham. York House was the setting for a masque presented before their majesties in May 1627, in which Buckingham appeared followed by "Envy, with divers open-mouthed dogs' heads representing the people’s barking, while next came Fame and Truth", just before his departure for his unsuccessful second foray against France.
The first Duke granted lodgings at York House to the painter Orazio Gentileschi, and to Sir Balthazar Gerbier, diplomat and sometime painter. Although the Duchess tried to expel the latter after the Duke's assassination in 1628, it was in Gerbier's lodgings that Peter Paul Rubens sojourned during his visit to London the following year.
Inventory of 1635
Two inventories of the contents of York House were drawn up by 1635, and are a valuable source for the insight into one of the handful of great art collections of the period. There were 330 paintings enumerated, many of which were sold at Antwerp in 1649 for the young Duke; among them were seventeen canvases by Rubens. There were tapestries, marble sculptures, plate and rich furnishings. These represent the taste formed in the circle of Charles I, and the furnishings of a fashionable early Stuart nobleman's residence. Wealthy courtier art collectors have become known as the Whitehall Group. The inventories reflect the house as used by Buckingham's widow, Katherine Villiers, Duchess of Buckingham, and her Red and Green closets furnished with paintings are particularly well-documented.
In the 'Great Chamber' twenty-two paintings were displayed with fifty-nine pieces of Roman sculpture, many of which were heads. In the 'Gallery' were a further thirty-one heads and statues. Apparently the only modern sculpture at York House was Giambologna's Samson and a Philistine, a royal gift from King Philip IV of Spain to Charles I, who passed it to his favourite, Buckingham.
The inventory includes the mount in the garden where there was a marble statue of Cain and Abel and a vaulted room beneath decorated with plaster heads of Roman emperors and a marble table.
Legacy
In the early 19th century the designation York House was revived by the palatial York House, built in the Stable Yard, St. James's Palace, for the Duke of York, brother of George IV and heir apparent. Foundations were begun to designs by Robert Smirke, who was quickly replaced by Benjamin Dean Wyatt and his brother Philip; when the Duke died in 1827, deeply in debt with the house unfinished, it was subsequently completed as Stafford House; its gilded interiors by Sir Charles Barry for Stafford's heir, the Duke of Sutherland, inspired Queen Victoria's famous remark about "coming from my house to your palace".
The name is carried today by a commercial building in Portugal Street, Kingsway, London.
The York Watergate is at the centre of the song "London Plane" by progressive rock band Big Big Train on their 2016 album Folklore. The song is written from the perspective of a nearby London plane tree that was a sapling at the time of the construction of the Watergate in 1626 and tells of the stories that such a tree may have witnessed in the years since.
See also
Adelphi, London (a later development on the same site)
York House (for a list of other mansions in London which have been known as York House)
References
Sources
London's Mansions by David Pearce, (1986)
Survey of London, xviii, plates 31-33.
Howard Colvin, A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600-1840 3rd ed. 1995 sv "Sir Balthazar Gerbier", "Inigo Jones" "Nicholas Stone"
External links
York House
York Watergate
1237 establishments in England
Houses completed in the 13th century
Episcopal palaces of archbishops of York
Tudor royal palaces in England
Episcopal palaces in London
Former houses in the City of Westminster
Strand, London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York%20House%2C%20Strand |
Uruaçu is a city and municipality in north Goiás state, Brazil.
Geography
Uruaçu is located north of Anápolis and Goiânia on the important interstate highway BR-153, which links Brasília to Belém. It is 269 km. from Goiânia and 244 km. from Brasília. It belongs to the Porangatu Microregion.
Municipal boundaries are with:
North: Nova Iguaçu de Goiás and Campinorte
South: Hidrolina and Santa Rita do Novo Destino
East: Niquelândia
West: Hidrolina
On the west the municipal boundary follows the Serra Dourada mountains, where the Passa Três river has its source and supplies the city with its drinking water. On the east the boundary is formed by the Serra da Mesa reservoir (43 meters deep and 1,784 km2 in area).
The climate is moist tropical, with maximum temperatures of 38 °C, minimums of 18 °C and an average of 28 °C.
History
The origin of this town was the Passa Três ranch acquired by the Fernandes family in 1910 and located in the municipality of Pilar de Goiás along the route used by muleteers and merchants from the south. In 1913 Coronel Gaspar donated lands to build a chapel dedicated to Saint Anne and the settlement was called Sant'Ana. In 1924 the settlement was raised to a district and in 1931 it became a municipality. In 1943 the name was changed to Uruaçu, which in Tupi-Guaraní means "large bird". In 1948 Uruaçu lost the district of Porangatu, which became the municipality of Porangatu, now the most important city in the region. in 1953 it lost the district of Amaro Leite, which became the municipality of Amaro Leite, later changed to Mara Rosa.
Demographics and politics
In January 2013 the mayor was Solange Abadia Rodrigues Bertulino. The population density was 15.59 inhabitants/km2 (2007). Urban population was 36.929 (2010) while rural population was 3,070 (2007). The town has lost about 1,000 people since 1980. There was a -0,11% growth rate for 1996/2007.
Economy
The economy is based on subsistence agriculture, cattle raising, services, public administration, and small transformation industries.
Industrial units: 46 (2007)
Commercial units: 411 (2007)
Dairy: - Laticínios Morrinhos Ind. e Com. Ltda. - Associação do Médio Norte Goiano - ASNORTE. (22/05/2006)
Financial institutions: Banco do Brasil S.A. - BRADESCO S.A - Banco Itaú S.A. - CEF (08/2007)
Automobiles: 4,689 (2007)
Farms: 1,147
Total agricultural Area: 152,573 hectares
Permanent Planted Area: 1,768 hectares
Temporary Planted Area: 13,144 hectares
Natural Pasture: 88,380 hectares
Woodland and Forest: 41,105 hectares
Workers related to the farm owner: 2,335
Workers not related to the farm owner: 765 (IBGE)
Cattle herd: 104,000 head (2006)
Main crops: rice (300 hectares), coconut (75 hectares), corn (600 hectares), and soybeans (9,500 hectares). (IBGE)
Health and education
In the educational sector there were 46 schools with 10,693 students in 2006. In higher education there was a campus of the UEG - Faculdade de Educação, Ciências e Letras de Uruaçu. The adult literacy rate was 85.7% (2000) (national average was 86.4%). The town was served by 2 hospitals with 113 beds in 2007. The infant mortality rate was 27.33 (2000) (national average was 33.0).
Municipal Human Development Index: 0.738 (The state ranking was 113 out of 242 municipalities in 2000 and the national ranking was 2,222 out of 5,507 municipalities in 2000). (Frigoletto)
Seplan Economic Development Index: The ranking was 156 out of 246 municipalities. See Seplan
Seplan Social Development Index: The ranking was 171 out of 246 municipalities. See Seplan
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions of Goiás
References
Frigoletto
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urua%C3%A7u |
Alan Parkhurst Merriam (1 November 1923 – 14 March 1980) was an American ethnomusicologist known for his studies of music in Native America and Africa. In his book The Anthropology of Music (1964), he outlined and develops a theory and method for studying music from an anthropological perspective with anthropological methods. Although he taught at Northwestern University and University of Wisconsin, the majority of his academic career was spent at Indiana University where he was named a professor in 1962 and then chairman of the anthropology department from 1966 to 1969, which became a leading center of ethnomusicology research under his guidance. He was a co-founder of the Society for Ethnomusicology in 1952 and held the elected post of president of that society from 1963 to 1965. He edited the Newsletter of the Society for Ethnomusicology from 1952 to 1957, and he edited the journal Ethnomusicology from 1957 to 1958.
Merriam's initial work was based on fieldwork carried out in his native Montana and central Africa. He undertook extensive field research among the Flathead Indians of Montana in 1950 (for his PhD) and again in 1958. In Africa, he studied with the Songye and Bashi people of Zaïre (now the Democratic Republic of Congo) and Burundi in the 1950s and again in 1973. Later, Merriam proposed a tripartite model for the study of ethnomusicology, centering on the study of "music in culture." This model suggested that music should be studied on three analytic levels: conceptualization about music; behavior in relation to music; and analysis of music's sounds. In later works, Merriam amended his original concept of "music in culture" to "music as culture."
Merriam died in the LOT Polish Airlines Flight 007 crash on March 14, 1980.
Early life and education
Born to a highly musical household in Missoula, Montana, Merriam began studying piano and clarinet at a young age. His father was the Chairman of the English department at Montana State University, and his mother was a highly skilled cellist. During his younger years, Merriam performed in numerous school bands and local dance orchestras.
Merriam studied music at Montana State University ('47) and began graduate work in anthropology at Northwestern University ('48) where he became acquainted with the anthropologist Melville J. Herskovits, who "stimulated his interest in the study of music as a cultural phenomenon." Merriam went on to complete a doctorate in anthropology, his dissertation titled "Songs of the Afro-Bahian Cults: An Ethnomusicological Analysis." This dissertation was significant to the field of Ethnomusicology, because it was the first instance of the word "ethnomusicology" being used as an adverb, marking a shift away from the adverbial usage of the phrase "comparative musicology."
Merriam as an Ethnomusicologist
Due to its nature as a field at the intersection of several disciplines, ethnomusicology takes on many forms and is viewed through many lenses, highly dependent on the goals and background of the ethnomusicologist. With training as an anthropologist, Merriam was a member of the anthropology school of ethnomusicology. Along with the musicology school, these two factions of ethnomusicology make up a large population in the world of ethnomusicology and they are often at odds. His heavy association with the anthropology school of ethnomusicology had resulted in his views on the various issues plaguing ethnomusicology to considered representative of the attitudes and views of the anthropology school. Issues that Merriam has weighed on in heavily in his opinion pieces are the way the field had been and should be defined and the directions it was taking during his lifetime.
On defining ethnomusicology, Merriam draws on his background as an anthropologist to surmise that as a field ethnomusicology should aim to study "music in culture." Merriam emphasizes that
to further his argument that ethnomusicology must continue its transition into the study of broader issues by removing focus from the study of musical objects. He continued his efforts to arrive at a more accurate definition of ethnomusicology by later suggesting that music was the study of "music as culture." The distinction between these two approaches to define ethnomusicology lie in how culture is treated relative to the study of music. The approach of studying "music in culture" assumes that culture is a complex quality inherent to any society and music exists as a component of that quality. Treating "music as culture" conceives culture not as an object with comments but as a fluid construct and that methods of understanding it can be applied to understanding music.<ref>Nettl, Bruno. 2005. "16. Music and "That Complex Whole": Music in Culture." In The Study of Ethnomusicology: Thirty-One Issues and Concepts, 215-231. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.</ref>
Merriam's idea of how ethnomusicology should be defined drew from his idea of what an ethnomusicologist should accomplish. Merriam had, like all ethnomusicologists, completed fieldwork in his area of interest, but he was characterized by his peers in ethnomusicology as being more scientific and focusing on drawing conclusion from data. In his own writings, he emphasizes the application of data gathered in the field to solving relevant musical problems and how such application is motivated by the approach and goal of the researcher. Further, he claims the indispensable link between the data gathered in the field and the conclusions drawn from it by proposing his opinion on "armchair ethnomusicologists":
Merriam is characterized by a drive to solve relevant problems using data gathered in the field hands-on. An individual that stood as a foil to him was his fellow ethnomusicologist, Mantle Hood. A member of the musicology school of ethnomusicology, Hood was known for initiating an important ethnomusicology graduate program at UCLA. This graduate program was centered on bimusicality or "international musicianship," the practice in graduate ethnomusicology where students should make the effort to become proficient in musical traditions outside of their own. His program emphasized learning to listen and hear without prejudice or ethnocentricity, rhythmic and tonal fluency outside of the Western tradition, and performance experience in non-Western vocal and instrumental performance with the last being what his program is most known for. These two ethnomusicologists in practice emphasized different things in what they believed ethnomusicology should accomplish. Hood was more interested in creating a graduate student body that could accomplish the egalitarian purpose of ethnomusicology in spreading world musics and preserving them. In contrast, Merriam's priorities lay in proposing a theoretical framework (as he does in The Anthropology of Music) for studying musical data and using that analysis for application towards solving musical problems.
Merriam's contribution to ethnomusicology was felt past his death but especially in the works of Tim Rice of UCLA in the 1980s as he himself was trying to propose a more composed and exact model for conducting work in ethnomusicology. He deconstructed Merriam's method as stated in The Anthropology of Music and described it as consisting of three analytical levels. This simplified model was used by Rice as a foil to the method he was proposing, consistently referencing how his model furthered things accomplished by the Merriam model.
The Anthropology of Music
The purpose of this book is to create a better understanding of the anthropological aspects of music, defining ethnomusicology as not the study of the music of non-western cultures, but instead as the study of the relationship which music bears to society. Merriam claims the goals of ethnomusicology cannot be realized by considering music to be an object separate from the humans which make it, and therefore argues for the sake of an anthropology of music. Studying just the music as an object, Merriam argues, is counterintuitive to the goals of ethnomusicology, excluding a very important aspect of ethnomusicology, which is music's intrinsic ties to the ways humans act. Articulating this relationship, Merriam states,
Ethnomusicology, Merriam posits, "has most often been made in terms of what [musicology] encompasses," being that the realms of musicology and ethnomusicology are exclusive to one another, and ethnomusicology has simply been relayed as being what musicology is not. Moving towards a clearer definition of ethnomusicology, Merriam writes that ethnomusicology "makes its unique contribution in welding together aspects of the social sciences and aspects of the humanities in such a way that each complements the other and leads to a fuller understanding of both. Neither should be considered as an end in itself; the two must be joined into a wider understanding."
This definition of ethnomusicology comes in response to a number of other important ethnomusicology authors, such as Jaap Kunst, who defined ethnomusicology via the types of music studied in the field,
Merriam's own definition of ethnomusicology concerns a more general idea set with which the field of ethnomusicology is concerned with. In his own words, he defines it simply as "the study of music in culture" (cite Merriam's 1960 work here). This definition embodies the purpose of the entirety of The Anthropology of Music, being that ethnomusicology is not weighed further in favor of the ethnological or musicological, but instead an inseparable amalgamation of the two.
Another aspect of ethnomusicology which Merriam sought to make clear in The Anthropology of Music'' is the overarching goal of the field of ethnomusicology. Merriam claims, "There is no denial of the basic aim, which is to understand music; but neither is there an acceptance of a point of view which has long taken ascendancy in ethnomusicology, that the ultimate aim of our discipline is the understanding of music sound alone." This harkens back to the difficulties in ethnomusicology's past priorities, which were simply the understanding of sound as an object in and of itself, and almost no emphasis was placed on the relationship music had with the cultures it existed in. Merriam divides his stated goals of ethnomusicology into three different approaches, the first being the appreciation of the music of other cultures. Many ethnomusicologists, Merriam asserts, are under the impression that the music of many non-western cultures are either abused or neglected, and that they are worthy of appreciation in western society the same way western music is appreciated. Merriam's second listed goal of ethnomusicology is the preservation of the music of these cultures, a transformative phenomenon Merriam describes as "a constant factor in human experience." The third perceived goal concerns a more general fascination with the use of music as a form of communication among humans, and the study of music in the various ways people use it to communicate will enable a better understanding of human communication in general. Merriam's own take on this perception is stated as "The problem of understanding has not always been well understood…the study of music as a means of communication, then, is far more complex than it might appear, for we do not know what precisely music communicates, or how it communicates it."
Select bibliography
Primary works
Secondary works
References
External links
Alan Merriam manuscripts at Lilly Library, Indiana University (finding aid)
Alan and Barbara Merriam recordings from Belgian Congo, 1951-1952; Archives of Traditional Music, Indiana University
1923 births
1980 deaths
American Africanists
American ethnomusicologists
Cultural anthropologists
People from Missoula, Montana
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1980
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Poland
20th-century American musicologists
20th-century American anthropologists
American expatriates in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
American expatriates in Burundi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20P.%20Merriam |
Benedetti–Wehrli Stadium, formerly Cardinal Stadium, is a stadium in Naperville, Illinois. It is primarily used for American football, soccer and track and field and has a seating capacity of 5,500. It was home to the Chicago Fire of Major League Soccer from 2002 to 2003.
History
The athletic fields for North Central College, home to several NCAA Division III programs, were destroyed by a flood in July 1996 and were quickly repaired to allow the school's football team to play on a temporary field. Plans for a larger renovation of the football stadium and adjacent athletics facility were announced in January 1997, but later replaced with the development of a new complex anchored by a 5,000-seat football and soccer stadium. The $6.5 million complex included the new football stadium, indoor training facilities, a 750-seat baseball stadium, and a track-and-field stadium.
The new stadium opened for a Cardinals football game on September 11, 1999, and initially retained its former name of Kroehler Field before being renamed Cardinal Stadium. The track-and-field area opened the following year and hosted the NCAA Division III men's outdoor track and field championships in May 2000. The natural grass playing surface was replaced with artificial turf in September 2001 due to the stadium's frequent events. Cardinal Stadium was renamed Benedetti–Wehrli Stadium in 2003 for two North Central College alumni and board members, Albert Benedetti and Richard Wehrli.
Tenants and events
Benedetti–Wehrli hosts two highly hyped high school football games featuring Naperville Central High School versus Naperville North High School and Waubonsie Valley High School versus Neuqua Valley High School. The stadium also serves as host to a competitive drum corps show hosted by The Cavaliers Drum and Bugle Corps of Rosemont, Ill., each summer.
In 2018, the stadium became the home field for the Chicago Wildfire of the American Ultimate Disc League.
Chicago Fire
The Chicago Fire, a Major League Soccer team, played their home matches at Cardinal Stadium in 2002 and 2003 while Soldier Field underwent extensive renovations. The team had inquired with several venues in the Chicago area, including Comiskey Park and the Arlington Park racecourse, and agreed to play at Cardinal Stadium in January 2002. They had previously used the stadium for the quarterfinals of the 2000 U.S. Open Cup, which drew 7,096 spectators.
To accommodate the team's larger crowds, temporary seating was installed in phases, beginning with bleachers behind the goals in time for the regular season opener. The first match, played without these bleachers, was a CONCACAF Champions' Cup match on March 20 against C.S.D. Municipal of Guatemala that had 4,844 spectators. The regular season opener on April 27 had over 10,000 in attendance; the Fire also ran shuttle buses from remote parking areas. An additional stand on the west side of the stadium opened on May 26 against the San Jose Earthquakes and drew 13,521 spectators—the team's first full sellout at Cardinal Stadium. Additional seats opened up in the following months to bring the stadium's temporary capacity up to 15,000, close to the Fire's average attendance of 16,325 at Soldier Field the previous year.
The Fire finished the 2002 regular season with an average of 12,922 spectators at Cardinal Stadium, including four consecutive sellouts in September. The stadium's small footprint allowed fans to be closer to the field and created an "intimate" atmosphere compared to Soldier Field; the team's lease was renewed in September 2002 by the Naperville City Council. Cardinal Stadium's artificial turf surface, as well as its narrow dimensions, was subject to criticism by players and coaches. The temporary seating was removed during the offseason and gradually re-added at the start of the 2003 season, which began with a standing room only crowd of 7,143 at the opener on April 13. The Fire's final match at Cardinal Stadium was played on October 4 against the Los Angeles Galaxy with 11,874 in attendance; they averaged 11,601 in the 14 matches played at the stadium during the 2003 regular season and drew 331,989 total fans over 20 months. The team returned to the reopened Soldier Field for the final two matches of the regular season and the MLS Cup Playoffs.
References
American football venues in Illinois
Athletics (track and field) venues in Illinois
Chicago Fire FC
College football venues
College track and field venues in the United States
Former Major League Soccer stadiums
North Central Cardinals football
Soccer venues in Illinois
Ultimate (sport) venues
Sports venues completed in 1999
1999 establishments in Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetti%E2%80%93Wehrli%20Stadium |
The Boeing F2B was a biplane fighter aircraft of the United States Navy in the 1920s, familiar to aviation enthusiasts of the era as the craft of the Three Sea Hawks aerobatic flying team, famous for its tied-together formation flying.
Design and development
Initially the Boeing Model 69, it was inspired by the results of tests on the FB-6, which was powered by a Pratt & Whitney R-1340B Wasp radial engine. Boeing set out to use this engine in a fighter designed specifically for carrier operations, using the same welded-tubing fuselage and wooden-frame wings as for the Model 15, and adding a large spinner to reduce air drag around the engine (this was dropped in production). Armament was either two machine guns, or one .30 in and one ; the lower wing had attachments for up to four bombs, plus a fifth could be hung from the fuselage.
Operational history
First flight of the F2B prototype was November 3, 1926. The Navy acquired the prototype as XF2B-1, which was capable of reaching speeds of , and was sufficiently impressed to order 32 F2B-1s. In addition to omission of the large streamlined spinner cap, the production versions also had a balanced rudder. Delivery began on January 20, 1928, with some assigned to fighter squadron VF-1B and others to bomber squadron VF-2B, both operating from the carrier . Although the Navy did not order any more F2Bs, Boeing built two more, as Model 69Bs, exporting one to Brazil and the other to Japan.
U.S. Navy flight demonstration team
In 1927, Lt. D. W. "Tommy" Tomlinson CO of VF-2B, created the first U.S. Naval aerobatic team. Drawing from VB-2B squadron at Naval Air Station North Island, San Diego, the team used three Boeing F2B-1 fighters. Its first unofficial demonstration in January 1928 at San Francisco gave rise to a popular nickname: "Suicide Trio" although officially the team was called "Three Sea Hawks". The first public performance as an official team representing the Navy was between September 8 and 16, during National Air Races week at Mines Field (now Los Angeles International Airport). The Boeing F2B-1 was unable to fly inverted without the engine quitting; consequently, Lt. Tomlinson modified the carburetors to permit brief inverted flight. At the end of 1929, the Three Sea Hawks team is disbanded when its VB-2B pilots were reassigned.
Variants
XF2B-1(Model 69) One prototype serial number A7385
F2B-1(Model 69) Single-seat fighter biplane for the U.S. Navy, serial numbers A7424 to A7455
Model 69B Two aircraft, generally similar to the F2B-1, one each to Brazil and Japan.
Operators
Brazilian Naval Aviation
Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
United States Navy
Specifications (F2B-1)
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
Eden, Paul and Sophn Moeng. The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2002. .
Jones, Lloyd S. U.S. Naval Fighters. Fallbrook CA: Aero Publishers, 1977. .
Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. United States Navy Aircraft Since 1911. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1976. .
External links
Boeing F2B-1 Archived version as of 10 November 2016
F2B
Boeing F2B
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Carrier-based aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1926 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing%20F2B |
The following is a list of demons, ghosts, and other legendary creatures that are notable in Japanese folklore and mythology.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
M
N
O
R
S
T
U
W
Y
Z
See also
Japanese mythology
References
External links
Photo Dictionary of Japanese Buddhist and Shinto Deities
百物語怪談会 Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai | Translated Japanese Ghost Stories and Tales of the Weird and the Strange, a blog by Mizuki Shigeru
133 Yokai Statues on Mizuki Shigeru Road
Japan
Japan
Legendary creatures from Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20legendary%20creatures%20from%20Japan |
Frances Theresa Densmore (May 21, 1867 – June 5, 1957) was an American anthropologist and ethnographer born in Red Wing, Minnesota. Densmore is known for her studies of Native American music and culture, and in modern terms, she may be described as an ethnomusicologist.
Biography
As a child Densmore developed an appreciation of music by listening to the nearby Dakota Indians. She studied music at Oberlin College for three years. During the early part of the twentieth century, she worked as a music teacher with Native Americans nationwide, while also learning, recording, and transcribing their music, and documenting its use in their culture. She helped preserve their culture in a time when government policy was to encourage Native Americans to adopt Western customs.
Densmore began recording music officially for the Smithsonian Institution's Bureau of American Ethnology (BAE) in 1907. In her fifty-plus years of studying and preserving American Indian music, she collected thousands of recordings. Many of the recordings she made on behalf of the BAE now are held in the Library of Congress. While her original recordings often were on wax cylinders, many of them have been reproduced using other media and are included in other archives. The recordings may be accessed by researchers as well as Tribal delegations.
Some of the Tribes she worked with include the Ojibwe, the Mandan, Hidatsa, the Sioux, the northern Pawnee in present day Oklahoma, the Tohono O'odham in present day Arizona, Indians of Washington and British Columbia, Ho-Chunk and Menominee of Wisconsin, Pueblo Indigenous peoples of the southwest, including Acoma, Isleta, Cochiti, and Zuni, the Seminole in present day Florida, and Kuna in Panama.
Densmore frequently was published in the journal American Anthropologist, contributing consistently throughout her career. Her manuscript A Study of Some Michigan Indians (1949) was the first publication in the University of Michigan Press American Anthropologist monograph series.
She wrote The Indians and Their Music in 1926. Between 1910 and 1957, she published fourteen book-length bulletins for the Smithsonian, each describing the musical practices and repertories of a different Native American group. These were reprinted as a series by DaCapo Press in 1972.
She also was a part of "A Ventriloquy of Anthros" in the American Indian Quarterly along with James Owen Dorsey and Eugene Buechel.
Awards
Oberlin College awarded Densmore an honorary M.A. degree in 1924. Macalester College followed suit in 1950, awarding her an honorary Doctor of Letters degree. In 1954, the Minnesota Historical Society recognized her with its first-ever "Citation for Distinguished Service in the Field of Minnesota History."
The National Association for American Composers and Conductors recognized Densmore in its 1940-1941 awards for her musicological work.
Publications
Chippewa Music (Washington DC, 1910–13/R)
Teton Sioux Music (Washington DC, 1918/R, 2/1992)
Northern Ute Music (Washington DC, 1922/R)
Mandan and Hidatsa Music (Washington DC, 1923/R)
The American Indians and their Music (New York, 1926/R, 2/1937)
Papago Music (Washington DC, 1929/R)
Pawnee Music (Washington DC, 1929/R)
Menominee Music (Washington DC, 1932/R)
Yuman and Yaqui Music (Washington DC, 1932/R)
Cheyenne and Arapaho Music (Los Angeles, 1936)
Music of Santo Domingo Pueblo, New Mexico (Los Angeles, 1938)
Nootka and Quileute Music (Washington DC, 1939/R)
Music of the Indians of British Columbia (Washington DC, 1943/R)
Choctaw Music (Washington DC, 1943/R)
Seminole Music (Washington DC, 1956/R)
Music of Acoma, Isleta, Cochiti and Zuni Pueblos (Washington DC, 1957/R)
Discography
Smithsonian-Densmore Cylinder Collection (1910-1930)
Includes:
Songs of the Chippewa
Songs of the Sioux
Songs of the Yuma, Cocopa, and Yaqui
Songs of the Pawnee and Northern Ute
Songs of the Papago
Songs of the Nootka and Quileute
Songs of the Menominee, Mandan and Hidatsa
See also
Women in musicology
References
External links
Frances Densmore in MNopedia, the Minnesota Encyclopedia
Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 80: Mandan and Hidatsa Music, Frances Densmore
Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 161: Seminole Music, Frances Densmore
Finding Aids to Collections in the Smithsonian Archive of Folk Culture, includes a finding aide for a Densmore collection of wax cylinders.
Frances Densmore page from Minnesota Public Radio
Frances Densmore Minnesota Historical Society
"The Study of Indian Music" by Frances Densmore, in the Smithsonian Annual Report for 1941; includes good information on Densmore's equipment and methodology.
Densmore, Frances from Grove Music Online
Hofmann, Charles, and Densmore, Frances. Frances Densmore and American Indian music. Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, 1968. doi: 10.5479/sil.451250.39088016102741
1867 births
1957 deaths
American ethnomusicologists
American ethnographers
People from Red Wing, Minnesota
Native American music
Smithsonian Institution people
American anthropologists
American women anthropologists
Early Recording Engineers (1930-1959)
American audio engineers
Oberlin College alumni
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American women writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances%20Densmore |
Terebratulids are one of only three living orders of articulate brachiopods, the others being the Rhynchonellida and the Thecideida. Craniida and Lingulida include living brachiopods, but are inarticulates. The name, Terebratula, may be derived from the Latin "terebra", meaning "hole-borer". The perceived resemblance of terebratulid shells to ancient Roman oil lamps gave the brachiopods their common name "lamp shell".
Terebratulids typically have biconvex shells that are usually ovoid to circular in outline. They can be either smooth or have radial ribbing. The lophophore support is loop shaped in contrast to the spiralia of similar looking spiriferids. Terebratulids are also distinguished by a very short hinge line, and the shell is punctate in microstructure. There is a circular pedicle opening, or foramen, located in the beak.
Terebratulids may have evolved from Atrypids during the early or Middle Silurian. Early genera were almost circular to elongate-oval, with smooth or finely costate shells. During the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods, many shells became coarsely plicate.
Classification
Suborder Terebratellidina
Superfamily Kraussinoidea
Superfamily Laqueoidea
Superfamily Megathyridoidea
Superfamily Platidioidea
Superfamily Terebratelloidea
Family Dallinidae
Family Ecnomiosidae
Family Terebratellidae
Family Thaumatosiidae
Superfamily Zeillerioidea
Superfamily Bouchardioidea
Superfamily Gwynioidea
Superfamily Kingenoidea
Superfamily Incertae sedis
Family Tythothyrididae
Suborder Terebratulidina
Superfamily Cancellothyroidea
Family Cancellothyrididae
Family Chlidonophoridae
Family Cnismatocentridae
Superfamily Dyscoloidea
Superfamily Terebratuloidea
Family Gryphidae
Family Tichosidae
Family Terebratulidae
Extinct Superfamilies
Superfamily Dielasmatoidea †
Superfamily Cryptonelloidea †
Superfamily Loboidothyridoidea †
Superfamily Stryingocephaloidea †
Gallery
References
Brachiopod orders
Silurian first appearances | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terebratulida |
New Meadow, also known as The Croud Meadow for sponsorship purposes, is a stadium situated on the southern outskirts of Shrewsbury, Shropshire, between the districts of Meole Brace and Sutton Farm, and close to the A5. It serves the home ground of English football club Shrewsbury Town.
It was completed in the summer of 2007, in time for the 2007–08 English football season, and was built to replace the Gay Meadow, Shrewsbury Town's home stadium since 1910.
Stadium
Naming
The stadium had no official name during the club's first season at their new home, before being christened the "Prostar Stadium" in a four-year deal with the sports kit manufacturer of the same name in July 2008. The club had initially distanced themselves from the unofficial name of "New Meadow", preferring to sever links with the old Gay Meadow ground, however when the naming deal with Prostar ended two years earlier than scheduled, new sponsors Greenhous gave supporters the opportunity to vote for a new stadium name, with "Meadow" added to the shortlist after feedback from fans. From May 2010, the stadium was officially known as "Greenhous Meadow", until Greenhous announced they would be ending their sponsorship of the club and stadium in November 2016, with local firm Montgomery Waters taking on the naming rights from July 2017. On 13 June 2023, it was announced that Shrewsbury based company Croud would be taking over sponsorship of the stadium from the previous sponsors Montgomery Waters. The stadium is now known officially as “The Croud Meadow.”
Design and construction
Proposals to move to a new stadium site at Oteley Road were first drawn up in the late 1990s, with planning permission granted in September 2003. A covenant protecting the Gay Meadow site for sports use was transferred to Oteley Road in 2004, clearing the way for the sale of the old ground to property developers to finance the building of New Meadow.
The stadium was designed by WDW Partnership architects, with the project awarded to Hall Construction, at a cost of £11.2 million, with a brief to build a 10,000 capacity all-seater stadium, with banqueting facilities for up to 300 people. The project consisted of erecting four stands, including hospitality boxes, function rooms, kitchen, bars, offices and a club shop as well as adjoining community and training pitches, a 670 space car park and access roads. Work was completed for the new stadium to open in time for the beginning of the 2007–08 Football League Two season.
Stands
The East and West stands run the length of the pitch; the South and North stands face onto the ends of the pitch. All stands are fully seated and covered; each stand also has its own catering and toilets. At present the stands are detached from one another.
"Roland Wycherley Stand" - East stand, named after the present chairman; includes the club's hospitality facilities, the changing rooms, club offices and club shop. Blocks 1−7. Capacity 2,743.
"Salop Leisure Stand" - South stand, named after a local caravan dealer. Houses the new safe-standing section of the ground. Blocks 8−12. Capacity 1,955.
"DMOS People Stand" - North stand, named after a local recruitment agency - the away supporters' stand; also has stadium control room and scoreboard, resulting in fewer seats than the South stand. Blocks 20−24. Capacity 1,796.
"The Rybrook Shrewsbury Stand" - West stand, named after a local BWM dealership. Blocks 13−19. Capacity 3,317.
Expansion and developments
In December 2019 the ground capacity increased slightly by just two seats. These seats were luxery seats added to the Roland Wycherley Stand known as the best seats in the house.
After the first nine seasons hosted at New Meadow, the average attendance for first-team league matches stood at 5,612, approximately 57% of capacity (see table below), with no confirmed prospect of stadium expansion in the foreseeable future as of July 2016.
In September 2014, Shrewsbury drew Chelsea at home in the fourth round of the League Cup. With the club anticipating a high demand for tickets, C.E.O. Matt Williams proposed that temporary seating could be erected in the corners between the existing stands. In order to maintain segregation between home and away supporters, and to allow access for emergency vehicles, the proposals were later reduced to two temporary stands at the South (home) end of the ground, With match tickets selling out on their first day of general sale, the club confirmed the plans on 13 October 2014, which temporarily raised the capacity of New Meadow to 10,361.
Subsequent developments on the stadium site include 5G 5-a-side and 7-a-side pitches currently operated by Powerleague, and a community centre run by "Shrewsbury Town in the Community" which opened on land behind the South stand in 2016. A memorial garden area to remember fans, staff and players who have died was also relocated near the entrance to the stadium in the same year. Shropshire Football Association are also based at New Meadow, with their county office located in a building at the rear of the South stand.
The food retailer Lidl submitted plans to build a supermarket at the stadium site in May 2016, however this was partly reliant on the local council agreeing to move land earmarked for community use at the North end of the ground to another part of the site. Planning permission for the Lidl development and a new community pitch was approved in April 2017, with building work due to begin the following month.
Safe standing
In June 2017, Shrewsbury Town applied to the Sports Grounds Safety Authority to convert an existing section of the all-seater New Meadow stadium to a safe standing area, making them the first club in the English Football League to do so. Permission was granted the following month, with £75,000 to be raised via a crowdfunding initiative to install rail seating to the back of the South Stand, with a planned capacity of 550.
Transport systems
With the ground not being centrally located and with only limited car parking on-site, the club operates a matchday travel plan, to encourage spectators to walk, cycle or use organised transport where possible. Shrewsbury railway station is just over two miles from the stadium. The Meole Brace Park and Ride bus service is nearby to the stadium, just over a mile away.
Notable fixtures
The first match at the new ground was an All Stars' friendly game as part of Shrewsbury Town's new sponsorship deal with Italian sportswear manufacturer A-Line, who made Shrewsbury's kit for the 2007–08 season. Heading the list of All-Stars players was Gianfranco Zola, with the team being managed by Ron Atkinson. The match took place on Saturday 14 July 2007, and Shrewsbury Town ran out 4−0 winners, Shrewsbury striker Dave Hibbert taking the honour of being the first ever goalscorer at the new ground.
The first competitive match at New Meadow was a League Cup match against Colchester United, of the Championship, then two divisions above Shrewsbury. It took place on Tuesday 14 August 2007, Shrewsbury winning 1−0 thanks to a header from Darran Kempson in extra time. The first league fixture, in League Two, was against Bradford City on Saturday 18 August, with Shrewsbury winning 1−0 from a first half penalty scored by Dave Hibbert.
In November 2007 the England women's national football team played Spain at New Meadow. England won 1–0 with a Karen Carney goal.
On 18 October 2010 it was announced that New Meadow has been selected as part of England's bid to host the UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship in 2013. On 28 January 2011, however, it was ruled Israel will host the Under 21s Finals.
On 27 March 2012, the generator room in the East Stand caught fire which caused the League Two match against Port Vale to be abandoned in the second half with the score 1–0 to Shrewsbury Town. Shrewsbury then won the replayed match 1–0.
Shrewsbury Town went 34 matches unbeaten in all competitions at New Meadow over an 18-month period between 2011 and 2012, under manager Graham Turner. The run was ended by a 1−0 defeat to Scunthorpe United in September 2012.
Record attendances
First team competitive matches featuring Shrewsbury Town only. As of 26 January 2020.
Average attendances
References
External links
BBC News article on SARA/New Meadow controversy
Stadium pictures at StadiumDB.com
Sports venues in Shropshire
Football venues in England
Shrewsbury Town F.C.
Buildings and structures in Shrewsbury
Sport in Shrewsbury
Sports venues completed in 2007
English Football League venues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Meadow |
Johnny Edward Morris (born September 26, 1935) is an American former professional football flanker and halfback who played for the Chicago Bears in the National Football League (NFL). He spent his entire ten-year career with the Bears, and is the franchise's all-time leader in receiving yards with 5,059. He attended the Santa Barbara College (now University of California, Santa Barbara). Morris won an NFL championship in 1963. In 1964, he had his best season with 93 receptions for 1,200 yards and 10 touchdowns.
Sportscaster career
In 1964, while still playing for the Bears, Morris joined WBBM-TV in Chicago as a sportscaster. Except for a six-year stint at rival WMAQ-TV, Morris remained at WBBM until 1992, serving for most of that time as sports director. He became good friends with film critic Gene Siskel when Siskel was hired by the station in the 1970s. During his time at WBBM-TV, he popularised the use of the telestrator (a device for drawing over still or moving video images) in sports television, which was invented by fellow WBBM-TV employee Leonard Reiffel for his science-related TV series Dimensions on Tomorrow's Living and The World Tomorrow. He also served as a football color commentator for CBS' NFL coverage from 1975 to 1986. He retired in 1996.
Personal life
His father was from Achladokampos, Greece (family name Μονοπορης, or Monoporis), while his mother was Swedish. While playing for the Bears, Morris was known as "Little Greek" and teammate Bill George was "Big Greek".
Morris was married to sports reporter Jeannie Morris, whom he met at UC Santa Barbara, from 1960 to 1985. The two remained close after their divorce as television colleagues. Jeannie died December 14, 2020.
References
1935 births
Living people
American football running backs
American football wide receivers
Chicago Bears players
UC Santa Barbara Gauchos football players
Western Conference Pro Bowl players
National Football League announcers
Players of American football from Long Beach, California
American football announcers
Long Beach Polytechnic High School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20Morris%20%28American%20football%29 |
The Art Museum Partnership (2005–2012) was a New York City-based non-profit organization that provided the nonprofit art museums with educational opportunities that facilitate the sharing of information, resources, and collections. The Partnership was primarily established to benefit the small to medium-sized museums that comprise the largest segment in the field. However, larger museums were encouraged to participate, since the challenges in the field are universal and all participants benefit from the knowledge of their peers. The Art Museum Partnership was open to the leaders of all nonprofit art institutions regardless of size or focus.
The Directors Forum was the signature program of the Art Museum Partnership. The two-and-a-half-day annual conference for museum directors featured panel discussions with some of the most distinguished professionals in the art world. It was held October at renowned museums and cultural institutions in New York City. The goal of this annual conference was to engage museum leaders throughout the nation in an exchange of views on issues of mutual concern.
References
Museum associations and consortia
Culture of New York City
American art
Arts organizations based in New York City
Organizations established in 2005
Organizations disestablished in 2012
2005 establishments in New York City
2012 disestablishments in New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%20Museum%20Partnership |
The following is an alphabetical list of the islands and cays of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas.
A
Abaco Island
Abner Cay
Abraham's Bay
Acklins Island
Adderley Cay
Alcorine Cay
Alder Cay
Allan Cays
Allans Cay
Ambergris Cay(s)
Andrew island
Andros Island - largest island of the Bahamas
Angel Cays
Angle and Fish Cay
Anna Cay
Arawak Cay
Araway Cay
Archers Cay
Athol Island
Atwood Cay
August Cay
B
Back Cay
Bahama Cay
Bahama Island
Bamboo Cay
Barraterre Island
Barn Cay
Barracuda Island
Base Line Cay
Beach Cay
Beacon Cay
Beak Cay
Bell Cay (owned by the Aga Khan IV)
Ben Cay
Berry Islands
Big Bersus Cay
Big Carters Cay
Big Cave Cay
Big Cay
Big Crab Cay
Big Cross Cay
Big Darby Island, a private island in the Exumas
Big Egg Island
Big Farmer's Cay
Big Fish Cay
Big Grand Cay
Big Harbour Cay
Big Hog Cay
Big Jerry Cay
Big Joe Downer Cay
Big Lake Cay
Big Lloyd Cay
Big Major Cay
Big Pigeon Cay
Big Romers Cay
Big Thrift Harbour Cay
Big Whale Cay
Big Wood Cay
Billy Cay
Bimini Islands
Bird Cay
Bitter Guana Cay
Black Island
Bock Cat Cay
Bob Cay
Bock Cay
Bonds Cay
Bonefish Cay
Booby Cay
Bowe Cay
Bridges Cay
Brigantine Cays
Brown Cay
Brush Cay
Buena Vista Cay
Burnside Cay
Burroughs Cay
Burrow Cay
Bursis Cay
Buttonwood Cay
C
Cabbage Cay
Caeser Cay
Calabash Cay
Cambridge Cay
Candle Cays
Carter Cay
Cashs Cay
Castaway Cay - private island and an exclusive port for Disney Cruise Line
Castle Island
Cat Island
Cat Cay
Catch Island
Catto Cay
Cave Cay, a private island in the Exumas
Cay Lobos (nearest point of The Bahamas to Cuba (Cayo Confites): 21 km (13 mi))
Cay One
Cay Sal Bank
Cay Santo Domingo
Cay With Low Fall
Caye a Rum
Caye de Sel
Channel Cay(s)
Children's Bay Cay
Chub Cay
Cistern Cay
Clem Cay
Cluffs Cay
Coakley Cay
Cockroach Cay
Cocoa Cay
Cocoa Plum Cay
Comfort Cay
Compass Cay
Cold Cay
Conception Island
Conchshell Cay
Cook's Cay
Cormorant Cay
Cornish Cay
Cotton Bay Cay
Cotton Cay
Crab Cay
Crisby Island
Crooked Island
Cross Cay(s)
Culmer's Cay
Cupid's Cay
Curly Cut Cays
Current Island
E
East Cay
Egg Island
Elbow Cay
Elbow Cays (Cay Sal Bank)
Eleuthera Island
Elizabeth Island
Exuma Island
F
Factory Cays
Falcon Cays
Fanny Cay
Fernandez Cay
Fiddle Cay
Fifteen Feet Cay
Finley Cay
Fish Cay(s)
Fish Hawk Cay
Fishing Cays
Flamingo Cay
Flat Cays
Foots Cay
Fortune Island
Fowl Cay
Fraizer's Hog Cay
French Cay(s)
Frog Cay
Frozen Cay
G
Galliot Cay
Garden Cay
Gaulding Cay
Gaulin Cay
Geouge Island
Gibson Cay
Gibson Hog Cay
Ginger Cay
Glass Cay
Goat Cay, Berry Islands
Goat Cay, Exuma
Gold Cay
Gold Ring Cay
Goole Cay
Gorda Cay (Castaway Cay)
Goulding Cay
Grand Bahama
Grand Cay(s)
Great Cistern Cay
Great Exuma Island
Great Guana Cay
Great Guano Cay
Great Harbour Cay
Great Inagua Island
Great Isaac Cay
Great Ragged Island
Great Sale Cay
Great Seal Cay
Great Stirrup Cay - a private island of Norwegian Cruise Line
Green Cay
Green Turtle Cay
Griffins Cay
Grunt Cay
Guanahani Cay
Guana Cay
Guincho Ginger Cay
Guinchos Cay (18 miles (29 km) from Cuba)
Gun Cay
Gut Island
H
Haines Cay
Halls Pond Cay, a private island in the Exumas, also known as Spectabilis Island
Halls Islands
Harbour Island
Harvey Cay
Harvey Cays
Hawksbill Cays
Hawksnest Cay
Heneagua Island
High Cay
High Point Cay
High Ridge Cay
Highbourne Cay
Hoffman Cay
Hog Cay, Long Island
Hog Cay, Ragged Island
Holmes Cay
I
Inagua Island
India Cay
Iron Cay
Ishmael Cay
J
Jamaica Cay
James Cay
Jewfish Cay
Joe Cays
Joe Creek Island
Joe Downer Cays
John Downer Cays
Johnny's Cay
Johnsons Cay
Josephs Cay
Joulter Cays
Jumento Cays
K
Kamalame Cay
Kemp Cay
Kits Cay
Knife Cay
L
Lanzadera Cay
Laughing Bird Cay
Lee Stocking Island
Leonard Cay
Levi Island
Lightbourn's Cay
Lighthouse Point
Lignumvitae Cay
Linder Cay
Little Abaco Island
Little Bell Cay
Little Bersus Cay
Little Carters Island
Little Cat Island
Little Cave Cay
Little Cay
Little Cistern Cay
Little Crab Cay
Little Darby Island
Little Exuma Island
Little Farmer's Cay
Little Grand Cay
Little Guana Cay
Little Cuana Cay
Little Harbour Cay
Little Inagua Island
Little Island
Little Joe Downer Cay
Little Lloyd Cay
Little Major's Island
Little Nurse Cay
Little Petit Cay
Little Pimlico Cay
Little Pipe Cay, a private island in the Exumas
Little Ragged Island
Little Romers Cay
Little Sale Cay
Little San Salvador (Half Moon Cay) - a private island, owned by Carnival Corporation
Little Stirrup Cay - renamed Coco Cay, a private island, leased by Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.
Little Walker Cay
Little Wax Cay
Little Whale Cay
Lizard Cay
Lobster Cay
Lockhart Cay
Loggerhead Cay
Lone Pine Cay
Long Cay
Long Island
Lovely Bay Cays
Low Cay
Low Water Harbour Cay
Lower Crisby Cay
Lubbers Quarters Cay
Lucian Cay
Lyford Cay
Lynyard Cay
M
Madam Dau's Cay
Madeira Cay
Major's Island
Mamma Rhonda Cay
Man Head Cay
Man Island
Man-O-War Cay(s)
Mangrove Cay
Mangrove Island
Manjack Cay
Margaret Cay
Marine Cay
Market Fish Cays
Mary Cays
Mastic Cay
Mat Lowe's Cay
Mayaguana
Maycock Cay
Meeks Patch Island
Melita Cay
Michael's Cay
Middle Cay
Middle Bight Cay
Mira Por Vos Islands
Molley Sanders Island
Money Cay
Moore's Island
Moosha Cay
Moraine Cay
Moriah Harbour Cay
Mouth Of Harbou Cay
Muertos Cays
Musha Cay
N
Nairn Cay
New Cay
New Providence
Newton Cay
Noah Bethel Cays
Noname Cay
Norman's Cay - has served as the headquarters for Carlos Lehder's drug-smuggling operation from 1978 to around 1982
Norman's Pond Cay
North Andros
North Bimini
North Cat Cay
North Cay
North Elbow Cay
North Halls Cay
Northern Eleuthera
Northwest Cay
Noss Mangrove Island
Nun Jack Cay
Nurse Cay
Nurse Channel Cay
Nassau
O
O'Brien Cay
Ocean Cay
Old Yankee Cay
Orange Cay
Outer Point Cay
Over Yonder Cay
Oyster Cay
P
Paradise Island
Parrot Cays
Paw Paw Cay
Peace and Plenty Island
Pear Cay
Pelican Cays
Pensacola Cays
Perpall's Cay
Petit Cay
Piana Cays
Pierre Island
Pigeon Cays
Pimlico Cays
Pimlico Island(s)
Pine Cay
Pine Tree Cay
Pineapple Cays
Pipe Cay
Plana Cay
Plum Cays
Pot Cay
Potter Cay
Powell Cay
Prime Cay
Pumpion Cay
R
Racoon Cay
Ragged Island
Rainbow Cay
Randall's Cay
Rat Cay
Ratman Cay
Ratmans Cay
Red Shank Cay
Reid Cay
Rock Harbour Cays
Roker Cay
Rose Island
Royal Island
Rudder Cut Cay, a private island with an airstrip in the Exumas, owned by illusionist David Copperfield
Rum Cay
Russell Island
S
Saddle Back Cay
Saddle Cay
Sailor's Choice Cay
Sales Cay
Salt Cay, Bahamas
Salt Pond Cay
Samama Cays
Samana Cay
Samphire Cay
Samphire Cays
Sampson Cay - private island owned by John C. Malone.
San Salvador
Sand Bank Cays
Sanders Island
Sandy Cay
Sandy Harbour Cay
Sapodilla Cay
Schooner Cays
Scotland Cay
Scrub Cays
Seal Cay
Sheep Cay
Ship Channel Cay
Shroud Cays
Silver Cay
Simms Cay
Sister Cays
Six Shilling Cays
Smith Cay
Snake Cay
Snapper Cay
Soldier Cays
South Bimini
South Cat Cay
South Cay
South Channel Cay
South Spot Cay
South Mangrove Cays
South Stirrup Cay
Southeast Cay
Southern Cay
Spanish Cay
Spanish Wells Cay
St. George's Caye
Staniard Cay
Staniel Cay
Steamer Cay
Stocking Island
Strachan Cay
Stranger Cay
Sugar Loaf Cay
Sun Cay
Sweetings Cay
T
Tarzan Cay
Tear Coat Cay
Tee Cay
Thatch Cays
Thomas Cay
Thompson Cay
Tilloo Cay
Top Cay
Torch Cay, Exuma
Tumar Cay
Turner Cay
Twin Cays
U
Upper Cay
Upper Channel Cay
Upper Samphier Cay
Upper Sandy Harbour Cay
V
Verd Key
Victory Cays
Vigilant Cay
W
Warderick Wells Cay
Walker's Cay
Water Cay(s)
Watling Island
Wax Cay
Weatherford Cay
Well Cay
West Cay
West Shroud Cay
Wet Cay
Whale Cay
White Bay Cay
White Cay
William Cay
William Island
Willis Cay
Wilson Cay
Wiltshires Cay
Windermere Island
Wood Cay
Woolen Dean Cay
Y
Yellow Cay
Young Cay
Yuma Island
See also
The Bahamas
List of islands of the Bahamas by total area
Geography of the Bahamas
Districts of the Bahamas
List of cities in the Bahamas
List of Bahamas-related topics
Lucayan Archipelago
List of islands by area
List of islands by highest point
List of islands by population
List of islands in lakes
References
External links
Islands of the Bahamas @ United Nations Environment Programme
Islands
Bahamas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20islands%20of%20The%20Bahamas |
Coleshill Town Football Club is a semi-professional football club based in Coleshill, Warwickshire, England. They are currently members of the and play at Pack Meadow.
History
The club was established in 1885 as Coleshill & District, playing their first match against Acocks Green in November that year. After being renamed simply Coleshill, the club later became Coleshill Town. They played only friendly and cup matches for the first two decades of their history until joining the Senior Division of the Birmingham Youth & Old Boys League in 1906. They moved to the Sutton & Erdington Division for the 1907–08 season, before returning to the Senior Division in 1909, going on to win both the Coleshill Charity Cup and Tamworth Nursing Cup in 1909–10. In 1912 the club transferred to the Trent Valley League. In their first season in the league they were runners-up, as well as winning the Chapel End Cup.
After World War I the club reformed as Coleshill United and joined Division One of the Sutton & District League. They were Division One champions in 1952–53 and 1954–55, before returning to the Birmingham Youth & Old Boys League in 1956, joining the Suburban Division. After winning the division in 1958–59, the club were promoted to the
Mercian Division, in which they were runners-up the following season. They were Mercian Division runners-up in 1966–67 and moved up to Division Two of the Worcestershire Combination. The club finished as runners-up in their first season in the division, after which the league was renamed the Midland Combination.
Coleshill were Division Two champions in 1969–70, but were not able to take promotion due to their Memorial Ground not meeting the required standards. However, after moving to Pack Meadow in 1974, they were Division Two runners-up in 1974–75 and were promoted to Division One. Although the club finished bottom of the division in 1978–79 and 1980–81, they were reprieved from relegation. The club won the Walsall Senior Cup in 1982–83, and in 1983 Division One was renamed the Premier Division. Coleshill were runners-up in 1983–84. They remained in the Premier Division until being relegated at the end of the 1999–2000 season. The club were promoted back to the Premier Division the following season after finishing fourth in Division One.
The 2007–08 season saw Coleshill win the Premier Division title, earning promotion to the Midland Alliance. When the league merged with the Midland Combination to form the Midland League in 2014, the club became members of the Premier Division. They were runners-up in its inaugural season, and again in 2016–17, a season which also saw them reach the semi-finals of the FA Vase, eventually losing 6–1 on aggregate to South Shields. In 2017–18 the club were runners-up in the Premier Division, earning promotion to Division One Central of the Southern League. At the end of the 2020–21 season they were transferred to Division One Midlands of the Northern Premier League.
Honours
Midland Combination
Premier Division champions 2007–08
Division Two champions 1969–70
Sutton & District League
Division One champions 1952–53, 1954–55
Birmingham Youth & Old Boys League
Suburban Division champions 1958–59
Walsall Senior Cup
Winners 1982–83
Aston Villa Shield
Winners 1961–62, 1964–65
Chapel End Cup
Winners 1912–13
Coleshill Charity Cup
Winners 1909–10
Tamworth Nursing Cup
Winners 1909–10
Records
Best FA Cup performance: Third qualifying round, 2015–16
Best FA Vase performance: Semi-finals, 2016–17
See also
Coleshill Town F.C. players
References
External links
Official website
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in Warwickshire
Association football clubs established in 1885
1885 establishments in England
Coleshill, Warwickshire
Midland Football Combination
Midland Football Alliance
Midland Football League
Southern Football League clubs
Northern Premier League clubs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleshill%20Town%20F.C. |
Continental Star Football Club is a football club based in the Perry Barr area of Birmingham, West Midlands, England. They are currently members of the and play at the Hub on Holford Drive.
History
The club was established in 1973 as Villa Star Football Club. They were renamed Continental Star in 1975 and joined a league for the first time in 1976 when they became members of Division One of the Central Birmingham Alliance. The club were Division One runners-up in their first season, earning promotion to the Premier Division. They went on to win the Premier Division title the following season, as well as the Surry Trophy. The club then joined the Kings Norton League, winning Division One at the first attempt. They subsequently transferred to the Warley Alliance League and won back-to-back league titles in 1979–80 and 1980–81 before moving to Division Four B of the Birmingham Works League.
Continental Star won Division Four B at the first attempt. They went on to win Division Three B, Division Two and Division One B in successive seasons, before finishing as runners-up in Division One A in 1985–86. In 1989–90 the club were Division One champions, also winning the WBA Shield and the Sports Argus Shield. After winning won the league's Premier Division, Aston Villa Shield and WBA Shield in 1992–93, they moved up to Division Three of the Midland Combination. Their first season in Division Three saw them finish as runners-up, earning promotion to Division Two. The club were Division Two champions in 1995–96 and were promoted to Division One. They went on to finish as Division One runners-up the following season, securing promotion to the Premier Division.
Despite finishing bottom of the Premier Division in 2000–01, Continental Star were not relegated. They were renamed Handsworth Continental Star at the end of the season, but reverted to Continental Star in 2002. In 2011–12 they were Premier Division champions and were promoted to the Midland Alliance. When the Midland Alliance merged with the Midland Combination to form the Midland League in 2014, the club were placed in the Premier Division. However, after finishing bottom of the Premier Division in 2015–16, they dropped into Division Two due to moving to a new ground that did not meet Division One standards. In 2016–17 the club finished bottom of Division Two and were relegated to Division Three.
Ground
The club has played at numerous grounds since its establishment. In 1999 they relocated from Coleshill Town's Pack Meadow to Paget Rangers' Vale Stadium. In 2001 the club relocated to Newbury Lane in Sandwell when it became vacant after Sandwell Borough folded. They moved to Blakenhall in 2002 and then back to Newbury Lane in 2004. The club later moved to Rushall Olympic's Dale Lane ground, before moving to The Hub in Perry Barr in 2015. The Hub, found near Villa Park, incorporates the football club as well as a tennis club and a boxing club. It was opened with the support of Lincoln Moses MBE, Keith John, and Diane Sawyers, and the trustees of the foundation.
Honours
Midland Combination
Premier Division champions 2011–12
Division Two champions 1995–96
Charity Shield winners 2012–13
Jack Mould Trophy winners 1996–97
Birmingham Works League
Premier Division champions 1992–93
Division One champions 1989–90
Division One B champions 1984–85
Division Two champions 1983–84
Division Three B champions 1982–83
Division Four B champions 1981–82
Aston Villa Shield winners 1992–93
WBA Shield winners 1989–90, 1992–93
Sports Argus Shield winners 1987–88, 1989–90
Wade Victory Cup winners 1982–83
Warley Alliance League
Champions 1979–80, 1980–81
Kings Norton League
Division One champions 1978–79
Central Birmingham Alliance
Premier Division champions 1977–78
Surry Trophy winners 1977–78
JW Hunt Cup
Winners 1999–2000
Records
Best FA Cup performance: Preliminary round, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2015–16
Best FA Vase performance: First round, 2010–11, 2011–12
See also
Continental Star F.C. players
References
External links
Official website
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in Birmingham, West Midlands
Association football clubs established in 1975
1975 establishments in England
Sport in Sandwell
Football clubs in the West Midlands (county)
Midland Football Combination
Midland Football Alliance
Midland Football League | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental%20Star%20F.C. |
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an allergic inflammatory condition of the esophagus that involves eosinophils, a type of white blood cell. In healthy individuals, the esophagus is typically devoid of eosinophils. In EoE, eosinophils migrate to the esophagus in large numbers. When a trigger food is eaten, the eosinophils contribute to tissue damage and inflammation. Symptoms include swallowing difficulty, food impaction, vomiting, and heartburn.
Eosinophilic esophagitis was first described in children but also occurs in adults. The condition is not well understood, but food allergy may play a significant role. The treatment may consist of removal of known or suspected triggers and medication to suppress the immune response. In severe cases, it may be necessary to enlarge the esophagus with an endoscopy procedure.
While knowledge about EoE has been increasing rapidly, diagnosis of EoE can be challenging because the symptoms and histo-pathologic findings are not specific.
Signs and symptoms
EoE often presents with difficulty swallowing, food impaction, stomach pains, regurgitation or vomiting, and decreased appetite. Although the typical onset of EoE is in childhood, the disease can be found in all age groups, and symptoms vary depending on the age of presentation. In addition, young children with EoE may present with feeding difficulties and poor weight gain. It is more common in males, and affects both adults and children.
Predominant symptoms in school-aged children and adolescents include difficulty swallowing, food impaction, and choking/gagging with meals- particularly when eating foods with coarse textures. Other symptoms in this age group can include abdominal/chest pain, vomiting, and regurgitation. The predominant symptom in adults is difficulty swallowing; however, intractable heartburn and food avoidance may also be present. Due to the long-standing inflammation and possible resultant scarring that may have gone unrecognized, adults presenting with EoE tend to have more episodes of esophageal food impaction as well as other esophageal abnormalities such as Schatzki ring, esophageal webs, and in some cases, achalasia.
Although many of these symptoms overlap with the symptoms of GERD, the majority of patients with EoE exhibit a poor response to acid-suppression therapy. Many people with EoE have other autoimmune and allergic diseases such as asthma and celiac disease. Mast cell disorders such as Mast Cell Activation Syndrome or Mastocytosis are also frequently associated with it.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of eosinophilic esophagitis is incompletely understood, but it is thought to involve some type of an antigen exposure (coupled with a pre-existing genetic susceptibility) which causes a hyperactive immune response from immune cells in the esophagus. The antigenic exposure is thought to stimulate the esophageal epithelial cells to release the inflammatory cytokines IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, which attract and activate Th2 helper T-cells. These helper T-cells the release pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-13, IL-4 and IL-5. These inflammatory cytokines, coupled with the T-cell response cause inflammation in the esophagus as well as stimulate basal cell hyperplasia and dilated intracellular spaces of the esophageal cells, characteristic histologic changes of the disease. The IL-5 released by the helper T-cells and eotaxin-3 act as chemotaxins, attracting granulocytes to the esophagus, including basophils, mast cells and eosinophils, with the eosinophilic infiltration giving the disease its characteristic histological changes.
Eosinophils are inflammatory cells that release a variety of chemical signals which inflame the surrounding esophageal tissue. This results in the signs and symptoms of pain, visible redness on endoscopy, and a natural history that may include stricturing. Eosinophils are normally present in other parts of a healthy gastrointestinal tract, these white blood cells are not normally found in the esophagus of a healthy individual. The reason for the migration of eosinophils to the tissue of the esophagus is not fully understood but is being studied extensively. It is thought the migration of eosinophils to the esophagus may be due to genetic, environmental, and host immune system factors.
At a tissue level, EoE is characterized by a dense infiltrate with white blood cells of the eosinophil type into the epithelial lining of the esophagus. This is thought to be an allergic reaction against ingested food, based on the important role eosinophils play in allergic reactions. The eosinophils are recruited into the tissue in response to local production of eotaxin-3 by IL-13 stimulated esophageal epithelial cells.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of EoE is typically made on the combination of symptoms and findings on diagnostic testing. To properly diagnose EoE, various diseases such as GERD, esophageal cancer, achalasia, hypereosinophilic syndrome, infection, Crohn's disease, and drug allergies need to be ruled out.
Prior to the development of the EE Diagnostic Panel, EoE could only be diagnosed if gastroesophageal reflux did not respond to a six-week trial of twice-a-day high-dose proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) or if a negative ambulatory pH study ruled out gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Radiologically, the term "ringed esophagus" has been used for the appearance of eosinophilic esophagitis on barium swallow studies to contrast with the appearance of transient transverse folds sometimes seen with esophageal reflux (termed "feline esophagus").
Endoscopy
Endoscopically, ridges, furrows, or rings may be seen in the esophageal wall. Sometimes, multiple rings may occur in the esophagus, leading to the term "corrugated esophagus" or "feline esophagus" due to similarity of the rings to the cat esophagus. Presence of white exudates in esophagus is also suggestive of the diagnosis. On biopsy taken at the time of endoscopy, numerous eosinophils can be seen in the superficial epithelium. A minimum of 15 eosinophils per high-power field are required to make the diagnosis. Eosinophilic inflammation is not limited to the esophagus alone, and does extend through the whole gastrointestinal tract. Profoundly degranulated eosinophils may also be present, as may micro-abscesses and an expansion of the basal layer.
Although endoscopic findings are helpful in identifying patients with EoE, they are not diagnostic of the disease if the patient has no clinical symptoms.
Esophageal mucosal biopsy
Endoscopic mucosal biopsy remains the gold standard diagnostic test for EoE, and is required to confirm the diagnosis. Endoscopy with biopsies of the esophagus has a 100% sensitivity and 96% specificity for the diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis. Biopsy specimens from both the proximal/mid and distal esophagus should be obtained regardless of the gross appearance of the mucosa. Specimens should also be obtained from areas revealing endoscopic abnormalities. 2-4 biopsies should be obtained from both the proximal and distal esophagus to obtain adequate tissue samples for the detection of EoE. A definitive diagnosis of EoE is based on the presence of at least 15 eosinophils/HPF in the esophageal biopsies of patients with exclusion of other causes of eosinophilia in the esophagus including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), achalasia hypereosinophilic syndrome, Crohn's disease, infections, pill esophagitis, or graft vs host disease. Endoscopy is usually indicated after treatment is started for EoE to confirm histologic remission.
Allergy assessment
A thorough personal and family history of other atopic conditions is recommended in all patients with EoE. Testing for allergic sensitization may be considered using skin prick testing or blood testing for allergen-specific IgE. This is particularly important for the 10–20% of EoE patients who also have symptoms of immediate IgE-mediated food allergy. Atopy patch testing has been used in some cases for the potential identification of delayed, non-IgE (cell-mediated) reactions.
Diagnostic criteria
The diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis requires all of the following:
Symptoms related to esophageal dysfunction.
Eosinophil-predominant inflammation on esophageal biopsy, characteristically consisting of a peak value of ≥15 eosinophils per high power field (HPF).
Exclusion of other causes that may be responsible for symptoms and esophageal eosinophilia.
Treatment
The goal of EoE treatment is to control the symptoms by decreasing the number of eosinophils in the esophagus and, subsequently, reducing the esophageal inflammation. Management consists of dietary, pharmacological, and endoscopic treatment.
Dietary management
Dietary treatment can be effective, as there does appear to be a role of allergy in the development of EOE. Allergy testing is not particularly effective in predicting which foods are driving the disease process. If no specific allergenic food or agent is present, a trial of the six food elimination diet (SFED) can be pursued. Various approaches have been tried, where either six food groups (cow's milk, wheat, egg, soy, nuts and fish/seafood), four groups (animal milk, gluten-containing cereals, egg, legumes) or two groups (animal milk and gluten-containing cereals) are excluded for a period of time, usually six weeks. A "top down" (starting with six foods, then reintroducing) approach may be very restrictive. Four- or even two-group exclusion diets may be less difficult to follow and reduce the need for many endoscopies if the response to the limited restriction is good.
Alternative options to SFED includes the elemental diet, which is an amino acid based diet. The elemental diet demonstrates a high rate of response (almost 90% in children, 70% in adults), with a rapid relief of symptoms associated with histological remission. This diet involves using amino-acid based liquid formulas for 4-6 wk, followed by the histological evaluation of response. If remission is achieved, foods are slowly reintroduced.
Pharmacologic treatment
In patients diagnosed with EoE, a trial of proton-pump inhibitors (PPI), such as esomeprazole 20 mg to 40 mg oral daily or twice daily as a first line therapy is a reasonable option. Nexium®, brand name esomeprazole, may be preferred as these tablets can be dispersed in half a glass of water and drank for those with difficulty swallowing pills. Those who respond to PPI therapy with symptomatic improvement, should have endoscopy with esophageal biopsy should be repeated. If no eosinophils are present in the repeat biopsy, the diagnosis is either acid mediated GERD with eosinophilia or non GERD PPI responsive EoE with unknown mechanism. If both symptoms and eosinophils persists after treatment with PPI, the diagnosis is immune mediated EoE.
Medical therapy for immune mediated EoE primarily involves using corticosteroids. Systemic (oral) corticosteroids were one of the first treatment options shown to be effective in patients with EoE. Both clinical and histologic improvement have been noted in approximately 95% of EoE patients using systemic corticosteroids. However, upon discontinuation of therapy, 90% of patients using corticosteroids experience a recurrence in symptoms. In May 2022, U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved dupilumab (Dupixent) to treat eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) in adults and pediatric patients 12 years and older weighing at least 40 kilograms (which is about 88 pounds) making it the first US FDA approved treatment for EoE.
Endoscopic dilatation
In patients who present with food impaction, flexible upper endoscopy is recommended to remove impacted food. Dilation is deferred in EoE until patients are adequately treated with pharmacological or dietary therapy, and the result of a response to therapy is available. The goals of therapy for treating EoE is to improve the patient's symptoms as well as to reduce the number of eosinophils on biopsy. This procedure is effective in 84% of people who require it.
Esophageal strictures and rings can be safely dilated in EoE. It is recommended to use a graduated balloon catheter for gradual dilation. The patient should be informed that after dilation they might experience chest pain and in addition risk of esophageal perforation and bleeding.
Prognosis
The long-term prognosis for patients with EoE is unknown. Some patients may follow a “waxing and waning” course characterized by symptomatic episodes followed by periods of remission. There have also been reports of apparent spontaneous disease remission in some patients; however, the risk of recurrence in these patients is unknown. It is possible that long-standing, untreated disease may result in esophageal remodeling, leading to strictures, Schatzki ring and, eventually, achalasia.
Risk Factors
There are many environmental factors that can increase the risk of developing EoE along with genetic factors for the disorder. The prevalence of EoE seems to be trending and there are many ongoing studies to try and find out why this may be. Risk factors for EoE include autoimmune conditions such as, inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Those with celiac disease, another autoimmune condition, are at higher risk of developing EoE as well. Individuals living in dry or cold climates as well as those living in areas of low population density are associated with higher rates of EoE. Food allergens are a risk factor of EoE and can often be directly attributed to the disease. Often times removing these food allergens from the diet can resolve EoE symptoms.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis has increased over time and currently ranges from 1 to 6 per 10,000 persons. Gender and ethnic variations exist in the prevalence of EoE, with the majority of cases reported in Caucasian males.
In addition to gender (male predominance) and race (mainly a disease of Caucasian individuals), established risk factors for EoE include atopy and other allergic conditions. Other recognized genetic and environmental risk factors for EoE include alterations in gut barrier function (e.g. GERD), variation in the nature and timing of oral antigen exposure, lack of early exposure to microbes, and an altered microbiome. A study comparing active EoE children to non EoE children found an altered microbiome due to a positive correlation between a relatively high abundance of Haemophilus and disease activity seen through an increasing Eosinophilic Esophagitis Endoscopic Reference Score and Eosinophilic Esophagitis Histologic Scoring System (q value = 5e-10). Measuring the relative abundance of specific taxa in children’s salivary microbiome could serve as a noninvasive marker for eosinophilic esophagitis.
History
The first case of eosinophilic esophagitis was reported in 1978. In the early 1990s, it became recognized as a distinct disease.
See also
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis
References
External links
Esophagus disorders
Immune system disorders
Steroid-responsive inflammatory conditions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophilic%20esophagitis |
Mt. Hope High School is a regionalized secondary school that is located on 199 Chestnut Street in Bristol, Rhode Island, USA. Mt. Hope educates grade 9-12 students from both Bristol and Warren, Rhode Island, and is operated by the Bristol Warren Regional School District. Mt. Hope High School's seal contains a shield depicting two books and a torch to signify scholarship and an anchor, which is the symbol on the Rhode Island state flag. Below the shield is writing that says "E Duobus Unum" meaning "From two, one" which is to signify the regionalization of the school.
History
Mt. Hope High School was founded in September 1993, when Warren High School and Bristol High School merged. During this time, both the Bristol and Warren Regional Districts were becoming combined. The school occupies the former Bristol H.S. complex.
Graduation requirements
Mt. Hope High School implements four graduation requirements. First, students will need to acquire 23 Carnegie Units (Credits) throughout their education. Credits from specific content areas must be obtained that amount to the required 23 credits. Second, students will need to demonstrate proficiency in a set of academic, social, and civic regulations known as "Proficiency-Based Graduation Requirements". These academic expectations include listening, speaking, reading, writing, and problem-solving effectively. Each student must score a grade of "Proficient" or higher. These regulations tie in with the new diploma system of the school; any student graduating in 2008 or later must average a score of "Proficient" in all the rubrics to be able to officially graduate Mt. Hope High School. They also have to create a digital portfolio, which is an online showcase of the student's best work. As the third graduation requirement, Mt. Hope students in the Class of 2015 and onward must have completed the New England Common Assessment Program with at least a score of "Proficient" in Math, English, and Science. Starting with the Class of 2014, the NECAP is planned to be replaced with the PARCC as the graduation requirement. Last, students are required to create an Individual Learning Plan (ILP). This ILP is able to be accessed through the digital portfolio and includes such components as an assessment of skills, values, interests, creation of goals, and is used in the course selection process.
Sports
Fall season (September–November)
Cross Country,
American football,
Boys' Soccer,
Girls' Soccer,
Girls' Tennis,
Girls' Volleyball.
Varsity Cheerleading
Winter season (December–February)
Ice hockey,
Boys' Basketball,
Girls' Basketball,
Boys' Indoor Track,
Girls' Indoor Track,
Boys' Swimming,
Girls' Swimming,
Wrestling and Gymnastics.
Spring season (March–June)
Baseball,
Golf,
Boys' Lacrosse,
Girls' Lacrosse,
Girls' Softball,
Boys' Tennis,
Boys' Track and Field,
Girls' Track and Field,
Boys' Volleyball.
Programs offered
Mt. Hope High School offers an assortment of clubs and activities.
Best Buddies
Concert Band
Dance Team
Debate Club
D.E.C.A.
Environmental Club
eSports Club
Executive Board
Flag Squad
Gay/Straight Alliance
String/Guitar Ensemble
Interact Club
Jazz Ensemble (not open anymore)
Jazz Improvisational Vocal Ensemble (JIVE)
Literary Magazine
Masqueraders
National Honor Society
Robotics Club
Students Take Action Against Negative Decisions
Student Council
Vocal Ensemble
World Language Honor Society
Yearbook Club
POC Student Union
Notable programs
Band
Every year, the MHHS Marching Band participates in several parades, including Bristol's Fourth of July Parade. The Mt. Hope High School Symphonic Band performs multiple concerts throughout the school year and has even played with the Navy Band Northeast. Mt. Hope also has a jazz program which consists of the Jazz Ensemble, Jazz Band, and the Jazz Improvisational Vocal Ensemble (JIVE). Mt. Hope's jazz groups have participated in many festivals such as the Berklee Jazz Festival and the Somerset Jazz Festival. Every year, Mt. Hope High School holds a "Jazz Night"; a concert encompassing every jazz ensemble at Mt. Hope, the Kickemuit Middle School Jazz Band, and occasionally other ensembles.
Husky News Network (HNN)
The Husky News Network, also known as HNN, is a daily five-minute television program produced live weekday mornings by Mt. Hope High School students. HNN is currently run by the Broadcasting class. The show was first broadcast in 2004.
Initially, the show was operated using just a single camera in the then AV Room. In the summer of 2008 it began operating with three cameras, as well as full HNN specials throughout the year. A short-lived HNN Headline News show in 2009 consisted of news presented in a different light as well as student work demonstrated 24 hours a day 7 days a week. In late 2009, HNN moved its studios to a bigger space located on the first floor of Mt. Hope High School, in a space once occupied by the School Store. The new location consist of one half of the room is HNN, and the other half is the Husky Hut. Typical segments on the five-minute program include school news announcements, sports, and reports on school events by a pair of anchor news reporters.
Math Team
The Math Team participates in competitive math meets every year competing against local schools in the area. The competitions are held at Portsmouth High School. There are four meets at the school level. Schools are awarded points for correct answers in rounds. The two schools with the highest total scores by the end of the fourth meet will go on to the state level to compete.
School Accomplishments
Academics
In 2022, Mt. Hope was ranked 14th best high school in Rhode Island, and 3,455 nationally.
Music Arts
The Mt. Hope Marching Band always leads Bristol's Fourth of July Parade, USA's oldest Fourth of July parade/celebration.
The Symphonic Band performed with the Navy Band Northeast, which is considered one of the greatest bands in the country.
Many students from the music program participate in All-State Band Festival. (music competition).
The Mt. Hope guitar ensemble won several awards at a competition at Pace University in New York City in 2006
Sports
Girls
Gymnastics - 2016, 2017, 2018 Undefeated Division II State Champions
Gymnastics - 2019 Undefeated Division II State Champions
Soccer - 2007 Division I State Championship against LaSalle Academy.
Lacrosse - 2008 Division I-A State Championship against Cranston West; 2015, 2016 Division II State Championship Runner-up.
Indoor Track - 2012 Division II RI State Championship.
Tennis - 2012 Division III RI State Championship & 2019 Division II RI State Championship
Softball - 2015 & 2016 Division III RI State Championship.
Boys
Football- 1998 Division II Super Bowl Champions; 2010 Division II Super Bowl Runner-Up.
Basketball - 2003 Division II State Championship.
Swim - 2004, 2005, 2006 - Swimming Division III State Championship.
Hockey - 2010, 2017 - Division III State Championship.
Lacrosse - 2005, 2009, 2010 Division II RI State Championship.
Soccer - 1993
RI State Soccer Championship
References
External links
Public high schools in Rhode Island
Schools in Bristol County, Rhode Island
1993 establishments in Rhode Island
Educational institutions established in 1993
Buildings and structures in Bristol, Rhode Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt.%20Hope%20High%20School |
The Margolin or (MCM pistol) Practice Shooting Pistol () is a .22 LR pistol primarily used for competitive target shooting in 25m Standard Pistol class under the rules of the International Shooting Sport Federation for bullseye round-target shooting at 25 m. The Margolin has been used since the 1950s, and complies with all international competition standards.
History
The pistol was designed by Mikhail Vladimirovich Margolin (1906–1975). It was produced since 1948 and made its international debut at the 36th World Shooting Championships held in 1954 at Caracas, Venezuela.
A very accurate, reliable and economically priced pistol of functional and simple design.
The designer himself was blind - he was fighting in the Red Army against the "bandits" (anti-communist rebels) in the aftermath of the Russian Civil War and in 1924 (at the age of 18) had head injury resulting in total loss of vision.
There is some criticism of the pistol's elevated plane of sight, blaming it on an incorrect notion that the designer could not aim his pistol. However, Margolin's raised plane of sight is a deliberate design feature that increased the accuracy of the pistol. The bridge that made the rear sight stationary combined with the unusually high sights allows the shooter to hold the pistol lower and aligns barrel with the shoulder, giving the shooter an improvement in control in rapid fire competition. The high line of sight is a design feature that the Margolin's designs had in common with the famous AK-47. The AK-47, designed between 1946 and 1948, like the Margolin, had high sights which lowered the barrel, put it more in line with the shoulder, reducing muzzle climb.
The barrel, being comparatively light-weight, can be equipped with an under barrel weight for added steadiness.
Variants
MTs-1 (МЦ-1)
MCM Standard Small-bore Pistol (Пистолет малокалиберный стандартный МЦМ)
MTsU (МЦУ)
Baikal "Margo" (МЦМ-К «Марго») A more concealable version of the pistol, Margo is available for a less formal target shooting and self-defence applications. The barrel is shortened to 98 mm and original sights are simplified in this version.
MP-449 - .25 ACP variant
IZh-77 (ИЖ-77) - non-lethal gas pistol
There were also a limited quantity made by the Norinco in China called "PS-01". Compared with the original, the Chinese version has some subtle differences, include the fully adjustable rear sight system and non-adjustable front sight blade and threaded muzzle.
Users
: for sport shooting
: target pistols MTs-1 were exported from the USSR to the UK and used by sport shooters
References
Sources
Спортивный малокалиберный самозарядный пистолет конструкции Марголина // Охотничье, спортивное огнестрельное оружие. Каталог. М., 1958. стр.74-75
External links
"MCM Standard Small-bore Pistol", manufacturer's overview of MCM (aka "Margolin"), with downloadable specs
Guns Magazine, September 1958 'The Man To Beat In Moscow'
Biography: Mikhail Vladimirovich Margolin (Russian)
Margolin .22 Target Pistols
Semi-automatic pistols of the Soviet Union
.22 LR pistols
Izhevsk Mechanical Plant products
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCM%20pistol |
Wan Jifei (; born 1948) is a Chinese politician, and the former Chairman of the China International Trade Promotion Committee and China International Chamber of Commerce. He is the fourth son of Wan Li.
Education
He is a graduate of Beijing University's Politics and Administration Management Department. He holds a master's degree in law and is a senior economist for the People's Republic of China.
Career
Wan Jifei began his career as deputy party secretary of Shunyi County. Later, he was transferred to the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. He returned to Beijing in 1995 to serve as deputy chief of the Special Economic Zone Office of the State Council. He was named deputy chairman of the China International Trade Promotion Committee in 2000.
References
1948 births
Living people
21st-century Chinese economists
People's Republic of China politicians from Shandong
Political office-holders in Ningxia
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Shandong
Politicians from Tai'an
Peking University alumni
Economists from Shandong | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wan%20Jifei |
Alpha Chi Omega (, also known as Alpha Chi or A Chi O) is a national women's fraternity founded on October 15, 1885.
As of 2023, there are more than 140 collegiate and 170 alumnae chapters represented across the United States, and the fraternity counts more than 300,000 members initiated throughout its history.
Alpha Chi Omega is a member of the National Panhellenic Conference, the governing council of 26 women's fraternities.
History
Alpha Chi Omega was formed at DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana on October 15, 1885.
In the fall of 1885, Professor James Hamilton Howe, the first Dean of the Music School, invited seven young women from the school to a meeting to form a fraternity. Those young women were Anna Allen Smith, Olive Burnett Clark, Bertha Deniston Cunningham, Amy DuBois Rieth, Nellie Gamble Childe, Bessie Grooms Keenan, and Estelle Leonard. Howe collaborated with James G. Campbell, a Beta Theta Pi, to form a national fraternity. Campbell laid out the first constitution and by-laws. This first constitution read: "The object of this fraternity is as follows: To attain the highest musical culture and to cultivate those principles that embody true womanhood." On February 26, 1886, the fraternity was given its formal introduction by a soiree musical.
Alpha Chi Omega joined the National Panhellenic Conference in 1903.
Early musical requirements
Association with the music school was required early on, as the fraternity only allowed School of Music students. Later on, this was changed and the minimum requirement became registration in one music course of any kind. Members then graduated in many other departments of the university, including the liberal arts department. In 1889, a national literary fraternity offered to merge with Alpha Chi Omega; however, unlike professional fraternities, Alpha Chi never considered taking members of other fraternities. In its early years it was externally considered to be a professional music society, but due to disagreement with this designation, in 1900, the sorority added literary qualifications, which led to it being considered a general (social) sorority by 1905.
Beginnings of philanthropy
In 1911, Alpha Chi Omega began supporting the MacDowell Colony, as Marian MacDowell was an alumna of Alpha Chi Omega. During World War I and II Alpha Chi Omega offered its support by helping working mothers who were married to service men by providing day nurseries and helping orphaned French children. In 1947, Alpha Chi Omega adopted Easter Seals as its philanthropy and supported other projects associated with cerebral palsy.
In 1978, the fraternity created the Alpha Chi Omega Foundation to merge funds for the fraternity's philanthropic projects and educational programming into one nonprofit organization. In 1992, the fraternity voted to adopt a new primary philanthropy of supporting victims of domestic violence. Alpha Chi Omega was the first major organization to speak out and adopt Domestic Violence Awareness as their philanthropy. Alpha Chi Omega continues to support Easter Seals.
Symbols
Alpha Chi Omega's Founders chose "Alpha" (Α), the first letter of the Greek alphabet because they were forming the first fraternity in the school of music. Since they thought they might also be founding the last such fraternity, "Omega" (Ω) seemed appropriate, considering it stands for the end. "Kai", meaning "and", was added to form "the beginning and the end". "Kai" was soon changed to "Chi" (Χ), a letter of the Greek alphabet.
Alpha Chi Omega's colors of scarlet red and olive green were chosen to commemorate the fraternity's fall founding. The fraternity's official symbol is a three-stringed lyre, the official flower is a red carnation, which exemplifies the fraternity's colors, and the official tree is the Holly. There is no official stone. The badge (pin) worn by initiated members is in the shape of a lyre, typically featuring pearls and the fraternity's Greek letters on the crossbar. Alpha Chi Omega chose the lyre to be their official symbol since it was the first instrument played by the Gods on Mount Olympus. Although Alpha Chi Omega no longer is strictly a musical sorority, they are still connected to their musical heritage through their symbol of the lyre.
The new member badge (pin) worn by uninitiated members is a lozenge emblazoned with the symbol of a lyre and the sorority's colors of scarlet red on the upper half of the badge and olive green on the lower half of the badge.
Philanthropy
The fraternity manages its philanthropy through its nonprofit arm, the Alpha Chi Omega Foundation. This branch continues to grant funds to the fraternity's former partners, the MacDowell Colony and Easter Seals, as well as to services and programs for domestic violence victims and on education on the subject. The Foundation also helps to support members and those closely related to Alpha Chi Omegas through other funds and grants to ensure continuous support for its members.
Individual chapters focus their attention on increasing the awareness of domestic violence, and its effects on individuals, families, and children, as well as actively aiding victims of domestic violence through hands-on activities and service projects. Domestic violence includes any behaviors that "intimidate, manipulate, humiliate, isolate, frighten, terrorize, coerce, threaten, blame, hurt, injure, or wound someone" to influence another person in a domestic relationship. This work is done through local agencies, which undergraduate and alumnae chapters support physically and financially. Local agencies include rape crisis centers, emergency shelters and safe houses for victims of domestic violence and their children, and long-term assistance centers for battered women across the nation. We work to prevent domestic violence, raise awareness about its severity, educate others on how to recognize and address it, and support organizations that assist survivors of domestic violence and their children.
As of 2018, Alpha Chi Omega is partnered with Mary Kay, Allstate Foundation Purple Purse, The One Love Foundation, RAINN, and It's On Us, various organizations which also support domestic/sexual violence awareness and education and survivor support. The fraternity also supports Kristin's Story in cooperation with Delta Delta Delta, a nonprofit set up by the Delta Delta Delta mother of an Alpha Chi Omega member who committed suicide following a sexual assault.
Chapters
Membership
There are 194 chapters of Alpha Chi Omega at colleges and universities in the United States. There are also 279 alumnae chapters, which allow women of all post-graduate ages to come together and continue the mission and values of Alpha Chi Omega. Members from the collegiate and alumnae chapters total over 300,000 sisters since the fraternity was founded in 1885. Collegiate chapters work directly with alumnae chapters to link sisters from around the country. In addition, alumnae chapters continue the cause of working to eliminate domestic violence. The fraternity states its membership values as "academic interest, character, financial responsibility, leadership, and personal development." The fraternity's national vision is to shape the future "through the powerful, transformative, and everlasting connections of real, strong women.
Traditions
Members of Alpha Chi Omega have several national programs for important dates:
Founders' Day — Sisters gather on October 15 of each year to recognize the fraternity's fall founding at DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana. Members wear their badges, along with scarlet and olive green ribbons.
MacDowell Month — Every February, Alpha Chi Omega women celebrate the fine arts and their fine-arts heritage. Most collegiate chapters encourage their members to attend and perform in fine art events during this month. "Named for the MacDowell artists colony in New Hampshire (Alpha Chi Omega's first philanthropic p
Local Founding Days — Each collegiate chapter recognizes its founding anniversary annually.
The National Convention — Members join together every two years to conduct fraternity business, reunite with sisters, and celebrate the fraternity.
Hera Day- Sisters honor the fraternity's patron goddess Hera by dedicating themselves on March 1 of each year to aid the happiness and overall well-being of others through volunteering and fundraising for domestic violence shelters in their communities.
Notable alumnae
Arts and entertainment
Fannie Bloomfield Zeisler (Alpha): Austrian-born U.S. pianist
Maud Powell (Alpha): American violinist
Eleanor Coppola (Alpha Psi): Emmy award–winning documentarian
Maddy Curley (Epsilon Chi): actress, former gymnast
Melissa d'Arabian (Alpha Iota): The Next Food Network Star winner and host of Ten Dollar Dinners
Carol Duvall (Beta Epsilon): host of The Carol Duvall Show
Alyson Hannigan (Theta Xi): actress ("Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "How I Met Your Mother")
Jenilee Harrison (Epsilon): actress (Dallas, Three's Company)
Nancy Hoyt (Delta Kappa): participant in "The Amazing Race" during the first season and teamed with her daughter, Emily Hoyt
Janet Hsieh (Theta Omicron): Television host, Golden Bell Award winner, model, violinist
Laura Innes (Gamma): actress (ER)
Sarah Jones (Epsilon Kappa): contestant on season 4 of Survivor
Tami Lane (Zeta Eta): make-up artist and Academy Award winner
Audra Levi aka Audra Lee (Alpha Psi initiate/Epsilon affiliate): a star of Kid's Beat on TBS in the 1980s, co-founder of the SoCal VoCals
Beth Mitchell (Zeta Xi): dancer, 1998 National Shag Dancing Champion
Meredith Monroe (Upsilon): actress (Dawson's Creek)
Agnes Nixon (Gamma): four-time Daytime Emmy–winning TV writer and producer
Aubrey O'Day (Epsilon Psi): singer (former member of Danity Kane, MTV's Making The Band 3)
Martha Quinn: Original MTV VJ, Radio host, actress
Atoosa Rubenstein (Theta Psi): Magazine editor
Melissa Rycroft (Psi): former Dallas Cowboys Cheerleader and reality show star on The Bachelor and Dancing with the Stars.
Sarah Shahi (Iota Sigma): actress (The L Word)
Gail Sheehy (Alpha Iota): author
Trista Sutter (Alpha Mu): star of The Bachelorette
Dawn Wells (Rho): actress (Gilligan's Island)
Beauty pageant contestants
Hannah Brown (Alpha Upsilon): 2018 Miss Alabama USA winner and star of The Bachelorette
Jen Corey (Beta Rho): 2009 Miss District of Columbia winner, top 10 Miss America 2010 contestant
Deidre Downs (Zeta Lambda): 2005 Miss America winner
Jane Anne Jayroe (Gamma Tau): 1967 Miss America; Oklahoma government official
Simone Esters (Alpha Nu): 2019 Miss Missouri; 2nd runner up Miss America
Taylor Kessler (Delta Kappa): Miss Texas USA 2020
News and journalism
Rita Braver (Kappa): CBS News correspondent
Linda Cavanaugh Clark (Psi): News anchor/journalist
Shannon Fisher (Beta Delta): journalist
Georgie Anne Geyer (Gamma): journalist and author
Natalie Jacobson (Alpha Tau): News anchor/journalist
Kristen Soltis Anderson (Gamma Iota): Pollster/Writer/TV Personality
Ronda Carman (Delta Kappa) Author/Public Figure
Politics
Jari Askins (Psi): Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma, lawyer
Stephanie Bice (Gamma Epsilon): U.S. Representative for
Condoleezza Rice (Gamma Delta): Former U.S. Secretary of State
Victoria Toensing (Alpha Mu): former deputy assistant Attorney General in the U.S. Justice Department
Sherron Watkins (Alpha Phi): Enron whistleblower, USA Today and Time Person(s) of the Year 2002
Science, technology and engineering
Wally Funk (Gamma Epsilon): First female FAA and NTSB inspector; one of the Mercury 13; oldest woman in space as of July 2021
Sports
Julia Marino (Nu): Paraguay's first Winter Olympian
See also
List of social fraternities and sororities
References
Student societies in the United States
National Panhellenic Conference
Fraternities and sororities based in Indianapolis
DePauw University
Student organizations established in 1885
1885 establishments in Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20Chi%20Omega |
Coventry Copsewood F.C. are a football club based in Coventry, West Midlands, England. In 2005, they changed their name from Coventry Marconi to their present name. Currently they are members of the .
History
Name
The club was formed in 1922 by employees of Peel Connor, and was known as the 'Connor'. They played in the Coventry District League until 1926 when due to an amalgamation with Magnito Ltd, they were renamed Magnet FC. They continued playing under this name until 1934 when they changed again to GEC (Cov) FC. This name stuck for longer, lasting until the 1970s when they became GPT (Coventry) FC, and then changed again in 1999 to Marconi (Coventry) FC, and then when Marconi sold off their land in 2006, it became Coventry Copsewood FC.
On the pitch
During its early years, the team played in the District and Works League, and had large success in the post war years, and then again in the 1970s when they won their league's internal cup four times, the Coventry Evening Telegraph Cup three years running and the Birmingham Junior Cup twice. In 1993 the club applied to join the Midland Football Combination. They finished 5th in each of their first five years in Division Two, but gained promotion due to their facilities. In the 1996–97 season they did the double in Division One, and were promoted to the Premier Division, where they currently play.
In the early part of the 21st century manager Paul Mills led the club to several finishes near the top of the table, and qualification for the later stages of their cup competitions, being runners-up in the Telegraph Cup twice, winning the Coventry Charity Cup three times and winning the Tony Allden Cup. Since then, with the departure of Mills, they underwent a rebuilding process and finished mid-table in 2005–06, but slipped to near the bottom of the division in 2006–07. In 2008–09 they reached the final of the Coventry Telegraph Cup, losing to local rivals Nuneaton Griff on penalties at the Ricoh Arena. They also had an improved finish in the Midland Combination, finishing ninth. The reserve side were crowned champions of Coventry Alliance Two for 2008–09. They also have the 3rd highest number of teams entered in the Coventry minor league with 18 teams ranging from under-7 to under-16.
Ground
The team play their home games at Allard Way, which is often used for local cup finals. Although around the pitch there is one small stand and a small covered shelter behind one goal. The team do have a large (for their level of football) two storey club house which they share with the other sports clubs which together make up the Copsewood Sports and Social Club.
Seasons
Coventry Copsewood deducted 1 point for fielding an ineligible player.
Coventry Copsewood deducted 1 point for fielding an ineligible player.
Honours
Midland Football Combination Premier Division Runners Up (1 time):
2002–03
Midland Combination Division One Champions (1 time):
1996–97
Best FA Vase run: 2nd round, 2001–02, 2010–11,2016-17
Sources
References
External links
Official website
Pyramid Passion feature on their ground
Ladies team
Football clubs in England
Midland Football Combination
Association football clubs established in 1922
Sport in Coventry
1922 establishments in England
Football clubs in the West Midlands (county)
Midland Football League
Coventry Alliance Football League
Works association football teams in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry%20Copsewood%20F.C. |
Mario Marín may refer to:
Mario Marín (politician) (born 1954), Mexican politician
Mario Marín (footballer) (born 1991), Spanish footballer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Mar%C3%ADn |
Coventry Sphinx Football Club is a football club based in Coventry, West Midlands, England. They are currently members of the and play at Sphinx Drive.
History
The club was established in 1946 as a works team for Armstrong Siddeley under the name Armstrong Siddeley Motors Football Club. In 1960 they were renamed Sphinx Football Club. The club were founder members of the Coventry Alliance and remained in the league until moving up to Division Two of the Midland Combination in 1993. They finished fourth in their first season in the league, earning promotion to Division One. The club went on to finish as runners-up in Division One in 1994–95, and were promoted to the Premier Division, at which point they adopted their current name.
Coventry Sphinx were Premier Division runners-up in 1995–96 and again in 2001–02, a season which also saw them win the league's Challenge Cup. They went on to finish as runners-up in consecutive seasons in 2004–05 (also winning the Challenge Cup again) and 2005–06 before winning the Premier Division title in 2006–07, earning promotion to the Midland Alliance. In 2009–10 the club won the Midland Alliance League Cup, beating Westfields 3–1 in the final. When the league merged with the Midland Combination in 2014 to form the Midland League in 2014, the club became members of the Premier Division.
At the end of the 2020–21 season Coventry Sphinx were transferred to the Premier Division South of the United Counties League. They were Premier Division South champions in 2022–23, earning promotion to Division One Midlands of the Northern Premier League.
Ground
The club play at Sphinx Drive, the name of which was adopted in 1995. In the mid-1990s a new stand was built and opened with a friendly match against a Coventry City team. The record attendance of 935 was set for a league match against Hereford in 2016.
Honours
United Counties League
Premier Division South champions 2022–23
Midland Alliance
League Cup winners 2009–10
Midland Combination
Premier Division champions 2006–07
Challenge Cup winners 2001–02, 2004–05
Tony Allden Cup winners 2006–07
Coventry Evening Telegraph Challenge Cup
Winners 1965–66, 2004–05, 2005–06
Coventry Charity Cup
Winners 2006–07
Birmingham FA Midweek Floodlit Cup
Winners 2006–07
Records
Best FA Cup performance: Third qualifying round, 2009–10
Best FA Vase performance: Quarter-finals, 2007–08
Record attendance: 935 vs Hereford, Midland League Premier Division, 26 April 2016
See also
Coventry Sphinx F.C. players
Coventry Sphinx F.C. managers
References
External links
Official website
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in the West Midlands (county)
Association football clubs established in 1946
1946 establishments in England
Sport in Coventry
Works association football teams in England
Coventry Alliance Football League
Midland Football Combination
Midland Football Alliance
Midland Football League
United Counties League | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry%20Sphinx%20F.C. |
He Zhizhang (, ca. 659–744), courtesy name Jizhen (季真), was a Chinese poet and politician born in Yongxing, Yue Prefecture (越州永兴, present-day Xiaoshan, Zhejiang) during the Tang dynasty. He entered the civil service after achieving a jinshi degree in 695 during the reign of Empress Regnant Wu Zetian, and continued serving the court under three subsequent emperors Zhongzong, Ruizong, and Xuanzong, serving first in the Imperial Academy (guozijian), and then in the Ministry of Rites and Ministry of Works.
Well regarded for his poetry and calligraphy, he is one of the Tang dynasty's Eight Immortals of the Wine Cup. Only a few of his works have survived. His well-known works include Ode to the Willow (咏柳) and a pair of poems, On Returning Home (回鄉偶書). On Returning Home is a wistful and nostalgic work composed by He on his return to his home village at the age of 85, when he was granted retirement by Emperor Xuanzong in 744, just a few months before his death, after almost five decades of service to the imperial court. The first of the pair, "Returning Home As An Unrecognized Old Man," is particularly well-known, having been anthologized in the Three Hundred Tang Poems and appearing in elementary school textbooks in China.《回鄉偶書 · 其一》
少小離家老大回，
鄉音無改鬢毛衰 。
兒童相見不相識 ，
笑問客從何處來？Of his surviving calligraphic works, one is a grass-script copy of the Xiaojing, currently located in Japan, another is an engraved stele (龍瑞宮記) located near Shaoxing, Zhejiang.
References
Jiang, Xinmei, "He Zhizhang". Encyclopedia of China (Chinese Literature Edition), 1st ed.
Three Hundred Tang Poems poets
Tang dynasty government officials
659 births
744 deaths
7th-century Chinese poets
8th-century Chinese poets
Poets from Zhejiang
Politicians from Hangzhou
Writers from Hangzhou | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He%20Zhizhang |
Dudley Sports Football Club is a football club based in Dudley, West Midlands, England. They are currently members of the and play at Hillcrest Avenue in Brierley Hill.
History
The club was established in 1979 after the Marsh & Baxter company folded and was initially named Dudley Employees Sports & Social Club. They joined the Birmingham & District Work and Combination, where they played until joining Division Two of the Midland Combination in 1985. Despite only finishing ninth in their first season in Division Two, the club were promoted to Division One. They won the league's Presidents Cup in 1989–90. The club remained in Division One until 1997, when they were promoted to the Premier Division after a seventh-place finish.
Dudley Sports finished bottom of the Midland Combination Premier Division in 1998–99 and were relegated back to Division One. They returned to the Premier Division after finishing fourth in Division One in 2002–03, a season which also saw them win the Presidents Cup again. In 2006 the club transferred to the Premier Division of the West Midlands (Regional) League, where they have remained since. In 2007–08 they won the Premier Division League Cup, beating Wednesfield 2–1 in the final.
At the end of the 2020–21 season Dudley Sports were transferred to Division One of the Midland League when the Premier Division of the West Midlands (Regional) League lost its status as a step six division. In 2021–22 the club finished bottom of Division One of the Midland League, and were relegated to Division One of the West Midlands (Regional) League.
Honours
West Midlands (Regional) League
Premier Division League Cup winners 2007–08
Midland Combination
Presidents Cup winners 1989–90, 2002–03
Records
Best FA Cup performance: First qualifying round, 2009–10
Best FA Vase performance: Second qualifying round, 2011–12, 2013–14, 2015–16, 2016–17
References
External links
Official website
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in the West Midlands (county)
Association football clubs established in 1979
1979 establishments in England
Sport in Dudley
Midland Football Combination
West Midlands (Regional) League
Works association football teams in England
Midland Football League | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley%20Sports%20F.C. |
At the 2002 Winter Olympics held in Salt Lake City, allegations arose that the pairs' figure skating competition had been fixed. The controversy led to two pairs teams receiving gold medals: the original winners Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze of Russia and original silver-medalists Jamie Salé and David Pelletier of Canada. The scandal was one of the causes for the revamp of scoring in figure skating to the new ISU Judging System.
Competition
In the figure skating pairs competition, Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze of Russia won the short program over Jamie Salé and David Pelletier of Canada. During the short program, Salé and Pelletier had tripped and fallen on their closing pose. Because the fall was not on an element, it did not receive a deduction, but it marred the program enough to land the pair in second place behind Berezhnaya and Sikharulidze.
In the free skate, Berezhnaya and Sikharulidze made a minor, yet obvious, technical error when Sikharulidze stepped out of a double Axel. Salé and Pelletier performed a free skate program to "Love Story" which they had used in previous seasons and that had been well received at the Grand Prix Final before the Olympics. They skated a flawless program, albeit one that some experts considered to be of lesser difficulty than that of the Russians.
Based on the 6.0 system of scoring in use, Salé and Pelletier received 5.9s and 5.8s for technical merit, while the Russians had received mostly 5.8s and 5.7s. However, the Canadians received only four 5.9s for presentation, versus the Russians' seven. Presentation was weighted in the total score more strongly than technical merit, so the Canadians had needed at least five 5.9s in presentation to overtake the Russians for first. Since they did not receive that many, the Canadians were ranked second, and Berezhnaya and Sikharulidze took the gold.
Judges and officials
Breakdown of marks
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Berezhnaya & Sikharulidze
! RUS
! CHN
! USA
! FRA
! POL
! CAN
! UKR
! GER
! JPN
|-
| Technical merit || 5.8 || 5.8 || 5.7 || 5.8 || 5.7 || 5.7 || 5.8 || 5.8 || 5.7
|-
| Presentation || 5.9 || 5.9 || 5.9 || 5.9 || 5.9 || 5.8 || 5.9 || 5.8 || 5.9
|-
| Placement || 1 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 2
|-
! Salé & Pelletier
! RUS
! CHN
! USA
! FRA
! POL
! CAN
! UKR
! GER
! JPN
|-
| Technical merit || 5.8 || 5.9 || 5.8 || 5.8 || 5.8|| 5.9 ||5.8 || 5.9 || 5.8
|-
| Presentation ||5.8 || 5.8 || 5.9 || 5.8 || 5.8 || 5.9 || 5.8 || 5.9 || 5.9
|-
| Placement || 2 || 2 || 1 ||2 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 1
|}
Scandal
During the live broadcast, both the American and Canadian television commentators (NBC Sports' Tom Hammond, Scott Hamilton, and Sandra Bezic and CBC Sports' Chris Cuthbert, Paul Martini, and Barbara Underhill) proclaimed that Salé and Pelletier had won the gold as they finished their program, believing their performances to be superior to the Russians. Subsequently, they expressed outrage when the judges' marks were announced. Suspicions were rapidly raised of cheating in the scoring. Judges from Russia, the People's Republic of China, Poland, Ukraine, and France had placed the Russians first; judges from the United States, Canada, Germany, and Japan chose the Canadians.
The French judge, Marie-Reine Le Gougne, quickly attracted suspicion. When Le Gougne returned to the officials' hotel, Sally Stapleford, chair of the International Skating Union's Technical Committee, confronted her. Le Gougne was upset and allegedly said that she had been pressured by Didier Gailhaguet, the head of the French national skating federation, to vote for the Russian pair regardless of how the others performed. She reportedly repeated this at the post-event judges' meeting the next day. It was alleged that this was part of a deal to get an advantage for the French team of Marina Anissina and Gwendal Peizerat in the ice dance competition that was to follow a few days later. Le Gougne later submitted a signed statement in which she denied taking part in such a deal, and also said that she had truly believed the Russian pair deserved to win the gold.
Immediate aftermath
The Canadian press and public were outraged by the result. The American press were also quick to support the Canadian pair. NBC, in particular, continued to report on the story and support the Canadians' cause. Some in the United States and many in Russia, however, felt that Berezhnaya and Sikharulidze had deserved their win, and that it should not be marred by the alleged dishonesty of a single judge. Sikharulidze contrasted these events to the reactions to Salé and Pelletier's win at the 2001 World Championships, held in Canada. The Canadians were awarded gold despite Salé falling on the triple toe loop in the short program and changing her planned double Axel to a single Axel in the long program. Points were deducted for both errors.
In response to Canadian and American outcry, International Skating Union (ISU) President Ottavio Cinquanta announced in a press conference a day after the competition that the ISU would conduct an "internal assessment" into the judging decision at its next scheduled council meeting. After many hostile questions from the press, Cinquanta acknowledged that the event referee, Ronald Pfenning, had filed an official complaint about the judging. Later, on February 13, International Olympic Committee (IOC) Director-General François Carrard held a press conference in which he publicly urged the ISU to resolve the matter as quickly as possible.
On February 15, Cinquanta and IOC President Jacques Rogge, in a joint press conference, announced that Salé and Pelletier's silver medals would be upgraded to gold. Berezhnaya and Sikharulidze were to keep their gold medals as well, since there was no evidence of wrongdoing on their part. Four of the nine judges on the panel felt they deserved it. Both pairs' point totals were thrown out. For the first time in history, the awards ceremony was repeated. Berezhnaya and Sikharulidze attended, but the bronze medalists, Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo of China, refused.
Post-Olympics aftermath
On April 30, 2002, the ISU announced that Le Gougne and Gailhaguet were suspended for three years for their roles in the scandal and also prohibited from attending the 2006 Winter Olympics. Although at least one eye-witness to Le Gougne's outburst in the hotel lobby reported that she had specifically confessed to a deal with the Russians, Cinquanta claimed there was no evidence that the Russians were involved in the incident. The ISU never made any serious investigation of their alleged involvement. On July 31, 2002, Italian authorities in Venice arrested Russian organized crime boss Alimzhan Tokhtakhounov on U.S. charges that he masterminded the fix at the Olympics. He was released from Italian police custody without being charged, amidst attempts to have him extradited to the United States in 2002–2003.
In 2004, the ISU voted to change the 6.0 judging system because it was considered to be too subjective. As a result, the International Judging System (IJS) was created to score a skater based on the technological grade of execution of the elements and gives a true numerical, mathematical score. In addition to disciplining Le Gougne and Gailhaguet, the ISU adopted a policy of secret judging as part of a new system for figure skating. Judges' marks are posted anonymously, as part of the new ISU Judging System for figure skating. While the ISU claimed this secrecy freed judges from pressure from their federations, critics noted that, instead of preventing judges from cheating, secrecy prevented the public and media from being able to identify cheating. Following the 2014 Sochi Olympics, the ISU Congress changed this policy, and ended anonymous judging to "increase transparency" in the process.
In March 2003, a group of skating officials who were unhappy with the ISU's leadership and handling of the crisis in the sport announced the formation of the World Skating Federation. Their attempt to take control of competitive figure skating away from the ISU failed. TSU or their respective national federations banished several of the persons involved with establishing the new federation from the sport of ice skating. Those banned included Ronald Pfenning, referee of the pairs competition at the Salt Lake City Olympics; Sally Stapleford; Jon Jackson; and other witnesses to Le Gougne's outburst.
Documentary
In 2021, one of the episodes of Netflix documentary series Bad Sport showcases this controversial event. In early 2022, former skater Tara Lipinski and her husband Todd Kapostasy (a producer of sports documentaries) were co-producers of the 4-part docu-series titled Meddling, which studied the 2002 skating controversy at the Salt Lake City Olympics. It was broadcast on NBC subsidiaries.
See also
ISU Judging System
References
Further reading
External links
Jamie Salé and David Pelletier 2002 Olympic Free Program with scoring reactions (video) at YouTube
Official free skate results before the second gold was awarded
Official overall results before the second gold was awarded
scandal
Olympic Games controversies
Olympic Winter Games Figure Skating Scandal, 2002
2002 scandals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%20Winter%20Olympics%20figure%20skating%20scandal |
Social dumping is a practice of employers who use cheaper labour than is usually available at their site of production or sale, for example where production is moved to a low-wage country or area, or where poorly-paid migrant workers are employed. Employers thus save money and potentially increase their profits. Systemic criticism suggests that as a result, governments are tempted to enter a so-called social policy regime competition by reducing their labour and social standards to ease labour costs on enterprises and to retain business activity within their jurisdiction. There is a controversy around whether social dumping takes advantage of an EU directive on internal markets, the Bolkestein directive.
Gains and losses
Entities losing from social dumping:
Employees in exporting countries
Child labor in exporting countries
Industry and environment in exporting country
Government in exporting countries
Employees in importing countries
Shareholders of the company in importing countries
Entities gaining from social dumping:
Companies in importing country
Shareholders in importing country
Customers in importing country
Industry in importing market
Employment in exporting country
Government and investment in exporting country
Policy issues
A joint NGO statement on the EU Seasonal Migrant Workers' Directive also warns against social dumping. The document argues that a vague definition of seasonal work might fail to cover all types of seasonal employment taking place when the Directive exerts its otherwise-welcome protective measures on the labour market.
Marianne Thyssen, European Commissioner for Employment, Social Affairs, Skills and Labour Mobility, has noted that "there is no definition of the concept of "social dumping" in EC law".
See also
Dumping (pricing policy)
SUTA dumping
References
External links
European Union's Eurofound website: Social dumping
Cabinet veterans challenge ministers to address 'social dumping' - The Guardian newspaper (UK) Tuesday 3 February 2009
Social-dumping: a crisis in the UK Engineering Construction industry - Amicus website
Social Dumping Hypothesis Issues and Challenges GMTDC Business Training & Consultation
Anti-competitive practices
Offshoring
International trade
Pricing
Migrant workers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20dumping |
Apparat Organ Quartet was founded in 1999 in Reykjavík, Iceland. It is a band that originally included the musicians Hörður Bragason, Músikvatur, Úlfur Eldjárn and Jóhann Jóhannsson. They were soon joined by drummer Þorvaldur Gröndal, replaced in 2001 by Arnar Geir Ómarsson, drummer of the Icelandic rock band HAM. Lacking the time to dedicate himself to the group because of his solo projects, Jóhann Jóhannsson left the band in 2012; he died in February 2018.
History
The band was originally conceived by Jóhann Jóhannsson as a collaborative project for a concert series curated by Kitchen Motors, a record label and art collective founded by Jóhannsson, Hilmar Jensson and Kristín Björk Kristjánsdóttir. In 2002, Apparat Organ Quartet released their self-titled debut album on the Thule Records label in Iceland; in 2005, the album was re-released on the Icelandic 12 Tónar label in a new remastered version. The second album of the band, Pólýfónía, was released on 9 December 2010 on 12 Tónar in Iceland, and in 2011 by the Danish label Crunchy Frog in Scandinavia.
The band's sound has evolved from the atmospheric and minimalistic post-rock documented on the Kitchen Motors compilations "Nart Nibbles" and "Motorlab 2" to a more robust, riff-driven sound, with a mixture of Kraftwerk-inspired electronics, Daft Punk-like robot voices, and hard rock beats. They have been compared to such different acts as Kraftwerk, Wagner, Goblin, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Sigur Rós, the Glitter Band, Stereolab and Trans Am.
Apparat Organ Quartet's members (and former members) and their extra curricular activities include:
Arnar Geir Ómarsson, a graphic designer who has worked with Magga Stina, HAM, Lhooq and many other artists.
Hörður Bragason, a former church organist.
Jóhann Jóhannsson, who had a solo career as a genre-crossing composer.
Sighvatur Ómar Kristinsson, who has collaborated with múm and released several solo singles as Músikvatur.
Úlfur Eldjárn, who has composed a lot of music for theatre and TV series.
Þorvaldur Gröndal, who has been the drummer of electronic-pop/rock band Trabant and The Funerals
Apparat Organ Quartet was one of many Icelandic bands documented in Ari Alexander Ergis Magnússon's 2005 film Screaming Masterpiece (Gargandi Snilld in Icelandic).
Discography
Albums
Apparat Organ Quartet (2002, Thule Records; 2005, 12 Tónar, 12T021, Re-Release, Remastered Version)
Pólýfónía (9 December 2010, 12 Tónar, 12T053; Crunchy Frog Records, 2011)
Compilations
Nart Nibbles (1999, Kitchen Motors) — Contributed "Nafnlaust uppklapp"
Motorlab #2 (2001, Kitchen Motors) — Contributed three songs featuring TF3IRA: "Charlie Tango no. 2," "Ondula Nova," and "Sálmur"
Screaming Masterpiece (2005, Smekkleysa) — Appeared in the documentary and contributed "Romantica"
Kitchen Motors Family Album/Fjölskyldualbúm Tilraunaeldhússins (2006, Kitchen Motors/12 Tónar) — Contributed "Stylophonia"
Singles
"Romantika" (2003) from Apparat Organ Quartet — Also includes "Macht parat den Apparat" and "Romantika (premix)"
"Cargo Frakt" (Gogoyoko, 29 November 2010) from Pólýfónía
References
Icelandic electronic music groups
Musical groups from Reykjavík
Musical groups established in 1999
1999 establishments in Iceland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparat%20Organ%20Quartet |
The Korean terms hyeong, pumsae, poomsae and teul (meaning "form" or "pattern") are all used to refer to martial arts forms that are typically used in Korean martial arts such as Taekwondo and Tang Soo Do.
Hyeong is often romanized as hyung. This term is used primarily in earlier styles of taekwondo, often referred to as traditional taekwondo.
Pumsae is often romanized as poomsae or poomse. This term is used primarily in Kukkiwon/WTF-style taekwondo.
Teul is often romanized as tul. This term is used primarily in ITF-style taekwondo.
A hyeong is a systematic, prearranged sequence of martial techniques that is performed either with or without the use of a weapon. In traditional dojangs (training halls), hyeong are used primarily as a form of interval training that is useful in developing mushin, proper kinetics and mental and physical fortitude. Hyeong may resemble combat, but are artistically non-combative and woven together so as to be an effective conditioning tool. One's aptitude for a particular hyeong may be evaluated in competition. In such competitions, hyeong are evaluated by a panel of judges who base the score on many factors including energy, precision, speed, and control. In western competitions, there are two general classes of hyeong: creative and standard. Creative hyeong are created by the performer and are generally more acrobatic in nature and do not necessarily reflect the kinetic principles intrinsic in any martial system.
Summary table of taekwondo forms
Taekwondo forms
Traditional taekwondo forms
Beginning in 1946, shortly after the conclusion of the Japanese occupation of Korea, new martial arts schools called kwans were opened in Seoul. These schools were established by Korean martial artists who had studied primarily in Okinawa and China during the Japanese occupation. Accordingly, the martial arts practiced in the kwans was heavily influenced by shotokan karate and Chinese martial arts, though elements of taekkyeon and gwonbeop were also incorporated.
Five of these kwans were established during the interval between World War II and the Korean War. During the Korean War, establishment of new schools was halted; at the conclusion of the war four new schools were established by students from the five original kwans. Collectively, these schools are referred to as the nine original kwans of taekwondo. Each kwan practiced its own style of martial art (the term taekwondo had not yet been coined) and employed their own set of forms. The majority of the forms used, however, derived from Shotokan karate. In many cases they were given new names. These forms are still used today in martial arts style such as Tang Soo Do, Soo Bahk Do, Moo Duk Kwan Taekwondo, and Chun Kuk Do. The article Karate kata lists many of the forms used in traditional taekwondo:
Five Pyung Ahn forms are used in traditional taekwondo as relatively simple, introductory forms. These correspond to the five Pinan forms of Shotokan.
Three Shotokan forms called Naihanchi are used, though sometimes they are called Chul-Gi forms when used in taekwondo.
Shotokan form Bassai is sometimes called Pal-sek.
Chintō is used under the name Jin-Do.
Rōhai is used, sometimes under the name Lohai or Nohai due to the Hangeul spelling and varying pronunciations.
Kūsankū is used under the name Kong-Sang-Koon.
Enpi is used under the name Sei-shan.
Jitte is used under the name Ship-soo.
Gojūshiho is used under the name Oh-sip-sa-bo.
In addition to these Shotokan forms, Tang Soo Do and other traditional styles incorporate additional forms as well, many developed by Hwang Kee.
WTF/Kukkiwon Pumsae
Kukkiwon-style taekwondo (and thus the World Taekwondo Federation) uses the word pumsae for form.
Prior to 1971, Kukkiwon-style taekwondo used a series of eight forms called the palgwae forms for color-belt forms. The term "pal-gwae" refers to the eight trigrams associated with the I Ching hexagrams. Symbolically, each form in the palgwae series corresponds to one trigram. Subsequent to 1971, the palgwae forms were deprecated in favor of eight taegeuk forms. The term taegeuk refers to the principle of the "unity of opposites". Though the movements in the taegeuk forms are different from those of the palgwae forms, each taegeuk form is likewise associated with a corresponding I Ching trigram.
Kukkiwon-style taekwondo uses a series of nine forms for dan-level black belts; this series is called the yudanja series. The first form in the series, Koryo, was replaced by a new form of the same name in 1971, as part of the transition from the palgwae to taegeuk forms.
Color Belt forms
Taegeuk Il Jang/Palgwe Il Jang
The general meaning of this form and associated trigram is Yang, which represents Heaven and Light. Also, this trigram has a relationship to South and Father. The first Taegeuk/Palgwe form is the beginning of all pumsaes, the "birth" of the martial artist into Taekwondo. This pumsae should be performed with the greatness of Heaven.
Taegeuk Ee Jang/Palgae Ee Jang
The associated trigram of this pumsae represents the Lake(joy, a calm sturdy spirit:). Also, related to the symbol is South East and the relationship of the youngest daughter. The movements of this Taegeuk/Palgwe are aimed to be performed believing that man has limitations, but that we can overcome these limitations. The Lake and its water symbolize the flowing and calm nature of the martial artist. This form is to reflect those attributes.
Taegeuk Sam Jang/Palgae Sam Jang
This trigram represents Fire. Related to this symbol is also East and the relationship of the Second Daughter. Fire contains a lot of energy. The symbol behind the fire is similar to the symbolism of the water in that both can aid and both can destroy. This form is intended to be performed rhythmically, with some outbursts of energy to reflect fire's rhythmic and energetic dualism.
Taegeuk Sa Jang/Palgae Sa Jang
This trigram represents Thunder. Also, the trigram is strongly connected to northeast and the relationship of the Eldest son. Thunder comes from the sky and is absorbed by the earth, thus, according to the beliefs of the I Ching, thunder is one of the most powerful natural forces. This pumsae is associated with power and the connection between the heavens and earth. This pumsae is intended to be performed with power resembling the Thunder for which it is named.
Taegeuk O Jang/Palgae O Jang
The trigram associated with this pumsae represents Wind. The trigram is also related to southwest and the relationship with an eldest daughter. The I Ching promotes that wind is a gentle force, but can sometimes be furious, destroying everything in its path. As such, it is intended that this pumsae is performed like the wind: gently, but knowing the ability of mass destruction with a single movement. The performer and audience should be aware of the duality of the form.
Taegeuk Yuk Jang/Palgae Yuk Jang
The trigram associated with this pumsae represents Water. Also, there is a relation to West and the relationship with a Second son. The movements of this pumsae are intended to be performed like water; flowing, powerful and cleansing. Sometimes standing still like water in a lake, sometimes thriving as a river, sometimes powerful like a waterfall. The water is to symbolize calm and cleansing, while also possessing the attribute of being violent and destructive.
Taegeuk Chil Jang/Palgae Chil Jang
The trigram associated with this pumsae represents a Mountain. Also, it represents the northwest and youngest son. The symbolism behind the mountain is the indomitable and majestic nature that all mountains possess. This pumsae is intended to be performed with the feeling that all movements are this majestic due to their unconquerable nature.
Taegeuk Pal Jang/Palgae Pal Jang
The trigram associated with this pumsae represents the Earth. Also, there is a representation of North and Mother. The associated trigram of this pumsae is Yin. Yin, here, represents the end of the beginning, the evil part of all that is good. This being the last of the pumsae Taegeuk, it represents the end of the circle and the cyclic nature of the Earth.
Black belt forms
Koryo – Koryo, or Goryeo, is the name of an old Korean dynasty. The people from the Goryeo defeated the Mongolian aggressors. It is intended that their spirit is reflected in the movements of the pumsae Koryo. Each movement of this pumsae represents the strength and energy needed to control the Mongols. The line of direction is the shape of the Hanja for a "Scholar", learned man.
Keumgang – Keumgang means "diamond," symbolizing hardness. Keumgang is also the name of the most beautiful mountain in Korea, as well as the Keumgang warrior, named by Buddha. Thus, the themes of hardness, beauty, and pondering permeate this pumsae.
Taebaek – The legendary Dangun founded a nation in Taebaek, near Korea's biggest mountain Baekdoo. Baekdoo is a known symbol for Korea. The definition of the word taebaek is literally "lightness". Every movement in this poomsae is intended to be not only be exact and fast, but with determination and hardness resembling the mountain Baekdoo, the origin of the nation of Korea.
Pyongwon – The definition of Pyongwon is "stretch, vast plain." The name carries with it a connotation of being large and majestic.
Sipjin – Sipjin stands for ten symbols of longevity, which are Sun, Moon, Mountain, Water, Stone, Pine tree, Herb of eternal youth, Turtle, Deer, and Crane. This pumsae represents the endless development and growth by the basic idea of the ten symbols of longevity and the decimal system.
Jitae – This pumsae is derived from the meaning of the earth. All things evolve from and return to the earth, the earth is the beginning and the end of life, as reelected through the Yin and Yang.
Cheonkwon – Cheonkwon literally means 'sky'. In the pumsae, the sky symbolizes the ruler of the universe. According to belief, it is mysterious, infinite and profound. The motions of Cheonkwon are full of piety, vitality and reverence.
Hansu – This pumsae is derived from the fluidity of water which easily adapts within nature. The symbol of the water repeats itself many times throughout all pumsae, hyeongs, and in martial arts in general.
Ilyo – The state of spiritual cultivation in Buddhism is called 'Ilyo' which means 'oneness'. In Ilyo, body and mind, spirit and substance, "I" and "you" are unified. The ultimate ideal of the martial art and pumsae can be found in this state. It is a discipline in which every movement is concentrated on leaving all materialistics thoughts, obsessions and external influences behind.
ITF Ch'ang Hon forms
Schools that follow the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) tradition typically use the Chang Hon 창헌 (also called Chang Hun, Chang 'On or Chon-Ji) forms that were developed by Choi Hong Hi, Nam Tae Hi, Han Cha Kyo, Choi Chang Keun, Park Won Ha, Woo Jae Lim, Kim Bok Man and Cho Sang Min, and have their roots in the Oh Do Kwan. In addition, Kim J.C., Park Jong Soo, and Lee Byung Moo are thought to have developed four of the Ch'ang Hon patterns (Eui-Am, Moon-Moo, Yong-Gae & So-San) in 1968. Park Jung Tae, likely assisted by Choi Jung Hwa (General Choi's son), Michael McCormack (General Choi's son-in-law) and Lim Won Sup, is credited with developing the Juche pattern. Kong Young Il may have helped develop the Ch'ang Hon patterns as well. With the Oh Do Kwan in charge of the taekwondo training in the Korean military, the "Chang Hon hyeong" set of forms spread widely, and they are seen in many taekwondo organizations, including ITF-offshoots such as the Global Taekwondo Federation.
The pattern names below are shown with Revised Romanization spellings; however, the traditional spellings are shown in parentheses if they vary from the modern standard, since those patterns have long been known with those spellings.
Color Belt forms
Cheon-Ji
천지 / 天地 – 19 movements
Literally, Cheon-Ji (or Chon-Ji) means "heaven and earth" and refers to the creation of the world or the beginning of human history, and thus is the initial pattern learned by the beginner. It consists of forearm low blocks and punches in the first part to represent earth, and inner forearm middle blocks and punches in the second part to denote heaven. It does not use any kicks. The cross shaped diagram represents the four elements of the universe : fire, water, air and earth.
Dan-Gun
단군 / 檀君 – 21 movements
Dan-Gun is named after the holy Dangun, the legendary founder of Korea in 2333 BC. Unusually for a teul, all the punches in Dan-Gun are high section (at eye level), symbolizing Dangun scaling a mountain.
Do-San
도산 / 島山 – 24 movements
Do-San is a pseudonym of the patriot Ahn Chang-ho (1878–1938). The 24 movements represent his entire life, which he devoted to furthering education in Korea and the Korean independence movement.
(Note that Encyclopedia of TaeKwon-Do – 15 Volume Set – by General Choi Hong Hi states Dosan's birth year incorrectly as 1876)
Won-Hyo
원효 / 元曉 – 28 movements
This pattern is named after the noted monk Wonhyo who introduced Buddhism to the Silla dynasty in the year 686 AD.
Yul-Gok
율곡 / 栗谷 – 38 movements
Yul-Gok is a pseudonym of a great philosopher and scholar Yi I (1536–1584) nicknamed the "Confucius of Korea". The 38 movements of this pattern refer to his birthplace on 38-degree latitude and the diagram of the pattern represents scholar.
Jung-Geun
중근 / 重根 – 32 movements
Jung-Geun (or Joong-Gun) is named after the patriot Ahn Joong-Gun who assassinated Itō Hirobumi, the first Japanese governor-general of Korea, known as the man who played the leading part in the Korea-Japan merger. There are 32 movements in this pattern to represent Mr Ahn's age when he was executed at Lui-Shung Prison in 1910.
Note: Ahn Jung-Geun was born on 16 July 1879 and was executed on 26 March 1910, so was in fact 30 years old at his death. 32 comes from the old Korean age reckoning system, where a newborn is considered to be 1 year old, then all birthdays are held on the 1st of January every year after.
Toi-Gye
퇴계 / 退溪 – 37 movements
Toi-Gye is the pen name of the noted scholar Yi Hwang (16th century), an authority on neo-Confucianism. The 37 movements of the pattern refer to his birthplace on 37-degree latitude, the diagram represents "scholar" as in the Yul-Gok hyeong.
Hwa-Rang
화랑 / 花郎 – 29 movements
Hwa-Rang is named after the Hwarang youth group that originated under the Silla dynasty roughly 1350 years ago. The group eventually became the driving force for the unification of the three Kingdoms of Korea. The 29 movements refer to the 29th infantry Division, where Taekwondo developed into maturity.
Chung-Mu
충무 / 忠武 – 30 movements
Chung-Mu (or Choong-Moo) was the name given to the great Admiral Yi Sun-sin of the Yi dynasty. He was reputed to have invented the first armored battleship (kobukson) in 1592, which is said to be the precursor of the present day submarine. The reason this pattern ends with a left hand attack is to symbolize his regrettable death having no chance to show his unrestrained potentiality checked by the forced reservation of his loyalty to the King.
Black Belt forms
Gwang-Gae
광개 / 廣開 – 39 movements
Gwang-Gae (or Kwang-Gae) is named after the famous Kwang-Gae-Toh-Wang, the 19th king of the Goguryeo dynasty, who achieved the greatest territorial expansion including the greater part of Manchuria. The diagram of the form represents the expansion and recovery of lost territory. The 39 movements refer to the first two figures of 391AD, the year he came to the throne.
Po Eun
포은 / 圃隱 – 36 movements
Po Eun is the pseudonym of a loyal subject Jeong Mongju who was a distinguished scholar of neo-Confucianism during the Goryeo dynasty. His poem "I would not serve a second master though I might be crucified a hundred times" is known to every Korean people. The diagram, which is simply a straight line represents his unerring loyalty to the king and his country.
Gye-Baek
계백 / 階伯 – 44 movements
The Gye-Baek (or Gae-Baek) hyeong has 44 Movements. Gae-Baek is named after Gyebaek, a great general in the Baekje dynasty. The diagram represents his severe and strict military discipline.
Eui-Am
의암 / 義菴 – 45 movements
Eui-Am is the pseudonym of Son Byong Hi, leader of the Korean independence movement on 1 March 1919. The 45 movements refer to his age when he changed the name of his religion from Dong Hak (oriental learning) to Chondogyo (Heavenly Way Religion) in 1905. The diagram represents his indomitable spirit, displayed while dedicating himself to the prosperity of his nation.
Chung-Jang
충장 / 忠壯 – 52 movements
Chung-Jang (or Choong-Jang) is the pseudonym given to General Kim Duk Ryang who lived during the Yi dynasty, 14th century. This pattern ends with a left hand attack to symbolize the tragedy of his death at 27 in prison before he was able to reach full maturity.
Juche
주체 / 主體 – 45 movements
The Juche hyeong has 45 movements. Juche is a philosophical idea that man is the master of everything and decides everything. In other words, the idea that man is that master of the world and his own destiny. It is said that this idea was rooted in Baekdu Mountain, which symbolize the spirit of the Korean people. The diagram represents Baekdu Mountain, which is the highest mountain in Korea.
Go-Dang
고당/古堂 – 39 movements
Go-Dang (or Ko-Dang) was one of the original 24 patterns created by General Choi. In the early 1980s, however, Kodang was removed from the official syllabus by General Choi and replaced by a new pattern which he named Juche. Go-Dang was a famous South Korean anti-communist, and when Choi began to spread his art throughout the world, and to North Korea in particular, he removed this pattern so as not to offend anyone. Although no longer part of official ITF Taekwondo, Kodang is still included in the syllabi of many Taekwondo organisations. In those organisations where it is still taught, it is generally taught to students at the level of second dan black belt. It consists of a sequence of 39 individual techniques. Although some sources lead to the deduction that Kodang is exactly the same pattern as Juche, they are in fact two completely different patterns. The confusion arose when one of the ITF Taekwondo groups changed the name of the pattern Juche to Kodang in 2008, because the word "Juche" is associated with North Korea's communist ideology.
Sam-Il
삼일 / 三一 – 33 movements
Sam-Il name refers to the historic March 1st Movement, the biggest nationwide Korean independence movement against the imperial Japan in 1919. The 33 movements in the pattern represent for the 33 patriots who planned the movement.
Yu-Sin
유신 / 庾信 – 68 movements
Yu-Sin (or Yoo-Sin) is named after General Kim Yu-Sin, a commanding general during the Silla dynasty who played an important role in the merger of Goguryeo and Baekje by Silla. The 68 movements refer to the last two figures of 668 AD the year the three kingdoms were unified. The ready posture signifies a sword drawn to the right rather than the left side, symbolizing Yoo Sin's mistake of following his king's orders to fight with foreign forces (Tang dynasty of China) against his own people (Goguryeo and Baik-je).
Choe-Yeong
최영 / 崔榮 – 45 movements
Choe-Yeong (or Choi-Yong) is named after General Choe Yong, Premier and Commander-in Chief of the armed forces during the 14th century Goryeo dynasty. Choi Yong was greatly respected for his loyalty, patriotism, and humility. He was executed by subordinate commanders headed by General Yi Seonggye, who later became the first king of the Joseon dynasty.
Yeon-Gae
연개 / 淵蓋 – 49 movements
Yeon-Gae (or Yon-Gae) is named after the famous general Yon Gae Somoon during the Goguryeo dynasty. He defended Goguryeo from the aggression of the Tang dynasty by destroying nearly 300,000 of their troops at Ansi Sung. (This pattern normally resides between Choi Yong and Se-Jong)
Eul-Ji
을지 / 乙支 – 42 movements
Eul-Ji (or Ul-Ji) is named after general Eulji Mundeok who successfully defended Goguryeo against a Sui invasion force of over one million soldiers led by Yang Je in 612AD. By employing hit and run guerilla tactics, he was able to destroy the majority of the force. The diagram of the hyeong represents his surname. The 42 movements represent the author's age when he designed the pattern.
Mun-Mu
문무 / 文武 – 61 movements
Mun-Mu (or Moon-Moo) honors King Munmu, the 30th king of the Silla dynasty, who completed the unification of the three kingdoms (Goguryeo, Baik-je, Silla). His body was buried near Dae Wang Am (Great King's Rock). According to his will, the body was placed in the sea "Where my soul shall forever defend my land against the Japanese". The 61 movements in this pattern symbolize the last two figures of 661 AD when Munmu came to the throne. (This pattern normally resides between Choi Yong and Sea-Jong)
Seo-San
서산 / 西山 – 72 movements
Seo-San (or So-San) is the pseudonym of the great monk Choi Hyon Ung during the Joseon dynasty. The 72 movements refer to his age when he organized a corps of monk soldiers with the assistance of his pupil Sa Myung Dang. The monk soldiers helped repulse the Japanese who overran most of the Korean peninsula in 1592 during the Imjin War. (This pattern normally resides between Choi Yong and Sea-Jong) Seo-San is the longest of all Taekwon-do patterns.
Se-Jong
세종 / 世宗 – 24 movements
This pattern is named after Se-Jong who was the 4th king of the Yi dynasty. He was known for his many great achievements in domestic and foreign affairs, diplomacy, scientific advancements, defense matters and culture. His most remarkable achievement was his invention of "Hangeul", the Korean Alphabet. The 24 movements of this pattern represent the 24 letters of the "Hangeul".
Tong-Il
통일 / 統一 – 56 movements
Tong-Il means "unification" which is the ultimate goal of all Koreans. Korea used to be one country, but was divided into North and South Korea in 1945 by the ideological conflict between the USSR and the US after World War II. Yon Mu Sun, the diagram of this pattern symbolizes the North and South becoming one.
GTF forms
The Global Taekwondo Federation (GTF) is an offshoot of the International Taekwondo Federation (ITF). It was founded by Park Jung Tae in 1990. The GTF practices Choi's ITF Patterns, but in addition Park added six new patterns. GTF uses the original ITF form Ko-Dang, but never its replacement, Juche.
Color Belt forms
Jee-Sang – "JEE" means earth- representing the foundation of the world, "SANG" means above the earth- representing the spirit of the GTF. The 24 movements signify the 24 hours of every day that we learn, connect with each other, gain insight, knowledge and wisdom. The 4 directions in this pattern represent our inner compass.. with it we will never lose our way. When we connect the "JEE" and the "SANG" we connect the heaven and earth to create an invisible strength that lives on. [24 moves]
Dhan-Goon – DHAN-GOON named after the founder of Korea. The 23 movements in this pattern represent the first two digits of the year 2333 B.C. when, according to legend, Korea was born. This is Park's progressive interpretation of the traditional Taekwon-Do pattern of the same name. [23 moves]
Black Belt forms
Jee-Goo – Means "Global". The "X" shape of the form symbolizes crossing out the years of political strife in TaeKwon-Do that has been evident worldwide. The first movement symbolizes the beginning of the new Global TaeKwon-Do Movement – a concept of global peace and harmony. The 30 movements of the pattern are composed of three numbers (24, 4, 2) which explain the purpose. There are 24 hours in each day; therefore this concept will be with us every second. The four directions of movements represent the north, south, east and west encompassing all nations and all people. The four directions are done two times to reinforce our commitment to bring global peace and harmony to the world. [30 moves]
Jook-Am – Is a pseudonym for Park. Jook means bamboo which shoots up straight forward without any curvature, its roots intertwining to form an inseparable force. Am is an immovable boulder from which the bamboo plants its roots to form an unshakeable foundation. This pattern represents Park's life and his constant struggle for perfection. The diagram is a representation of a bamboo shooting up from the boulder. This pattern's 95 movements (112 including combinations) symbolizes the year 1995 in which Jook-Am was created.
Pyong-Hwa – Pyong Hwa means "Peace". Park dedicates this pattern for the 50 countries which found the UNO in San Francisco ( USA ) on year 1950 after the second World War. [50 moves]
Sun-Duk – This pattern is named after Queen Sun Duk of the Silla dynasty 668 A.D.,who was known for bringing martial art from China to Korea. The diagram represents "Lady". The 68 movements of this pattern refer to the year 668 A.D. [68 moves]
Jhoon Rhee forms
Jhoon Rhee Taekwondo or Jhoon Rhee's Martial Arts Ballet is the style of taekwondo developed by taekwondo pioneer Jhoon Rhee and overseen by the organization Jhoon Rhee International. The Jhoon Rhee-style of taekwondo originally used traditional taekwondo forms, then switched to ITF-style forms, then switched again to a set of forms developed by Jhoon Rhee. As a lover of dance and music, and someone who believed that the human form is the greatest of all works of art, Rhee wondered what it would be like to add music to the choreographed body movements of Tae Kwon Do, similar to the way that music is used in Olympic skating, ballroom dancing, and gymnastic floor exercise routines. Rhee choreographed several dances in ballet style, based on Tae Kwon Do moves, and set them to classical music, including Beethoven's Fifth Symphony and the theme from Exodus. The result of Rhee's invention—martial arts ballet—became the foundation for the musical forms competitions that are now popular at many martial arts tournaments in the U.S. The new art form has also found its way to Europe and Russia.
Beginner forms (White Belt)
Kamsah – Appreciation Form
Kyu-Yool – Discipline Form (a drill you must perform if you are late to class, etc.)
Color Belt forms
Jayoo – meaning "Freedom" (Gold or Yellow belt) "Stars and Stripes Forever"
Chosang – meaning "Ancestors" (Orange belt), performed to "God Bless America"
Hanguk – meaning "Korea" (Green belt), performed to "Aegukga"
Jung-Yi – meaning "Justice" (Purple belt)
Pyung-Wa – meaning "Peace" (Blue belt)
Meegook – meaning "America" (Red belt), performed to "Star-Spangled Banner"
Chashin – meaning "Confidence" (2nd Brown)
Might for Right (1st Brown), performed to "Exodus"
Black Belt forms
Marriage of East and West (1st Black) "Beethoven's Fifth Symphony"
Beauty of Mexico (2nd Black) "Granada"
Jhoon Rhee Taekwondo uses ITF forms as its higher dan-level (Black Belt) forms
ATA Songahm forms
The American Taekwondo Association (ATA) was founded in 1969 in Omaha, Nebraska by Haeng Ung Lee, a former Traditional Taekwondo instructor in the South Korean military. Songahm taekwondo is the style of martial arts practiced at ATA affiliated schools. Songahm means "Pine Tree and Rock." According to the ATA, the term Songahm itself represents "Evergreen strength the year round, long life and a symbol of unchanging human loyalty" as represented by the pine tree and the rock.
Color belts forms
Songahm 1 – 18 moves
Songahm 2 – 23 moves
Songahm 3 – 28 moves
Songahm 4 – 31 moves
Songahm 5 – 34 moves
In Wha 1 – 44 moves
In Wha 2 – 42 moves
Choong Jung 1 – 44 moves
Choong Jung 2 – 46 moves
Black Belts forms
Shim – 1 Jun Dan, 81 moves
Jung Yul – 2nd Dan, 82 moves
Chung San – 3rd Dan, 83 moves
Sok Bong – 4th Dan, 84 moves
Chung Hae – 5th Dan, 95 moves
Jhang Soo – 6th Dan, 96 moves
Chul Joon – 7th Dan, 97 moves
Jeong Seung – 8th Dan, 98 moves
Tang Soo Do forms
There are several different Tang Soo Do organizations around the world, but they generally follow a similar course with regard to hyeong. Most Tang Soo Do hyeong are related by borrowing from Japanese/Okinawan kata, with the names often directly translated from the Japanese.
Gicho/Kicho
Some schools teach new students the gicho/kicho, "basic," hyeong:
(Kicho) Hyeong Il Bu (as taught by Shin, Kyung Sun of Military Arts Institute in Chicago, IL., is different from most Tang Soo Do organizations)
(Kicho) Hyeong Ee Bu (as taught by Shin, Kyung Sun of Military Arts Institute in Chicago, IL., is different from most Tang Soo Do organizations)
(Kicho) Hyeong Sam Bu (as taught by Shin, Kyung Sun of Military Arts Institute in Chicago, IL., is different from most Tang Soo Do organizations)
(Kicho) Hyeong Sa Bu (as taught by Shin, Kyung Sun of Military Arts Institute in Chicago, IL.)
(Kicho) Hyeong Oh Bu (as taught by Shin, Kyung Sun of Military Arts Institute in Chicago, IL.)
The Kicho hyeong are extremely similar to the Taikyoku kata developed by Yoshitaka Funakoshi (son of the Japanese karate master Gichin Funakoshi). The embusen used are the same, the stances are the Tang Soo Do equivalent, and the blocks and strikes are virtually identical. There is great reason to believe that Hwang Kee based his Korean Kicho hyeong on the Japanese Taikyoku kata.
The Kicho hyeong were developed as a basic, simple form for beginners. The symbol used in Tang Soo Do for the Kicho hyeong is a human baby learning to walk. The pattern is also visible in the increasingly complex forms that follow. Hwang Kee used these forms to teach applications of basic moves and techniques. These forms are also influenced by the Wa Ka Ryu style of southern China. These and the Pyung Ahn forms to follow are characterized by speed, aggressiveness, dynamic action, and quick reaction.
In the 1970s, Chuck Norris added new versions of the Giecho Hyung to his American Tang Soo Do system. Giecho Hyung Il Bu still resembles the original Korean/Japanese version, but Yi (Ee) Bu and Sahm Bu have been modified. Norris created advanced versions of Il Bu and Yi Bu, by adding kicks, reverse punches and switching between forward and back stances.
Sae Kye
The World Tang Soo Do Association has modified the Kicho Hyeong, adding some kicks to it: These are the very first forms you learn if you are a part of World Tang Soo Do Association,(WTSDA).
Sae Kye Hyeong Il Bu
Sae Kye Hyeong E Bu
Sae Kye Hyeong Sam Bu
Pyong Ahn
The Pyong Ahn hyung are a series of five forms cognate in many ways to the pinan kata series of karate. They were reorganized by Master Itosu, an Okinawan practitioner of Tote and mentor of Funakoshi Gichin. They were originally a single form called Jae Nam (Channan). To make them easier to learn and safer for younger practitioners, the form was divided, and the more dangerous and lethal techniques were removed. These newly organized hyung were designed as training forms to prepare for Kong Sang Koon (Kusanku). For a more comprehensive description of these hyung see Pinan Kata.
Pyong Ahn Cho Dan – The first of the Pyong Ahn series that most practitioners learn, much of this form is a combination of gicho hyung il bu and ee bu. This form also employs low knife-hand blocks (ha dan soodo mahkkee). It is also the first hyung to incorporate multiple techniques per count (the low block/middle knife hand block combination).
Pyong Ahn Ee Dan – This hyeong is one count/technique longer than the other low-rank forms, due to one of its techniques, a side kick (yup podo chagi), which is performed in two counts, the first to set up and the second to deliver. It is also one of the few low-level hyung to have a kihap (yell) on the last move. Most forms feature their kihaps between the first and last techniques. The most-often used technique in this hyung is the middle knife-hand block in a back stance (hugul choong dan soodo mahkkee).
Pyong Ahn Sam Dan – The third of the pyong ahn forms, this is also the shortest. While the forms before it involve an I-structure for movement, this form instead goes along an inverted T-structure, cutting out several counts. Its series of outside-inside kicks (pahkeso ahnuro chagi) to sideways elbow blocks (palkoom mahkkee) and hammerfist strikes (kwondo kong kyuk) is its most recognizable feature. It also ends with a kihab.
Pyong Ahn Sa Dan – This form starts out much like Pyong Ahn Ee Dan, except that where Pyong Ahn Ee Dan has closed fists on its first blocks, Pyong Ahn Sa Dan has open hands. It is cognate to the Shotokan kata Pinan Yondan.
Pyong Ahn O Dan – Cognate to Pinan Godan, this is the final hyung of the series, as well as the most involved. Its key features are cross-legged stances (kyo charip jaseh) and a jump followed by a double arm X low block (song soo hadan mahkkee).
The phrase "pyong ahn" is often translated as "balance and security." These forms are usually taught after the gicho hyung. These forms were reorganized from their original form(called "Jae-Nam") in approximately 1870. In their original state they are run in sequence starting with the second form Pyong Ahn Ee Dan, to Pyong Ahn Cho Dan, and then to Pyong Ahn Sam Dan, Pyong Ahn Sa Dan, and Pyong Ahn O Dan, an order different from the order they are learned. Though designed as open hand forms (weaponless), their versatility allows weapon application very easily. Common adaptations include the sai, chool bong (nunchaku), and chung bong (middle staff). These forms show the influence of the southern China martial art style.
The Pyung Ahn hyung can be represented by the tortoise. The tortoise is well balanced, calm, and peaceful (pyung) and it carries its "home" on its back in the form of its shell. These forms are meant as a means of defense and should promote security (ahn). Also like the tortoise, they are meant to inspire longevity through both balance and security.
Naihanchi/Naebojin/Keema
The Keema hyeong series are borrowed from the naihanchi series of karate, and in fact some schools use the name Naihanchi for these forms. The level at which they are taught varies, but their difficulty and technicality means that they are most often reserved for red/black belts, though not always directly after each other. Hwang Kee assigned the Horse to represent the form. They are:
Naihanchi Cho Dan
Naihanchi Ee Dan
Naihanchi Sam Dan
Bassai/Passai/Palche/Bal Sak
The "Bassai" pattern, meaning "to penetrate a fortress," has cognates in both Chinese, Japanese and Korean martial arts. Moreover, there are many variations upon the two Bassai hyeong present in Tang Soo Do, Bassai(Palche) So and Bassai(Palche) Deh. Some schools only practice Palche De, the "greater" of the two forms. These are usually higher-belt forms. The animal these forms represent is the snake.
Kong Sang Koon
Sip Soo/Ship Soo
Meaning "Ten Hands," Ship Soo (or Sip Soo, depending on the Romanization) is cognate to the karate kata Jitte, though there are differences. Traditionally, this hyeong contains only hand techniques (its name can be taken to mean "all hands"), but some styles of Tang Soo Do do include kicking techniques. Its variations are many, and depend on the school, as with all hyeong. This form supposedly represents the bear.
Chinto/Jindo/Jinte
Jinte is a typically high-rank hyeong, whose hanja can be read as "Battle East". The hyeong requires balance with one legged techniques, and is often seen at tournament hyeong competitions.
ITF Tang Soo Do refers to the form as Jintae, instead of Chinto or Jindo.
Chil Sung and Yuk Ro
These two series of hyeong were created by Hwang Kee, who founded the Moo Duk Kwan organization. Chil Sung literally means "Seven Stars" in Korean. These are presumably represented by the seven forms of the series. "Yuk" meaning "six" and "Ro" means "Path". These forms represent the "six paths" taken in connecting the Physical, Mental, and Spiritual in Tang Soo Do/ Soo Bahk Do.
Chil Sung series:
Chil Sung Il Ro
Chil Sung Ee Ro
Chil Sung Sam Ro
Chil Sung Sa Ro
Chil Sung O Ro
Chil Sung Yuk Ro
Chil Sung Chil Ro
Yuk Ro series:
Yuk Ro Cho Dan (Du Mun)
Yuk Ro Ee Dan (Joong Jol)
Yuk Ro Sam Dan (Po Wol)
Yuk Ro Sa Dan (Yang Pyun)
Yuk Ro O Dan (Sahl Chu)
Yuk Ro Yuk Dan (Choong Ro)
See also
Korean martial arts
Kata
Karate kata
Taeguk (Taekwondo)
References
Taekwondo
Korean martial arts
Kata | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyeong |
Jesse Woods Johnson (born June 1, 1960) is an American musician best known as the guitarist in the original 1981 lineup of The Time (known since 2011 as Original 7ven).
Life and career
Johnson was born in Rock Island, Illinois. He moved to East St. Louis, Illinois at the age of nine and was raised by foster parents after his parents split up. At age 16 he moved back to Rock Island to live with his father Jackwood Johnson. Johnson began playing guitar when he was 15, honing his chops in local rock bands such as Treacherous Funk, Pilot, and Dealer, throughout his teens and early twenties. On a friend's recommendation, he moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1981, where he met Morris Day and played briefly in Day's band which was called Enterprise. He then became the lead guitarist for The Time, a funk rock group formed by Prince.
Although Prince basically wrote and recorded the first two Time albums on his own with input from Morris Day, Johnson did contribute to another Prince project, Vanity 6, with a song called "Bite the Beat" co-written with Prince. On The Time's third album, Ice Cream Castle, Johnson contributed to the hit singles "The Bird" and "Jungle Love", which were helped by the popularity of the Purple Rain film.
However, at the height of The Time's popularity following Purple Rain, following the departure of Morris Day, Johnson left the band and with the help of Manager Owen Husney signed a solo deal with A&M Records in 1984 and released Jesse Johnson's Revue the following year. This album featured two other former members of The Time in Johnson's backing band, keyboardist Mark Cardenas and bassist Jerry Hubbard. Three songs were released from the album: "Be Your Man", "Can You Help Me" and "I Want My Girl", a slow song about a fateful relationship. Then came the funk non-album outing "Free World". His second album Shockadelica was released in 1986 containing the hit single "Crazay", a duet with Sly Stone, and his third album Every Shade of Love followed in 1988. Throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s Johnson also featured on the soundtracks to the Breakfast Club (contributing "Heart Too Hot to Hold", a duet with Stephanie Spruill), Pretty in Pink, Another 48 Hrs. and White Men Can't Jump.
Johnson has produced a wide variety of artists, most notably Janet Jackson, Paula Abdul, TaMara and the Seen, After 7, Da Krash, Kool Skool, Debbie Allen, Cheryl Lynn, and Les Rita Mitsouko.
By 1990, The Time reformed and issued Pandemonium, which was more of a group effort than their former albums. The album allowed Johnson to contribute his hard rock guitar sound to several tracks.
After the band dissolved once again, Johnson remained in the background for several years, quietly contributing to soundtracks and other artists. His music he recorded for the film A Time to Kill was not released on the soundtrack but can be heard in the film. Finally in 1996, Johnson released another album, Bare My Naked Soul on the Dinosaur Entertainment label. The album was a departure from his funk-filled albums from the 1980s and instead verged into blues and hard rock.
Four years later, the highlights of Johnson's solo albums were collected on his Ultimate Collection, the album includes B-sides, 12" versions, album tracks, and one previously unreleased song called "Vibe".
After a nearly 14-year absence from the music scene, Johnson released a new double album Verbal Penetration in 2009.
In February 2012, Johnson served as house guitarist behind a host of all-star blues musicians in the PBS special "In Performance at the White House: Red, White and Blues". Other members of the house band included Booker T. Jones, Bobby Ross Avila, Narada Michael Walden, Ernie Fields, Jr., Freddie Hendrix and Fred Wesley. Performers included B.B. King, Buddy Guy, Mick Jagger, Jeff Beck, Warren Haynes, Derek Trucks, Susan Tedeschi, Keb Mo, Trombone Shorty and Gary Clark, Jr.
Solo discography
Studio albums
Compilation albums
Ultimate Collection (2000, Hip-O Records)
Singles
References
External links
Jesse Johnson's official website
1960 births
Living people
People from Rock Island, Illinois
Musicians from St. Louis
The Original 7ven members
American funk guitarists
American male guitarists
Guitarists from Missouri
African-American musicians
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20Johnson%20%28musician%29 |
Gregory Harold "Box" Johnson (born May 12, 1962) is a former NASA astronaut and a retired colonel in the United States Air Force. Johnson is a veteran of two space flights, STS-123 and STS-134. He served as pilot on his first mission, which delivered the Kibo logistics module and the Dextre robot arm to the International Space Station. Johnson was also assigned as the pilot to the STS-134 mission, which launched on May 16, 2011, and landed on June 1, 2011. Greg Johnson has also served in numerous roles for NASA including as a Capcom for several missions. Gregory H. Johnson (Colonel, USAF, Ret.) was the President and executive director for the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS) until March 10, 2018. He is now working with Lockheed Martin.
Background
Johnson was born in South Ruislip, Greater London, United Kingdom. He graduated from Park Hills High School (now Fairborn High School), Fairborn, Ohio in 1980. He is an Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from the United States Air Force Academy in 1984, a Master of Science in flight structures engineering from Columbia University in 1985, and a Master of Business Administration from the University of Texas at Austin in 2005. Johnson is married to the former Cari M. Harbaugh. They have three children, Matthew, Joseph, and Rachel.
Military career
Johnson received his commission from the United States Air Force Academy in May 1984 and attended pilot training at Reese Air Force Base, Texas. He was retained as a T-38A instructor pilot until 1989, when he was selected for an F-15E Eagle assignment. After completing initial F-15E training, Johnson was assigned to the 335th Fighter Squadron, at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, North Carolina. In December 1990, Johnson deployed to Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia, flying 34 combat missions in support of Operation Desert Storm. In December 1992, he was again deployed to Saudi Arabia for three months, flying an additional 27 combat missions in support of Operation Southern Watch. In 1993, he was selected for Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base. After graduation, he was assigned to the 445th Flight Test Squadron at Edwards, where he flew and tested F-15C/E, NF-15B, and T-38A/B aircraft. He has logged over 5,000 flight hours in more than 50 different aircraft. The story of the name "Box" has been a mystery. During an interview with a group of Executive Management students at the University of Texas, Johnson stated that the origination of the name "Box Johnson" came from his tour in Desert Storm. Johnson incurred a back injury that led him to being sent home early. He put all of his belongings in a box and then he was taken back to the states. The box was left in the barracks as a reminder to all his fellow soldiers to stare at thinking about how he was at home. So after a while they wrote "Box Johnson" on the box and the name stuck.
NASA career
Selected by NASA in June 1998, he reported for training in August 1998. He completed Astronaut Candidate Training in 2000. Following initial training and evaluation, astronaut candidates receive technical assignments within the Flight Crew Operations Directorate before being assigned to a space flight. In 2000, Johnson was assigned as a Technical Assistant to the Director, Flight Crew Operations Directorate (FCOD). In conjunction with that position, Johnson was assigned to the Shuttle Cockpit Avionics Upgrade (CAU) council – redesigning cockpit displays for future Space Shuttle missions. His design and evaluation work with CAU has continued to the present.
In 2001, Johnson was reassigned from FCOD to the Space Shuttle Branch, where he has held various positions including direct support to the crews of STS-100 and STS-108, chief of shuttle abort planning and procedures for contingency scenarios, and ascent procedure development. He also was a key player on several "tiger teams" during the investigation into the cause of the Columbia accident in 2003. Johnson was the astronaut representative to the External Tank (ET) foam impact test team that eventually proved that ET foam debris on ascent could critically damage the shuttle's leading edge thermal protection system. In 2004, Johnson was designated as the Deputy Chief of the Astronaut Safety Branch, focusing on all aspects of Space Shuttle, ISS, and T-38 safety, with special emphasis on improving specific operational procedures and techniques to make astronauts safer in all three vehicles. In 2005, Johnson was appointed as a crew representative supporting the design and testing of NASA's newest spacecraft, the Crew Exploration Vehicle. Johnson was the pilot on STS-123. The launch of STS-123 was March 11, 2008. Johnson was picked to be the mission's primary robotic arm operator.
He retired from the Air Force on February 1, 2009, and continued to serve NASA as a civilian.
Johnson was the pilot of STS-134, the final flight of Space Shuttle Endeavour and the penultimate flight of the Space Shuttle Program.
Awards and honors
Johnson has been awarded the 2005 Stephen D. Thorne Top Fox Safety Award, the 2005 Dean's Award for Academic Excellence, McCombs School of Business, NASA Superior Performance Award, and the 1996 Lieutenant General Bobby Bond Award for the top Air Force test pilot. Johnson was a distinguished graduate of U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School and the U.S. Air Force Academy. His military decorations include the Distinguished Flying Cross, Meritorious Service Medal (2), Air Medal (4), Aerial Achievement Medal (3), Air Force Commendation Medal, and the Air Force Achievement Medal (2).
See also
References
External links
Spacefacts biography of Gregory H. Johnson
1962 births
Living people
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
McCombs School of Business alumni
United States Air Force Academy alumni
United States Air Force officers
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
People from Fairborn, Ohio
People from Ruislip
U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni
Recipients of the Air Medal
United States Air Force astronauts
NASA civilian astronauts
Space Shuttle program astronauts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory%20H.%20Johnson |
Michael L. Chyet (born 1957) is an American linguist.
He is a cataloguer of Middle Eastern languages at the Library of Congress. Formerly he was senior editor of the Kurdish Service of the Voice of America and professor of Kurdish at the University of Paris and at the Washington Kurdish Institute.
He has written a Kurdish-English dictionary. He is a skillful linguist who is fluent in several Middle Eastern languages, including Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, Turkish and at least two dialects of Kurdish, both Sorani and Kurmanji, in addition to several other European languages.
External links
Kurdish-English Dictionary by Michael L. Chyet
Linguists from the United States
Linguists of Kurdish
Kurdish language
American lexicographers
Academic staff of the University of Paris
Language teachers
1957 births
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20L.%20Chyet |
RIS may refer to:
Radio Information Service, a reading service for the blind in Pennsylvania, US
Radiological information system
Radiologically isolated syndrome, suggesting multiple sclerosis
Rail Integration System, for attaching accessories on firearms
Microsoft Remote Installation Services, booting computers via PXE
Reparto Informazioni e Sicurezza, a military intelligence agency of Italy, see SIOS
Republik Indonesia Serikat (Republic of the United States of Indonesia)
RIS Info, later RDS Info, Canadian sports broadcaster
Reverse Image Search
Reviving the Islamic Spirit, an Islamic conference in Canada
Riverside Indian School
RIS (file format), for citation programs
RIS Delitti Imperfetti, an Italian TV series
R. I. S. – Die Sprache der Toten, a German TV series
R.I.S, police scientifique, a French TV series
Rishiri Airport, Japan, IATA airport code
Rishton railway station, England, station code
Ruamrudee International School, Thailand
Russian imperial stout, a strong dark beer
See also
ris (disambiguation)
R1S, an SUV by Rivian
RI (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIS |
Autonomous District Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 14 Lok Sabha constituencies in the Indian state of Assam. The constituency consists of three autonomous districts namely Dima Hasao, Karbi Anglong and West Karbi Anglong district.
The constituency seat is reserved for Scheduled Tribes.
Vidhan Sabha cum Assembly segments
Autonomous District Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:
Current assembly segments
Previous assembly segments
Members of Parliament
Election results
2019
General election 2014
General election 2009
General elections 2004
See also
Dima Hasao district
Karbi Anglong district
West Karbi Anglong district
List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha
References
External links
Autonomous District lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule
Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Assam
Karbi Anglong district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous%20District%20Lok%20Sabha%20constituency |
The Lonely Guy is a 1984 American romantic comedy film directed by Arthur Hiller and starring Steve Martin. The screenplay is credited to Ed. Weinberger and Stan Daniels (of Taxi) as well as Neil Simon (for "adaptation"), and is based on the 1978 book The Lonely Guy's Book of Life by Bruce Jay Friedman.
Martin portrays a greeting card writer who goes through a period of bad luck with women. In his despair, he writes a book titled A Guide for the Lonely Guy, which changes his life. The film also stars Charles Grodin, Judith Ivey, and Steve Lawrence and features cameo appearances from Merv Griffin, Dr. Joyce Brothers, and Loni Anderson. The theme song, "Love Comes Without Warning," was performed by the band America.
Plot
When shy Larry Hubbard, a greeting card writer, finds his girlfriend Danielle in bed with another man, he is forced to begin a new life as a "lonely guy." Larry befriends fellow "lonely guy" Warren, who considers committing suicide.
After going through a period of terrible luck with women, Larry meets Iris, who has dated "lonely guys" before. She gives Larry her number but he repeatedly loses it due to a few mishaps.
When Warren decides to jump off the Manhattan Bridge, Larry goes to intercept him. Upon seeing Iris on the subway, Larry uses spray paint to tell her to meet him at the bridge and they prevent Warren from jumping off, thus leading to their first date. Iris explains that she has been married six times, most of them "lonely guys" who have left her, often having a problem (e.g., gambling). Despite falling in love with Larry, Iris is unsure about going further, so she breaks it off.
At the pit of his despair, Larry writes a book titled A Guide for the Lonely Guy, which is rampantly successful and catapults him into an entirely different experience of life. He becomes rich and famous and even his relationship with Iris can begin on a new basis. Unfortunately, Iris's insecurities return, saying that Larry is now too good for her. She leaves him twice, once after they try to make love and again when they bump into each other on a cruise, where she falls in love with another friend of Larry, Jack.
Jack and Iris get married despite Larry running through the city, over the Queensboro Bridge, asking help from a traffic cop and accidentally breaking up a wedding at another church. In a reversal of fortune, it's Larry and not Warren who wants to jump off the bridge. Warren reassures Larry that he will find someone just like he did. Wishing that a twist of fate would bring the woman he loves back to him, Iris falls into his arms from the bridge. They then meet Warren's new girlfriend, who turns out to be Dr. Joyce Brothers. Larry states that he couldn't believe how well things ended and the four go on a double date.
Cast
Steve Martin as Larry Hubbard
Charles Grodin as Warren Evans
Judith Ivey as Iris
Steve Lawrence as Jack Fenwick
Robyn Douglass as Danielle
Merv Griffin as himself
Joyce Brothers as herself
Beau Starr as 2nd Cop
Julie K. Payne as rental agent
Roger Robinson as greeting card supervisor
Nicholas Mele as maître d’
Loni Anderson as herself (uncredited)
Hunt Block as Louise's date
Production
The restaurant scene was supposed to include a waiter with a chainsaw who would cut the table for two in half but someone forgot to bring the chainsaw.
The scene in which Steve Martin runs across the 59th Street Bridge to Queens was filmed on location and Martin (who was a runner in real-life) made the run. He began his run on the Manhattan side of the bridge and then ran (mid lane) to Queensboro Plaza, then branching towards Astoria. Martin ran under the elevated N/W-Train Subway line, up 31st Street, meeting with a police officer on the corner of 31st and Newtown Avenue and all the way to 28th Avenue and 31st. Although edited out of actual sequence Martin eventually enters the old church (which still stands) at 51 31st Street, Astoria - only to realize he has interrupted the wrong wedding.
Reception
Roger Ebert gave the film 1.5 stars out of 4 and called it "a dreary slog through morose situations, made all the worse by Martin's deadpan delivery, his slightly off-balance sense of timing, and his ability to make you cringe with his self-debasing smarminess." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune awarded 3 stars out of 4 and wrote that the film "begins with so much promise and sustains its mood of goofy gloom for so long that it is a shame to see it run out of gas at the end," explaining that the film went nowhere with the subject of Larry's fame as a best-selling author. Janet Maslin of The New York Times stated, "It tries a little bit of everything, and winds up with an air of messy desperation." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote that "'The Lonely Guy' seems a movie forever in search of the right tone," with "humor that is feeble at best." Variety declared it "Steve Martin's most naturalistic and least funny film comedy to date. Inevitably, some good laughs pop up here and there, but the dead air between them lasts much longer than ever before with Martin." Pauline Kael of The New Yorker described the film as "generally likable, but it makes you feel as if you were watching television ... I had the feeling that Hiller plows through a comedy script, shooting it diligently, right on schedule, whether the gags work or not."
On Rotten Tomatoes it holds a 48% rating based on 21 reviews. On Metacritic it has a score of 45% based on reviews from 10 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
See also
List of American films of 1984
References
External links
1984 films
1984 romantic comedy films
American romantic comedy films
Films based on works by Bruce Jay Friedman
Films directed by Arthur Hiller
Films scored by Jerry Goldsmith
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New York City
Films with screenplays by Neil Simon
Universal Pictures films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films
English-language romantic comedy films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Lonely%20Guy |
Oxford Text Archive (OTA) is an archive of electronic texts and other literary and language resources which have been created, collected and distributed for the purpose of research into literary and linguistic topics at the University of Oxford, England.
The OTA was founded by Lou Burnard and Susan Hockey of Oxford University Computing Services (OUCS) in 1976, initially as the Oxford Archive of Electronic Literature. It is thought to be one of the first archives of digital academic textual resources to collect and distribute materials from other research centres. The OTA continued to be hosted by OUCS (which became subsumed into IT Services in 2012), and in November 2016, the OTA collections found a new home in the Bodleian Library. In November 2021, the Bodleian Libraries posted an announcement stating that further deposits were no longer being accepted until further notice. From 2022, the OTA collections have been available from the Literary and Linguistic Data Service repository, which continues to develop the collections with new acquisitions, and is part of the national and European research infrastructure, as a CLARIN centre and a trusted repository in the AHRC-funded Infrastructure for Digital Arts and Humanities Programme.
The OTA collection consists of deposits of primary-source academic electronic editions and linguistic corpora created by the academic community. The OTA was one of founding centres in the European research infrastructure (CLARIN, the Common Language Resources and Technology Infrastructure). The OTA collection contains many scholarly documents marked up according to the guidelines of the Text Encoding Initiative, including copies of all of the Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO) and Early English Books Online (EEBO) texts which are now in the public domain, linked data. The OTA also manages the distribution of the British National Corpus (BNC).
From 1996 to 2008, the OTA was one of the centres of the Arts and Humanities Data Service, and hosted AHDS Literature, Languages and Linguistics, a national centre for the support of digital research in literary and linguistic subject areas in the UK.
References
External links
Oxford Text Archive collections at the Literary and Linguistic Data Service repository at the University of Oxford
Oxford Text Archive website at the Bodleian Libraries
Organizations established in 1976
1976 establishments in England
Text Archive
Text Archive
Archives in Oxfordshire
British literature websites
Discipline-oriented digital libraries
Text Encoding Initiative
Digital Humanities Centers
Bodleian Library | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford%20Text%20Archive |
Torino 2006 is the official video game of the XX Olympic Winter Games, hosted by Torino, Italy in 2006. Developed by German studio 49Games and published by 2K (and I-play), it was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, and Xbox. It is the first licensed Olympic video game to be released on a Microsoft home console, since a planned Xbox version of the prior installment, Salt Lake 2002, was cancelled.
Venues
In the video game, the venues are based on the real life. They are:
Sestriere Borgata - alpine skiing (downhill, super-G)
Sestriere Colle - alpine skiing (giant slalom, slalom)
Pragelato - ski jumping, cross-country skiing, Nordic combined
Cesana San Sicario - biathlon
Cesana Pariol - luge, bobsleigh
Torino Oval Lingotto - speed skating
Playable nations
There is a total of 24 playable countries in the game. They are:
Specials
These are teams which represent other regions, and in some cases, are the same as the aforementioned nations, simply with different costumes. They can be unlocked by completing certain challenges. They are:
Competitions
In Torino 2006, you can play in a single event, 9-event competition or a 15-event competition. Alternatively, you can make your own by selecting "Customise Competition" from the main menu.
Commentators
In Torino 2006, there are five languages to choose from, and each has two commentators. They are:
English - Jeff Caster, West Westbrook
German - Hans Joachim Peters, Volker Bogdan
Spanish - Alejandro Gonzalez, E. Garcia
Italian - Emilio de Marchi, Dario de Muro
French - Jacky Nonnon, Guillaume Boullay
Reception
Torino 2006 received "generally unfavorable reviews" on all platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.
Detroit Free Press gave the Xbox version a score of two stars out of four and said, "Button-mashing is almost nonexistent. That's a big change from Athens 2004, the last Olympics game I played, which required you to hit buttons frantically to make your athlete move." The Times gave the game two stars out of five and said, "The result in single-player mode is a messy, unresponsive mass of button-pushing and frantic joystick-twiddling that evolves from impossible to challenging to repetitive and dull in less than an hour." The Sydney Morning Herald gave it one-and-a-half stars out of five and said that the game "makes it about as exciting as lying in an empty bath and pretending it's the luge, or sticking your head in the freezer and singing Advance Australia Fair." The A.V. Club gave it an F and called it "a game more excruciating than an evening of ice-dancing preliminaries."
References
External links
2006 video games
2006 Winter Olympics
2K Sports games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
PlayStation 2 games
Sports video games set in Italy
Turin in fiction
Video games developed in Germany
Video games set in 2006
Windows games
Winter Olympic video games
Xbox games
I-play games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torino%202006%20%28video%20game%29 |
Alone () is a 1999 Spanish film written and directed by Benito Zambrano which stars María Galiana, Ana Fernández, Carlos Álvarez, and Antonio Dechent.
The film explores the lives of a mother and daughter and their struggle for survival and happiness. Both of the women in the story are portrayed as alone (sola, plural solas), each in her own way.
It won five Goya awards in 2000 and several other prizes.
Plot
Alone tells the story of María (Ana Fernández) and her mother Rosa (María Galiana). María is one of four adult children, all of whom moved as far as they could get from their parents and the farm where they grew up. Before the movie starts, the father (later revealed to be a violent, cruel, abusive man) has fallen ill and been brought to a hospital in Seville, where María lives. Rosa has been staying at the hospital with him, but the doctor tells her to leave before she falls ill herself. María takes Rosa to stay with her in the rundown suburban apartment where she lives, and Rosa rides the bus every day to visit her husband.
María is intelligent and wanted an education, but her father wouldn't allow it. Now, at 35, she works for a cleaning service; she is lonely, poor, angry and bitter. She discovers she is pregnant by a man who doesn't want a baby and tells María to get an abortion. When she tells him she wants to have the baby and raise it with him, the man rejects her. In her anger and despair, María starts drinking heavily.
As her mother Rosa returns from shopping one day, she meets María's neighbor (vecino) Don Emilio (Carlos Álvarez-Nóvoa), a kind old widower living alone with his dog. A friendship blossoms between them: he lends Rosa some money when she runs short at the supermarket, and she cooks for him after he burns a stew he forgot was cooking. He falls in love with Rosa, but Rosa is faithful to her abusive husband. (At one point she says to María about her father, "He must not have an easy conscience. I do.")
Rosa's husband recovers and she returns with him to the country, not knowing about María's pregnancy. María tells Don Emilio about the baby and tells him she plans to abort it. In a long, emotional scene, he offers to be like a grandfather to the child if she decides to keep it, but María has been so badly treated by the men in her life that she has trouble believing him.
The movie ends with María visiting her parents' grave with her baby girl and Don Emilio. He is going to sell his apartment in Seville and the three of them will move into Rosa's house in the country to raise the baby.
Cast
Release
The film screened at the Panorama section of the 49th Berlin International Film Festival in February 1999. It was ensuingly pre-screened at the Lebrija's Juan Bernabé Theatre on 28 February 1999. It received a wide release in Spain on 5 March 1999.
Awards and nominations
|-
| align = "center" rowspan = "11" | 2000 || rowspan = "11" | 14th Goya Awards || Best Film || Solas || || rowspan = "11" |
|-
| Best Director || Benito Zambrano ||
|-
| Best New Director || Benito Zambrano ||
|-
| Best Original Screenplay || Benito Zambrano ||
|-
| Best Original Score || Antonio Meliveo ||
|-
| Best Supporting Actress || María Galiana ||
|-
| Best New Actor || Carlos Álvarez-Nóvoa ||
|-
| Best New Actress || Ana Fernández ||
|-
| Best Production Supervision || Eduardo Santana ||
|-
| Best Editing || Fernando Pardo ||
|-
| Best Sound || Jorge Marín, Carlos Faruolo, Patrick Ghislain ||
|-
| align = "center" | 2001 || 43rd Ariel Awards || Best Ibero-American Film || Solas || ||
|}
See also
List of Spanish films of 1999
References
External links
1999 films
1990s Spanish-language films
1999 drama films
Films directed by Benito Zambrano
Fireworks Entertainment films
Spanish drama films
Films set in Seville
Maestranza Films films
1990s Spanish films
Spanish-language drama films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone%20%281999%20film%29 |
Terry W. Virts (born December 1, 1967) is a retired NASA astronaut, International Space Station Commander and colonel in the United States Air Force.
Background and education
Virts was born in Baltimore, Maryland, but considers Columbia, Maryland, to be his hometown. He graduated from Oakland Mills High School in 1985. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Mathematics (with a French minor) from the United States Air Force Academy in 1989 and a Master of Aeronautical Science degree in aeronautics from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in 1997. While at the Air Force Academy, Virts attended the École de l'Air in 1988 on an exchange program.
Military career
Virts was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant upon graduation from the United States Air Force Academy in 1989 and earned his pilot wings at Williams Air Force Base, Arizona. He completed basic fighter lead-in training at Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico followed by formal training in the F-16 Fighting Falcon with the 56th Tactical Fighter Wing at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida.
He was then assigned to the 31st Tactical Fighter Wing at Homestead Air Force Base, Florida. After Hurricane Andrew struck southern Florida in 1992, his squadron was moved to Moody Air Force Base, Georgia. He was later assigned to the 36th Fighter Squadron at Osan Air Base, Republic of Korea, and the 22nd Fighter Squadron at Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany.
Virts was selected for Test Pilot School in 1997 at Edwards Air Force Base, California. Following graduation, he was an Experimental Test Pilot at the F-16 Combined Test Force. He has logged more than 5,300 flight hours in 40 different aircraft.
NASA career
Terry Virts' NASA career spanned several pivotal roles and space missions, showcasing his dedication and expertise in the field of astronautics. In the year 2000, Virts achieved a significant milestone, when he was selected as a Space Shuttle pilot by NASA. His career was marked by a series of important technical assignments and mission roles.
One of his notable assignments was serving as the lead astronaut for the NASA T-38 program, where he contributed to the training and preparation of fellow astronauts. Virts also played a crucial role as a member of the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL) test crew, participating in critical systems testing and integration efforts.
In 2004, Virts supported Expedition 9 as a crew support astronaut, providing valuable assistance to the mission's crew members. Additionally, he took on the role of a Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM), acting as a vital link between ground control and astronauts in space.
Virts' contributions extended to the Space Launch System (SLS) program, where he served as the lead astronaut, playing an instrumental role in the development and advancement of this vital component of NASA's future missions.
On February 8, 2010, Terry Virts embarked on his maiden spaceflight as the pilot of STS-130 aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour. This historic mission marked the final assembly flight of the International Space Station and delivered the Tranquility module as well as the Cupola. The mission concluded with a safe landing on February 22, 2010.
Following this achievement, Virts embarked on another journey. On November 23, 2014, he launched aboard Soyuz TMA-15M alongside fellow astronauts Samantha Cristoforetti and Anton Shkaplerov from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Their successful docking at the International Space Station approximately six hours later underscored Virts' adaptability and expertise in different spacecraft.
In a unique moment during his time in space, on February 28, 2015, Virts paid tribute to the late Star Trek actor Leonard Nimoy, who portrayed Spock. He tweeted an image of himself from the International Space Station, striking the Vulcan salute—a gesture associated with Spock—as the ISS flew over Boston, MA, Nimoy's birthplace.
With the impending departure of Soyuz TMA-14M in March 2015, Terry Virts assumed the role of the commander of the International Space Station, leading Expedition 43. This leadership position showcased his competence and ability to manage complex operations in the challenging environment of space.
The Soyuz TMA-15M mission, commanded by Virts, concluded with a successful landing on June 11, 2015, in Kazakhstan, further adding to his list of space achievements.
In August 2016, after a long career filled with contributions and space missions, Terry Virts retired from NASA, leaving behind a legacy of dedication in the realm of space exploration. His multifaceted career, marked by significant technical roles and missions, significantly contributed to NASA's mission success and the advancement of human spaceflight.
Post-NASA career
Following his career at NASA, Terry Virts embarked on a multifaceted post-astronaut journey that has seen him become a noticeable figure in the fields of public speaking, podcast appearances, including creating a podcast: "Down To Earth", business consultancy, literature, film-making, and screenwriting. Virts has extended his reach as a global public speaker, captivating audiences with his insights and experiences gained from his time in space and aviation exploration.
In addition to his speaking engagements, Terry Virts has applied his expertise to the realm of business consultancy, offering valuable insights to various industries. He leverages his unique perspective as a former astronaut to provide innovative solutions and strategies for organizations seeking to navigate complex challenges.
Virts has also made a significant impact as an author, and in the film world, demonstrating his versatility in the creative arts. He is actively involved in the development of literary and screen projects, contributing his expertise and storytelling prowess to various ventures.
One notable achievement in Terry Virts' post-NASA career was his participation in a historic aviation expedition. In 2019, he was part of a pioneering crew of eight aviation explorers who successfully achieved the fastest circumnavigation of Earth via both geographic poles by airplane. This remarkable feat was accomplished on July 11, 2019, in a world-record time of 46 hours, 40 minutes, and 22 seconds. The exceptional accomplishment earned recognition from Guinness World Records and the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), solidifying Virts' legacy in the annals of aviation history.
Furthermore, Terry Virts made a notable appearance on "The Joe Rogan Experience." on December 11, 2020, where he engaged in a wide-ranging conversation, sharing his insights and experiences with a global audience through the podcast.
Awards and honors
Terry Virts' notable achievements and awards encompass a distinguished career in both the military and space exploration. He earned his academic credentials with distinction from renowned institutions, including the United States Air Force Academy and Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. Moreover, his military training was marked by excellence, as he graduated as a distinguished student from Undergraduate Pilot Training at Williams Air Force Base, in Arizona and successfully completed F-16 training at MacDill Air Force Base in Florida.
Throughout his military service, Terry Virts received several prestigious decorations and medals in recognition of his outstanding contributions and service. These include:
Meritorious Service Medal: Awarded for exceptional meritorious service, highlighting Virts' dedication and commitment during his military career.
Air Medal: Recognizing his courageous actions and exceptional achievements in aerial combat or significant flight operations.
Aerial Achievement Medal: Commending his exceptional accomplishments in aerial flight missions, displaying his remarkable skills and expertise.
Air Force Commendation Medal: Acknowledging his commendable performance and meritorious service in the United States Air Force.
In addition to his military accolades, Terry Virts left his mark on space history as a member of Expedition 42 aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Notably, the European Space Agency commissioned Lego mini-figures to honor the crew members of Expedition 42, including Terry Virts, Samantha Cristoforetti, and Anton Shkaplerov. The mini-figures symbolize their significant contributions to international space exploration and stand as a testament to their achievements during their time on the ISS.
Publications
– A coffee table book from National Geographic; contains mostly photographs of Earth, with additional photos of the Space Shuttle Endeavour, the International Space Station and related subjects; also contains stories about Virts' experiences as an astronaut.
– A limited edition, luxury replication of the Apollo 11 Flight Plan.
– An Insiders Guide To Leaving Planet Earth.
See also
A Beautiful Planet – 2016 IMAX documentary film showing scenes of Earth which features Virts and other ISS astronauts.
One More Orbit – A mission and documentary film. In 2019, Virts circumnavigated the planet in a Gulfstream G650 via the North and South Poles in honor of the Apollo 11 mission's 50th anniversary. The mission broke the world time and speed records, earning Guinness World and FAI records.
References
External links
Spacefacts biography of Terry W. Virts, Jr.
Howard County Times: "Oakland Mills grad set for space launch"
1967 births
Living people
Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University alumni
United States Air Force Academy alumni
United States Air Force officers
U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni
American test pilots
Recipients of the Air Medal
United States Air Force astronauts
Commanders of the International Space Station
Space Shuttle program astronauts
Spacewalkers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry%20W.%20Virts |
Kasaba or Kasabaköy is a village in the Kastamonu District, Kastamonu Province, Turkey. Its population is 84 (2021). It is 17 kilometres outside Kastamonu, Turkey. It had a population of about 23,000 in 1905, when it had considerable local trade, but has since shrunk to only a few dozen households. Kasaba does not contain any ancient sites but does have an old mosque, the Mahmut Bey Camii (Mahmut Bey Mosque), built by a representative of Isfendiyarid dynasty in the second half of the 14th century.
References
Villages in Kastamonu District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaba |
Cassaba is:
an alternate spelling of the town of Kasaba, located in Turkey
an alternate spelling of casaba, a fruit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassaba |
Uffculme (, ) is a village and civil parish located in the Mid Devon district, of Devon, England. Situated in the Blackdown Hills on the B3440, close to the M5 motorway and the Bristol–Exeter railway line, near Cullompton, Uffculme is on the upper reaches of the River Culm. The population of the parish, according to a 2020 estimate, is 3,090. It is surrounded, clockwise from the north, by the parishes of Culmstock, Hemyock, Sheldon, Kentisbeare, Cullompton, Willand, Halberton and Burlescombe.
History
Historically, Uffculme was a parish in Bampton Hundred, under the Peculiar jurisdiction of the Prebendary of Uffculme, Salisbury Cathedral. Uffculme is of particular interest to local historians because the wills and inventories for Uffculme have survived due to the parish being a peculiar of the Bishop of Salisbury, and hence they were not among the Devon probate records that were destroyed by fire in Exeter following a bombing raid during the Baedeker Blitz of World War II.
The earliest (1801) census put the population of Uffculme parish at 1837. From the 16th century, Uffculme was a significant part of the West Country's wool industry, reaching its height in the middle of the 18th century "when large quantities of Uffculme serges were exported to Holland by the Tiverton merchants".
Coldharbour Mill, the last woollen mill to operate in the village was built in 1799 by Thomas Fox.
In 1983, Coldharbour Mill was opened as a working museum.
On 17 November 1998 a major explosion occurred at a fireworks factory in the village. Windows of homes near to the plant were broken by the blast, which could be heard away in Tiverton. £300,000 of damage to the roof of St Mary's Church was caused but there were no serious injuries. The firework company later pleaded guilty to six charges under the Health and Safety at Work Act. The firm resumed trading a week after the blast and continued until December 2003 when it went into liquidation.
Geography
The Culm Valley Light Railway, which opened in 1876, had two stations in the village; Coldharbour Halt and Uffculme railway station. The railway, operating between Tiverton Junction railway station and Hemyock closed to passenger traffic in 1963, and completely in 1975.
A path on the route to Coldharbour Mill takes in the old railway bridge.
Culture
A grammar school known as "Uffculme Free-School" was founded in 1701 by Nicholas Ayshford, of nearby Ayshford Court, Burlescombe, who endowed it with £47 per annum.
Uffculme now has two schools - Uffculme Primary School, and a secondary - Uffculme School which specialises in mathematics and computing. Uffculme School became an academy in 2010 and was rated 'outstanding' by Ofsted in 2014.
The large Elizabethan manor house of Bradfield, with Victorian extension, the historic home of the Walrond family, is situated within the parish of Uffculme. The other utilities include a public house (The Ostler), a male-only working men's club (the Uffculme Men's Institute), three churches, some shops and a take away which sells various foods. There is also a vet's surgery, library, Co-op and post office / general stores. Coldharbour Mill remains a popular tourist attraction, with its working wool museum exhibits, as do the scenic old railway and riverside walks.
During 2008 the village's Langlands Business Park featured in the Channel 4 fly-on-the-wall documentary Wonky Willie's Chocolate Factory, being the location of Willie Harcourt-Cooze's chocolate factory, one of the first places to make cocoa in the UK since the Cadbury family.
The singer Joss Stone lived near Ashill, a hamlet in the parish of Uffculme, and attended Uffculme School. Snooker player Sam Baird comes from the village.
References
External links
Uffculme School
Uffculme Primary School
The Ostler Inn
Uffculme Sheep Show
Coldharbour Mill
BBC News Article on Fireworks Factory Explosion
St. Mary's Church, Uffculme
Uffculme United Reformed Church
Villages in Devon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffculme |
Afroyim v. Rusk, 387 U.S. 253 (1967), was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States, which ruled that citizens of the United States may not be deprived of their citizenship involuntarily. The U.S. government had attempted to revoke the citizenship of Beys Afroyim, a man born in Poland, because he had cast a vote in an Israeli election after becoming a naturalized U.S. citizen. The Supreme Court decided that Afroyim's right to retain his citizenship was guaranteed by the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. In so doing, the Court struck down a federal law mandating loss of U.S. citizenship for voting in a foreign election—thereby overruling one of its own precedents, Perez v. Brownell (1958), in which it had upheld loss of citizenship under similar circumstances less than a decade earlier.
The Afroyim decision opened the way for a wider acceptance of dual (or multiple) citizenship in United States law. The Bancroft Treaties—a series of agreements between the United States and other nations which had sought to limit dual citizenship following naturalization—were eventually abandoned after the Carter administration concluded that Afroyim and other Supreme Court decisions had rendered them unenforceable.
The impact of Afroyim v. Rusk was narrowed by a later case, Rogers v. Bellei (1971), in which the Court determined that the Fourteenth Amendment safeguarded citizenship only when a person was born or naturalized in the United States, and that Congress retained authority to regulate the citizenship status of a person who was born outside the United States to an American parent. However, the specific law at issue in Rogers v. Bellei—a requirement for a minimum period of U.S. residence that Bellei had failed to satisfy—was repealed by Congress in 1978. As a consequence of revised policies adopted in 1990 by the United States Department of State, it is now (in the words of one expert) "virtually impossible to lose American citizenship without formally and expressly renouncing it."
Background
Early history of United States citizenship law
Citizenship in the United States has historically been acquired in one of three ways: by birth in the United States (jus soli, "right of the soil"); by birth outside the United States to an American parent (jus sanguinis, "right of the blood"); or by immigration to the United States followed by naturalization.
In 1857, the Supreme Court held in Dred Scott v. Sandford that African slaves, former slaves, and their descendants were not eligible to be citizens. After the Civil War (1861–65) and the resulting abolition of slavery in the United States, steps were taken to grant citizenship to the freed slaves. Congress first enacted the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which included a clause declaring "all persons born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power" to be citizens. Even as the Civil Rights Act was being debated in Congress, its opponents argued that the citizenship provision was unconstitutional. In light of this concern, as well as to protect the new grant of citizenship for former slaves from being repealed by a later Congress, the drafters of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution included a Citizenship Clause, which would entrench in the Constitution (and thereby set beyond the future reach of Congress or the courts) a guarantee of citizenship stating that "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States". The Fourteenth Amendment—including the Citizenship Clause—was ratified by state legislatures and became a part of the Constitution in 1868.
Loss of United States citizenship
The Constitution does not specifically deal with loss of citizenship. An amendment proposed by Congress in 1810—the Titles of Nobility Amendment—would, if ratified, have provided that any citizen who accepted any "present, pension, office or emolument" from a foreign country, without the consent of Congress, would "cease to be a citizen of the United States"; however, this amendment was never ratified by a sufficient number of state legislatures and, as a result, never became a part of the Constitution.
In the Expatriation Act of 1868, Congress declared that individuals born in the United States had an inherent right to expatriation (giving up of citizenship), it has historically been accepted that certain actions could result in loss of citizenship. The possibility of this was noted by the Supreme Court in United States v. Wong Kim Ark, an 1898 case involving the citizenship of a man born in the United States to Chinese parents who were legally domiciled in the country. After ruling in this case that Wong was born a U.S. citizen despite his Chinese ancestry, the Court went on to state that his birthright citizenship "[had] not been lost or taken away by anything happening since his birth." By making this statement, the Supreme Court affirmed that Wong had not done anything to result in the loss of United States citizenship, therefore acknowledging that there were actions that could result in the loss of citizenship.
The Nationality Act of 1940 provided for loss of citizenship based on foreign military or government service, when coupled with citizenship in that foreign country. This statute also mandated loss of citizenship for desertion from the U.S. armed forces, remaining outside the United States in order to evade military service during wartime, or voting in a foreign election. The provision calling for loss of citizenship for foreign military service was held by the Supreme Court not to be enforceable without proof that said service had been voluntary, in a 1958 case (Nishikawa v. Dulles), and revocation of citizenship as a punishment for desertion was struck down that same year in another case (Trop v. Dulles).
However, in yet another 1958 case (Perez v. Brownell), the Supreme Court affirmed the provision revoking the citizenship of any American who had voted in an election in a foreign country, as a legitimate exercise (under the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause) of Congress' authority to regulate foreign affairs and avoid potentially embarrassing diplomatic situations. Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter, the author of the opinion of the Court (supported by a 5–4 majority), wrote that:
In a dissenting opinion, Chief Justice Earl Warren argued that "Citizenship is man's basic right, for it is nothing less than the right to have rights" and that "a government of the people cannot take away their citizenship simply because one branch of that government can be said to have a conceivably rational basis for wanting to do so." While Warren was willing to allow for loss of citizenship as a result of foreign naturalization or other actions "by which [an American] manifests allegiance to a foreign state [which] may be so inconsistent with the retention of [U.S.] citizenship as to result in loss of that status", he wrote that "In specifying that any act of voting in a foreign political election results in loss of citizenship, Congress has employed a classification so broad that it encompasses conduct that fails to show a voluntary abandonment of American citizenship."
Two Supreme Court decisions after Perez called into question the principle that loss of citizenship could occur even without the affected individual's intent. In Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez (1963), the Court struck down a law revoking citizenship for remaining outside the United States in order to avoid conscription into the armed forces. Associate Justice William J. Brennan (who had been in the majority in Perez) wrote a separate opinion concurring with the majority in Mendoza-Martinez and expressing reservations about Perez. In Schneider v. Rusk (1964), where the Court invalidated a provision revoking the citizenship of naturalized citizens who returned to live permanently in their countries of origin, Brennan recused himself and did not participate in the decision of the case.
Beys Afroyim
Beys Afroyim (born Ephraim Bernstein, 1893–1984) was an artist and active communist. Various sources state that he was born in either 1893 or 1898, and either in Poland generally, specifically in the Polish town of Ryki, or in Riga, Latvia (then part of the Russian Empire). In 1912, Afroyim immigrated to the United States, and on June 14, 1926, he was naturalized as a U.S. citizen. He studied at the Art Institute of Chicago, as well as the National Academy of Design in New York City, and he was commissioned to paint portraits of George Bernard Shaw, Theodore Dreiser, and Arnold Schoenberg. In 1949, Afroyim left the United States and settled in Israel, together with his wife and former student Soshana (an Austrian artist).
In 1960, following the breakdown of his marriage, Afroyim decided to return to the United States, but the State Department refused to renew his U.S. passport, ruling that because Afroyim had voted in the 1951 Israeli legislative election, he had lost his citizenship under the provisions of the Nationality Act of 1940. A letter certifying Afroyim's loss of citizenship was issued by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) on January 13, 1961.
Afroyim challenged the revocation of his citizenship. Initially, he claimed that he had not in fact voted in Israel's 1951 election, but had entered the polling place solely in order to draw sketches of voters casting their ballots. Afroyim's initial challenge was rejected in administrative proceedings in 1965. He then sued in federal district court, with his lawyer agreeing to a stipulation that Afroyim had in fact voted in Israel, but arguing that the statute under which this action had resulted in his losing his citizenship was unconstitutional. A federal judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York rejected Afroyim's claim on February 25, 1966, concluding that "in the opinion of Congress voting in a foreign political election could import 'allegiance to another country' in some measure 'inconsistent with American citizenship'" and that the question of this law's validity had been settled by the Supreme Court's 1958 Perez decision.
Afroyim appealed the district court's ruling against him to the Second Circuit Court of Appeals, which upheld the lower court's reasoning and decision on May 24, 1966. Two of the three judges who heard Afroyim's appeal found the district court's analysis and affirmation of Perez to be "exhaustive and most penetrating". The third judge expressed serious reservations regarding the viability of Perez and suggested that Afroyim might have obtained a different result if he had framed his case differently, but decided to concur (albeit reluctantly) in the majority's ruling.
Arguments before the Supreme Court
After losing his appeal to the Second Circuit, Afroyim asked the Supreme Court to overrule the precedent it had established in Perez, strike down the foreign voting provision of the Nationality Act as unconstitutional, and decide that he was still a United States citizen. Afroyim's counsel argued that since "neither the Fourteenth Amendment nor any other provision of the Constitution expressly grants Congress the power to take away [U.S.] citizenship once it has been acquired ... the only way [Afroyim] could lose his citizenship was by his own voluntary renunciation of it." The Supreme Court agreed to consider Afroyim's case on October 24, 1966 and held oral arguments on February 20, 1967.
The official respondent (defendant) in Afroyim's case on behalf of the U.S. government was Dean Rusk, the Secretary of State during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations (1961–1969). The legal brief laying out Afroyim's arguments was written by Nanette Dembitz, general counsel of the New York Civil Liberties Union; the government's brief was written by United States Solicitor General (and future Supreme Court Associate Justice) Thurgood Marshall. The oral arguments in the case were presented by attorneys Edward Ennis—chairman of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)—for Afroyim, and Charles Gordon—general counsel for the INS—for the government. Afroyim was in New York City at this time, having been granted a visitor's visa in 1965 while his case went through the courts.
Before heading the ACLU, Ennis had served as general counsel for the INS. In his oral argument supporting Afroyim, Ennis asserted that Congress lacked the power to prescribe forfeiture of citizenship, and he sharply criticized the foreign-relations argument under which the Perez court had upheld loss of citizenship for voting in a foreign election—pointing out, for example, that when a referendum was held in 1935 on the status of the Saar (a region of Germany occupied after World War I by the United Kingdom and France), Americans had participated in the voting without raising any concerns within the State Department at the time.
Gordon did not make a good showing in the Afroyim oral arguments despite his skill and experience in the field of immigration law, according to a 2005 article on the Afroyim case by law professor Peter J. Spiro. Gordon mentioned Israeli elections in 1955 and 1959 in which Afroyim had voted—facts which had not previously been presented to the Supreme Court in the attorneys' briefs or the written record of the case—and much of the remaining questioning from the justices involved criticism of Gordon for confusing matters through the last-minute introduction of this new material.
Afroyim's earlier stipulation that he had voted in the 1951 Israeli election—together with an accompanying concession by the government that this was the sole ground upon which it had acted to revoke Afroyim's citizenship—allowed the potential issue of diluted allegiance through dual citizenship to be sidestepped. Indeed, in 1951 there was no Israeli nationality law; eligibility to vote in the election that year had been based on residence rather than any concept of citizenship. Although Afroyim had later acquired Israeli citizenship and voted in at least two other elections in his new country, his lawyers were able to avoid discussing this matter and instead focus entirely on whether foreign voting was a sufficient cause for loss of one's U.S. citizenship.
Opinion of the Court
The Supreme Court ruled in Afroyim's favor in a 5–4 decision issued on May 29, 1967. The opinion of the Court—written by Associate Justice Hugo Black, and joined by Chief Justice Warren and Associate Justices William O. Douglas and Abe Fortas—as well as Associate Justice Brennan, who had been part of the majority in Perez—was grounded in the reasoning Warren had used nine years earlier in his Perez dissent. The court's majority now held that "Congress has no power under the Constitution to divest a person of his United States citizenship absent his voluntary renunciation thereof." Specifically repudiating Perez, the majority of the justices rejected the claim that Congress had any power to revoke citizenship and said that "no such power can be sustained as an implied attribute of sovereignty". Instead, quoting from the Citizenship Clause, Black wrote:
All persons born or naturalized in the United States ... are citizens of the United States...." There is no indication in these words of a fleeting citizenship, good at the moment it is acquired but subject to destruction by the Government at any time. Rather the Amendment can most reasonably be read as defining a citizenship which a citizen keeps unless he voluntarily relinquishes it. Once acquired, this Fourteenth Amendment citizenship was not to be shifted, canceled, or diluted at the will of the Federal Government, the States, or any other governmental unit.
The Court found support for its position in the history of the unratified Titles of Nobility Amendment. The fact that this 1810 proposal had been framed as a constitutional amendment, rather than an ordinary act of Congress, was seen by the majority as showing that, even before the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment, Congress did not believe that it had the power to revoke anyone's citizenship. The Court further noted that a proposed 1818 act of Congress would have provided a way for citizens to voluntarily relinquish their citizenship, but opponents had argued that Congress had no authority to provide for expatriation.
Afroyim's counsel had addressed only the foreign voting question and had carefully avoided any direct challenge to the idea that foreign naturalization might legitimately lead to loss of citizenship (a concept which Warren had been willing to accept in his Perez dissent). Nevertheless, the Court's Afroyim ruling went beyond even Warren's earlier position—holding instead that "The very nature of our government makes it completely incongruous to have a rule of law under which a group of citizens temporarily in office can deprive another group of citizens of their citizenship."
In sum Justice Black concluded:
In our country the people are sovereign and the Government cannot sever its relationship to the people by taking away their citizenship. Our Constitution governs us and we must never forget that our Constitution limits the Government to those powers specifically granted or those that are necessary and proper to carry out the specifically granted ones. The Constitution, of course, grants Congress no express power to strip people of their citizenship, whether, in the exercise of the implied power to regulate foreign affairs or in the exercise of any specifically granted power. [...] Citizenship is no light trifle to be jeopardized any moment Congress decides to do so under the name of one of its general or implied grants of power. In some instances, loss of citizenship can mean that a man is left without the protection of citizenship in any country in the world -- as a man without a country. Citizenship in this Nation is a part of a cooperative affair. Its citizenry is the country, and the country is its citizenry. The very nature of our free government makes it completely incongruous to have a rule of law under which a group of citizens temporarily in office can deprive another group of citizens of their citizenship. We hold that the Fourteenth Amendment was designed to, and does, protect every citizen of this Nation against a congressional forcible destruction of his citizenship, whatever his creed, color, or race. Our holding does no more than to give to this citizen that which is his own, a constitutional right to remain a citizen in a free country unless he voluntarily relinquishes that citizenship.
Dissent
The minority—in a dissent written by Associate Justice John Marshall Harlan II and joined by Associate Justices Tom C. Clark, Potter Stewart, and Byron White—argued that Perez had been correctly decided, that nothing in the Constitution deprived Congress of the power to revoke a person's citizenship for good cause, and that Congress was within its rights to decide that allowing Americans to vote in foreign elections ran contrary to the foreign policy interests of the nation and ought to result in loss of citizenship. Harlan wrote:
Responding to the assertion that Congress did not have power to revoke a person's citizenship without his or her assent, Harlan predicted that "Until the Court indicates with greater precision what it means by 'assent', today's opinion will surely cause still greater confusion in this area of the law."
Subsequent developments
The Afroyim decision stated that no one with United States citizenship could be involuntarily deprived of that citizenship. Nevertheless, the Court distinguished a 1971 case, Rogers v. Bellei, holding in this newer case that individuals who had acquired citizenship via jus sanguinis, through birth outside the United States to an American parent or parents, could still risk loss of citizenship in various ways, since their citizenship (unlike Afroyim's citizenship) was the result of federal statutes rather than the Citizenship Clause. The statutory provision whereby Bellei lost his citizenship—a U.S. residency requirement which he had failed to satisfy in his youth—was repealed by Congress in 1978; the foreign voting provision, already without effect since Afroyim, was repealed at the same time.
Although Afroyim appeared to rule out any involuntary revocation of a person's citizenship, the government continued for the most part to pursue loss-of-citizenship cases when an American had acted in a way believed to imply an intent to give up citizenship—especially when an American had become a naturalized citizen of another country. In a 1980 case, however—Vance v. Terrazas—the Supreme Court ruled that intent to relinquish citizenship needed to be proved by itself, and not simply inferred from an individual's having voluntarily performed an action designated by Congress as being incompatible with an intent to keep one's citizenship.
The concept of dual citizenship, which previously had been strongly opposed by the U.S. government, has become more accepted in the years since Afroyim. In 1980, the administration of President Jimmy Carter concluded that the Bancroft Treaties—a series of bilateral agreements, formulated between 1868 and 1937, which provided for automatic loss of citizenship upon foreign naturalization of a U.S. citizen—were no longer enforceable, due in part to Afroyim, and gave notice terminating these treaties. In 1990, the State Department adopted new guidelines for evaluating potential loss-of-citizenship cases, under which the government now assumes in almost all situations that Americans do not in fact intend to give up their citizenship unless they explicitly indicate to U.S. officials that this is their intention. As explained by Peter J. Spiro, "In the long run, Afroyims vision of an absolute right to retain citizenship has been largely, if quietly, vindicated. As a matter of practice, it is now virtually impossible to lose American citizenship without formally and expressly renouncing it."
While acknowledging that "American citizenship enjoys strong protection against loss under Afroyim and Terrazas", retired journalist Henry S. Matteo suggested, "It would have been more equitable ... had the Supreme Court relied on the Eighth Amendment, which adds a moral tone as well as a firmer constitutional basis, than the Fourteenth." Matteo also said, "Under Afroyim there is a lack of balance between rights and protections on one hand, and obligations and responsibilities on the other, all four elements of which have been an integral part of the concept of citizenship, as history shows." Political scientist P. Allan Dionisopoulos wrote that "it is doubtful that any [Supreme Court decision] created a more complex problem for the United States than Afroyim v. Rusk", a decision which he believed had "since become a source of embarrassment for the United States in its relationships with the Arab world" because of the way it facilitated dual U.S.–Israeli citizenship and participation by Americans in Israel's armed forces.
After his Supreme Court victory, Afroyim divided his time between West Brighton (Staten Island, New York) and the Israeli city of Safed until his death on May 19, 1984, in West Brighton.Spiro (2005), p. 165.
See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 387
Reid v. Covert, a Supreme Court case holding that treaties cannot override the Constitution
Notes
References
Dionisopoulos, P. Allan (1970–71). "Afroyim v. Rusk: The Evolution, Uncertainty and Implications of a Constitutional Principle". Minnesota Law Review 55''':235–257.
Matteo, Henry S. (1997). Denationalization v. "The Right to Have Rights": The Standard of Intent in Citizenship Loss. University Press of America. .
Spiro, Peter J. (2005). "Afroyim: Vaunting Citizenship, Presaging Transnationality". In Martin, David A.; Schuck, Peter H. (2005). Immigration Stories''. Foundation Press. pp. 147–168.
External links
Summaries of the case at Oyez, Lawnix
1967 in United States case law
History of immigration to the United States
United States Citizenship Clause case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court decisions that overrule a prior Supreme Court decision
United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
Denaturalization case law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroyim%20v.%20Rusk |
Loring Cheney Christie (January 21, 1885 – April 8, 1941) was a Canadian diplomat who was the Canadian Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States from 1939 until his death in office in 1941.
Born in Amherst, Nova Scotia, the oldest son of James Alexander Christie and Evelyn Read, Christie received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Acadia University in 1905, and a Bachelor of Law degree from Harvard University in 1909. While at Harvard, he was one of the editors of the Harvard Law Review.
In 1913, Christie became a legal adviser to the Department of External Affairs. He was an adviser to Prime Minister Robert Borden's on international problems and was his assistant during World War I. He traveled with Borden to the 1917 and 1918 meetings of the Imperial War Cabinet, the Paris Peace Conference, and the Washington Conference. He resigned from the civil service in 1923 and worked at a London, England financial company from 1923 to 1926.
From 1927 to 1929, he was special assistant to the Chairman of Ontario Hydro. From 1929 to 1935, he was a legal adviser to the Beauharnois Light Heat and Power Company. He rejoined the Department of External Affairs in 1935. From 1939 until his death in 1941, he was the Canadian Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States.
References
External links
Loring Cheney Christie at The Canadian Encyclopedia
M.F. Scheuer (1986) Loring Christie and the North Atlantic community, 1913–1941, Ph.D. thesis from University of Manitoba Department of History.
1885 births
1941 deaths
Acadia University alumni
Ambassadors of Canada to the United States
Harvard Law School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loring%20Christie |
Deng Weizhi (born 1938) is a Standing Committee Member of the 9th CPPCC National Committee. He is also the Vice Chairman of the 10th Central Committee of the China Association for Promoting Democracy.
Mr. Deng is also a professor at the Department of Sociology, Shanghai University. He is the author of more than 20 books. His main research areas include: family study, urbanization, and social policy.
References
1938 births
Living people
Politicians of the People's Republic of China
Academic staff of Shanghai University | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng%20Weizhi |
"Forever Love" is the fourteenth single released by Japanese singer Ami Suzuki in August 2004. This single was her first and only single released by her independent label Amity. It included a B-side called "Chain Love" and the two songs from the single are J-pop tunes. The single performed relatively well, despite poor promotion for it, debuting at #22 on the Oricon Singles Chart and #1 on the Oricon Independent Singles Chart.
Track listing
Forever Love
Chain Love
Forever Love (Back Track)
Chain Love (Back Track)
Ami Suzuki songs
2004 singles
2004 songs
Songs written by Ami Suzuki | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forever%20Love%20%28Ami%20Suzuki%20song%29 |
Spent nuclear fuel, occasionally called used nuclear fuel, is nuclear fuel that has been irradiated in a nuclear reactor (usually at a nuclear power plant). It is no longer useful in sustaining a nuclear reaction in an ordinary thermal reactor and, depending on its point along the nuclear fuel cycle, it will have different isotopic constituents than when it started.
Nuclear fuel rods become progressively more radioactive (and less thermally useful) due to neutron activation as they are fissioned, or "burnt", in the reactor. A fresh rod of low enriched uranium pellets (which can be safely handled with gloved hands) will become a highly lethal gamma emitter after 1-2 years of core irradiation, unsafe to approach unless under many feet of water shielding. This makes their invariable accumulation and safe temporary storage in spent fuel pools a prime source of high level radioactive waste and a major ongoing issue for future permanent disposal.
Nature of spent fuel
Nanomaterial properties
In the oxide fuel, intense temperature gradients exist that cause fission products to migrate. The zirconium tends to move to the centre of the fuel pellet where the temperature is highest, while the lower-boiling fission products move to the edge of the pellet. The pellet is likely to contain many small bubble-like pores that form during use; the fission product xenon migrates to these voids. Some of this xenon will then decay to form caesium, hence many of these bubbles contain a large concentration of .
In the case of mixed oxide (MOX) fuel, the xenon tends to diffuse out of the plutonium-rich areas of the fuel, and it is then trapped in the surrounding uranium dioxide. The neodymium tends to not be mobile.
Also metallic particles of an alloy of Mo-Tc-Ru-Pd tend to form in the fuel. Other solids form at the boundary between the uranium dioxide grains, but the majority of the fission products remain in the uranium dioxide as solid solutions. A paper describing a method of making a non-radioactive "uranium active" simulation of spent oxide fuel exists.
Fission products
3% of the mass consists of fission products of 235U and 239Pu (also indirect products in the decay chain); these are considered radioactive waste or may be separated further for various industrial and medical uses. The fission products include every element from zinc through to the lanthanides; much of the fission yield is concentrated in two peaks, one in the second transition row (Zr, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag) and the other later in the periodic table (I, Xe, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Nd). Many of the fission products are either non-radioactive or only short-lived radioisotopes, but a considerable number are medium to long-lived radioisotopes such as 90Sr, 137Cs, 99Tc and 129I. Research has been conducted by several different countries into segregating the rare isotopes in fission waste including the "fission platinoids" (Ru, Rh, Pd) and silver (Ag) as a way of offsetting the cost of reprocessing; this is not currently being done commercially.
The fission products can modify the thermal properties of the uranium dioxide; the lanthanide oxides tend to lower the thermal conductivity of the fuel, while the metallic nanoparticles slightly increase the thermal conductivity of the fuel.
Table of chemical data
Plutonium
About 1% of the mass is 239Pu and 240Pu resulting from conversion of 238U, which may be considered either as a useful byproduct, or as dangerous and inconvenient waste. One of the main concerns regarding nuclear proliferation is to prevent this plutonium from being used by states, other than those already established as nuclear weapons states, to produce nuclear weapons. If the reactor has been used normally, the plutonium is reactor-grade, not weapons-grade: it contains more than 19% 240Pu and less than 80% 239Pu, which makes it not ideal for making bombs. If the irradiation period has been short then the plutonium is weapons-grade (more than 93%).
Uranium
96% of the mass is the remaining uranium: most of the original 238U and a little 235U. Usually 235U would be less than 0.8% of the mass along with 0.4% 236U.
Reprocessed uranium will contain 236U, which is not found in nature; this is one isotope that can be used as a fingerprint for spent reactor fuel.
If using a thorium fuel to produce fissile 233U, the SNF (Spent Nuclear Fuel) will have 233U, with a half-life of 159,200 years (unless this uranium is removed from the spent fuel by a chemical process). The presence of 233U will affect the long-term radioactive decay of the spent fuel. If compared with MOX fuel, the activity around one million years in the cycles with thorium will be higher due to the presence of the not fully decayed 233U.
For natural uranium fuel, fissile component starts at 0.7% 235U concentration in natural uranium. At discharge, total fissile component is still 0.5% (0.2% 235U, 0.3% fissile 239Pu, 241Pu). Fuel is discharged not because fissile material is fully used-up, but because the neutron-absorbing fission products have built up and the fuel becomes significantly less able to sustain a nuclear reaction.
Some natural uranium fuels use chemically active cladding, such as Magnox, and need to be reprocessed because long-term storage and disposal is difficult.
Minor actinides
Spent reactor fuel contains traces of the minor actinides. These are actinides other than uranium and plutonium and include neptunium, americium and curium. The amount formed depends greatly upon the nature of the fuel used and the conditions under which it was used. For instance, the use of MOX fuel (239Pu in a 238U matrix) is likely to lead to the production of more 241Am and heavier nuclides than a uranium/thorium based fuel (233U in a 232Th matrix).
For highly enriched fuels used in marine reactors and research reactors, the isotope inventory will vary based on in-core fuel management and reactor operating conditions.
Spent fuel decay heat
When a nuclear reactor has been shut down and the nuclear fission chain reaction has ceased, a significant amount of heat will still be produced in the fuel due to the beta decay of fission products. For this reason, at the moment of reactor shutdown, decay heat will be about 7% of the previous core power if the reactor has had a long and steady power history. About 1 hour after shutdown, the decay heat will be about 1.5% of the previous core power. After a day, the decay heat falls to 0.4%, and after a week it will be 0.2%. The decay heat production rate will continue to slowly decrease over time.
Spent fuel that has been removed from a reactor is ordinarily stored in a water-filled spent fuel pool for a year or more (in some sites 10 to 20 years) in order to cool it and provide shielding from its radioactivity. Practical spent fuel pool designs generally do not rely on passive cooling but rather require that the water be actively pumped through heat exchangers. If there is a prolonged interruption of active cooling due to emergency situations, the water in the spent fuel pools may therefore boil off, possibly resulting in radioactive elements being released into the atmosphere.
Fuel composition and long term radioactivity
The use of different fuels in nuclear reactors results in different SNF composition, with varying activity curves.
Long-lived radioactive waste from the back end of the fuel cycle is especially relevant when designing a complete waste management plan for SNF. When looking at long-term radioactive decay, the actinides in the SNF have a significant influence due to their characteristically long half-lives. Depending on what a nuclear reactor is fueled with, the actinide composition in the SNF will be different.
An example of this effect is the use of nuclear fuels with thorium. Th-232 is a fertile material that can undergo a neutron capture reaction and two beta minus decays, resulting in the production of fissile U-233. Its radioactive decay will strongly influence the long-term activity curve of the SNF around a million years. A comparison of the activity associated to U-233 for three different SNF types can be seen in the figure on the top right. The burnt fuels are Thorium with Reactor-Grade Plutonium (RGPu), Thorium with Weapons-Grade Plutonium (WGPu) and Mixed Oxide fuel (MOX, no thorium). For RGPu and WGPu, the initial amount of U-233 and its decay around a million years can be seen. This has an effect in the total activity curve of the three fuel types. The initial absence of U-233 and its daughter products in the MOX fuel results in a lower activity in region 3 of the figure on the bottom right, whereas for RGPu and WGPu the curve is maintained higher due to the presence of U-233 that has not fully decayed. Nuclear reprocessing can remove the actinides from the spent fuel so they can be used or destroyed (see Long-lived fission product#Actinides).
Spent fuel corrosion
Noble metal nanoparticles and hydrogen
According to the work of corrosion electrochemist David W. Shoesmith, the nanoparticles of Mo-Tc-Ru-Pd have a strong effect on the corrosion of uranium dioxide fuel. For instance his work suggests that when hydrogen (H2) concentration is high (due to the anaerobic corrosion of the steel waste can), the oxidation of hydrogen at the nanoparticles will exert a protective effect on the uranium dioxide. This effect can be thought of as an example of protection by a sacrificial anode, where instead of a metal anode reacting and dissolving it is the hydrogen gas that is consumed.
Storage, treatment, and disposal
Spent nuclear fuel is stored either in spent fuel pools (SFPs) or in dry casks. In the United States, SFPs and casks containing spent fuel are located either directly on nuclear power plant sites or on Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installations (ISFSIs). ISFSIs can be adjacent to a nuclear power plant site, or may reside away-from-reactor (AFR ISFSI). The vast majority of ISFSIs store spent fuel in dry casks. The Morris Operation is currently the only ISFSI with a spent fuel pool in the United States.
Nuclear reprocessing can separate spent fuel into various combinations of reprocessed uranium, plutonium, minor actinides, fission products, remnants of zirconium or steel cladding, activation products, and the reagents or solidifiers introduced in the reprocessing itself. If these constituent portions of spent fuel were reused, and additional wastes that may come as a byproduct of reprocessing are limited, reprocessing could ultimately reduce the volume of waste that needs to be disposed.
Alternatively, the intact spent nuclear fuel can be directly disposed of as high-level radioactive waste. The United States has planned disposal in deep geological formations, such as the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository, where it has to be shielded and packaged to prevent its migration to humans' immediate environment for thousands of years. On March 5, 2009, however, Energy Secretary Steven Chu told a Senate hearing that "the Yucca Mountain site no longer was viewed as an option for storing reactor waste."
Geological disposal has been approved in Finland, using the KBS-3 process.
In Switzerland, the Federal Council approved in 2008, the plan for the deep geological repository for radioactive waste.
Remediation
Algae has shown selectivity for strontium in studies, where most plants used in bioremediation have not shown selectivity between calcium and strontium, often becoming saturated with calcium, which is present in greater quantities in nuclear waste. Strontium-90 is a radioactive byproduct produced by nuclear reactors used in nuclear power. It is a component of nuclear waste and spent nuclear fuel. The half life is long, around 30 years, and is classified as high-level waste.
Researchers have looked at the bioaccumulation of strontium by Scenedesmus spinosus (algae) in simulated wastewater. The study claims a highly selective biosorption capacity for strontium of S. spinosus, suggesting that it may be appropriate for use of nuclear wastewater. A study of the pond alga Closterium moniliferum using non-radioactive strontium found that varying the ratio of barium to strontium in water improved strontium selectivity.
Risks
Spent nuclear fuel stays a radiation hazard for extended periods of time with half-lifes as high as 24,000 years. For example 10 years after removal from a reactor, the surface dose rate for a typical spent fuel assembly still exceeds 10,000 rem/hour—far greater than the fatal whole-body dose for humans of about 500 rem received all at once.
There is debate over whether spent fuel stored in a pool is susceptible to incidents such as earthquakes or terrorist attacks that could potentially result in a release of radiation.
In the rare occurrence of a fuel failure during normal operation, the primary coolant can enter the element. Visual techniques are normally used for the postirradiation inspection of fuel bundles.
Since the September 11 attacks the Nuclear Regulatory Commission has instituted a series of rules mandating that all fuel pools be impervious to natural disaster and terrorist attack. As a result, used fuel pools are encased in a steel liner and thick concrete, and are regularly inspected to ensure resilience to earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes, and seiches.
See also
Nuclear power
Spent nuclear fuel shipping cask
Nuclear meltdown
References
Nuclear fuels
Nuclear reprocessing
Radioactive waste | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spent%20nuclear%20fuel |
The Indian dribble is a field hockey technique, first appearing at the 1956 Summer Olympics. The base of the technique is the continuous pushing of the ball from left to right and back in a rapid fashion. The movement of the ball is achieved by repeatedly turning the hockey stick from a legal left shot to a legal right shot position. Once mastered, it is a very good way to beat your opponent, as a player using Indian dribble is hard to defend against. It was named after the superb dribbling skills of the Indian and Pakistani teams.
History
This dribble was introduced by the Indian and the Pakistani teams at that point, two of the dominant hockey countries. This new technique was one of the key points that helped these countries lead the field hockey world at that time. Until the mid-1950s playing the ball on the right hand side was dominant but this changed following a tour by the German National team to Pakistan. In 1954 players studied the Pakistan methods for four weeks, analysing their individual skills at controlling the ball in front of the body. As a result, the “Indian Dribble“ and the shorter Asian blade of sticks were introduced to the German game. Due to the changed position of the ball, and with the help of new blades, players’ behaviour was less predictable; they had a greater variety of passing and deception options.
A new skill in 1950s, it is now a basic technique in field hockey.
In the 1980s astro-turf was introduced and hockey was one of its adopters. This resulted in a significant change in the way the game was played. Among the changes was an easier mastery of the Indian dribble techniques, resulting in its usage in many countries and at all levels of competitive hockey. Currently, the technique is used in many ways and situations during hockey matches.
Skill
The left hand rotates the stick while the right hand guides its movement.
Bring the ball with the hook of the stick from the forehand to the backhand and, using the tip, back again.
Make sure that the stick turns over the ball: across the front of the ball and not behind the ball.
Keep the ball in front of the body.
Sources
History
BBC Sport Academy Hockey Skills Master the Indian dribble
A Hockey World "Field Hockey Skills: The Indian Dribbling, the most important skill?"
Field hockey terminology
Field hockey in India
Sports techniques | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20dribble |
Within communication protocols, TLV (type-length-value or tag-length-value) is an encoding scheme used for informational elements. A TLV-encoded data stream contains code related to the record type, the record value's length, and finally the value itself.
Details
The type and length are fixed in size (typically 1–4 bytes), and the value field is of variable size. These fields are used as follows:
Type A binary code, often simply alphanumeric, which indicates the kind of field that this part of the message represents;
Length The size of the value field (typically in bytes);
Value Variable-sized series of bytes which contains data for this part of the message.
Some advantages of using a TLV representation data system solution are:
TLV sequences are easily searched using generalized parsing functions;
New message elements which are received at an older node can be safely skipped and the rest of the message can be parsed. This is similar to the way that unknown XML tags can be safely skipped;
TLV elements can be placed in any order inside the message body;
TLV elements are typically used in a binary format and binary protocols which makes parsing faster and the data smaller than in comparable text based protocols.
Examples
Real-world examples
Transport protocols
TLS (and its predecessor SSL) use TLV-encoded messages.
SSH
COPS
IS-IS
RADIUS
Link Layer Discovery Protocol allows for the sending of organizational-specific information as a TLV element within LLDP packets
Media Redundancy Protocol allows organizational-specific information
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) uses TLV encoded options
RR protocol used in GSM cell phones (defined in 3GPP 04.18). In this protocol each message is defined as a sequence of information elements.
Data storage formats
IFF
Matroska uses TLV for markup tags
QTFF (the basis for MPEG-4 containers)
Other
ubus used for IPC in OpenWrt
Other examples
Imagine a message to make a telephone call. In a first version of a system this might use two message elements: a "command" and a "phoneNumberToCall":
command_c/4/makeCall_c/phoneNumberToCall_c/8/"722-4246"
Here command_c, makeCall_c and phoneNumberToCall_c are integer constants and 4 and 8 are the lengths of the "value" fields, respectively.
Later (in version 2) a new field containing the calling number could be added:
command_c/4/makeCall_c/callingNumber_c/14/"1-613-715-9719"/phoneNumberToCall_c/8/"722-4246"
A version 1 system which received a message from a version 2 system would first read the command_c element and then read an element of type callingNumber_c. The version 1 system does not understand
callingNumber_c, so the length field is read (i.e. 14) and the system skips forward 14 bytes to read
phoneNumberToCall_c
which it understands, and message parsing carries on.
Other ways of representing data
Core TCP/IP protocols (particularly IP, TCP, and UDP) use predefined, static fields.
Some application layer protocols, including HTTP/1.1 (and its non-standardized predecessors), FTP, SMTP, POP3, and SIP, use text-based "Field: Value" pairs formatted according to . (HTTP represents length of payload with a Content-Length header and separates headers from the payload with an empty line and headers from each other with a new line.)
ASN.1 specifies several TLV-based encoding rules (BER, DER), as well as non-TLV based ones (PER, XER).
CSN.1 describes encoding rules using non-TLV semantics.
More recently, XML has been used to implement messaging between different nodes in a network. These messages are typically prefixed with line-based text commands, such as with BEEP.
See also
Binary protocol
KLV, specific type of type-length-value encoding
References
Data serialization formats
Data transmission
Internet Standards
Internet protocols | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%E2%80%93length%E2%80%93value |
This is a list of notable organizations related to beer:
American Homebrewers Association (AHA)
Australian International Beer Awards
Beer Judge Certification Program (BJCP)
Brewers Association (BA)
Brewers of Europe
Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA)
Deutscher Brauer-Bund (DBB)
European Beer Consumers Union (EBCU)
European Brewery Convention
Great Australasian Beer SpecTAPular
HORAL
Independent Family Brewers of Britain (IFBB)
Institute of Brewing and Distilling
Society for the Preservation of Beers from the Wood (SPBW)
Society of Independent Brewers (SIBA)
Workers Beer Company (WBC)
World Series of Beer Pong (WSOBP)
See also
References
Beer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20beer%20organizations |
Time Bandit is a maze shoot 'em up written for the TRS-80 Model I by Bill Dunlevy and Harry Lafnear and published by MichTron in 1983. It was ported to the TRS-80 Color Computer and Dragon 32, but enjoyed its greatest popularity several years later as an early release for the Atari ST. It was also released for the pseudo-PC-compatible Sanyo MBC-55x with 8-color display. Amiga and MS-DOS versions were ported by Timothy Purves.
Gameplay
In each overhead-view level, the player must gather keys to open locks which allow access to the exit. Between levels, the player chooses the next level from one of 16 different "Timegates", each leading to a different world, and each of which must be completed sixteen times, each time being progressively more difficult than the last. The worlds vary in character and difficulty. Some worlds incorporate elements of text adventure games, and most contain gameplay references to other popular games of the time, such as Pac-Man and Centipede. In addition to the primary objective of exiting each level, optional side quests become available in the later stages of some worlds, usually awarding the player with one of several "artifacts" upon completion.
The game also features a "Duel Mode" for two players. In this mode, a split screen is used for simultaneous play in the same worlds, allowing direct cooperation or combat between players.
Development
According to Harry Lafnear, Time Bandit was based on Konami's 1982 arcade game Tutankham and was originally called Pharaoh. The Atari ST and Amiga versions have visual similarities to Gauntlet, but Gauntlet was released in late 1985 after development of Time Bandit was complete. According to Lafnear, he found out about Gauntlet from friends who saw it at an arcade and called it "a Time Bandit clone". However, he believes neither game copied each other, but that the similarities stem from earlier "maze shoot 'em ups" such as Tutankham.
Reception
Lafnear estimates that 75,000 copies were sold, mostly for the Atari ST.
Jerry Pournelle of BYTE named Time Bandit his game of the month for September 1986, stating that the ST version "is the best arcade-type computer game I have ever seen". The game was well received by reviewers in Antic, COMPUTE!, and BYTE for its gameplay and graphics, though reviews also noted that the game includes no music and has minimal sound effects.
The Amiga version of the game was reviewed in 1990 in Dragon #158 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game 4½ out of 5 stars.
Reviews
Génération 4 (1987)
Zzap! (Apr, 1988)
The Games Machine (Apr, 1988)
ATARImagazin (Mar, 1987)
ACE (Advanced Computer Entertainment) (Apr, 1988)
Power Play (Mar, 1988)
Power Play (Mar, 1989)
ASM (Aktueller Software Markt) (Mar, 1988)
Info (May, 1988)
Commodore User (Mar, 1988)
Amiga User International (Mar, 1988)
Legacy
The Timelord's Handbook, a clue book and companion manual for the game, was released in March 2010 by Harry Lafnear, one of the original authors of the game. In addition to game clues, the book includes background fiction and profiles on the game's history and creators.
References
External links
Time Bandit at Atari Mania
1983 video games
Amiga games
Atari ST games
DOS games
Dragon 32 games
Maze games
Shoot 'em ups
TRS-80 games
TRS-80 Color Computer games
Science fiction video games
Video games about time travel
Video games developed in the United States
Single-player video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20Bandit |
Ayvacık is a town in Çanakkale Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. It is the seat of Ayvacık District. Its population is 9,710 (2021). The town lies at an elevation of . During the Gallipoli campaign in World War I, it was the target of several allied attacks.
References
External links
Municipality's official website
Road map of Ayvacık and environs
Various images of Akliman in Ayvacık, Çanakkale
Various images of Küçükkuyu in Ayvacık, Çanakkale
Populated places in Çanakkale Province
Ayvacık District, Çanakkale
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayvac%C4%B1k%2C%20%C3%87anakkale |
Bayramiç is a town in Çanakkale Province in the Marmara Region of Turkey. It is the seat of Bayramiç District. Its population is 15,760 (2021). The town lies at an elevation of .
References
External links
Road map of Bayramiç and environs
Various images of Bayramiç, Çanakkale
Populated places in Çanakkale Province
Bayramiç District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayrami%C3%A7 |
Çan is a town in Çanakkale Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. It is the seat of Çan District. Its population is 30,970 (2021). The town lies at an elevation of .
References
External links
Road map of Çan and environs
Various images of Çan, Çanakkale
Populated places in Çanakkale Province
Çan District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87an |
Eceabat, formerly Maydos (Madytos, ), is a small town in Çanakkale Province in the Marmara Region of Turkey, located on the eastern shore of the Gelibolu Peninsula, on the Dardanelles Strait. It is the seat of Eceabat District. Its population is 5,636 (2021). The town lies at sea level. It is an almost entirely modern town.
Eceabat is the departure point for the annual swim across the Hellespont to Çanakkale on the other side of the Dardanelles Strait.
Eceabat is the nearest town to the World War I Gallipoli Campaign battlefield sites, as well as to the cemeteries and memorials to the more than 120,000 Turkish, British, French, Australia ad New Zealand soldiers killed during the campaign. This has led to its becoming a major tourism centre, especially around 18 March and 15 April (ANZAC Day) when the two different sides of the struggle commemorate their roles in what happened.
Name
Eceabat's name might have originated from the Arabic military term "hijabat" which means the most forward command point from the battlefield. If so, the meaning might explain the change from the original Madytos.
Attractions
Kilisetepe Mound in Eceabat town covers the site of the original Maydos. The Greek Orthodox church that used to stand on it was demolished in 1923.
Kilitbahir Castle, 11km south of Eceabat, is an architectural masterpiece, commissioned by Mehmed II in 1462 after the conquest of Istanbul. Süleyman the Magnificent added the Sarı Küle, a beautiful tower of large cut stones, to the original fortifications. The castle's heart-shaped layout is unique. The smooth rubble walls were not given great importance but the clover-shaped three courtyards of the inner courtyard were still sheltered. The inner castle has seven floors. Bunkers were added to the site during the Gallipoli campaign. There is a small military museum inside the castle.
Ancient Sestos was on the site of the village of Yalova, Eceabat, 4 km from Eceabat. It was established to the south of Akbaş port. Its stones were reused in the building of Kilitbahir Castle.
Seddülbahir Castle was built in 1659 by Mustafa Ağa, the architect of Frenk Ahmed Pasha, during the reign of Mehmed IV.
Bigali Castle is 5 km from Eceabat. Work on it began in 1807 during the reign of Selim III; it was completed during the reign of Mahmud II. Stones taken from the lost city of Sestos were used to build the castle.
References
External links
Road map of Eceabat and environs
Various images of Eceabat, Çanakkale
Eceabat
Populated places in Çanakkale Province
Dardanelles
Fishing communities in Turkey
Populated coastal places in Turkey
Eceabat District
District municipalities in Turkey
Gallipoli Peninsula | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eceabat |
"21st Century Schizoid Man" is a song by the progressive rock band King Crimson from their 1969 debut album In the Court of the Crimson King. Often regarded as the group's signature song, it has been described by sources such as Rolling Stone as "a seven-and-a-half-minute statement of purpose: rock power, jazz spontaneity, and classical precision harnessed in the service of a common aim."
Lyrical content
The lyrics of "21st Century Schizoid Man" were written by Peter Sinfield and consist chiefly of disconnected phrases which present a series of images. All three verses follow a set pattern in presenting these images. The song criticizes the Vietnam War with the lyrics "Politicians' funeral pyre/Innocence raped with napalm fire". The line "Cat's foot, iron claw" is a reference to the French fable The Monkey and the Cat, while "death seed" in the final verse alludes to what Sinfield calls the "harvest of bad things" brought about by Agent Orange. The second line is a single image, often more specific than the first two, and the third line approaches an actual sentence. The fourth and last line of each verse is the song's title.
Before a live performance of the song on 15 December 1969, heard on the live album Epitaph, Robert Fripp remarked that the song was dedicated to "an American political personality whom we all know and love dearly. His name is Spiro Agnew."
Musical structure
Clocking at nearly seven and a half minutes, the song is notable for its heavily distorted vocals, sung by Greg Lake, and its instrumental middle section, called "Mirrors". Most of the song is in either 4/4 or 6/4 time, save for the end of the song, which culminates in two bursts of noisy, abstract free jazz inspired by Duke Ellington Orchestra. Fripp explained his guitar solo to Guitar Player magazine in 1974: "It's all picked down-up. The basis of the picking technique is to strike down on the on-beat and up on the off-beat. Then one must learn to reverse that. I'll generally use a downstroke on the down-beat except where I wish to accent a phrase in a particular way or create a certain kind of tension by confusing accents, in which case I might begin a run on the upstroke." The song encompasses the heavy metal, industrial, jazz-rock and progressive rock genres, and is considered to be an influence on the development of progressive metal. The dissonant and almost atonal solo, was rated number 82 in Guitar Worlds list of the Top 100 Greatest Guitar Solos in 2008. Louder Sound ranked the solo at No. 56 in its "100 greatest guitar solos in rock" poll.
Personnel
Greg Lake – bass, lead vocals
Ian McDonald – alto saxophone
Robert Fripp – electric guitar
Michael Giles – drums
Peter Sinfield – lyrics
Sampling
Kanye West sampled the song on "Power", from his 2010 album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy. In a 2022 lawsuit by Declan Colgan Music Ltd, the owners of the mechanical licence for the song, they claimed that West had sampled it without a licence.
See also
List of anti-war songs
References
Notes
King Crimson songs
1969 songs
Songs of the Vietnam War
Songs with lyrics by Peter Sinfield
Songs written by Robert Fripp
Songs written by Greg Lake
Songs written by Ian McDonald (musician)
Songs written by Michael Giles
Song recordings produced by Greg Lake
Island Records singles
Atlantic Records singles
1976 singles
Jazz fusion songs
British heavy metal songs
Song recordings produced by Ian McDonald (musician)
Progressive metal songs
British progressive rock songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st%20Century%20Schizoid%20Man |
The Würm is a river in Bavaria, Germany, right tributary of the Amper. The length of the river is , or including the Steinbach, the main feed of Lake Starnberg. It drains the overflow from Lake Starnberg and flows swiftly through the villages of Gauting, Krailling, Planegg, Gräfelfing and Lochham as well as part of Munich (in the borough of Pasing) before joining, near Dachau, the Amper, which soon afterwards flows into the Isar and eventually flowing into the Danube. Although the Würm is not a very large river, it is well known as it gave its name to the Würm glaciation.
A small man-made channel extracts water from the river at Pasing to feed the water features at Nymphenburg Palace, before flowing on to join the Isar at the public park Englischer Garten in Munich.
See also
List of rivers of Bavaria
References
Rivers of Bavaria
Rivers of Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrm |
Siwan is a Lok Sabha constituency in the state of Bihar in India. The Lok Sabha is the lower house of the Parliament of India. The constituency was formed following the States Reorganisation Act of 1956 and the constituency boundaries were readjusted by the Delimitation Order of 2008. The constituency consists of 6 Assembly segments (constituencies) of the Bihar Legislative Assembly.
Overview
The Siwan constituency of the Lok Sabha is encompassed in the administrative district of Siwan of the state of Bihar. The constituency is assigned the number 18 of the 40 Lok Sabha constituencies of the state of Bihar by the Election Commission of India. It consists of 6 Assembly segments (constituencies) numbered 105–110 of the Bihar Legislative Assembly, one of which is reserved for Scheduled Caste (SC) candidates in accordance with the Delimitation Order of 2008 implemented on the basis of the Delimitation Act of 2002. The Siwan constituency of the Lok Sabha has no reservation status.
Assembly segments
Members of Parliament
Election results
2019
2014
2004 election
See also
Siwan
List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha
References
External links
Siwan lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details
Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar
Politics of Siwan district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwan%20Lok%20Sabha%20constituency |
Lapseki (from Greek: Λάμψακος, Lampsakos) is a town in Çanakkale Province, Turkey. It is the seat of Lapseki District. Its population is 14,984 (2021). The mayor is Eyüp Yılmaz (AKP).
The district of Lapseki is known for its cherries, and a cherry festival is held annually in the town.
History
The town was founded by Greek colonists from Phocaea in the 6th century BC. Soon afterwards it became a competitor of Miletus, controlling the trade routes in the Dardanelles. The modern Turkish name derives from the original Greek name.
Lapseki was founded about 500 BC, one of 4 settlements along the Dardanelles at that time. In ancient times, while the city was under the rule of King Mendrom and named Pityausa, the king, who defended the colonists from Foça from the attacks of the local people, minted coins for the first time in its history in the name of his daughter Lapseke and later the city was given this name by the colonists to express their indebtedness to him. In this way, the name Lampsakos, then Lapseki, was passed down to the present day.
The city was under the Byzantines for a long period before being passed into Ottoman hands after its conquest by Süleyman Pasha in 1356. Occupied at the end of World War I, the town was freed from the British and French forces on 25 September 1922, toward the end of the War of Independence. In the district are the graves of 15,000 soldiers who lost their lives during the War of Independence.
Economy
The primary livelihood of the people in the area is agriculture, with fishing and tourism also being important. The most common fruits of the district include cherries and peaches. First held in 1983, the annual Cherry Festival takes place 2–12 June. A fair is also held in Lapseki on 1–4 September but shaded by the fair in nearby town Çardak in 22–26 August which closes with a wrestling competition each year - the second oldest competition in Turkey After Kirkpinar in Edirne. People come to watch the wrestlers from near provinces such as Bursa. Apart from these, the beaches and summer houses in seaside villages attract tourists as well. Numan Kurtulmuş, the deputy prime minister of Turkey, has a summer house in Suluca village of Lapseki. There are direct ferries to Gelibolu at every o'clock from Lapseki. It is an intercontinental trip from Asia to Europe.
Çanakkale 1915 Bridge
The Çanakkale 1915 Bridge is a major project planned to be completed in March 2022. It will be constructed over the Dardanelles strait from Lapseki to Sütlüce in Gallipoli Peninsula. The completion of the project is a part of the government's goals for their 2023 vision program to improve the country's infrastructure. It will provide a link from Europe to western Turkey, which is projected to boost both regional tourism and the local economy. The bridge will hold six lanes of automobile traffic. A railroad is also planned to cross on the bridge that is intended to connect the region to Istanbul or Edirne and Europe. The groundbreaking for the bridge took place on March 18, 2017. The bridge was officially opened by President Tayyip Erdogan on 18 March 2022.[6] It is the fourth bridge over the Turkish Straits.[7]With a main span of 2,023 m (6,637 ft), the bridge surpassed the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan by 32 m (105 ft) to become the longest suspension bridge in the world.[4]
See also
Lampsacus
Abramios the Recluse
Çanakkale 1915 Bridge
References
Populated places in Çanakkale Province
Dardanelles
Fishing communities in Turkey
Populated coastal places in Turkey
District municipalities in Turkey
Lapseki District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapseki |
Ezine is a town in Çanakkale Province in the Marmara Region of Turkey. It is the seat of Ezine District. Its population is 15,408 (). The town lies at an elevation of . Ezine is famous for its white cheese, made with cow, goat or sheep milk and called Ezine Peyniri.
References
External links
Road map of Ezine and environs
Various images and map of Ezine district
Populated places in Çanakkale Province
Ezine District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezine%2C%20%C3%87anakkale |
Yenice (literally "new town," formerly also written Yenidje or Yenidze) may refer to:
Places
Turkey
Ankara Province
Yenice, Çubuk, a village in Çubuk district, Ankara Province
Yenice, Nallıhan, a village in Nallıhan district, Ankara Province
Yenice, Polatlı, a village in Polatlı district, Ankara Province
Yenice Dam, a dam in Turkey, near Yenice, Nallıhan
Sindiren, Haymana, formerly known as Yenice
Antalya Province
Yenice, Alanya, a village in Alanya district, Antalya Province
Yenice, Gündoğmuş, a village in Gündoğmuş district, Antalya Province
Aydın Province
Yenice, Bozdoğan, a village in Bozdoğan district, Aydın Province
Yenice, Karacasu, a village in Karacasu district, Aydın Province
Mersin Province
Yenice, Gülnar, a village in Gülnar district, Mersin Province
Yenice, Tarsus, a town in Mersin Province
Yenice railway station, a railway station in Yenice, Mersin
Other provinces
Yenice, Akçakoca
Yenice, Adıyaman, a village in Adıyaman district, Adıyaman Province
Yenice, Ağaçören, a village in Ağaçören district, Aksaray Province
Yenice, Alaca
Yenice, Bandırma
Yenice, Bayramiç
Yenice, Bismil
Yenice, Büyükorhan
Yenice, Çanakkale, a district of Çanakkale Province
Yenice, Çorum
Yenice, Çüngüş
, a village in Dernekpazarı district, Trabzon Province
Yenice, Dikili, a village in Dikili district, İzmir Province
Yenice, Gercüş, a village in Gercüş district, Batman Province
Yenice, Giresun, a town in Giresun Province
Yenice, İhsaniye, a village in İhsaniye district, Afyonkarahisar Province
Yenice, İskilip
Yenice, Karakoçan
Yenice, Karabük, a district of Karabük Province
Yenice, Karataş, a village in Karataş district, Adana Province
Yenice, Lapseki
Yenice, Merzifon, a village in Merzifon district, Amasya Province
Yenice, Orta
, a village in Pınarhisar district, Kırklareli Province
Yenice, Sur
, a village in Yağlıdere District, Giresun Province
Yeniceköy, Bursa, a town in Bursa Province
Yenice, Yaprakli is a village in Yaprakli district of Çankiri province
Yenice, Yapraklı
Greece
Giannitsa, Pella regional unit, formerly Γενιτσά, Yenice, or Vardar Yenicesi
Genisea, Xanthi regional unit, formerly Yenice/Yenidje/Yenidze or Yenice Karasu, and famous for its tobacco
Dovras, Imathia, whose community Agios Georgios was formerly named Γιάννισσα/Γιάννισα
Vasiliko, Ioannina (formerly Γιάννιστα), Ioannina regional unit
Azerbaijan
Yenicə, Agdash
Yenicə, Yevlakh
Other uses
Yenice Conference, a meeting between Turkish President İsmet İnönü and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill during World War II, near Yenice, Tarsus
Battle of Yenidje between the Greek and Ottoman Armies, near Giannitsa, Pella, during the First Balkan War (1912)
Yenidze, a former cigarette factory in Dresden, Germany
Yenidje Tobacco Company Limited, a former U.K. tobacco company | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenice |
Ağlasun (from Greek Αγαλασσός Agalassos, in turn from Koine Greek Σαγαλασσός Sagalassos, in turn from Hittite Salawassa) is a town in Burdur Province in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. It is the seat of Ağlasun District. Its population is 3,645 (2021). The mayor is Ali Ulusoy (AKP).
The town is 7 km from the ruins of the ancient city of Sagalassos, from which it gets its modern name.
With its rich architectural heritage, Ağlasun is a member of the Norwich-based European Association of Historic Towns and Regions.
See also
Sagalassos
References
External links
Beyaz Arif Akbas: Sagalassos: City of Fairies, Adrianapolis, Yalnizgoz Yay. 2010, . http://en.calameo.com/read/0002983841c7acaa28dc8
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey
Populated places in Ağlasun District
District municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9Flasun |
"Lasagna" is a song by "Weird Al" Yankovic. It is a parody of "La Bamba", a traditional song popularized by Ritchie Valens and Los Lobos.
Track listing
"Lasagna" – 2:45
"Velvet Elvis" – 4:27
Writing and release
When Yankovic began writing the song, he claimed:
Under U.S. law, Yankovic can parody any song as long as he pays royalties to use the original music. However, as a personal rule, he asks for permission in order to maintain good relations with the industry. This song is an exception to that rule. Although it is a parody of the Los Lobos cover version (in turn a faithful cover of Ritchie Valens's version, though Valens had died in 1959), "Lasagna" marked Yankovic's first parody that did not require permission from an artist or a payment of royalties, since "La Bamba" is a traditional folk song that is not attributed to any specific writer.
The single was released exclusively in Japan as a mini 3" CD single.
Music video
There is no full-length music video for this single, though a shortened music video segment was shown in 1997 as a part of The Weird Al Show.
The video features a stereotypical Italian family, including an elderly woman, two children, a rather large man for "Cousin Luigi" and Yankovic (sans glasses) as the father.
When the line "A-don't you get any on ya, you sloppy pig" is sung, the elderly woman at the dinner table drops the lasagna into Luigi's lap.
After "Have-a more ravioli" is sung, two children catch ravioli in their mouth.
Near the end, lasagna is falling out of Luigi's mouth.
The elderly woman and one of the children fight over the lasagna near the end.
At the end, the family does a dance. First they simply wave from side to side with their hands on each other's shoulders while still seated. Then, they stand up from their chairs, which move off-screen, as does the table. Yankovic takes his plate of lasagna off the table. They all do a can can-type dance as confetti and balloons fall from the ceiling, and at the cheering section at the end, the others gather around Yankovic as he holds out his plate proudly.
Italian dishes mentioned in "Lasagna"
Yankovic names many Italian dishes in "Lasagna", including:
Lasagna
Spaghetti
Calzone
Minestrone
Marinara
Linguini
Fettuccine
Ravioli
In popular culture
"Lasagna" is heard playing on a radio in a cave scene in the 2010 film Yogi Bear.
In the second-season episode of NBC's drama This Is Us entitled "The Car", the Pearson family sings the song to calm mom Rebecca's (Mandy Moore) nerves as they cross a bridge on the way to a Yankovic concert.
See also
List of singles by "Weird Al" Yankovic
List of songs by "Weird Al" Yankovic
References
"Weird Al" Yankovic songs
1988 singles
Songs with lyrics by "Weird Al" Yankovic
1988 songs
Scotti Brothers Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasagna%20%28song%29 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.