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National Car Parks (NCP) is a private car park operator, with car parks in towns, cities, airports, London Underground and National Rail stations.
History
NCP was founded in 1931 by Colonel Frederick Lucas. In October 1948 Sir Ronald Hobson, together with his business partner Sir Donald Gosling, founded Central Car Parks when the pair invested £200 in a bombsite in Holborn, Central London to create a car park. In 1959 Central Car Parks took over NCP from Anne Lucas, the widow of Colonel Lucas.
Hobson and Gosling expanded the company by recognising the under-developed state of many post-World War II British cities and towns. The pair began buying vacant sites in city centres, converting them into car parks. NCP then began managing sites on behalf of third parties.
In 1998, after a flotation of the business on the London Stock Exchange was cancelled at a late stage, the company was bought by US-based property and travel services provider Cendant for £801 million with Hobson, Gosling, and their family trusts who owned 72.5% of the National Parking Corporation taking £580 million.
NCP was sold to 3i in July 2005 for £555million. In 2007, NCP was acquired by Macquarie European Infrastructure Fund II. In 2007, the outsourced services business was spun off into NCP Services. In August 2017, Macquarie Group sold NCP to Park24 and Development Bank of Japan.
Operations
NCP provides car parking across the UK. It has car parks at Heathrow Airport, Manchester Arena and Birmingham New Street railway station.
In 2014, NCP signed partnerships with online and mobile parking consolidators, having opened up its off-street pre-booking technology to third-party providers and parking retailers for the first time. Deals were struck with JustPark, Parkjockey and YourParkingSpace, enabling their users NCP spaces at over 100 sites.
Events
Since 2010, House of Holland has booked the Brewer Street NCP to host its catwalk shows for London Fashion Week; previous attendees have included Alexa Chung, Jamie Winstone and Rachel Bilson.
In Cardiff, Evans Cycles have created the Urban Duel, a BMX racing event that takes place in NCP Dumfries Place. There are plans to host this event at other car parks around the country.
Art Drive exhibited its collection of classic BMWs designed by famous artists including Andy Warhol, David Hockney, Jeff Koons and Roy Lichtenstein at the Great Eastern Street NCP in Shoreditch.
As part of the Manchester International Festival, NCP arranged a live relay screening of Kenneth Branagh’s new play Macbeth with hundreds of fans turning up to the open-air screening.
Controversies
In the early 1990s, NCP was accused of planting spies in rival group Europarks, but Britain's then biggest industrial espionage trial ended with the full acquittal of NCP chief executive Gordon Layton.
In November 2013, following the announcement that Hull was to be the UK City of Culture 2017, NCP managing director Duncan Bowins took to popular social media website Facebook and branded the city a "sh*thole" – despite the fact that his car parks took over £1 million from the city each year. This "crude slur" led to Duncan Bowins winning the Award for "Most Inappropriate Use of Social Media" at the Hull Daily Mail Angus Young Awards 2013.
In December 2013, the Crawley News and The Argus reported that NCP staff had been parking in the town's limited disabled bays for convenience. An NCP spokeswoman subsequently issued a statement claiming the pair had parked there to clear leaves from the car park and that there had been nowhere else to park. However, when the Crawley News published a photo clearly showing spaces right next to the disabled bay, the firm's Head of Operations Nigel Sorenson called to apologise and admitted that the incident was "embarrassing and upsetting" for the company.
Part of a car park operated by NCP in Nottingham collapsed on 19 August 2017. Three vehicles were left dangling from the edge of the city centre car park from a floor roughly 50 ft (15m) above the ground, and the entrance and exit were blocked with fallen concrete.
References
External links
Companies based in the London Borough of Camden
Parking companies
Transport companies established in 1931
3i Group companies
1931 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Car%20Parks |
24 Chasa () is a Bulgarian newspaper. Its headquarters are located in Sofia.
History and profile
The newspaper, part of the 168 Chasa (meaning 168 Hours in English) Press Group founded by Petyo Blaskov, was launched in April 1991, a few months after the launch of the 168 Hours weekly newspaper.
The tabloid format and the colloquial, somewhat derisive, writing style of 24 Chasa quickly gained wide popularity.
One of the most popular features in the newspaper is the daily cartoon Ivancho i Mariyka, drawn by the well-known Bulgarian cartoonist Ivaylo Ninov, which also exists in animation version.
The newspaper was a part of the German WAZ media group until 2010 when it was acquired by the Media Group Bulgaria, LLC.
Its current editor-in-chief is Borislav Zumbulev.
The circulation of the paper is 50,000 copies during weekdays, up to 90,000 during weekends.
References
External links
1991 establishments in Bulgaria
Bulgarian-language newspapers
Mass media in Sofia
Daily newspapers published in Bulgaria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24%20Chasa |
Sergey Aleksandrovich Martinson (; – 2 September 1984) was a Soviet and Russian stage, film and voice actor. People's Artist of the RSFSR (1964).
He was born in Saint Petersburg in the family of Swedish and Russian descent. His parents adored theater and took their son to many performances. As a schoolboy, Sergey played in a theatrical studio.
After one year of education in the Technological institute, he decided to become a professional actor. At the entrance exams he read Boris Godunov's monologue from Pushkin's play. The exam board roared with laughter, but refused to accept him. He later joined the theatrical institute from a second attempt.
Martinson worked in several theaters. In 1924–1941 he played in the Theatre of the Revolution. In 1925–1926, 1929–1933, 1937–1938 he was the leading actor of Vsevolod Meyerhold's theatre. He was cast by Meyerhold in the plays The Government Inspector, Mandate and others. From 1933 to 1936 he worked in the music hall.
He married his first wife, Yekaterina Ilyinichna Ilyina (born: 1900, St Petersburg, Russia, died: 1985, New York, USA), an actress, in 1927, whom he met during his acting studies; their daughter, Anna, later a successful artist and costume designer, was born in 1928 (died New York, 2012), she married the Russian conductor and violist Rudolf Barshai (1924–2010). Although they had never officially divorced, he married his second wife, dancer Lola Dobrokhotova, who was later exiled by the government for alleged connections to "foreign elements" and died in exile; they had a son, Aleksandr (1939–2003). His third wife, Luisa (born: Ukraine, 1929, died: 2018, USA) was a woman 30 years junior to Martinson. They had a daughter, Natasha (born 1956) and divorced several years later.
Filmography
Films
The Adventures of Oktyabrina (1924) – Coolidge Kerzonovich Poincaré
The Devil's Wheel (1926) – Orchestra conductor
Little Brother (1927) – Trust director
The Deserter (1933) – Passerby
Marionettes (1934) – G, the Barber
Loss of Sensation (1935) – Dizer, music hall artist
Treasure Island (1937) – Bradley
The Oppenheim Family (1938) – Gutwetter, poet
Stepan Razin (1939) – Fyodor Shpyn
The Golden Key (1939) – Duremar
Anton Ivanovich Is Angry (1941) – Kerosinov, composer
We from the Urals (1943) – Dance club manager
Silva (1944) – Count Boni
The Wedding (1944) – Ivan Mikhailovich Yat, telegrapher
Secret Agent (1947) – Willi Pommer
The Third Blow (1948) – Adolf Hitler
Przhevalsky (1951) – Andrei Ivanovich Shatilo, professor
Sadko (1952) – Inok
Attack from the Sea (1953) – Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
Ilya Muromets (1956) – Boyar Mishatychka
A Crazy Day (1956) – Miusov
The Idiot (1958) – Lebedev
Scarlet Sails (1961) – Philip, coal miner
The Night Before Christmas (1961) – Osip Nikiforovich, diak
Wind of Freedom (1961) – Innkeeper
Funny Stories (1962) – Lyuska the dog's owner
Tale about the Boy-Kibalchish (1964) – Agent 518
Tale About the Lost Time (1964) – Prokofy Prokofyevich the Evil Wizard
Thirty Three (1965) – Valentin Petrovich, Rozochka's father
The Tale of Tsar Saltan (1966) – Saltan's guardian
The Beautiful Girl (1969) – Lonely old man with cane
Ruslan and Ludmila (1972) – Byzantine ambassador
Armed and Dangerous (1977) – Mr. Trott
The New Adventures of Captain Wrongel (1978) – Sir Vant, bandit leader
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1981) – Mr. Frankland
And Life, and Tears, and Love (1983) – Yegoshkin
Voice acting
The Lost Letter (1945) – Witch
The Enchanted Boy (1955) – Rat leader
The Snow Queen (1957) – The Raven
The Adventures of Buratino (1959) – Mantis the Doctor
It Was I Who Drew the Little Man (1960) – Chalk-drawn Little Man / Eight-legged creature
Cipollino (1961) – Prince Lemon / One of Lemon's soldiers
The Key (1961) – Zmei Gorynych's second head
The Wild Swans (1962) – Monk
Adventures of Mowgli (1967–1971) – Tabaqui
References
External links
Wikipedia in Russian
Biography
About Sergey Martinson
1899 births
1984 deaths
20th-century Russian male actors
Male actors from Saint Petersburg
People from Sankt-Peterburgsky Uyezd
Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology alumni
Honored Artists of the RSFSR
People's Artists of the RSFSR
Recipients of the Order of the Badge of Honour
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Russian people of Swedish descent
Russian male film actors
Russian male silent film actors
Russian male stage actors
Russian male voice actors
Soviet male film actors
Soviet male silent film actors
Soviet male stage actors
Soviet male voice actors
Burials at Kuntsevo Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey%20Martinson |
Thomas Bowman may refer to:
Thomas Bowman (Methodist Episcopal bishop) (1817–1914), American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, elected in 1872
Thomas Bowman (Evangelical Association bishop) (1836–1923), bishop of the Evangelical Association, elected in 1875
Thomas Bowman (Iowa politician) (1848–1917), US congressman from Iowa
Thomas Elliot Bowman III (1918–1995), American zoologist
Thomas G. Bowman (born 1946), United States Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs
Thomas Richard Bowman (1835–1911), South Australian pastoralist
Tom Bowman (actor), British actor in television and films such as The Treasure of San Teresa
Tom Bowman (journalist), American investigative reporter
Tom Bowman (rugby union) (born 1976), Australian rugby union footballer
Tommy Bowman (1873–1958), Scottish footballer who played in 1890s and 1900s
See also
Thomas Bowman Brewer (born 1932), American academic
Thomas M. Bowen (1835–1906), U.S. senator | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Bowman |
In the Java computer programming language, an annotation is a form of syntactic metadata that can be added to Java source code. Classes, methods, variables, parameters and Java packages may be annotated. Like Javadoc tags, Java annotations can be read from source files. Unlike Javadoc tags, Java annotations can also be embedded in and read from Java class files generated by the Java compiler. This allows annotations to be retained by the Java virtual machine at run-time and read via reflection. It is possible to create meta-annotations out of the existing ones in Java.
History
The Java platform has various ad-hoc annotation mechanisms—for example, the transient modifier, or the @Deprecated javadoc tag. The Java Specification Request JSR-175 introduced the general-purpose annotation (also known as metadata) facility to the Java Community Process in 2002; it gained approval in September 2004.
Annotations became available in the language itself beginning with version 1.5 of the Java Development Kit (JDK). The apt tool provided a provisional interface for compile-time annotation processing in JDK version 1.5; JSR-269 formalized this, and it became integrated into the javac compiler in version 1.6.
Built-in annotations
Java defines a set of annotations that are built into the language. Of the seven standard annotations, three are part of java.lang, and the remaining four are imported from java.lang.annotation.
Annotations applied to Java code:
@Override - Checks that the method is an override. Causes a compilation error if the method is not found in one of the parent classes or implemented interfaces.
@Deprecated - Marks the method as obsolete. Causes a compile warning if the method is used.
@SuppressWarnings - Instructs the compiler to suppress the compile time warnings specified in the annotation parameters.
Annotations applied to other annotations (also known as "Meta Annotations"):
@Retention - Specifies how the marked annotation is stored, whether in code only, compiled into the class, or available at runtime through reflection.
@Documented - Marks another annotation for inclusion in the documentation.
@Target - Marks another annotation to restrict what kind of Java elements the annotation may be applied to.
@Inherited - Marks another annotation to be inherited to subclasses of annotated class (by default annotations are not inherited by subclasses).
Since Java 7, three additional annotations have been added to the language.
@SafeVarargs - Suppress warnings for all callers of a method or constructor with a generics varargs parameter, since Java 7.
@FunctionalInterface - Specifies that the type declaration is intended to be a functional interface, since Java 8.
@Repeatable - Specifies that the annotation can be applied more than once to the same declaration, since Java 8.
Example
Built-in annotations
This example demonstrates the use of the @Override annotation. It instructs the compiler to check parent classes for matching methods. In this case, an error is generated because the gettype() method of class Cat doesn't in fact override getType() of class Animal like is desired, because of the mismatching case. If the @Override annotation were absent, a new method of name gettype() would be created in class Cat.
public class Animal {
public void speak() {
}
public String getType() {
return "Generic animal";
}
}
public class Cat extends Animal {
@Override
public void speak() { // This is a good override.
System.out.println("Meow.");
}
@Override
public String gettype() { // Compile-time error due to typo: should be getType() not gettype().
return "Cat";
}
}
Custom annotations
Annotation type declarations are similar to normal interface declarations. An at-sign (@) precedes the keyword "interface".
// @Twizzle is an annotation to method toggle().
@Twizzle
public void toggle() {
}
// Declares the annotation Twizzle.
public @interface Twizzle {
}
Annotations may include a set of key-value pairs, which are modeled as methods of the annotation type. Each method declaration defines an element of the annotation type. Method declarations must not have any parameters or a throws clause. Return types are restricted to primitives, String, Class, enums, annotations, and arrays of the preceding types. Methods can have default values.
// Same as: @Edible(value = true)
@Edible(true)
Item item = new Carrot();
public @interface Edible {
boolean value() default false;
}
@Author(first = "Oompah", last = "Loompah")
Book book = new Book();
public @interface Author {
String first();
String last();
}
Annotations themselves may be annotated to indicate where and when they can be used:
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) // Make this annotation accessible at runtime via reflection.
@Target({ElementType.METHOD}) // This annotation can only be applied to class methods.
public @interface Tweezable {
}
The compiler reserves a set of special annotations (including @Deprecated, @Override and @SuppressWarnings) for syntactic purposes.
Annotations are often used by frameworks as a way of conveniently applying behaviours to user-defined classes and methods that must otherwise be declared in an external source (such as an XML configuration file) or programmatically (with API calls). The following, for example, is an annotated JPA data class:
@Entity // Declares this an entity bean
@Table(name = "people") // Maps the bean to SQL table "people"
public class Person implements Serializable {
@Id // Map this to the primary key column.
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.AUTO) // Database will generate new primary keys, not us.
private Integer id;
@Column(length = 32) // Truncate column values to 32 characters.
private String name;
public Integer getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(Integer id) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
The annotations are not method calls and will not, by themselves, do anything. Rather, the class object is passed to the JPA implementation at run-time, which then extracts the annotations to generate an object–relational mapping.
A complete example is given below:
package com.annotation;
import java.lang.annotation.Documented;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Inherited;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;
@Documented
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target({ElementType.TYPE,ElementType.METHOD,
ElementType.CONSTRUCTOR,ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE,
ElementType.PACKAGE,ElementType.FIELD,ElementType.LOCAL_VARIABLE})
@Inherited
public @interface Unfinished {
public enum Priority { LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH }
String value();
String[] changedBy() default "";
String[] lastChangedBy() default "";
Priority priority() default Priority.MEDIUM;
String createdBy() default "James Gosling";
String lastChanged() default "2011-07-08";
}
package com.annotation;
public @interface UnderConstruction {
String owner() default "Patrick Naughton";
String value() default "Object is Under Construction.";
String createdBy() default "Mike Sheridan";
String lastChanged() default "2011-07-08";
}
package com.validators;
import javax.faces.application.FacesMessage;
import javax.faces.component.UIComponent;
import javax.faces.context.FacesContext;
import javax.faces.validator.Validator;
import javax.faces.validator.ValidatorException;
import com.annotation.UnderConstruction;
import com.annotation.Unfinished;
import com.annotation.Unfinished.Priority;
import com.util.Util;
@UnderConstruction(owner="Jon Doe")
public class DateValidator implements Validator {
public void validate(FacesContext context, UIComponent component, Object value)
throws ValidatorException {
String date = (String) value;
String errorLabel = "Please enter a valid date.";
if (!component.getAttributes().isEmpty()) {
errorLabel = (String) component.getAttributes().get("errordisplayval");
}
if (!Util.validateAGivenDate(date)) {
@Unfinished(changedBy = "Steve",
value = "whether to add message to context or not, confirm",
priority = Priority.HIGH
)
FacesMessage message = new FacesMessage();
message.setSeverity(FacesMessage.SEVERITY_ERROR);
message.setSummary(errorLabel);
message.setDetail(errorLabel);
throw new ValidatorException(message);
}
}
}
Processing
When Java source code is compiled, annotations can be processed by compiler plug-ins called annotation processors. Processors can produce informational messages or create additional Java source files or resources, which in turn may be compiled and processed. However, annotation processors cannot modify the annotated code itself. (Code modifications may be implemented using methods beyond the Java Language Specification.) The Java compiler conditionally stores annotation metadata in the class files, if the annotation has a RetentionPolicy of CLASS or RUNTIME. Later, the JVM or other programs can look for the metadata to determine how to interact with the program elements or change their behavior.
In addition to processing an annotation using an annotation processor, a Java programmer can write their own code that uses reflection to process the annotation. Java SE 5 supports a new interface that is defined in the java.lang.reflect package. This package contains the interface called AnnotatedElement that is implemented by the Java reflection classes including Class, Constructor, Field, Method, and Package. The implementations of this interface are used to represent an annotated element of the program currently running in the Java Virtual Machine. This interface allows annotations to be read reflectively.
The AnnotatedElement interface provides access to annotations having RUNTIME retention. This access is provided by the getAnnotation, getAnnotations, and isAnnotationPresent methods. Because annotation types are compiled and stored in byte code files just like classes, the annotations returned by these methods can be queried just like any regular Java object. A complete example of processing an annotation is provided below:
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
// This is the annotation to be processed
// Default for Target is all Java Elements
// Change retention policy to RUNTIME (default is CLASS)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface TypeHeader {
// Default value specified for developer attribute
String developer() default "Unknown";
String lastModified();
String [] teamMembers();
int meaningOfLife();
}
// This is the annotation being applied to a class
@TypeHeader(developer = "Bob Bee",
lastModified = "2013-02-12",
teamMembers = { "Ann", "Dan", "Fran" },
meaningOfLife = 42)
public class SetCustomAnnotation {
// Class contents go here
}
// This is the example code that processes the annotation
import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
import java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedElement;
public class UseCustomAnnotation {
public static void main(String [] args) {
Class<SetCustomAnnotation> classObject = SetCustomAnnotation.class;
readAnnotation(classObject);
}
static void readAnnotation(AnnotatedElement element) {
try {
System.out.println("Annotation element values: \n");
if (element.isAnnotationPresent(TypeHeader.class)) {
// getAnnotation returns Annotation type
Annotation singleAnnotation =
element.getAnnotation(TypeHeader.class);
TypeHeader header = (TypeHeader) singleAnnotation;
System.out.println("Developer: " + header.developer());
System.out.println("Last Modified: " + header.lastModified());
// teamMembers returned as String []
System.out.print("Team members: ");
for (String member : header.teamMembers())
System.out.print(member + ", ");
System.out.print("\n");
System.out.println("Meaning of Life: "+ header.meaningOfLife());
}
} catch (Exception exception) {
exception.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
See also
Jakarta Annotations
CLI Attributes
Java
Java virtual machine
Model-driven architecture
Python decorators, inspired by Java annotations, which have a similar syntax.
References
External links
Introduction to Java 6 Annotations at Sun Developer Network Site
An Introduction to Java Annotations by M. M. Islam Chisty
Introduction to Java 5.0 Annotations by Joy Christy
Of Java Annotations by John Hunt
Custom Annotations in Java
Java Annotations Explained
Understanding Annotations in Java
Java (programming language)
Articles with example Java code
Java specification requests | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java%20annotation |
Operation Packer was a military operation by the South African Defence Force (SADF) during the South African Border War and Angolan Civil War from March to April 1988. This operation forms part of what became known as the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale. Operation Packer was a continuation of Operation Hooper, using fresh troops and equipment. The Cubans' objective was still to secure the town of Cuito Cuanavale to the west of the river from capture. The SADF objective was once again to eliminate the remaining Angolan forces on the east side of the river, so as to ensure that the Angolans were no longer a threat to UNITA in the south-east. Although at the conclusion some Angolan units remained in positions east of the river, the Angolan advance against UNITA was permanently halted, and UNITA lived to fight on. The SADF never attempted to cross the river or to capture the town. Both sides again claimed victory.
Background
On the 29 February 1988, the SADF and UNITA launched a fourth attack on the 25 Brigade in Tumpo triangle and the vital Cuito River Bridge. This attack would last until the evening of the 1 March. Due to problems with the clearing of the minefields in front of 25 Brigades positions, Cuban artillery and the mechanical failure of several SADF Ratels and Olifant tanks, the SADF could not reach the forward positions on schedule. The Cuban defense plan had worked and the SADF withdrew. By the 3 March, the SADF 20 Brigade, began its planned demobilisation and so ended Operation Hooper. 82 Mechanised Brigade replaced the previous force and consisted mainly of Citizen (reservists) and Permanent Force soldiers.
The battle would take place on the 23 March with a diversionary attack from the south and the main attack of infantry, armour and UNITA from the north.
Objectives
The plan called for:
the destruction of the FAPLA Brigade,
the demolition of the bridge over the Cuito River to the town of Cuito Cuanavale.
UNITA would then occupy the old 25 Brigade positions and the SADF would then withdraw.
Defence strategy
The Cubans and FAPLA strengthened the minefields in front of the 25 Brigade and positioned artillery on both sides of the river banks to cover the potential attack routes the SADF might use for their eventual return. 13 Brigade and Cuban soldiers were based on the western side of the Cuito River to guard the town of Cuito Cuanavale.
Order of battle
South African and South West Africa Territorial Forces
82 Mechanised Brigade - Colonel Paul Fouche
two Ratel-20 mechanized battalions - Regiment Groot Karoo & Regiment de la Rey
two Olifant tank squadrons - Regiment President Steyn
one Ratel-90 anti-tank squadron - Regiment Mooirivier
one G5 battery - Regiment Potchefstroom University
one G2 battery - Regiment Potchefstroom University
one 120mm mortar battery - 44 Parachute Brigade
one MRL battery - 19 Rocket Regiment
AA, engineer and reconnaissance (4 Reconnaissance Regiment) platoons
three companies - 32 Battalion - Major Tinus van Staden
UNITA
3rd Battalion
4th Battalion
5th Battalion
two semi-regular battalions
FAPLA/Cuban forces
25th Brigade
13th Brigade
36th Brigade (one battalion)
29 tanks and numerous artillery units
Battle
After the SADF completed the last attack of Operation Hooper on 1 March, FAPLA and Cuban forces began aggressive patrols around 5 March into the minefields and land in front of their positions in the Tumpo triangle. This brought them into contact with UNITA forces patrolling the disputed land. On 9 March, Cuban MiGs bombed SADF supply lines around the Lomba River. This was the route the SADF used to move their supplies from Mavinga to their positions east of the Chambinga high ground.
In preparation for the main attack on the 25 Brigade, UNITA forces attacked and chased the FAPLA elements of 36 Brigade from the high ground north of the Tumpo triangle, between the Cuito and Cuanavale rivers. The positions on the high ground were taken over by 20 March, establishing forward observers for the SADF artillery. Members of 4 Recce infiltrated the west bank of Cuito with the aim of identifying targets for the SADF artillery batteries. The South African artillery engaged many targets before the main battle and the Cuban artillery countered but were not as successful at hitting targets. On 18 March, two portable ferries used to cross the Cuito River were destroyed by the SADF artillery. From 21 to the 22 March, UNITA conducted numerous hit-and-run attacks on FAPLA/Cuban positions around Cuito Cuanavale to confuse and keep them occupied.
SADF electronic warfare operations intercepted FAPLA communications on 22 March which indicated that FAPLA wanted to retake the Chambinga heights. These high grounds lay east in front of the Tumpo triangle and the SADF positions. SADF decided to go ahead with the operation planned for 23 March. On the night of 22 March, around 21h00, the SADF units began to line up and prepare for the attack, which would begin the next morning. As they moved forward during the night, the columns became temporarily lost and then had to continue their advance with only one tank de-miner when the other overturned. Around 04h00 on 23 March, SADF G-5 artillery began to bombard the forward positions of the 25 Brigade. By 06h00 the SADF attack column was within 10 km of the FAPLA positions but had soon stopped as they were delayed by bad terrain and one of the tanks had broken down. Once the repair was completed the attack resumed around 08h15. Not long after the attack column began moving again, a tank hit a mine and the de-miner tank sent forward to clear the minefield was itself permanently disabled by a mine, unable to be moved. The column halted and sappers were brought forward to clear a way through the minefield with their Plofadders, an automated rocket-fired explosive de-miner. They failed to work and they had to be manually detonated, which delayed the operation by three hours. Clearing of the minefields also attracted the attention of the Cuban artillery, which fired on the SADF column but was ineffective in hitting targets but slowed any progress they wished to make. During this time, UNITA fought a battle with elements of 38 Brigade on the high ground they captured earlier during the month, but they and the SADF forward observers were chased off it.
The SADF's main column resumed moving around 12h30 towards 25 Brigade's positions, but just over an hour later hit another minefield. This disabled three SADF tanks and again attracted the Cuban artillery. One of the tanks was able to be recovered while the other two remained stuck in the minefield. UNITA soldiers started to take casualties as they were being transported on the backs of the tanks and were exposed to this artillery fire. The South African commander moved his forces back out of the minefield as they attempted to retrieve the damaged tanks. By 14h30 a decision was made to withdraw altogether due to the minefields and heavy artillery attacks from both sides of the river. A request was made for the SADF artillery to destroy the three damaged Olifant tanks. This was rejected as it was believed that the tanks could be recovered. This did not happen; one was retrieved by the Cubans and taken to the town of Cuito Cunivale and the other two remain to this day in the Angolan bush.
Aftermath
It was soon realized that the SADF and UNITA would not be able to push the FAPLA/Cuban forces out of their Tumpo positions without taking serious casualties. The South African government had also ruled out an attack on Cuito Cuanavale from the west. Operation Packer thus came to an end on the 30 April 1988. 82 Brigade began to withdraw and was replaced with Battle Group 20.
The new battle group's objective was, with aid from UNITA,:
to build minefields between the Tumpo and Dala Rivers and mine other exits across the Cuito River,
to prevent a further Angolan assault from Cuito Cuanavale towards Mavinga and
to create the impression that the SADF were still entrenched in the area. This operation would take several months, and was part of Operation Displace.
Stalemate
The Cubans saw the failure of the SADF and UNITA to drive the Angolans from their positions as a defeat but in reality both sides had fought themselves to a stalemate. The Cubans and FAPLA were effectively in control of the same territory when the offensive first started in 1985, three years earlier. However the FAPLA attack against UNITA had been permanently halted, and the SADF strategic objectives had been accomplished.
New battlefields
Direct action between the South Africans and Cubans would soon move to south-western Angola where a confrontation between the parties would result in Operation Excite/Hilti.
Battle of Cuito Cuanavale?
There was no actual battle at Cuito Cuanavale itself. The SADF never launched a major attack on the town, and the Cuban defenders never attempted to counter-attack and drive the SADF away from the town. The Cubans did however succeed in establishing air superiority over the area with their new Russian aircraft, and the defenders did manage to hold onto a bridgehead east of the town, with the aid of extensive minefields.
References
Further reading
Conflicts in 1988
Battle of Cuito Cuanavale
Military operations of the Angolan Civil War
Battles and operations of the South African Border War
1988 in Angola
1988 in South Africa
March 1988 events in Africa
April 1988 events in Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Packer |
is a Japanese actor and musician.
Career
Yosuke Kubozuka has been a model for many magazines and TV commercials before starting out his acting career where he debuted in a 1995 TV crime drama Kindaichi Case Files. In 1998, he starred in the TV series GTO as the role of an honors student, Yoshito Kikuchi. In 2000, he starred in Ikebukuro West Gate Park along with Tomoya Nagase, Ken Watanabe (The Last Samurai, Memoirs of a Geisha, Inception) and Tomohisa Yamashita (Nobuta wo Produce, Kurosagi, Operation Love, Code Blue). In this drama he starring as the role of "King" of the G-Boys, Takashi Ando.
In 2001, he starred in Strawberry on the Shortcake along with other popular young artists such as Hideaki Takizawa and Kyoko Fukada. In the drama he took the role of being Kyoko Fukada's first love.
In October of that same year, Go (directed by Isao Yukisada), which tells the story of a Zainichi chosenjin teenager who falls in love with a Japanese girl, was officially released. For his performance in this role, Kubozuka took home two awards (Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role and Newcomer of the Year) at Japan Academy Film Prize. Kubozuka also appeared in Mr. Children's 2002 "Kimi ga Suki" music video, which won MTV Video Music Award Japan for Video of the Year in 2002 (Mr. Children also nominated in Best Group Category but losing to Backstreet Boys).
Since then, Kubozuka took on projects starring in Ping Pong, Kyoki no Sakura as well as Samurai Resurrection.
He also appeared in films such as Tokyo Island, Monsters Club, Helter Skelter, and the 2016 remake of Silence directed by Martin Scorsese.
Kubozuka has also been pursuing his career as a reggae musician by the name 'Manji Line' (卍 LINE) since 2006.
Personal life
Kubozuka graduated from Kanagawa Prefectural Yokosuka High School. He married in May 2003 and had one son. In 2004, he survived after falling 26 metres from his 9th floor apartment. On July 12, 2012, Kubozuka announced through his official website that he had divorced his wife a month earlier. Kubozuka has official custody of his son. Kubozuka remarried in December 2015, a daughter was born in 2017.
Filmography
Movie
Television
Stage Play
Awards and nominations
Awards
25th Television Academy Awards: Best Supporting Actor for Ikebukuro West Gate Park
28th Television Academy Awards: Best Supporting Actor for Strawberry on the Shortcake
2002: 25th Japan Academy Film Prize: Best Actor & Newcomer of the Year for Go!
2001: Hochi Film Awards: Best Actor for Go!
2001: Nikkan Sports Film Awards: Ishihara Yujiro New Actor Award for Go!
2002: Kinema Junpo Awards: Best Actor for Go! & Oboreru Sakana, Best New Actor for Go!
2002: Mainichi Film Concurs: Sponichi Grand Prize New Talent Award
2002: Marrakech International Film Festival: Best Actor for Go!
2002: Yokohama Film Festival: Best Actor for Go! & Oboreru Sakana
2017: Parenting Award：Best Father Category
References
External links
Manji Line in Twitter
1979 births
Living people
Japanese male film actors
Japanese male television actors
Japanese reggae singers
Male actors from Kanagawa Prefecture
Singers from Yokosuka, Kanagawa
20th-century Japanese male actors
21st-century Japanese male actors
21st-century Japanese male singers
21st-century Japanese singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke%20Kubozuka |
The Woodcliff Lake Public Schools is a community public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade from Woodcliff Lake, in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States.
As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprising two schools, had an enrollment of 737 students and 77.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 9.5:1.
The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "J", the-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.
For ninth through twelfth grades, Woodcliff Lake public school students attend Pascack Hills High School, along with those from Montvale. The school is part of the Pascack Valley Regional High School District, which serves students from Hillsdale and River Vale at Pascack Valley High School. As of the 2018–19 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 842 students and 70.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.0:1.
Awards and recognition
For the 2005-06 school year, Woodcliff Middle School was named a "Star School" by the New Jersey Department of Education, the highest honor that a New Jersey school can achieve.
Schools
The schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are:
Elementary school
Dorchester Elementary School with 464 students in grades Pre-K through 5
Stefanie Marsich, principal
Middle school
Woodcliff Middle School which had 265 students in grades 6-8
Michael Andriulli, principal
Administration
Core members of the district's administration are:
Lauren Barbelet, superintendent
Matthew L. Lynaugh, business administrator and board secretary
Board of education
The district's board of education, with nine members, sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the day-to-day operation of the district.
References
External links
Woodcliff Lake Public Schools
School Data for the Woodcliff Lake Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics
Pascack Valley Regional High School District
Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey
New Jersey District Factor Group J
School districts in Bergen County, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcliff%20Lake%20Public%20Schools |
The Best of Sixpence None the Richer is a greatest hits album of American band Sixpence None the Richer, released in 2004 (see 2004 in music). It contains all their most successful songs as well as various rarities, covers and three new tracks that had originally been intended to be released on Divine Discontent but were shelved.
Track listing
All songs by Matt Slocum, except where noted. Parenthetical items indicate on which album the song originally appeared.
Standard Edition
"Loser Like Me" – 3:35 (New Recording)
"Us" – 4:24 (New Recording)
"Too Far Gone" – 6:39 (New Recording)
"The Ground You Shook" – 4:20 (Roaring Lambs)
"Kiss Me" – 3:30 (Sixpence None the Richer)
"Breathe Your Name" – 3:58 (Divine Discontent)
"Melody of You" – 4:52 (Divine Discontent)
"Dancing Queen" (Stig Anderson, Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus) – 4:04 (Dick: Soundtrack from the Motion Picture)
"Don't Dream It's Over" (Neil Finn) – 4:04 (Divine Discontent)
"There She Goes" (Lee Mavers) – 2:45 (Sixpence None the Richer)
"I Need Love" (Sam Phillips) – 4:14 (Here on Earth soundtrack)
"I Just Wasn't Made For These Times" (Brian Wilson, Tony Asher) – 3:04 (Making God Smile: An Artists' Tribute to the Songs of Beach Boy Brian Wilson)
"Breathe" (John Mallory, Leigh Nash, Michelle Tumes) – 4:07 (Streams)
"Brighten My Heart" – 4:40 (Exodus)
"Angeltread" – 3:28 (This Beautiful Mess)
"Within a Room Somewhere" – 5:06 (This Beautiful Mess)
"Trust" – 3:23 (The Fatherless and the Widow)
"Kiss Me" (Japanese Version) – 3:18
Asian Edition
"Kiss Me" – 3:30
"Loser Like Me" – 3:35
"Need to Be Next to You" (Diane Warren) – 4:09 (Bounce soundtrack)
"Breathe" – 4:07
"Dancing Queen" – 4:04
"Melody of You" – 4:52
"I Can't Catch You" – 4:14 (Sixpence None the Richer)
"I Just Wasn't Made for These Times" – 3:04
"There She Goes" – 2:45
"Don't Dream It's Over" – 4:04
"I Need Love" – 4:14
"Breathe Your Name" – 3:58
"Us" – 4:24
"The Ground You Shook" – 4:20
"Too Far Gone" – 6:39
"Waiting on the Sun" (Ron Aniello, Jason Wade) – 2:54 (Divine Discontent)
"Brighten My Heart" – 4:40
"Trust" – 3:23
"Kiss Me" (Japanese Version) – 3:18
Taiwan special edition bonus VCD
Kiss Me (Music Video)
There She Goes (Music Video)
Breathe Your Name (Music Video)
Don't Dream It's Over (Music Video)
Production
Mark Lusk - Artist Development
Katherine Petillo - Creative Direction
Jonathan Richter - Illustration & Design
Matthew Welch - Photography
Mark Joseph & Rachel Williams - Liner Notes
References
2004 greatest hits albums
Sixpence None the Richer albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Best%20of%20Sixpence%20None%20the%20Richer |
Trud (, ), is a Bulgarian tabloid daily newspaper. The newspaper's first issue came out on 1 March 1936, making it one of the oldest Bulgarian newspapers still in existence. From 3 January 1994 to 31 December 2008 it was known as Dneven Trud (Дневен Труд, Daily Labor).
History
The first issue of the newspaper came on 1 March 1936 and it was the first weekly newspaper in Bulgaria. It was delivered only to the big towns Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna in the first year. From 20 October 1944, the name of the newspaper was changed to "Flag of the Labor". On 15 September 1946, the newspaper took back its name. From 3 January 1994, it became an independent Bulgarian newspaper. Trud was a syndicate organ until 1992 when it became a private-owned daily. Its editor-in-chief is Tosho Toshev. The owner of Trud which is published in tabloid format is WAZ.
In 2001, Trud had a circulation of 300,000 copies, making it the largest-circulation newspaper in Bulgaria at the time.
References
External links
1936 establishments in Bulgaria
Newspapers established in 1936
Daily newspapers published in Bulgaria
Bulgarian-language newspapers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trud%20%28Bulgarian%20newspaper%29 |
The Ultra-Lettrist art movement was developed by Jean-Louis Brau, Gil J. Wolman, and François Dufrêne in the 1950s when they split from Isidore Isou's Lettrism movement.
Dufrêne created a phonetic poetry movement which breaks the structures of language that he called Ultra-Lettrist. The Ultra-Lettrist movement grew into an art form as it was developed by Dufrêne, Brau and Wolman. The Ultra-Lettrists explored the vocal possibilities of concrete music: a form of artistic expression based on spontaneity directly recorded onto tape by exploiting the noise music qualities of sound, meaning, and nonsense. Visual conceptual artists Raymond Hains, Jacques Villeglé and Mimmo Rotella also participated in the Ultra-Lettrist movement.
The Ultra-Lettrists issued a periodical called grammeS: Review of the Ultra-Lettriste Group, which ran for seven issues between 1957 and 1961. They used this journal to publish their hypergraphics, exchanges and discussions with the Lettrists' Poésie Nouvelle and with the Situationist International members.
Some Ultra-Lettrists went on to form and join the Nouveau réalisme movement, while others joined the Situationist International.
References
Nouveau réalisme
Contemporary art movements
Situationist International | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-Lettrist |
Zayd al-Khayr (Arabic: زيد الخير) was a noted, significant companion of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam. Hailing from the tribe of Tayy in northern Nejd. He was originally known as Zayd al-Khayl ("Zayd of the Steeds", a reference to his chivalry), but after becoming Muslim, Muhammad renamed him Zayd al-Khayr ("Zayd of Goodness" or "of Bounty").
After learning information about Muhammad, Zayd made enquiries and decided to travel to Medina and meet him, taking a delegation of his people including Zurr ibn Sudoos, Malik ibn Jubayr, Aamir ibn Duwayn and others.
When they reached Medina, they entered Masjid al-Nabawi while he was addressing his congregation. Zayd and his delegation were astonished by the attention of the Muslims and the effect of his words on them. Muhammad said:
"I am better for you than al-Uzza (one of the main idols of the Arabs in the pre-Islamic era) and everything else that you worship. I am better for you than the black camel which you worship besides God."
Some of Zayd's delegation responded positively and accepted Islam while others Such as Zurr ibn Sudoos did not. When Muhammad had finished speaking, Zayd stood up and said:
"O Muhammad, I testify that there is no god but God and that you are the messenger of God."
Muhammad approached him and asked who he was, to which Zayd replied, "I am Zayd al-Khayl the son of Muhalhil."
"From now on you are Zayd al-Khayr ("Zayd the good") instead, not Zayd al-Khayl," said Muhammad.
Muhammad said about him, "Of every Arab's virtues I heard, after meeting him, I found it overestimated - except Zaid whom I found more than I had heard about him (in virtues)"
During this visit in Medina all those who stayed with Zayd became Muslims.
However, there was an epidemic of fever in Medina and Zayd al-Khayr succumbed to it. He attempted to return home despite his illness, hoping to get back to his people so they might become Muslims at his hands. He struggled to overcome the fever but he died before reaching Najd.
Sources
History of the Prophets and Kings Vol. 39 by Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
References
630 deaths
Tayy
Companions of the Prophet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayd%20al-Khayr |
Glenn Andrew Bishop (born 25 February 1960) is a former Australian and South Australian cricketer who represented Australia in two One Day Internationals, playing as a right-handed batsman.
At the age of 17, Bishop scored 129 and 101 for Salisbury Second XI in Adelaide's suburban competition, becoming the first to score a century in each innings for Salisbury. He made his first-class debut in 1982–83 for South Australia, primarily as an opening batsman, and was on the fringes of Australian selection in the mid-1980s.
Bishop was awarded an ESSO Australian Cricket Scholarship for the 1985 English cricket season, where he played for Leicestershire County Cricket Club's Second XI in the Second XI Championship.
Bishop made his ODI debut in January 1987 against Pakistan at the WACA Ground in the Benson & Hedges Perth Challenge series as an opening batsman. He scored only six from twenty balls, and took his only catch to dismiss Rameez Raja as Pakistan won the match off the second last ball with only one wicket in hand. He played his second and final ODI at the same venue two days later against the West Indies, this time at number five, managing only 7 from 29 deliveries. Bishop was selected as a reserve for the 1987 Cricket World Cup.
Bishop had a liking for international touring teams, scoring five of his thirteen first-class centuries against them, including three against New Zealand. He also performed best at the Adelaide Oval where he scored ten of his centuries, including his top-score of 224* against Tasmania in 1985–86. He passed the 5000 run mark in the 1990–91 season, setting a seventh wicket partnership record of 198 with Tim May.
Bishop retired at the end of the 1992–93 season, having played 96 matches, scoring 6206 runs at 37.38. In the limited overs format, he played 26 matches, scoring 708 runs at an average of 29.5 with two centuries, as well as his only wicket.
References
Sources
1960 births
Living people
Australia One Day International cricketers
South Australia cricketers
Australian cricketers
Cricketers from Adelaide | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn%20Bishop |
The 17th/21st Lancers was a cavalry regiment of the British Army. It was formed in England by the amalgamation of the 17th Lancers and the 21st Lancers in 1922 and, after service in the Second World War, it amalgamated with the 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers to form the Queen's Royal Lancers in 1993.
History
Second World War
The regiment was formed in England during the interwar period by the amalgamation of the 17th Lancers and the 21st Lancers on 27 June 1922. The regiment was deployed to Meerut in India in 1936 and it was mechanised in 1938.
On the outbreak of the Second World War, in September 1939, the regiment transferred back to the United Kingdom and became part of the 1st Motor Machine Gun Brigade defending south-east England. On 12 October 1940, the 1st Motor Machine Gun Brigade became the 26th Armoured Brigade. On 9 November 1940, the brigade became part of the newly raised 6th Armoured Division, with which it served for the rest of the war. Some personnel from the regiment were detached in December to help form the cadre of the 24th Lancers.
In November 1942, the division was deployed to Tunisia for Operation Torch. Now equipped with Valentine Mk III and Crusader Mk III tanks, the regiment saw action in the Tunisia Campaign for some time, including taking heavy losses defending Thala in the Battle of Kasserine Pass in February 1943 during which fourteen tanks were put out of action. Despite these losses the pass was held and the Germans retreated. After the losses during this battle, the regiment was withdrawn from the front line. The Valentine tanks they were using were inferior to the German counterparts in both armour and weaponry, so the lancers were refitted with M4A2 Sherman tanks that carried a 75mm main gun. In April, the regiment attempted to take the Fondouk Pass during which thirty-two tanks were put out of action. Although this left the regiment with only a handful of tanks, it allowed command to send in the 16th/5th Lancers, and the pass was taken. The campaign in Tunisia came to an end in May 1943, with the capture of the Cap Bon Peninsula. The Germans were trying to delay its capture long enough to allow evacuation of their Army by sea. The Regiment conducted a 'charge' along the beach totally out manoeuvring the German defensive positions. Enemy resistance crumbled, with the surrender of thousands of German and Italian soldiers who subsequently became prisoners of war (POWs). Most of the 6th Armoured Division (minus the 1st Guards Brigade) then deployed to the Italian Front in March 1944, and fought to breach the Gustav Line, taking part in Operation Diadem, the fourth and final Battle of Monte Cassino. The regiment advanced to the Gothic Line, and spent the winter there—at points, serving as infantry rather than as an armoured unit, due to the static nature of the trench warfare there. After the final breakthrough in April 1945, codenamed Operation Grapeshot, the regiment ended the war in Austria.
Post-war
In October 1946, the regiment was posted to Greece on internal security duties and famine relief. In October 1947, it deployed to the Suez Canal Zone and re-equipped as an armoured car regiment; it then moved to Palestine in 1948. At the time Palestine was in a state of civil war, with both Jews and Arabs fighting for independence both from each other and British rule. The Regiment was involved in the operation of armoured rail cars, frontier patrols and escort duties. The regiment returned home to Catterick Garrison later that year as RAC Training Regiment and then joined 20th Armoured Brigade and moved to York Barracks at Münster in December 1951. It transferred to 4th Guards Brigade Group and moved to Barker Barracks in Paderborn in August 1957. After briefly returning home in December 1959, it moved to Hong Kong in March 1960 from where it deployed units to Aden in October 1961.
The regiment joined 20th Armoured Brigade Group and moved to Athlone Barracks at Sennelager in December 1962. After that it moved to Lisanelly Camp in Omagh in March 1968 from where it deployed a squadron to Libya in 1970. It then transferred to 4th Armoured Brigade and moved to Northampton Barracks in Wolfenbüttel in November 1972 from where it deployed units to Northern Ireland at the height of the Troubles. It transferred to 11th Armoured Brigade and moved to Wessex Barracks in Bad Fallingbostel in October 1974 from where it again deployed units to Northern Ireland. It returned home re-locating to Bovington Camp as RAC Centre Regiment in December 1977 and then went back to West Germany to join 4th Armoured Brigade becoming based at Swinton Barracks in Münster in November 1980. A squadron was sent to Northern Ireland to undertake guard duties at the Maze Prison in December 1982.
After deploying two squadrons to the Persian Gulf in September 1990 for the Gulf War, the regiment returned to the United Kingdom later in the year. In 1993, with the reductions in forces after the end of the Cold War, the regiment was amalgamated with the 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers to form the Queen's Royal Lancers.
Commanding Officers
Commanding Officers of the regiment have included:
1958–1961: Lt Col Richard G. Satterthwaite
1961–1963: Lt Col Robert D.A. Renton
1963–1966: Lt Col Robert H.A. Cockburn
1966–1968: Lt Col Richard L.C. Tamplin
1968–1970: Lt Col Charles P.M. Mulloy
1970–1973: Lt Col John W. Turner
1973–1975: Lt Col Arthur R. Douglas-Nugent
1975–1977: Lt Col Nigel M. Still
1977–1979: Lt Col R. Shaun Longsdon
1979–1981: Lt Col Richard H. Swinburn
1981–1984: Lt Col Brian G. Hamilton-Russell
1984–1985: Lt Col Reginald I.S. Purbrick
1985–1988: Lt Col William J. Hurrell
1988–1990: Lt Col Andrew A.J.R. Cumming
1990–1992: Lt Col Robert D.S. Gordon
1992–1993: Lt Col Robert A. McKenzie-Johnston
Colonel-in-Chief
1969–1993: Princess Alexandra, LG, GCVO
Regimental Colonels
Regimental colonels were:
1922–1926 (17th Lancers): F.M. Sir Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig, KT, OM, GCB, GCMG, GCVO, KCIE
1922–1938 (21st Lancers): Gen. Sir Herbert Alexander Lawrence, GCB
1938–1947: Lt-Gen. Sir Bertie Drew Fisher, KCB, CMG, DSO
1947–1957: F.M. Sir Richard Amyatt Hull, GCB, DSO
1957–1965: Brig. Richard Gustavus Hamilton-Russell, DSO
1965–1975: Maj-Gen. Ronald Edward Coaker, CB, CBE, MC
1975–1983: Col. Michael Colvin Watson, OBE, MC, DL
1983–1988: Brig. John Warner Turner
1988–1993: Col. Robert Shaun Longsdon
''1993 Regiment amalgamated with 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers to form The Queen's Royal Lancers
Alliances
The regiment's alliances included:
British Ceylon - Ceylon Mounted Rifles
- Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)
References
17 Lancers
Military units and formations established in 1922
Lancers 017 021
Military units and formations disestablished in 1993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th/21st%20Lancers |
Sinsinawa () is an unincorporated community in Grant County, Wisconsin, United States. The community is in the towns of Jamestown and Hazel Green, one mile north of the border with Illinois. The community is east of Dubuque, Iowa, and west of the village of Hazel Green, Wisconsin. The town is best known for being the mother house of the Sinsinawa Dominican Sisters.
History
The community's name means either "rattlesnake" or "Home of the Young Eagle" in Sioux. The first white settler in the area was George Wallace Jones, who purchased land for a lead smelter in 1827. He soon sold the land to the Dominican priest Samuel Mazzuchelli, who subsequently built a men's college, Sinsinawa Mound College, in 1846. Mazzuchelli founded the Sinsinawa Dominican Sisters in 1847. This religious order founded a women's college and high school in Sinsinawa in 1865.
Sinsinawa Mound
Sinsinawa Mound is a cone-shaped hill in the area, from which the area gets its name. Sinsinawa River runs along the hill south towards the Mississippi River in Illinois.
The Sinsinawa Mound raid of June 29, 1832, part of the Black Hawk War, took place near Sinsinawa Mound. In August 2007 there was a commemoration of the 175th anniversary on the war.
Notes
External links
Sinsinawa, the word Sinsinawa and Sinsinawa Mound from the Dictionary of Wisconsin History, published by the Wisconsin State Historical Society
Unincorporated communities in Grant County, Wisconsin
Unincorporated communities in Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinsinawa%2C%20Wisconsin |
The Hillsdale Public Schools is a community public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade in Hillsdale, in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States.
As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprising three schools, had an enrollment of 1,147 students and 117.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 9.8:1.
The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "GH", the third-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.
Public school students in ninth through twelfth grades attend Pascack Valley High School along with students from neighboring River Vale. The school is part of the Pascack Valley Regional High School District, which also serves students from Montvale and Woodcliff Lake at Pascack Hills High School. During the 1994-96 school years, Northern Valley Regional High School at Demarest was awarded the Blue Ribbon School Award of Excellence by the United States Department of Education. As of the 2018–19 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,209 students and 92.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.1:1.
Schools
Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are:
Elementary schools
Ann Blanche Smith School with 317 students in Kindergarten through 4th grade
Angela Iskenderian, principal
Meadowbrook Elementary School with 291 students in grades Pre-K-4
Christopher R. Bell, principal
Middle school
George G. White Middle School with 531 students in grades 5-8
Donald Bergamini, principal
Administration
Core members of the district's administration are:
Dr. Robert V. Lombardy Jr., superintendent of schools
Sacha Pouliot, business administrator and board secretary
Board of education
The district's board of education, with five members, sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with one to two seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the day-to-day operation of the district.
References
External links
School Data for the Hillsdale Public Schools, National Center for Education Statisticsa district of schools
Pascack Valley High School
Hillsdale, New Jersey
New Jersey District Factor Group GH
School districts in Bergen County, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsdale%20Public%20Schools |
Now That's What I Call Music! 21 may refer to two different "Now That's What I Call Music!"-series albums, including:
Now That's What I Call Music! 21 (original UK series, 1992 release)
Now That's What I Call Music! 21 (U.S. series, 2006 release) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now%20That%27s%20What%20I%20Call%20Music%21%2021 |
"Ukridge Sees Her Through" is a short story by P. G. Wodehouse, which first appeared in the United States in the September 1923 issue of Cosmopolitan and in the United Kingdom in the October 1923 Strand. It features the irrepressible Stanley Featherstonehaugh Ukridge, and was included in the collection Ukridge, published in 1924.
Plot
Ukridge's friend Jimmy Corcoran is persuaded to hire a typist to speed his writing. He meets Dora Mason, former secretary to Ukridge's Aunt Julia and now partner in a typing firm, and finds she gained her partnership based on a promise from Ukridge that he will provide the £100 she needs to buy the share. Shocked, Corcoran asks his friend how he hopes to find the money.
Ukridge reveals that Hank Philbrick, an old friend from Canada has made it big, and has been persuaded by Ukridge to buy an English country house; Ukridge has contracted with an agent, who will split the hefty commission with Ukridge. Corcoran meets Ukridge late one night, and finds with him the Canadian, who is in a state of severe inebriation. Ukridge tells Corky that he has been drinking heavily since he came into his fortune.
Some days later, Ukridge arrives at his friend's house, distraught. The Canadian, in ill health after his binge, has been advised by a doctor to repair to warmer climes, and plans to leave for Egypt, scuppering Ukridge's scheme.
A magazine editor asks Corky to attend a small dance held by the Pen and Ink Club; he goes, in some trepidation that Julia Ukridge, president of the club, will remember their previous meeting. She does, and confronts him, but on seeing his press invitation is calmed. Another author, Charlton Prout, secretary of the club, takes Corky into a side room to talk; when they emerge, the hall is packed. To the dismay of the Pen and Ink people, a party of 700 revellers have mysteriously bought tickets for the bash, for the Warner's Stores company outing.
Ukridge later reveals that he sold the tickets for the party, paying his debt of honour to Dora and netting a further £50 for himself.
Main characters
Stanley Featherstonehaugh Ukridge, the irrepressible entrepreneur
Julia Ukridge, his haughty writer aunt
Dora Mason, Julia's secretary and companion
Jimmy Corcoran, Ukridge's writer friend
Hank Philbrick, a friend of Ukridge, a wealthy Canadian
Charlton Prout, a writer, secretary of the Pen and Ink Club
Publication history
In Cosmopolitan, the story was illustrated by T. D. Skidmore. It was illustrated by Reginald Cleaver in the Strand.
The story was included in the 1932 collection Nothing But Wodehouse, edited by Ogden Nash and published by Doubleday, Doran & Company, New York. It was collected in The World of Ukridge, published in October 1975 by Barrie & Jenkins.
Adaptations
The story was adapted for radio in 1956, with Michael Shepley as Ukridge, Hubert Gregg as Corcoran, Beth Boyd as Dora Mason, Brian Haines as Hank Philbrick, Martin Lewis as Bowles, Margot Lister as Aunt Julia, Rolf Lefebvre as Charlton Prout, George Merritt as Biggs, and Hamilton Dyce as a guest. The adaptation aired on 8 June 1956 on the BBC Light Programme.
See also
List of Wodehouse's Ukridge stories
References
Notes
Sources
Short stories by P. G. Wodehouse
1923 short stories
Works originally published in Cosmopolitan (magazine) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukridge%20Sees%20Her%20Through |
Strix is a genus of owls in the typical owl family (Strigidae), one of the two generally accepted living families of owls, with the other being the barn-owl (Tytonidae). Common names are earless owls or wood owls, though they are not the only owls without ear tufts, and "wood owl" is also used as a more generic name for forest-dwelling owls. Neotropical birds in the genus Ciccaba are sometimes included in Strix.
These are medium-sized to large, robustly built, powerful owls. They do not have ear tufts and most are highly nocturnal woodland birds. Most prey on small mammals, birds, and reptiles.
Most owls in the genus Strix can be distinguished from other genera of owls through their hooting vocalization and lack of visible ears.
The Latin genus name Strix referred to a mythical vampiric owl-monster believed to suck the blood of infants. Although the genus Strix was established for the earless owls by Linnaeus in 1758, many applied the term to other owls (namely the Tyto) until the late 19th century. This genus is closely related to the extinct Ornimegalonyx.
Taxonomy
The genus Strix was introduced by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. The type species is the tawny owl. The genus name is a Latin word meaning "owl".
Species
The genus contains 22 species:
Spotted wood owl, S. seloputo
Mottled wood owl, S. ocellata
Brown wood owl, S. leptogrammica
Tawny owl, S. aluco
Maghreb owl, S. mauritanica
Himalayan owl, S. nivicolum
Desert owl, S. hadorami
Omani owl, S. butleri
Spotted owl, S. occidentalis
Barred owl, S. varia
Cinereous owl, S. sartorii
Fulvous owl, S. fulvescens
Rusty-barred owl, S. hylophila
Chaco owl, S. chacoensis
Rufous-legged owl, S. rufipes
Ural owl, S. uralensis
Great grey owl, S. nebulosa
African wood owl, S. woodfordii
Mottled owl, Strix virgata
Black-and-white owl, Strix nigrolineata
Black-banded owl, Strix huhula
Rufous-banded owl, Strix albitarsis
Fossil species
The genus Strix is well represented in the fossil record. Being a fairly generic type of strigid owl, they were probably the first truly modern Strigidae to evolve. However, whether several of the species usually placed in this genus indeed belong here is uncertain.
Generally accepted in Strix are:
S. dakota (Early Miocene of South Dakota, USA) – tentatively placed here
Strix sp. (Late Miocene of Nebraska, USA)
Strix sp. (Late Pliocene of Rębielice Królewski, Poland) apparently similar to the great grey owl
Strix intermedia (Early - Middle Pleistocene of EC Europe) – may be paleosubspecies of S. aluco
Strix brea (Late Pleistocene of SW North America) Now placed in its own genus. (See below)
Strix sp. (Late Pleistocene of Ladds, USA)
"Strix" wintershofensis (Early/Middle Miocene of Wintershof West, Germany) and "Strix" edwardsi (Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France), while being strigid owls, have not at present been reliably identified to genus; they might also belong into the European Ninox-like group.
"Strix" ignota (Middle Miocene of Sansan, France) is sometimes erroneously considered a nomen nudum, but this assumption is based on what appears to be a lapsus or misprint in a 1912 source. It may well belong into the present genus, but this requires confirmation.
"Strix" perpasta (Late Miocene – Early Pliocene of Gargano Peninsula, Italy) does not appear to belong into this genus either. It is sometimes considered a junior synonym of a brown fish-owl paleosubspecies.
UMMP V31030, a coracoid from Late Pliocene Rexroad Formation deposits of Kansas (USA), cannot be conclusively assigned to either the present genus or Bubo.
Extinct forms formerly in Strix:
"Strix" antiqua – now in Prosybris
"Strix" brea - now Oraristrix brea
"Strix" brevis – now in Intutula
"Strix" collongensis – now in Alasio
"Strix" melitensis and "Strix" sanctialbani – now in Tyto
"Strix" murivora – male of the Rodrigues scops owl
"Strix" newtoni and "Strix" sauzieri – male and female of the Mauritius scops owl
References
Further reading
Milne-Edwards, Alphonse (1869–1871): Recherches anatomiques et paléontologiques pour servir à l'histoire des oiseaux fossiles de la France (Vol. 2). G. Masson, Paris.
Bird genera
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strix%20%28bird%29 |
Strix may refer to:
Strix (mythology), a legendary creature of ancient Roman mythology
Strix (bird), a genus of large "earless" wood-owls
Strix Ltd., John Taylor (inventor)#Career, manufacturer of kettle controls, thermostats and water boiling elements for domestic appliances
Strix (TV production company), a Swedish production company
Bofors STRIX, a Swedish guided projectile
"Strix", a pseudonym of Peter Fleming (writer)
"Strix", Gaming Hardware lineup from Asus
Stryx, an Italian television series aired in 1978 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strix |
The following are some of the association football events of the year 1992 throughout the world.
Events
5 May – A provisional tribune crashes in the Stade Armand Cesari in Bastia, Corsica during the semi-final of the Coupe de France between Bastia SC and Olympique de Marseille. Eighteen people die, while 2.300 fans get injured.
9 May – Liverpool wins 2–0 over Sunderland to claim the FA Cup.
17 June – The Copa Libertadores is won by São Paulo FC after the defeat of Newell's Old Boys 3–2 via a penalty shootout after a final aggregate score of 1–1.
26 June – In Euro 1992, Denmark surprisingly won 2–0 over Germany at Nya Ullevi, Gothenburg, Sweden.
30 June – Due to financial problems Dutch club FC Wageningen is disestablished, after having played its last match one month earlier against NAC Breda in the Eerste Divisie.
France wins the right to host for a second time the Football World Cup in the year 1998: Football World Cup 1998
10 July – The Major Indoor Soccer League ceases operation after 14 seasons in the United States.
9 September – Dick Advocaat makes his debut as the manager of Dutch national team, as the successor of Rinus Michels, with a 2–3 friendly defeat against Italy in Eindhoven.
14 October – Marco van Basten makes his last appearance for the Dutch national team, earning his 58th cap against Poland. Gerald Vanenburg (42nd) and Berry van Aerle (35th) also play their last match for the Dutch, while Arthur Numan makes his debut in the World Cup qualifier in De Kuip, Rotterdam.
12 December – São Paulo FC wins the Intercontinental Cup in Tokyo, Japan by defeating Spain's FC Barcelona (1–2). Raí scores twice for the Brazilians.
Winner club national championships
Asia
– Al-Ittihad
– POSCO Atoms
Europe
– Lyngby BK
–
Football League First Division - Leeds United
Football League Second Division - Ipswich Town
Football League Third Division - Brentford
Football League Fourth Division - Burnley
– VfB Stuttgart
– Ireland – Shelbourne
– A.C. Milan
Eredivisie – PSV Eindhoven
Eerste Divisie – Cambuur Leeuwarden
– FC Porto
: for more complete coverage see: 1991-92 in Scottish football
Scottish Premier Division – Rangers
Scottish Division One – Dundee
Scottish Division Two – Dumbarton
Scottish Cup – Rangers
Scottish League Cup– Rangers
La Liga – FC Barcelona
Copa del Rey – Atlético Madrid
– AIK
– Beşiktaş
North America
– Winnipeg Fury (CSL)
– León
APSL – Colorado Foxes
Professional Cup – Colorado Foxes
South America
Clausura – Newell's Old Boys
Apertura – Club Atlético Boca Juniors
– Bolívar
– Flamengo
– El Nacional
Paraguay – Cerro Porteño
International tournaments
African Cup of Nations in Senegal ( 12–26 January 1992)
UEFA European Football Championship in Sweden ( 10–26 June 1992)
—
Baltic Cup in Liepāja, Latvia ( 10–12 July 1992)
Olympic Games in Barcelona, Spain (24 July – 8 August 1992)
National team results
Asia
Europe
South America
The men's national senior squad didn't play any matches in 1992
Movies
Ladybugs (USA)
Births
1 January
Daniel Kofi Agyei, Ghanaian footballer
Jack Wilshere, English footballer
6 January
Nika Dzalamidze, Georgian international footballer
Kita, Brazilian international footballer (died 2015)
8 January: Apostolos Vellios, Greek international footballer
9 January: Edon Hasani, Albanian youth international
10 January: Christian Atsu, Ghanaian footballer (died 2023)
13 January: Santiago Arias, Colombian international footballer
20 January: Jorge Zárate, Mexican club footballer
22 January: Vincent Aboubakar, Cameroonian international footballer
27 January: Jean (Jean Acosta Soares), Brazilian professional footballer
30 January: Darvin Watson, Caymanian footballer
7 February: Sergi Roberto, Spanish international
21 February: Phil Jones, English international
23 February: Terry Hawkridge, English club footballer
29 February
Francesco Gazo, Italian footballer
Jawad El Yamiq, Moroccan footballer
Guido Herrera, Argentinian footballer
Perry Kitchen, American soccer player
Saphir Taïder, French-Algerian footballer
4 March:
Erik Lamela, Argentine footballer
Bernd Leno, German footballer
9 March: Peter Gommeren, Dutch footballer
10 March: Adrien Ménager, French professional footballer
17 March: Nkosinathi Ogle, South African professional footballer
27 March: Pedro Obiang, Spanish-Equatoguinean professional footballer
28 March: Sergi Gómez, Spanish footballer
14 April: Frederik Sørensen, Danish footballer
15 April: John Guidetti, Swedish footballer
17 April: Shkodran Mustafi, German footballer
20 April:
Kristian Álvarez, Mexican footballer
Marko Meerits, Estonian footballer
30 April: Marc-André ter Stegen, German footballer
1 May: Matěj Vydra, Czech footballer
17 May: Amro Tarek, Egyptian footballer
18 May: Brian Idowu, Nigerian footballer
20 May: Gerónimo Rulli, Argentine footballer
22 May: Syaiful Indra Cahya, Indonesian footballer
27 May: Jeison Murillo, Colombian footballer
14 June: Geraldo Hoogvliets, Dutch footballer
15 June: Mohamed Salah, Egyptian footballer
28 June: Oscar Hiljemark, Swedish footballer
3 July: Javier Giménez, Paraguayan professional footballer
4 July
Ángel Romero, Paraguayan footballer
Óscar Romero, Paraguayan footballer
5 July: Alberto Moreno, Spanish footballer
6 July: Seedy Bah, Gambian footballer
7 July
Sebastian Doro, German footballer
Yuji Iida, former Japanese footballer
17 July: Denis Prychynenko, Ukrainian-German footballer
23 July: Danny Ings, English footballer
24 July: Dionatan Teixeira, Brazilian-born Slovakian footballer (d. 2017)
28 July: Gabriel Viana, Portuguese footballer
29 July: Djibril Sidibé, French international
7 August: Wout Weghorst, Dutch international footballer
10 August: Naguib Chakouri, French professional footballer
15 August: João Paulo, Portuguese footballer
20 August:
Andrei Peteleu, Romanian junior international
Deniss Rakels, Latvian international
24 August: Bertolomeu Verdial, East Timorese footballer
2 September: Emiliano Martínez, Argentine international footballer
13 September: Johan Svantesson, Swedish footballer
15 September: Akil Grier, England-born former professional footballer
17 September: Stuart Bannigan, Scottish footballer
19 September: Samet Hasan Yıldıran, Turkish footballer
26 September: Georgios Kapnopoulos, Greek footballer
27 September: Granit Xhaka, Swiss international footballer
20 October: Mattia De Sciglio, Italian footballer
24 October: Giannis Dosis, Greek professional footballer
3 November: Willi Orban, German-born Hungarian international footballer
14 December: Ryo Miyaichi, Japanese footballer
30 December: William Aho Abou, Ivorian professional footballer
Deaths
February
17 February – Delio Morollón (54), Spanish footballer
24 February – August Lešnik (77), Croatian footballer
April
2 April – Juanito (37), Spanish footballer
September
12 September – Emilio Recoba (88), Uruguayan defender, last surviving winner of the 1930 FIFA World Cup
16 September – Larbi Ben Barek (78), Moroccan-French footballer
December
1 December – Anton Malatinský (72), Slovak football player and coach
References
External links
Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
VoetbalStats
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%20in%20association%20football |
Octavius Temple (1784–1834), was Lieutenant Governor of Sierra Leone and Superintendent General of the Liberated Africans Department (1833), British soldier and colonial official.
Family life
Temple was the youngest son of Rev. William Johnston Temple and Anne Stow. He was born and raised in Cornwall. In 1805 Temple married Dorcas Carveth in Cornwall. The couple had been introduced by Temple's godfather Sir Christopher Hawkins (Bart) MP. They had fifteen children, 8 of whom survived. In 1830 Temple and purchased a farm - Axon, near Culmstock (now part of Tiverton), Devon whilst in England between postings. He was the father of Frederick Temple and grandfather of William Temple, both Archbishops of Canterbury.
Military career
Commissioned Ensign in 4th Foot 1799.
Lieutenant in the 4th and 48th.
Captain in the 38th and 14th.
Brevet Major on 4 June 1814. His battalion, the 2nd, formed part of the force sent from Genoa to hold Marseilles during the Waterloo campaign. The 3rd battalion of his regiment was at Waterloo.
After the war he was stationed in Malta.
Colonial career
Autumn 1819 in the Ionian Islands as sub-inspector of militia.
1820 resident in Santa Maura, Ionian Islands, for the Lord High Commissioner.
1828 he was transferred to Corfu as Administrator of the ecclesiastical and municipal revenues.
November 1833 he accepted the Governorship of Sierra Leone.
On his death on 13 August 1834, a dispatch was sent from the Secretary of State to the officer administering the government of Sierra Leone, which read
"His Majesty (William IV) has received with much regret the intelligence of Lieutenant-Governor Temple's death, and has been pleased to approve of the measures which were taken to honour the memory of that meritorious officer".
He was buried in Circular Road Cemetery.
References
1784 births
1834 deaths
Governors of Sierra Leone
History of Sierra Leone
48th Regiment of Foot officers
West Yorkshire Regiment officers
British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
King's Own Royal Regiment officers
South Staffordshire Regiment officers
19th century in Sierra Leone
People from Cornwall
Military personnel from Cornwall
Octavius | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavius%20Temple |
The Frontier Force Regiment is one of the six infantry regiments of the Pakistan Army. They are popularly known as the Piffers in reference to their military history as the PIF (Punjab Irregular Force) of the British Indian Army, or as the FF (Frontier Force). The regiment takes its name from the historic North-West Frontier, a former province of British India and later Pakistan (present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa).
Most of the regiment's ancestral military formations were units composed of infantry of either Punjabi or Pathan origin. However, the oldest unit of the regiment is the Scinde Camel Corps, raised in 1843 under Company rule in India. Another ancestral unit was the infantry component of the British Indian Army Corps of Guides (partial cavalry unit). Despite being a Pakistani regiment, the Frontier Force Regiment is also the successor to several Sikh regiments due to their widespread deployments in the North-West Frontier during the British Raj.
Presently, the regiment consists of 52 battalions, with its regimental centre located in Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Due to this regiment's presence, Abbottabad is also locally known as the "Home of the Piffers". In its current form, the Frontier Force Regiment consists of both mechanized and motorized infantry battalions; there are also some armoured and artillery battalions which were raised from the ranks of the Frontier Force or one of its predecessor regiments.
The modern Frontier Force is Pakistan's third-oldest military regiment in terms of the date of most recent amalgamation, behind the Punjab and Baloch regiments. The regiment was raised in its current form in 1957, through the amalgamation of two (with a later third component) former British Indian Army regiments: the 12th Frontier Force Regiment and the 13th Frontier Force Rifles. The third component, the Pathan Regiment, had been raised from the elements of the former two. The regiments' merger took place when a major formation reorganization was carried out in the Pakistan Army.
Battalions of the Frontier Force Regiment have seen extensive wartime combat with neighbouring India during all of the Indo-Pakistani wars that have occurred since the Partition of India in 1947. Outside of the subcontinent, the regiment's elements have also served overseas, having been deployed to Saudi Arabia in the Middle East and to Somalia in Eastern Africa as part of the 1990s United Nations humanitarian peacekeeping force in Somalia. In the latter deployment, Frontier Force battalions participated in the Battle of Mogadishu in 1993.
The battalions are divided under independent formations and are commanded by their formation commander. Training and record-keeping is undertaken by the regimental depot, which is usually directed by a brigadier. The regiment's highest-ranking officer is given the honorary title of Colonel-Commandant (usually for Lieutenant-Generals) or "Colonel-in-Chief" (for the Chief of Army Staff or Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee).
Origins
The Frontier Force Regiment came into being in 1957 with the amalgamation of the Frontier Force Regiment, the Frontier Force Rifles and the Pathan Regiment, all of which had their origins in the British Indian Army. During the 1840s, after the first and second Anglo-Sikh Wars, Colonel Sir Henry Lawrence, the Honourable East India Company's agent to the Lahore Durbar (brother of the later Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab Sir John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence) sanctioned the raising of the Corps of Guides and a number of infantry regiments by incorporating veterans from the disbanded Sikh Khalsa army. During the early 1850s some of Lawrence's Sikh regiments were designated the "Punjab Irregular Force", giving rise to the "Piffer" nickname which the Regiment carries to the present day, and through a series of reorganisations that culminated in 1922, these units would eventually become the 12th Frontier Force Regiment and 13th Frontier Force Rifles. The use of the pre-fixing regimental numbers was discontinued in 1945, the two regiments becoming the Frontier Force Regiment and the Frontier Force Rifles, and both regiments were transferred to Pakistan by the United Kingdom in 1947, on the independence to British India.
The Pathan Regiment was raised after independence from the 4th Battalion of the Frontier Force Regiment and the 4th and 15th Battalions of the Frontier Force Rifles. Initially the regimental depot was at Dera Ismail Khan but it relocated to Kohat in 1949 and was later merged into the Frontier Force Regiment with its regimental depot at Abbottabad. Fifteen of the modern Frontier Force Regiment's 52 battalions trace their origins back to British Indian Army units, as tabulated below.
Composition
At present, the Frontier Force Regiment musters 67 infantry battalions, some of which are mechanised or motorised with the remainder known colloquially as "foot infantry". Each battalion is subdivided into four companies, normally named Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, and Delta. The regiment also includes armoured and artillery units, established from among its strength. All Piffer battalions serve alongside other Pakistan Army units in mixed formations; operational control resides with the appropriate brigade, whereas administrative control remains with the Frontier Force regimental depot. The regiment recruits mostly from the Pashtun tribes of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, although officers and other ranks from all over Pakistan have served and continue to serve in the regiment. Prior to 2000, the Piffers had been standardised to include equal numbers of Pashtuns and Punjabis in its non-officer ranks, but in 2000, this composition was amended to include 10% Sindhis and 5% Balochis, reducing the quota of Punjabis to 35%. This measure was intended to diminish segregation within the Army.
Headquarters
The regiment is currently based in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa's city of Abbottabad, which also houses the depots of the Baloch Regiment and the Army Medical Corps. The city was originally the headquarters of the Frontier Force Rifles prior to their merger with the Frontier Force Regiment and the Pathan Regiment (then based at Sialkot and Kohat respectively). The Abbottabad depot is responsible for the regiment's basic recruit training. Initially recruits are trained for a period of 36 weeks. Since 1981 has housed the Piffer Museum, which records the Piffer's regimental history. The museum's collection includes medals, weapons, dress and insignia, portraits and flags, history books, albums, paintings, cutlery and musical instruments. Abbottabad is also home to the Piffer Memorial, a tall obelisk built of sandstone known as Yadgar-e-Shuhada. This was originally erected at Kohat by Field Marshal William Birdwood on 23 October 1924 in the memory of those killed in World War I, but in 1964 on the orders of the then Commander-in-Chief General Muhammad Musa, it was moved to Abbottabad. It was unveiled in Abbottabad in April 1965. A Roll of Honour is displayed around the memorial on plates, and wreath-laying ceremonies are held on important national days and by visitors. Later a replica of the memorial was built at its original location at Kohat in 2001.
Kashmir dispute
Since independence in 1947, India and Pakistan have fought three major wars and one minor war, and have been involved in an ongoing conflict since 1984. The casus belli for most of these is the dispute between the two countries over the status of the state of Kashmir. Piffers participated in each of these conflicts with the participation in the war of 1947 by its founding formations.
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
Concerned by what it saw as Indian attempts to absorb the disputed region of Kashmir, in 1965 Pakistan launched Operation Gibraltar to foment a popular uprising against Indian control in Jammu and Kashmir. However, the operation did not produce the hoped-for results, and following a period of escalating clashes between Indian and Pakistani troops and irregulars from April to September, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 began. Also known as the Second Kashmir War (the first having been fought in 1947), the five-week conflict led to territorial gains and losses, and caused thousands of casualties, on both sides, before ending in a United Nations mandated ceasefire followed by Russian mediation.
The Frontier Force Regiment's units participated in the war in all active sectors along the Indo-Pakistani border, including Kashmir, Chhamb, Sialkot, Lahore, Khemkaran and Rajasthan. The 6th and 12th FF were involved in the advance on the Chhamb–Jaurian–Akhnur axis, and the 6th FF also fought in the Badiana-Chawinda-Pasrur axis, along with the Guides Cavalry, the 11th Cavalry, 1st SP Artillery and the 3rd, 4th, 9th, 13th and 14th FF, where the largest tank battle at that time since World War II was fought. The 3rd FF Battalion, while defending the border opposite Maharajke, was run over by the Indian Army's armoured division. The 7th, 11th, 15th and 16th FF took part in the defence of Lahore; the 1st, 2nd, 5th and 10th FF took part in the capture of Khem Karan in the Kasur Sector, and the 8th and 18th FF made significant gains in the Rajhistan Sector. Some fighting continued after the ceasefire, and two months later in the Rajhistan Sector, the 23rd FF re-captured the Sadhewala Post. The three Piffer armoured regiments successfully repulsed the Indian offensive in the Sialkot sector, while the Guides Cavalry turned back repeated assaults from India's 1st Armoured Division. Another armoured regiment (the 11th Cavalry) also fought at Chhamb as part of the newly raised 6th Armoured Division. The 1st SP Field Artillery, while providing fire support in the battle of Chawinda, lost their commanding officer Lieutenant Colonel Abdul Rehman. Recognizing their combat performance, the unit was authorised to wear red piping on their collars.
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
In 1971, following a divisive election result, civil war broke out in the former East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) between the West Pakistani administrative authorities and the majority local population. India, to where many of East Pakistan's exiled political leaders and refugees from the fighting had fled, provided support for the dissidents including arming and training a Bangladeshi irregular force (the Mukti Bahini). To relieve pressure on their forces in the east, in December 1971 Pakistani forces launched a pre-emptive attack on India from the west, which was only partially successful and met with massive retaliation. Fighting on two fronts, Pakistan agreed to a ceasefire after the surrender of her forces in the east and territorial losses in the west (later ceded back to Pakistan following the 1972 Simla Agreement).
Piffer units fought in both east and west. The 31st FF, Pakistan's first national service battalion, raised in November 1971 just before the war, was deployed at Lahore and in the Khemkaran Sector. In East Pakistan, the 4th and 13th FF were present at the Battle of Hilli, where 4th FF held its position until ordered out. Major Muhammad Akram of the 4th FF was posthumously awarded Pakistan's highest award for gallantry, the Nishan-e-Haider. Other units which operated from East Pakistan were the 12th, 15th, 22nd, 24th, 25th, 26th, 30th and 38th FF. They became prisoners of war once Dhaka fell to the Indian army in December 1971.
In West Pakistan, the 11th Cavalry saw heavy fighting in the Chhamb sector. The 2nd FF Battalion, while defending Shisabladi post at Kashmir sector, drove back an Indian brigade. Along with 2nd FF 3rd, 5th, 17th and 33rd FF also operated in the Kashmir sector. In the Sialkot sector, the 19th, 23rd, 27th, 29th, 35th and 37th FF took part in fighting. The 35th FF Battalion suffered heavy casualties in an offensive at Jarpal, the area captured a day before. An Indian commander, Lieutenant-Colonel V P Airy, of the 3rd Grenadier Guards who fought against 35th FF said: "35 FF's immortal attack won their commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Akram Raja, a posthumous Hilal-i-Jur'at, with the highest compliment a gallant soldier could receive".
The 8th and 18th FF fought on the Lahore front. In the Sulemanki sector, the 6th FF gained fame when it captured the Beriwala Bridge on Sabuna Drain on 3 December and repulsed five attempts by opposition forces to retake it. Major Shabbir Sharif, a holder of the Sitara-e-Jurat from the 1965 conflict, was awarded a posthumous Nishan-e-Haider. The 36th FF also fought in the Sulemanki sector, and the 20th, 21st, and 39th FF saw action in the Rajhisthan sector. After enemy offensive the 21st and 39th FF withdrew from Parbat Ali, a stronghold in that sector.
Siachen conflict
As a result of a vague demarcation of territory in the 1972 Simla Accord, both Pakistan and India lay claim to the Siachen Glacier, which lies in the eastern Karakorum mountain range at altitudes of up to . Following a period of tension, in April 1984 the Indian Army launched Operation Meghdoot with the aim of capturing the glacier. Pakistan responded in kind, but Indian troops had already occupied the major mountain passes west of the glacier and captured many strategic points. Both countries established military posts, and from 1984 until 2003, intermittent fighting took place. The conflict is remarkable for the harsh conditions under which it was fought—on average, one Pakistani soldier died every fourth day, with most of the casualties caused by the severe climate.
A number of Piffer units were deployed to the world's highest battleground, including the 3rd, 4th, 8th, 24th, 26th, 28th, 31st, 36th, 38th, 39th and 47th FF. In addition, some Northern Light Infantry Battalions, who were the first to arrive, were led by Piffer officers. Frontier Force casualties in the conflict include three officers, two junior commissioned officers, and 81 other ranks killed in action.
Kargil War
The town and district of Kargil in Jammu and Kashmir lies on the Line of Control (LOC), the de facto border between Pakistan and India in the Kashmir region. In May 1999 elements in the Pakistan Armed Forces covertly trained and sent troops and paramilitary forces into Indian territory. The aim was to sever the link between Kashmir and Ladakh, and cause Indian forces to withdraw from the Siachen Glacier, thus forcing India to negotiate a settlement of the broader Kashmir dispute. The Kargil Conflict was triggered when Pakistan occupied around 130 Indian observation posts on the Indian side of the LOC. As India responded, regular Pakistan army units were called up.
The 19th, 33rd, 38th and 44th FF Battalions, and some Piffer officers serving in Northern Light Infantry battalions, participated in the conflict. In total four officers and twenty four other ranks were killed in action. The war ended after the then Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawaz Sharif, agreed to call the troops back on 4 July 1999, after meeting with U.S President Bill Clinton.
International duty
Operations
The Frontier Force Regiment has served outside Pakistan in various multinational and peacekeeping roles. From 1981 to 1988, the Piffer's mechanised infantry battalions were stationed at Tabuk, Saudi Arabia, as part of a Pakistani armoured brigade allocated for the defence of the Islamic holy land. However, the brigade was withdrawn after the Government of Pakistan was unable to accede to a Saudi request that only Sunnis be included in the troops sent to their land. Then President of Pakistan, General Zia-ul-Haq said, there was no discrimination in the Pakistan Armed Forces.
Pakistan formed part of the multinational coalition force that participated in the 1991 Gulf War. Deploying up to 5,500 troops in a strictly defensive role, the Pakistani contingent included the 63rd FF Battalion, which was stationed at Tabuk and Arar until the cessation of hostilities. The early 1990s also saw Pakistan's increased participation in UN peacekeeping operations. In 1992, the 7th FF Battalion spearheaded the UN military mission to Somalia. The US Marine landing on Mogadishu beach was in an area secured by the 7th FF, and the 5th, 8th and 15th FF were also deployed to the region. On 3 October 1993, the 15th FF's Quick Reaction Force participated in the Pakistani-led rescue operation of a force of US Rangers that had become pinned down in Mogadishu; contrary to the fictionalised depiction of events in the movie Black Hawk Down, a number of Rangers were taken to safety in the 15th's armoured personnel carriers.
Following the operation the United Nations Secretary General's Special Representative, Admiral Jonathan Howe and UNOSOM Force Commander, Lieutenant General Çevik Bir appreciated Pakistani troops' efforts and thanked them for helping the US troops. Major General Thomas M. Montgomery, Deputy Commander of the United Nations Forces in Somalia while praising Pakistani forces' said in a television interview, "Many of the soldiers are alive today because of the willingness and skill of the Pakistani soldiers who worked jointly in a rescue operation with Malaysian and American soldiers in most difficult and dangerous combat circumstances. Such splendid soldiers to Somalia who we feel proud to serve with. Pakistani soldiers have been completely dependable even in the most difficult circumstances. They have shouldered a huge and dangerous load for UNOSOM and the Somali people."
Exercises
The 35th FF Battalion participated in Cambrian Patrol and won Gold medal in 2010. Cambrian Patrol is a three-day military exercise organized by 160th (Wales) Brigade (part of 5th Infantry Division) of the British Army in Wales. The exercise involves various military drills including: Battle Procedure, Orders, Infiltration, Target Reconnaissance, Support to Friendly Forces, Battlefield Drills, Exfiltration, and Debriefing. The other participant countries include USA, Canada, Germany, France, India.
Commanders
Colonels in Chief
The officers of the regiment who are promoted to the designation of Chief of Army Staff are known as Colonels in Chief. It is an honorary appointment. The FF regiment has only the following Colonels in Chief since its formation.
King George VI, 1937-1952
General Muhammad Musa HJ, HPk, HQA, MBE
General Abdul Waheed Kakar, HI (M), SBt. 18 May 1993 – 17 May 1997
General Raheel Sharif, NI (M) 29 November 2013 – 29 November 2016
General Syed Asim Munir Ahmad Shah, HI (M), 29th November 2023-present
Colonel Commandants
The Colonel Commandant is an honorary designation given to the highest-ranked officer in service of the regiment. The Colonel Commandants since the creation of the regiment are listed below:
Battle honours
Piffers have won many honours for their gallantry deeds in each battle. They were also awarded foreign medals before the independence of Pakistan, including Victoria Cross. The Pakistani medals and honours bestowed upon Piffers are listed here:
Nishan-e-Haider recipients
Nishan-e-Haider is the highest military award given posthumously for valour, in Pakistan. The recipients of Nishan-e-Haider from the Frontier Force Regiment are:
Major Muhammad Akram (4th FF)
When the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 broke out, Major Muhammad Akram was commanding a company of 4th FF Battalion. His company was involved in the Battle of Hilli. On the opposite side India had an Infantry brigade with the support of a tank squadron which were making way for the 20th Mountain Division. Major Akram and his men fought for a whole fortnight against enemy who was superior both in number and fire power. Hilli was the only battle sector where the fight continued even after the Fall of Dhaka on 16 December 1971. Major Akram died in action while defending in an epic manner after defying surrender. For his sacrifice he was posthumously awarded Nishan-e-Haider.
Major Shabbir Sharif (6th FF)
On 3 December 1971, Major Shabbir Sharif who was commanding a company of 6th FF Regiment near Sulemanki headworks, was assigned the task of capturing the high ground overlooking the Gurmukh Khera and Beriwala villages in the Sulemanki sector. On the opposite side India had more than a company of the Assam Regiment which was supported by a squadron of tanks.
Also among the hurdles were an enemy minefield and a defensive canal, wide and deep. Shabbir Sharif succeeded in capturing the area by early evening on 3 December. In this fight 43 Indian soldiers were killed, 28 were taken prisoner and four tanks were destroyed.
Shabbir Sharif repelled repeated counterattacks by the opposing forces for the next three days and nights and kept strategically better position, holding two Indian battalions at bay. On the night of 5 December/ 6, during one of the enemy attacks, Sharif hopped out of his trench, killed the enemy Company Commander of 4th Jat Regiment and recovered important documents from his possession. In another attack on the morning of 6 December, Shabbir Sharif took over an anti-tank gun from his gunner, and while engaging enemy tanks, he was killed in action by a direct hit from a tank. Major Shabbir Sharif already a recipient of Sitara-e-Jurat, was posthumously awarded Nishan-e-Haider for his sacrifice.
Hilal-i-Jur'at recipients
Hilal-i-Jur'at is the second highest military award given for valour to Armed forces personnel of Pakistan. Piffers who received Hilal-i-Jur'at are:
Major General Mian Hayaud Din
General Muhammad Musa
Lieutenant Colonel Muhammad Akram Raja (Shaheed)
Sitara-e-Jurat recipients
Sitara-e-Jurat is the third highest military award given for valour to Armed forces personnel of Pakistan. Piffers who received Sitara-e-Jurat are:
Major Muhammad Akbar Khan for Taitwal Sector 1948 (First recipient of SJ of Pakistan)
Second Lieutenant Shabbir Sharif of 6th FF (for Chhamb Sector 1965)
Captain Abdul Jalil (Shaheed) of 12th FF (for Sector 4 Kalidhar 1965)
Brig Mir Ijaz Mehmood (Tony) of
23rd FF
(for Rajistan Sadehwala sector 1965)
Brigadier Muhammad Yamin Khokhar of 13th FF & 23rd FF (1971 war)
Lt Col Samin Jan Babar of 23rd FF
(SJ & Bar) (1965&1971)
Captain Mujeeb Faqrullah Khan of 25th FFR (for Chamb-Jorian Sector 1971)
Lt. Col. Khalid Nazir, 40th FF/12 NLI/SSG (Kargil Sector 1999)
Capt Ammar Hussain Shaheed, 63rd FF- SSG (Kargil Sector 1999)
Col Amir Nawaz Khan of 13th FF (1971 war)
VC recipients
The Victoria Cross is the highest battle order of Britain, awarded for valour. As the Frontier Force regiment still maintains the lineage of its predecessor regiments, so this award was received by following Piffers:
General John Watson (1st Punjab Cavalry)
General Dighton Probyn (2nd Punjab Cavalry)
Captain Henry William Pitcher (1st Punjab Infantry (P.I.F))
Lieutenant Walter Hamilton (Corps of Guides)
Major General William John Vousden (5th Punjab Cavalry)
Lieutenant Hector Lachlan Stewart MacLean (Guides)
Lieutenant William Bruce (59th Scinde Rifles)
Captain Eustace Jotham (51st Sikhs)
Subadar Mir Dast (55th Coke's Rifles)
Captain Godfrey Meynell (Guides)
Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Edward Cumming (2nd bn 12th Frontier Force Regiment)
Jemadar Prakash Singh Chib (14/13 Frontier Force Rifles)
Havildar Ali Haidar (6th Royal bn 13th Frontier Force Rifles) later 1stFF
MC recipients
The Military Cross is the third highest battle honour of Britain, awarded for valour. The Frontier Force regiment still maintains the lineage of its predecessor regiments so this award was received by following Piffers:
Major Amar Singh (1/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Major Himmat Singh Sandhu (1/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Jemadar Nurab Shah (1/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Major T. L. R. G. Dodwell (1/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Subadar Mansabdar Khan (1/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Captain Atta Ullah (1/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Jemadar Dhanna Singh (1/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Lieutenant Harbans Singh, I.A.M.C (1/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Major D. A. T. Wilson (1/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Jemadar Feroze Khan (1/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Major D. E. Redsull (1/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Subedar Sadhu Singh Malhi (1/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Major D. Monckton (1/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Jemadar Mohinder Singh (1/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Subadar Mian Gul (1/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Jemadar Amir Shah (1/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Major G. J. Hawkins (2/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Subedar-Major Rai Singh (2/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Captain J. M. Ricketts (2/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Jemadar Ram Singh (2/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Captain S. H. Raw (3/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Jemadar Neuroze Khan (3/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Captain D. C. R. Stewart (3/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Major N. O. Finnis (3/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Captain E. G. D. Heard (3/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Captain Buta Singh (3/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Captain L. B. H. Reford (3/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Jemadar Santa Singh (3/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Subedar Pahlwan Khan (3/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw (then Captain) (4/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Lieutenant G. F. Bond (4/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Major P. C. Gupta (4/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Major J. W. Peyton (4/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Jemadar Qaim Shah, I.D.S.M (4/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Jemadar Udham Singh (4/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Jemadar Gul Mohd (4/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Subadar Bakhtawar Singh (4/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Captain P. Stewart (4/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Lieutenant General Attiqur Rahman (then Major) (4/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Jemadar Narain Singh (4/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Jemadar Phagga Singh (4/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Subadar Sultan Ali (4/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Subadar Bika Ram (4/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Subadar Mada Mir (4/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Major Amrik Singh (4/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Jemadar Nur Khan (5/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Jemadar Bakhtawar Singh (8/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Major D. D. Slattery (8/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Captain P. H. Meadows (8/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Lieutenant T. R. Walton (9/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Subadar Tarlochan Chand (9/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Captain A. M. Khan (9/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Captain J. D. Gosling (9/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Major General Mian Hayaud Din(9/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Jemadar Sultan Ahmed Khan (9/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Subadar Kartar Singh (9/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Major N. C. Rawlley (9/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Jemadar Ram Singh (9/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Captain Kehar Singh Rai (9/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Captain M. J. Moynihan (9/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Major D. G. Butterworth (9/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Jemadar Kishen Singh (9/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Major C. G. Ferguson (9/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Major J. W. Hodges (Machine-gun Battalion/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Captain R. H. Plant( Machine-gun Battalion/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Subadar Karam Singh (Machine-gun Battalion/12 Frontier Force Regiment)
Major General Adam Khan
Lieutenant General Rakhman Gul (then Major) ((2/13 Frontier Force Rifles))
Lieutenant General Bakhtiar Rana (then Major) (6/13 Frontier Force Rifles)
Legion d'Honneur recipients
Commandeur of the Légion d'honneur, the third of the five classes of the Légion d'honneur was awarded by the Republic of France for securing areas of Indo-China in 1946. The only Piffer to have received this distinction:
Major General Mian Hayaud Din
Legion of Merit recipients
This is the highest military decoration that may be bestowed by the US Government upon a foreign national. Piffers who received the Legion of Merit are:
Major General Mian Hayaud Din
Major General Mian Ghulam Jilani
Lieutenant General Raheel Sharif
Member of the Order of the British Empire (M.B.E.) – Military
This is the fourth class of the Order of the British Empire. Piffers who received the military division of the MBE are:
Major General Mian Hayaud Din
Lieutenant General Altaf Qadir
General Muhammad Musa
Motto and colours
The motto of the regiment is Labbaik, an Arabic word, which means Here I Come. It is commonly used as an invocation to respond to Allah's call for pilgrimage during Hajj, the annual Muslims pilgrimage. Before 1970, each Piffer unit had its own motto but on the whole the regiment had no motto, so it was decided at the Piffer Conference in 1970 to adopt Labbaik as the regimental motto. The official meaning of this motto is:
—making all preparations required for going to battle, and putting ones heart and soul into the endeavour, aimed at achieving the assigned mission.
Piffers wear the same basic khaki uniform as in other regiments in the Pakistan Army, although the rank colour differs with Piffer personnel wearing rank insignia that are black with a red background. They also wear a badge on the shoulder strap of the uniform with "FF Regiment" written of it that uses the same colour combination. The colour of the Piffers' beret is rifle green with the insignia of the regiment at front. The Sam Browne belt worn by members of the regiment, which was designed by General Sir Sam Browne, is black in colour. The battle dress uniform worn by the regiment is camouflage without any distinctions since inception of new CCD.
Alliances
– Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders; 1st Bn
– The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's Lancashire and Border); 1st and 15th Bn
– The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada (Princess Louise's); 1st Bn
– The Rifles; 2nd and 13th Bn
– The Royal Welsh; 3rd Bn
– Royal Anglian Regiment; 5th Bn
– Royal Irish Regiment (27th (Inniskilling) 83rd, 87th and Ulster Defence Regiment); 9th Bn
– The King's Own Calgary Regiment; 15th Bn
See also
Punjab Regiment
Baloch Regiment
Azad Kashmir Regiment
Sind Regiment
Northern Light Infantry Regiment
Mujahid Force
Footnotes
References
Bibliography
External links
The Frontier Force, before the independence of Pakistan.
Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth: The Frontier Force Regiment
Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth: 12th Frontier Force Regiment
Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth: 13th Frontier Force Rifles
Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth: The Pathan Regiment
[ Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth: Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides (Frontier Force) (Lumsden's)]
President Musharraf praises FF
Nishan-e-Haider Recipients of FF Regiment
British Indian Army infantry regiments
Infantry regiments of Pakistan
Military in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier%20Force%20Regiment |
bTV is the first private nationwide television channel in Bulgaria. It is operated by bTV Media Group, as part of Central European Media Enterprises, and is reportedly the Bulgarian television channel with the largest viewing audience. It was previously owned by Balkan News Corporation, part of News Corporation. On February 18, 2010, News Corp announced that it had agreed to sell 94% of bTV (along with bTV Comedy and bTV Cinema) to Central European Media Enterprises, after many months of negotiations. The US$400M deal was completed in the second quarter of 2010. bTV has a 37% market share in Bulgaria.
bTV is broadcast terrestrially in Bulgaria and by satellite internationally. Most of the channel's original content is available on its Internet site. bTV's first broadcast was on 1 June 2000 using BNT transmitters for Efir 2. The channel began broadcasting 24 hours a day on February 18, 2001, after having gradually extended its program. On October 7, 2012, the channel began broadcasting an HD version, and the old SD channel converted to 16:9 for most newer programs.
bTV is the leading channel in bTV Media Group along with - bTV Comedy, bTV Cinema, bTV Action, bTV Lady and RING. bTV also owns six radio stations - bTV Radio, N-JOY, Z-Rock, Classic FM, and Jazz FM.
Programmes
bTV airs reality shows like Idol (under the name Music Idol, 2007–2009), six seasons of Survivor (see Survivor BG, 2006–2009, 2014, 2022-), eight seasons of Got Talent (see Balgariya tarsi talant, 2010, 2012, 2014–2016,2019,2021-), the first two Bulgarian seasons of Dancing with the Stars (under the name Dancing Stars, 2008–2009), one season of Beauty and the Geek(2005), three seasons of Fort Boyard(2008-2010), two seasons of Psychic Challenge (under the name Yasnovidtsi, 2008–2009), one season of Lord of the Chefs, (2011), eight seasons of The Voice of... (under the name The Voice of Bulgaria, 2011, 2013–2014, 2017-), eight seasons of MasterChef (2015-2021, 2023), seven seasons of The Farm (under the name Fermata, 2015-) and TV games like Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? (under the name Tova go znae vsyako hlape" "Every kid knows that", 2007–2009). bTV also broadcast the Bulgarian version of ABC`s show The Dating Game under the name Love games (Gorchivo, 2007-2009). The first season of the Bulgarian version of the slovak TV show Modre Z Neba (Best wishes) was aired in the fall of 2012 under the name Predaj natatak i.e. Pass it on. The first season of the Bulgarian version of the German comedy show Schillerstraße was aired in 2013, under the name Mladost 5, that is the name of a quarter in Sofia. In the fall of 2013 bTV offered the viewers 4 brand new TV shows in primetime - the first season of the Bulgarian version of Star Safari under the name Afrika: zvezdite sigurno sa poludeli (i.e. Africa: the stars must've gone mad), the Bulgarian version of The Price Is Right - That's the price, a new culinary show - A Pinch of Salt (local version of Gordon Ramsay: Cookalong Live) and the Bulgarian version of the Italian comedy show Striscia la notizia under the name The Naked Truth (Golata istina). bTV also produces the Bulgarian versions of My mom cooks better than yours, Extreme Makeover: Home Edition (under the name Brigada: Nov dom), Hollywood Game Night (under the name Igrite na zvezdite), The Story of my life, Wife swap (Smeni zhenata, 2017–2020, 2022) , The Nikolas Tsitiridis Show from 2020, the Bulgarian version of The bachelor (Ergenat, 2022 -) and the Bulgarian version of Who wants to be a millionaire? (Stani Bogat, 2021-).
Popular American TV series such as Monk (all of the seasons), The O.C. (all seasons), Desperate Housewives (seasons 1–6), Ghost Whisperer (seasons 1–3), Grey's Anatomy (seasons 1–6), Battlestar Galactica (all the seasons), Alf (all the seasons), Friends (all seasons), Ally McBeal (all seasons), The Unit (season 1), The 4400 (season 1), American Heiress (all the episodes), The Middle (seasons 1–3), Nikita (seasons 1–2), Pretty Little Liars (seasons 1–2), The Vampire Diaries (seasons 1–3), The Lying Game (all the seasons), Two and a Half Men (seasons 1–9), Dallas (all seasons), Desire (all the episodes) and many others were or are also part of bTV's programme. A lot of Turkish series are still part of the schedule of television. In the Summer of 2011 bTV first aired a Korean series - Iris and in the Summer of 2013 again first aired an Indian soap opera - Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai and Diya Aur Baati Hum.
One of the most popular bTV show is Slavi's Show. It has been airing from November 27, 2000, to July 31, 2019, every workday from 22:30 to 23:30 EET with the host and producer Slavi Trifonov. The show has 4176 episodes. Other popular bTV shows are Before Noon (an everyday talk-show), The Comedians and friends (a comedy show), Paparazzi, Marmalad (a weekend game show), COOL...T (a lifestyle show) and others. One of the most successful bTV shows is the documentary reality - That's life - it has 12 seasons and is broadcast every Saturday or Sunday afternoon.
bTV News is the most watched newscast in Bulgaria. The first news emission was on the 18th of November 2000. The bTV News is broadcast workdays at 7:00, 8:00, 9:00, 12:00, 17:00, 19:00 and 23:00 EET and at 12:00, 19:00 EET during the weekends. The morning information blocs are This Morning (Monday-Friday), This Saturday (every Saturday), and This Sunday (every Sunday). bTV The Reporters and bTV The Documents are special shows for in-depth investigation and documentary series. bTV The Reporters is broadcast every weekend after of bTV The News airs - around 19:30 EET Other information shows are Face to Face (workdays, 17:30–18:00 EET) and Karbovski: Vtori plan.
The first Bulgarian TV series, produced by bTV was the Bulgarian remake of Un gars, une fille with its local title Her and Him. It has 3 seasons aired on bTV and its last, fourth season, was produced and aired on Fox Life. bTV also airs other home-made Bulgarian series like Glass Home with its 5 seasons. Its producer was SIA and Dimitar Mitovski. Other Bulgarian TV series, produced by bTV are Citizens in more, Seven Hours Difference, House Arrest, Where is Magi? (a remake of ¿Dónde Está Elisa?), Revolution Z, The Family, Relations and Where is My Elder Brother? and Rakia Sunrise (as part of The Slavi Show).
bTV International
On 1 June 2016 bTV launched an international version of the channel, aimed at the Bulgarian diaspora. The channel airs the publicists programming of bTV like "This Morning", "This Sunday/Saturday", "120 Minutes", "Face to face" and others, the news bulletins of the network, other lifestyle shows like "Before Lunch", "Marmalade", "Paparazzi" and "The Comedians", as well as reruns of bTV Media Group's original series. On 13 December 2016, the channel was registered for cable broadcasting in Bulgaria.
Logos
References
Television networks in Bulgaria
Central European Media Enterprises
Bulgarian-language television stations
Former News Corporation subsidiaries
Former WarnerMedia subsidiaries
Television channels and stations established in 2000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTV%20%28Bulgaria%29 |
The Congregation of the Most Holy Rosary of the Order of Preachers, better known as the Dominican Sisters of Sinsinawa is an American religious institute of the Regular, or religious branch of the Third Order of St. Dominic. It was founded in 1847. The General Motherhouse is located in Sinsinawa, Wisconsin.
History
The congregation was founded in 1847 by Samuel Mazzuchelli, O.P., (1806-1864) a pioneer Italian Dominican friar and missionary priest to the Upper Midwest. By the time of the founder's death in 1864, the community numbered nearly 25, and had blossomed to 100 within a decade. By the end of the century, the congregation had grown to almost 400 Sisters, and had begun to spread to work in schools throughout the region. Growth continued until the mid-20th century, when the congregation peaked at nearly 2,000 members in the 1960s. Like many other religious institutes, numbers then began to drop dramatically after the Second Vatican Council.
Overview
The motherhouse of the congregation, Sinsinawa Mound, has been called the "Hill of Grace". Since 1847, more than 3,200 women have ascended its slopes to take their vows as Sinsinawa Dominican Sisters, then departed to preach and teach the Gospel. Today, the Mound still serves as the motherhouse for about 250 sisters and more than 200 associates.
Apostolate
Sinsinawa Dominicans are called to proclaim the Gospel through the ministry of preaching and teaching to participate in the building of a holy and just society. These Dominican Sisters are associated with Edgewood College in Madison, Wisconsin (edgewood.edu), and Dominican University in River Forest, Illinois.
Ministry today
Direction 2023–28:
Sinsinawa Dominican sisters are dedicated to preaching and teaching the Gospel, believing that at the heart of ministry is relationship. The sisters are called to a wide variety of ministries: some are teachers, counselors, and caregivers. Others are doctors, lawyers, and pastoral ministers. They remain involved in more than 30 ministries at locations throughout the United States, Bolivia, and Trinidad and Tobago.
People
Sister Mary Clemente Davlin, a noted medievalist and advocate for campus diversity.
References
External links
Sinsinawa Dominican Sisters website
In Good Humor: Lighter Moments from Sinsinawa Dominican Sisters
Catholic Church in Wisconsin
Congregations of Dominican Sisters
Religious organizations established in 1847
Catholic religious institutes established in the 19th century
1847 establishments in Wisconsin Territory
Buildings and structures in Grant County, Wisconsin
Education in Grant County, Wisconsin
Tourist attractions in Grant County, Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican%20Sisters%20of%20Sinsinawa |
The Arya Chakravarti dynasty (, Sinhalese: ආර්ය චක්රවර්තී රාජවංශය) were kings of the Jaffna Kingdom in Sri Lanka. The earliest Sri Lankan sources, between 1277 and 1283, mention a military leader of this name as a minister in the services of the Pandyan Empire; he raided the western Sri Lankan coast and took the politically significant relic of the Buddha's tooth from the Sinhalese capital city of Yapahuwa. Political and military leaders of the same family name left a number of inscriptions in the modern-day Tamil Nadu state, with dates ranging from 1272 to 1305, during the late Pandyan Empire. According to contemporary native literature, such as Cekaracecekaramalai, the family also claimed lineage from the Tamil Brahmins of the prominent Hindu pilgrimage temple of Rameswaram in the modern Ramanathapuram District of India. They ruled the Jaffna kingdom from the 13th until the 17th century, when the last of the dynasty, Cankili II, was ousted by the Portuguese.
Theories of origin
The origins of the Aryacakravarti are claimed in contemporary court chronicles; modern historians offer some competing theories.
Pandyan feudatory family
From the thirteenth-century inscriptions commemorating dignitaries calling themselves Aryacakravartis in present-day Tamil Nadu we can deduce that they hailed from the coastal region of present-day Ramanathapuram District, which they called Cevvirukkai Nadu. They administered land and held important military ranks. It is believed that most of them belonged to one family of Tamil Brahmins in the modern Ramanathapuram District who had become prominent during the days of the Pandyan king Maravarman Kulasekaran. The kings of Jaffna Kingdom claimed the title Sethukavalar meaning "the guardian of Cetu".
Furthermore, the title Cakravarti seem to have been commonly used in the Pandyan kingdom as a caste or job title. Compound titles exist, such as Maravacakravarti that belonged to a Maravar chief as well as Malavacakravarti that belonged to a Malava chief. Ariyar in Tamil could denote a noble or a learned person, a Brahmin or alternatively a person from Aryavarta. Thus the title Ariyacakravarti seems to fit the structure of similarly used titles across the Pandyan kingdom. Inscriptions of 12th century mentions that the title Ariyacakravarti was a title earned in the military service under the Pandyan kingdom, the title is frequently referenced in the inscription of Maravarman Kulasekaran in Ramanthapuram.
Some of the dignitaries noted in the inscriptions are one Devar Arayacakravarti, Alakan Arayacakravarti, Minatungan Arayacakravarti and Iraman Arayacakravarti of whom Devar Arayacakravarti has at least two known inscriptions of which one at Sovapuri in Ramanathapuram in 1272 is the earliest. He caused a second inscription (1305) in Tirupulani in Ramanathapuram to be engraved thus indicating he was a minister or a feudatory. Notably the inscriptions also had the epithet Sethumukam signifying "in the order of Sethu."
According to a Sinhalese primary source Culavamsa, a warlord or minister named Aryacakravarti invaded the Sinhalese capital of Yapahuwa on behalf of the Pandyan king Maaravarman Kulasekaran between the years 1277–1283 and took the politically significant Buddha's tooth relic.
Brahmins from Rameswaram
The Cekaracecekaramalai written during the Aryacakravarti rule in Jaffna asserts that the direct ancestors of the Kings belonged to a group of 512 Ariyar (a Brahmin priestly caste) of the Pasupata sect of the Rameswaram Hindu temple. The source also claims that two out of the 512 were selected as Kings of Ariyars. It also explains that a direct ancestor of the kings was a scribe in the Pandyan kingdom and was called during a war with other kingdoms to assist the king, and that the ancestors of the kings fought in wars against kings in the Hoysala and Karnataka.
During Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan's rule the Pandyas overwhelmed their Hoysala enemies and killed the Hoysala monarch Vira Someshwara in 1254.
A study of their epithets, such as Teevaiyarkoon ("King of Teevai"), Kantamalayaariyarkoon ("Ariyan King of Kantamalai") and Ceetukaavalan ("Protector of Cetu") confirms their connections to Rameswaram Hindu temple, as Teevai, Cetu and Kantamalai are all names for the same location: Rameswaram.
Ganga dynasty
In the opinion of Rasanayagam Mudaliar and Swami Gnanapragasar the Aryacakravarti dynasty was connected to the Eastern Ganga Dynasty. Rasanayagam believes that a Brahmin from the town of Rameswaram married into the surviving family members of the Kalinga Magha, an invader claiming to be from Kalinga kingdom in India. Magha apparently belonged to the Eastern Ganga Dynasty. The Royal flag of the Jaffna kingdom is similar to the Royal insignia of the Eastern Gangas. Gangas themselves also claimed Brahmin origins. The Setu coins minted by the Aryacakravarti kings also have a similar symbol.
Swami Gnanapragasar believes that the first Ariyacakravarti also called Cinkaiariyan (Ariyan from Cinkainakar) was Kalinga Magha himself. Three main arguments are adduced to support the claim that these kings were of Eastern Ganga descent. The first is the similar device on their coins; the bull couchant and the crescent surmounting it were struck on coins issued by the Eastern Gangas and Ariyacakravartis. The second is the traditions of their origins are almost identical. The last is the assumption of titles Kangkainaadan (From the country of Ganges) and Kangkaiariyan (Ariyan from the Ganga dynasty). According to S. Pathmanathan's history of the Jaffna kingdom, these only establish similarity, but not any conclusive direct connections. Pathmanathan believes that we cannot categorically link the Aryacakravarti dynasty with Eastern Gangas and can explain most of the similarities based on influence, even Western Ganga Dynasty descendants who had moved into Tamil lands after their defeat by the Chola Empire around the year 1000 and interpret them simply as reflecting a claim of origin from the Hindu holy city of Varanasi on the banks of the holiest river Ganges.
Javaka-Kalinga invaders
S. Paranavitana offered a novel surmise explaining the origins of the Ariyacakravarti. According to him the Aryacakravarti are descendants of Chandrabhanu a Malay chieftain, who invaded the island from Tambralinga in 1247. According to him refugees and immigrants from the Indian kingdom of Kalinga founded similarly named Kingdoms in South East Asia, and some of them came due to various reasons to north Sri Lanka and founded the Jaffna Kingdom. This view has been refuted by noted Indian historian K.A. Nilakanta Sastry as having no credible evidence, and other historians such as Louis Charles Damais (1911–1966), an expert on Indonesian studies, Yutaka Iwamoto (1910–1988), a Buddhist scholar, and S. Pathmanathan. They assert that there were no kingdoms in South East Asia called Kalinga and such assertions are based on erroneous readings of the Chinese name for a locality called Ho-ling which actually stood for Walain not Kalinga. Further S. Pathmanathan asserts that Chandrabhanu had categorically claimed Padmavamsa lineage whereas S. Paranavitana had adduced a Gangavamsa lineage to the Aryacakravarti. Further he notes that the inscriptions that S. Paranavitana used to make his theory have not been deciphered by any other scholar to imply a Javaka connection to the Aryacakravartis.
Other sources
Contemporary chronicles
The earliest local Tamil chronicles on Jaffna Kingdom were composed in the Middle Ages. A prose work,Yalpana Vaipava Malai, compiled by poet Mayilvakana Pulavar in 1736, cites four earlier writings such as Kailaya Malai, Vaiya Padal, Pararasasekaran Ula and Rasamurai as its source. Of which Rasamurai (or list of kings) has not been found and all what we know about is through Yalpana Vaipava Malai. These, composed not earlier than the 14th century, contain folkloric legends mixed with historical anecdotes. But an astrological work, Cekarasacekara Malai, written during the rule of Cekarasacekaran V (1410–1440) by Soma Sarman has verifiable historical information and has been used extensively by historians from Humphrey Coddrington to S. Pathmanathan to reconstruct the kingdom's early history.
The Sinhalese chronicles, such as Culavamsa, Rajavaliya and a number of Sandesya chronicles, such as Kokila Sandesaya and Selalihini Sandesaya, have valuable information on the early and middle period of the kingdom, its activities and its eventual occupation by the rival Kotte Kingdom in 1450–1467. Culavamsa mentions in detail the arrival and the conquest of the Sinhalese capital Yapahuwa by a minister named Aryacakravarti during the period 1277 to 1283. It also mentions that the minister carried away the Budha's relic from the capital to Pandyan Kingdom.
The Rajavaliya a primary source written during the 17th century refers to the fact that the Aryacakravartis collected taxes from Udarata and southern lowlands.
The conquest by a certain Sapumal Kumaraya, a military leader sent by the Kotte king, seemed to have left an indelible impression on the Sinhalese literati. The victory of Sapumal Kumaraya is sung in the Kokila Sandesaya ("Message carried by Kokila bird") written in the 15th century by the principal monk of the Irugalkula Tilaka Pirivena in Mulgirigala. The book contains a contemporary description of the country traversed on the road by the cookoo bird from Devi Nuwara ("City of Gods") in the south to Nallur ("Beautiful City") in the North of Sri Lanka.
Inscriptions
Lahugala
Parakramabahu V (1344–59) a king of Gampola who ruled from Dedigama retreated to the southeast of the island, to a place called Magul Maha Viharaya in the Ampara District after a confrontation with the Aryacakravarti. This is evident from inscriptions in a place called Lahugala.
Medawela
The Medawala inscriptions dated 1359 found near a bo-tree at Medawala in Harispattuva reveal that Martanda Cinkaiariyan appointed tax collectors to collect taxes from the villages belonging to the Gampola kingdom.
Kotagama
The Kotagama inscriptions found in Kegalle District are a record of victory left by the Aryacakravarti kings of the Jaffna Kingdom in western Sri Lanka. The inscription was assigned to the 15th century by H.C.P. Bell, an archeologist, and Mudaliar Rasanayagam, based on paleographic analysis of the style of letters used. If this late date is to be accepted then this inscription stands in contrast to generally accepted theory based on Sinhalese literature that Alagakkonara the local chieftain who confronted the Aryacakravarti kings in 1391 was victorious in his effort.
Rameswaram temple
Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan or his successor is credited with an inscription dated 1414 in the South Indian Hindu temple Rameswaram about renovating its sanctum sanctorum. It indicated that the stones for the renovations were shipped from the city of Trincomalee in present-day eastern Sri Lanka. This inscription was destroyed in 1866.
Tenkasi Ten
The Tenkasi Ten inscription of Arikesari Parakrama Pandya of Tinnevelly who saw the backs of kings at Singai, Anurai,' and elsewhere, may refer to kings of Singai. Singai or Cinkainakar being the capital of Arayacakravartis and Anurai the name for any Sinhalese capital; it is dated between 1449/50 and 1453/54.
Travelogues
Marco Polo
Marco Polo was a Venetian trader and explorer who gained fame for his worldwide travels. These were recorded in the book Il Milione ("The Million" or The Travels of Marco Polo). He reached a port in the northern part of present-day Sri Lanka between 1292 and 1294. According to him the local king was an independent ruler who did not pay tribute to any other monarchs. He named the king as Cantheman, which is considered to be a corruption of Cinkaiariyan. Polo's was followed by a visit by John of Montecorvino, who was a Franciscan missionary, traveller and statesman. He wrote in December 1291 (or 1292), the earliest noteworthy account of the Coromandel coast furnished by any Western European. According to him, he saw the wreckage of sixty seagoing vessels in the general area of Jaffna.
Ibn Batuta
Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta was a Moroccan Berber scholar and jurisprudent from the Maliki Islamic law, and at times a Qadi or judge. He is best known as a traveler and explorer. He spent a few days as a guest of an Aryacakravarti in 1344 and wrote a detailed account of his encounter. According to him, the king controlled the economically important pearlfishing trade in the Palk Straights and had trading links with countries as far as Yemen. The monarch also spoke Persian and was located in the western coastal area of the island, in Puttalam region. He was also noted as receiving tribute of cinnamon from other southern rulers.
Giovanni de Marignolli
Giovanni de' Marignolli, a notable traveller to the Far East in the 14th century, came to Sri Lanka sometimes between 1330 and 1350. He wrote in great detail about the country, its peoples and customs. According to him, the northern part of the island was ruled by a queen, with whom he had many audiences, who also lavished him with precious gifts. This queen is considered to be the mother of an Aryackaravarti and a regent who ruled on behalf of her young son. The so-called "Catalan Map" drawn in 1375 also indicates that northern Sri Lanka was ruled by a queen. Before Marignolli, there was another traveler, Friar Ordrick, who landed in Jaffna in 1322; he also wrote about the prosperity of the kingdom. According him
Portuguese colonial documents
In his Temporal and Spiritual Conquest of Ceylon, Father Queroz records a tradition as
This rendition is fraught with many errors but the basic story line seems to fit the modern consensus. Father Queroz's time line is also anachronistic. The Aryacakravarti dynasty came to power long before the ascendancy of the Madurai Nayaks as well as the Brahmins of Rameswaram had established a temple even longer before. Also the Gujarati origin of the Kings paternal line also in not in conformance with native claims of origin from the city of Varanasi which is in today's Uttar Pradesh not in the historical Gujarat.
Current consensus
The current consensus held by historians such as S. Pathmanathan, Patrick Peebles and K.M. de Silva is that the Aryacakravartis were a Pandyan feudatory family that took power after the chaos created by the invasions of Kalinga Magha and Chandrabhanu. That the family was connected to the Ramanathapuram Hindu temple and was of Tamil Brahmin origin. It may have married into the family of Eastern Gangas or even for that matter the Chandrabanu's successors, but the direct undeniable evidence for it is lacking. The influence of Eastern gangas in its royal flag and the coins is indisputable. Kulingai Cakravarti mentioned by the Tamil chronicles of the Kingdom may have been Kalingha Magha.
Notes
References
Dynasties of Sri Lanka
Hindu dynasties
Jaffna kingdom
13th-century establishments in India
13th-century establishments in Sri Lanka
1619 disestablishments in India
1619 disestablishments in Asia
17th-century disestablishments in Sri Lanka
Transitional period of Sri Lanka | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryacakravarti%20dynasty |
Ronald Dekker (also spelled Decker, born 30 June 1966 in Deventer, Overijssel, Netherlands) is a former breaststroke swimmer from Netherlands. He was a specialist on short course, and won the silver medal in 100m at the 1993 FINA Short Course World Championships in Palma de Mallorca. He swam individual 100m and 200m breaststroke and 4 × 100 m medley and freestyle relays at the 1988 Summer Olympics with the best achievement of 7th place in the relay.
References
1966 births
Living people
Dutch male freestyle swimmers
Dutch male breaststroke swimmers
Dutch male medley swimmers
Olympic swimmers for the Netherlands
Sportspeople from Deventer
Swimmers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%20Dekker |
Robert Turner is an American professional poker player based in Downey, California.
Turner is known for introducing Omaha hold 'em into poker-playing circles. He introduced the game to Bill Boyd, who offered it as a game at the Golden Nugget Casino (calling it "Nugget Hold'em".)
Robert Turner created Live At The Bike and Legends of Poker, for the Bicycle Casino. Turner also created The Grand Slam of Poker at Hustler Casino and The National Championship Of Poker for Hollywood Park Casino.
In 1999 Turner created World Team Poker.
Turner began playing in the 1970s and has won a Best All-Around Player Award at least once per decade since. Turner won the 1986 Grand Prix of Poker.
Turner won a World Series of Poker (WSOP) bracelet in 1993 in the $1,500 seven-card stud event. He has also finished in the money of the $10,000 no limit hold'em main event on numerous occasions: 10th in 1991, 36th in 1992, 13th in 1993, 6th in 1994, and 97th in 2005.
Turner has worked as an executive host at several of the largest poker casinos, most recently at the Bicycle Casino and Crystal Park Casino in the Los Angeles area. He is the Poker Manager at the Normandie Casino in Gardena, California.
As of 2008, his total live tournament winnings exceed $2,100,000. His 28 cashes at the WSOP account for $568,357 of those winnings.
Notes
External links
Robert Turner Interview
American poker players
Living people
People from Downey, California
Sportspeople from Huntsville, Alabama
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
Super Bowl of Poker event winners
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Turner%20%28poker%20player%29 |
The People's Party or Populist Party () was a conservative and pro-monarchist Greek political party founded by Dimitrios Gounaris, the main political rival of Eleftherios Venizelos and his Liberal Party. The party existed from 1920 until 1958.
History
Gounaris founded the party out of the Nationalist Party in October 1920, after his return from exile in Corsica. Gounaris and his parliamentary candidates campaigned for the withdrawal of the Hellenic Army from Asia Minor, which it occupied under the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres in the aftermath of World War I. The party was triumphant in the 1920 Greek general election and formed successive governments under Gounaris, Nikolaos Stratos and Petros Protopapadakis.
However, it failed to live up to its promise to bring the troops back home and became more entangled in Asia Minor than their Liberal Party predecessors. To complicate matters further, after the death of King Alexander on October 25, 1920, it brought back exiled Constantine I which cost Greece the support of her former Entente Allies. Defeat in the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922) and the subsequent Asia Minor disaster put an end to its rule as Greek military leaders overthrew the government they viewed as responsible for the national catastrophe.
Its leaders, including Dimitrios Gounaris, were executed after a short trial and the party suffered great losses in the following elections. Nevertheless, it returned to power, in 1933 under the leadership of Panagis Tsaldaris and in 1935 played a leading part in the restoration of monarchy with the return of King George II.
After Panagis Tsaldaris's death in 1936, Konstantinos Tsaldaris led the party and in the legislative elections of 1946 it achieved a huge victory. The party supported the restoration of George II in the plebiscite of 1946, during a period of fierce civil conflict. Nevertheless, Konstantinos Tsaldaris resigned, in order that a government of national unity (centre-liberals and conservatives) could be formed under the leadership of the Liberal politician Themistoklis Sophoulis. This government with the participation of both the People's Party and the Liberal Party led the country during the civil war.
The People's party remained the dominant power of the right until 1950, but, in 1951, the Greek Rally of retired General Alexandros Papagos swept the election. A number of prominent Populists, including future Prime Minister Constantine Karamanlis, defected to the new party.
Relegated to the margins of Greek politics, the once-proud party fought an election for the last time in 1958. It was then dissolved by its last leader, Konstantinos Tsaldaris. The bulk of its supporters had already joined Karamanlis' National Radical Union, the successor of the Greek Rally.
References
Political parties established in 1920
Conservative parties in Greece
1920 establishments in Greece
Monarchist parties in Greece
Right-wing parties in Europe
1958 disestablishments in Greece
Political parties disestablished in 1958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s%20Party%20%28Greece%29 |
Protein C deficiency is a rare genetic trait that predisposes to thrombotic disease. It was first described in 1981. The disease belongs to a group of genetic disorders known as thrombophilias. Protein C deficiency is associated with an increased incidence of venous thromboembolism (relative risk 8–10), whereas no association with arterial thrombotic disease has been found.
Presentation
Symptoms
People with a mild protein C deficiency often do not exhibit any symptoms, even into adulthood. However, they are at higher risk for venous thromboembolism, especially deep vein thrombosis.
Babies with severe protein C deficiency may experience symptoms within hours or days of their birth. Some symptoms include blood clots primarily in the blood vessels of the limbs (purpura fulminans, disseminated intravascular coagulation), abnormal bleeding into affected areas, and large purple patches or spots anywhere on the body.
Complications
Protein C is vitamin K-dependent. Patients with Protein C deficiency are at an increased risk of developing skin necrosis while on warfarin. Protein C has a short half life (8 hour) compared with other vitamin K-dependent factors and therefore is rapidly depleted with warfarin initiation, resulting in a transient hypercoagulable state.
Pathophysiology
The main function of protein C is its anticoagulant property as an inhibitor of coagulation factors V and VIII. A deficiency results in a loss of the normal cleaving of Factors Va and VIIIa. There are two main types of protein C mutations that lead to protein C deficiency:
Type I: Quantitative defects of protein C (low production or short protein half life)
Type II: Qualitative defects, in which interaction with other molecules is abnormal. Defects in interaction with thrombomodulin, phospholipids, factors V/VIII and others have been described.
The majority of people with protein C deficiency lack only one copy of the functioning genes, and are therefore heterozygous. Before 1999, only sixteen cases of homozygous protein C deficiency had been described (two abnormal copies of the gene, leading to absence of functioning protein C in the bloodstream). This may manifest itself as purpura fulminans in newborn babies.
Diagnosis
There are two main types of protein C assays, activity and antigen (immunoassays). Commercially available activity assays are based on chromogenic assays that use activation by snake venom in an activating reagent, or clotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays. Repeated testing for protein C functional activity allows differentiation between transient and congenital deficiency of protein C.
Initially, a protein C activity (functional) assay can be performed, and if the result is low, a protein C antigen assay can be considered to determine the deficiency subtype (Type I or Type II). In type I deficiencies, normally functioning protein C molecules are made in reduced quantity. In type II deficiencies normal amounts of dysfunctional protein C are synthesized.
Antigen assays are immunoassays designed to measure the quantity of protein C regardless of its function. Type I deficiencies are therefore characterized by a decrease in both activity and antigen protein C assays whereas type II deficiencies exhibit normal protein C antigen levels with decreased activity levels.
The human protein C gene (PROC) comprises 9 exons, and protein C deficiency has been linked to over 160 mutations to date. Therefore, DNA testing for protein C deficiency is generally not available outside of specialized research laboratories.
Manifestation of purpura fulminans as it is usually associated with reduced protein C plasma concentrations of <5 mg IU/dL. The normal concentration of plasma protein C is 70 nM (4 µg/mL) with a half live of approximately 8 hours. Healthy term neonates, however, have lower (and more variable) physiological levels of protein C (ranging between 15-55 IU/dL) than older children or adults, and these concentrations progressively increase throughout the first 6 months of life. Protein C levels may be <10 IU/dL in preterm or twin neonates or those with respiratory distress without manifesting either purpura fulminans or disseminated intravascular coagulation.
Treatment
Primary prophylaxis with low-molecular weight heparin, heparin, or warfarin is often considered in known familial cases. Anticoagulant prophylaxis is given to all who develop a venous clot regardless of underlying cause.
Studies have demonstrated an increased risk of recurrent venous thromboembolic events in patients with protein C deficiency. Therefore, long-term anticoagulation therapy with warfarin may be considered in these patients. Homozygous protein C defect constitutes a potentially life-threatening disease, and warrants the use of supplemental protein C concentrates. Liver transplant may be considered curative for homozygous protein C deficiency.
Epidemiology
Heterozygous protein C deficiency occurs in 0.14–0.50% of the general population. Based on an estimated carrier rate of 0.2%, a homozygous or compound heterozygous protein C deficiency incidence of 1 per 4 million births could be predicted, although far fewer living patients have been identified. This low prevalence of patients with severe genetic protein C deficiency may be explained by excessive fetal demise, early postnatal deaths before diagnosis, heterogeneity in the cause of low concentrations of protein C among healthy individuals and under-reporting.
The incidence of protein C deficiency in individuals who present with clinical symptoms has been reported to be estimated at 1 in 20,000.
References
External links
Coagulopathies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20C%20deficiency |
David John Threlfall (born 12 October 1953) is an English stage, film and television actor and director. He is best known for playing Frank Gallagher in Channel 4's series Shameless. He has also directed several episodes of the show. In April 2014, he portrayed comedian Tommy Cooper in a television film entitled Tommy Cooper: Not Like That, Like This. In 2014, he starred alongside Jude Law in the thriller Black Sea. In 2022, he was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Play for his performance in the Martin McDonagh play Hangmen.
Early life
The son of a plumber/builder, Tom Threlfall and his wife, Joyce Foulds, David was born in Crumpsall, Manchester, Lancashire. The family lived in Blackley then moved to the Bradford area of Manchester and then Burnage when he was 8/9. His introduction to drama came from school and two English teachers, Alan Johnson and Frank Casey, at Wilbraham High School, where he was a contemporary of the younger Lorraine Ashbourne.
He studied at Art college in Sheffield (now Sheffield Hallam University), but only stayed for a year. A few months of labouring and thinking followed. Then, having consulted a magazine in a public library which listed drama colleges, Threlfall successfully applied to Manchester Polytechnic School of Theatre. By graduation, he had an audition with Mike Leigh.
Threlfall has been a supporter of Manchester City since childhood and was the voice over for the film played before every home game during the 2017–18 season.
Career
Threlfall graduated from the Manchester Polytechnic School of Theatre. He has notched up a wide range of film and television credits since his 1977 acting debut in "The Kiss of Death" (Mike Leigh). Was in the original Play for Today version of the film Scum as the eloquent Archer. Television appearances include Trevor in Mike Leigh's 1977 made-for-TV film Kiss of Death, Leslie Titmuss in Paradise Postponed, Edgar in the Granada Television production of King Lear (1983) opposite Laurence Olivier in the title role. He also had regular roles in the situation comedies Nightingales and Men of the World, and guest appearances in dramas such as Cutting It, The Knock, CI5: The New Professionals and Spooks. He played Prince Charles in Diana: Her True Story (1993) and his father Prince Philip in The Queen's Sister (2005). Threlfall played the central character of Frank Gallagher in Paul Abbott's Shameless, shown on Channel 4 for 11 series between 2004 and 2013.
He also played the role of Friedrich Kritzinger in the BBC/HBO drama Conspiracy, a dramatisation of the infamous Wannsee Conference. In 2006, he played the domineering husband of wartime diarist Nella Last, in the TV drama Housewife, 49. Film credits include John le Carré's The Russia House, Patriot Games, Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World, Elizabeth: The Golden Age, alongside Cate Blanchett, and Nowhere Boy in which he took the part of John Lennon's Uncle George.
He also had a small role in the 2006 film Alien Autopsy and played the character Martin Blower in the 2007 film Hot Fuzz, acting alongside Simon Pegg and Nick Frost. He starred in an episode of The Whistle Blowers. He starred as the lead role in the fifth episode of the BBC docu-drama series Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire as the Emperor Constantine I.
Threlfall voiced the part of Iago in Othello for the Arcangel audio production of same. He also voiced the detective Paolo Baldi in BBC Radio 4's Baldi. He also read Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness for a radio adaptation. In 1980, he played Smike in the eight-hour stage version of The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby for the Royal Shakespeare Company in both London and New York.
Other notable stage performances include Riddley Walker, Oedipus, Macbeth, Your Home In The West and Peer Gynt "The Count of Monte Cristo" all at the Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester, Bolingbroke in Richard II and Orgon in Tartuffe at the National Theatre in London. Frank McGuiness' "Someone Who'll Watch Over Me" at the Ambassador's Theatre 2005 for which he received an Olivier Nomination. Also Beckett's rarely performed "The Old Tune" with Niall Buggy directed by Trevor Nunn at Jermyn Street Theatre 2019 .Threlfall played Jack in When the Whales Came (1989), opposite Paul Scofield and Helen Mirren.
In 2013, he played retired London detective Len Harper in the short murder mystery BBC series What Remains alongside Russell Tovey and Amber Rose Revah.
In March 2016, he appeared as the lead in Don Quixote, at the Swan Theatre, Stratford for the [Royal Shakespeare Company where he is an Associate Artist]. The play was revived in 2018 at the Garrick Theatre in London. He is also a director of ATS (Artists Theatre School) started by Amanda Redman 24 years ago to help give young actors who cannot afford full time Drama School fees get exposure to training from industry professionals
Awards and honours
Threlfall was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from Manchester Metropolitan University on 15 July 2013. An Honorary Doctorate from Sheffield Hallam University in 2014. He has a SWET (Olivier) Award, 2 TONY nominations and an EMMY Nomination, The Clarence Derwent Award, 5 RTS Awards and a BAFTA for Housewife49 with Victoria Wood. Two Sony Radio Awards for playing Spike Milligan 2018 and Ken Dodd 2020
Personal life
Threlfall has been married to Bosnian actress Brana Bajic since 1995. They met in 1994, whilst working on The Count of Monte Cristo at the Royal Exchange Theatre in Manchester. They have two children.
Threlfall has said that despite his Shameless character being a chain smoker, in real life he is a non-smoker who has a dislike for nicotine.
Filmography
Film
Television
Theatre
Blackie, The Sons of Light by David Rudkin for the Royal Shakespeare Company at The Other Place, Stratford-upon-Avon (1977)
Jake, A&R by Pete Atkin for the Royal Shakespeare Company at the Warehouse Theatre, London (1978)
Fitz, Savage Amusement by Peter Flannery for the Royal Shakespeare Company at the Warehouse Theatre, London (1978)
Mike, Shout Across The River by Stephen Poliakoff for the Royal Shakespeare Company at the Warehouse Theatre, London (1978)
Mark Antony, Julius Caesar at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon (1979)
Slender, The Merry Wives of Windsor at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon (1979)
Viktor, The Suicide by Nikolai Erdman for the Royal Shakespeare Company at The Other Place, Stratford-upon-Avon (1979)
Smike, The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby adapted by David Edgar for the Royal Shakespeare Company at the Aldwych Theatre, London and then at the Plymouth Theatre, New York (1980)
Bolingbroke, Richard II at the Royal National Theatre, London (1985)
Riddley Walker, Riddley Walker by Russell Hoban at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1986)
Hamlet for the Oxford Playhouse at the Edinburgh Festival (1986)
Oedipus, Oedipus by Sophocles at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1987)
The Traveller by Jean Claude Van Itallie at the Haymarket Theatre, Leicester and then the Almeida (1987)
Macbeth, Macbeth at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1988)
Bussy D'Ambois by George Chapman at the Old Vic (1988)
Ian, Over a Barrel by Stephen Bill, Palace Theatre, Watford (1989)
Gregers Werle, The Wild Duck by Henrik Ibsen at the Phoenix Theatre, London (1990)
Micky, Your Home in the West by Rod Wooden at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1991)
The Count, The Count of Monte Cristo at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1994)
Lovborg, Hedda Gabler by Henrik Ibsen at the Chichester Festival Theatre (1996)
The Count, The Rehearsal by Jean Anouilh at the Criterion Center (1996)
Norman Nestor, Odysseus Thump by Richard Hope at the West Yorkshire Playhouse, Leeds (1997)
Garry Essendine, Present Laughter by Noël Coward at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1998)
Peer Gynt by Henrik Ibsen at the Royal Exchange, Manchester (1999)
Orgon, Tartuffe by Moliere at the National Theatre, London (2002)
Robert, Blue/Orange by Joe Penhall at the Duchess Theatre, London (2001)
Skellig by David Almond at the Young Vic, London (2003)
Michael, Someone Who'll Watch Over Me by Frank McGuiness at the Ambassadors Theatre, London (2005)
Don Quixote, Don Quixote adapted by James Fenton from the novel by Miguel de Cervantes at the Swan Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon (2016)
Cream, The Old Tune (Beckett Triple Bill) at Jermyn Street Theatre, directed by Trevor Nunn (2019)
Harry Wade, Hangmen by Martin McDonagh at the John Golden Theatre (2022)
References
External links
1953 births
Male actors from Manchester
Alumni of Manchester Metropolitan University
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
People from Crumpsall
Living people
Royal Shakespeare Company members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Threlfall |
Utba ibn Ghazwan al-Mazini () (–638) was a well-known companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was the seventh person to convert to Islam and participated in the hijra to Abyssinia, but returned to stay with Muhammad in Mecca before making the second hijrah to Medina. He fought at the battle of Badr (624), the battle of Uhud (625), the Battle of the Trench (627) and many others, including the battles of Yamamah.
During the caliphate of Umar (r. 634–644), Utba commanded a force of 2,000 men in a campaign against Ubullah which lasted from June through September 635. Once Uballah was occupied, Utba sent a force across the Tigris River which occupied the district of Furat, followed by Meisan and Abarqubaz. He was soon appointed governor of Basra (Iraq) by the caliph. In 639 Utba left for the Hijaz to perform hajj and to request Umar to relieve him of his office as governor. Umar refused, but while returning to Basra, Utba fell from his camel and died. He was succeeded by al-Mughīrah ibn Shuʿbah as governor.
Origins and companion of Muhammad
Utba born , the son of Ghazwan ibn al-Harith ibn Jabir. He belonged to the Banu Mazin, a minor clan from the Mansur ibn Ikrima branch of the Qays tribe in the Hejaz (western Arabia). Utba was a confederate of the Banu Nawfal clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. He became an early convert to Islam and companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was known to be the seventh person to embrace Islam and he participated in the two Muslim emigrations from Mecca to Abyssinia, as well as playing combat roles in the Battle of Badr and several of the raids led or ordered by Muhammad. Utba was married to a daughter of al-Harith ibn Kalada of the Banu Thaqif; according to al-Baladhuri her name was Azda, while according to al-Mada'ini her name was Safiyya.
Conquest of Iraq
During the caliphate of Abu Bakr (), the Muslims led by Khalid ibn al-Walid may have launched their first campaigns against the Sasanian Persians in lower Mesopotamia (Iraq), but these their gains were short-lived or limited. Abu Bakr's successor Umar () dispatched Utba to this front from the capital at Medina, which marked the commencement of the definitive conquest of Iraq. His force was relatively small, ranging from 300 to 2,000 men, according to the medieval Arabic sources. Its ranks were dominated by members of the Banu Thaqif, with whom Utba had marital links, and partly consisted of nomadic Arab tribesmen who joined Utba's army while it was on the move.
Utba launched an assault against the town of Ubulla and its 500-strong garrison of Persian cavalry. He set up camp at a nearby village called Khurayba, then bested Ubulla's defenders and occupied and plundered the town. He installed one of his lieutenants, his brother-in-law Nafi ibn al-Harith ibn Kalada, to guard the town, which he used as a base of operations against other Sasanian positions in the area. He and/or his lieutenant commanders al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba and Mujashi ibn Mas'ud al-Sulami thereafter captured the towns of al-Furat and Maysan and the districts of Abazqubadh and Dast Maysan, all located along the lower Tigris river banks.
References
Bibliography
638 deaths
Arab generals
People of the Muslim conquest of Persia
People from the Rashidun Caliphate
Companions of the Prophet
Year of birth unknown
6th-century Arab people
Rashidun governors of Basra
City founders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utba%20ibn%20Ghazwan |
Graeme David Porter (born 18 March 1955) is a former Australian international cricketer.
He played in two 1979 Cricket World Cup matches in England as a medium pace bowler taking three wickets at an average of 11.00. He also took 52 wickets in 32 first-class matches for Western Australia.
After retiring from professional cricket, he taught mathematics at Trinity College, Perth and at Kent Street Senior High School, where he also coached their cricket scholarship team. His son, Drew Porter, also played for Western Australia.
External links
Australia One Day International cricketers
Cricketers at the 1979 Cricket World Cup
Western Australia cricketers
1955 births
Living people
Australian cricketers
Cricketers from Perth, Western Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme%20Porter |
Zitadelle ("Citadel") may refer to:
Spandau Citadel (German: Zitadelle Spandau), a fortress in Berlin
Zitadelle (Berlin U-Bahn), a railway station serving the Spandau Citadel
Zitadelle Mainz, a fortress in Mainz
Operation Zitadelle, the German offensive operation for the Battle of Kursk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitadelle |
Olswang was an international law firm headquartered in London, United Kingdom and with additional offices in Reading, Brussels, Madrid, Paris, Singapore and, since 2011, Munich. It worked closely with a network of firms across eighty countries. The Lawyer ranked the firm 22nd largest in the UK by worldwide turnover in 2010. That year, the firm had over 600 staff, including 97 partners. David Stewart was the firm's chief executive. On 1 May 2017, Olswang merged with CMS Cameron McKenna and Nabarro to form CMS Nabarro Olswang LLP.
The firm's main practice areas included media, technology, telecommunications, real estate, corporate, intellectual property, commercial litigation and arbitration, finance, leisure, tax, EU and competition, and employment.
History
Olswang was founded in 1981 by Simon Olswang and Mark Devereux, who was the firm's senior partner. as a breakaway from property law firm Brecher & Co. Its early reputation was primarily based on film and media work. The firm grew rapidly through the 1990s, developing more of a focus on technology as well as media. In common with other professional service firms, Olswang converted to a limited liability partnership status under English law with effect from 1 May 2009.
Olswang merged with CMS Cameron McKenna LLP and Nabarro LLP on 1 May 2017 with the name CMS Cameron McKenna Nabarro Olswang LLP.
Olswang brought libel actions against Bill Browder on behalf of Pavel Karpov of the Russian interior ministry, over the Magnitsky story
Main areas of practice
Commercial litigation & arbitration
Corporate
Employment
EU & competition
Finance
Intellectual property (IP)
Leisure
Life sciences
Media
Real estate
Tax
Technology
Telecommunications
References
External links
Olswang's rankings in Chambers UK, Chambers Europe and the Chambers Student Guide
Law firms of the United Kingdom
Intellectual property law firms
Patent law firms
Law firms based in London
Law firms established in 1981
1981 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olswang |
The Fuji T-3 is a primary military trainer aircraft used by the Japan Air Self Defense Force, manufactured by Fuji Heavy Industries. Its first flight was in 1978. In the course of its service life, 50 units were produced. It is being replaced by the Fuji T-7.
Development
The KM-2B was a further development of the Fuji KM-2 (itself a four-seat development of the T-34 Mentor with a more powerful engine) for use as a primary trainer for the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF). It combined the structure and engine of the KM-2 with the tandem cockpit of the T-34 Mentor. Its first flight was on 17 January 1978. Fifty were purchased by the JASDF as the Fuji T-3, and production continued until 1982.
Operational history
The Fuji T-3 served with the 11 and 12 Hiko-Kyoikudan of the JASDF. It is currently being replaced with the Fuji T-7, a turboprop variant of the T-3. with a Allison 250 engine.
Operators
Japan Air Self-Defense Force
Specifications (T-3)
See also
References
1970s Japanese military trainer aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
T-3
Aircraft first flown in 1978 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji%20T-3 |
Dame Harriet Mary Walter (born 24 September 1950) is a British actress. She has performed on stage with the Royal Shakespeare Company, and received an Olivier Award, a Tony Award, five Emmy Awards and a Screen Actors Guild Award. In 2011, Walter was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) for services to drama.
Walter began her career acting with the Royal Shakespeare Company in productions of Twelfth Night (1987–88) and Three Sisters (1988), for which she received the Olivier Award for Best Actress. She received Olivier nominations for Life x 3 (2001), and Mary Stuart (2006). Her other notable work for the RSC includes leading roles in Macbeth (1999) and Antony and Cleopatra (2006).
She made her Broadway debut in the 1983 revival of the William Shakespeare play All's Well That Ends Well (1983). She returned to Broadway in Mary Stuart for which she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play. She reprised her roles of Brutus in Julius Caesar (2012) and the title role in Henry IV (2014), as well as playing Prospero in The Tempest, as part of an all-female Shakespeare trilogy in 2016.
Walter has acted in the films Sense and Sensibility (1995), The Governess (1998), Atonement (2007), The Young Victoria (2009), A Royal Affair (2012), Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015), Denial (2016), The Sense of an Ending (2017), Rocketman (2019) and The Last Duel (2021). On television she starred as Harriet Vane in the 1987 BBC Wimsey dramatisations and as Natalie Chandler in the ITV drama series Law & Order: UK from 2009 to 2014. She has also acted in Downton Abbey (2013–15), London Spy (2015), The Crown (2016), Patrick Melrose (2018), Killing Eve (2020), and Silo (2023). She has earned Primetime Emmy Award nominations for her roles in Succession (2018–2023) and Ted Lasso (2021–2023).
Early life
Walter was born in London, England. She is the niece of British actor Sir Christopher Lee, being the daughter of his elder sister Xandra Lee. On her father's side, Walter is a great-great-great-great-granddaughter of John Walter, founder of The Times. She was educated at Cranborne Chase School. After turning down a university education, she was rejected by five drama schools before being admitted to the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. Following her training, she gained early experience with the Joint Stock Theatre Company, Paines Plough touring, and the Duke's Playhouse, Lancaster.
Career
Walter worked with Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) productions Nicholas Nickleby (1980), A Midsummer Night's Dream (1981), All's Well That Ends Well (1981), The Castle (1985), A Question of Geography, Twelfth Night (1988), Three Sisters (1988), The Duchess of Malfi (1989), Macbeth (1999), Much Ado about Nothing (2002) and Death of a Salesman (2015).
In 1987, Walter was made an associate artist of the RSC. Additional theatre work includes Three Birds Alighting on a Field (1991), Arcadia (1993), Hedda Gabler (1996), Ivanov (1997) and Mary Stuart (2005).
Walter made her Broadway debut in 1983, when the RSC production of All's Well That Ends Well transferred there. In 1993, she starred as Biddy in the off-Broadway production of Three Birds Alighting on a Field, for which she received a Drama Desk Award nomination. She returned to the Broadway stage in 2009, when she reprised her role in Mary Stuart. In 2014, Walter starred as Brutus in an all-female off-Broadway production of Julius Caesar and received her second Drama Desk nomination.
Walter's films include Sense and Sensibility (1995), Bedrooms and Hallways (1998), The Governess (1998), Onegin (1999), Villa des Roses (2002) and Bright Young Things (2003). In 1987, she portrayed Harriet Vane in three installments of the BBC's A Dorothy L. Sayers Mystery, and played Detective Inspector Natalie Chandler from 2009 to 2012 in the ITV drama series Law & Order: UK. Other television roles include Waking the Dead (2001), Little Dorrit (2008), A Short Stay in Switzerland (2009) and Lady Shackleton in four episodes of the series Downton Abbey (2013–15).
In 2016, Walter played Clementine Churchill on the Netflix series The Crown, two episodes in 2017 in Call the Midwife and in a recurring role on the HBO series Succession (2018–23). In 2020, Walter joined the series Killing Eve.
Walter played Brutus in Julius Caesar in 2012, and the title role in Henry IV in 2014, in all-female productions at the Donmar Warehouse. Both productions transferred to Brooklyn's St. Ann's Warehouse in New York. She was set to reprise both roles, as well as playing Prospero in an all-female production of The Tempest, as part of director Phyllida Lloyd's Shakespeare trilogy at the Donmar's temporary, in-the-round, 420-seat theatre next to King's Cross station in 2016.
Personal life
Walter's was in a relationship with actor Peter Blythe from 1996 until his death in 2004. She married actor Guy Paul in 2011.
At the age of 20, Walter became a feminist and went "into political theatre; to try and put as much feminism into the interpretation of parts I was playing". She was conflicted on her damehood and nearly turned it down, but eventually decided to accept because "there are many fewer women [than men] who can sustain a career to the point where they can be named a dame, and that's not through lack of talent. It was a slightly political gesture". She supported the UK remaining in the European Union in the run-up to the 2016 EU referendum.
Walter, who is proficient in the Russian language, performed a reading at the 2022 Poets for Ukraine event alongside the likes of Juliet Stevenson and Meera Syal. In light of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, Walter was one of over two thousand to sign an Artists for Palestine letter calling for a ceasefire and accusing western governments of "not only tolerating war crimes but aiding and abetting them." She condemned the decision to rescind Caryl Churchill's 2022 European Drama Lifetime Achievement Award over Churchill's support of Palestine.
Walter is a patron of the Shakespeare Schools Festival, a charity that enables school children across the UK to perform Shakespeare in professional theatres; Prisoners Abroad, a charity that supports Britons imprisoned overseas and their families; and Clean Break, a charity and theatre company dedicated to sharing the stories of imprisoned women and transforming the lives of female offenders through theatre education.
Filmography
Film
Television
Theatre
1979, Royal Shakespeare Company, A Midsummer Night's Dream
1981/82, Royal Shakespeare Company, Helena in All's Well That Ends Well
1987/88, Royal Shakespeare Company, Imogen in Cymbeline
1987/88, Royal Shakespeare Company, Viola in Twelfth Night
1987/88, Royal Shakespeare Company, Dacha in A Question of Geography
1988, Royal Shakespeare Company, Masha in Chekhov's Three Sisters
1989/90, Royal Shakespeare Company, Duchess in John Webster's The Duchess of Malfi
1991, Royal Court Theatre (and Broadway transfer), Biddy in Timberlake Wertenbaker's Three Birds Alighting on a Field
1993, Royal National Theatre, Lady Croom in Arcadia by Tom Stoppard
1999 Royal Shakespeare Company, Lady Macbeth in Macbeth
2002 Royal National Theatre Paige in Dinner by Moira Buffini, co-starring Nicholas Farrell and Catherine McCormack
2005, Donmar Warehouse and West End, Mary Stuart by Schiller
2006, Royal Shakespeare Company, Antony and Cleopatra
2009, Mary Stuart, Broadway transfer
2010, Royal National Theatre, Women Beware Women
2012/13 Donmar Warehouse, Brutus in Julius Caesar
2014, Donmar Warehouse, King Henry IV in Henry IV.
2015, Royal Shakespeare Company and the Noël Coward Theatre, Linda Loman in Death of a Salesman
2016, Donmar Warehouse, Prospero in The Tempest.
Radio
Jeremy Hardy Speaks to the Nation
The Vortex by Noël Coward, BBC Radio 3, 2 January 2000, as Florence Lancaster
Scenes of Seduction, radio play written by Timberlake Wertenbaker and directed by Ned Chaillet, broadcast on BBC Radio 4 7 March 2005 – Catherine.
Desmond Olivier Dingle (as herself), broadcast on BBC7 on 28 February 2007, episode 2 of 6, duration 30 minutes
The Arts and How they was done (as herself), broadcast on BBC Radio 4 between 4 April and 9 May 2007, episodes 1 and 6 out of 6, duration 30 minutes
I, Claudius, broadcast on BBC Radio 4 December 2010 – Livia, wife of Augustus.
Guest in Desert Island Discs on BBC Radio 4 on 26 June 2011.
Time and the Conways as Mrs. Conway in BBC Radio 3's adaptation of J.B. Priestley's play, broadcast on 14 September 2014.
Honours
She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2000 New Year Honours and promoted to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2011 New Year Honours for services to drama.
In 2001 she and Kenneth Branagh were both given honorary doctorates and honorary fellowships at the Shakespeare Institute in Stratford.
Her performance in Mary Stuart at the Donmar Warehouse transferred to Broadway, where it was nominated for numerous Tony Awards, including Best Actress nods for her and her co-star Janet McTeer.
Bibliography
Clamorous Voices: Shakespeare's Women Today (1988). Women's Press, .
Players of Shakespeare 3 (1994). Cambridge University Press, .
Macbeth (Actors on Shakespeare) (2002). Faber and Faber, London.
Other People's Shoes (2003). Nick Hern Books, London. . Autobiography.
Facing It, Reflections on Images of Older Women (2010). Self Published, London.
Brutus and Other Heroines: Playing Shakespeare's Roles for Women (2016). Nick Hern Books, London.
References
External links
Company Members : Harriet Walter at the Royal National Theatre
Facingitpublications.co.uk
1950 births
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Living people
Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art
Audiobook narrators
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
English feminists
English film actresses
English radio actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
English voice actresses
English women writers
Laurence Olivier Award winners
Actresses from London
Royal Shakespeare Company members
English Shakespearean actresses
Actresses awarded damehoods
People educated at Cranborne Chase School
Walter family | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet%20Walter |
Henry Heitfeld (January 12, 1859October 21, 1938) was an American politician. A Populist, he served as a United States Senator from Idaho.
Early life
Born in St. Louis, Missouri, Heitfeld attended public and private schools there. He moved to Seneca, Kansas, then Pomeroy, Washington Territory, and finally to Lewiston, Idaho Territory, in 1883, where he engaged in agricultural pursuits and stock raising.
On November 25, 1884, he married Anna M. Jacobs (1861–1923), who was originally from Jacobs Prairie, Minnesota, southwest of St. Cloud.
Political life
Idaho gained statehood in 1890; Heitfeld was elected to the state senate and served from 1894 to 1897. He was elected as a Populist to the United States Senate in 1896, served a single term, and did not seek reelection in 1902.
Heitfeld was a candidate for governor in 1904 but was defeated by Republican Frank R. Gooding. The following year Heitfeld became mayor of Lewiston, serving until 1909.
From 1914 to 1922, Heitfeld was a registrar of the United States Land Office at Lewiston. He engaged in fruit growing during this period. At age 71 in 1930, Heitfeld returned to politics as a member of the Nez Perce County Commission, eventually serving as its chair. He retired in 1938 and moved to Spokane, Washington, shortly before his death. He was the last living U.S. senator to have served in the 19th century.
Heitfeld's funeral was in Lewiston at St. Stanislaus Catholic Church, and he was buried in Normal Hill Cemetery, next to his wife.
References
External links
1859 births
1938 deaths
Politicians from St. Louis
American people of German descent
Catholics from Missouri
People's Party United States senators from Idaho
Idaho state senators
Mayors of places in Idaho
County commissioners in Idaho
People from Lewiston, Idaho
People from Seneca, Kansas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Heitfeld |
Mr Brownlow is a character from the 1838 novel Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens. Brownlow is a bookish and kindly middle-aged bachelor who helps Oliver escape the clutches of Fagin. He later adopts Oliver Twist by the end of the novel.
The novel
Mr Brownlow is introduced when the Artful Dodger and his companion Charley Bates pick his pocket and Oliver Twist is arrested simply for "looking guilty". Later, in court, Brownlow discovers Oliver is completely innocent and, after dealing with the extremely agitated magistrate, Mr Fang, he takes him home fearing the boy to be very ill, which he is. He calls on a doctor, who after making frequent incorrect guesses to Oliver's condition, simply concludes the boy is recovering from a fever.
Brownlow's maid, Mrs Bedwin, is a kind old lady who immediately takes to Oliver upon his arrival. Later, when Grimwig, an old friend of Brownlow's, evaluates the boy and his condition, a boy arrives from the book shop but fails to take some other books that needed to be returned. Oliver volunteers to return them and takes off, much to the chagrin and doubt of Mr Grimwig, who is revealed to be cynical in nature, expecting the boy to return to his old life among the lower class and promises to "eat his head" should the boy return in 10 minutes. A watch is set down and the waiting begins. Later, after Oliver is captured by Nancy and Bill Sikes, it is revealed that much later, close to midnight, the two men are still waiting in the dark. (In the 1997 film version of the novel, Mr Brownlow asks Oliver to take a couple of books and some money and asks him to be back in half an hour, although Oliver says he will be back in 20 minutes.)
The next mention of Brownlow occurs when Mr Bumble rears him after he sees a notice in a newspaper that offers five guineas for any knowledge about Oliver's past or whereabouts; it was a sticky encounter. Mr Bumble at once tells Brownlow that Oliver was born from deplorable lineage and, ever since birth, Oliver has done nothing but display ingratitude and malice. He also mentions Oliver had attacked another boy without provocation and shows Brownlow reports to prove it. Brownlow does not want to believe it at first, but gradually comes to conclusion that Oliver had been playing him for a fool and requests Oliver's name should not be invoked in his household ever again. His housekeeper Mrs Bedwin, however, feels that Oliver was truly a good child and not a criminal.
When Oliver is taken in by the Maylies and asks the kind Dr Losberne to take him to Brownlow's home in London only to find the house is "FOR LEASE". The only clue to his whereabouts are from his neighbours mentioning the West Indies, saying he was looking for someone.
When Mr Brownlow returns to London, Oliver by chance spots him and can clear his name. Mr Brownlow is very happy about that and takes Oliver in once again, taking part in Nancy's plot to save Oliver from Fagin. At the end of the book, Brownlow officially adopts Oliver as his son.
Sources
Mr Brownlow's name and character generally believed to be derived from John Brownlow, the director of the Foundling Hospital, which was dedicated to looking after abandoned and unwanted children. Dickens, a regular visitor to the hospital, knew Brownlow well. Dickens scholar Robert Alan Colby argues that "in naming Oliver's benefactor Mr Brownlow, Dickens seems to have been paying a tribute to one of the most dedicated social servants of his age". In 1831, seven years before Dickens wrote Oliver Twist, John Brownlow had written a novel about an orphan called Hans Sloane - a Tale, which has a plot broadly similar to Dickens's later work. Several critics have suggested that Dickens took aspects of the basic plot of his novel from Brownlow's earlier work, so the name may have been a tribute for two reasons.
Variations
Brownlow is presented as Oliver's grandfather in David Lean's 1948 film version of the novel (actor: Henry Stephenson). This is also the case in the stage musical version. In the musical, after retrieving him from London Bridge, where Nancy is murdered while trying to return the boy to Brownlow, it is assumed that Oliver goes to live with him. However, this may vary between productions as in the latest revival, as in the 1968 film Oliver is taken hostage and subsequently saved when Bill is shot during his escape attempt (actor: Joseph O'Conor).
In the film version of Oliver!, Brownlow is made into Oliver's great-uncle, and the boy is saved, not at London Bridge, but from the rooftops of London, where Bill Sikes, who has murdered Nancy and taken Oliver as a hostage, has forced him to crawl out on a wooden hoist in order to loop a rope that Sikes intends to use in his escape. However, Sikes is shot by a police officer below, and Oliver is saved.
In Disney's Oliver & Company, Brownlow's variant is represented as a little girl named Jenny Foxworth (actress: Natalie Gregory), who is cared for by her butler Winston while her parents are on a business trip to Europe. She adopts the kitten Oliver after a failed heist and is the one who names him. Unlike the novel, after Oliver disappears, Jenny begins searching for him with the help of her dog Georgette (the film's version of Charlotte) and runs into Fagin who is moved by her plight and gives Oliver back. She is soon after kidnapped by Sikes and a chase ensues with Fagin, the dogs and Oliver rescuing her.
Portrayals
Actors who have portrayed Mr Brownlow in films and TV:
Lionel Belmore (1922 film)
Alec B. Francis (1933 film)
Henry Stephenson (1948 film)
George Cruzon (1962, TV serial)
Joseph O'Conor (1968 musical)
Michael Hordern (1982, TV film)
Frank Middlemass (1985, TV serial)
Anthony Finigan (1997, TV film)
Michael Kitchen (1999, miniseries)
Edward Hardwicke (2005 film)
Edward Fox (2007, miniseries)
References
Oliver Twist characters
Literary characters introduced in 1838
Fictional British people
Male characters in film
Male characters in literature
Fictional bibliophiles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr%20Brownlow |
(died 1592) Iida Yoshitake, a notable retainer of the Mori clan of the Aki Province. Yoshitake and Kodama Narikata both served as commanders of the Mori's naval fleet. During the Battle of Miyajima in the year 1555, Yoshitake participated in the transportation of the main Mori attack force to Miyajima. Along the Buzen and Chikuzen coasts, Yoshitake was also in numerous battles.
Iida Yoshitake
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iida%20Yoshitake |
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1991 throughout the world.
Events
UEFA Champions League 1991: Red Star Belgrade wins 5–3 on penalties over Olympique de Marseille after 0–0 draw.
FIFA Women's World Cup – United States wins 2–1 over Norway
For the first time since the Heysel Stadium disaster of 1985, English clubs are allowed to participate in competitions sponsored by UEFA, for the 1991–1992 season.
6 March – Feyenoord Rotterdam's coaching staff, led by Gunder Bengtsson and Pim Verbeek, is fired and replaced by former player Wim Jansen.
29 March – Diego Maradona is banned for fifteen months in the Italian Serie A after failing a drug test on cocaine.
18 May – Tottenham Hotspur wins 2–1 (after extra-time) over Nottingham Forest to claim the FA Cup.
2 June – Feyenoord Rotterdam claims the KNVB Cup by defeating FC Den Bosch in its own stadium, De Kuip. The only goal is scored by Rob Witschge in the 8th minute. The last seven minutes of the second half are cancelled due to hooligans invading the pitch.
5 June – Copa Libertadores is won by Colo-Colo after defeating Olimpia Asunción on an aggregate score of 3–0.
19 June – Slovenia plays its first ever international match, losing 1–0 to neighbouring Croatia in Murska Sobota.
25 September – Asgeir Eliasson makes his debut as the manager of Iceland with a 2–0 win over Spain.
4 December – Peter Bosz makes his debut for the Netherlands national football team, replacing striker Wim Kieft after 85 minutes in the game against Greece.
8 December – Red Star Belgrade wins the Intercontinental Cup in Tokyo, Japan by defeating Chile's Colo-Colo 3–0. Vladimir Jugović scores twice for the Yugoslavs.
Winner club national championships
Asia
AFC Champions League
1990-91 Winner: Iran - Esteghlal Runners Up:China - Liaoning F.C.
1991 Winner: Saudi Arabia - AlHilal Runners Up:Iran - Esteghlal
Europe
– Arsenal
– Olympique de Marseille
– Sampdoria
Eredivisie – PSV Eindhoven
Eerste Divisie – De Graafschap
– S.L. Benfica
: For full coverage, see 1990-91 in Scottish football.
Scottish Premier Division – Rangers
Scottish Division One – Falkirk
Scottish Division Two – Stirling Albion
Scottish Cup – Motherwell
Scottish League Cup– Rangers
– CSKA Moscow
– Barcelona
– Beşiktaş
– 1. FC Kaiserslautern
North American
– Vancouver 86ers (CSL)
– UNAM
– San Francisco Bay Blackhawks (APSL)
South America
1990/1991 – Newell's Old Boys
Apertura 1991 – River Plate
– Bolívar
– São Paulo
Paraguay – Sol de América
International tournaments
Baltic Cup in Klaipėda, Lithuania
CONCACAF Gold Cup in Los Angeles and Pasadena, United States
Pan American Games in Havana, Cuba
FIFA U-17 World Championship in Italy
Copa América in Chile
UNCAF Nations Cup in San José, Costa Rica
FIFA Women's World Cup in China
National team results
Europe
South America
Births
January
1 January:
Michael Lucky Kelechuckwu, Nigerian footballer
Stéphane Okou, Ivorian footballer
2 January
Luis Pedro Cavanda, Belgian footballer
Sergei Petrov, Russian football player
Davide Santon, Italian footballer
5 January:
Denis Alibec, Romanian footballer
Soner Aydoğdu, Turkish footballer
Rahel Kiwic, Swiss footballer
Dani Pacheco, Spanish footballer
7 January:
Eden Hazard, Belgian football player
Alen Stevanović, Swiss-Serbian footballer
8 January:
Jorge Enríquez, Mexican international
Emiliano Tabone, Argentinian footballer
21 January:
Mohammad Ghadir, Arab-Israeli footballer
Alfredo Ortuño, Spanish footballer
Luis Alfonso Rodríguez, Mexican international
24 January: Ali Kireş, Turkish footballer
26 January: Milad Fayyazbakhsh, Iranian footballer
February
3 February: Peter Pawlett, English footballer
8 February:
Nicholas Killas, South African footballer
Aristidis Soiledis, Greek footballer
Roberto Soriano, Italian footballer
14 February:
Daniela Mona Lambin, Estonian footballer
Chris Rowney, English club footballer
16 February: Sergio Canales, Spanish footballer
20 February:
Giovanni Kyeremateng, Italian footballer
Antonio Pedroza, English-Mexican footballer
Christopher Tvrdy, Austrian footballer
25 February: Marco Muraccini, former San Marino international footballer
March
5 March
Ramiro Funes Mori, Argentine footballer
Rogelio Funes Mori, Argentine footballer
14 March: Mladen Ličina, Serbian footballer
23 March: Jorge Iván Bocanegra, Colombian footballer
27 March: Jesse-Juho Kuusisto, Finnish footballer
April
11 April: Niall Canavan, English-born Irish footballer
20 April:
Dariusz Góral, Polish former professional footballer
Ondřej Kraják, Czech footballer
May
1 May
Abdisalam Ibrahim, Norwegian footballer
Bartosz Salamon, Polish footballer
11 May: Milton Raphael, Brazilian professional footballer
17 May: Aybars Garhan, Turkish footballer
20 May: Brandon Saldaña, American-born footballer
27 May: Filip Starzyński, Polish international footballer
June
3 June: Łukasz Teodorczyk, Polish international
13 June: Irvin Museng, Indonesian former footballer
21 June:
Gaël Kakuta, Congolese professional footballer
César Taján, Colombian club footballer
23 June: Fakhreddine Ben Youssef, Tunisian international striker
25 June: Luca Flavio Artaria, Italian professional footballer
28 June: Kevin De Bruyne, Belgian international
July
1 July: Lucas Vázquez, Spanish footballer
13 July: Khairu Azrin Khazali, Malaysian footballer
16 July: Andros Townsend, English international
21 July: Tuan Muhamad Faim, Malaysian footballer
23 July: Dedi Kusnandar, Indonesian footballer
24 July: Riku Matsuda, Japanese club footballer
August
12 August: Erik Fabbri, Italian footballer
15 August: Filip Mladenović, Serbian football player
20 August:
Arseny Logashov, Russian international
Luke O'Neill, English youth international
Mario Tičinović, Croatian youth international
25 August: Gershon Koffie, Ghanaian youth international
October
10 October:
Manuel Giandonato, Italian footballer
Xherdan Shaqiri, Swiss footballer
24 October: Torstein Andersen Aase, Norwegian striker
November
5 November: Stefan Ninčić, Serbian footballer
9 November: João Filipe Poceiro, Swiss footballer
25 November: Luca Tremolada, Italian youth international
December
5 December: Breno Matosinhos, Brazilian professional footballer
6 December: Arnold Mampori, Botswana footballer
7 December: Jermaine van Pijkeren, Dutch footballer
Deaths
February
24 February
Georges Capdeville (91), French football referee
Héctor Rial (62), Spanish footballer
March
9 March – Ely do Amparo, Brazilian defender, runner-up at the 1950 FIFA World Cup. (69)
May
31 May – Rubens Josué da Costa, Brazilian forward, Brazilian squad member at the 1954 FIFA World Cup. (62)
July
27 July – Gino Colaussi, Italian striker, winner of the 1938 FIFA World Cup, scoring two goals in the final. (77)
August
9 August – Schubert Gambetta, Uruguayan defender, winner of the 1950 FIFA World Cup. (71)
30 August – Adão Nunes Dornelles, Brazilian striker, runner-up at the 1950 FIFA World Cup. (68)
October
11 October – Pietro Ferraris, Italian striker, winner of the 1938 FIFA World Cup. (79)
November
15 November – Sylvio Hoffmann, Brazilian midfielder, Brazilian squad member at the 1934 FIFA World Cup. (83)
References
External links
Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
VoetbalStats
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%20in%20association%20football |
Mariamme was a city in the late Roman province of Syria I, corresponding to present-day Qal'at El-Hosn or Krak des Chevaliers.
The bishopric of Mariamme is no longer a residential episcopal see and is therefore included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees.
The first titular bishop was appointed to the see in 1923 in the person of Martín Rucker Sotomayor, who had been named the Apostolic Vicar for the Vicariate Apostolic of Tarapacá in Chile.
The current holder of the title is Claudiu-Lucian Pop, a curial bishop of the Romanian Greek Catholic Church.
References
Catholic titular sees in Asia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariamme |
Erich Schmid was a Swiss composer and conductor. He was born on 1 January 1907 in Balsthal, Switzerland and died on 17 December 2000 in Zürich. He studied composition with Bernhard Sekles at the Hoch Conservatory in Frankfurt and later with Arnold Schönberg. Among many other international conducting roles, he was chief conductor of the Tonhalle Orchestra, Zürich from 1949 to 1957.
Literature
Peter Cahn: Das Hoch'sche Konservatorium in Frankfurt am Main (1878-1978), Frankfurt am Main: Kramer, 1979. (Seite 268ff)
Chris Walton: "... in my duty to defend the truth", Erich Schmid in Schoenberg's Berlin Composition Class; in: Tempo, a quarterly review of Modern Music No. 218, Oktober 2001, p. 15-19, ill.
Chris Walton: Schoenberg's Alpine wanderer: Erich Schmid at 100; in: The Musical Times, no. 1897, Winter 2006, p. 5-22, ill.
External links
Erich Schmid Biography
Sound recordings of works of the composer from the archives of SRG SSR on Neo.Mx3
1907 births
2000 deaths
Swiss male composers
Swiss conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Hoch Conservatory alumni
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century male musicians
20th-century Swiss composers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich%20Schmid |
The Treaty of Asunción was a treaty between the countries of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay signed on March 26, 1991. The objective of the treaty, signed in Asunción, was to establish a common market among the participating countries, popularly called Mercosur (Southern Common Market). Later, the Treaty of Ouro Preto was signed to supplement the first treaty, establishing that the Treaty of Asunción was to be a legally and internationally recognized organization.
The treaty defined a program of gradual elimination of import/export fees that would reach a free commerce zone by the end of 1994. Even though the dates of the program were not followed and the free zone was not yet reached, the treaty established the basis for the "Mercado Común del Sur" (Mercosur).
History
Since the Spanish American wars of independence, there have been various types of organizations and treaties with the intention of social and economic integration of South America. The Economic Commission of Latin America was created on February 25, 1948, with the object of conducting studies aimed to the integration of these countries, and increase the national markets and industrial development. The Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA) was created in 1960, with the same objective of regional integration, but during the 1970s, the LAFTA was unable to establish a common market among them. The South American countries could not compete with the international free markets, and the integration crisis worsened due to the 1973 oil crisis.
The Andean Pact, signed in 1969, integrated the markets of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Chile, with Venezuela joining soon after, and Chile later becoming an observer. The Latin American Integration Association was created in 1989 to establish economic integration between Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela. Brazil and Argentina signed the Treaty of Buenos Aires that was to establish economic integration between the two countries, and the Treaty of Asunción was signed to complement the Treaty of Buenos Aires, with Uruguay and Paraguay joining them.
References
Treaty of Asunción (in English)
Treaty of Asunción (in Spanish)
History of Mercosur (in Portuguese)
Tratado de Asunción: description (in Spanish)
Mercosur
Economy of South America
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Brazil
Treaties of Paraguay
Treaties of Uruguay
Treaties concluded in 1991
Argentina–Brazil relations
Argentina–Paraguay relations
Argentina–Uruguay relations
Brazil–Paraguay relations
Brazil–Uruguay relations
Paraguay–Uruguay relations
1991 in Paraguay
Customs treaties
March 1991 events in South America | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty%20of%20Asunci%C3%B3n |
Deutschlandfunk Kultur (; abbreviated to DLF Kultur or DKultur) is a culture-oriented radio station and part of Deutschlandradio, a set of three national radio stations in Germany. Initially named DeutschlandRadio Berlin, the station was renamed Deutschlandradio Kultur on 1 April 2005. The present name was adopted on 1 May 2017.
The station's studios are in what was the RIAS building at Hans-Rosenthal-Platz in Schöneberg, Berlin.
History
Deutschlandfunk Kultur's roots go back to the first Deutschlandsender, set up in 1926. After World War II, Deutschlandsender became the main national radio station of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), with programming aimed at all of Germany. In the 1970s it was merged with the main Berlin station Berliner Welle and renamed Stimme der DDR - "Voice of the GDR". It lasted until February 1990 when it again became Deutschlandsender, and in May 1990 it merged with Radio DDR 2. The merged entity was named Deutschlandsender Kultur.
In 1994, German broadcasting authorities reorganised radio services of the former GDR and the Federal Republic of Germany. Deutschlandfunk in the west (based in Cologne) and RIAS in Berlin were merged with Deutschlandsender to form Deutschlandradio. In the new structure, Deutschlandfunk became the national information radio station. Deutschlandsender became "DeutschlandRadio Berlin".
On 7 March 2005, DeutschlandRadio Berlin became "Deutschlandradio Kultur".
The name was changed again on 1 May 2017, when the station became "Deutschlandfunk Kultur".
Programmes
Deutschlandfunk Kultur is noted for its radio plays and documentaries. The station's programmes also cover arts, culture, and science. Deutschlandfunk Kultur carries no commercial advertising.
Every Sunday just before midday, the station broadcasts the sound of the Freedom Bell in Berlin along with a reading of part of the Declaration of Independence. The bell was presented by America to the city of Berlin in 1950 as a symbol of anti-communism, and was inspired by the American Liberty Bell. The tradition of broadcasting the bell was originally begun by RIAS, an antecedent of DLF Kultur.
Transmission technology
Deutschlandfunk Kultur is transmitted on FM, DAB+ and DVB-S. The station's longwave broadcasts on 177 kHz from the Oranienburg transmitter ceased on 31 December 2014.
The station's output is livestreamed on the Deutschlandradio website, and individual programmes are available as podcasts.
References
External links
Deutschlandfunk Kultur website
ARD Radio
Deutschlandradio
German radio networks
Radio stations in Germany
Radio stations established in 1990
Radio stations established in 1994
Mass media in Berlin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandfunk%20Kultur |
A manciple is a person in charge of the purchase and storage of food at an institution such as a college, monastery, or court of law. Manciples were sometimes also in charge of catering more generally, including food preparation.
The title still survives in some Oxford and Cambridge colleges, at the Charterhouse in the City of London, in the Party of the Right of Yale University, in Freemasonry as the title of one of the council officers in the Order of Royal and Select Masters (or Council of Cryptic Masons), and in the name of Manciple Street in the borough of Southwark, London SE1.
The term comes from Middle English maunciple, taken from Old French, which in turn comes from the Latin mancipium, manceps, a purchaser of stores.
See also
The Manciple's Prologue and Tale
Kappiya, a similar role in Buddhism
References
Food services occupations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manciple |
A gulet () is a traditional design of a two-masted or three-masted wooden sailing vessel (the most common design has two masts) from the southwestern coast of Turkey, particularly built in the coastal towns of Bodrum and Marmaris; although similar vessels can be found all around the eastern Mediterranean. Today, this type of vessel, varying in size from 14 to 35 metres, is popular for tourist charters. For considerations of crew economy, diesel power is now almost universally used and many are not properly rigged for sailing.
History
There are differing opinions about the history and etymology of gullet which took the Turkish name "gulet" from the Italian word goletta. There is still controversy on whether it originated from the schooner, which has long been used as a sweeping net, trawl net or sponging vessel in Turkey in the Aegean and Mediterranean shores, and as a freight vessel in the Black Sea; or it originates from the fishing vessel guletta (gouëlette or goélette in French), that has come up with the evolution of the word galea or galeotta for the old Italian naval vessels or "goleta" in Spanish. Others have argued that it resembles the American gullet used in line fishing in the Greenland banks, or the clippers carrying goods from India or Australia to England in the periods of colonization.
The evolution of gulet from practical maritime vessels to luxurious yachts traces back to the mid-20th century. The turning point arrived when the exiled Turkish writer, Cevat Sakir Kabaagacli, popularly known as the Fisherman of Halicarnassus, began using gulets for yachting holidays. His explorations coined the term "blue cruise," a name that quickly resonated with the local and international tourism industry.
By the dawn of the 1970s, gulets had become increasingly popular as yachts. Their designs were gradually refined to create more space for relaxation and leisure, in response to the growing demand for gulet cruises. This surge in popularity resulted in a rapid increase in the number of shipyards and workshops building gulets in the region. By the 1980s, gulet cruises, or "blue cruises," became significantly more affordable, paving the way for today's thriving gulet tourism industry.
The origin of the Bodrum-type schooner vessels falls to a nearby date, to the beginning of the 1970s. These types of vessels have come up as a result of the need to carry tourists, who have come in numbers to the Aegean region and especially to Bodrum and Marmaris at the end of the 1960s, to nearby bays. The first samples of the vessels called the Bodrum gulet are seen in those years with the addition to meet that demand of chambers and seating on the back of the deck to the chamberless gulet used in fishing or sponging till those years.
In the tourism industry, gulets offer guests air conditioning, bathrooms and storage space for luggage.
Etymology
The Turkish word gulet is a loanword from Venetian gołéta (Italian goletta), itself a loanword from French gouëlette (present-day spelling goélette), meaning "schooner". The French word is probably related to goéland, meaning (and etymologically related to the word) "gull", ultimately of Celtic origin.
Boat construction in Bodrum
The boat construction in Bodrum is not a process that started solely with the construction of Gulet. A long construction process has been there starting from antiquity times to the Ottoman times (although with certain interruptions) due to the geographic and historical position of the place. The insufficiency of war hardware such as cannons and shells for the war vessels built in Istanbul within the structure of the main docks opened the search for new production facilities in the second half of the 18th century. New shipyards were constructed in various regions at the turn of the 19th century. In the shipyard in Bodrum, along with those in settlements like Sinop, Gemlik, Rodos, Fatsa and Amasra, galleon construction was started in the beginning of the 19th century.
Galleon construction in Bodrum was interrupted in the middle of 19th century, however boat construction continued for use in fishing, sponging, and especially commerce with the islands (till the years 1935–1936). Construction of Bodrum-type Gulet started to meet the demand in parallel to the development of tourism in the beginning of the 1970s. This development caused the growth of the boat construction sector, particularly for the successful schooner examples made by the local boat masters, which increased the interest in such types of boats.
Bodrum type schooner
As the schooner construction methods in Bodrum are observed, it is seen that the basic construction approach has not generally been subject to great change. Other than the use of electrical equipment, laminated materials, high power engines and similar high technology products, the schooner construction starts with the construction of the iron spine and continues with the use of traditional weights. The only dimension that changed in the weight usage is the use of heavy metals in the vessels constructed with high quality using high technology instead of stone used as ballast in the traditional method. Although the essence of the weight changes, the spine still filled in with the traditional method form the basis of both the balance of the vessel and the construction of the ribs, frame and curves.
In schooner construction, the frames are placed from the head to the end, the board form is created with the measure of the eye, the side coatings are handmade and the shell is finished. The finishing of the shell is one of the most important stages where the tradition is kept for both the traditional/local boat masters who do the construction without a plan and almost all of whom have learned from the famous master Ziya Guvendiren of Bodrum as well as the constructors who produce according to international standards like RINA or Lloyd's Register. With the finishing of the shell, the construction of the deck and the chambers is completed after the celebrations that symbolize the “seamanship” of the wood.
The schooner, the construction of which takes 9 to 12 months according to the method employed, is launched to the sea over skids oiled with melted suet. The schooners constructed in shipyards away from the sea, sledged through narrow straits with the help of skids and brought to the shore make up scenes that in turn make Bodrum matchless.
The Bodrum schooner that is pulled on land for maintenance each year continue sailing in the Aegean and Mediterranean seas with its aesthetic silhouette gained with its large back deck, spacious chamber design and low board.
The preliminary doubts on the seaworthiness of the Bodrum schooner and the claims that it is a vessel type “bulky, unable to speed, not suitable for setting sails” and “traveling only with the engine power” have disappeared with the boats that are built in the last 20 years and have proven themselves in the Bodrum Cup Wooden Yachts Races. The investment approach to boat construction has changed in time, construction of other types of boats other than Gulet have started and this sector specialized from boat design, materials, construction techniques and construction teams have turned into one of the most important economic sectors in Bodrum.
Canadian Motorized Goélettes
The basic hull form has been used in the Province of Quebec, Canada for powered wooden goélettes that have been employed in the coastal freight trade. In his 1974 book The Lower St. Lawrence, the historian Ivan S. Brookes included illustrations of motorized wooden goélettes that he photographed on the St. Lawrence River. These included the Riv. Verte at Baie Comeau in 1955; Eric G at La Malbaie Wharf, Murray Bay; the Orleans underway in the Saguenay River; the Rose Helene loading pulpwood at Rivière du Loup, and old goélettes that had been retired from service and abandoned at St. Louis, Ile aux Coudres. Canadian goélettes generally have had the wheelhouse and engine far aft, although the Orleans, evidently a newer vessel, had them located amidships.
A somewhat similar type of small freighter, also wooden but steam powered, and with wheelhouse and engine placed far aft, was built for service on the Great Lakes during the lumber era. Cargoes included lumber, shingles, lath, salt, stone, coal and pig iron. Lake sailors called them "rabbits". Typical examples included the D.F. Rose of 1868, the Charles. Rietz of 1872, the City of Mt. Clemens of 1884 and the Minnie E. Kelton of 1894. Apparently the last survivor of the type was the steamer M. Sicken, built in 1884 at Marine City, Michigan and sold for scrapping in 1937.
The steel fishing trawler Goelette (IMO 7359747) was built in 1974 by Ateliers et Chantiers du Havre at Le Havre, France for service in the South Atlantic. Registered in Namibia, as of 2022 this 690-ton, 164-foot vessel is owned by Gendor Fishing of Walvis Bay, Namibia with Lüderitz as its home port.
See also
The Blue Voyage
The Turquoise Coast
Marinas in Turkey
Tourism in Turkey
References
Osman Kademoglu; Denizlerin Guzelleri; Duran Kitap, Istanbul 2000
Avram Galanti Bodrumlu; Bodrum Tarihi; BOSAV Yay. Ankara 1996: 78-79
External links
Sailboat types
Maritime industries in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulet |
The Praxis school was a Marxist humanist philosophical circle, whose members were influenced by Western Marxism. It originated in Zagreb in the SFR Yugoslavia, during the 1960s.
Prominent Praxis school theorists include Gajo Petrović and Milan Kangrga of Zagreb and Mihailo Marković of Belgrade. From 1964 to 1974 they published the Marxist journal Praxis, which was renowned as one of the leading international journals in Marxist theory. The group also organized the widely popular Korčula Summer School in the island of Korčula.
Basic tenets
Due to the tumultuous sociopolitical conditions in the 1960s, the affirmation of 'authentic' Marxist theory and praxis, and its humanist and dialectical aspects in particular, was an urgent task for philosophers working across the SFRY. There was a need to respond to the kind of modified Marxism–Leninism enforced by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (see Titoism). To vocalize this need, the program of Praxis school was defined in the first issue of Praxis (Why Praxis?). Predrag Vranicki ("On the problem of Practice") and Danko Grlić ("Practice and Dogma") expanded this program in the same issue.
The Praxis philosophers considered Leninism and Stalinism to be apologetic due to their ad hoc nature. Leninist and Stalinist theories were considered to be unfaithful to the Marxist theory, as they were adjusted according to the needs of the party elite and intolerant of ideological criticism.
The defining features of the school were: 1) emphasis on the writings of the young Marx; and 2) call for freedom of speech in both East and West based upon Marx's insistence on ruthless social critique. As Erich Fromm has argued in his preface to Marković's work From Affluence to Praxis, the theory of the Praxis theoreticians was to "return to the real Marx as against the Marx equally distorted by right wing social democrats and Stalinists".
Different school's theorists emphasized different aspects of the theory. Where Gajo Petrović writes of philosophy as radical critique of all existing things, emphasizing the essentially creative and practical nature of human beings, Mihailo Marković writes of alienation and the dynamic nature of human beings. Milan Kangrga emphasizes creativity as well, but also the understanding of human beings as producers humanizing nature.
The Praxis School critiqued the implementation of socialist self-management in Yugoslavia, arguing that the expansion of bureaucratic power in the Yugoslav economy was because Yugoslav workers' self-management was not sufficiently implemented.
Another important feature of the Praxis theory is the incorporation of existential philosophy into the Praxis brand of Marxist social critique, spearheaded by Rudi Supek.
Organizing Korčula Summer School and publishing the international edition of Praxis were ways to promote open inquiry in accordance with these postulates. Erich Fromm's collection of articles from 1965 entitled Socialist Humanism: An International Symposium has been of much help in promoting the Praxis school abroad. As many as six members of the Praxis school have published articles in this collection: Marković, Petrović, Danilo Pejović, Veljko Korać, Rudi Supek and Predrag Vranicki.
Although the tolerance for dissent from orthodox Communist thought afforded to the Praxis School in Yugoslavia was unusual, it had its limits. When University of Belgrade students held mass demonstrations in 1968 against poor living conditions, authoritarianism, unemployment and the Vietnam War with the support of eight academics associated with the Praxis School, Tito urged that they be sacked on the grounds that they were "corrupting" their students, although the Belgrade Eight (as they became known) narrowly held on to their jobs.
The Praxis journal
The Praxis journal was published by a group of praxis theoreticians, mainly from the departments of Philosophy and Sociology at Zagreb University and the Philosophy department at Belgrade University. It was established as the successor to a previous political journal, Pogledi, which was published in Zagreb for three years in the 1950s before being disbanded due to state suppression. Praxis was published in two editions: Yugoslav (in Serbo-Croatian) and foreign (in multiple languages). The first issue of the Yugoslav edition was published on 1 September 1964 and was published until 1974. As for the foreign edition, it was published between 1965 and 1973. Its founders were Branko Bošnjak, Danko Grlić, Milan Kangrga, Rudi Supek, Gajo Petrović, Predrag Vranicki, Danilo Pejović and Ivan Kuvačić. The first editors of the journal were Petrović and Pejović, but in 1966 Pejović resigned from Praxis. After that, Supek was the co-editor of the journal together with Petrović. In January 1974 Supek also resigned and was replaced by Kuvačić as the co-editor of Praxis.
Praxis has helped to restore the creative potential of Marxism. It drew inspiration from the works of Antonio Gramsci, Karl Korsch, Georg Lukács, Ernst Bloch, Herbert Marcuse, Erich Fromm and Lucien Goldmann. The texts in the magazine featured articles by writers from both the East and the West. Praxis editors had a strong tendency to publish articles that went against the Leninist theory and praxis promoted and enforced by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. They also advocated freedom of speech and of the press. According to Praxis School member Žarko Puhovski, Praxis articles on controversial areas such as politics and ideology were often disguised as writings about more abstract topics such as aesthetics or ontology.
Korčula Summer School
Korčula Summer School was preceded by a symposium organized by Gajo Petrovic and Milan Kangrga in the summer of 1963 in Dubrovnik. The summer school was organized by the publishers of the journal Praxis from 1964 to 1974 in the Croatian island of Korčula, with the exception of 1966, when the gathering was cancelled due to the intense attacks by the League of Communists of Croatia.
The school was a meeting place for philosophers and social critics from the entire world. Some of the prominent attendees included Ernst Bloch, Eugen Fink, Erich Fromm, Herbert Marcuse, Jürgen Habermas, Henri Lefebvre, Richard J. Bernstein and Shlomo Avineri, to name a few. Other notable participants included A. J. Ayer, Norman Birnbaum and Lucien Goldmann. Another peculiarity is that one of the attendants was from the Vatican, Father Gustav Wetter, which testifies to the fact that Korčula Summer School was not merely a Marxist symposium—the attendees held interests ranging from phenomenology to theology.
The articles produced during the meeting were published in the journal during the following year. Each summer, the gathering focused on a particular topic:
1963: Progress and Culture (held in Dubrovnik)
1964: Meaning and Perspectives of Socialism
1965: What is History?
1966: The summer school was canceled due to the intense attacks by the League of Communists of Croatia
1967: Creativity and Creation
1968: Marx and Revolution
1969: Power and Humanity
1970: Hegel and Our Time (celebrating the anniversary of 200 years since Hegel's birth)
1971: Utopia and Reality
1972: Freedom and Equality
1973: The Essence and Limits of Civil Society
1974: Art in a Technologized World
Suppression
Due to its critical nature - some party ideologues referred to the editors and authors of Praxis as "professional Anti-Communists" and "enemies of self-managing socialism" — the journal was banned on several occasions. By 1975 it became impossible to publish the journal under the increasingly repressive conditions in SFRY.
In the same year, in January, the aforementioned Belgrade Eight (Mihailo Marković, Ljubomir Tadić, Zagorka Golubović, Svetozar Stojanović, Miladin Životić, Dragoljub Mićunović, Nebojša Popov and Trivo Inđić) were expelled from the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade on the basis of a decision of the Serbian Assembly. Some of the Eight taught abroad: Marković took up a part-time position at the University of Pennsylvania, whilst Stojanović worked at the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Kansas. Although the Zagreb Praxisists were treated less harshly, they still faced restrictions: Puhovski was unable to publish for two years. During subsequent years, the Praxisists organised underground meetings in private homes, which they dubbed the "Free University": however these were at risk of police interruption.
Praxis International journal
The Praxis members tried in several occasions to resume publishing of Praxis and reopening Korčula Summer School. Their efforts failed, which was the main motive for several Praxis members from Belgrade to try to publish the journal abroad. They succeeded in achieving this and by April 1981, the Praxis International journal was edited and published in Oxford in the spirit of the original Praxis journal. However, not all Praxis members supported this move. This move was supported by four members of the editorial board of the Praxis: Supek, Marković, Tadić and Stojanović. The majority of the Praxis theorists, however, led by Kangrga, disagreed on the basis of the fact that an international journal with the same or similar name as the original journal would reduce the possibilities of republishing the journal inside Yugoslavia. First co-editors of Praxis International were Richard J. Bernstein and Mihailo Marković. From 1986 the co-editors were Seyla Benhabib and Svetozar Stojanović.
Praxis International was published until January 1994 when it continued to be published under the name Constellations: An International Journal of Critical and Democratic Theory.
Aftermath
As inter-ethnic tensions in Yugoslavia rose, some of the Belgrade Praxisists turned towards Serbian nationalism. In 1986, Marković, Tadić and Golubović, along with writer and Praxis associate Dobrica Ćosić, signed a petition in support of Kosovo Serbs, who had made allegations that they were being persecuted by the ethnic Albanian community there: the petition implied support for removing the region's autonomous status. Marković was also a co-author of the SANU Memorandum, which has been described as the catalyst for Slobodan Milošević's rise to power.
In 1990, Praxis International published an article by Marković on Kosovo in which he claimed that the high birthrate among the Albanian community in the province was a plot by Albanian nationalists against the Serb population, and that despite their poverty, the Kosovo Albanians had historically had support from powerful allies against the Serbian community, including the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, Italy, the Catholic Church, the United Kingdom, the Comintern, the United States, Pan-Islamists, Albania and bureaucrats in the Yugoslav government. He proposed a reduction in financial investment in the province and the introduction of a family planning program, "in a gentle and psychologically acceptable way, and by the Albanians themselves, using primarily educational means". Seyla Benhabib subsequently stated that the publication of the article was the one editorial decision she regretted at Praxis International: in a 1999 interview she explained that whilst she was aware of tensions in Kosovo, she lacked knowledge regarding the situation, and the commissioning of the article was an attempt to remedy this. Looking back, she highlighted the article's invoking of the Albanians as a demographic threat as its most striking feature: "This is cliche neofascist thinking, racist thinking about an oppressed group. You will find racists everywhere saying the same thing". The outbreak of the Yugoslav Wars shortly afterwards drove a wedge between the Belgrade Praxisists and their western collaborators: by this time Marković had been appointed vice-president of Milošević's Socialist Party of Serbia, and served as its ideologue. This divide eventually led to the end of the journal under its original name.
Of the other Belgrade Praxisists, Stojanović became chief adviser to Ćosić when the latter was appointed President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia by Milošević in 1992. Tadić and Mićunović formed the Democratic Party in 1990. Although Tadić was a leader of the opposition to Milošević in Serbia, he was an uncritical supporter of Radovan Karadžić, the President of the Republika Srpska in Bosnia: in 1996 he and Marković signed a petition urging the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia to drop charges against Karadžić, describing him as "the true leader of all Serbs".
However, some of the Belgrade Praxisists maintained opposition to the nationalist turn: Popov founded the liberal Civic Alliance of Serbia, whilst Životić (who had moved away from Marxism towards post-structuralism in the 1980s) founded the Belgrade Circle, an NGO dedicated to inter-ethnic dialogue and peace activism, in collaboration with Tito protege-turned veteran dissident Milovan Djilas. Of the Zagreb Praxisists, Puhovski became a leading member of the Croatian Helsinki Committee, and spoke out against ethnic cleansing campaigns by the Croatian Army.
Influence
The influence of the Praxis school is mainly through its intellectual legacy as a heterodox interpretation of Marxism. This interpretation has been popular among Western Marxists and academics, notably Marshall Berman, who references the Praxis group in his major works. Many praxis theoreticians taught at various universities in Europe and US. The Praxis approach was appealing to Western academia due to its emphasis on the dialectical, humanist Marx.
See also
Budapest School (Lukács)
Critical theory
New class
Novi Plamen, a new journal drawing from the Praxis tradition
Praxis intervention
References
Further reading
Mihailo Markovic and Robert S. Cohen Yugoslavia: The Rise and Fall of Socialist Humanism. A History of the Praxis Group, Nottingham, Spokesman Books, 1975.
Gerson S. Sher, [https://libcom.org/files/Gerson%20S.%20Sher%20-%20Praxis.pdf Praxis: Marxist Criticism and Dissent in Socialist Yugoslavia]. Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1977.
Oskar Gruenwald The Yugoslav search for man: Marxist humanism in contemporary Yugoslavia. J.F. Bergin Publishers, South Hadley, MA. 1983.
Nebojša Popov (ed.) Freedom and Violence: a conversation about the Praxis journal and Korčula Summer school ("Sloboda i nasilje: Razgovor o časopisu Praxis i Korčulanskoj letnjoj školi"), "Res publica", Beograd, 2003 (in Serbian)
Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, 2nd Edition. Gen. Ed. Robert Audi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
External links
The Praxis Archive at Marxists Internet Archive
Praxis International Archive
Praxis Philosophy Study Guide at Autodidact Project
Robert Stallaerts, The Disintegration of the Yugoslav Intellectual Community
Rei Shigeno, On the Conception of Politics of the Praxis Group: Exposing the Limits
Noam Chomsky on the repression of the Belgrade Praxis members, The New York Review of Books, February 7, 1974.
Online archive of Praxis and Korcula Summer School (in Serbo-croatian)
Milan Kangrga, The Korčula Summer School (in Croatian)
Bozidar Jakšić, The Praxis of Gajo Petrović (in Serbian)
2002 Republika article about the Praxis school (in Croatian)
1999 NIN article about Mihailo Marković and the Praxis school (in Serbian)
An Analysis of a Serbian Anarchist Group about Praxis (in Serbian)
Webpage contributed to the Philosophy of praxis
Social philosophy
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Marxist schools of thought
Marxist theory
1960s in Yugoslavia
1970s in Yugoslavia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praxis%20School |
The Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own) was a cavalry regiment of the British Army. It was formed by the amalgamation of the 10th Royal Hussars and the 11th Hussars in 1969 and it amalgamated with the 14th/20th King's Hussars to form the King's Royal Hussars in 1992.
History
The regiment was formed at Perham Down by the amalgamation of the 10th Royal Hussars and the 11th Hussars on 25 October 1969. It was initially based at Bhurtpore Barracks in Tidworth Camp as part of 5th Infantry Brigade and deployed several units to Cyprus and several units to Northern Ireland over the next two years. It transferred to 6th Armoured Brigade and moved to Athlone Barracks in Sennelager in July 1973 from where it continued to deploy units to Northern Ireland. In April 1979 most of the regiment moved to Cambrai Barracks at Catterick Garrison while one squadron deployed to Smuts Barracks in Berlin as Berlin Armoured Squadron.
The regiment joined 7th Armoured Brigade and moved to Lumsden Barracks at Bad Fallingbostel in March 1981 and became the first unit to be equipped with the Challenger 1 main battle tank in 1983. It deployed a unit to Northern Ireland for guarding duties at the Maze Prison in 1986. It transferred to 1st Infantry Brigade based at Bhurtpore Barracks in Tidworth Camp in November 1988 and then moved back to West Germany to join 4th Armoured Brigade with its base at Swinton Barracks in Münster in December 1990. The regiment was amalgamated with the 14th/20th King's Hussars to form the King's Royal Hussars on 4 December 1992.
Colonel-in-Chief
1969 Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, GCB CI, GCVO, GBE
Regimental Colonels
Colonels of the Regiment were:
1969–1971: Maj-Gen. Sir David Dawnay, KVCO, CB, DSO (ex 10th Hussars)
1971–1974: Col. Sir John Charles Arthur Digby Lawson, Bt, DSO, MC (ex 11th Hussars)
1974–1984: Maj. (Hon. Lt-Col.) Thomas Armitage Hall, OBE
1984–1990: Lt-Col. Sir Piers Henry George Bengough, KCVO, OBE, DL
1990–1992: Maj-Gen. John Peter William Friedberger, CBE (to King's Royal Hussars)
''1992: Regiment amalgamated with 14th/20th King's Hussars to form King's Royal Hussars
Alliances
The regiment's alliances included:
1st Hussars
10th Light Horse
References
Cavalry regiments of the British Army
Military units and formations established in 1969
Military units and formations disestablished in 1992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Hussars |
Kenneth Hervey MacLeay (born 2 April 1959) is a former English-born Australian cricketer.
He was an all-rounder who played 16 One Day Internationals for Australia between 1983 and 1987. MacLeay played in the 1983 Cricket World Cup in England taking 6 for 39 against India.
MacLeay played in 129 first-class matches for Western Australia between 1981 and 1991. He was a regular in a strong WA side appearing in Sheffield Shield final winning team four times. MacLeay also played county cricket in England for Somerset in 1991 and 1992.
In 2001, MacLeay was named as a life member of the WACA Ground in Perth for his contributions to cricket.
Career
In 1982–83 MacLeay leapt to attention when he took 5–7 off 21 balls for WA against Victoria.
International career
He made his one-day debut for Australia in 1982–83 against New Zealand, taking 1–39 and scoring 3. His next game was in the second final; Macleay scored 10 and took 1–56.
In March 1983 he starred for Australian in a special one-off one day match against New Zealand to raise funds to the bushfire victims. MacLeay took 1–42 with the ball and top scored in Australia's (unsuccessful) run chase, with 41 off 37 balls.
He was initially overlooked for selection on the 1983 World Cup but was later called up as a replacement.
He played the West Indies, taking 1–31 and scoring 1. He was kept in the side to play India, only making 4 with the bat but taking 6–39 with the ball. His returns against Zimbabwe were 9 and 0–45. In the second match against India he took 1–48 and scored 5.
Australia tried him in the one day team in 1983–84. In a game against Pakistan he went for 0–39. Against the West Indies his figures were 0–47 and 15. MacLeay was then dropped.
In 1986–87 he scored 114 against NSW.
References
External links
1959 births
Living people
Australian cricketers
Australia One Day International cricketers
Buckinghamshire cricketers
English emigrants to Australia
People from Bradford-on-Avon
Somerset cricketers
Western Australia cricketers
Cricketers from Wiltshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20MacLeay |
Haselhorst () is a locality in the borough of Spandau in Berlin. It is located between Siemensstadt and the Old Town of Spandau and is separated from the Hakenfelde locality by the River Havel.
Overview
The manor of Haselhorst was incorporated into the City of Spandau in 1910 and together with it became a part of Greater Berlin in 1920.
The Spandau Citadel is located in Haselhorst. The kings of Prussia kept barracks in Haselhorst. Today industries such as BMW motorcycles, Siemens and Osram are located there.
Transportation
Haselhorst is served by the U7 line of the Berlin U-Bahn at the stations Paulsternstraße, Haselhorst and Zitadelle.
References
External links
Haselhorst page on www.berlin.de
Localities of Berlin
Haselhorst | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haselhorst |
Alveston Football Club was a football club based in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England.
History
The club was established in 1924 after Alveston United folded. They joined the Stratford & District League, going on to win the title in 1924–25 and 1925–26.
In 1993 the club joined the newly formed Division Three of the Midland Combination. After finishing sixth in their first season, they were promoted to Division Two. The 1994–95 season saw them finish as Division Two runners-up, earning promotion to Division One. They went on to win Division One in 1997–98 and were promoted to the Premier Division. The following season saw them win the Premier Division at the first attempt, as well as winning the league's Challenge Cup and the Smedley Crooke Cup.
Following their period of success, the club subsequently went into decline, finishing seventeenth the season after winning the title. After improving to a fifteenth-placed finish in 2000–01, they went on to finish in the bottom three for four consecutive seasons. Although they finished tenth in 2005–06, the following season saw them finish bottom of the division, at which point they were relegated to Division One.
After three seasons in Division One, they returned to the Premier Division after finishing third in 2009–10. However, an eighteenth-place finish in the Premier Division the following season, they left the league. They subsequently dropped into Division One of the Stratford Alliance, finishing as runners-up in their first season in the league and winning the Hospital Cup. The club folded at the start of the 2017–18 season.
Ground
Having previously played on Alveston's village green and on Stratford's Recreation Ground, the club moved to the Home Guard Club in Tiddington in 1975. Floodlights were erected in 1999. However, they left the ground in 2010 and later played at Bearley Sports and Social Club.
Honours
Midland Combination
Premier Division champions 1998–99
Division One champions 1997–98
Challenge Cup winners 1998–99
Smedley Crooke Cup winners 1997–98, 1998–99
Jack Mould Trophy winners 1995–96
Stratford Alliance
Hospital Cup winners 2011–12
Stratford and District League
Champions 1924–25, 1925–26
References
Defunct football clubs in England
Association football clubs established in 1924
Midland Football Combination
Defunct football clubs in Warwickshire
1924 establishments in England
Association football clubs disestablished in 2017
2017 disestablishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveston%20F.C. |
A bowl-out (sometimes termed a bowl-off) was used as a tiebreaker in various forms of limited overs cricket to decide a match that would otherwise end in a tie. Five bowlers from each side deliver one or two balls each at an unguarded wicket (three stumps). If each team has hit the same number of wickets after the first five bowlers per side, the bowling continues and is decided by sudden death.
The bowl-out is no longer used as a tie breaker in ICC matches or domestic professional leagues, as batting has no effect on the result of the otherwise tied game. It has been replaced by the Super Over.
History
First match decided by bowl-out
A bowl-out was first used in the NatWest Trophy in June 1991 in a match between Derbyshire and Minor County side Hertfordshire at Bishops Stortford. Derbyshire bowled first and Steve Goldsmith managed one hit from his two deliveries. Ole Mortensen, Alan Warner, Frank Griffiths and Simon Base all missed with both of theirs.
Hertfordshire's first bowler, Andy Needham, hit with his first ball but missed with his second. John Carr missed with both of his, but Bill Merry struck middle with his second attempt to win the match.
International cricket
The International Cricket Council (ICC) introduced the bowl-out should scores be tied in the semifinals and final of the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy or the 2007 Cricket World Cup, although it was not required to be used in either tournament. At the ICC Annual Conference 2008 it was decided that the bowl-out should be replaced by a one-over "eliminator" (also called a "Super Over") in the 2008 ICC Champions Trophy (postponed to 2009) and the 2009 ICC World Twenty20.
Twenty20
International T20
Up until the introduction of the "Super Over" in International Twenty20 cricket, if a match ended with the scores level (either because both teams reached the same score after 20 overs, or the second team scored exactly the par score under the Duckworth-Lewis method), the tie was broken with a bowl-out. The first international bowl-out in a Twenty20 match took place on 16 February 2006, when New Zealand beat West Indies 3-0 in Auckland.
A bowl-out was also used on 14 September 2007 when India beat Pakistan 3-0 during the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 in Durban, South Africa.
Domestic T20
A bowl-out was first used to decide a domestic Twenty20 match when Surrey beat Warwickshire in July 2005. In the 2009 Twenty20 Cup, Somerset beat Lancashire 5-1 to reach the semi-final stage.
One-day
In some forms of domestic one-day cricket competition, a bowl-out is used to decide the result when the match is tied or rained out: for example, the quarterfinal of the Minor Counties Cricket Association Knockout Trophy in 2004, when Northumberland beat Cambridgeshire 4-2.
See also
Penalty shootout
References
Cricket terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowl-out |
In mathematics, Borel transform may refer to
A transform used in Borel summation
A generalization of this in Nachbin's theorem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borel%20transform |
Christian Leberecht Schnabel (13 May 1878 in Regensburg – 29 January 1936 in Munich) was a German designer and inventor.
Biography
Born as a son of a German smith and a Russian seamstress Schnabel was at times because of his original and innovative, but often as not very suitably for everyday life classified inventions, a well-known figure of the Bavarian public life. This made him, who received his education in his fathers smith near Regensburg, an ideal victim of satire, from time to time Schnabel himself was asked to appear in smaller Cabaret-Shows and even a meeting with famous author Erich Kästner was reward for his dubious fame as a chronically fruitless inventor. Kästner was impressed by Schnabel and published after his death a poem about him in the book Dr. Erich Kästners lyrische Hausapotheke (1936). Later Schnabel was mentioned as one example for "the funny Germans" in an anthology.
"The easy is the most difficult" is a famous word of Schnabel and it also became the principle of his life: Schnabel mostly experimented on everyday objects trying to improve them. Especially his simplistic food cutleries, which reached from a mixture between fork and knife up to a fork with only one prong became virtually legendary. Earning laughs for such inventions in his lifetime, today there are in more extensive cutlery sets not seldom found parts which are not unlike the Schnabel-Inventions around the turn of the century. Nevertheless it seems to be possible, that Schnabel never wanted to invent useful objects and must be seen as a kind of early performance artist.
References
Literatur
Erfinder-Rundschau . München : Erfinder-Rundschau, 1913 -1914
Rainer Thor : Humor ins Haus . Hamburg-Poppenbüttel : Humor ins Haus Bd. 340., Erfinder sind oft grosse Kinder, 1962
References
External links
Christian Leberecht Schnabel – Der chronisch erfolglose Erfinder? at www.regensburger-nachrichten.de
20th-century German inventors
German designers
1878 births
1936 deaths
People from Regensburg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Schnabel |
The Who's That Girl World Tour (billed as Who's That Girl World Tour 1987) was the second concert tour by American singer and songwriter Madonna. The tour supported her 1986 third studio album True Blue, as well as the 1987 soundtrack Who's That Girl. It was Madonna's first world tour and marked her first visits to Japan and Europe. Musically and technically superior to her previous Virgin Tour, Who's That Girl incorporated multimedia components to make the show more appealing.
Madonna trained physically doing aerobics, jogging and weight-lifting, to cope with the choreography and the dance routines. For the costumes, she collaborated with designer Marlene Stewart, expanding on the idea of bringing her popular video characters to life onstage, reworking scenes from her music videos. The stage had four video screens, multimedia projectors and a flight of stairs in the middle. Patrick Leonard, who was the music director, encouraged Madonna to go with the idea of remixing and presenting her older songs for the show.
The show consisted of seven costume changes, with song-and-dance routines, theatrics and addressing social causes. The tour was critically appreciated, with reviewers commending the extravagant nature of the concert and Madonna as a performer. It was a commercial success, grossing in total of US$25 million by playing in front of 1.5 million audience. According to Pollstar, it was the second highest-grossing female concert tour of 1987, behind Tina Turner's Break Every Rule Tour.
Who's That Girl was broadcast in a number of international television channels and was released on VHS titled Ciao Italia: Live from Italy. Biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli commented that "Many female artists behave like a diva for a period when they reach superstar status, and the 'Who's That Girl?' tour marked the beginning of Madonna's." It is also noted for giving rise to the term "new Madonna", a stronger and more intelligent sexual image of her former self which had given rise to the term Madonna wannabe. It was proposed to build a statue of the Madonna in the city of her paternal grandparents in Pacentro, Italy, but the idea was rejected by the local city hall.
Background
Madonna's 1987 film Who's That Girl was a box office failure, however the soundtrack of the film proved to be a big success. The album consisted of four Madonna songs, along with tracks by Warner Bros. Records' acts including Club Nouveau, Scritti Politti and Michael Davidson. Three of Madonna's songs were released as singles, namely: "Who's That Girl", "Causing a Commotion" and "The Look of Love"; all of them were critically and commercially successful.
The album sold a million copies in the United States, and five million worldwide. Taraborrelli felt that at that moment, riding on Madonna's coattails proved profitable for everyone involved, including Warner Bros. Records, which notched up big sales with a compilation soundtrack album that was basically a showcase for its marginal artists. But still they wanted to "milk-in" the success of Madonna, a view shared by Peter Guber and Jon Peters, executive producers of the film. Hence they felt a worldwide concert tour was the appropriate thing to do, since it would promote both the soundtrack and the film, as well as Madonna's successful third studio album True Blue, released the year before. As Madonna's first world tour, Who's That Girl ended up being a resounding success, although by its end, Madonna declared that she did not want to hear any of her songs again and she did not know whether she would ever write another one. "I returned feeling so burned out and I was convinced that I wouldn't go near music for quite a while", she said.
Development
The Who's That Girl World Tour was musically and technically superior to Madonna's Virgin Tour, because she incorporated multimedia components to make the show more compelling. As the tour was confirmed, Madonna and her team started planning for it. Madonna wanted a show which consisted of theatrics, drama, dance and choreography in "full-force". Her publicist Liz Rosenberg commented, "She wants a visual impact that would knock people out. She was very determined about this. And she's the type that makes decisions quickly; If something doesn't work, she starts over. You'll see a different look this year, but it's still Madonna, still bigger than life." In order to engage herself completely and handle the grueling dance routines, she started attending aerobics classes at Hollywood health centre The Sports Connection. By the time the tour drew nearer, she hired a personal trainer, and her daily routine involved jogging, weight-lifting, dancing, gymnastics, trampoline, swimming and cycling. She started eating vegetarian food with plenty of protein and carbohydrate and avoided the sun. British funk band Level 42 was the supporting act of the tour. Madonna's image was that of a blond girl with soft curls, making a striking contrast with the firm, almost hard lines of her eye make-up and lipstick; the idea of her friend actress Debi Mazar.
For the costumes, Madonna collaborated with designer Marlene Stewart. She expanded on the idea of bringing her popular video characters to life onstage, reworking scenes from "True Blue", "Open Your Heart", "Papa Don't Preach" and "La Isla Bonita". For "Open Your Heart", Madonna reused the Stewart designed black bustier worn by her in the video, complete with tassels, golden tips and ribbing with fishnets on leg. Stewart's other designs included a Flamenco style dress for "La Isla Bonita" and a gold lamé jacket for the "White Heat" sequence. On the medley sequence, Madonna used a dress that was visually amusing and, according to Madonna, was for "anyone that takes me too seriously, or imagined and I take myself too seriously." Inspired by Dame Edna Everage, the dress consisted of a hat strewn with fake fruits, flowers and feathers, jeweled batwing spectacles with heavy, black frames, a ruffled skirt and a bodice covered with objects such as watches and dolls and fishnets. The knickers were inscribed with the word "Kiss". Continuing her tradition of message clothes, she spelt out the phrase "You Can Dance" on her jacket, using the letter U, a can of soup and the word "dance" at the back.
Calling the show a "theatrical multimedia spectacular", Madonna wanted a huge stage with a central platform from which a flight of stairs descended. The central platform was flanked by two lower platforms, which housed the band and the musicians. A large video screen was suspended above the stairs, which descended during the show. Two projectors were situated at the front of the stage, which projected images of The Pope and President Ronald Reagan during the show. Patrick Leonard, who had produced True Blue, joined as the musical director for the shows. Instead of following every note on the records, Leonard encouraged the musicians to come up with new ideas for the songs. Hence a number of the old songs were rearranged, including introducing a medley of "Dress You Up", "Material Girl" and "Like a Virgin"—which contained a sample from the Four Tops song "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)". American choreographer Shabba Doo was signed to choreograph the show. 13-year-old Christopher Finch was signed to play the part of the small boy from the "Open Your Heart" video, since Felix Howard, who played the original part, did not get a working license, and hence could not join the tour. Madonna wanted three backup singers, a team of male dancers and a succession of costume changes. She took inputs from her then husband, actor Sean Penn saying, "I really respect Sean's opinion. He has great taste and is a very brilliant man. When I was putting my tour together, it was always in the back of my mind: 'I wonder what Sean will think of this?' He's extremely opinionated and has really high standards, and that sometimes pushed me into making decisions I wouldn't have otherwise made." Madonna explained that the title of the tour came from her playing many characters, commenting:
"That's why I call the tour 'Who's That Girl?'; because I play a lot of characters, and every time I do a video or a song, people go, 'Oh, that's what she's like.' And I'm not like any of them. I'm all of them. I'm none of them. You know what I mean.?"
Concert synopsis
The show started with a performance by Level 42. As their performance ended, the lights started blinking all around the stadium and Finch appears on stage, looking for Madonna. He is followed by two other dancers, who jump around the stage and disappear. Then Madonna's silhouette is visible behind a screen which has paintings by Tamara de Lempicka on it. She performs dance moves behind the screen, which starts going up slowly. She wore a custom-made black pointy corset by Trashy Lingerie and fishnets like the costume in the music video of "Open Your Heart". After dancing on the stairs, using a chair as a prop, Madonna descends and starts singing the song. Later Finch joins her again and they dance together till the song ends. This was followed by the performance of "Lucky Star" during which a disco ball spun above the stage; as Madonna and her dancers moved around it, the light from the ball flickered on them like a star. For "True Blue", Madonna came up on the stage wearing a blue, silk taffeta dress over her corset and a blue scarf hidden in her bosom. The stage had a similar blue setting like the original music video. Madonna is backed up by her singers who play her girlfriends. At the end of the song Madonna is asked to dance again by the dancer playing her man in the performance. During "Papa Don't Preach" Madonna wore a black leather jacket over her dress and walked around the stage while singing. The screen in the background showed portraits of Pope John Paul II and then-President of the U.S. Ronald Reagan, along with scenes of John Perry III's short film, The Nightmare, ending with the words "Safe Sex", as Madonna finished the song. She dedicated the song to the Pope, marking her first conflict with the Vatican, as Pope John Paul II urged Italian fans to boycott her concerts.
During "White Heat"—which featured dialogues from the 1949 James Cagney film of the same name—a video screen displayed a scene from the film, with Cagney saying the dialogue: "A copper ... a copper fellas". The video screen moves up and Madonna appears, wearing a lamé jacket and holding a plastic gun in her right hand. A large cut out of Cagney appears in the middle and Madonna finishes singing the song, while pointing the revolver towards her dancers and pretending to fire at them, as sounds of gunshots are heard. She followed it with "Causing a Commotion" which ended with Madonna pointing to her dancers and musicians across stage and uttering the line "He/She's got the moves baby" numerous times. For "The Look of Love" the spotlight was focused on her. The introductory music of the song started and Madonna roamed around the stage, pretending that she was lost. She wanted to portray her Who's That Girl film character Nikki, when she was lost in a similar sequence in the film. After she finished singing the song, Madonna pretended to walk forward by pushing through the air, as the conveyor belt took her backwards, ultimately taking her away from the stage. Then a red phone booth appears on the stage, in which Madonna's silhouette appears to be changing costume. She emerges from the booth wearing the Edna Everage inspired costume and starts singing "Dress You Up". Then she sang "Material Girl", while stretching her legs on stage and showing her underwear and followed by "Like a Virgin", during which she took off her outfit piece by piece, until she was standing in the same outfit from the beginning of the show, and ended the performance while flirting with a young male dancer who played her bridegroom.
A backdrop then started showing the newspaper reports on Madonna's 1985 Playboy nude picture release. The backdrop moves up as Madonna appears, wearing a loose-fitted black pant and top, with bejeweled glasses, for singing "Where's the Party". For "Into the Groove" Finch joins her on stage to dance alongside. Madonna then wore a pink bolero jacket which had the can of soup and the words "U" and "DANCE" flanking it. At the end she is joined by her backup singers and dancers. Together they take a bow to the audience and finish the performance. Next Madonna sang "La Isla Bonita" as a part of the encore, wearing the same red flamenco dress she had worn in the video. For "Who's That Girl", Madonna—flanked by Finch and a male dancer—strutted around the stage, asking the audience to join her on the chorus. Lastly, Madonna performed an energetic version of "Holiday", signaling the celebratory and wholesome nature of the song's theme. The song featured a new arrangement, with a guitar solo in the intermediate portion added by Leonard. She sang the final chorus twice, then asked the audience for a comb so that she could fix her hair and finished the performance, after taking a bow with her dancers to the audience.
Critical reception
The tour received rave reviews. Biographer Taraborrelli commented, "Madonna had more confidence in her stage presence, her music was showing a deeper maturity, her voice was fuller, and the show was expertly choreographed with complex numbers. J. D. Considine from The Baltimore Sun commented, "I've seen the Springsteen stadium tour, I've seen Dylan and the [Grateful] Dead, and I was at Live Aid. Out of all those shows, Madonna's is the only one I want to see again. You need a larger-than-life show if you want to come off in a stadium, and Madonna does. She's not that large physically, but she holds your attention." Ann Ayers, assistant entertainment editor of USA Today felt that the show was high on glitz and low on emotional quotient. "Madonna's going for a certain kind of show: a Broadway, show-biz, song-and-dance spectacle. In that context it's hard to make a connection with the audience, and I'd have to say that she didn't." Peter Goddard from Toronto Star reviewed the concert in CNE Stadium and said, "Madonna proved that she may be a lost girl in the roads of life, like her film, but she ain't lost when she is singing. Especially during songs like 'Papa Don't Preach', her vocal prowess was substantially notable." Scott A Zamost and Elizabeth Snead, writing for Chicago Tribune, felt that "For the most part, the premiere concert on Madonna's Who's That Girl tour was a success, an extravaganza of multiple videos, flashing lights and precision dancing. If the high-tech accoutrements and inferior sound system made it difficult to hear the singer, one hopes that will be refined as the tour continues across the United States. [...] As a dancer, Madonna is supreme on stage. Her trademark skip to a funky beat highlighted the constant acrobatics. One minute she was stage left, another minute stage right. She ran up a wide staircase center stage to party with her three back-up singers, then scooted down to the stage floor, swinging her hips, accompanied by other dancers."
Deborah Wilker from The Day commented that "Madonna's got an almost rabid energy about her, which she maintains for the duration of 90 minutes. In fact she rarely leaves the stage—preferring to change costumes in a phone booth instead. Boy can she change. One minute she's a 50's teenager in a party dress, next she's playing a speak-easy chanteuse. It's almost difficult to believe that a career as young as Madonna's could contain so much popular material that on stage the star can barely get to half of it." Don McCLeese from Chicago Sun-Times reviewed the performance at Soldier Field stadium said that "'Shine' seems like a dim possibility for her Soldier Field performance this month, because Madonna invariably takes the stage after dusk has turned to dark and brings back the sun again for the two hours that she played." In another review, McCleese commented: "[Madonna] proceeded to show Soldier Field a few moves that would gain Walter Payton some yardage, while putting a whole new twist on the term 'backfield in motion'. The girl really knows how to cause a commotion." Richard Harrington from The Washington Post felt that the tour "would have played better to a full house at the Capital Centre or Merriweather Post Pavilion. But to her credit, Madonna performed last night as if the house was full, and the show is splendid pop theater. Madonna has described it as 'Broadway in a stadium', and with her nonstop dancing, costume changes, mini-dramas and dynamic pacing, it is sort of a 'Liza With an M.'" Jon Pareles from The New York Times reviewed the concert at Madison Square Garden in New York and felt that "For all its effort and professionalism, the concert wasn't exactly moving; Madonna had to ask the audience to get up and dance twice. But as shallow, kitschy, pop entertainment—no big messages, no revelations, familiar sounds and images, plenty of catchy tunes—the show was easy to enjoy. [...] The tunes stick to her limited vocal range and usually use short phrases—the better to keep her from running out of breath as she dances across the stage. And her band knocked the songs out with solid precision, recreating the gleaming sound of her records. On their rankings of Madonna's tours, VH1's Christopher Rosa and The Odyssey's Rocco Papa both placed Who's That Girl in the fourth position; according to the former, it includes "some of M’s most effervescent performing" and a "setlist that rivals any Madonna tour to date", while the latter deemed it "much more simple compared to what we're used to seeing from Madonna" and pointed out "a certain spark and joy captured during this show which has never been duplicated" and how the singer "proved her ability to command an audience". From The Advocate, Gina Vivinetto placed it on the eight position of her ranking.
Commercial response
After the tour was announced, the first two shows at Wembley Stadium in London sold-out at a then record-breaking time of 18 hours and 9 minutes for 144,000 tickets. However around 10,000 concert tickets were still left unsold for her Leeds concert. Madonna's concert in Paris in front of 130,000 fans remains to this date, her biggest concert audience ever and largest crowd of any concert in French history. A concert was also planned in Basel, Switzerland for August 31, 1987, but negotiations between Madonna's management and local organizers failed due to the high fee of one million ($ million in dollars) that Madonna's camp demanded. As a result, Nice, France was booked in the itinerary. But when a local mayor threatened to cancel the concert, citing crowd problems, Jacques Chirac, then Mayor of Paris, stepped in to overrule him. Her first-ever Italian concert in Turin, was presented by the Italian state broadcaster RaiUno and broadcast around the world. Just in Italy, the show was watched by around 14 million households. The show at Turin was watched by 65,000 fans and was a record there.
In Japan, a thousand troops had to restrain a crowd of 25,000 fans seeking to greet Madonna at the airport. When severe storms forced the cancellation of her first shows, despondent fans nearly rioted, and Madonna was confronted with out-of-control teenagers soaking themselves in the rain outside the stadium. Promoters had no choice but to refund U.S. $7 million to ticket-buyers. Madonna's Madison Square Garden show in New York City was an AIDS benefit with all the proceeds from the show going to American Foundation for AIDS Research (AmFAR). She dedicated her performance of "Live to Tell" to her late friend Martin Burgoyne, the designer of her 1983 "Burning Up" single cover sleeve. Upon completion, the tour was the second top female concert tour of 1987, behind Tina Turner's Break Every Rule Tour, earning in total of US$25 million according to Pollstar and playing in front of 1.5 million audience all over the world.
Broadcasts and recordings
The concert at Korakuen Stadium, Tokyo was broadcast on June 22, 1987, in Japan only. It was later released on VHS and LaserDisc as Who's That Girl: Live In Japan. It was the first television broadcast using Dolby Surround Sound and was promoted by Mitsubishi, as Madonna had previously starred in television commercials for their video recorders. On September 4, 1987, Madonna's concert special, Madonna in Concerto, filmed at the Comunale Stadium in Turin, Italy was broadcast live on TV in Italy (RAI), France (TF1), Germany (SAT1), Austria (ORF) and Spain (TVE). Other countries including Australia and The Netherlands broadcast this show in 1987. The concert was released commercially in 1988 as Ciao Italia: Live from Italy and was later available on LaserDisc and DVD.
The video contains the full Who's That Girl show, produced using footage from three different shows: Tokyo on June 22, 1987, Turin on September 4, 1987, and Florence on September 6, 1987. Heather Phares from Allmusic said: "A much simpler, less choreographed performance than her later extravaganzas like The Girlie Show World Tour, Ciao Italia is still entertaining in its own right, and will definitely please fans nostalgic for some old-school Madonna hits." Mark Knopher from the Los Angeles Daily News commented that "Ciao Italia shows the glitz and the glamor that made this tour so remarkable." It charted at the top of the Billboard music DVD chart on for six weeks and ranked at two on the "1988 Year-end Top Ranked Tapes". Ciao Italia also charted at number three on the Finnish DVD chart in 2009.
Legacy
According to Taraborrelli, "Many female artists behave like a diva for a period when they reach superstar status, and the 'Who's That Girl?' tour marked the beginning of Madonna's." For instance, she would not allow crew members to talk directly to her; they had to talk to her representatives, lest they distract her from the business at hand. She also forbade her dancers from speaking to her and her musicians were not permitted to even look at her unless they were onstage with her. Moreover, when coming on and off the stage, Madonna demanded that road managers hold sheets around her in order to shield her from the eyes of "those who couldn't help but stare". DeMann commented: "She has a way of demanding that compels you to give her your undivided attention", to which Taraborrelli felt that such behavior actually was an indication of how successful and strong Madonna was. "You don't behave like a bitch until you are that successful. The tour sure helped cement her star status", he commented.
The tour was also notable for giving rise to the term "new Madonna", a stronger and more intelligent sexual image of her former self which had given rise to the term Madonna wannabe. Considine felt that "the important thing Madonna did on the tour was to demonstrate how female sexuality can be a source of strength. Traditionally in pop culture, there are two roles that a woman can play—the good girl and the bad girl, and the bad girl is never taken seriously. But Madonna shows up the trappings of a bad girl, and demanded to be taken up seriously because she just doesn't roll over. I got more sense of the strength and power that was under her image all along." Another important fact noted in the tour by scholars is the extensive use of multimedia technique to its maximum potential. Says Mark Bego, author of Madonna: Blonde Ambition, that "Madonna transformed the concept of a concert tour being focused on the songs. She turned her Who's That Girl? tour into a ubiquitous multimedia blitz technique by including songs, dancing, choreography, videos, big screens, backdrops—not to mention the subtle preaching and messages—that made singing a secondary quality for concert goers. Evident from the people that thronged to see the tour, they were there for the spectacle—and not see Madonna standing in front of the microphone and singing.
Publications also noted the fanaticism Madonna suscited in various of the countries she visited, especially Japan and the United Kingdom which prompted South China Morning Post to say it "demonstrates the unique position that she commands in the world of pop music". The merchandise also "enjoyed rocketing sales". While in Italy, Madonna met some of her relatives from Pacentro, the village in which her grandfather and grandmother, Gaetano and Michelina Ciccone had been married. However, it was not the glorious home coming that she had expected; some of her relatives made it very clear that they were scandalized by her appearance and behavior. One good thing came from the visit, there were talks of making her an honorary citizen of the town. Ultimately, a statue of Madonna, wearing conical bra was erected in her name, at the center of the town.
Set list
Set list and samples per Madonna's official website and the notes and track listing of Ciao Italia: Live from Italy.
"Open Your Heart"
"Lucky Star"
"True Blue"
"Papa Don't Preach"
"White Heat"
"Causing a Commotion"
"The Look of Love"
Medley: "Dress You Up" / "Material Girl" / "Like a Virgin"
"Where's the Party"
"Live to Tell"
"Into the Groove"
"La Isla Bonita"
"Who's That Girl"
"Holiday"
Shows
Personnel
Adapted from the Who's That Girl World Tour 1987 program.
Band
Madonna – creator, vocals
Niki Haris - vocals
Donna De Lory - vocals
Debra Parson - vocals
Patrick Leonard – keyboards
Jai Winding – keyboards
Jonathan Moffett – drums
David Williams – guitar
James Harrah – guitar, bass guitar
Kerry Hatch – synth bass
Luis Conte – percussion
Dancers and choreographers
Shabba Doo – choreographer, dancer
Angel Ferreira – dancer
Chris Finch – dancer
Wardrobe and crew
Marlene Stewart – designer
Eric Barnett – tour manager
Patrick Leonard - musical director
Jeffrey Hornaday – tour director, staging
Liz Rosenberg - publicity
Melissa Crow - assistant to Madonna
Michelle Johnson - assistant to Jeffrey Hornaday
Christopher Ciccone - wardrobe
Rob Saduski – wardrobe
Debi Mazar – make-up, stylist
Julie Chertow - masseuse
Robert Parr - trainer
Peter Chaplin - cook
Mario Ciccone - props, ambiance
Peter Morse – lights, strobe direction
John Perry III - producer and director of "Papa Don't Preach" video segment
John Coulter - tour book design
See also
List of highest-attended concerts
List of highest-grossing concert tours by women
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Madonna.com > Tours > Who's That Girl World Tour
Madonna concert tours
1987 concert tours
Concert tours of Japan
Concert tours of the United States
Concert tours of Canada
Concert tours of the United Kingdom
Concert tours of Germany
Concert tours of the Netherlands
Concert tours of France
Concert tours of Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s%20That%20Girl%20World%20Tour |
Atherstone Town Community Football Club is a football club based in Atherstone, Warwickshire, England. They are currently members of the and play at Sheepy Road.
History
The original club was formed in 1887. They reached the semi-finals of the FA Amateur Cup in 1907–08, losing 3–0 to Stockton. The following season saw them reach the semi-final stage again, this time losing 3–0 to Clapton. After playing in several local leagues, they joined the Birmingham Combination in 1911, and were runners-up in their first season in the league. The club finished bottom of the league in 1923–24 and again in 1928–29. Following World War II, they were league champions in 1947–48, also winning the Birmingham Senior Cup. When the Combination folded in 1954, all but one of the clubs joined the Birmingham & District League, with Atherstone placed in the transitional Northern Division. A fourteenth-place finish in 1954–55 saw them placed in Division Two for the following season. They went on to finish as runners-up in Division Two, and were promoted to Division One.
Atherstone finished bottom of Division One in 1957–58 and were relegated back to Division Two. However, they finished third in Division Two the following season and were promoted to Division One. The league was reduced to a single division in 1960, and was renamed the West Midlands (Regional) League in 1962. When it expanded in 1965, Atherstone became members of the Premier Division. They were runners-up in the division in 1971–72 and were promoted to Division One North of the Southern League. After finishing as runners-up in Division One North the following season, the club were promoted to the Premier Division, where they remained until folding at the end of the 1978–79 season.
The club was immediately reformed as Atherstone United, taking the reserve team's place in Division One of the West Midlands (Regional) League. They were Division One champions in 1981–82, earning promotion to the Premier Division. After winning the Premier Division title in 1986–87, the club were promoted to the Midland Division of the Southern League. The following season saw them reach the first round of the FA Cup for the first time, eventually losing 2–0 to VS Rugby in a first round replay. They were Midland Division runners-up in 1988–89, securing promotion to the Premier Division. In 1990–91 the club reached the FA Cup first round again; after beating Fleetwood Town 3–1 in the first round, they lost 1–0 at Third Division Crewe Alexandra in the second round. Another FA Cup first round appearance the following season saw them hold Fourth Division Hereford United to a 0–0 draw at Sheepy Road, before losing the replay at Edgar Street 3–0.
Atherstone finished bottom of the Southern League Premier Division in 1999–2000 season and were relegated to the Western Division. They subsequently folded midway through the 2003–04 season. The club was then reformed under the name Atherstone Town, joining Division One of the Midland Combination for the 2004–05 season. After winning Division One and the President's Cup in their first season, they were Premier Division champions and League Cup winners in 2005–06 and were promoted to the Midland Alliance. The club were Midland Alliance champions in 2007–08, earning promotion to Division One Midlands of the Southern League. In 2008–09 they finished third in the division, qualifying for the promotion play-offs, but lost the semi-final 5–0 to Chasetown
Division One Midlands was renamed Division One Central in 2010, and Atherstone were relegated back to the Midland Alliance at the end of the 2010–11 season after finishing second-from-bottom of the division. They suffered a second successive relegation after finishing second-from-bottom of the Midland Alliance the following season, returning to the Premier Division of the Midland Combination. When the Combination merged with the Midland Alliance to form the Midland League in 2014, Atherstone were placed in Division One.
Season-by-season record
Honours
Midland Alliance
Champions 2007–08
West Midlands (Regional) League
Premier Division champions 1986–87
Division One champions 1981–82
Midland Combination
Premier Division champions 2005–06
Division One champions 2004–05
League Cup winners 2005–06
President's Cup winners 2004–05
Birmingham Combination
Champions 1947–48
Birmingham Senior Cup
Winners 1947–48, 1974–75
Walsall Senior Cup
Winners 1969–70, 1983–84
Records
Best FA Cup performance: Second round, 1990–91
Best FA Amateur Cup performance: Semi-finals, 1907–08, 1908–09
Best FA Trophy performance: Third round, 1975–76, 1977–78
Best FA Vase performance: Quarter-finals, 1982–83, 2019–20, 2022–23
See also
Atherstone Town F.C. players
Atherstone Town F.C. managers
References
External links
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in Warwickshire
Association football clubs established in 1887
1887 establishments in England
Association football clubs established in 1979
1979 establishments in England
Association football clubs established in 2004
2004 establishments in England
Atherstone
Birmingham Combination
West Midlands (Regional) League
Southern Football League clubs
Midland Football Combination
Midland Football Alliance
Midland Football League | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherstone%20Town%20F.C. |
Peter Iredale was a four-masted steel barque that ran ashore October 25, 1906, on the Oregon coast en route to the Columbia River. She was abandoned on Clatsop Spit near Fort Stevens in Warrenton about four miles (6 km) south of the Columbia River channel. Wreckage is still visible, making it a popular tourist attraction as one of the most accessible shipwrecks of the Graveyard of the Pacific.
Namesake
The ship was named after Peter Iredale, who not only owned the vessel as part of his shipping fleet, but was also a well-known figure in Liverpool, England, where his business was headquartered.
The ship was built in Maryport in June 1890, by R. Ritson & Co Ltd for P. Iredale & Porter. She measured 2,075 net register tons and was 87 meters (285 ft) in length. The vessel was fashioned from steel plates on an iron frame. She had royal sails above double top and topgallant sails, and was the largest vessel built by Ritson. The ship was originally commanded by Captain G.A. Brown and later by Captain H. Lawrence.
Wreck
Sailing from Salina Cruz, Mexico, on or about September 26, 1906, Peter Iredale was bound for Portland, Oregon with 1,000 tons of ballast and a crew of 27, including two stowaways. The voyage up the coast was unremarkable until the night of 25 October, when Captain H. Lawrence sighted the Tillamook Rock Lighthouse at 3:20 a.m. local time. The crew altered course first east-northeast and then northeast to enter the mouth of the Columbia River in thick mist and a rising tide. Under strong winds out of the west, an attempt was made to wear the ship away from shore, but a heavy northwest squall grounded Peter Iredale on Clatsop Sands (now called Clatsop Spit). High seas and wind drove the ship ashore. A lifeboat was dispatched from Hammond, Oregon and assisted in evacuating the sailors, who were tended to at Fort Stevens. No casualties occurred in the accident.
A Naval Court inquiry was held in Astoria on November 12 and 13, 1906, by the British Vice-Consulate to determine the cause of the wreck. After investigating, no blame was placed on Lawrence and the crew for the loss, and he and his officers were commended for their attempts to save the ship.
There was little damage to the hull and plans were made to tow the ship back to sea, but after several weeks waiting for favorable weather and ocean conditions, the ship had listed to port (left) and become embedded in the sands. The salvage rights to the ship were sold in 1917, though the wreck was never actually broken up. All that remains is the bow, a few ribs, and a couple of masts.
Captain Lawrence's final toast to his ship was: "May God bless you, and may your bones bleach in the sands."
World War II
The Oregon Coast saw action on the night of June 21, 1942 from Japanese submarine I-25 during World War II when several shells were fired at Fort Stevens. Though the wrecked Peter Iredale was in the line of fire, no damage was done to it. The next day, rolls of barbed wire were strung from Point Adams southward to hamper a potential invasion of the United States Pacific Northwest, especially after Kiska and Attu Islands in Alaska fell under Japanese hands two weeks earlier. Peter Iredale was entwined in the wire and remained that way until the end of the war.
Today
Over a century since it ran aground, the remains of Peter Iredale's rusted bow and masts are still visible jutting out of the sand and are a popular tourist attraction. The wreck is contained within Fort Stevens State Park, which is part of Lewis and Clark National Historical Park.
See also
New Carissa (a more recent Oregon Coast shipwreck)
References
External links
Peter Iredale at iredale.de
The Maryport sailing ship Peter Iredale
1906 port view of wrecked Peter Iredale
Historic image of the wreck of the Peter Iredale from Salem Public Library
1890 ships
Oregon Coast
Clatsop County, Oregon
Shipwrecks of the Oregon coast
Barques
Maritime incidents in 1906
Ships built in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Iredale |
Rodolfo A. Falcón Cabrera (born October 25, 1972, in Havana, Cuba) is a 3-time Olympic swimmer from Cuba, and has been called the country's best swimmer ever. Since 2006, he has been the country's National Commissioner for swimming.
He swam for Cuba at the 1992, 1996, and 2000 Olympics. At the 1996 Games, he won the silver medal in the 100 back ahead of countryman Neisser Bent—these represent the one swimming Olympic medals won by a Cuban. Falcón retired from the sport in 2002.
At the 1998 Central American and Caribbean Games, he set the Championship Record in 100 backstroke at 56.00, which still stands as the record as of 2009.
References
1972 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Havana
Cuban male swimmers
Male backstroke swimmers
Pan American Games gold medalists for Cuba
Pan American Games silver medalists for Cuba
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Cuba
Swimmers at the 1991 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1995 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1999 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic swimmers for Cuba
Olympic silver medalists for Cuba
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in swimming
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
Universiade medalists in swimming
Goodwill Games medalists in swimming
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Cuba
Competitors at the 1993 Central American and Caribbean Games
Competitors at the 1998 Central American and Caribbean Games
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Cuba
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1993 Summer Universiade
Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games
Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1995 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1999 Pan American Games
20th-century Cuban people
21st-century Cuban people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo%20Falc%C3%B3n |
Shambhala or Shambala is a mythical kingdom in Tibetan Buddhism.
Shambala may also refer to:
In Buddhism
Shambhala Buddhism, a Buddhist lineage named by Sakyong Mipham Rinpoche
Shambhala School, a non-denominational private school in Halifax, Nova Scotia
Shambhala Training, a secular approach to meditation developed by Chogyam Trungpa
Shambhala Publications, a publishing company that has no affiliation with Shambhala Buddhism, which specializes in books that deal with Buddhism or related topics
Media and entertainment
Shambala (film), a 2021 Kyrgyz submission for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film
Shambhala (film), a 2012 Thai film
"Shambala" (song), a 1973 song by Daniel Moore
Shambhala (music festival), a Canadian music festival
Shambala Festival, a UK festival
Shambhala Publications, an American publisher
"Shambala", a song by Beastie Boys from their 1994 album Ill Communication
Shambhala, a mythical location in the video game Fire Emblem: Three Houses
Shambhala, a mythical location in the video game Uncharted 2: Among Thieves
Places, peoples and languages
Shambala, Xiangcheng County, Sichuan, China
Shambaa people, a people of Tanzania, sometimes known as "Shambala"
Shambala language, a separate Tanzanian language
Other
Shamballa, the dwelling place of the governing deity of Earth, Sanat Kumara, and his attendants
Shambhala Preserve, an animal refuge founded by actress Tippi Hedren
Shambhala: Expedición al Himalaya, a roller coaster at PortAventura Park
Sambhal, city in Uttar Pradesh, India, origin of the Shambala concept
Sambhal district
Sambhal (Lok Sabha constituency), Indian parliamentary constituency
Sambhal (Vidhan Sabha constituency), state assembly constituency
See also
Shambu (disambiguation)
Language and nationality disambiguation pages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shambhala%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Ar tonelico: Melody of Elemia, released in Japan as is a role-playing video game developed by Gust Corporation for the PlayStation 2 and originally published by Banpresto in 2006. There are other media releases based on the game, including the manga Ar tonelico -arpeggio-, the anime OVA Ar tonelico, and several drama CDs.
At E3 2006, Nippon Ichi Software America (NIS America) announced that it would pick up Ar tonelico, with an expected release date on October 31, 2006. However, that release was delayed until February 6, 2007 to provide more time for localization. The European version was released by 505 Games on May 22, 2007. However, it was released in very limited quantities only in France, Italy, and Spain and as such European copies of the game are rare and the very existence of the PAL version remained widely unnoticed.
A sequel titled Ar tonelico II: Melody of Metafalica was released in Japan in 2007. A second sequel, Ar tonelico Qoga: Knell of Ar Ciel was released in 2011.
Gameplay
Exploration
Players may explore dungeons and other areas by moving in any direction and jumping. Depending on the abilities of the Reyvateils in the party, various spells can also be cast to light candles, remove obstacles, and trigger switches. Enemy creatures may be encountered at random as the player explores an area. A gauge in the lower-right corner of the screen indicates the likelihood of encountering an enemy, as well as the number of random encounters remaining in the current area. Once enough battles have been fought to empty the gauge, no further random encounters will take place until the player leaves and returns to the area.
Each town presents several points of interest that may be reached by selecting their name on a menu, then navigated like a field map. Additional points of interest may become available after certain conditions are met. The world map provides a 3D view of the world, which lists all of the locations currently accessible by the player. Most previously visited locations can be reached simply by scrolling the map to its entrance, then choosing to enter it.
Combat
Ar tonelico features a turn-based battle system akin to those of the Atelier Iris series. The active party consists of up to three fighters in the front and one Reyvateil in the back. An action can be chosen for each fighter as their turn arrives. An action bar at the top of the screen indicates the turn order for every character and opponent involved in the battle. Fighters may choose to strike the enemy, defend themselves, use a skill, use an item, or to protect the Reyvateil.
As long as any fighters remain alive, the Reyvateil can not be attacked directly by the enemy, and can only be targeted by charged attacks. When targeted, a number of circles are shown around her to indicate the number of fighters that must protect her (instead of attacking) before the enemy's next turn to completely block the attack. A successful defense grants the fighters an option to mount a devastating counter-attack at the cost of one harmocrystal.
Harmocrystals are activated when the Reyvateil and the rest of the party work well together, a measure of which is represented by the Harmonics bar at the bottom of the screen. Harmonics improve with each successful attack from the fighters, defense of the Reyvateil, and gradually over time, but decreases whenever an enemy lands a successful attack. When the bar fills, the party's attacks become stronger and one harmocrystal is activated. The number of active Harmocrystals affects the number of counter-attacks the party can mount, the skills available to each fighter, as well as the types of items received at the end of a battle. A higher level of Harmonics also allows the Reyvateil to sing faster.
Unlike fighter characters, the Reyvateil does not need to wait for her turn and can be given commands at any time during the battle. Instead of attacking directly, she supports the party by using Song Magic. Her MP will decrease as long as she is singing, and stopping the Song will cause her MP to recover over time. Red Magic can be charged for any length of time before being released onto the enemy as an attack, whereas Blue Magic immediately takes effect and remains in effect as long as the singing continues. Both kinds of magic become progressively stronger as the Reyvateil continues to sing the same Song, and power up faster with each incremental level of Harmonics. Stopping or changing the Song will cause the next spell to begin powering up from its basic level. The Reyvateils practice magic by "singing it". Hymns and Song Magic are powerful, they can be used for killing and healing. Therefore, unlike many other games, the songs form an integral part of the gameplay and story.
At the end of each battle, experience points are awarded to all party members regardless of whether they participated in battle, and extra points are granted to those who killed enemies. Dive Points are awarded to all Reyvateils currently in the party, which can then be used for Diving. Items are awarded based on the number of activated Harmocrystals at the end of each battle. Each enemy has a potential of dropping up to 4 items, with the fourth item usually being the most desirable.
Diving
Diving is a unique aspect of Ar tonelico'''s gameplay experience. By visiting a Dive Shop, the player can enter a Reyvateil's mind, also called a Cosmosphere or a Soulspace. The Diving experience shares many similarities with Japanese visual novels, which puts great emphasis on dialogue and character development. The player spends Dive Points to enter different locations within the Cosmosphere. In order to enter deeper levels of the Cosmosphere, the player must improve their relationship with the Reyvateil by gaining Dive Points from combat and having conversations with her while resting at inns and camps.
Despite being similar to a visual novel, the objective is not to date the Reyvateils, but to help them resolve their inner doubts and concerns. Doing so will allow the Reyvateils to craft new Song Magic as well as unlock new outfits, which act like improved equipment in battle. Many of the outfits are based on Japanese Moe-Archetypes from more familiar ones such as school uniforms, to mascot-like costumes and nightshirts.
Plot
SettingAr tonelico takes place in the world of Sol Ciel (ソル・シエール), which literally translates to "Sun Sky" in Latin and French, respectively, but means "Shining Sky/World" in the game's own language. The world consists of the living Tower of Ar tonelico and the Wings of Horus, a landmass connected to the lower portion of the Tower. Each section of the world above and below The Wings of Horus is designated with a specific name. The lower world is known for its small towns and is not considered to be very technologically advanced. The upper world is very advanced, and the Floating City of Platina is even considered to be a holy sanctuary by the Church of Elemia from the lower world. The Tower exists at the center of the world and is made from technology that was available prior to the world-destroying catastrophe known as the Grathnode Inferia. There is little land left after the two catastrophes of the past, so people have become increasingly dependent on Ar tonelico. The Tower functions much like a computer program, and is susceptible to viruses which are emerging at an alarming rate to wreak havoc on both the upper and lower worlds.
The world of Sol Ciel is inhabited by two main races: Human and Reyvateil (レーヴァテイル). Reyvateils are a manufactured race who were originally created to maintain Ar tonelico. They are designed to resemble humans in every way except for their lifespan and their ability to communicate with the Tower. All Reyvateils are female regardless of their birth history. There are three different types of Reyvateils. Reyvateil Origins are the original Reyvateils who were created with a specific purpose in mind. They have a perfect connection to the Tower. They are considered the parents of all β-type and Third Generation Reyvateils because the lower class Reyvateils are in some way related to them. The second type, β-type Reyvateils, are clones of Reyvateil Origins. They are mortal, though they still live significantly longer than humans; approximately 150 years. The last type, Third Generation Reyvateils, are born from relationships between humans and Reyvateils. Due to the strain that the power of Ar tonelico puts on their bodies, they tend to have naturally short life spans of only 14 to 20 years. There is a life-extending agent called Diquility that can only be produced by the and the , but it must be applied every 3 months, and the cost of obtaining it is prohibitive. Consequently, many Third Generation Reyvateils choose to join one of the above-mentioned organizations in order to obtain Diquility for free.
CharactersAr tonelico has eight playable characters, but many more are important to the storyline. The main protagonist is Lyner Barsett, a Knight of Elemia who fell from Platina when attempting to destroy one of the viruses, who was then saved by a reyvateil, Aurica Nestmile. He meets Aurica Nestmile and Misha Arsellec Lune in the lower world, both of whom are Reyvateils. These two become very important characters, and the player must interact with them on a regular basis by conversing and Diving in order to progress through the game.
Other playable characters include Jack Hamilton, a lone gunner; Krusche Elendia, an airship grathmelder; Radolf Schnaizen, a Cardinal with the Church of Elemia; Shurelia, the Tower's administrator; and Ayatane Michitaka, a fellow Knight of Elemia. The main antagonist is Mir, a β-type Reyvateil who was created as a selfless servant to humanity, but has since developed a genocidal hatred for the human race as a result of her mistreatment at their hands.
Story
Release
Soundtrack
The soundtrack of the game was mostly composed by the members of the Gust Sound Team - Akira Tsuchiya, Ken Nakagawa and Daisuke Achiwa, who are best known for composing music for Gust's Atelier series. Haruka Shimotsuki, Takashige Inagaki and Akiko Shikata also contributed composition for several of the songs and Hymns in the game. As well as the choral Hymns, the soundtrack features a variety of musical genres ranging from rock, electronica, industrial and rap to ethnic, acoustic, orchestral and folk styles. Each Reyvateil has their own singer (who is different from their voice actor in both Japanese and English versions) who performed their Songs and Hymns: "Aurica": Haruka Shimotsuki, "Misha": Akiko Shikata, "Shurelia": Noriko Mitose and "Claire": Yūko Ishibashi.
The music of the game was released across three albums: a 2-disc original soundtrack and two Hymmnos Concert CDs. The Hymmnos Concert CDs contained all the Hymns and songs which were absent from the OST.
Other media
There have been a variety of media releases for Ar tonelico, including soundtrack CDs, drama CDs, an OVA, and a manga.
Other information
Hymmnos
Hymmnos is a language from the time before the two catastrophes that destroyed the world, and it is used by the Reyvateils to transmit their feelings to the tower to process them into Song Magic, although humans also utilize it for authentication purposes, issuing predefined commands to the Tower and the Download of Hymn Crystals. It is represented in-game by unique glyphs. In the game, it is mainly audible as part of the lyrics in the songs the heroines sing during decisive battles, important events, and in the opening and the ending songs, but it can also be heard in the dialog in certain specific portions of the story. Unlike the ancient languages seen in other games, Hymmnos is a fully realized constructed language that features a unique grammar, phonology and vocabulary, though a few of its words are seemingly derived from English, Latin, German, Sanskrit and a few other natural languages. Its basic grammar has the structure "Emotion Sounds (a set of three words that explain the singer's current emotional state)-V-O", with the subject defaulting to first person unless special grammar constructs are employed. The game's soundtracks come with booklets that feature translations for most of the Hymmnos sections found in every song heard during the game.
References to other games
During the last level of the Cosmospheres of both Aurica and Misha, there is a bonus level called Level E. These worlds are a reference to the worlds of Atelier Marie and Atelier Elie made by Gust in reference to the Atelier series featuring artwork and music from those games. Upon completion of these levels, Aurica and Misha will obtain the costumes of Marie (Marlone) and Elie (Elfir) for use in battle; and although, not available in game, the Extras menu has an unlockable image of Shurelia in Lita's costume from Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana.
ReceptionAr tonelico has been criticized by some reviewers for being too easy and not presenting much of a challenge. GameSpot opined "there's no challenge whatsoever to the battles, constant use of overt sexual innuendo isn't the least bit clever or entertaining, and the courtship aspect of the game makes very little sense," with IGN chiming in that "some game flaws in standard RPG elements, like the battle system and exploration keep this from being a stand out game." On the other hand, it has been looked upon kindly by other members of the press, with VGRC stating "if you're looking for the next epic RPG, you will not find it here. However, if you want something fresh in this tired and stale genre, Ar tonelico'' will most certainly deliver."
Sequels
Notes
References
External links
Official website
Official website
Ar tonelico hymmno server
Ar tonelico hymmno server (English fan translation)
2006 video games
Ar Tonelico
Banpresto games
Gust Corporation games
Japanese role-playing video games
Nippon Ichi Software games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
Video games developed in Japan
505 Games games
Single-player video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%20Tonelico%3A%20Melody%20of%20Elemia |
Birmingham United Football Club is a football club originally representing the village of Barnt Green, near Bromsgrove, in Worcestershire, England. Members of the , the club are currently based in nearby Redditch and play at the Valley Stadium.
History
The club was established in 1992 as a Sunday league team under the name Spar Barnt Green, joining Division One of the Bromsgrove & District League. In their first season they won the Gordon Bridgwater Cup and the LMS Shield. They retained the LMS Shield the following season, before the 1994–95 season saw them finish as runners-up in Division One, as well as winning the Gordon Bridgwater Cup, the LMS Shield and the Advertiser & Messenger Cup.
In 1997 the club joined Division Three of the Midland Combination as Barnt Green Spartak. After finishing eighth in 1999–2000, they were promoted to Division Two. The club went on to win Division Two in 2002–03, earning promotion to Division One. The following season saw them win Division One at the first attempt, resulting in promotion to the Premier Division. They won the Worcestershire Senior Urn in 2006–07, beating Alvechurch 2–1 in the final. In 2008 the club was renamed GSA Sports. However, they left the league at the end of the 2009–10 season.
Barnt Green Spartak was re-established in 2012 and joined Division Two of the Midland Combination. After winning the division in 2012–13 they were promoted to Division One. The Midland Combination merged with the Midland Alliance in 2014 to form the Midland League, with Barnt Green placed in Division Two. In February 2023 they were renamed Birmingham United.
Ground
After groundsharing with Alvechurch at Lye Meadow, the club moved to Sporting Khalsa's Abbey Park Stadium in Bloxwich in 2009. When the club was reformed in 2012, home games were initially played at Pilkington XXX. The club subsequently moved to the Coppice, the home ground of Highgate United before relocating to Earlswood Town's Pavilions ground prior to the 2018–19 season. In 2023 the club moved to Redditch United's Valley Stadium.
Honours
Midland Combination
Division One champions 2003–04
Division Two champions 2002–03, 2012–13
Bromsgrove & District League
Gordon Bridgwater Cup winners 1992–93, 1994–95
LMS Shield winners 1992–93, 1993–94, 1994–95
Advertiser & Messenger Cup winners 1994–95
Worcestershire Senior Urn
Winners 2006–07
Records
Best FA Cup performance: Preliminary round, 2007–08
Best FA Vase performance: Second round, 2004–05
See also
References
External links
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in Worcestershire
Association football clubs established in 1992
1992 establishments in England
Midland Football Combination
Midland Football League | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham%20United%20F.C. |
Sikalongo is a rural community in the Southern Province of Zambia. It is located 30 km east-south-east of Choma in the Singani Chieftaincy, not far from the Zambezi Escarpment north-west of Lake Kariba. It existed as a traditional community until the early twentieth century when American missionaries from the Brethren in Christ Church established a mission station there. During the first half of the twentieth century, missionaries established a church, a clinic, and a primary school. In 1968, the Brethren in Christ church established a Bible Institute which continues to the present. With help from the local community, the mission station established a secondary school during the 1970s.
See also
Brethren in Christ
Macha Mission Station
References
Engle, Anna R., J. A. Climenhaga and Leoda A. Buckwalter. There is No Difference, God Works in Africa and India. Nappanee, Ind.: E. V. Publishing House, 1950.
Davidson, Hannah Frances. South and South Central Africa. Elgin, Ill.: Brethren Publishing House, 1915.
Wittlinger, Carlton O. Quest for Piety and Obeidence: The Story of the Brethren in Christ. Nappanee, Ind.: Evangel Press, 1978.
External links
Sikalongo Bible Institute
Brethren in Christ Church
Christian missions in Zambia
Populated places in Southern Province, Zambia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikalongo |
The 10th Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own) was a cavalry regiment of the British Army raised in 1715. It saw service for three centuries including the First World War and Second World War but then amalgamated with the 11th Hussars (Prince Albert's Own) to form the Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own) in October 1969.
History
Early history
The regiment was formed at Hertford in 1715 as Gore's Regiment of Dragoons, one of 16 raised in response to the 1715 Jacobite rising. The Rising ended before the unit was ready for action; while most of these temporary formations were disbanded in 1718, Gore's remained in being and spent the next 25 years on garrison duty, primarily in the West Country. It first saw active service during the 1745 rising, at the Battle of Falkirk Muir in January 1746 and the Battle of Culloden in April. As part of the reforms enacted by the Duke of Cumberland, it was retitled the 10th Regiment of Dragoons in 1751.
During the 1756 to 1763 Seven Years' War, it took part in the June 1758 Raid on St Malo, followed by the battles of Minden in August 1759, Warburg in July 1760 and Kloster Kampen in October, where the commanding officer, Colonel William Pitt, was badly wounded and taken prisoner. It then fought in the Allied victory at Villinghausen in July 1761, which forced the French onto the defensive and ultimately led to the Treaty of Paris in 1763.
In 1779, the light troop was detached to form the 19th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons; in 1783, it became the 10th (Prince of Wales's Own) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons in honour of the future King George IV. As a result of its connection with the Prince of Wales, the regiment became known for elaborate and expensive uniforms and the high personal income required to be an officer. In June 1794, Beau Brummell, an arbiter of men's fashion in Regency London, was given a commission as cornet but resigned in 1795 when it moved from London to Manchester.
Napoleonic Wars
In 1806, the regiment was again re-designated, this time becoming a hussar regiment as the 10th (Prince of Wales's Own) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons (Hussars), and sailed for Corunna in Spain in November 1808. The regiment saw action at the Battle of Sahagún in December 1808 and the Battle of Benavente later in December 1808 during the Peninsular War. At Benavente the regiment captured General Charles Lefebvre-Desnouettes, the French cavalry commander. The regiment then took part in the Battle of Corunna in January 1809 before returning to England.
In 1813, having landed once more in Spain, the regiment fought at the Battle of Morales in June 1813. During the battle the regiment destroyed the 16th French Dragoons between Toro and Zamora, taking around 260 prisoners. The regiment also fought at the Battle of Vitoria later in the month while still in Spain and then, having advanced into France, fought at the Battle of Orthez in February 1814 and the Battle of Toulouse in April 1814. As part of the 6th Cavalry Brigade, the regiment charged the French cavalry and infantry at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815.
Victorian era
The regiment was sent to India in 1846 and then saw action at the Siege of Sevastopol in winter 1854 and at the Battle of Eupatoria in February 1855 during the Crimean War. In 1861, it was renamed the 10th (The Prince of Wales's Own) Royal Hussars. The regiment saw action at the Battle of Ali Masjid in November 1878 during the Second Anglo-Afghan War and at the First and Second Battles of El Teb in February 1884 during the Mahdist War.
With the outbreak of the Second Boer War, the regiment sailed for South Africa in November 1899. After fighting at Colesberg, the regiment participated in the relief of Kimberley in February 1900. It was also involved at the Battle of Diamond Hill in June 1900. Following the end of the war in 1902 they went to India. Almost 375 officers and men left Cape Town on the SS Lake Manitoba in September 1902, arriving at Bombay the following month and was then stationed at Mhow in Bombay Presidency.
The regiment was next deployed in action on the North-West Frontier in 1909.
The First World War
The regiment, which was based at Potchefstroom in South Africa at the start of the war, returned to the UK and then landed at Ostend with the 6th Cavalry Brigade in the 3rd Cavalry Division in October 1914 as part of the British Expeditionary Force for service on the Western Front.
Inter-war
After the war the regiment saw brief service in Ireland. On 22 June 1921 it provided the royal escort for King George V when he opened the first Parliament of Northern Ireland. Two days later the train carrying the detachment back to the south was mined, killing and wounding twenty-four hussars and eighty of their horses. The regiment returned to the UK in 1921 and was retitled the 10th Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own). Deploying to Egypt in 1929 and India in 1930, the regiment returned to the UK in 1936 and began the process of mechanisation. It was assigned to the 2nd Armoured Brigade of the 1st Armoured Division in 1939. At the same time, it became part of the Royal Armoured Corps.
The Second World War
With the outbreak of war, the 1st Armoured Division deployed to France. It fought in northern France and Belgium, returning to England without any vehicles in June 1940. In December 1940, a group of personnel was detached to form the cadre of the 23rd Hussars. In November 1941, the regiment deployed to North Africa with the 2nd Armoured Brigade, joining 7th Armoured Division. Now equipped with Crusader tanks, it saw action in Operation Crusader, at the Battle of Alam el Halfa in August 1942 and at the Second Battle of El Alamein in October 1942. At El Alamein the regiment captured General Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma, the German Deputy Commander. The regiment then fought both as an armoured unit and as dismounted infantry during the Italian Campaign in 1944 and 1945.
Post-war
The regiment was deployed to Lübeck in Germany as an armoured regiment in the British Army of the Rhine in 1946. It moved to Epsom Barracks in Iserlohn in 1948 and then returned to the UK in July 1953. It then deployed to Aqaba in Jordan in February 1956 in operations in support of the Jordanian Government: 19 members of the regiment were killed in an air crash at El Quweira in April 1957. After returning to the UK again in July 1957, the regiment moved to Swinton Barracks in Munster in July 1959 and then transferred to Barker Barracks in Paderborn in June 1960. It returned home again in March 1964 and then deployed to Aden in August 1964 during the Aden Emergency. The regiment moved to York Barracks in Munster in September 1965 and after returning home in September 1969, amalgamated with the 11th Hussars (Prince Albert's Own) to form the Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own) in October 1969.
Regimental museum
The regimental collection is held by HorsePower: The Museum of the King's Royal Hussars which is based at Peninsula Barracks in Winchester.
Battle honours
The regiment's battle honours were as follows:
Early wars: Warburg, Peninsula, Waterloo, Sevastopol, Ali Masjid, Afghanistan 1878–79, Egypt 1884, Relief of Kimberley, Paardeberg, South Africa 1899-1902
The Great War: Ypres 1914 '15, Langemarck 1914, Gheluvelt, Nonne Bosschen, Frezenberg, Loos, Arras 1917 '18, Scarpe 1917, Somme 1918, St. Quentin, Avre, Amiens, Drocourt-Quéant, Hindenburg Line, Beaurevoir, Cambrai 1918, Pursuit to Mons, France and Flanders 1914-18
The Second World War: Somme 1940, North-West Europe 1940, Saunnu, Gazala, Bir el Aslagh, Alam el Halfa, El Alamein, El Hamma, El Kourzia, Djebel Kournine, Tunis, North Africa 1942–43, Coriano, Santarcangelo, Cosina Canal Crossing, Senio Pocket, Cesena, Valli di Commacchio, Argenta Gap, Italy 1944-45
Uniform
The regiment wore standard red dragoon coats with "deep yellow" facings until the dark blue uniform and crested helmet of light dragoon was authorized in 1784. Hussar dress was adopted through a series of separate measures, culminating with the introduction of a busby in 1809. Until 1914 the entire regiment wore dark blue hussar uniform for full dress with a red busby bag, yellow braiding, white plume and yellow stripes on their riding breeches. Officers had a distinctive pattern of criss-crossed gilt metal decoration on their pouch-belts, which gave the regiment its nickname of "The Chainy 10th".
Regimental band
The regimental band dates back to as early as 1786. In the 1850s, the band served with the regiment in India and then in Afghanistan. On the occasion of the Coronation Durbar in December 1911, when King George V visited India, trumpeters of the regiment were granted permission to wear the royal livery. When the regiment moved to Bloemfontein, the band became very popular with the public. The band also accompanied the regiment in India during the 1920s and 30s. It was one of the first bands to visit troops in France after the D-Day landings. The band then served with the hussars in West Germany during the Cold War. In 1961 it was paraded for the last time, with the last Drum Horse of the 10th Royal Hussars. When the regiment returned to Tidworth to amalgamate with the 11th Hussars in 1969, to form The Royal Hussars, the two regimental bands were merged.
Victoria Crosses
Sergeant Henry William Engleheart - Second Boer War, 13 March 1900
Lieutenant Sir John Milbanke, 10th Baronet - Second Boer War, 5 January 1900
Commanding Officers
The Commanding Officers have been:
1959–1962: Lt.-Col. John M.D. Ward-Harrison
1962–1965: Lt.-Col. William S.P. Lithgow
1965–1968: Lt.-Col. John B. Willis
1968–1969: Lt.-Col. Bernard C. Greenwood
Colonels-in-Chief
1898–: F.M. King Edward VII
1910?–: F.M. King George V
1937–: F.M. Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, KG, KT, KP, GCB, GCMG, GCVO
Regimental Colonels
Colonels of the Regiment were:
Humphrey Gore's Regiment of Dragoons
1715–1723: Lt-Gen. Humphrey Gore
1723–1745: Lt-Gen. Charles Churchill
1745–1749: F.M. Sir Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham
1749–1780: Gen. Sir John Mordaunt, KB
10th Regiment of Dragoons (1751)
1780–1796: Gen. Sir William Augustus Pitt, KB
10th (Prince of Wales's Own) Regiment of (Light) Dragoons (1783)
1796–1820: Col. The Prince Regent
10th (The Prince of Wales's Own) Royal Regiment of (Light) Dragoons (Hussars) (1811)
1820–1843: Gen. Charles William Vane Stewart, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry, KG, GCB, GCH
1843–1863: Gen. Henry Beauchamp Lygon, 4th Earl Beauchamp
10th (Prince of Wales's Own Royal) Hussars (1861)
1863–1901: F.M. Prince Albert Edward, Prince of Wales KG, KT, KP, GCB, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, GCVO
1901–1912: Maj-Gen. Lord Ralph Drury Kerr, KCB
1912–1924: Maj-Gen. Hugh Richard Dawnay, 8th Viscount Downe, KCVO, CB, CIE
10th Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own)(1921)
1924–1935: F.M. Sir Julian Hedworth George Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy, GCB, GCMG, MVO
1935–1939: Brig-Gen. Thomas Walter Brand, 3rd Viscount Hampden, GCVO, KCB, CMG
1939–1947: Col. Victor John Greenwood, MC
1947–1949: Lt-Gen. Sir Charles Willoughby Moke Norrie, 1st Baron Norrie, GCMG, GCVO, CB, DSO, MC
1949–1952: Lt-Gen. Sir Charles Henry Gairdner, GBE, KCMG, KCVO, CB
1952–1962: Brig. Charles Barnet Cameron Harvey, DSO
1962–1969: Maj-Gen. Sir David Dawnay, KCVO, CB, DSO (to Royal Hussars)
1969: Regiment amalgamated with 11th Hussars (Prince Albert's Own) to form The Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own)
Alliances
- Nelson Marlborough Mounted Rifles
Notable former members
Donald Crisp
Peter H. Jackson
Norman Wisdom
John Boyle O'Reilly
William Stuttaford
Beau Brummell
Robert Pate
John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham
References
Sources
10 Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own)
Hussar regiments of the British Army
Military units and formations established in 1715
Military units and formations disestablished in 1969
H10
Royal Hussars 010
Regiments of the British Army in the Crimean War
1715 establishments in Great Britain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th%20Royal%20Hussars |
Goldenhorse is a pop band from New Zealand.
Release
Goldenhorse's debut album Riverhead was released in October 2002, to a small fanfare. But over the next 18 months various singles from the album started to be played on the radio. The band played live throughout New Zealand continuously and sales of the record climbed slowly then steadily and in August 2004 the album reached no.1 on the national charts.
In 2010, Goldenhorse founding member Ben King debuted his new musical project Grand Rapids. Grand Rapids released their debut album Faintheartedness in April 2011. It was released as an exclusive limited edition vinyl through MusicHype.
In February 2012, the band provided the theme song for TV2's commercial which was a re-recorded version of "I'm Free", originally written by The Rolling Stones in 1965.
Discography
Studio albums
Singles
Charity singles
References
External links
Official Site (broken link)
AudioCulture profile
New Zealand pop rock groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldenhorse |
Mohammed Attiqur Rahman (Punjabi, ), MC (24 June 1918 – 1 June 1996) was a senior general in the Pakistan Army, a noted military historian, and a senior government official. He was the martial law administrator (MLA) of West Pakistan in General Yahya Khan's military regime. He was educated at St.Paul's school, London and joined IMA in 1939 with a sword of Honour and then joined 4th/12th FFR. He was the last Governor of West Pakistan and implemented the dissolution of the One Unit scheme, after which he became the first Governor of Punjab province.
Early life
Born on 24 June 1918, Rahman was the son of Lt Colonel Abdur Rahman, RIAMC. Rahman was schooled at St Paul's in London, UK, and then joined the Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military Academy, Dehradun, British India, where he was awarded the Sword of Honor and the silver spurs as the best all-round Gentleman Cadet.
Military service
Commissioned on 1 February 1940, Rahman joined the 4/12th Frontier Force Regiment ( "Charwanja") and was posted to Thall, Kurram Agency, (Ahmedzai Operations) then to Datta Khel (Lower Tochi Operations). In November 1941, his battalion went to join General Slim's Fourteenth Army to fight in Burma. His best friend in the battalion was Major Sam Manekshaw, later a field marshal, with whom he had a lifelong friendship.
In 1966, promoted to lieutenant general, he commanded his first corps, IV Corps, then headquartered at Multan (later it was moved to Lahore). When General Yahya Khan's martial law was instituted on 25 March 1969, Rahman was appointed Martial Law Administrator (MLA), Zone A (West Pakistan), due to his position as Commander IV Corps. In August 1969, Rahman was relieved by Tikka Khan and moved to I Corps at Mangla. Rahman stayed there until February 1970. He was then replaced by Lt Gen Irshad Ahmed Khan. Rahman was appointed as the Governor of West Pakistan in February 1970, replacing Air Marshal Nur Khan. He stayed as governor until the breakup of One Unit in 1971, and then became Governor of Punjab. He retired from the army and from the governorship in December 1971.
Military analyst
After retirement in December 1971, he wrote extensively on military issues. In 1977, General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq appointed him as Chairman of the Federal Public Services Commission, holding this position until 1985.
Awards and decorations
Foreign Decorations
Works
References
External links
Herr Generalfeldmarschall Attiq von Rachmann by Ardeshir Cowasjee (Dawn)
1918 births
1996 deaths
20th-century Pakistani historians
British Indian Army officers
Frontier Force Regiment officers
Generals of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
Governors of Punjab, Pakistan
Governors of West Pakistan
Indian Army personnel of World War II
Pakistani generals
Pakistani military historians
People from Rawalpindi District
Punjabi people
Recipients of the Military Cross | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attiqur%20Rahman |
The Texas Music Educators Association (TMEA) is an organization of over 12,000 Texas school music educators. Its stated goals are to provide professional growth opportunities, to encourage interaction among music education professionals, to foster public support for music in schools, to offer quality musical experiences for students, to cultivate universal appreciation and lifetime involvement in music, and to develop and maintain productive working relationships with other professional organizations.
History
TMEA was founded in 1920 by James E. King(1885-1947) and originally called the Texas Band Teachers Association.
Once an affiliate of MENC: The National Association for Music Education, TMEA was expelled as the state affiliate largely due to policy disputes over compulsory MENC membership in 1975. Essentially, at the time of federated status, TMEA members had the option to join TMEA without paying dues to MENC. MENC found this arrangement untenable and urged TMEA to revise its constitution to require all TMEA members to pay full MENC dues and affiliate with MENC. This question was repeatedly put before TMEA membership who rejected it in ballot after ballot. MENC officially expelled TMEA, what would have been and would remain today its largest affiliated organization, on June 30, 1975. TMEA assisted MENC in the creation of the "Texas Music Educators Conference," to be a Texas MENC affiliate. Prior to the expulsion, over 1000 TMEA members voluntarily maintained MENC membership, however in its first report to MENC, the newly formed TMEC claimed only 99 members statewide.
Issues regarding the dominance of TMEA by the state's larger schools (those in UIL Classes AAAA and AAAAA) led to the 1991 formation of the Association of Texas Small School Bands (ATSSB), membership in which is limited to schools in UIL Classes A, AA, and AAA. However, TMEA and ATSSB (along with other organizations, such as the Texas Bandmasters Association, which also split from TMEA in the 1940s) work together to promote music education in Texas.
Functions
All-State
TMEA is responsible for auditions into and concerts of Texas's All-Region and All-State bands, orchestras and choirs. It aligns schools into the 33 regions which are used by the University Interscholastic League (UIL) and the Association of Texas Small School Bands (ATSSB) for their competitions. The audition music is announced at the yearly Texas Bandmasters Association (TBA) convention in San Antonio, usually in July.
Auditions are held at the region level during the fall of each year to determine All-City, All-District and All-Region groups. Most regions host a public concert of their All-Region bands, orchestras and choirs to provide a performance clinic for the selected musicians and to showcase the students' musicianship.
Top ranked musicians from each region advance to their respective All-Area auditions. The All-Area groups serve to reduce the number of participants considered for All-State and therefore do not have a performance component as do the All-Region groups.
A final audition is held among the top All-Area musicians to decide membership in the All-State groups. Student musicians selected for an All-State group are invited to attend the annual TMEA convention and participate in a performance clinic and concert. The All-State groups include the following:
List of Texas All-State Groups
6A Symphonic Band
6A Concert Band
5A Symphonic Band
Jazz Ensemble I
Jazz Ensemble II
Symphony Orchestra
Philharmonic Orchestra
Sinfonietta Orchestra (replaced the String Orchestra in 2018-19)
Large School Mixed Choir
Small School Mixed Choir
Treble Choir
Tenor/Bass Choir
TTCCDA Choir
TCCBDA Symphonic Band
TCCBDA Jazz Ensemble
ATSSB Symphonic Band
ATSSB Concert Band
ATSSB Jazz Ensemble
Clinic/Convention
TMEA hosts an annual convention in San Antonio during the month of February. The convention's main attractions are workshops that qualify as continuing education credit for music teachers, an exhibition show for the music industry and concerts by many honor and invited groups. Concerts performed by the All-State groups provide a finale for the convention.
Southwestern Musician
Southwestern Musician is an official publication of TMEA. Content includes various articles on music education and information about TMEA events and operations. Nine issues are published during the school year.
References
Further reading
ProQuest, Biffle, George Leslie (1991) A history of the Texas Music Educators Association, 1959-1979. D.M.A. dissertation, Arizona State University. Retrieved September 13, 2008, from Dissertations & Theses: Full Text database. (Publication No. AAT 9124786)..
Texas Music Educators Association. Minutes and Proceedings of the Texas Music Educators Association, 1924-1961. Austin: Texas Music Educators Association, 1961. 780.706 T355M 1961
Daniel Ross Grant, “The Texas Music Educators Association: A Historical Study of Selected Landmark Events Between 1938 and 1980 and the Decisions Which Influenced Their Outcomes” (Ph.D. diss., University of North Texas, 1989).
Texas Music Office, Texas Music Education Primer, (Austin: Office of the Governor, 1995, 1997; now available at Texas Music Education Primer ).
Grant, Daniel Ross, 1955-. The Texas Music Educators Association: A Historical Study of Selected Landmark Events Between 1938 and 1980 and the Decisions Which Influenced Their Outcomes. Denton, Texas. UNT Digital Library. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331139/. Accessed March 11, 2016.
External links
TMEA's official website
Texas Jazz Educators Association
Texas Music Adjucators Association
Texas Association of Music Schools
Music education organizations
Music competitions in the United States
Concerts
Music conferences
Educational organizations based in Texas
Organizations based in Austin, Texas
Texas classical music | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%20Music%20Educators%20Association |
Paul Hunt, a New Zealand and British national, is a human rights expert who specialises in economic, social and cultural rights. In January 2019, he took up office as Chief Commissioner at the New Zealand Human Rights Commission.
Formerly a Senior Lecturer at the University of Waikato and a Professor of Law at the Human Rights Centre, University of Essex. He has held senior UN human rights appointments, including Member of the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, UN Special Rapporteur on the right to the highest attainable standard of health and Senior Human Rights Advisor to the Assistant WHO Director-General, Flavia Bustreo.
Background
In 1979, he graduated from Cambridge University (UK) with a law degree. Between 1982-1985, he worked for Kingsley Napley (London) as a civil and criminal litigation solicitor, and assistant to the Senior Partner, Sir David Napley. In 1988, he married a New Zealander and in 1992 moved to New Zealand where he took up the position of Senior Lecturer at the University of Waikato. In 1995, he was awarded a Masters of Jurisprudence (1st Class Hons) by the University of Waikato (New Zealand). In 2000, he was appointed Professor of Law at the University of Essex (UK) and also became a Visiting Professor at the University of Waikato. Between 2000-2018, he was an annual visitor to, and speaker in, New Zealand. In 2018, he moved back to New Zealand to take up the position of Chief Commissioner in the New Zealand Human Rights Commission. In 2018, Nicola Sturgeon, First Minister of Scotland, appointed Hunt to her Advisory Group on Human Rights Leadership.
Human rights
In 1985, Hunt left private practice and became a human rights lawyer in Israel/Palestine working for Quaker Peace and Service (now Quaker Peace and Social Witness). Between 1985 and 1987, he lived in the West Bank and Gaza Strip and researched the Israeli Military Courts. Published in 1987, Justice? The Military Court System in the Israeli-Occupied Territories, examined the Military Courts through the "lens" of Israel's international human rights obligations.
On his return to the UK, Hunt worked with Sydney Bailey on an inter-denominational project about human rights in Britain and Ireland. This Quaker project included Mary Robinson, shortly to become the President of Ireland, and David Trimble, shortly to become leader of the Ulster Unionist Party and First Minister of Northern Ireland. The project led to Human Rights and Responsibilities in Britain and Ireland, edited by Bailey, and a shorter version, A Christian Perspective on Human Rights and Responsibilities: with Special Reference to Northern Ireland, edited by Hunt and was responsible for one of the earliest publications in favour of incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law.
Between 1987–1990, Hunt worked for the National Council for Civil Liberties/Liberty (UK) as Legal Officer, Head of the Legal and Campaign Team and Acting general secretary. He conducted national and international human rights cases, including litigation in Strasbourg under the European Convention on Human Rights. In addition to prisoners' rights, he worked on the lawfulness of Northern Ireland's emergency laws. and was responsible for one of the earliest publications in favour of incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law.
Between 1990–1992, Hunt was appointed Associate Director of the African Centre for Democracy and Human Rights Studies (Gambia), working under Raymond Sock (formerly Solicitor-General) and Hassan Jallow (then Minister of Justice). The Centre paralleled and monitored the new Gambian-based African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights established under the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. With Jallow, Hunt co-authored one of the first publications on HIV/AIDS and human rights in Africa, as well as research on African national human rights institutions, and children's rights in the Gambia.
Academic career
Between 1992–2000, Hunt was senior lecturer at the University of Waikato, New Zealand. The focus of his teaching and research was national and international public law, especially human rights. He began to specialise in economic, social and cultural rights and his study, Reclaiming Social Rights: International and Comparative Perspectives, was published in 1996. This was one of the first books published on social rights. Reviewing it in the Human Rights Quarterly, Barbara Stark remarked upon the book's ambition and concluded, "Hunt succeeds brilliantly" and that the study "dazzles".
At the University of Waikato, Hunt looked at human rights in New Zealand and the South Pacific, including the relationship between culture and rights, as well as the rights of indigenous peoples, which led to scholarship such as Culture, Rights and Cultural Rights: Perspectives from the South Pacific, co-edited with Margaret Wilson. Between 1996–97, he was a visiting fellow at the Harvard Law School Human Rights Program. In 2000, Hunt, Janet McLean, Bill Mansfield and Peter Cooper were commissioned by New Zealand's Attorney-General to prepare an independent report on the country's national human rights institutions. Many of their recommendations have been implemented by legislative and other reforms.
In 2000, Hunt was appointed Professor of Law at the Human Rights Centre, University of Essex (UK), a position he still holds. At Essex, his teaching and research focus is national and international human rights, with a particular emphasis on economic, social and cultural rights, as well as human rights and development. He has served as Director of the Human Rights Centre and Chair of the Democratic Audit. Presently, he leads the health-rights work stream of the University's Human Rights, Big Data and Technology Project, funded by the UK's Economic and Social Research Council.
UN Committees (1999–2002)
In 1998, the New Zealand Government nominated Hunt to serve as an independent expert on the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in Geneva, and he was duly elected by States. He served as the Committee's Rapporteur from 1999 to 2002. During this period, the Committee adopted several influential commentaries, known as General Comments, on economic, social and cultural rights, including on the right to adequate food, right to education, right to the highest attainable standard of health, and right to water. It also adopted some statements, including one on poverty and human rights, which broke new ground. These General Comments and statements have contributed to the growth of literature, and national and international initiatives, on economic, social and cultural rights since the turn of the century.
In light of the Committee's statement on poverty, Mary Robinson, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, asked Hunt, Manfred Nowak and Siddiq Osmani to draft detailed and operational guidance on a human rights-based approach to poverty reduction. They responded by writing Human Rights and Poverty Reduction: A Conceptual Framework, followed by Draft Guidelines: A Human Rights Approach to Poverty Reduction Strategies, both of which were published by the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). After a period of consultation, OHCHR revised the Draft Guidelines and they were published as Principles and Guidelines for a Human Rights Approach to Poverty Reduction Strategies.
UN Special Rapporteur (2002–2008)
In 2002, Hunt stepped down from the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and was appointed the first UN Special Rapporteur on the right to the highest attainable standard of health ('right to health'). In this independent capacity, he reported, orally and in writing, to the UN General Assembly, UN Commission on Human Rights and UN Human Rights Council. He submitted thematic reports on a wide range of right to health issues, such as sexual and reproductive health, neglected diseases, mental disability, maternal mortality, and the health-rights responsibilities of pharmaceutical companies. He also visited, and wrote right to health reports on, countries, including India, Peru, Sweden, and Uganda. Hunt took the unorthodox step of undertaking visits to, and preparing right to health reports on, non-state actors, such as the World Trade Organization, World Bank and International Monetary Fund, and GlaxoSmithKline. Also, he prepared reports with other Rapporteurs on Guantanamo Bay, as well as the Lebanon/Israel conflict of 2006. Many people wrote to Hunt with alleged violations of their right to health and he took up some of these complaints and subsequently reported to the UN about them.
His reports have elicited a wide response, for example, in 2005, Cynthia Rothschild discussed the report on sexual and reproductive health, "Hunt's 2004 report is certainly one of the UN system's most far-reaching documents to incorporate a focus on sexual orientation and gender identity and health". Some commentators called the report “shocking” and Hunt was branded “unprofessional” in the UN Commission on Human Rights.
On maternal death and morbidity, Sandeep Prasad wrote, it "was [Hunt] who first started bringing the human rights dimensions of the issue of maternal mortality to the attention of the [UN Human Rights] Council as a global Health and Human Rights crisis." Following a press conference in Delhi at the end of his visit to India, during which he focussed on maternal mortality in Rajasthan and Maharashtra, the Indian Express devoted an editorial to the issue, reflected on Hunt's findings, and agreed with his conclusion that “the situation does not befit a country of India's stature and level of development.”
Following Hunt's report on Peru, Ariel Frisancho Arroyo remarked upon “[t]he key role" played by Hunt in "supporting the health authorities' interest on how to increase the realization of health-rights". Following his report on Sweden, scholars wrote, “Since Hunt's report and the resulting [Right to Health Care Initiative], most county councils have issued more generous guiding principles for the health care of local undocumented patients." In an editorial, The Lancet commended Hunt's thematic report on the health-rights responsibilities of pharmaceutical companies, as well as his twin report on GlaxoSmithKline. Hunt devoted three UN thematic reports to the methodological problem of how to measure the progressive realisation of the right to health and their influence is manifest in the key OHCHR publication Human Rights Indicators: A Guide to Measurement and Implementation. He drew on several of his UN reports to co-author a major study on health systems and the right to health which was described by The Lancet as a “landmark” report.
Human rights and the WHO
Hunt's reports, such as his studies on Peru and Uganda, demonstrate constructive engagement with the World Health Organization (WHO). In 2008, during his last oral report to the UN Human Rights Council as Special Rapporteur, Hunt acknowledged this co-operation but also emphasised its limits: “Over the last six years, I have enjoyed excellent cooperation with a number of WHO members of staff on a range of policy and operational issues. For this, I am extremely grateful. However, to the best of my knowledge, neither the World Health Assembly, nor the WHO Executive Board, have ever considered one of my reports. Despite requests, I have never met a WHO Director General since my appointment in 2002.”
However, between 2011–2013, Hunt was appointed as a part-time Senior Human Rights Advisor to the Assistant Director-General, WHO, Flavia Bustreo, and he directed a project which researched whether there was evidence of impact of a human rights approach to health. This interdisciplinary and multi-author research concluded that applying human rights to women's and children's health policies and other interventions “not only helps governments comply with their binding national and international obligations, but also contributes to improving the health of women and children.” In 2015, Hunt co-edited a Special Issue of Harvard's Health and Human Rights which deepened analysis of this topic.
In September 2010, Hunt co-organised an international roundtable in Geneva on maternal mortality, human rights and accountability, and the proceedings were subsequently published. In this roundtable, and in a paper he presented at an international conference in Delhi during November 2010, Hunt began to analyse accountability as having three components: monitoring, review and remedy. This analysis was novel because, in the context of global health, accountability was usually understood as monitoring and evaluation, without the components of either independent review or remedy.
In 2010–11, Hunt sat on a Working Group of the UN Commission on Information and Accountability on Women's and Children's Health (COIA). The Working Group refined Hunt's conception of accountability in its submission to COIA. In its final report, Keeping Promises, Measuring Results, COIA adopted this understanding of accountability. This conception of accountability shaped COIA's recommendations to the UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon, and led to the Secretary-General establishing the independent Expert Review Group on Information and Accountability for Women's and Children's Health (iERG). The iERG sat from 2011 to 2015 and was succeeded by the Independent Accountability Panel which largely shares COIA's understanding of accountability. In 2015, Julian Schweitzer wrote on the British Medical Journal (BMJ) that the COIA's "definition of accountability – a cyclical process of monitoring, review, and action … – is now widely accepted in global health". Hunt was the main architect of this conception of accountability in global health.
After WHO
Hunt has recently turned his attention to social rights in the UK. In 2014–15, he sat on the statutory human rights inquiry into emergency health care established by the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission. He has joined the Board of the National Health Service (NHS) England initiative, Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights, Inclusion and Empowerment (SHRINE). He has been appointed a Patron of Just Fair, a London-based think-tank on economic and social rights. With Ruth Lister, Baroness Lister of Burtersett he has written for the think-tank, Compass, on social rights in the UK. In 2017 the Centre for Welfare Reform published Hunt's Social Rights are Human Rights - but the UK System is Rigged. In 2018, Hunt was appointed by Nicola Sturgeon, First Minister of Scotland, to her Advisory Group on Human Rights Leadership. The Advisory Group is due to report in December 2018.
New Zealand Human Rights Commission
Appointment
On 2 October 2018, the New Zealand Minister of Justice Andrew Little announced Hunt's appointment as the Chief Human Rights Commissioner at the New Zealand Human Rights Commission. He took up the role of Chief Human Rights Commissioner on 14 January 2019.
2021 Mongrel Mob Meeting
On 1 May 2021, Hunt attended a gathering of the Mongrel Mob criminal gang, along with Green Party Co-leader Marama Davidson, Green MP Elizabeth Kerekere, and Anjum Rahman of the New Zealand Islamic Women's Council, focused on issues of supposed human rights, social justice, and racism. It was later revealed that Hunt had given a $200 dollar koha (donation) of taxpayer money to the gang according to figures obtained under the Official Information Act by news organisation Newstalk ZB. Hunt was a speaker at the event, discussing inclusion, building relationships, and the "stigmatising" idea of being tough on organised criminal gangs. This was highly controversial, especially in the wake of news implicating the Mongrel Mob in an international drug bust.
Hunt stated: "Human rights means that every voice is heard, including your voice, and that you also listen with respect."
Hunt and Davidson were widely criticised by the general public, as well as by politicians from the National and ACT parties. National Party police spokesperson, Simeon Brown opined that it is "astonishing" that the pair had accepted an invitation to speak at the gathering, stating that: "The Mongrel Mob peddles drugs, wields firearms and engages in violence, causing misery in communities across the country. They have no regard for their victims." The ACT Party also criticised Davidson and Hunt for attending, with justice spokesperson Nicole McKee saying it is a "kick in the guts" for victims of the Mongrel Mob. As a result of this, National Party leader Judith Collins called for the resignation of Hunt, while ACT Party leader David Seymour emphasised the need for the end of the Human Rights Commission in favour of creating a new more appropriate organisation. Collins spoke to various media organisations:
Seymour stated that under Paul Hunt, the Human Rights Commission had become highly politicised and biased towards left wing ideology, and that it was no longer fit for purpose in actually advocating for human rights.
In a statement to Newshub New Zealand, Hunt defended attending, speaking at the event, and using taxpayer money to provide a donation to the gang:
In June 2021, further information was revealed about the event. Leaked correspondence between the Human Rights Commission and the Waikato Mongrel Mob Kingdom reveal that significant organisation had occurred, with an agreement that no press releases were to be published prior to the event, news media were barred access, and members would be restricted in their use of social media during the event. Hunt's attendance came about after Waikato Mongrel Mob public relations liaison Louise Hutchinson approached the HRC in December, asking if it was possible for him to do a presentation in 2021.
2022 Parliament occupation protests
Hunt met with the protesters who were camped out in front of Parliament House in Wellington between February and March 2022, as part of the 2022 Wellington protests against vaccine mandates, saying speaking with the protesters was "fostering inclusion". Hunt met with protesters with the intention of using dialogue to resolve the protests and prevent further escalation of violence. The protest however ended violently when riot police cleared the camp.
Other
Hunt has provided expert testimony to the European Court of Human Rights, via the Centre for Reproductive Rights, and Inter-American Court of Human Rights. In 1999–2000, he sat on the Advisory Panel of the UNDP Human Development Report, Human Rights and Human Development. He was one of the drafters of, and signatories to, the Yokyakarta Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in 2006. In 2008, he co-founded the International Initiative on Maternal Mortality and Human Rights. Between 2009–2011, he sat on UNFPA's External Advisory Panel. Hunt sits on the Editorial Boards of the Health and Human Rights and International Journal of Human Rights and Drug Policy.
In 2008 Hunt was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Nordic School of Public Health.
In 2014, he gave a TEDx talk, Equality – the Road Less Travelled. In this he argues that the realisation of social rights, such as those in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), has a major contribution to make towards the enjoyment of substantive equality for all.
Main publications
Reclaiming Social Rights: International and Comparative Perspectives (Dartmouth, 1996)
with Margaret Wilson (eds.) Culture, Rights and Cultural Rights: Perspectives from the South Pacific (Huia, 2000)
with Willem van Genugten and Susan Mathews (eds.), World Bank, IMF and Human Rights: Including The Tilburg Guiding Principles on World Bank, IMF and human rights (Nijmegen, 2003)
with Tony Gray (eds.), Maternal Mortality, Human Rights and Accountability (Routledge, 2013)
with Flavia Bustreo et al., Women's and Children's Health: Evidence of Impact of Human Rights (World Health Organization, 2013)
Social Rights are Human Rights - but the UK System is Rigged (Centre for Welfare Reform, 2017)
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
United Nations special rapporteurs
Academics of the University of Essex
Academic staff of the University of Waikato
University of Waikato alumni
Human rights lawyers
New Zealand officials of the United Nations
British officials of the United Nations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Hunt%20%28academic%29 |
Richard Henry Brunton FRGS MICE (26 December 1841 – 24 April 1901) was the so-called "Father of Japanese lighthouses". Brunton was born in Muchalls, Kincardineshire, Scotland. He was employed by the government of Meiji period Japan as a foreign advisor (o-yatoi gaikokujin), primarily to build lighthouses.
Over a period of seven and a half years he designed and supervised the building of 26 Japanese lighthouses in the Western style, which became known as Brunton's "children". To operate the lighthouses he established a system of lighthouse keepers, based on the one used in Scotland. He also helped found Japan's first school of civil engineering. In 1871, he was received by Emperor Meiji in recognition of his efforts.
Early life
Brunton was born in the Coastguard House (now 11 Marine Terrace) at Muchalls, Fetteresso in The Mearns. His father Richard was an officer in the Coastguard Service who had married Margaret Telfor in January 1841. After training as a railway engineer he joined the Stevenson brothers (David and Thomas Stevenson) who were engaged by the British government to build lighthouses.
Career
Life in Japan
Under pressure from British minister Sir Harry Parkes to fulfil its obligations to make the waters and harbors of Japan safe for shipping, the Tokugawa shogunate hired the Edinburgh-based firm of D. and T. Stevenson to chart coastal waters and to build lighthouses where appropriate. The project had already begun under French foreign advisor Léonce Verny, but was not proceeding fast enough for the British.
Brunton was sent from Edinburgh in August 1868 to head the project after being recommended to the Japanese government by the Stevensons, despite the fact that he had no experience in lighthouse building at all. He was accompanied by his wife, sister-in-law and two assistants. The party received word while docked at Aden of the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate and its replacement by the Meiji government, and decided to continue on to Japan, reasoning that the new government was still bound by the international commitments of its predecessor. Over the next seven and a half years he designed and supervised the building of 26 Japanese lighthouses in the Western style, along with two lightvessels. An obituary published in the journal of the Institution of Civil Engineers states "in ten years he had executed 50 lighthouses".
There had been Japanese lighthouses before then, but they were short and squat buildings, such as the old Shirasu lighthouse now in the grounds of Kokura Castle in Kitakyushu.
Brunton also established a system of lighthouse keepers, modeled on the Northern Lighthouse Board in Scotland.
Aside from his work on lighthouses around Japan, Brunton also surveyed and drew the first detailed maps of Yokohama, planned its sewage system, street paving and gas lights, established a telegraph system, and designed and built the settlement's first iron bridge. He also helped found Japan's first school of civil engineering. In recognition of his efforts, he was received by Emperor Meiji in an audience in 1871.
Brunton returned to London on a leave of absence in July 1872, and was enlisted to assist the Iwakura Mission during its visit. In September, Brunton took Itō Hirobumi and a group of his assistants to visit 28 factories around London making a variety of manufactured goods, and continued on to Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool before rejoining the main group of the Iwakura Mission in Edinburgh in early October.
Return to Britain
After disagreeing with Japanese officials he left Japan in March 1876, later receiving a prize for his paper "Japan Lights".
On his return he first set up in Glasgow for Young's Paraffin Oil, before moving to south London in 1881 making architectural plasterwork, where he remained until his death. He is buried in West Norwood Cemetery, where his marble memorial there was restored by Yokohama Chamber of Commerce in 1991.
List of Brunton's Japanese Lighthouses
The names of the 26 lighthouses (Brunton's "children") constructed by Brunton, in order of north to south, and the names of their present locations after mergers of towns etc.
Memoir
Brunton wrote a memoir of his time in Japan, titled Pioneer Engineering in Japan: A Record of Work in helping to Re-Lay the Foundations of Japanese Empire (1868–1876). However, it was not published until the 1990s, when it was printed by separate publishers under two different names: Building Japan 1868–1876 and Schoolmaster to an Empire: Richard Henry Brunton in Meiji Japan, 1868–1876. (See below.)
The former, containing the text (with some modified spellings) as edited by William Elliot Griffis at the turn of the twentieth century, contains plates with photos and illustrations. The latter however, purports to be based on a manuscript predating the heavy editing of Griffis, while retaining updated versions of Griffis's footnotes.
Building Japan 1868–1876 by Richard Henry Brunton with an introduction by Hugh Cortazzi, Japan Library Limited, 1991,
Schoolmaster to an Empire by R. Henry Brunton, edited by Edward R. Beauchamp, Greenwood Press, 1991,
In his memoir, Brunton describes in some detail the burial of Frank Toovey Lake, a midshipman who was sailing with him on HMS Manilla when he was making his first survey of locations to erect the lighthouses. The grave is located on the island of Hiroshima in the Seto Inland Sea; a memorial alongside the grave also records the association with Brunton, and in 2018, the Japanese Coast Guard undertook a ceremony at the grave to celebrate both Lake and Brunton. His high regard for the care that the islanders gave to the grave was, as he himself admitted in his book, in contrast to his general impression of the Japanese.
See also
Anglo-Japanese relations
Thomas Blake Glover
Alexander Cameron Sim
James MacRitchie Lighthouse Engineer in Japan c. 1870s
Notes
External links
Richard Henry Brunton from a blog by a namesake
Site for Sugashima Light (Japanese) with photos
Site for Mikomotoshima Light (Japanese) with photos
Site for Mutsurejima Light (Japanese), with photos
Site for Hesaki light (Japanese) with photos
Site for Eboshijima Light (Japanese), with photos
1841 births
1901 deaths
Scottish civil engineers
Scottish expatriates in Japan
People from Kincardine and Mearns
Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji-period Japan
Foreign educators in Japan
Lighthouse builders
Burials at West Norwood Cemetery
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Henry%20Brunton |
As You Like It is a 2006 romance film written and directed by Kenneth Branagh, based on William Shakespeare's play of the same name. The film stars Romola Garai, Bryce Dallas Howard, Kevin Kline, Adrian Lester, Janet McTeer, Alfred Molina, David Oyelowo and Brian Blessed in a dual role.
Transferring the play's setting to a late 19th-century European colony in Japan after the Meiji Restoration, filming took place at Shepperton Film Studios and at the never-before-filmed gardens of Wakehurst Place. Produced by The Shakespeare Film Company and financed by HBO Films and BBC Films, it is the fifth Shakespeare adaptation by Branagh, and the only one not to feature Branagh himself in the cast, though he has a vocal cameo towards the end of the film.
The film premiered in Italy on 1 September 2006 before being released by Picturehouse in the United States on 21 August 2007 and by Lionsgate in the United Kingdom on 21 September 2007. It received mixed reviews from critics.
The Japanese setting
Although the film was not made in Japan, Branagh sets the play there during the late nineteenth century among English traders. Branagh portrays Duke Senior's court as a British outpost whose ruler admires Japanese culture: although most of the inhabitants wear European clothes, Duke Senior and his brother both wear Japanese clothes. Each British lady at the outpost covers her face modestly with a fan, and styles her hair in a Japanese manner. When the banished characters travel to the Forest of Arden, both Japanese and western actors portray its inhabitants: Phoebe and William are Japanese, Corin and Audrey are European, while Silvius is a European who wears Japanese clothes. Black British actors play the de Boys brothers, Orlando and Oliver, Orlando fights a sumo wrestler.
Branagh invented a prologue in which ninja warriors attack Duke Senior's family as it attends a performance of Kabuki theatre. Branagh's prologue defines exactly the moment that Duke Frederick usurps his brother's kingdom, a moment that Shakespeare's play does not.
The epilogue deliberately interrupts the closing credits with Rosalind's speech, as the camera pans to see Rosalind's actor, Bryce Dallas Howard, walking to her dressing trailer on the film's location.
Despite the cultural transposition, Shakespeare's text and the names of his characters remain the same. The film closely follows Shakespeare's plot. Although some critics praised the setting, others found it useless and irrelevant since few of the characters are Japanese.
Cast
Release
The film was released theatrically in Italy on 1 September 2006, in Greece on 7 September 2006, and in the UK on 21 September 2007.
In the United States, HBO began airing the film on TV on the evening of 21 August 2007, but it has never had a true theatrical release in the US, only occasional one-time showings, and most of these US showings took place after the film's television premiere. It is the only one of Branagh's Shakespeare films to be released directly to television instead of to theatres in the US.
The DVD was released in the US on 25 September 2007.
Reception
Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 36% of 14 surveyed critics gave it a positive review; the average rating is 4.67/10. Metacritic, rated it 75 out of 100 based on 15 reviews.
Philip French of The Observer called it less successful than Branagh's previous Shakespeare adaptations. Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian rated it 3/5 stars and wrote that it "deserves a look". Anthony Quinn of The Independent rated it 1/5 stars and wrote, "[T]he only way you could make the spiralling absurdities of As You Like It work would be to transform it into a fast-paced comedy". Many American critics called the film a "comeback" for Branagh's Shakespeare adaptations, which had reached what many considered a low point with Love's Labour's Lost. A negative US reviewer was film critic Stanley Kauffmann, who had admired Branagh's film versions of Henry V, Much Ado About Nothing, and Hamlet; he blasted the film, saying that he could barely get through it, and that, by giving it such an unusual setting, Branagh seemed to be trying to "apologize" to the viewing audience for the fact that As You Like It was a Shakespeare film. Critic Virginia Heffernan, writing for The New York Times, was also negative, pointing out that film reduces the role of main character Rosalind: "Mr. Branagh has teased out every manly rivalry and preserved every hey-nonny-nonny of the kooks in the Forest of Arden, but slashed passages of the repartee that defines Rosalind."
Awards
In January 2008 Kevin Kline received a SAG award (Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries) for his performance in this film, although strictly speaking, the film is not a made-for-television movie; made-for-TV films do not play theatrically in other countries before being released directly to TV in the US; they do so afterwards. This makes Kline the first actor to win a major US award for acting in one of Branagh's Shakespeare films, though some of his others have won critics' awards for the acting in them. Bryce Dallas Howard received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress in a Made-for-TV Film or Miniseries, but did not win the award.
References
External links
September 1st 2006 – opening in Italy
2000s historical comedy films
2006 films
American historical comedy films
American films based on plays
British historical comedy films
British films based on plays
British historical films
2000s English-language films
Films based on As You Like It
Films about interracial romance
Films directed by Kenneth Branagh
Films scored by Patrick Doyle
Films set in Japan
Films set in the 19th century
2000s American films
2000s British films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%20You%20Like%20It%20%282006%20film%29 |
Karl Valentin (born Valentin Ludwig Fey, 4 June 1882 in Munich – 9 February 1948 in Planegg) was a Bavarian comedian. He had significant influence on German Weimar culture. Valentin starred in many silent films in the 1920s, and was sometimes called the "Charlie Chaplin of Germany". His work has an essential influence on artists like Bertolt Brecht, Samuel Beckett, Loriot and Helge Schneider.
Early work
Karl Valentin came from a reasonably well-off middle-class family; his father had a partnership in a furniture-transport business. Valentin first worked as a carpenter's apprentice, and this experience proved useful in the construction of his sets and props later in life. In 1902, he began his comic career, enrolling for three months at a variety school in Munich, under the guidance of Hermann Strebel. His first job as a performer was at the "Zeughaus" in Nürnberg (Nuremberg). In the wake of his father's death Valentin took a three-year break from performing during which he constructed his own twenty-piece one-man band (with which he eventually toured in 1906). Valentin also took musical studies, learning the guitar with Heinrich Albert.
Soon Valentin was performing regularly in the cabarets and beerhalls of München (Munich). He developed a reputation for writing and performing short comic routines, which he performed in a strong Bavarian dialect, usually with his female partner, Liesl Karlstadt. Valentin also made numerous films, both silent and with audio; but it was as a stage performer in cabarets that Valentin built a reputation as one of the leading comic performers in Germany during the Weimar Republic.
He died in 1948 from pneumonia.
With Bertolt Brecht
In 1923, Valentin appeared in a half-hour, slapstick film entitled Mysteries of a Barbershop (Mysterien eines Friseursalons).
The film script was written by Bertolt Brecht, directed by Erich Engel, and also featured Valentin's cabaret partner, Liesl Karlstadt, as well as an ensemble of stage, film, and cabaret performers, including Max Schreck, Erwin Faber, Josef Eichheim, and Blandine Ebinger. Although the film was not immediately released after it was completed in February 1923, it has come to be recognized as one of the one hundred most important films in the history of German filmmaking.
The previous year, 1922, Bertolt Brecht had appeared with Valentin and Karlstadt in a photo of Valentin's spoof of Munich's Oktoberfest. Brecht regularly watched Valentin perform his cabaret routines in Munich's beerhalls, and compared him to Chaplin, not least for his "virtually complete rejection of mimicry and cheap psychology."
Brecht wrote:
But the man he [Brecht writes of himself in the third person] learnt most from was the clown Valentin, who performed in a beer-hall. He did short sketches in which he played refractory employees, orchestral musicians or photographers, who hated their employer and made him look ridiculous. The employer was played by his partner, a popular woman comedian who used to pad herself out and speak in a deep bass voice. When the Augsburger [Brecht] was producing his first play, which included a thirty minutes' battle, he asked Valentin what he ought to do with the soldiers. 'What are the soldiers like in battle?' Valentin promptly answered: 'They're pale. Scared shitless.'
This anecdote has become significant in the history of German theatre, since it was Valentin's idea of applying chalk to the faces of Brecht's actors in his production of Edward II that Brecht located the germ of his conception of 'epic theatre'.
Performance style
Valentin's naïve sense of humour produced sketches that in spirit were loosely connected to dadaism, social expressionism and the Neue Sachlichkeit. Along with Karl Kraus, he is considered a master of gallows humor. His art centered mostly around linguistic dexterity and wordplay—Valentin was a linguistic anarchist. His comedy would often begin with a simple misunderstanding, on which he would insist as the sketch progressed. The notable critic Alfred Kerr praised him as a Wortzerklauberer, or someone who tears apart words and language to forcefully extract and dissect its inherent meaning. His sketches often parodied and derided "shopkeepers, firemen, military band players, professionals with small roles in the economy and the defence of society".
Many contemporary artists, including film-maker Herbert Achternbusch and Christoph Schlingensief ("Valentin is one of the greatest for me!"), trace their artistic roots back to Karl Valentin.
Legacy
In 1959 based on private initiative the Valentin-Museum was established in the Isartor in Munich. This museum shows absurdities from parts of his legacy.
A statue of Valentin was placed in the Viktualienmarkt in Munich. People still come and place flowers on this statue.
1986 Turkish musical play named "İçinden Tramvay Geçen Şarkı" ("The Song Through Which a Streetcar Passes") by Ferhan Şensoy is loosely based on life of Karl Valentin.
Available works
Films on DVD
Karl Valentin and Liesl Karlstadt: Die Kurzfilme (The Short Films, 3 DVDs), Munich 2002, Publisher Film101
Karl Valentin and Liesl Karlstadt: Die Spielfilme (The Feature Films, 3 DVDs), Munich 2004, Publisher Film101
Karl Valentin and Liesl Karlstadt: Die beliebtesten Kurzfilme (The most popular short films), Munich 2006, Publisher Film101
Karl Valentin and Liesl Karlstadt: Die Kurzfilme – Neuedition (The Short Films - new edition, 3 DVDs) Munich 2008, Publisher Film101
Complete Works
Complete Works in 8 volumes. Edited by Helmut Bach Maier and Manfred Faust. Munich: Piper.
Volume 1: Monologe und Soloszenen (monologues and solo scenes). 309 p.
Vol 2: Couplets, 424 p.
Vol 3: Szenen (scenes). 388 p., 1995.
Vol 4: Dialoge (dialogues). 485 p., 1995.
Vol 5: Stücke (Pieces). 557 p., 1997.
Vol 6: Briefe (Letters). 379 p., 1991.
Vol 7: Autobiographisches und Vermischtes (Autobiographical and Miscellaneous). 400 p. ,1996.
Vol 8: Filme und Filmprojekte (Films and film projects). 618 p., 1995.
Dokumente, Nachträge, Register (Documents, amendments and register). 277 p., 1997.
Works cited
Benjamin, Walter. 1983. Understanding Brecht. Trans. Anna Bostock. London and New York: Verso. .
Brecht, Bertolt. 1965. The Messingkauf Dialogues. Trans. John Willett. Bertolt Brecht: Plays, Poetry, Prose Ser. London: Methuen, 1985. .
Calandra, Denis. 2003. "Karl Valentin and Bertolt Brecht." In Popular Theatre: A Sourcebook. Ed. Joel Schechter. Worlds of Performance Ser. London and New York: Routledge. p. 189–201. .
Horwitz, Kurt "Karl Valentin in einer anderen Zeit," Stürzflüge im Zuschauerraum (Munich, Piper Verlag, 1970), pp. 16–17
McDowell, W. Stuart. 1977. "A Brecht-Valentin Production: Mysteries of a Barbershop", in Performing Arts Journal, Vol. 1, No. 3 (Winter, 1977), pp. 2–14.
McDowell, W. Stuart. 2000. “Acting Brecht: The Munich Years," in The Brecht Sourcebook, Carol Martin, Henry Bial, editors (Routledge, 2000) p. 7183.
Schechter, Joel. 1994. "Brecht's Clowns: Man is Man and After". In Thomson and Sacks (1994, 68–78).
Thomson, Peter and Glendyr Sacks, eds. 1994. The Cambridge Companion to Brecht. Cambridge Companions to Literature Ser. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
Willett, John. 1967. The Theatre of Bertolt Brecht: A Study from Eight Aspects. Third rev. ed. London: Methuen, 1977. .
Willett, John and Ralph Manheim. 1970. Introduction. In Collected Plays: One by Bertolt Brecht. Ed. John Willett and Ralph Manheim. Bertolt Brecht: Plays, Poetry and Prose Ser. London: Methuen. . p.vii-xvii.
References
External links
Karl Valentin Museum in Isartor, Munich
Official Karl Valentin Page (german)
You'll Laugh, You'll Cry
Film Comedy in the Weimar Republic at www.filmportal.de
German male stage actors
German male comedians
German cabaret performers
1882 births
1948 deaths
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
German-language film directors
German male silent film actors
German male film actors
Kabarettists
Weimar cabaret
20th-century German male actors
20th-century comedians
Comedians from Munich
Male actors from Munich | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Valentin |
Philippe Maria François Herreweghe, Knight Herreweghe (born 2 May 1947) is a Belgian conductor and choirmaster.
Herreweghe founded La Chapelle Royale and Collegium Vocale Gent and is renowned as a conductor, with a repertoire ranging from Renaissance to early Romantic classical music. He specialises in Baroque music, with a particular focus on the music of Johann Sebastian Bach.
Early life
Herreweghe was born in Ghent as the first of three children to Edward Raymond Frans (1919–2006) and Elza Maria Augusta Herreweghe (née van Herrewege; 1919–1976). He received his first piano lessons from his mother.
In his school years at the University of Ghent, Herreweghe combined studies in medical science and psychiatry with a musical education at the Ghent Conservatory, where Marcel Gazelle, Yehudi Menuhin's accompanist, was his piano teacher.
Career
In 1970, Herreweghe founded the Collegium Vocale Gent with a group of fellow students. Nikolaus Harnoncourt and Gustav Leonhardt took notice of his musical approach and invited him and the Collegium Vocale Gent to join them in their recordings of the complete Bach cantatas.
Herreweghe's approach to Baroque music was soon drawing praise and in 1977 he founded another ensemble in Paris, La Chapelle Royale, to perform the music of the French Golden Age, Campra, Lully, Charpentier, Delalande, Dumont, Gille. From 1982 to 2002 he was artistic director of the Académies Musicales de Saintes.
During this period, Herreweghe started several other groups and ensembles with whom he made historically appropriate and well-thought-out interpretations of repertoire stretching from the Renaissance to contemporary music. They include the Ensemble Vocal Européen, specialised in Renaissance polyphony, and the Orchestre des Champs Élysées, founded in 1991 with the aim of playing Classical and Romantic repertoire on original instruments.
Since 2009, Herreweghe and Collegium Vocale Gent have been actively working on the development of a large European-level symphonic choir, at the invitation of the prestigious Accademia Chigiana in Siena and since 2011 with the support of the European Union's Cultural Programme.
For some time Herreweghe has been active performing the great symphonic works, from Beethoven to Gustav Mahler. He has been principal conductor of the Royal Flemish Philharmonic since 1997.
As a guest conductor, Herreweghe has conducted a number of well-known orchestras, including the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, the Stavanger Symphony Orchestra, the Rotterdam Philharmonic, the Dutch Broadcasting Orchestra, the Mahler Chamber Orchestra, the Berlin and Vienna Philharmonic Orchestras, and the Royal Flemish Philharmonic. He was artistic director of the Festival of Saintes and was permanent guest conductor of the Netherlands Radio Chamber Philharmonic from 2008 to 2013.
Herreweghe is principally known as a conductor of the music of Johann Sebastian Bach. He is regarded by leading Bach scholars today as a founding father of the Baroque authentic practice, original-instrument movement and one of record label Harmonia Mundi's most prolific recording artists, with over 60 albums to his name.
He is married to Ageet Zweistra.
Selected discography
Over the years, Herreweghe has built up an extensive discography of more than 100 recordings with these ensembles, on such labels as Harmonia Mundi, Virgin Classics and Pentatone. Highlights include the Lagrime di San Pietro of Lassus, Bach's St Matthew Passion, the complete symphonies of Beethoven and Schumann, Mahler's song cycle Des Knaben Wunderhorn, Berlioz's L'Enfance du Christ & Les Nuits d'été, Bruckner's Symphony No. 5, Fauré's Requiem (1988 & 1901), Pierrot lunaire by Schönberg, Weill's Violin Concerto, Berliner Requiem; Cantate vom Tod im Wald and Stravinsky's Symphony of Psalms. In 2010 he founded together with Outhere Music his own label, φ (PHI). Since then these recordings have been published:
2010: MAHLER, Gustav: Symphony no. 4 (LPH 001)
2011: BACH, Johann Sebastian: Motets BWV 225-230 (LPH 002)
2011: BRAHMS, Johannes: Werke für Chor und Orchester (LPH 003)
2011: BACH, Johann Sebastian: Mass in B minor (LPH 004)
2011: DE VICTORIA, Tomas Luis: Officium Defunctorum (LPH 005)
2011: BEETHOVEN, Ludwig van: Missa Solemnis (LPH 007)
2012: BACH, Johann Sebastian: Ach süsser Trost (LPH 006)
2012: DVORAK, Antonin: Stabat Mater (LPH 009)
2012: GESUALDO, Carlo: Responsoria 1611 (LPH 010)
2012: MOZART, Wolfgang Amadeus: The Last Symphonies 39, 40 & 41 Jupiter (LPH 011)
2013: BACH, Johann Sebastian: Ich elender Mensch – Leipzig Cantates (LPH 012)
2013: HAYDN, Joseph: Die Jahreszeiten (LPH 013)
2013: BYRD, William: Infelix ego – Mass for 5 voices (LPH 014)
2014: DVORAK, Antonin: Requiem (LPH 016)
2014: HAYDN, Joseph: Die Schöpfung (LPH 018)
2014: SCHUBERT, Franz: Symphonies 1, 3 & 4 (LPH 019)
2016: STRAVINSKY, Igor: Threni; Requiem canticles (LPH 020)
2016: GESUALDO, Carlo: O dolce mio tesoro (LPH 024)
2017: BRAHMS, Johannes: Symphony no. 4; Alt-rhapsodie; Schicksalslied (LPH 025)
2017: BACH, Johann Sebastian: Du treuer Gott – Leipzig Cantates (LPH 027)
2017: MONTEVERDI, Claudio: Vespro della Beata Vergine (LPH 029)
Recordings for PRIMEPHONIC
Schubert – Symphonies. Philippe Herreweghe, Royal Flemish Philharmonic. PENTATONE PTC 5186446 (2012).
Beethoven – The 9 Symphonies Philippe Herreweghe, Royal Flemish Philharmonic. PENTATONE PTC 5186312 (2011).
Mendelssohn Bartholdy – The Piano Concertos & Rondo brilliant. Martin Helmchen, Philippe Herreweghe, Royal Flemish Philharmonic. PENTATONE PTC 5186366 (2011).
Schubert – Symphony No. 9 in C, D. 944, "The Great". Philippe Herreweghe, Royal Flemish Philharmonic. PENTATONE PTC 5186372 (2011).
Beethoven – Symphonies Nos. 4 & 7. Philippe Herreweghe, Royal Flemish Philharmonic. PENTATONE PTC 5186315 (2011).
Stravinsky – Monumentum • Mass & Symphonie de Psaumes, Bach & Stravinsky – Choral-Variationen. Philippe Herreweghe, Royal Flemish Philharmonic, Collegium Vocale Gent. PENTATONE PTC 5186349 (2010)
Beethoven – Symphony No. 9 "Choral" Philippe Herreweghe, Christiane Oelze, Ingeborg Danz, Christoph Strehl, David Wilson-Johnson, Royal Flemish Philharmonic, Collegium Vocale Gent, Academia Chigiana Siena. PENTATONE PTC 5186317 (2010).
Beethoven – Symphonies Nos. 5 & 8 Philippe Herreweghe, Royal Flemish Philharmonic. PENTATONE PTC 5186316 (2007).
Beethoven – Symphonies Nos. 2 & 6. Philippe Herreweghe, Royal Flemish Philharmonic PENTATONE PTC 5186314 (2009).
Beethoven – Symphonies Nos. 1 & 3 Philippe Herreweghe, Royal Flemish Philharmonic. PENTATONE PTC 5186313 (2008).
Honours and awards
Honours
1994: Officier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
2000: Created knight Herreweghe by Royal Decree of King Albert II.
2003: Knight of the Legion of Honour.
Awards
In 1990 the European music press named him "Musical Personality of the Year".
Herreweghe and Collegium Vocale Gent were appointed "Cultural Ambassadors of Flanders" in 1993.
In 1997 he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the Catholic University of Leuven
In 2010 the city of Leipzig awarded him its Bach-Medaille for his work as a performer of Bach.
Royal Academy of Music Bach Prize (2016)
References
Philippe Herreweghe. Orchestre des Champs-Élysées. Accessed 21 April 2014.
[ Philippe Herreweghe]. Allmusic. Accessed 21 April 2007.
Philippe Herreweghe Royal Flemish Philharmonic. Accessed 17 November 2007.
Belgian conductors (music)
Belgian male musicians
Male conductors (music)
Belgian performers of early music
1947 births
Living people
Ghent University alumni
Bach conductors
Virgin Veritas artists
Belgian knights
Winners of the Royal Academy of Music/ Kohn Foundation Bach Prize
Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
21st-century conductors (music)
Harmonia Mundi artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe%20Herreweghe |
Brazen may refer to:
Made of brass
HMS Brazen, various ships of the British Royal Navy
Brazen Animation, an American studio based in Texas
Brazen class destroyer, consisting of four Royal Navy destroyers
Brazen (TV series), a British television show
"Brazen (Weep)", a song by Skunk Anansie
Captain Brazen, one of two main characters in the 1706 play The Recruiting Officer
Brazen (film), an adaptation of the Nora Roberts novel Brazen Virtue
See also | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazen |
Positive Christianity () was a religious movement within Nazi Germany which promoted the belief that the racial purity of the German people should be maintained by mixing racialistic Nazi ideology with either fundamental or significant elements of Nicene Christianity. Adolf Hitler used the term in point 24 of the 1920 Nazi Party Platform, stating: "the Party as such represents the viewpoint of Positive Christianity without binding itself to any particular denomination". The Nazi movement had been hostile to Germany's established churches. The new Nazi idea of Positive Christianity allayed the fears of Germany's Christian majority by implying that the Nazi movement was not anti-Christian. That said, in 1937, Hans Kerrl, the Reich Minister for Church Affairs, explained that "Positive Christianity" was not "dependent upon the Apostle's Creed", nor was it dependent on "faith in Christ as the son of God", upon which Christianity relied, rather, it was represented by the Nazi Party: "The Führer is the herald of a new revelation", he said. Hitler's public presentation of Positive Christianity as a traditional Christian faith differed. Despite Hitler's insistence on a unified peace with the Christian churches, to accord with Nazi antisemitism, Positive Christianity advocates also sought to distance themselves from the Jewish origins of Christ and the Christian Bible. Based on such elements, most of Positive Christianity separated itself from traditional Nicene Christianity and as a result, it is in general considered apostate by all mainstream Trinitarian Christian churches, regardless of whether they are Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, or Protestant.
Hitler consistently self-identified as a Christian in public, and even on occasion as a Catholic, specifically throughout his entire political career, despite criticizing biblical figures. He identified himself as a Christian in a 12 April 1922 speech. Hitler also identified himself as a Christian in Mein Kampf. However, historians, including Ian Kershaw and Laurence Rees, characterize his acceptance of the term "positive Christianity" and his political involvement in religious policy as being driven by opportunism, and a pragmatic recognition of the political importance of the Christian churches in Germany. Nevertheless, efforts by the regime to impose a Nazified "positive Christianity" on a state-controlled German Evangelical Church essentially failed, and it resulted in the formation of the dissident Confessing Church which saw great danger to Germany from the "new religion". The Catholic Church also denounced the creed's ideology that contained idolatry of race, people, the state in the 1937 papal encyclical Mit brennender Sorge. Hitler privately assured General Gerhard Engel in 1941 that "I am now as before a Catholic and will always remain so."
The official Nazi ideologist Alfred Rosenberg played an important role in the development of "positive Christianity", which he conceived in discord with both Rome and the Protestant churches, whose doctrines he called "negative Christianity". Peculiarly, Eastern Orthodoxy had not been criticized by Rosenberg, and Richard Steigmann-Gall questions whether or not this opposition to Western Christianity made Rosenberg a genuine anti-Christian. Rosenberg conceived of Positive Christianity as a transitional faith to bring Christianity toward Nazi antisemitism and amid the failure of the regime's efforts to control Protestantism through the agency of the pro-Nazi "German Christians", Rosenberg, along with fellow radicals Robert Ley and Baldur von Schirach backed the Neo-Pagan "German Faith Movement", which completely rejected traditional Judeo-Christian conceptions of God from Western thought. During the war, Rosenberg drafted a plan for the future of religion in Germany which would see a Positive Christian Reich influenced by Germanic paganism conduct the "expulsion of the foreign Christian religions", the replacement of the Bible as the supreme religious authority with Mein Kampf as the holy scripture of Positive Christianity, and the replacement of the Christian cross with the swastika as the universal symbol of European Christianity in Nazified Christian churches.
Theological and doctrinal aspects
Adherents of positive Christianity argued that traditional Christianity emphasized the passive rather than the active aspects of Christ's life, stressing his miraculous birth, his suffering, his sacrifice on the cross and other-worldly redemption. Although Hitler publicly affirmed such doctrines and did not deny them in Mein Kampf, his inner circle party intellectuals such as Alfred Rosenberg (who himself taught in his book that Christ followed an early form of (Messianic) Judaism) wanted to replace this doctrine of such emphasis on biblical traditionalism instead with a "positive" emphasis on Christ as an active preacher, organizer and fighter who opposed the Rabbinic Judaism of his day embodied by the Pharisees and Sadducees. At various points in the Nazi regime, attempts were made to replace conventional Christianity with its "positive" alternative.
Positive Christianity differed from traditional Nicene Christianity in that positive Christianity had these main tactical objectives:
A selective process of application regarding the Christian Bible where they rejected deemed impurities "invented by Jews" to "corrupt" the Christian faith from the "Jewish-written" parts of the Bible (among the most extreme adherents of this movement, this included the entire Old Testament)
Claimed racial "Aryanhood" and ethno-religious non-Jewishness for Christ who was instead known as a "Nordic Amorite"
Promoted the political objective of national unity, to overcome confessional differences, to establish "national Catholicism" and eliminate all Catholicism functioning in Germany outside the Nazi State, and unite Protestantism into a single unitary positive Christian state church nominally controlled directly by the "German Messiah" Adolf Hitler himself
Also encouraged followers to support the creation of an Aryan Homeland for all Germanic-related peoples
Under Hitler's regime, in the Reich Protestant churches the New Testament was also altered; by removing the genealogies of Jesus that showed his Davidic descent, Jewish names and places were removed, quotations from the Old Testament were removed unless they showed Jews in a bad light, references to fulfilled Old Testament prophecies were removed, and Jesus was reworked into a militaristic, heroic figure fighting the Jews using Nazified language.
Origins of the idea
Although positive Christianity is explicitly associated with the racial ideology of Nazi Germany, its theological underpinnings long predate the latter. The earliest form of Christianity that resembled positive Christianity was the 2nd-century Marcionite sect, which also declared the Old Testament non-canon and associated it with Judaism. However, this stemmed from a rejection of the Jewish religion in favor of Gnostic theology, rather than a racially-based hatred of the Jews as a people.
Steigmann-Gall traces the origins of positive Christianity to higher criticism of the nineteenth century, with its emphasis on the distinction between the historical Jesus, and the divine Jesus of theology. According to some schools of thought, the saviour-figure of orthodox Christianity was very different from the historical Galilean preacher. While many such scholars sought to place Jesus in the context of ancient Judaism, some writers reconstructed a historical Jesus who corresponded to racialist and antisemitic ideology. In the writings of such antisemites as Emile Burnouf, Houston Stewart Chamberlain, and Paul de Lagarde, Jesus was redefined as an Aryan hero who struggled against Jews and Judaism. Consistent with their origins in higher criticism, such writers often either rejected or minimized the miraculous aspects of Gospel narratives, reducing the crucifixion to a tragic coda to Jesus's life rather than its prefigured culmination. Both Burnouf and Chamberlain argued that the population of Galilee was racially distinct from that of Judea. Lagarde insisted that German Christianity must become "national" in character.
Various historians credit the origins of "positive Christianity" more to the political acumen and opportunism of the Nazi leadership. Leading Nazis like Himmler, Rosenberg, Bormann, and Goebbels, backed by Hitler, were hostile to Christianity and ultimately planned to de-Christianize Germany. However, Germany had been Christian for over a thousand years, and Hitler recognized the practical reality of the political significance of the Churches in Germany and determined that any moves against the churches must be made in stages. In the words of Paul Berben, positive Christianity therefore came to be advocated as a "term that could be overlaid with any interpretation required, depending on the circumstances" and the party declared itself for religious freedom provided this liberty did not "endanger the State or clash with the views of the 'Germanic Race'".
The historian Derek Hastings has written about the Catholic roots in the nationalistic and disaffected Catholic circles of Munich, of the explicit endorsement of 'positive Christianity' in the Nazi party program. This group helped to shape its tenets, suspicious as they were of both ultramontanism and political Catholicism.
In Mein Kampf, Hitler reassured his readers that both Christian denominations (Catholicism and Protestantism) were valid bases for the German people, provided the churches did not intervene in state affairs. In private it is documented that Hitler scorned Pauline Christianity to his friends such as Martin Bormann and played himself off as a type of Jesusist to him, but when out campaigning for power in Germany, he publicly made statements in favour of the religion. "The most persuasive explanation of these statements", wrote Laurence Rees,
Contrarily, this thesis proposing that Hitler did not consider himself some type of Christian is highly disputed by the historian Richard Stiegmann-Gall in his book 'The Holy Reich'.
Relationship with the Nazi Party
Positive Christianity was, by design, entirely reliant on the leadership and ideology of the Nazi movement; Nazi journals such as Der Stürmer and Völkischer Beobachter were major sources of the dissemination and promotion of positive Christian ideals, stressing the "Nordic" character of Jesus. Despite these radical divergences from preexisting doctrines, the party was careful to also stress the point that positive Christianity was not intended to be a third confession, nor was it supposed to contradict the traditional theologies of the established churches. As early as 1920, the Nazis proclaimed in their 25-point program that the "Party as such advocates the standpoint of a positive Christianity without binding itself confessionally to any one denomination. It combats the Jewish-materialistic spirit within and around us". Despite this proclamation, a number of Nazis openly challenged the established churches.
Alfred Rosenberg, editor of Völkischer Beobachter, wrote The Myth of the Twentieth Century, in which he argued that the Catholic and Protestant churches had distorted Christianity in such a way that the "heroic" and "Germanic" aspects of Jesus's life had been ignored. For Rosenberg, positive Christianity was a transitional ideology that would pave the way to build a new fully racialist faith from the Hitlerian Reich Church. Instead of the cross, its symbol was the orb of the sun in the form of a sun cross and in principle it was the elevation of the Nordic race, a rejection of Old Europe's traditional divine revelation dogmas, and the promotion of a German God. For Rosenberg the Aryan-Nordic race was divine, and god was in the blood and its culture was the kingdom of heaven, in contrast the Jewish race was evil and it was a satanic counter race against the divine Aryan-Nordic race. Adolf Hitler approved of the book's work in general and emphasized the desirability of positive Christianity, yet distanced himself from much of Rosenberg's more radical ideas sidelined to the lunatic fringe within his movement, wishing to retain the support of the conservative Christian electorate and social elite. Hitler's official brand of State-sanctioned Positive Christianity incorporated Protestant and Catholic variant denominations into the Reich Church.
As an aspect of Gleichschaltung, the regime planned to nazify the Protestant Church in Germany (Evangelical Church) by unifying the separate 28 state churches under a single national church that would be controlled by the German Christians faction. However, the subjugation of the Protestant churches proved to be more difficult than Hitler had envisaged. In 1933, the "German Christians" wanted Nazi doctrines on race and leadership to be applied to a Reich Church, but they only had around 3,000 of Germany's 17,000 pastors. In July, church leaders submitted a constitution for a Reich Church, which the Reichstag approved. The Church Federation proposed that the well qualified Pastor Friedrich von Bodelschwingh should be the new Reich Bishop, but Hitler proposed that his friend Ludwig Müller, a Nazi and a former naval chaplain, should serve as the new Reich Bishop. The Nazis terrorized supporters of Bodelschwingh, and they also dissolved various church organizations, ensuring the election of Müller as the new Reich Bishop. Müller's heretical views of St Paul and his arguments against the Semitic origins of Christ and the Bible quickly alienated sections of the Protestant church. Pastor Martin Niemöller responded by founding the Pastors' Emergency League, a Protestant denomination which re-affirmed the Bible. Some clergymen who opposed the Nazi regime joined the movement, and it grew into the Confessing Church.
Ludwig Müller was elected the first Reichsbischof of the new Reichskirche (the so-called German Evangelical Church) in September 1933. However, the German Christians' theological initiatives were met with resistance from many pastors, most notably Niemöller, whose Pastors' Emergency League was supported by nearly 40 per cent of the Evangelical pastors. Following this failure, Hitler backtracked on his attempts to directly nazify the churches and he eventually became disinterested in supporting the "German Christians".
The German Faith Movement which was founded by Jakob Wilhelm Hauer adopted a more thoroughly Aryanized form of the ideology, to support its claim that it represented the essence of the "Protestant" spirit, it mixed aspects of Christianity with ideas which were derived from "Aryan" religions such as Vedicism and "Aryo"-Persian religiosity (Manicheanism, etc.). It attempted to separate Nazi officials from church affiliations, banning nativity plays and calling for an end to daily prayers in schools.
By 1934, the Confessing Church had declared itself to be the legitimate Protestant Church of Germany. Despite his closeness to Hitler, Müller had failed to unite Protestantism in a single Nazi-dominated Church. In 1935, the Nazis arrested 700 Confessing pastors. Müller resigned. To instigate a new effort to coordinate the Protestant churches, Hitler appointed another friend, Hans Kerrl to the position of Minister for Church Affairs. A relative moderate, Kerrl initially had some success in this regard, but amidst continuing protests against Nazi policies by the Confessing Church, he accused churchmen of failing to appreciate the Nazi doctrine of "Race, blood and soil" and he also gave the following explanation for the Nazi conception of positive Christianity, telling a group of submissive clergy:
Demise
The Nazi policy of interference in Protestantism did not achieve its aims. The majority of German Protestants did not side with either the "German Christians", or the Confessing Church. Both groups also struggled with significant internal disagreements and divisions. Mary Fulbrook wrote in her history of Germany:
With the fall of the Nazi regime in 1945, Positive Christianity fell into obscurity as a movement.
See also
Antisemitism in Christianity
Catharism
Catholic Church and Nazi Germany
Christianity and Judaism
Christian Identity
Clerical fascism
Institute for the Study and Elimination of Jewish Influence on German Church Life
Kirchenkampf
Marcionism
Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany
Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany
Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
Race and appearance of Jesus
Religion in Nazi Germany
Religious aspects of Nazism
Religious views of Adolf Hitler
State Shintoism
The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
Notes
References
Footnotes
Bibliography
Further reading
Nazi Germany and Christianity
Christian new religious movements
Former Christian denominations
Nondenominational Christianity
1920 in Christianity
Christianity and antisemitism
Christianity and race
Christian mysticism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive%20Christianity |
Diana Nemorensis ("Diana of Nemi"), also known as "Diana of the Wood", was an Italic form of the goddess who became Hellenised during the fourth century BC and conflated with Artemis.
Her sanctuary is on the northern shore of Lake Nemi beneath the rim of the crater and the modern city Nemi.
Origin of the legend
The worship of Diana at Nemi was instituted by Orestes, who, after killing Thoas, king in the Tauric Chersonesus (the Crimea), fled with his sister Iphigenia to Italy, bringing with him the image of the Tauric Diana hidden in a mound of sticks. After his death, the myth has it, his bones were transported from Aricia to Rome and buried in front of the Temple of Saturn, on the Capitoline slope, beside the Temple of Concord. The bloody ritual which legend ascribed to the Tauric Diana is that every stranger who landed on the shore was sacrificed on her altar, but that, when transported to Italy, the rite of human sacrifice assumed a milder form.
History
The temple of Diana Nemorensis was preceded by a sacred grove in which there stood a carved cult image. The temple was noted by Vitruvius as being archaic and "Etruscan" in its form. The cult image still stood as late as 43 BC, when it was reflected in coinage.
The Italic type of the triform cult image of Diana Nemorensis was reconstructed by Alföldi from a sequence of later Republican period coins he connected with a gens from Aricia. In early examples the three goddesses stand before a sketchily indicated wood, the central goddess placing her right hand on the shoulder of one goddess and her left on the hip of the other. The three are shown to be one by a horizontal bar behind their necks that connects them. Later die-cutters simplified the image. Alföldi interpreted the numismatic image as the Latin Diana "conceived as a threefold unity of the divine huntress, the Moon goddess, and the goddess of the nether world, Hekate," noting that Diana montium custos nemoremque virgo ("keeper of the mountains and virgin of Nemi") is addressed by Horace as diva triformis ("three-form goddess"). Diana is commonly addressed as Trivia by Virgil and Catullus.
The votive offerings, none earlier than the fourth century BC, found in the grove of Aricia portray her as a huntress, and further as blessing men and women with offspring, and granting expectant mothers an easy delivery. The dedicatory inscription, long disappeared, was copied for its curiosity as testimony to the political union of Latin cities, the Latin league by Cato the Elder and transmitted, perhaps incompletely, by the grammarian Priscianus:
Lucum Dianium in nemore Aricino Egerius Baebius Tusculanus dedicavit dictator Latinus. hi populi communiter: Tusculanus, Aricinus, Lanuvinus, Laurens, Coranus, Tiburtis, Pometinus, Ardeatis Rutulus
Diana Nemorensis was not translated to Republican Rome by the rite called evocatio, as was performed for Juno of Veii, but remained a foreigner there, in a temple outside the pomerium, apparently on the Aventine.
A votive inscription of the time of Nerva indicates that Vesta, Roman goddess of the hearth, home, and family, was also venerated in the grove at Nemi.
Lake and Grove of Aricia
Legend tells of a tree that stands in the centre of the grove and is guarded heavily. No one was to break off its limbs, with the exception of a runaway slave who was allowed, if he could, to break off one of the boughs. He was then in turn granted the privilege to engage the Rex Nemorensis, the current king and priest of Diana in the region, in one-on-one mortal combat. If the slave prevailed, he became the next king for as long as he could defeat challengers.
By the time Caligula interfered in the succession of priest-kings, the murder-succession had devolved into a gladiatorial combat before an audience.
See also
Querquetulanae, oak nymphs who may have been associated with Diana Nemorensis
Notes and references
Further reading
Giulia D'Angelo - Alberto Martín Esquivel, P. Accoleius Lariscolus (RRC 486/1) in Annali dell'Istituto Italiano di Numismatica, 58 (2012), pp. 139-160;
Carin M.C. Green, Roman Religion and the Cult of Diana at Aricia (Cambridge University Press, 2007), limited preview online , ;
Edith Hall, 2013, Adventures with Iphigenia in Tauris: A Cultural History of Euripides' Black Sea Tragedy (Oxford University Press) ISBN 0195392892;
Alberto Martín Esquivel - Giulia D'Angelo, Un cuño romano republicano de P. Accoleius Lariscolus in Nvmisma. Revista de estudios numismáticos, 258 (2014), pp. 51-59.
External links
Blog of exhibition of Nemi material at Nottingham museum 2013
Nemi at Nottingham project
Roman goddesses
Ancient Roman religion
Diana (mythology)
Epithets of Diana
Lake Nemi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana%20Nemorensis |
Artists Against 419 (commonly abbreviated to AA419) is an Internet consumer protection group dedicated to identifying and shutting down 419 scam websites. Its volunteers seek to stop, disrupt or hinder fraudsters' activities by cataloging and reporting fraudulent domains.
History
The Artists Against 419 site was set up in October 2003 and began tackling fraudulent websites in an artistic way: by hotlinking their images to drain their small bandwidth allowance over their monthly limit. Over time the fraudulent sites have evolved and so have the Artists. On November 30, 2003, the Artists Against 419 hosted its first international flash-mobsee below. There were many subsequent mobbings designed to make internet hosting service providers aware that the Artists Against 419 would not tolerate hosters knowingly hosting websites that AA419 had evidence to show were criminal.
At the same time, they started to list the allegedly fraudulent sites that members had found in a database. With these database entries, if a potential scam victim were to search a website they had been sent by a possible fraudster, the victim might see the database entry on an anti-fraud site and be inclined to cease contact with the scammer. This list now contains nearly 100,000 websites (as of August 31, 2014), and is one of the world's largest databases of fraudulent websites.
Sophisticated tools and techniques are used to search for fake sites and domains. When there is sufficient evidence to prove that a particular domain is fraudulent, it is entered into the database by a select experienced member after careful review. AA419's members then compose abuse reports to the domain registrar and/or hosting service provider with the evidence and ask for them to review/suspend the fraudulent site. Frequently, fake sites are closed within days or even hours of being set up. The UK Metropolitan Police force has previously worked with AA419. AA419 also escalates any websites found linked to South Africa to the South African Police Service (SAPS) and such websites will only be reported after giving those authorities the chance to investigate.
AA419 maintains constant relations with numerous internet registrars and hosting companies, who themselves have no wish to host criminal activity and cooperate willingly by suspending the fraudulent sites once the evidence is presented. However, certain companies fail to respond to AA419's abuse reports. In such circumstances (in the past) they arranged virtual sit-ins.
Flash-mobbing
AA419 described its past actions as flash-mobbing, but in actuality, this activity is called a virtual sit-in. Virtual sit-ins entail large numbers of individuals intently visiting a target site and downloading pages or requesting large numbers of information, with the intent that their requests will cause a rapid drain of bandwidth, and if there is a bandwidth quota it goes offline. For example, if 100 people continuously download a 10 kilobyte image simultaneously for 12 hours, this uses 40 gigabytes of allocated bandwidth. Assuming that the fraudulent site has 40 GB of allocated bandwidth per month, it will automatically shut down after 12 hours, when the bandwidth threshold is exceeded. The fraudulent website will then remain off-line until the following month, when the bandwidth quota is reset. Virtual sit-ins were achieved using freeware tools such as Muguito or the Lad Vampire. A computer flash-mob is a similar case where the sites' sudden popularity brings an unexpected large numbers of visitors which the server is unable to handle. The difference is that, in a virtual sit-in, there is no actual audience and the action is designed to be disruptive.
In some cases, particularly when a small web-hosting company is involved, the volume of traffic can be so large that access is slowed to all sites on the server. This would hold the hoster at ransom until the scam site was suspended; the hosting service would resume operating normally afterwards. It is important to note that no site was ever "mobbed" until at least two letters had been sent to the hosting company notifying them of the abuse, informing them that they were hosting a fraudulent site, detailing evidence of such fraudulent activities and requesting that the site be shut down for violating the hosting provider's terms of service.
The Artists always preferred that hosting companies take responsibility for the actions of their clients as well as the content of their web sites. A virtual sit-in is a tool of last resort, and was used only after other attempts to shut down the fraudsters' website had failed. Fortunately, the vast majority of web-hosting companies find the activities of internet fraudsters highly objectionable and swiftly intervene to stop them.
Controversy
What AA419 describes as flash-mobbing, is considered by others to be an illegal electronic offensive called a Distributed Denial-of-service attack (DDoS). By their own admission they affect "all sites on the server", and they have attacked systems without checking if bandwidth limits are in place.
Legal scholars like Susan Brenner, a law professor and expert on cybercrime at the University of Dayton School of Law, while sympathetic to aa419's aims and supportive of their more peaceable efforts, find these aggressive techniques akin to DoS attacks, which are illegal. Many jurisdictions prohibit anyone from sending a command to another computer with the intent of causing harm, and DoSes definitely aim to do damage.
Change in direction
The following is from the AA419 web site, discussing the discontinuation of Lad Vampire and other software from their site:
As of September 14th 2007 the Artists Against 419 discontinued the use of Bandwidth Hogging tools
As regular viewers will have noticed, the Artists discontinued the use of the Deadly Duo, Mugito and Lad Vampire on September 14, 2007.
As a community we have grown more sophisticated and effective in the art of shutting down fake web sites with words alone. Our database is the largest of its kind, and our expertise at identifying, cataloging, and terminating fraud sites is unmatched. We have shut down over 95% of the fakes in our database by letter-writing and establishing good relationships with hosts and domain registrars, and so we believe that it's time to move on.
We have listened to feedback from all sections of the internet, and realize that there is less need for these tools. With so many reputable hosting companies supporting the work of AA419, we no longer need the pressure tactics that worked in our infancy.
This is not to say that AA419 has lost its teeth. We remain committed to locating, and closing fakes web sites of all descriptions. We will continue to make known the names of web hosts and registrars that support fakes within their ranges, and we will bring our reputation, and our artists with us to every fight.
Subsequent activities
Since the announced change of direction, Artists Against 419 developed new legal techniques and have acquired numerous new members who find fraudulent websites. Artists Against 419 also has a long-standing partnership with the prominent scambaiting community 419eater and allowed members of this organisation to upload, under moderation, websites to their database of fraudulent websites. In 2020 this support was withdrawn.
AA419 is constantly developing and building relationships with domain registrars, hosting companies and various security vendors and groups while being a long term Anti Phishing Working Group member. Because of this, even though more and more fraudulent sites are being found now, a limited number of private sector companies have been supported by AA419's efforts. By using responsive tactics Artists Against 419 has become more effective under its new method of operating.
Additional relationships has also since been established with other credible anti-fraud source groups such as ScamSurvivors, Forum Scambaiter-Deutschland and RomanceScambaiter who use Artists Against 419's database to warn against verified malicious domains and websites.
The Artists have had considerable success in closing fraudulent websites. Of the more than 156,000 sites listed in their database, roughly 4500 are currently active, and many of these are very recent additions. The active status in the aa419 database has a very specific definition, it is a domain that is considered still under malicious control.
Since January 2016, the Artists Against 419 database also reflects separate scam category, autonomous system number (ASN) and domain name registrar fields, enabling ISPs and registrars to easily determine which sites under their responsibility have been listed. An additional comments field was also added showing additional details such as the contact details the scam website used, a refinement of the scam category, links to other partner websites, trusted informational/alert links or related database entries.
A project field was added allowing related entries to be easily identified. This is used to alert on active threats in specific sectors. An example of this can be seen on the PetsPlace website where consumers in South Africa are alerted against known active pet scam websites.
On 24 December 2019, Artists Against 419 also announced the Krampus program whereby information on cyber threats captured at Artists Against 419 is being shared with other security groups.
Since December 2020, Artists Against 419 also started displaying the top three most Domain name registrars, autonomous system numbers (ASN) and Internet Protocol addresses (IP addresses) on their database page with more detailed Top 10 Areas of Badness available on a separate page in a chart.
References
External links
Artists Against 419 Forum
Artists Against 419 Scam Website Database
Legal Affairs: the vigilante in the kitchen
Internet-based activism
Internet-related activism
Internet fraud | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artists%20Against%20419 |
Sonetos de la Muerte (Sonnets of Death) is a work by the Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral, first published in 1914. She used a nom de plume as she feared that she may have lost her job as a teacher. The work was awarded first prize in the Juegos Florales, a national literary contest.
The Sonnets of Death were inspired by the suicide of Mistral's former lover, Romelio Ureta, in which she claims for his love, argues jealousy and discusses their reunion after their deaths. However Mistral's relationship with Ureta is a matter of significant controversy. It is claimed by Chilean experts, such as Cedomil Goic, that the publication of the Sonnets of Death marks the beginning of modern poetry in Chilean literature.
References
External links
The Spanish-language text of the poem may be found here
1914 poems
Spanish-language books
Spanish poetry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonetos%20de%20la%20Muerte |
Marina Tsintikidou (; born 28 November 1971) is a Greek fashion model and presenter who has appeared on the covers of numerous Greek fashion magazines such as MAX. She won the title of "Star Hellas" (Σταρ Ελλάς) in the Miss Star Hellas pageant in 1992. She also carries the honor of being the third Greek contestant to win the title of Miss Europe (1992). She also represented Greece at the Miss Universe 1992 pageant in Bangkok, Thailand.
Aside from a modeling career, Tsindikidou also tried her skills in acting, appearing in various TV shows and movies as well as in the Greek version of the theatrical play "Look Who's Here" by British playwright Ray Cooney. She has also been a TV host and presenter on numerous programs featured on Mega Channel, ANT1 and Macedonia TV.
References
External links
Kostetsos Modeling
Gallery of TV Screenshots
Marina Tsidikidou at Greek Women On-Line
1971 births
Greek beauty pageant winners
Greek female models
Greek television actresses
Greek television presenters
Living people
Miss Europe winners
Miss Universe 1992 contestants
Greek women television presenters
Models from Thessaloniki | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina%20Tsintikidou |
Siopao (), is a Philippine steamed bun with various fillings. It is the indigenized version of the Fujianese baozi, introduced to the Philippines by Hokkien immigrants during the Spanish colonial period. It is a popular snack in the Philippines and is commonly sold by bakeries and restaurants.
Description
Siopao is derived from the baozi, introduced by Hokkien Chinese immigrants to the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period. The name is derived from Philippine Hokkien sio-pau (). Historically, the most popular siopao buns in Manila were the ones made by restaurateur Ma Mon Luk at the turn of the 20th century.
Siopao differs from the baozi in that it is much larger and is eaten held in the hands like a sandwich. It also uses different traditional fillings. The most common fillings are pork asado (indigenized braised version of the Cantonese char siu) and bola-bola (literally "meatball", a combination of pork, chicken, beef, shrimp or salted duck egg). Siopao uses leavened wheat flour and is traditionally steamed, but a baked version (also called "toasted siopao") can be baked directly in ovens without steaming. A popular variant called "fried siopao" fries the bottom of the siopao in a greased skillet after steaming. Another dish that evolved from the siopao is the asado roll, which uses regular bread dough and is baked.
Traditional siopao is also typically accompanied with a sweet and sour "siopao sauce" (made from cornstarch, soy sauce, sugar, garlic, and other ingredients), which is injected or spread unto the filling before eating. Plain ketchup (either tomato ketchup or banana ketchup) is also used in the same way. In contrast to the baozi which is eaten dipped in a soy sauce or vinegar mixture.
A unique variant from Siargao Island is the paowaw, a dessert bun which has a filling of bukayo (sweetened shredded coconut meat).
In other countries
Siopao was also introduced to Guam (then a part of the Philippines), with the same name. From there it has spread further into the Marshall Islands, where it is known as siu pao.
Similar dishes
There is a similar dish in Thai cuisine called salapao (), which is sometimes made with a sweet filling for a dessert. Similar buns have also been introduced in Hawaii where it is called manapua, and in Samoa and the American Samoa, where it is called keke pua'a.
In popular culture
There is an urban legend about the snack alleging that cat meat is used in the production of siopao. According to historians, this story could have came from a certain sentiment towards the Chinese Filipino community or it was theorized that it could have been a smear campaign by competitors or illegitimate children from a Chinese family which runs a siopao business.
See also
Asado roll
Cha siu bao
Bāozi, the Chinese version of the steamed bun.
Ma Mon Luk
List of buns
List of steamed foods
References
Dumplings
Steamed buns
Philippine fusion cuisine
Stuffed dishes
Chinese fusion cuisine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siopao |
Nikolayevsk () is a town and the administrative center of Nikolayevsky District in Volgograd Oblast, Russia, located on the left (eastern) shore of the Volga River. Population:
History
It was founded in 1747 as the khutor of Dmitriyev (), which was reorganized into a sloboda in 1794 and renamed Nikolayevskaya sloboda (). It was granted town status and renamed Nikolayevsk in 1967.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Nikolayevsk serves as the administrative center of Nikolayevsky District. As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Nikolayevsky District as the town of district significance of Nikolayevsk. As a municipal division, the town of district significance of Nikolayevsk is incorporated within Nikolayevsky Municipal District as Nikolayevsk Urban Settlement.
References
Notes
Sources
External links
Cities and towns in Volgograd Oblast
Populated places on the Volga
Populated places established in 1747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolayevsk |
Altstadt Spandau is the historic centre (old town) of the Spandau borough in the western suburbs of Berlin, situated on the right bank of the Havel river by its confluence with the Spree tributary. It arose near the site of a former Slavic gord during the German eastward expansion (Ostsiedlung) in the early 13th century. A castle at Spandowe, erected on a Havel island to secure the eastern borderlands of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, was already documented in an 1197 deed issued by the Ascanian margrave Otto II.
The city itself was first mentioned on 7 March 1232, when the Spandau citizens were vested with further privileges by the Brandenburg margraves John I and Otto III. A first church is documented in 1240; the present-day Saint Nicholas Church was built in the late 14th century. It became the initial point of the Protestant Reformation in Brandenburg, when on 1 November 1539 Elector Joachim II Hector converted to Lutheranism and celebrated the first communion under both kinds here. A Jewish community in Spandau existed since the 13th century, a synagogue is documented since 1342.
The Hohenzollern elector also had the city protected from attacks by the Spandau Citadel, a Renaissance fortress erected at the site of the medieval castle from about 1560 onwards. The walled-up Altstadt quarter became the nucleus of the larger Spandau Fortress, built under Prussian rule after the Napoleonic Wars in the early 19th century, also a centre of the German arms industry.
Today the Altstadt quarter is served by Rathaus Spandau and Altstadt Spandau stations on the Berlin U-Bahn line . Berlin-Spandau station, served by S-Bahn, regional and intercity railway routes, is situated to the south of the Altstadt.
References
Spandau
zones | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altstadt%20Spandau |
Charles Claude Selecman (1874–1958) was an American Methodist minister and educator. He served as the third President of Southern Methodist University from 1923 to 1938. In 1938, he was elected as an American bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South.
Early life
Charles Claude Selecman was born on October 13, 1874, in Savannah, Missouri. In 1882, he attended Central College in Fayette, Missouri, but never graduated.
Career
Selecman worked as a pastor in Pattonsburg, Missouri, in 1898. Later, he was a missionary in Louisiana and Missouri. In 1913, he was a pastor in Los Angeles, California. By 1914, he became the pastor of the newly built Trinity Auditorium in Downtown Los Angeles.
Selecman moved to Dallas, Texas, in 1920, where he became the pastor of the newly built First Methodist Church, South. Three years later, he was appointed as the third President of Southern Methodist University, serving from 1923 to 1938. Under his leadership, the campus buildings went from two to seven, and the endowment from US$883,000 to US$2,300,000.
Selecman resigned in 1938 and became a bishop in Oklahoma City. He moved back to Dallas in 1944. In 1945, he was elected President of the Council of Bishops of the Methodist Church. He also served as the President of the Methodist General Board of Evangelism.
Selecman retired in 1948, and was elected to the Methodist Hall of Fame in philanthropy in 1951.
Personal life
Selecman married Bess Kyle Beckner on April 27, 1899. They had a son, Dr. Frank Selecman, who married Eloise Olive and had two children - Charles Edward Selecman and Mary Selecman Deaton and a daughter, Josephine, who married Douglas Warren Forbes. Bess died in 1943 and Selecman married his second wife, Jackie (Mrs. Pierre D. Mason of Hollywood, California,) in June 1948.
Bishop Selecman had 3 great-grandchildren; Cyndy Selecman Morgan (deceased 11-15-12), Betsi Selecman Schaefer, and Amie Selecman.
Death
Selecman died on March 27, 1958, in Dallas, Texas.
Publications
The Methodist First Reader "On Being a Christian", by Charles Claude Selecman
The Methodist Primer, by Charles Claude Selecman
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
References
1874 births
1958 deaths
People from Savannah, Missouri
People from Los Angeles
Academics from Dallas
Clergy from Dallas
Clergy from Oklahoma City
Central Methodist University alumni
Presidents of Southern Methodist University
Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South
Methodist writers
20th-century Methodist bishops | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Claude%20Selecman |
Pyridoxal is one form of vitamin B6.
Some medically relevant bacteria, such as those in the genera Granulicatella and Abiotrophia, require pyridoxal for growth. This nutritional requirement can lead to the culture phenomenon of satellite growth. In in vitro culture, these pyridoxal-dependent bacteria may only grow in areas surrounding colonies of bacteria from other genera ("satellitism") that are capable of producing pyridoxal.
Pyridoxal is involved in what is believed to be the most ancient reaction of aerobic metabolism on Earth, about 2.9 billion years ago, a forerunner of the Great Oxidation Event.
See also
Pyridoxal phosphate
References
Vitamins
Hydroxypyridines
Aldehydes
3-Hydroxypropenals
Aromatic ketones | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxal |
Monte Carlo localization (MCL), also known as particle filter localization, is an algorithm for robots to localize using a particle filter. Given a map of the environment, the algorithm estimates the position and orientation of a robot as it moves and senses the environment. The algorithm uses a particle filter to represent the distribution of likely states, with each particle representing a possible state, i.e., a hypothesis of where the robot is. The algorithm typically starts with a uniform random distribution of particles over the configuration space, meaning the robot has no information about where it is and assumes it is equally likely to be at any point in space. Whenever the robot moves, it shifts the particles to predict its new state after the movement. Whenever the robot senses something, the particles are resampled based on recursive Bayesian estimation, i.e., how well the actual sensed data correlate with the predicted state. Ultimately, the particles should converge towards the actual position of the robot.
Basic description
Consider a robot with an internal map of its environment. When the robot moves around, it needs to know where it is within this map. Determining its location and rotation (more generally, the pose) by using its sensor observations is known as robot localization.
Because the robot may not always behave in a perfectly predictable way, it generates many random guesses of where it is going to be next. These guesses are known as particles. Each particle contains a full description of a possible future state. When the robot observes the environment, it discards particles inconsistent with this observation, and generates more particles close to those that appear consistent. In the end, hopefully most particles converge to where the robot actually is.
State representation
The state of the robot depends on the application and design. For example, the state of a typical 2D robot may consist of a tuple for position and orientation . For a robotic arm with 10 joints, it may be a tuple containing the angle at each joint: .
The belief, which is the robot's estimate of its current state, is a probability density function distributed over the state space. In the MCL algorithm, the belief at a time is represented by a set of particles . Each particle contains a state, and can thus be considered a hypothesis of the robot's state. Regions in the state space with many particles correspond to a greater probability that the robot will be there—and regions with few particles are unlikely to be where the robot is.
The algorithm assumes the Markov property that the current state's probability distribution depends only on the previous state (and not any ones before that), i.e., depends only on . This only works if the environment is static and does not change with time. Typically, on start up, the robot has no information on its current pose so the particles are uniformly distributed over the configuration space.
Overview
Given a map of the environment, the goal of the algorithm is for the robot to determine its pose within the environment.
At every time the algorithm takes as input the previous belief , an actuation command , and data received from sensors ; and the algorithm outputs the new belief .
Algorithm MCL:
for to :
motion_update
sensor_update
endfor
for to :
draw from with probability
endfor
return
Example for 1D robot
Consider a robot in a one-dimensional circular corridor with three identical doors, using a sensor that returns either true or false depending on whether there is a door.
At the end of the three iterations, most of the particles are converged on the actual position of the robot as desired.
Motion update
During the motion update, the robot predicts its new location based on the actuation command given, by applying the simulated motion to each of the particles. For example, if a robot moves forward, all particles move forward in their own directions no matter which way they point. If a robot rotates 90 degrees clockwise, all particles rotate 90 degrees clockwise, regardless of where they are. However, in the real world, no actuator is perfect: they may overshoot or undershoot the desired amount of motion. When a robot tries to drive in a straight line, it inevitably curves to one side or the other due to minute differences in wheel radius. Hence, the motion model must compensate for noise. Inevitably, the particles diverge during the motion update as a consequence. This is expected since a robot becomes less sure of its position if it moves blindly without sensing the environment.
Sensor update
When the robot senses its environment, it updates its particles to more accurately reflect where it is. For each particle, the robot computes the probability that, had it been at the state of the particle, it would perceive what its sensors have actually sensed. It assigns a weight for each particle proportional to the said probability. Then, it randomly draws new particles from the previous belief, with probability proportional to . Particles consistent with sensor readings are more likely to be chosen (possibly more than once) and particles inconsistent with sensor readings are rarely picked. As such, particles converge towards a better estimate of the robot's state. This is expected since a robot becomes increasingly sure of its position as it senses its environment.
Properties
Non-parametricity
The particle filter central to MCL can approximate multiple different kinds of probability distributions, since it is a non-parametric representation. Some other Bayesian localization algorithms, such as the Kalman filter (and variants, the extended Kalman filter and the unscented Kalman filter), assume the belief of the robot is close to being a Gaussian distribution and do not perform well for situations where the belief is multimodal. For example, a robot in a long corridor with many similar-looking doors may arrive at a belief that has a peak for each door, but the robot is unable to distinguish which door it is at. In such situations, the particle filter can give better performance than parametric filters.
Another non-parametric approach to Markov localization is the grid-based localization, which uses a histogram to represent the belief distribution. Compared with the grid-based approach, the Monte Carlo localization is more accurate because the state represented in samples is not discretized.
Computational requirements
The particle filter's time complexity is linear with respect to the number of particles. Naturally, the more particles, the better the accuracy, so there is a compromise between speed and accuracy and it is desired to find an optimal value of . One strategy to select is to continuously generate additional particles until the next pair of command and sensor reading has arrived. This way, the greatest possible number of particles is obtained while not impeding the function of the rest of the robot. As such, the implementation is adaptive to available computational resources: the faster the processor, the more particles can be generated and therefore the more accurate the algorithm is.
Compared to grid-based Markov localization, Monte Carlo localization has reduced memory usage since memory usage only depends on number of particles and does not scale with size of the map, and can integrate measurements at a much higher frequency.
The algorithm can be improved using KLD sampling, as described below, which adapts the number of particles to use based on how sure the robot is of its position.
Particle deprivation
A drawback of the naive implementation of Monte Carlo localization occurs in a scenario where a robot sits at one spot and repeatedly senses the environment without moving. Suppose that the particles all converge towards an erroneous state, or if an occult hand picks up the robot and moves it to a new location after particles have already converged. As particles far away from the converged state are rarely selected for the next iteration, they become scarcer on each iteration until they disappear altogether. At this point, the algorithm is unable to recover. This problem is more likely to occur for small number of particles, e.g., , and when the particles are spread over a large state space. In fact, any particle filter algorithm may accidentally discard all particles near the correct state during the resampling step.
One way to mitigate this issue is to randomly add extra particles on every iteration. This is equivalent to assuming that, at any point in time, the robot has some small probability of being kidnapped to a random position in the map, thus causing a fraction of random states in the motion model. By guaranteeing that no area in the map is totally deprived of particles, the algorithm is now robust against particle deprivation.
Variants
The original Monte Carlo localization algorithm is fairly simple. Several variants of the algorithm have been proposed, which address its shortcomings or adapt it to be more effective in certain situations.
KLD sampling
Monte Carlo localization may be improved by sampling the particles in an adaptive manner based on an error estimate using the Kullback–Leibler divergence (KLD). Initially, it is necessary to use a large due to the need to cover the entire map with a uniformly random distribution of particles. However, when the particles have converged around the same location, maintaining such a large sample size is computationally wasteful.
KLD–sampling is a variant of Monte Carlo Localization where at each iteration, a sample size is calculated. The sample size is calculated such that, with probability , the error between the true posterior and the sample-based approximation is less than . The variables and are fixed parameters.
The main idea is to create a grid (a histogram) overlaid on the state space. Each bin in the histogram is initially empty. At each iteration, a new particle is drawn from the previous (weighted) particle set with probability proportional to its weight. Instead of the resampling done in classic MCL, the KLD–sampling algorithm draws particles from the previous, weighted, particle set and applies the motion and sensor updates before placing the particle into its bin. The algorithm keeps track of the number of non-empty bins, . If a particle is inserted in a previously empty bin, the value of is recalculated, which increases mostly linear in . This is repeated until the sample size is the same as .
It is easy to see KLD–sampling culls redundant particles from the particle set, by only increasing when a new location (bin) has been filled. In practice, KLD–sampling consistently outperforms and converges faster than classic MCL.
References
Robot navigation
Monte Carlo methods | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte%20Carlo%20localization |
Jay Rowland Ferguson Jr. (born July 25, 1974) is an American actor, known as Taylor Newton in Evening Shade (1990–1994), Stan Rizzo in Mad Men (2010–2015), and Ben Olinsky in The Conners (2018–present).
Biography
In 1990 Ferguson played Ponyboy Curtis in the television adaptation of S. E. Hinton's novel The Outsiders.
His notable television roles include Taylor Newton in four seasons of the CBS sitcom Evening Shade, Dr. Todd Hooper on Judging Amy, Rich Connelly in the 2005 NBC television series Surface, Agent Warren Russell on the Showtime series Sleeper Cell, Stan Rizzo on the AMC series Mad Men, and as Pat O'Neal, the father of the O'Neal family in the ABC series The Real O'Neals.
His film roles include Billy in Higher Learning, Elmer Conway in The Killer Inside Me, and Keith Clayton in The Lucky One.
In 2018, he played Chip Curry in the CBS sitcom Living Biblically. Since 2018, he has played Darlene's boss (and eventual husband) and Dan Conner's son in law, Ben Olinsky, in The Conners.
Filmography
Film
Television films
Television series
References
External links
Jay R. Ferguson at Yahoo! Movies
1974 births
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American child models
American male child actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
Living people
Male actors from Dallas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay%20R.%20Ferguson |
Bolehall Swifts Football Club is a football club based in Bolehall, a suburb of Tamworth, Staffordshire, England. They are currently members of the and play at the Rene Road Ground.
History
The club was established in 1953. They joined the Tamworth & Trent Valley League, winning the League Shield and Agnes Durham Cup in their first season. The club later won the Coleshill Charity Cup in 1955–56 and the Fazeley Charity Cup in 1975–76.
After transferring to the Sutton District League, they moved on to the City & Suburban League, the Mercian League and then the Staffordshire County League (South). In 1980 the club moved up to Division Three of the Midland Combination. Division Three was renamed Division Two in 1983, and Bolehall were Division Two champions in 1984–85, also winning the Challenge Vase and the Fazeley Charity Cup. Following promotion to Division One, they finished fifth in Division One the following season and were promoted to the Premier Division.
In 1994 Bolehall were founder members of the Midland Alliance. However, after finishing second-from-bottom of the league in its inaugural season, they finished last in 1995–96 and were relegated back to the Premier Division of the Midland Combination. The club remained in the Premier Division until 2014, winning the Challenge Cup in 1997–98, the Walsall Senior Cup in 2001–02 and the Birmingham Midweek Floodlit Cup in 2013–14. In 2014 the Midland Combination and Midland Alliance merged to form the Midland League, with Bolehall placed in Division One. The club won the Fazeley Charity Cup again in 2014–15.
Ground
The club initially played behind the Jolly Sailor pub near the Castle Grounds in Tamworth, using an old double decker bus as changing rooms. They later moved to Morrows' Field, located to the rear of the Gate Inn in Amington, before purchasing some allotments on Rene Road from a local farmer in 1959 for £350.
The new Rene Road ground was opened in August 1961 with a friendly against Tamworth WMC. A 150-seat stand known as the "Welcome to Bolehall Swifts Stand" was built behind one goal, with the standing only "Founded 1953 Stand" on one side of the pitch.
Management and coaching staff
Boardroom
Current staff
Managerial history
Honours
Midland Combination
Division Two champions 1984–85
Challenge Cup winners 1997–98
Challenge Vase winners 1984–85
Tamworth & Trent Valley League
League Shield winners 1953–54
Agnes Durham Cup winners 1953–54
Walsall Senior Cup
Winners 2001–02
Coleshill Charity Cup
Winners 1955–56
Fazeley Charity Cup
Winners 1975–76, 1984–85, 2014–15
Birmingham Midweek Floodlit Cup
Winners 2013–14
Records
Best FA Cup performance: First qualifying round, 1994–95, 1995–96
Best FA Vase performance: Third round, 2013–14, 2014–15
See also
Bolehall Swifts F.C. players
Bolehall Swifts F.C. managers
References
External links
Official website
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in Staffordshire
Association football clubs established in 1953
1953 establishments in England
Sport in Tamworth, Staffordshire
Staffordshire County League (South)
Midland Football Combination
Midland Football Alliance
Midland Football League | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolehall%20Swifts%20F.C. |
Pete Prown (born 1963) is an American writer and magazine editor, painter, guitarist, and music journalist. He has worked as the editor-in-chief of Guitar Shop magazine and music editor for Vintage Guitar. His writing has also appeared in publications such as Guitar Player and Guitar for the Practicing Musician, among dozens of other magazines.
Works
Paintings.
Samples of Pete Prown's acclaimed artwork can be found on his website.
Recordings. Beginning in 2006, released a series of indie CDs showcasing his noted guitar work and receiving strong reviews:
Guitar Garden - China Rose (2006)
Guitar Garden - Secret Space (2007)
Sir Clive & the Raging Cartographers - Guitar Safari (2009)
Guitar Garden - Guitar Garden III (2011)
Oval Planet - Trench Poems (2019)
Gordon/Prown/King - Moorish Code (2020)
Miscellaneous recordings (2019-2022)
Music Journalism. From 1993 to 1998 Prown was the editor in chief of the international magazine Guitar Shop, followed by his role as a Music Editor at Vintage Guitar magazine. He is also the author of several rock-music reference and guitar-instructional books and CDs, such as:
Modal Riffs for Rock Guitar (1995)
Legends of Rock Guitar (co-written with HP Newquist, 1997)
Gear Secrets of the Guitar Legends (co-written with Lisa Sharken, 2003)
Shred! The Ultimate Guide to Warp-Speed Guitar (co-written with Rich Maloof, 2006)
Ultimate Heavy Metal Guitars (Quarto Motorbooks, 2023)
Prown has written for Guitar Player, Guitar One, Guitar for the Practicing Musician, Car Stereo Review, Musician's Planet, InTune Monthly, Music Alive, Philadelphia Magazine, as well as many others.
Fiction Books. Among other projects, Prown writes fantasy fiction, publishing the following via Amazon.com:
Thimble Down (2013)
Devils & Demons (2014)
The Lost Ones
Master Black (2017) -- print and audiobook editions
Other Publishing From 1998 to 2013, Pete Prown was also editor of the gardening magazine Green Scene for the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, based in Philadelphia. He's also edited several books (such as Jane Godshalk's Flower Arranging Secrets), and is an accomplished photographer and communicator.
References
1963 births
Living people
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American music journalists
American fantasy writers
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete%20Prown |
Clubbo Records (slogan: "Music to Believe In") is a record label specialising in parodies of various pop music genres from the 1960s to the 2000s. The label is promoted by a website giving detailed fictional information on all of the songs and artists featured as well as mp3s of selected songs by each featured artist.
History
According to the label's website it was founded in the early 1960s by Chet Clubb and Morris "Bo" Bogerman (Clubbo = Clubb + Bo), Clubbo Records is a record label more for small artists. The small company does record and produce professional.
History (actual)
In reality Clubbo is a label founded in 2004 by San Francisco-based musicians Elise Malmberg and Joe Gore, Designer Richie Leeds is responsible for much of the site's design and artwork, although the logo and additional graphics are by Malmberg. In terms of both music and graphics the creators pay meticulous attention to period detail.
Releases (actual)
To date Clubbo has released two CDs of music from the website:
Clubbo - Music to Believe In: Sampler Vol. 1 (2004)
Clubbo - Music to Believe In: Sampler Vol. 2 (2005)
See also
List of record labels
External links
Official site
Sandee Saunders' Head website
Clubbo Records - The Real Credits
Slate.com article on Clubbo Records
Museum of Hoaxes entry for Clubbo Records
A short 'interview' with Mark Lissitsky at Really Magazine (2005)
American record labels
Musical hoaxes
Musical parodies
Record labels established in 2004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clubbo%20Records |
Brocton Football Club is a football club representing Brocton, near Stafford, England. They are currently members of the and play at Silkmore Lane in Stafford.
History
The club was formed in 1937 after the owner of the Chetwynd Arms pub, Arthur Mayer, gave a football to local boys and asked them to establish a club. In 1946–47 they won the Rugeley & District League. After winning the league again the following season, they moved on to the Cannock Chase League. The club were champions of the new league in 1954–55, before going on to win the title again in 1954–55, 1956–57, 1957–58, 1960–61, 1973–74 and 1977–78. The next step was to move up to Division One of the Staffordshire County League (South). They were runners-up in 1982–83, and after finishing second again the following season, the club were promoted to the Premier Division, where they finished as runners-up in 1985–86.
In 1991 Brocton joined the Staffordshire Senior League, which became the Midland League in 1994. In 2003 the club transferred to the Premier Division of the Midland Combination. After winning the Premier Division in the league's final season, they became members of the Premier Division of the new Midland League, which was formed by a merger of the Midland Combination and Midland Alliance. They finished second-from-bottom of the division in 2016–17 and were relegated to Division One.
At the end of the 2020–21 season Brocton were transferred to Division One South of the North West Counties League.
Ground
The club originally played at the Chetwynd Arms Ground in Brocton, but had to move to the Rowley Park Stadium in Stafford to meet the requirements of the Staffordshire Senior League. In 2002 they relocated once again to the Cannock Sports Stadium in Cannock in order to have a floodlit ground, but left in 2004 after the Council failed to confirm their tenancy. After two years sharing with Heath Hayes at the Coppice Colliery Ground, the club gained a 30-year lease on the Old Police Sports Ground in Silkmore Lane in Stafford. The ground includes a 100-seat stand.
Honours
Midland Combination
Premier Division champions 2013–14
Cannock Chase League
Champions 1954–55, 1956–57, 1957–58, 1960–61, 1973–74, 1977–78
Rugeley & District League
Champions 1946–47, 1947–48
Staffordshire FA Vase
Winners 1996–97, 1999–2000
Records
Best FA Cup performance: First qualifying round, 2013–14
Best FA Vase performance: Fourth round, 2014–15
Record attendance: 457 vs Stockport Georgians, North West Counties League Division One South, 5 March 2023
References
External links
Official website
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in Staffordshire
Association football clubs established in 1937
1937 establishments in England
Staffordshire County League (South)
Midland Football League (1994)
Midland Football Combination
Midland Football League
North West Counties Football League clubs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocton%20F.C. |
Bützfleth is a village with 5000 inhabitants in the north of the city Stade in Lower Saxony.
It borders in the south to Götzdorf, in the northwest to Bützflethermoor and Depenbeck, in the north to Abbenfleth and in the east to the river Elbe.
History
Bützfleth belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, established in 1180. In 1648 the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish Crown - interrupted by a Danish occupation (1712-1715) - and from 1715 on by the Hanoverian Crown. In 1807 the ephemeric Kingdom of Westphalia annexed the Duchy, before France annexed it in 1810. In 1813 the Duchy was restored to the Electorate of Hanover, which - after its upgrade to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814 - incorporated the Duchy in a real union and the Ducal territory, including Bützfleth, became part of the new Stade Region, established in 1823.
In 1972 Bützfleth was incorporated into the city of Stade, forming one its localities since.
External links
Towns in Lower Saxony
Stade | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCtzfleth |
The Darqawiyya or Darqawi Sufi order is a revivalist branch of the Shadhiliyah brotherhood which originated in Morocco. The Darqawa comprised the followers of Sheikh Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi (1760–1823) of Morocco. The movement, which became one of the leading Sufi orders (tariqa) in Morocco, exalted poverty and asceticism. It gained widespread support among the rural inhabitants and the urban lower classes. Its popularity was increased by its use of musical instruments in its rituals. In both Morocco and Algeria the Darqawiyya were involved in political activities and protest movements.
It has received little attention from Orientalists compared to other Sufi orders, despite its closeness to Europe and relatively recent history. The few authors who did write about the Darqawiyya were largely guided by administrative concerns. In their book, Confreries (1897), Depont and Coppolani call them "ferocious sectarians," and "puritans of Islam" (p. 504-5). These judgements can be completed by E. Doutte in L'Islam algerien en 1900, "The Darqawa are thus mendicant derviches. It is a dangerous order, one found in almost all the insurrections that have taken place against governments". In Morocco the vitality of the Darqawa has remained so strong during the past century that it has been said that "the 19th century was the Darqawi century, just as the 18th century had been the Nasiri century." During the same period, the order burgeoned in Sri Lanka, Libya, Egypt, Palestine, Syria and Lebanon.
A branch of the Darqawiyya called the Murabitun exists in the Chiapas, Mexico.
See also
Mohammed al-Harraq al-Alami
Ahmad al-Alawi
Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba
Muhammad ibn al-Habib
Abdalqadir as-Sufi
References
External links
Editions La Caravane
Sunni Sufi orders
Darqawi
Shadhili order
Islam in Morocco
19th century in Morocco | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darqawiyya |
The Gunners may refer to:
Arsenal F.C., an English association football club
The Royal Artillery, a British Army regiment
See also
Gunner (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Gunners |
The Mahoning Valley is a geographic valley encompassing the area of northeast Ohio and a small portion of western Pennsylvania that drains into the Mahoning River. According to information at the bottom of Page 321 in a publication by the Ohio Secretary of State's Office, the river name comes from an Indian word meaning “at the licks.”
Valley Geography
Downstream of Youngstown through Struthers and Lowellville in Ohio and Edinburg in Pennsylvania, the river runs through a significant valley. In contrast and notwithstanding some shallow reservoirs and short waterfalls, the river upstream of there flowing through Newton Falls and Warren encounters less relief in the ground and the terrain is largely flat right up to the riverbank. Therefore, the term "Mahoning Valley" is generally applied locally only to the lower portion of the drainage unless addressing the Youngstown–Warren, OH-PA Combined Statistical Area which is also often referred to colloquially as the "Mahoning Valley" for the purposes of referring to issues such as job opportunities and housing markets.
Other places named "Mahoning Valley"
There are also several other locales, most in the state of Pennsylvania, where the term "Mahoning Valley" are applied. There are four townships in Indiana County that include the name "Mahoning": East, West, North, and South Mahoning Townships near Mahoning Creek which flows into the Allegheny River north of Templeton. There is also Mahoning Township, Armstrong County, Pennsylvania, downstream on the same creek, Mahoning Township, Montour County, Pennsylvania, where there is another Mahoning Creek which flows into the Susquehanna River near Danville, and Mahoning Township, Carbon County, Pennsylvania, on yet another Mahoning Creek which flows into the Lehigh River at Lehighton and from there into the Delaware River. Near these communities are various businesses such as a nursing home, golf course, race track, cinema, butcher shop, mini-storage, and auto parts store, that have incorporated "Mahoning Valley" into their name. There is also Mahoning Valley Christian Camp near Rushville, Indiana.
See also
Youngstown–Warren–Boardman metropolitan area
Mahoning River
References
Further reading
External links
Mahoning Valley Historical Society
Valleys of Pennsylvania
Valleys of Ohio
Landforms of Lawrence County, Pennsylvania
Landforms of Mercer County, Pennsylvania
Landforms of Columbiana County, Ohio
Landforms of Mahoning County, Ohio
Landforms of Trumbull County, Ohio
Landforms of Portage County, Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahoning%20Valley%20%28geographic%29 |
The Supreme Court of the United States Police is a federal law enforcement agency that derives its authority from . The Supreme Court Police enforces federal and District of Columbia laws and regulations, as well as enforces regulations governing the Supreme Court Building and grounds prescribed by the marshal and approved by the Chief Justice of the United States. The department's mission is to ensure the integrity of the constitutional mission of the Supreme Court of the United States by protecting the Supreme Court, the justices, employees, guests, and visitors.
History
Established in 1935, the Supreme Court security force was tasked to provide protection for the new Supreme Court building. The Court had previously resided in the United States Capitol, and the original force of 33 officers were selected from the ranks of the United States Capitol Police. , the Supreme Court Police has an authorized force of 189 officers.
Duties
The Supreme Court Police are responsible for providing a full range of police services, including:
Protection of the Supreme Court Building and grounds, and persons and property therein;
Dignitary Protection for the Supreme Court Justices, both domestically and Internationally;
Maintain suitable order and decorum within the Supreme Court Building and grounds, to include policing demonstrations and large-scale events;
Provide Courtroom security;
Prepare numerous reports to include incident, found property, accident, and arrest reports, as well as testify in court.
Special Units are available to officers depending on time-in-service, completion of training, and experience.
Units
The Supreme Court Police offers both part-time and full-time specialized units. These units include:
Dignitary Protection Unit
Protective Intelligence Unit
K-9 Unit
Background Investigations Unit
Nuclear, Biological, Chemical (NBC) Team
Recruitment Division
Police Operations Center - Dispatch
Physical Security Unit
Liaison positions with partner agencies (FBI, JTTF, DHS, USCP)
Civil Disturbance Unit
Training Unit
Radio Technicians
Honor Guard
Various instructor positions, including: Firearms, Driving, Defensive Tactics, CPR/First Aid, Fitness Coordinators.
Training
Supreme Court Police Officers attend the 13 week Uniformed Police Training Program (UPTP) at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) in Georgia. Designated members of specialized units attend the Criminal Investigator Training Program (CITP) at FLETC. Working for the Supreme Court of the United States Police offers a comprehensive benefits package that includes, in part, paid vacation, sick leave, holidays, life insurance, health insurance benefits, premium pay, and eligibility for retirement with 20 years of service at age 50, or 25 years’ service at any age. Requirements and qualifications for the position are listed on the Supreme Court's website and on USAjobs. Applications are accepted via USAjobs.
Salary
In 2023, the starting salary for a newly hired member of the Supreme Court Police is $77,441 a year.
The Supreme Court Police also accept lateral hires from Local, State and Federal agencies. The starting salary for a lateral hire is $77,441–$132,391.
See also
List of United States federal law enforcement agencies
References
Government agencies established in 1949
Police
Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States
Law enforcement agencies of the District of Columbia
Agency-specific police departments of the United States
Court security | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme%20Court%20Police |
Cadbury Athletic Football Club is an amateur football club based in Birmingham, England. Affiliated with the Cadbury confectionery company and playing in the company colours of purple and white, they are currently members of the and play at the Cadbury Recreation Ground in Bournville.
History
The club was established in 1994, and were admitted to Division Three of the Midland Combination. Despite finishing ninth in their first season, they were promoted to Division Two. In 2000–01 a fourth-place finish was enough to secure promotion to Division One, with the club also winning the league's Challenge Vase. They were Division One runners-up in 2004–05, earning promotion to the Premier Division.
Despite finishing twelfth in the Premier Division in 2011–12, Cadbury Athletic resigned from the division and dropped into Division One. They were Division One champions in 2013–14, the last season before the league merged with the Midland Alliance to form the Midland League, with Cadbury Athletic placed in Division One. The club resigned from Division One at the end of the 2020–21 season and dropped into Division Two. The following season saw them win the Division Two title and the Birmingham Saturday Vase with a 4–0 victory over Tipton Town in the final.
Ground
The club originally played at the Cadbury Recreation Ground at the Cadbury factory in Bournville. Due to the lack of floodlights, the first team moved to Pilkington XXX's Triplex Sports Ground in Kings Norton, and then Alvechurch's Lye Meadow ground, before returning to the Triplex Ground.
The Triplex Ground was originally developed by Richmond Swifts. Levelling work between 1956 and 1958 led to banking being created on three sides of the pitch, with the fourth side left open for use as a cricket oval. A stand was built on the railway side of the pitch the mid-1990s, but Richmond left the ground after being unable to obtain planning permission to install floodlights. The ground was later taken over by Pilkington XXX, who were able to install floodlights.
After dropping into Division Two of the Midland League in 2021, the club returned to the Cadbury Recreation Ground.
Players
Several former youth players at Cadbury Athletic have gone on to play professional football, including Rico Henry, Ryan Burge, Demarai Gray, Corey O'Keeffe and Daniel Sturridge.
Honours
Midland League
Division Two champions 2021–22
Midland Combination
Division One champions 2013–14
Challenge Vase winners 2000–01
Birmingham Saturday Vase
Winners 2021–22
Records
Best FA Cup performance: Preliminary round, 2015–16
Best FA Vase performance: Fourth round, 2018–19
References
External links
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in Birmingham, West Midlands
Football clubs in the West Midlands (county)
Association football clubs established in 1994
1994 establishments in England
Cadbury
Midland Football Combination
Midland Football League
Works association football teams in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadbury%20Athletic%20F.C. |
The list of naval ship classes in service includes all combatant surface classes in service currently with navies or armed forces and auxiliaries in the world. Ships are grouped by type, and listed alphabetically within.
For other vessels, see also:
List of submarine classes in service
List of auxiliary ship classes in service
Aircraft carriers
-class (Project 1143.5) aircraft carrier
Builders: (Black Sea Shipyard in Mykolaiv, present-day Ukraine)
Displacement: 57,700 tons
Aircraft: 17 fixed-wing aircraft and 24 helicopters
Armament: 12 × P-700 Granit SSM; 192 × Tor SAM; 8 × CADS-1 CIWS; 8 × AK-630; 2 × RBU-12000
Powerplant: 8 boilers, 4 steam turbines (200,000 shp)
Speed: 32 knots
Range: 3,850 nmi at 32 knots
Ships in class: 3
Operator: ,
Commissioned: 1995
Status: 2 in service in China, 1 more in long-term refit in Russia
-class aircraft carrier
Builders:
Type: Aircraft carrier
Displacement: 27,910 tons
Aircraft: 8 AV-8B Harrier II Plus, 12 EH101 helicopters
Armament: 4 × A43 SYLVER VLS for 32 Aster 15 SAM, 2 × Otobreda 76 mm gun Davide Strales, 3 × Oerlikon Contraves 25/80 mm Anti-asymmetric attack warfare gun
Powerplant: 4 × General Electric/Avio LM2500+ gas turbines, 2 shafts, 88.000 KW, 6 × Diesel generators (13.200 KW)
Speed 29+ knots
Ships in class: 1
Operator:
Commissioned: 2008
Status: In service
-class aircraft carrier
Builders:
Displacement: 11,486 tons
Aircraft: 6 AV-8 Harrier II aircraft and 4 S-70B Seahawk helicopter
Armament: 2 × hex Sadral Mistral SAM launchers, 2x12.7 mm MG
Powerplant: 2 diesels, 2 gas turbines, 2 shafts, 44,250 hp
Speed: 26 knots
Ships in class: 1
Operator:
Commissioned: 10 August 1997
Status: In service
-class nuclear-powered aircraft carrier
Builders: (DCN at Brest, Bretagne)
Displacement: 40,500 tons
Aircraft: 40 fixed-wing aircraft (Super Étendard, Rafale M) and helicopter
Armament: 4 × SYLVER launchers (32 × Aster 15 SAM); 12 × Mistral SAM; 8 × 20 mm guns
Powerplant: 2 × pressurized water reactors
Speed: 27 knots
Ships in class: 1
Operator:
Commissioned: 18 May 2001
Status: In service
-class nuclear-powered aircraft carrier
Builders:
Displacement: 100,000 tons
Aircraft: 75+
Armament: 2 × RIM-162 ESSM launchers, 2 × RIM-116 RAM, 3 × Phalanx CIWS, 4 × M2 .50 Cal. (12.7 mm) machine guns
Powerplant: Two A1B nuclear reactors
Speed: 30 knots
Ships in class: 1
Operator:
Commissioned: 22 Jul 2017
Status: 1 in service, 2 under construction
-class aircraft carrier
Builders:
Type: Aircraft carrier
Displacement: 13,850 tons
Aircraft: 16 AV-8B Harrier, 18 Agusta helicopter
Armament: MBDA Otomat SSM, Albatros Mark II Aspide SAM, 3 × Oto Melara 40 mm/70 mm twin guns, 2 triple-tube torpedo launchers
Powerplant: 4 × General Electric/Avio LM2500 gas turbines, 2 shafts, 81,000 hp
Speed: 30 knots
Ships in class: 1
Operator:
Commissioned: 1985
Status: In service
Vikrant-class aircraft carrier
Builders: (Cochin Shipyard Limited)
Displacement: 45,000 tons
Aircraft: 30 × fighters and 6 × helicopters
Armament: Barak 8 SAM, AK-630 CIWS, 4 × Otobreda 76 mm
Propulsion: 4 × General Electric LM2500+ gas turbine, 2 × Elecon COGAG gearbox
Speed: in excess of 30 knots
Ships in class: 1
Operators:
Commissioned: 2 September 2022
Status: In service
Vikramaditya (modified Kiev)-class aircraft carrier
Builders: (Soviet "Baku" as Kiev-class aircraft carrier / Sevmash in Severodvinsk)
Displacement: 45,400 tons
Aircraft: 30 × fighters and 6 × helicopters
Armament: Barak 8 SAM, AK-630 CIWS
Propulsion: 8 turbopressurized boilers, 4 shafts, 4 geared steam turbines, 180,000 hp
Speed: in excess of 30 knots
Ships in class: 1
Operators:
Commissioned: 16 December 2013
Status: In service
-class nuclear-powered aircraft carrier
Builders: (Northrop Grumman Newport News, Newport News, Virginia)
Displacement: 97,000 tons
Aircraft: 85 fixed-wing aircraft and helicopter
Armament: 4 × Sea Sparrow SAM; 4 × Phalanx CIWS; 42 × RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile SAM
Powerplant: 2 × A4W reactors, 4 × steam turbines (260,000 shp)
Speed: 30+ knots
Ships in class: 10
Operator:
Commissioned: 3 May 1975
Status: 10 in service
-class aircraft carrier
Builders: (Aircraft Carrier Alliance)
Displacement: 70,600 tons
Aircraft: up to 40 aircraft (50 full load)
Armament: At least 3 × Phalanx CIWS; 30-mm DS30M Mk 2 guns; Miniguns
Powerplant: 2 × Rolls-Royce Marine Trent MT30 36 MW (48,000 hp) gas turbine engine;4 × Wärtsilä 38 marine diesel engines (4 × 16V38 11.6 MW or 15,600 hp)
Speed: 26 knots
Ships in class: 2
Operator:
Commissioned: 7 December 2017
Status: 2 in service
Cruisers
-class battlecruiser
Builders: / (Baltic Shipyard in Saint Petersburg)
Displacement: 25,860 tons
Aircraft: 3 × Kamov Ka-27 helicopters
Armament (Class leader): 20 × P-700 Granit SSM; 4 × 9K33 Osa SAM; 96 × SA-N-6 SAM; 2 × SS-N-14 ASWM; 10 × 533 mm torpedo tubes; 2 × 100 mm guns, 2 × 130 mm guns, AK-630 CIWS; RBU-6000 ASW rockets, 2 × RBU-1000 ASW rockets
Armament (Surviving units): 20 × P-700 Granit SSM; 4 × 9K33 Osa SAM; 96 × SA-N-6 SAM; 24 × octuple SA-N-9 Gauntlet SAM; 10x SS-N-15 ASWM; 10 × 533 mm torpedo tubes; 1 × 2 130 mm gun, 6 × CADS-N-1 Kashtan CIWS; 2 × RBU-12000 ASW rockets, 2 × RBU-1000 ASW rockets
Powerplant: 2 × KN-3 reactors, 2 × oil fired boilers, 2 × steam turbines (140,000 shp)
Speed: 32 knots
Range: 1000 nmi at 32 knots, unlimited at 20 knots on nuclear power
Ships in class: 5
Operator:
Commissioned: December 1980
Status: 1 in service, 2 awaiting disposal, 1 in long-term refit, 1 cancelled
-class (Project 1164 Atlant) missile cruiser
Builders: / (61 Kommunar in Mykolaiv, Ukraine)
Displacement: 11,490 tons
Aircraft: 1 helicopter
Armament: 16 × SS-N-12 SSM; 64 × SA-N-6 Grumble SAM; 2 × 130 mm guns; 6 × AK-630 cannon; 10 × 533 mm torpedo tubes
Powerplant: COGOG gas turbines (125,000 hp)
Speed: 34 knots
Range: 9,000 nmi at 15 knots
Ships in class: 4 (plus 2 cancelled)
Operator: (3 ships) / (1 incomplete)
Commissioned: 1982
Status: 2 in service, 1 sunk, 1 incomplete, 6 cancelled
-class guided-missile cruiser
Builders:
Displacement: 9,800 tons
Aircraft: 2 × Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk
Armament: 2 × Mk 26 or Mk 41 launchers with up to 122 missiles (for Mk 41 VLS) or 88 (with Mk 26 twin-rail launchers) (ASROC, SM-2, Tomahawk); 2 × 127 mm DP guns; 2 × Phalanx CIWS, 8 Harpoon SSM
Powerplant: 4 × gas turbines (80,000 shp)
Speed: 32.5 knots
Range: 6,000 nmi at 20 knots
Ships in class: 27
Operator:
Commissioned: 22 January 1983
Status: 17 in service, 10 decommissioned
Destroyers
Type 051B destroyer (NATO codename Luhai)
Builders: (Dalian Shipyard in Dalian)
Type: Multi-role guided-missile destroyer
Displacement: 6,100 tons
Aircraft: 1 × Z-9C Haitun helicopter
Armament: After refit: 16 × YJ-12 SSM; 32-cell H/AJK16 VLS HQ-16; 1 × dual Type 79A 100 mm naval gun; 2 × Type 1130 CIWS
Powerplant: 2 × steam turbines; total power
Speed:
Range: at
Ships in class: 1
Operator:
Commissioned: 1999
Status: In active service
Type 051C destroyer (NATO codename Luzhou)
Builders: (Dalian Shipyard in Dalian)
Type: Air defense guided-missile destroyer
Displacement: 7,100 tons
Aircraft: 1 Kamov Ka-28 helicopter
Armament: 8 YJ-83, 48 vertically launched S-300FM (SA-N-20) SAM, 1 × 100 mm gun; 2 × 30 mm Type 730 CIWS; 4 × 18 barrel multiple rocket launcher, 2 triple 324 mm ASW torpedo tubes
Powerplant: 2 indigenous steam turbines
Speed: 30 knots
Ships in class: 2
Operator:
Commissioned: 2006
Status: In active service
Type 052 destroyer (NATO codename Luhu)
Builders: (Jiangnan Shipyard in Shanghai)
Type: Multi-role guided-missile destroyer
Displacement: 4,800 tons
Aircraft: 2 × Z-9 Haitun helicopters
Armament: 16 × C-802 SSM; 8 × HQ-7 SAM + reloads; 1 × dual-100 mm gun; 2 × 30mm Type 730 CIWS (after 2011 refit); 6 × 533 mm torpedo tubes
Powerplant: CODOG arrangement; 2 MTU diesels plus 2 LM2500 gas turbines; 2 shafts; 53,600 shp total power
Speed: 30 knots
Range: 5,000 nmi at 15 knots
Ships in class: 2
Operator:
Commissioned: 1993
Status: In active service
Type 052B destroyer (NATO codename Luyang I)
Builders: (Jiangnan Shipyard in Shanghai)
Type: Multi-role guided-missile destroyer
Displacement: 6,200 tons
Aircraft: 1 Kamov Ka-28 helicopter
Armament: 16 × YJ-83 SSM, 48 × SA-N-12 SAM, 1 × 100 mm gun, 2 × 30 mm Type 730 CIWS, 2 × Triple 324 mm ASW torpedo tubes, 2 × Type 75, 12-barrel 240 mm antisubmarine rocket launchers, 4 × 18-barrel multiple rocket launcher
Powerplant: 2 Ukraine DN80 gas-turbines and 2 MTU Friedrichshafen 12V 1163TB83 diesels
Speed: 30 knots
Ships in class: 2
Operator:
Commissioned: July 2004
Status: In active service
Type 052C destroyer (NATO codename Luyang II)
Builders: (Jiangnan Shipyard in Shanghai)
Type: Air defense guided-missile destroyer
Displacement: 7,000 tons
Aircraft: 1 -2 Kamov Ka-28 helicopter
Armament: 8 × large Anti-ship missile in 2 × quad cells, possibly YJ-62 (C-602), 48 × vertically launched HHQ-9 SAM, 1 × 100 mm gun; 2 × 30 mm Type 730 CIWS; 4 × 18 barrel Multiple rocket launcher, 2 × triple 324 mm ASW torpedo tubes
Powerplant: 2 Ukraine DN80 gas-turbines and 2 MTU Friedrichshafen 12V 1163TB83 diesels
Speed: 30 knots
Ships in class: 6
Operator:
Commissioned: July 2004
Status: In active service
Type 052D destroyer (NATO codename Luyang III)
Builders: (Jiangnan Shipyard in Shanghai)
Type: Air defense guided-missile destroyer
Displacement: 7,500 tons
Aircraft: 1 -2 Kamov Ka-28 helicopter
Armament: Anti-ship missiles, 64 × vertically launched SAM, 1 × 130 mm gun; 1 × Type 730 CIWS; 2 × triple ASW torpedo tubes
Powerplant: 2 gas-turbines and 2 MTU diesel engines
Speed: 30 knots
Ships in class: 25 planned
Operator:
Commissioned: March 2014
Status: 20 in active service
Type 055 destroyer (NATO codename Renhai)
Builders: (Jiangnan Shipyard in Shanghai, Dalian Shipyard in Dalian)
Type: Guided-missile destroyer
Displacement: 12–13,000 tons
Aircraft: 2 medium-lift helicopters
Armament: 1 × H/PJ-38 130 mm gun; 1 × H/PJ-11 CIWS; 1 × HHQ-10 short-range SAM 24-cell launcher; 112 VLS cells for: HHQ-9 surface-to-air missiles, YJ-18 anti-ship cruise missiles, CJ-10 land-attack cruise missiles, Missile-launched anti-submarine torpedoes; 2 × sets of 324 mm torpedo tubes, Yu-7 torpedoes
Powerplant: 6 × QD-50 turbine generators (5 MW (6,700 hp) each)
Speed: 30 knots
Ships in class: 16 planned
Operator:
Commissioned: January 2020
Status: 4 in active service, 4 fitting out
-class destroyer
Type: Guided-missile destroyer
Builder:
Displacement: 5,000 tons (empty); 6,800 tons (full load)
Operator: : 4 in service
-class destroyer (MEKO 360H2 type)
Builder:
Displacement: 2,900 tons (empty); 3,360 tons (full load)
Operator: : 4 in service
-class destroyer
Type: Large multi-role guided-missile destroyer
Builder: (Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine, and Northrop Grumman Ship Systems in Pascagoula, Mississippi)
Displacement:
Flight I: 8,315 tons
Flight II: 8,400 tons
Flight IIA: 9,500 tons
Flight III: 9,700 tons
Aircraft: 2 SH-60 Seahawk helicopters (Flight IIA only)
Armament: 96 cell vertical launch system for SM-2, SM-3, SM-6, quad-packed ESSM, Tomahawk, or VL-Asroc; 1 × 5-inch DP gun; 6 × Mk 46 torpedo tubes
Propulsion: 4 × LM2500 gas turbines (100,000 shp)
Speed:
Ships in class: 70
21 Flight I
7 Flight II
2 Flight IIA (with 5"/54 gun)
4 Flight IIA (with 5"/62 guns)
28 Flight IIA (with 5"/62 guns), one 20mm CIWS variant
2 Flight IIA Restart (1 additional Ships planned)
Flight IIA Technology Insertion (10 planned)
Flight III (14 currently planned)
Operator:
Commissioned: 4 July 1991
Status: In active service
-class destroyer
Type: Multi-role destroyer
Builder: (IHI in Tokyo and others)
Displacement: 3,500 tons (empty); 5,200 tons (full load)
Armament: RGM-84 Harpoon SSM, Sea Sparrow, ASROC anti-submarine rocket, 1 × 76 mm 62cal rapid fire gun (OTO Melara 3), 2 × 20mm CIWS, 2 × Type 68 triple torpedo tubes
Propulsion: 4 gas turbines, two shafts (54,000 shaft horsepower)
Speed:
Ships in class: 8
Operator:
Commissioned: 17 March 1988
Status: In active service; 2 converted to training vessels
-class destroyer
Builder: (MHI)
Type: Large guided-missile destroyer
Displacement: 10,000 tons
Armament: 1 × 5-inch (127 mm/L62) Mk 45 Mod 4 naval gun in a stealth-shaped mount. (Made by Japan Steel Works licensed from its original manufacturer); 2 × missile canister up to 8 Type 90 (SSM-1B); 2 × 20 mm Phalanx CIWS; 2 × Type 68 triple torpedo tubes (6 × Mk 46 or Type 73 torpedoes); 96-cell Mk 41 VLS: (64 at the bow / 32 cells at the stern aft) for a mix of: SM-2MR Standard missile, SM-3 anti-ballistic missile and RUM-139 vertical launch ASROC (anti-submarine)
Powerplant: CODOG
Speed: 30 knots
Ships in class: 2
Operator:
Commissioned: 15 March 2007
Status: In active service
(KDX-II)-class destroyer
Builders:
Type: Guided-missile destroyer
Displacement: 6,520 tons
Armament: 1 32-cell Mk 41 VLS for SM-2 SM-2 Block IIIA SAM, 1 21-round RAM launcher, 1 30 mm Goalkeeper CIWS, 1 Mk 45 Mod4 127 mm gun, 8 Harpoon SSM, 2 triple 324 mm torpedo tubes
Powerplant: CODOG 2 MTU 20V 956 TB 82 diesel, 2 LM2500 gas turbines, 2 shafts
Speed: 30 knots
Ships in class: 6
Operator:
Commissioned: December 2003
Status: In active service
-class destroyer
Builders: (Mazgaon Dockyard in Mumbai)
Type: Guided-missile destroyer
Displacement: 6,200 tons
Aircraft: 2 Sea King helicopters
Armament: 16 × SS-N-25 Switchblade SSM; 2 × 3S-90 launchers fitted with Shtil SAM system; 1 × 100 mm AK-100; 4 × 30 mm AK-630; 5 × 533 mm PTA 533 quintuple torpedo tube launchers; 2 × RBU-6000 Anti-submarine rocket launchers
Powerplant: 2 cruise diesels and 2 AM-50 boost gas turbines, 60,000 shp total power
Speed: 32+ knots
Ships in class: 3 total
Operator:
Commissioned: 15 November 1997
Status: All in active service
-class destroyer
Builders:
Displacement: 5,560 tons
Armament: 1 Standard SAM launcher, 1 octuple Aspide SAM missile launcher, 8 Otomat SSM, 1 127 mm gun, 3 Otobreda 76 mm guns, 6 324 mm torpedo tubes
Powerplant: 2 LM-2500 gas turbines, 2 Diesels
Speed: 31.5 knots
Ships in class: 2
Operator:
Commissioned: 1993
Status: In active service
(KDX-1 Okpo)-class destroyer
Builders: (Daewoo in Geoje)
Type: Destroyer
Displacement: 3,900 tons
Armament: 2 × quadruple Harpoon missile canisters, 1 × Mk 48 Mod 2 VLS with 16 Sea Sparrow missiles, 1 × OTO Melara 127 mm (5 in)/54 gun, 2 × Signaal 30 mm Goalkeeper CIWS, 2 × triple Mark 46 torpedo tubes
Aircraft: 2 × Super Lynx helicopters
Powerplant: 2 General Electric LM2500-30 gas turbines and 2 SsangYong 20V 956 TB 82 diesel engines; two shafts
Speed: 30 knots
Ships in class: 3
Operator:
Commissioned: 24 July 1998
Status: In active service
-class destroyer
Builders: (Mitsubishi in Nagasaki)
Type: Guided-missile destroyer
Displacement:
Hatakaze: 6,096 tons
Shimakaze: 6,147 tons
Armament: RGM-84 Harpoon SSM, RIM-66B Standard SAM, ASROC anti-submarine rocket, 2 × 5-inch 54cal rapid fire gun (Mk 42), 2 × 20 mm CIWS, 2 × Type 68 triple torpedo tubes
Powerplant: 4 gas turbines (2 × Kawasaki Rolls-Royce Spey SM1A for cruising) (2 × Olympus TM3B x2 for high speed only); two shafts (72,000 shaft horsepower)
Speed: 30 knots
Ships in class: 2
Operator:
Commissioned: 27 March 1986
Status: In active service
-class destroyer
Builders:
Type: Multi-role destroyer
Displacement: 4,000 tons
Armament: Harpoon SSM, Sea Sparrow SSM, ASROC anti-submarine rocket, 1 × Otobreda 76 mm gun, 2 × 20 mm CIWS, 2 × Type 68 triple torpedo tubes
Powerplant: 4 gas turbines, two shafts (45,000 hp)
Speed: 30 knots
Ships in class: 12
Operator:
Commissioned: 23 March 1982
Status: In active service, 1 converted to training vessel
-class destroyer
Builders: (Navantia, in Ferrol)
Type: Air Warfare Destroyer
Displacement: 7,000 tons
Aircraft: MH-60 Seahawk
Armament: *48-cell Mark 41 Vertical Launch System, RIM-66 Standard 2 missile, RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow missile, 2 × 4-canister Harpoon missile launchers, 1 × Mark 45 (Mod 4) 5-inch gun, 2 × Mark 32 Mod 9 two-tube torpedo launchers, Eurotorp MU90 torpedoes, 1 × Phalanx CIWS, 2 × 25mm M242 Bushmaster autocannons in Typhoon mounts
Powerplant: Combined diesel or gas (CODOG) arrangement, 2 × General Electric Marine model 7LM2500-SA-MLG38 gas turbines, 17,500 kilowatts (23,500 hp) each, 2 × Caterpillar Bravo 16 V Bravo diesel engines, 5,650 kilowatts (7,580 hp) each, 2 × controllable pitch propellers
Speed: Over
Range: Over at
Ships in class: 3
Operator:
Commissioned: 2017
Status: In active service
-class destroyer
Builders: ,
Type: Anti-air warfare frigate
Displacement: 5,290 tons (7,050 tons full load)
Aircraft: 1 NH90 or EH101
Armament: 8 × ExocetMM40 SSM (French version) or 8 × TESEO Mk 2/A SSM (Italian version), 2 × Otobreda 76 mm super rapid guns, 2 × 20 mm modèle F2 guns or 2 × KBA Oerlikon 25 mm/80, PAAMS (Principal Anti-Air Missile System): Sylver A50 vertical launchers with 32 Aster 30 and 16 Aster 15 missiles, 2 × MU90 Impact double torpedo tubes, 2 × SCLAR-H chaff, decoy and flares launchers, 2 × SLAT anti torpedo system
Powerplant: 2 × 31,280 hp GE/Avio General Electric LM2500 gas turbines, 2 × 5,875 hp SEMT Pielstick 12 PA6 STC diesels
Speed: 29 knots
Range: 7,000 nmi at 18 knots
Ships in class: 4
Operator: ,
Commissioned: 2007
Status: In active service
(Project 61M)-class destroyer
Builder:
Type: Surface warfare guided-missile destroyer
Displacement: 4,390 tons
Armament: 32 SA-N-1 SAM; 4 × 76 mm guns; 5 × 533 mm torpedo tubes; 4 RBU-6000
Powerplant: COGAG arrangement; 4 M8E gas turbines; 2 shafts; total power
Speed:
Range: at
Ships in class: 25 total: 14 Kashin, 6 Kashin Mod, and 5 class
Operators: , ,
Commissioned: 1960
Status: 2 Rajput in active service
Kee Lung (Kidd)-class destroyer
Builders:
Type: Guided-missile destroyer
Displacement: 9,783 tons
Armament: 2 × Mark 26 Standard missile launchers, 2 × Mark 141 quad launcher with 8 × RGM-84 Harpoon, 2 × Mark 15 20mm Phalanx CIWS, 2 × Mark 45 5in/54 caliber gun, 2 × Mark 32 triple tube mounts with 6 × Mark 46 torpedoes1 × Mark 112 ASROC launcher
Propulsion: 4 × General Electric LM2500-30 gas turbines, 80,000 shp total
Speed: 35 knots
Ships in class: 4
Operators:
Commissioned: 21 March 1981
Status: In active service
-class destroyer
Builders: (Mazagaon Dockyard)
Type: Guided-missile destroyer
Displacement: 7,400 tons
Aircraft: 2 Sea King or Dhruv helicopters
Armament: 16 × BrahMos SSM; 32 × Barak-8 SAM; 1 × 76 mm SRGM; 4 × 30 mm AK-630; 4 × 533 mm PTA 533 quintuple torpedo tube launchers; 2 × RBU-6000 Anti-submarine rocket launchers
Powerplant: 4 × gas turbines
Speed: in excess of 30 knots
Ships in class: 3 total
Operator:
Commissioned: 16 August 2014
Status: All in active service
-class destroyer
Builders: (Mitsubishi in Nagasaki, Ishihari in Tokyo)
Type: Large Air Defense guided-missile destroyer
Displacement: 9,485 tons
Armament: RGM-84 Harpoon SSM, RIM-66 Standard SAM, RUM-139 Vertical Launch ASROC, 1 × 5 inch (127 mm) / 54 caliber Oto-Breda Compact Gun, 2 × 20 mm Phalanx CIWS, 2 × Mark 32 triple torpedo tubes (6 × Mk-46 torpedoes)
Powerplant: 4 × Ishikawajima Harima/General Electric LM2500-30(100,000 shp)
Speed: 30 knots
Ships in class: 4
Operator:
Commissioned: 25 March 1993
Status: In active service
-class destroyer
Builder: (JMU)
Type: Large guided-missile destroyer
Displacement: 10,250 tons
Armament: 1 × 5-inch (127 mm)/62 Mk. 45 Mod 4 gun, 8 × Type 17 anti-ship missiles in quad canisters, 2 × 20 mm Phalanx CIWS, 2 × HOS-303 triple torpedo tubes (Mark 46, Type 97, or Type 12 torpedoes), 96-cell Mk. 41 Vertical Launching System (SM-2MR Standard Missile, SM-3 Anti-Ballistic Missile, SM-6 Standard Missile, Type 07 VL-ASROC, and RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow)
Powerplant: COGLAG
Speed: 30 knots
Ships in class: 2
Operator:
Commissioned: 19 March 2020
Status: In active service
-class destroyer
Builders: (IHI in Tokyo and others)
Type: Multi-role destroyer
Displacement: 4,550 tons (6,200 tons full load)
Armament: SSM-1B SSM, Sea Sparrow SSM, ASROC anti-submarine rocket, 1 × 76 mm 62 cal rapid fire gun (OTO Melara 3), 2 × 20 mm CIWS, 2 × Type 68 triple torpedo tubes
Powerplant: 4 gas turbines, two shafts (60, 000 shaft horsepower)
Speed: 30 knots
Ships in class: 9
Operator:
Commissioned: 12 March 1996
Status: In active service
(KDX-III)-class destroyer
Builders: (Hyundai Heavy Industries)
Type: Guided-missile destroyer
Displacement: 10,600 tons
Armament: 1 × 5-inch (127 mm/L62) Mk-45 Mod 4 (lightweight gun), 1 × 30 mm Goalkeeper CIWS, 1 × RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile launcher, SM-2 Block IIIB in Mk. 41 80-cell Vertical Launching System, 4 × SSM-700K Hae Sung long-range anti-ship missile launchers with four missiles in each launcher, 32 × Hyunmoo IIIC land-attack cruise missiles + 16 × K-ASROC in 48-cell Vertical Launching System, 32 × K745 LW Cheong Sahng-uh torpedoes
Aircraft: 2 × Westland Lynx Mk.99 ASW helicopters with full accommodations including hangars
Powerplant: 4 General Electric LM2500 COGAG; two shafts, (100,000 total shaft horsepower (75 MW))
Speed: 30 knots
Ships in class: 3
Operator:
Commissioned: 25 May 2007
Status: In active service
(Project 956 Sarych)-class destroyer
Builders: / (Severnaya Verf 190 in St. Petersburg)
Type: Large surface-warfare guided-missile destroyer
Displacement: 8,480 tons
Aircraft: 1 Kamov Ka-27 Helix
Armament: 8 Moskit SSM; 48 SA-N-7 SAM; 4 × 130 mm guns; 4 AK-630 CIWS
Powerplant: 4 boilers; 2 steam turbines; 2 shafts; 99,500 shp total power
Speed: 32 knots
Ships in class: 25 total: 14 Project 956; 9 Project 956A; 2 Project 956ME
Operators: , ,
Commissioned: 25 December 1980
Status: 2 in service with Russia, 4 with People's Republic of China; 2 awaiting disposal; 4 cancelled before completion; 2 scrapped
-class destroyer
Builders:
Type: Multi-role destroyer
Displacement: 6,300 tons
Armament: Mitsubishi Type 90 SSM-1B SSM, Sea Sparrow SSM, ASROC anti-submarine rocket, 1 × Otobreda 127 mm/54 gun, 2 × 20 mm CIWS, 2 × Type 68 triple torpedo tubes
Powerplant: 4 gas turbines, two shafts (60,000 shaft horsepower)
Speed: 30 knots
Ships in class: 5
Operator:
Commissioned: 12 March 2003
Status: In active service
Type 42 destroyer
Builders:
Type: Guided-missile destroyer
Displacement:
Batch 1 & 2: 4350 tons
Batch 3: 5,350
Aircraft: 1 Westland Lynx helicopter
Armament: Early: GWS-30 Sea Dart anti-aircraft missile, 1 × Vickers 4.5-inch gun, 2 × 20 mm Oerlikon guns; Later: 2 × three tube STWS-1 launchers for (Mk 44 / 46, Stingray) torpedoes, 2 × 20 mm Phalanx CIWS, 4 × Oerlikon / BMARC 30 mm L/75 KCB guns in GCM-A03 twin mounts, 2 × Oerlikon / BMARC 20 mm BMARC L/70 KBA guns in GAM-B01 single mounts
Powerplant: 2 Rolls-Royce Olympus TM3B high-speed gas turbines and 2 Rolls-Royce Tyne RM1A cruise gas turbines
Speed: 30 knots
Ships in class: 16 total: 8 Batch I, 4 Batch II, 4 Batch 3
Operators: ,
Commissioned: 16 February 1975
Status: 1 in active service, 2 sunk, 12 scrapped, 1 decommissioned
Type 45 destroyer
Builders:
Type: Air defense destroyer
Displacement: 8,500 tons
Aircraft: 1 Westland Lynx HMA8 helicopter or 1 × Merlin HM1 helicopter
Armament: SYLVER missile launcher, 48 × MBDA Aster missiles (Aster 15 and Aster 30), 2 × 20 mm Phalanx CIWS close-in weapons systems (fitted for but not with), 1 × 4.5-inch (113 mm) Mk 8 mod 1 gun, 2 × Oerlikon 30 mm KCB guns on DS-30B mounts, NATO Seagnat countermeasures launchers, SSTDS underwater decoy
Powerplant: 2 Rolls-Royce WR-21 gas turbines (21.5 MW); 2 Converteam electric motors (20 MW)
Speed: 29+ knots
Ships in class: 6 total
Operators:
Commissioned: 23 July 2009
Status: 6 in active service
(Project 1155 Fregat)-class destroyer
Builders: / (Yantar Zavod 180 in Kaliningrad)
Type: Large anti-submarine guided-missile destroyer (Russian designation of 'large anti-submarine ship')
Displacement: 7,620 tons
Aircraft: 2 Kamov Ka-27 helicopters
Armament: 8 SS-N-14 or Moskit SSM; 8 SA-N-9 SAM; 2 × 100 mm guns; 4 × 30 mm guns; 2 RBU-6000
Powerplant: COGAG arrangement; 2 M8KF and 2 M62 gas turbines; 60,000 shp total power
Speed: 29 knots
Ships in class: 15 total: 12 Udaloy I and 3 Udaloy II
Operator: ,
Commissioned: 1980
Status: 6 Udaloy I in active service and 1 Udaloy II in refit; 2 burned; 2 stricken; 1 in overhaul; 2 Udaloy II cancelled before completion
-class destroyer
Builders: (Mazagaon Dockyard)
Type: Guided-missile destroyer
Displacement: 7,400 tons
Aircraft: 2 Sea King or Dhruv helicopters
Armament: 16 × BrahMos SSM; 32 × Barak-8 SAM; 1 × 76 mm SRGM; 4 × 30 mm AK-630; 4 × 533 mm PTA 533 quintuple torpedo tube launchers; 2 × RBU-6000 Anti-submarine rocket launchers
Powerplant: 4 × gas turbines
Speed: in excess of 30 knots
Ships in class: 4 total
Operator:
Commissioned: 21 November 2021
Status: 2 active service
-class destroyer
Type: Multi-mission stealth ships
Builder:
Displacement: 15,907 tons
Aircraft: 1 × SH-60 LAMPS or MH-60R helicopter, 3 × MQ-8 Fire Scout VT-UAVs
Armament: 80 VLS launch cells in 20 × Mk 57 VLS RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile (ESSM), 4 per cell, Tactical Tomahawk, 1 per cell, Vertical Launch Anti-Submarine Missile (ASROC), 1 per cell, 2 × 155 mm (6 in)/62 caliber Advanced Gun System; (unusable, no ammunition); 2 × 30 mm (1.2 in) Mk 46 Mod 2 Gun Weapon System
Propulsion: 2 × Rolls-Royce MT30 gas turbines (35.4 MW (47,500 hp) each) driving Curtiss-Wright electric generators, 2 × Rolls-Royce RR4500 turbine generators (3.8 MW (5,100 hp) each), 2 × propellers driven by electric motors, Total: 78 MW (105,000 shp)
Speed:
Ships in class: 3
Operator:
Commissioned: 15 October 2016
Status: 2 in active service, 1 under construction
Frigates
Type 053H, 053H1, 053H2, 053H1Q, 053H1G frigate (NATO codename Jianghu I, II, III, IV, V)
Builders: (Jiangnan Shipyard and Hudong Shipyard in Shanghai)
Type: Patrol frigate
Displacement: 1,800 tons
Armament: 2–8 × C-201 or C-801 SSM; 2 × 100 mm guns; 4–8 × 37 mm guns
Powerplant: 4 MTU diesel engines; 2 shafts; 26,500 hp total power
Speed: 28 knots
Range: 3,500 nmi at 18 knots
Ships in class: 39 total: 14 Jianghu I, 9 Jianghu II, 3 Jianghu III, 1 Jianghu IV, 6 Jianghu V, 6 export version
Operators: , , , ,
Commissioned: 1976
Status: Most in active service, 7 retired
Type 053H3 frigate (NATO codename Jiangwei II)
Builders: (Hudong Shipyard in Shanghai and Huangpo Shipyard in Guangzhou)
Type: Multi-role guided-missile frigate
Displacement: 2,250–2,393 tons
Aircraft: 1 Harbin Z-9 helicopter
Armament: 8 × YJ-83 SSM; 8 × HQ-7 SAM; 4 × dual-37 mm guns; 1 × dual-100 mm gun; 2 × 6-tube ASW rocket launchers; 6 × torpedo launchers; 2 × 15-barrel decoy rocket launchers; 2 × DC racks & launcher
Powerplant: 4 diesel engines; 2 shafts; 22,840 bhp total power
Speed: 28 knots
Range: 4,000 nmi at 18 knots
Ships in class: 14
Operator: , , (F-22P Zulfiquar class)
Commissioned: 1999
Status: In active service
Type 054 frigate (NATO codename Jiangkai I)
Builders: (Hudong Shipyard in Shanghai and Huangpu Shipyard in Guangzhou)
Type: Multi-role guided-missile frigate
Displacement: 3,000–4,300 tons (estimated)
Aircraft: 1 Z-9 or Kamov Ka-28 helicopter
Armament: 2 × 4 YJ-83 (C-803) SSM; 1 × HQ-7 8-cell SAM; 1 × 100 mm gun; 4 × AK-630 37 mm CIWS; 2 × triple 324mm YU-7 ASW torpedoes; 2 × rocket launchers, possibly ASW rockets or decoy rockets
Powerplant: 2 French SEMT Pielstick diesels, 21,000 hp, 2 MTU Friedrichshafen 20V 956TB92, 8,840 hp
Speed: 25–30 knots
Ships in class: 2: Ma'anshan (525), Wenzhou (526)
Operator:
Commissioned: February 2005
Status: In active service
Type 054A frigate (NATO codename Jiangkai II)
Builders: (Hudong Shipyard in Shanghai and Huangpu Shipyard in Guangzhou)
Type: Multi-role guided-missile frigate
Displacement: 3,600–4,053 tons (estimated)
Aircraft: 1 Z-9 or Kamov Ka-28 helicopter
Armament: 2 × 4 YJ-83 (C-803) SSM; 1 × HQ-16 32-cell VLS SAM; 1 × 76 mm dual purpose gun; 2 × Type 730 7-barrel 30 mm CIWS; 2 × triple 324mm YU-7 ASW torpedoes; 2 × 6 Type 87 240mm anti-submarine rocket launcher (36 rockets carried); 2 × Type 726-4 18-tube decoy rocket launchers
Powerplant: 4 Shaanxi/SEMT Pielstick diesels
Speed: 27 knots (estimated)
Ships in class: 31
Operator:
Commissioned: January 2008
Status: In active service
-class frigate
Type: Frigate
Builder:
Displacement: 4,500 tons
Aircraft: 2 × EH-101 or 2 MH-60R helicopters
Armament: 36 × RIM-162 ESSM SAM, 16 × Harpoon block II SSM, 1 × 5"/54 caliber Mark 45 gun, 4 × MU90 Impact torpedoes, 2 × Millennium 35mm CIWS, 7 × 12.7mm HMG
Propulsion: 2 × MTU 8000 M70 diesel engines, Two shafts - 22,300 bhp (16.6 MW)
Speed:
Ships in class: 2
Operator:
Commissioned: 19 October 2004
Status: In active service
-class destroyer escort
Type: Destroyer escort
Builder:
Displacement: 2,550 tons
Armament: 8 Harpoon Missiles SSM, ASROC octuple launcher, 1 Otobreda 76 mm, 1 Phalanx CIWS, 1 375 mm ASW rocket launcher, 2 triple 324 mm Mk 32 ASW torpedo tubes
Propulsion: 2 Spey SM1A gas turbines, 2 Mitsubishi, 2 shafts
Speed:
Ships in class: 6
Operator:
Commissioned: 12 December 1989
Status: In active service
Almirante Padilla-class Frigate
Type: Frigate
Builder:
Displacement: 2,100 tons
Armament: 8 × SSM-700K C-Stars SSM, 2 × SIMBAD SAM 1 × OTO Melara 76 mm/62 cal Strales Compact gun 1 × twin Breda 40 mm/70 guns 6 × 324 mm torpedo tubes
Propulsion: 2 TB92 diesel engines
Speed:
Ships in class: 4
Operator:
Commissioned: 31 October 1983
Status: In active service
(F100)-class frigate
Builders: (Navantia, in Ferrol)
Type: Air defense guided-missile frigate
Displacement: 6,250 tons
Aviation: 1 Sikorsky SH-60B LAMPS III Seahawk helicopter
Armament: 1 × 5-inch/54 Mk45 Mod 2 gun, 2 × CIWS FABA 20 mm/120 Meroka gun, 6 × Mk41 8-cell VLS (32 × Standard SM-2 Block IIIA, 64 × RIM-162 Evolved SeaSparrow Missile), 8 × RGM-84 Harpoon, 4 × 324 mm Mk32 Mod 9 triple Torpedo launchers with 12 Honeywell Mk46 mod 5 Torpedo
Powerplant: 2 × General Electric LM2500 gas turbines, 2 × Caterpillar 3600 diesel engines
Speed: 29+ knots
Ships in class: 5 + (3 under construction)
Operator: , (three built as destroyer)
Commissioned: 19 September 2002
Status: In active service
-class frigate
Type: Frigate
Builder: Tenix for ,
Displacement: 3,600 tons
Armament: 1 × 8-cell Mk 41 VLS, 8 × canister launched Harpoon missiles (Australian ships only), 1 × 5 in/54 (127 mm) Mk 45 Mod 2 gun, 6 × 324 mm (2 triple) Mk 32 Mod 5 torpedo tubes, 1 × Phalanx CIWS (NZ ships only), 6 × 50 calibre machine guns.
Propulsion: 1 × General Electric LM2500+ gas turbine and 2 × MTU 12V1163 TB83 diesel engines, 2 shafts
Speed:
Ships in class: 10
Operator: ,
Commissioned: 18 September 1996
Status: In active service
Artigliere-class patrol frigate
Type: Multi-role frigate
Builder:
Displacement: 2,400 tons
Armament: 8 missiles Teseo Otomat SSM, 16 Sea Sparrow SAMs, OTO Melara 127 mm/54 gun, 2 twin Breda 40 mm/70 AA
Propulsion: 2 gas turbines Fiat/GE LM 2500, 2 Diesel GMT Bl 230.20 M, 2 shafts
Speed:
Ships in class: 4
Operator:
Commissioned: 1994
Status: In active service
-class frigate
Builders: ,
Type: Guided-missile frigate
Displacement: 3,700 tons
Aircraft: 1 SH-60 Seahawk helicopter
Armament: 1 OTO Melara 76/62 Super Rapid, 2 30mm DS30M Mark 2, 2 M2 Browning .50 caliber, 1 Phalanx CIWS, 8 RGM-84L Block II Harpoon anti-ship missile, 8-cell Mk. 41 VLS
Propulsion: 2 × Diesel engine MTU 16V1163 M94, 1 × General Electric LM2500 gas turbine
Speed: 33.3 knots
Ships in class: 1
Operator:
Commissioned: 7 January 2019
Status: In active service
-class frigate
Builders:
Type: Guided-missile frigate
Displacement: 3,850 tons
Armament: 16 3M-24E (SS-N-25 Switchblade) SSMs, Barak 1 system, 1 Otobreda 76 mm gun, 1 AK-630 30 mm, 2 triple torpedo tubes with Whitehead A244S torpedoes
Propulsion: Two Bhopal turbines, two 550 psi boilers, 2 shafts
Speed: 30+ knots
Ships in class: 3
Operator:
Commissioned: 14 April 2000
Status: In active service
-class frigate
Builders:
Type: Anti-submarine guided-missile frigate
Displacement: 4,900 tons
Aircraft: 2 Sea Lynx Mk.88A or 2 NH90 helicopters
Armament: 1 VLS with 16 cells Sea Sparrow SAM; 2 RAM launchers (21 missiles each); 4 Exocet SSM; 1 Otobreda 76 mm gun; 2 MLG 27 autocannons; 4 324 mm torpedo tubes with Mk46 Mod 2 torpedoes
Powerplant: 2 MTU 20V 956 TB92 diesel-engines, 2 General Electric LM2500 gas turbines; 2 shafts
Speed: 29 knots
Ships in class: 4
Operator:
Commissioned: 1994–1996
Status: In active service
-class frigate
Builders:
Type: Multi purpose guided-missile frigate
Displacement: 3,680 tons
Aircraft: 2 Sea Lynx Mk.88A helicopters
Armament: 16 Sparrow SAM; 2 RAM launchers (21 missiles each); 2 quadruple Harpoon SSM launchers; 1 Otobreda 76 mm gun; 2 MLG 27 autocannons; 2 324 mm twin torpedo tubes with Mk46 Mod 2 torpedoes
Powerplant: 2 MTU 20V 956 TB92 diesel-engines, 2 General Electric LM2500 gas turbines; 2 shafts
Speed: 30 knots
Ships in class: 8
Operators:
Commissioned: 1982–1990
Status: Retired
-class frigate
Builders:
Type: Air defense guided-missile frigate
Displacement: 4,500 tons
Aircraft: 1 Eurocopter Panther helicopter
Armament: 40 Tartar SM1 SAM; 12 Sadral SAM; 8 Exocet MM38 SSM; 1 × 100 mm gun; 2 × 20 mm guns; 10 L5 torpedoes
Powerplant: 4 Pielstick diesel engines; 2 shafts; 42,300 bhp total power
Speed: 29 knots
Range: 8,000 nmi at 17 knots
Ships in class: 2
Operator:
Commissioned: 1988
Status: Retired
-class frigate
Builders: (Royal Schelde)
Type: Air-defense and command frigate
Displacement: 6,050 tons
Armament: 5 Mk41 VLS with 8 cells each containing 32 ESSM and 32 SM-2 IIIA, 1-2 Goalkeeper CIWS, 2 quadruple Harpoon SSM, 1 Oto Breda 127 mm/54 dual-purpose gun, 2 twin MK32 Mod 9 torpedo launchers with Raytheon MK46 Mod 5 torpedoes
Powerplant: 2 Stork Wärtsilä 16V26 diesel engines, 2 Rolls-Royce Spey SM1a gas turbines, 2shafts
Speed: 30 knots
Ships in class: 4
Operator:
Commissioned: 26 April 2002
Status: In active service
-class frigate
Builders:
Type: Patrol frigate (French designation Fregate de Surveillance)
Displacement: 2,750 tons
Aircraft: 1 Eurocopter Panther helicopter
Armament: 2 Exocet MM38 SSM; 1 × 100 mm gun; 2 × 20 mm guns
Powerplant: 4 Pielstick diesel engines; 2 shafts; 8,800 hp total power
Speed: 20 knots
Range: 10,000 nmi at 15 knots
Ships in class: 8
Operators: ,
Commissioned: 1991
Status: In active service
-class frigate
Builders: /
Type: Stealthy patrol frigate
Displacement:
Aircraft: 1 Sikorsky S-70B helicopter
Armament: Harpoon SSM; MBDA Aster SAM; Whitehead Alenia A.224S torpedoes; Otobreda 76 mm gun
Powerplant: MTU 20V 8000 diesel engines x4 at 8,200 kW each, two shafts
Speed:
Range:
Ships in class: 6
Operator:
Commissioned: 2004
Status: In active service
FREMM multipurpose frigate (multiple classes)
Builders: /
Type: Stealth Multipurpose frigate
Displacement: France ; Italy
Aircraft: 1 NH90 or 2 SH90 helicopters
Armament: Sylver VLS; MBDA Aster AAW and ASW; Exocet (France) and Teseo/Otomat Mk-2A Anti-ship missiles; MU90 torpedoes; OTO Melara 76 mm guns
Powerplant: CODLOG/CODLAG
Speed: France +; Italy +
Range: France , Italy
Ships in class: 16
Operators: : , 8 ships: Bergamini-class, 10 ships: Aquitaine-class (purchased from France), 3 ships: Mohammed VI (single ship class): , 15 ships planned
Commissioned: 2012–present
Status: In active service
-class frigate
Builders: (Navantia in Ferrol)
Type: ASW/multirole frigate
Displacement: 5,121 tons
Aircraft: 1 NHI NH90 helicopter
Armament: Mk41 VLS 32 × ESSM; 8 × Naval Strike Missile SSM; 1 × 76 mm OTO Melara(SR) gun; 4 machine guns; Depth charge; 4 × 12.75-inch torpedo tubes for Sting Ray torpedoes
Powerplant: 2 Two BAZAN BRAVO 12V 4.5 MW diesel engines
Speed: 26+ knots; One GE LM2500 21.5 MW gas turbine+2 Diesel 4.5 MW each; 2 shafts
Ships in class: 5
Operator:
Commissioned: 5 April 2006
Status: In active service
(Type F70)-class frigate
Builders:
Type: Anti-submarine warfare guided-missile frigate
Displacement: 4,500 tons
Aircraft: 2 Lynx WG13 Mk.4 helicopters
Armament: 4 Exocet MM38 SSM; 26 Crotale SAM; 4 Mistral SAM; 1 × 100 mm gun; 2 × 20 mm guns; 4 machine guns; 10 L5 torpedoes
Powerplant: CODOG arrangement; 2 Pielstick diesel engines plus 2 Rolls-Royce Olympus gas turbines; 2 shafts; 52,000 hp total power
Speed: 30 knots
Range: 10,000 nmi at 15 knots
Ships in class: 7
Operator:
Commissioned: 1979
Status: 1 In active service
-class frigate
Builders: (Saint John Shipbuilding, Saint John, NB & MIL Davie Shipbuilding, Lauzon, QC)
Type: Large multi-role guided-missile frigate with helicopter (Designated multi-role patrol frigate in the CF)
Displacement: 4,770 tons
Aircraft: 1 × CH-148 Cyclone helicopter
Armament: 8 × MK 141 RGM-84 Harpoon SSM; 16 × Sea Sparrow SAM/SSM; 1 × Bofors SAK 57 mm; 1 × Phalanx CIWS (Block 1); 8 × M2 Machine Guns; 4 × MK 32 torpedo launchers
Powerplant: CODOG – 2 shafts: 2 turbines (47,500 shp), 1 diesel (8,800 shp)
Speed: 29+ knots
Ships in class: 12
Operator:
Commissioned: 29 June 1992
Status: In active service
Hamilton–class cutter
Builders:
Type: High Endurance Cutter
Displacement: 3,250 metric tons
Armament:
1 × OTO Melara Mk 75 76 mm gun
2 × Mk 38 25 mm Machine Gun Systems
1 × Phalanx CIWS
6 × .50 cal machine guns
Speed: 29 knots
Ships in class: 12
Operators: , , , , ,
Commissioned: 27 September 1971
Status: In active service
-class frigate
Builders: ,
Type: Multi-purpose frigate
Displacement: 3,360 tons
Armament: 16 ESSM SAM; 8 Harpoon AShM; 1 × Mk 42 5 inch gun; 2 Phalanx CIWS; 2 triple torpedo tubes
Powerplant: CODOG, 2 shafts
Speed: 31 knots
Ships in class: 4
Operator:
Commissioned: 1992
Status: In active service
-class frigate
Builders:
Type: Coastal defense frigate
Displacement: 2,800 tons
Armament: 1 Mk 45 Mod 4 127mm gun, 1 20mm Phalanx CIWS, 1 RAM block 1, 16 SSM-700K Haeseong missiles, 2 triple torpedo tubes
Powerplant: CODOG 2 General Electric LM-2500 Gas turbine, 2 MTU 1163 TB83 diesel engine
Speed: 30 knots
Range: 8,000 at 18 knots
Ships in class: 6
Operator:
Commissioned: 17 January 2013
Status: In active service
-class frigate
Builders: (Odense Staalskibsværft)
Type: Air Defense Frigate
Displacement: 6,645 tons
Aircraft: 1 × Westland Lynx Mk 90B (or, from 2017, 1 × Seahawk MH-60R)
Armament: 2 × 76 mm OTO Melara guns; 1 × 35 mm CIWS gun; 4 × Mk 41 Vertical Launch Systems (VLS) with up to 32 SM-2 IIIA SAM surface-to-air missiles;
2 × Mk 56 VLS with up to 24 RIM-162 ESSM SAM surface-to-air missiles; 8-16 × Harpoon Block II SSM surface-to-surface missiles; 2 × dual MU90 Impact ASW torpedo launchers for anti-submarine torpedoes
Powerplant: MTU 8000 20V M70 diesel engines, 8,2 MW each. Two shafts, CODAD
Speed:
Range: at
Complement: 165 officers and sailors
Ships in class: 3 (HDMS Iver Huitfeldt (F361), HDMS Peter Willemoes (F362) and HDMS Niels Juel (F363))
Operator:
Commissioned: 2012
Status: In active service
-class frigate
Builders:
Type: Anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) frigate
Displacement: 3,750 tons
Armament: Goalkeeper CIWS 30 mm gun system, 2 × 20 mm guns, 4 tubes for Mark 46 torpedo's (2 quad mounts), 8 × RGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missile launchers (2 quad mounts), 1 × RIM-66 Standard SAM from a Mk 13 Guided Missile Launch System (40 missiles total), 8 × RIM-7 Sea Sparrow SAM from a Mk 29 Guided Missile Launch System (8 missile in the launcher and 16 in the magazine)
Powerplant: 2 Rolls-Royce Tyne RM1C gas turbines, 4,900 shp (3,700 kW) each & 2 Rolls-Royce Olympus TM3B gas turbines, 25,700 shp (19,200 kW) each (boost)
Speed: 30 knots (max)
Ships in class: 2
Operators:
Commissioned: 15 January 1986
Status: In active service
-class frigate
Builders:
Type: Multi-purpose frigate
Displacement: 3,320 tons
Armament: Oto Melara 76 mm gun, Sea Sparrow VLS; Harpoon Missile; Goalkeeper CIWS; Mk 46 Torpedoes
Powerplant: 2 Rolls-Royce (Spey 1A) gas turbines (33.800 pk total), 2* Stork-Werkspoor diesel engines (9.790 pk total)
Speed: 29 knots
Ships in class: 8
Operators: , , ,
Commissioned: 31 May 1991
Status: In active service
-class frigate
Builders: (Blohm + Voss in Kiel)
Type: Light frigate
Displacement: 1,850 tons
Armament: 1 × Creusot Loire Compact 100 mm/55 DP gun, 1 × Bofors 57 mm/70 DP gun, 2 dual 30 mm Emerlec Mk 74 twin mountings AA gun, MANPADs SAM, 8 × MBDA Exocet MM40-Block 2, 1 × Bofors 375 mm twin barrel ASW
Powerplant: 4 × MTU 20V 1163 TB92 diesels, 21.460 hp, 2 shafts
Speed: 28 knots
Ships in class: 2 total:
Operator:
Commissioned: 15 August 1984
Status: In active service
-class frigate
Builders: ,
Type: Anti-submarine frigate
Displacement: 4,200 tons
Aviation: 1 helicopter
Armament: 8 ARSOC; 8 Harpoon SSM; 1 × Mk 42 5-inch/54 caliber gun; 1 Phalanx CIWS; 4 Mk 46 torpedo tubes
Powerplant: 2 – 1200 psi boilers; 1 geared turbine, 1 shaft; 35,000 hp
Speed: 27 knots
Ships in class: 51
Operators: , , , , ,
Commissioned: 12 April 1969
Status: Some in active service
(Project 1159)-class frigate
Builders: (Zelenodolsk Shipyard in Zelenodolsk, Tatarstan)
Type: Coastal anti-submarine warfare frigate
Displacement: 1,900 tons
Armament: 4 Styx SSM; 20 SA-N-4 SAM; 4 × 76 mm; 4 × 30 mm
Powerplant: CODAG arrangement; 2 diesel engines; 1 gas turbine; 35,000 shp total power
Speed: 27 knots
Ships in class: 14 total: 6 Koni I and 8 Koni II
Operator: , , , ,
Commissioned: 1976
Status: Most in active service
(Project 1135 Burevestnik)-class frigate
Builders: / / (Severnaya Verf 190 in St. Petersburg; Yantar Zavod in Kaliningrad; Zaliv Zavod in Kerch)
Type:
Project 1135 Anti-submarine frigate (Russian designation 'patrol ship')
Project 11351 Border Guard Service of Russia
Project 11356 Frigate
Displacement:
3,575 tons (1135)
3,830 tons (11351)
4,035 tons (11356)
Armament:
4 × SSM; 40 × SS-N-4 SAM; 2 × 100 mm or 4 × 76 mm gun; 2 RPU-6000; 8 × 533 mm torpedoes; 16 mines (1135)
1 х 100 mm gun, 2 х 6 30mm guns, 2 × 4 533 mm torpedo tubes, 2 × RBU-6000 Anti-Submarine rockets (11351)
1 × 100 mm gun, two Kashtan CIWS systems, eight-cell VLS for 3M-54E Klub and BrahMos missiles, one 3S-90 launcher for 9M317 (SA-N-12) SAMs, eight Igla-1E (SA-16) SAMs, 1 × RBU-6000 rocket launcher, two twin 533 mm torpedo tubes (11356)
Aircraft: 1 Kamov Ka-27 (11351 and 11356)
Powerplant:
COGAG arrangement; 2 M8K and 2 M62 gas turbines; 2 shafts; 48,000 hp total power (1135)
2 × DS-71 gas turbines and 2 × DT-59 boost turbines, driving two shafts (11356)
Speed:
30 knots (1135)
32 (11356)
Ships in class:
32 (1135)
8 (11351)
4 + 5 laid down (11356)
Operators:
: 2 (1135), 2 (11351), 3 (11356)
: 1 (11351), stricken
: 6 (11356)
Commissioned:
1970 (1135)
1984 (11351)
2002 (11356)
Status: total 13 in service
-class frigate
Builders:
Type: Patrol frigate
Displacement:
Aircraft: 1 Eurocopter Panther helicopter
Armament: 8 Exocet SSM; 8 Crotale SAM; 1 × 100 mm gun; 2 × 20 mm guns
Powerplant: 4 diesel engines; 2 shafts; total power
Speed:
Range: at economical speed,
Ships in class: 14
Operators: , ,
Commissioned: 1995
Status: In active service
-class frigate
Builders: , ,
Type: General-purpose frigate
Displacement: 2,860 tons (Batch 1 & 2), 3,000 tons (Batch 3)
Armament: Various configurations
Powerplant: 2 steam turbines, 2 shafts, 25,000 shp
Speed: 28 knots
Ships in class: 46
Operators: , , , , , , , ,
Commissioned: 27 March 1963
Status: 8 in active service, 15 sunk as reefs/targets, 16 scrapped, 7 decommissioned
Legend–class cutter
Builders: (Ingalls Shipbuilding in Pascagoula)
Type: National Security Cutter
Displacement: 4,600 tons
Armament:
1 × Bofors 57 mm gun
1 × 20 mm Phalanx CIWS
4 × crew served .50 cal Browning M2 Machine Guns
2 × crew served M240B 7.62 mm machine guns
Designed for, but not with:
Rim-115 Rolling Airframe Missile SeaRAM
Others
Speed: 28 knots
Ships in class: 8 active, 11 total planned
Operator:
Commissioned: 4 August 2008
Status: In active service
-class frigate
Builders: (Yarrow Shipbuilders in Glasgow)
Type: Frigate
Displacement: 2,270 tons
Armament: 16 Seawolf SHORADS SAM, 8 MM40 Blk II Exocet SSM, 2 × B515 triple 12.75-inch torpedo for launching Whitehead 324 mm tubes, 1 Bofors 57 mm/70 dual purpose guns, 2 MSI 30 mm AA guns,
Powerplant: 4 × diesels driving 2 shafts, 16,000 bhp
Speed: 28 knots
Ships in class: 2
Operator:
Commissioned: December 1994
Status: 2 in active service
-class frigate
Builders:
Type: Multi-role frigate
Displacement: 2,525 tons
Armament: 8 Otomat Mk 2 SSMs, • 8 Sea Sparrows SAMs, 1 OTO Melara 127/54 mm gun, 2 Breda-Bofors twin 40/70 mm guns, 2 Mark 32 triple torpedo tubes
Powerplant: 2 General Electric / Fiat LM2500 gas turbines,2 GMT A230-20 diesel engines,
Speed: 35 knots
Ships in class: 14
Operators: , ,
Commissioned: 1978
Status: In active service
- class frigate
Builders:
Type: Multi-role frigate
Displacement: 3,040 tons
Armament: 4 missile launchers Teseo Mk 2, 1 8-cells missile launcher Albatros/Aspide, 1 × 127 mm/54 gun, 4 × 40 mm/70 guns, 2 × 533 mm torpedo launchers, 6 × ASW 324 mm torpedo launchers
Powerplant: 2 × General Electric/Avio LM2500 gas turbines, 2 D Grandi Motori Trieste BL-230-20-DVM, 2 shafts
Speed: 32–33 knots
Ships in class: 8
Operator:
Commissioned: 1980
Status: In active service
-class frigate
Builders: (Yantar Baltic Shipbuilding in Kaliningrad)
Type: Anti-submarine warfare frigate
Displacement: 4,000 tons
Aircraft: 1 Kamov Ka-27 helicopter
Armament: 8 Kh-35 Uran SSM; 32 SA-N-9 SAM; 1 × 100 mm gun; 2 CIWS; 6 torpedo tubes
Powerplant: COGAG arrangement; 4 gas turbines; 2 shafts; 57,000 shp total power
Speed: 30 knots
Ships in class: 3
Operator:
Commissioned: 1998
Status: 2 in active service, 1 scrapped incomplete
-class frigate
Builders: ,
Type: Multi-role frigate
Displacement: 3,707 tons
Armament: MM-40 Exocet SSM; ASPIDE SAM; 1 Vickers gun 4.5-inch Mk 8, 2 Bofors SAK 40 mm/70 AA; 2 x3 torpedo tubes for Mk 46 torpedoes; anti-submarine rocket launcher
Powerplant: 2 Rolls-Royce Olympus gas turbines, 4 MTU Diesels
Speed: 30 knots
Ships in class: 6
Operator:
Commissioned: 20 November 1976
Status: In active service
-class frigate
Builders: (Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine, Todd Pacific Shipyards in Seattle, Washington and San Pedro, California, , in Bazan, Ferrol and , AMECON Williamstown, Victoria
Type: Multi-role guided-missile frigate
Displacement: 4,100 tons
Aviation: 2 SH-60 Seahawk helicopters
Armament: 40 Harpoon SSM or SM-1MR SAM; 1 × 76 mm gun; 1 Phalanx CIWS; 6 torpedo tubes
Powerplant: 2 LM2500 gas turbines; 1 shaft; 41,000 shp total power
Speed: 30 knots
Ships in class: 71
Operators: , , , , , , ,
Commissioned: 17 December 1977
Status: 56 retired (2021)
-class frigate
Builders:
Type: Air defense guided-missile frigate
Displacement: 5,690 tons
Aircraft: 2 Sea Lynx Mk 88A or 2 NH90 helicopters
Armament: 1 VLS 32 ESSM and 24 SM-2 IIIA SAM, 2 RAM launchers with 21 SAM/CIWS-missiles each, 2 quadruple Harpoon SSM launcher, 1 Otobreda 76 mm dual-purpose gun, 2 Mauser MLG 27 27 mm autocannons, 2 triple torpedo launchers with EuroTorp MU90 Impact torpedoes
Powerplant: 2 MTU V20 diesel engines, 1 General Electric LM2500 gas turbine, 2 shafts
Speed: 29 knots
Ships in class: 3
Operator:
Commissioned: 2004–2006
Status: In active service
-class frigate
Builders: (Mazagon Dock Limited)
Type: Guided-missile stealth frigate
Displacement: 6,200 tons
Aircraft: 2 × HAL Dhruv or Sea King Mk 42B helicopters.
Armament: 1 × 3.0-inch Otobreda naval gun; 8 × VLS launched Klub anti-ship cruise missiles or 8 × VLS launched BrahMos anti-ship cruise missiles; 2 × 2 DTA-53-956 torpedo launchers; 2 × RBU-6000 (RPK-8) rocket launchers; Shtil-1 missile system with 24 short to medium range (30 km) missiles; Barak SAM-launcher CIWS; 2 × AK-630 CIWS
Powerplant: 2 × Pielstick 16 PA6 STC Diesel engines 2 × GE LM2500+ boost turbines in CODOG configuration
Speed: 32 knots (22 in diesel)
Ships in class: 3
Operator:
Commissioned: 2010
Status: In active service
-class ocean patrol vessels
Builders: (StanFlex)
Type: Multi-role ocean patrol vessel
Displacement: 3,500 tons
Aircraft: 1 Lynx helicopter
Armament: 1 × 76 mm gun; 1 × 20 mm gun; 2 depth charge racks; modular additional weapon options
Powerplant: 3 diesel engines; 1 shaft; 6,366 hp total power
Speed: 21 knots
Ships in class: 4
Operator:
Commissioned: 1991
Status: In active service
Note: Also known as StanFlex 3000 or IS86 class
Type 21 frigate
Builders:
Type: General-purpose frigate
Displacement: 2,860 tons
Armament: (Pakistani modifications) 1 × 4.5 in Vickers Mark 8 gun; 4 × 20 mm Oerlikon; Harpoon SSM; LY-60N SAM; 2 × 12.75" 3-tube STWS-1 torpedo tubes
Powerplant: 2 Tyne cruise turbines, 2 Olympus boost turbines, 2 shafts
Speed: 30 knots
Ships in class: 8
Operators:
Commissioned: 11 May 1974
Status: 6 In active service, 2 sunk
Type 22 frigate
Builders:
Type: Anti-submarine frigate
Displacement: Batch 1: 4,400 tons; Batch 2: 4,800 tons; Batch 3: 4,900 tons
Armament: (Batch 3) 2 quadruple Harpoon launchers, 2 GWS 25 Mod 3 Seawolf anti-missile missile systems, gun, 2 20 mm guns (after refit), Goalkeeper CIWS, 2 triple torpedo tubes
Powerplant: 2 Rolls-Royce Olympus TM3B high-speed gas turbines and 2 Rolls-Royce Tyne RM1A cruise gas turbines
Speed:
Ships in class: 14 total: 4 Batch I, 6 Batch II, 4 Batch 3
Operators: , ,
Commissioned: 2 May 1979
Status: 6 in active service, 8 disposed (2 sunk as targets, 6 scrapped)
Type 23 frigate
Builders:
Type: Multi-role frigate
Displacement: 4,900 tons
Armament: 2 × quadruple Harpoon, 32 × Sea Wolf SAM, 1 × 114 mm Vickers Mark 8 gun, 2 × Oerlikon 30 mm guns, 4 × fixed torpedo tubes, Marconi Sting Ray NATO Seagnat, Type 182 and DLF3 countermeasures launchers
Propulsion: CODLAG, 2 × Rolls-Royce gas turbines, 4 × diesel engines, 2 × GEC electric motors
Speed: 28 knots
Ships in class: 16
Operators: ,
Commissioned: 1 June 1990
Status: In active service – 13 , 3
-class frigate
Builders:
Type: Multi-purpose frigate
Displacement: 2,350 tons
Armament: 2 OTO Mellara (76mm)/62 compact, 4 Emerson Electric 30 mm (951–955), 3 Breda 40 mm/70(956-961), 8 RGM-84D Harpoon SSM, 1 Raytheon VLS – Mk 48 Mod 2, 5 triple torpedo tubes
Powerplant: CODOG 2 General Electric LM-2500 Diesel Engine, 2 MTU 538 TB 82
Speed: 34 knots
Range: 8,000 at 16 knots
Ships in class: 9 (3 in final weapons fitment)
Operators: ,
Commissioned: 1 January 1984
Status: In active service
(MEKO A-200)-class frigate
Builders: (Blohm + Voss in Hamburg)
Type: Air defense frigate
Displacement: 3,700 tons
Aircraft: 1 SuperLynx helicopter
Armament: 8 Exocet MM40 SSM; 16 Umkhonto SAM; 1 × 76 mm gun; 2 × 35 mm guns; 2 × 20 mm guns; 4 torpedo tubes
Powerplant: CODAG WARP arrangement; 1 LM2500 gas turbine, 2 MTU 16V 1163 TB93 diesels, 1 LIPS LJ210E waterjet; 42,922 hp total power
Speed: 27 knots
Range: 8,000 at 16 knots
Ships in class: 4
Operator:
Commissioned: 2006
Status: In active service
-class frigate
Builders:
Type: Multi-role frigate
Displacement: 3,200 tons
Armament: 100 mm Mod68 CADAM polyvalent artillery piece, 1 Phalanx CIWS, 2 × 3 12.75-inch Mk 32 torpedo tubes, 2 Mk 141 quad-pack Launcher for RGM-84 Harpoon, 1 Mk 21 Guided Missile Launching System for 8 RIM-7 Sea Sparrow
Powerplant: 2 General Electric LM2500 gas turbines
Speed: 32 knots
Ships in class: 3
Operator:
Commissioned: 19 January 1991
Status: In active service
-class frigate
Builders: (Boel in Temse and Cockerill in Antwerp)
Type: Anti-submarine warfare and escort frigate
Displacement: 2,200 tons
Armament: 4 Exocet SSM; 8 Sea Sparrow SAM; 1 × 100 mm gun; 6 anti-submarine rockets; 2 L5 torpedo tubes
Powerplant: CODOG arrangement; 2 Cockerill diesel engines; 1 Rolls-Royce Olympus gas turbine
Speed:
Range: at
Ships in class: 4
Operators:
Commissioned: 1978
Status: 1 stricken in 1993, 3 sold to Bulgaria in 2005 and in active Bulgarian service
Zagreb/Kotor-class frigate
Builders: / (Uljanik shipyard in Pula and Tito shipyard in Kraljevica)
Type: Light multi-role frigate (Yugoslav designation 'large patrol ship')
Displacement: 1,850 tons
Armament: 4 Styx SSM; 20 SA-N-4 SAM; 2 SA-N-5 SAM; 2 × 76 mm guns; 4 × 30 mm guns; 2 × 20 mm guns; 2 RBU-6000
Powerplant: 2 diesel engines; 1 gas turbine; 28,600 shp total power
Speed: 27 knots
Ships in class: 2
Operator:
Commissioned: 1987
Status: Withdrawn from service
-class frigate
Builders: (Damen Schelde Naval Shipbuilding), (PT PAL)
Types: Light multi-role frigate, guided-missile frigate, Long Range Patrol Vessel
Displacement: 2,075 tons – 2,575 tons
Armament: Guns: 1 × Oto Melara 76 mm (A position) and 2 × 20 mm Denel GI-2 (Licensed copy of GIAT M693/F2) (B position). Anti-air missile: 2 × quad (8) MBDA Mistral TETRAL, forward & aft. Anti-surface missile: 4 × MBDA Exocet MM40 Block II. Torpedoes: 2 × triple B515 launchers for EuroTorp 3A 244S Mode II/MU 90.
Powerplant: 2 × SEMT Pielstick 20PA6B STC rated at 8910 kW each driving a lightweight Geislinger coupling combination BE 72/20/125N + BF 110/50/2H (steel – composite coupling combination); 4 × Caterpillar 3406C TA generator rated at 350 kW each; Caterpillar 3304B emergency generator rated at 105 kW
Speed: 28 knots
Ships in class: 5
Operator: , ,
Commissioned: 2011
Status: In active service
Corvettes
Type 056 corvette (NATO codename Jiangdao)
Builders: (Hudong Shipyard in Shanghai and Huangpu Shipyard in Guangzhou)
Type: Stealth missile corvette
Displacement: 1,300–1,440 tons (estimated)
Aircraft: 1 Harbin Z-9
Armament: 2 × 2 YJ-83 (C-803) anti-ship missile; 1 × FL-3000N SAM; 1 × ATK-176 76 mm main gun; 2 × 30 mm remote weapon system; 6 × torpedo tubes
Powerplant: 2 diesels
Speed: 28 knots
Ships in class: 60 (PLAN)
Operator: , ,
Commissioned: February 2013
Status: 42 in active service; 18 under sea trial, fitting out, under construction or planned (PLAN)
-class corvette
Builders: Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers
Type: Corvette
Displacement: Full load: 485 tonnes
Length: 58.5 metres
Beam: 10.2 metres
Draught: 3.3 metres
Speed: 32 knots
Range: 2,400 miles at 14 knots
Complement: 32 including 6 officers
Armament:
1 × AK-176 76 mm gun
2 × RBU-1000
4 × Strela-2M SAM MANPADS
4 × 533 mm torpedo tubes
Ships in class: 4
Commissioned: 1989–1991
Status: In active service
Ada-class corvette
Builders: (Istanbul Naval Shipyard)
Type: Corvette (Patrol and Anti-Submarine Warfare)
Displacement: 2400 tons
length: 99.56 meters
Beam: 14.40 meters
Draft: 3.90 meters
Propulsion: 1 gas turbine, 2 diesels, 2 shafts
Speed: 30 knots
Range: 3,500 nautical miles
Complement: 93 including aviation officers, with accommodation for up to 106
Armament: 1 × 76 mm (retractable for lower radar cross section, guidance by fire control radar and electro-optical systems), A position, 2 × 12.7 mm Aselsan STAMP Stabilized Machine Gun Platform (guidance by Laser/IR/TV and electro-optical systems, automatic and manual modes), B position, 8 Harpoon SSM, 21 × RAM (PDMS), 2 × 324 mm Mk 32 triple launchers for Mk 46 torpedoes
Ships in class: 4(4 planned)
Commissioned: 2011–present
Status: In service
Operators: : 4 in service, : 1(3) in commission, : 4 planned
-class corvette
Builder:
Displacement: 2,350 tons full load
length: 103.4 meters
Beam: 11.4 meters
Draft: 5.3 meters
Propulsion: CODOG arrangement: 1 gas turbine (27500shp), 2 diesels, 2 shafts
Speed: 27+ knots
Range: 4,000 nautical miles at 15 knots
Complement: 154
Armament: 1 × 4.5 in (113 mm) Vickers Mk 8 gun, 1 × 40 mm Bofors Trinity Mk 3 gun, 4 × MBDA Exocet MM40 Block 2/3, 2 × ARES SLT Mod 400 triple-tube (324 mm) launchers for Mk 46 Mod 5 ASW torpedoes
Ships in class: 1
Commissioned: 2008–present
Operator: : 1 in service
(Project 1239 Sivuch)-class corvette
Builder:
Displacement: 1,050 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
-class corvette
Builders:
Type: Corvette
Displacement: 1,840 tonnes
Propulsion: 2 diesel-engines, 7.4 MW each, driving 2 controllable pitch propellers
Speed: >
Range: approx. at
Aircraft: 2 Camcopter S-100 UAVs
Armament:
1 Otobreda 76 mm dual purpose gun
2 MLG 27 mm autocannons
2 × 21 cell RAM launcher
2 × 2 cell launcher with RBS-15 Mk3 surface-to-surface missiles with land-attack capability
mine laying capability
Countermeasures
TKWA/MASS (Multi Ammunition Softkill System)
UL 5000 K ECM suite
Ships in class: 5
Operator:
Commissioned: 2008–2009
Status: In active service
-class corvette
Builders:
Type: Corvette
Displacement: 1,940 tonnes
Propulsion: 4 diesel engine; 2 shaft; 30.2 MW total power
Speed:
Range: approx. at
Armament:
1 × OTO Melara 76 mm
2 × DS 30B REMSIG 30 mm guns
16 × Vertical launching system for MBDA (BAE Systems) MICA SAM launcher
2 × 4 Exocet MM40 Block II missile launchers
2 × triple BAE Systems Mark 32 Surface Vessel Torpedo Tubes
Ships in class: 3
Operator:
Commissioned: 2014
Status: In active service
-class corvette
Builders:
Type: Corvette
Displacement: 550 tonnes
Propulsion: 2 shaft CODAD
Speed:
Range: approx. at
Armament:
1 × Arsenal A-190 100 mm
2 × MTPU pedestal machine gun 14.5 mm
2 × AK-630M 30 mm
1 × 4 3M-47 Gibka a-a missile system of short-range
1 × 40 A-215 "Grad-M" 122 mm rocket launcher
Countermeasures
Fire control radar: «Pozitiv-M1.2» flat active phased array air/surface radar
Sonar: «Anapa-M»
Ships in class: 3
Operator:
Commissioned: 2006
Status: In active service
-class corvette
Builders: (Wuchang Shipyard), (Khulna Shipyard)
Type: Corvette
Displacement: 650 tonnes
Armament: 4 × C-704 AShM; 1 × H/PJ-26 76 mm main gun, forward; 2 × Type 730B 6-barrel 30 mm CIWS; 12 × Super Barricade chaff launchers; Torpedo launchers
Speed: 28 knots
Range: 2,500 nmi
Ships in class: 2
Operator:
Commissioned: 2012
Status: 2 in active service;
(Type A69)-class aviso
Builders:
Type: Aviso
Displacement: 1,250 tons
Armament: 2 Exocet MM38 SSM; 1 × 100 mm gun; 2 × 20 mm guns; 4 machineguns; 1 rocket launcher; 4 L5 torpedoes
Powerplant: 2 Pielstick diesel engines; 2 shafts; 12,000 shp total power
Speed: 24 knots
Range: 4,500 nmi at 15 knots
Ships in class: 20
Operator: , ,
Commissioned: 1979
Status: 18 in active service (9 with France, 6 with Turkey, and 3 with Argentina);
(Sigma 9113)-class corvette
Builders:
Type: Corvette
Displacement: 1,720 tonnes
Speed:
Range: approx. at
Ships in class: 4
Operator:
Commissioned: 2007
Status: In active service
(MEKO 140A16)-class corvette
Builder:
Displacement: 1,790 tons (full load)
Operator: : 6 in service
-class corvette
Builders:
Type: Corvette
Displacement: 1,450 tonnes
Propulsion: CODOG: 1 gas turbine, 2 diesel engine; 2 shaft
Speed:
Range: approx.
Armament:
1 × Bofors 120 mm gun model 1950
1 × Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft gun
2 × 20 mm cannon
4 × Exocet MM 38 anti-ship missiles
1 × Bofors 375 mm twin anti-submarine rocket launcher
2 × Mk 32 launchers for 324 mm torpedoes
Ships in class: 3
Operator:
Commissioned: 1979
Status: In active service
-class littoral combat ship
Builder: Marinette Marine
Displacement: 3,500 tons (full load)
Armament:
1 × BAE Systems Mk 110 57 mm gun
1 × Mk 49 Launcher with 21 × RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Surface to Air Missiles
4 × .50 in machine guns
2 × 30 mm Mk 44 Bushmaster II guns (SUW Module)
24 × AGM-114 Hellfire missiles (SUW Module)
Operator: : 9 active
-class corvette
Builder: Kockums
Displacement: 400 tons
Operators: : 2 active, 2 decommissioned and 2 cancelled
-class littoral combat ship
Builder: Austal USA
Displacement: 3,104 tons (full load)
Armament:
1 × BAE Systems Mk 110 57 mm gun
1 × SeaRAM CIWS
4 × .50 cal guns
2 × 30 mm Mk 44 Bushmaster II guns (SUW Module)
24 × AGM-114 Hellfire missiles (SUW Module)
Operator: : 13 active
-class corvette
Builder:
Displacement: 1,970 tons (full load)
Operator: : 5 in service
-class corvette
Builders: Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers
Type: Corvette
Displacement:
Full load: 3300 tonnes
Length: 109 metres
Beam: 13.7 metres
Propulsion: 4 × CODAD diesel engines
Speed: 25 knots
Range: 3,700 miles at 16 knots
Complement: 193 including 13 officers
Armament:
1 × 76mm SRGM
2 × AK-630M close-in weapon system
2 × RBU-6000 anti-submarine rocket launcher
4 × 533 mm torpedo tubes
Ships in class: 4
Operator:
Commissioned: 2014-19
Status: 4 in service
-class corvette
Builders: Mazagon Dock Limited, Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers
Type: Corvette
Displacement: Full load: 1,350 tonnes
Length: 91.1 metres
Beam: 10.5 metres
Draught: 4.5 metres
Propulsion: 2 diesel engines, 14,400 hp each, 2 shafts and cp props
Speed: 25 knots
Range: 4,000 miles at 16 knots
Complement: 79 including 10 officers
Armament:
1 × AK-176 76 mm gun
16 × Kh-35
2 × Strela-2M SAM MANPADS
2 × AK-630 CIWS
Ships in class: 4
Operator: (2 ships), (1 ship)
Commissioned: 1989–1991
Status: 3 ships in service, 1 decommissioned
-class corvette
Builders: Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers
Type: Corvette
Displacement:
Standard: 1350 tonnes
Full load: 1500 tonnes
Length: 91.1 metres
Beam: 10.5 metres
Draught: 4.5 metres
Propulsion: 2 diesel engines, 14,400 hp each, 2 shafts and cp props
Speed: 25 knots
Range: 4,000 miles at 16 knots
Complement: 79 including 10 officers
Armament:
1 × AK-176 76 mm gun
4 × P-20M missiles
2 × Strela-2M or Igla-1E MANPADS
2 × AK-630 CIWS
Ships in class: 4
Operator:
Commissioned: 1998–2004
Status: In service
-class corvette
Builder:
Displacement: 1285 tons
Operators: : 6 in service
(Project 1234)-class corvette
Builder:
Displacement: 730 tons
Operators: : 17 Nanuchka III in service plus 1 Nanuchka IV
-class corvette
Builders:
Ships in class: 24
Displacement: 1,350 tons
Speed: 32 knots
Basic Armament:
2 × OTO Melara 76 mm/62 compact cannon
2 × Nobong 40mm/70 twin cannons
2 × Mark 32 triple torpedo tubes (with 6× Blue Shark torpedoes)
12 × Mark 9 depth charges
Optional Armament:
4 × SSM (Exocet, Harpoon, 700K C-Star)
Mistral MANPADS
Operators:
: 7 active
: 1 active
1 active
: 2 active
: 1 active, 1 awaiting transfer
: 2 active
(Project 133)-class corvette
Builder:
Displacement: 935 tons
Ships in class: 28
Operator: : 14 in service, : 6 in service
-class corvette
Builder:
Displacement: 712 tons
Armament: : 1 × 76mm OTO Melara; 2 × 20mm; 2 × 12.7mm
Speed 25 knots (Sprint speed 30 knots)
Ships in class: 5
Commissioned: 1983–85
Operators:
: 2 delivered in 1988
: 3 delivered in 1997
(Eilat)-class corvette
Builders: (Ingalls Shipbuilding)
Type: Guided-missile corvette
Displacement: 1227 tons
Armament: 8 Harpoon SSM; ; 8 Gabriel SSM; 2 Barak 1 launchers; 20 mm Phalanx CIWS; 2 × Mk 32 torpedo launchers (6 tubes)
Powerplant: 1 General Electric LM-2500 gas turbine; 2 MTU type 12V1163 TB82 diesels; total SHP 30,000
Speed:
Range:
Ships in class: 3
Operator:
Commissioned: February 1993
Status: In active service
-class corvette
Builders:
Type: Corvette
Displacement: 1,950 tonnes
Propulsion: 2 shaft CODAD, 4 16D49 diesels 24.000 hp (17.9 MW), power supply AC 380/220V, 50 Hz, 4 × 630 kW diesel genset
Speed:
Range: approx. at
Aircraft: 1 Kamov Ka-27
Armament:
1 × Arsenal A-190 100 mm
2 × MTPU pedestal machine gun 14.5 mm
2 × AK-630M 30 mm
1 × Kashtan-M CADS
8 × Kh-35 missiles
4 × 400 mm torpedo tubes
Countermeasures
Fire control radar: Ratep 5P-10E Puma for A-190 HOT FLASH radar
Air search radar: Furke-E 3D, E/F band
Sonar: Zarya-ME suite, bow mounted. Vinyetka low frequency active/passive towed array
Ships in class: 3 + 3 Laid down
Operator:
Commissioned: 2007
Status: In active service
-class corvette
Builders: Mazagon Dock Limited; Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers
Type: Corvette
Displacement: 455-477 tonnes
Length: 56.1 metres
Beam: 11.5 metres
Draught: 2.5 metres
Propulsion: 2 × COGAG gas turbines couples to two shafts
Speed: 36 knots
Range: 2,300 miles at 16 knots
Complement: 41 including 5 officers
Armament:
1 × 76mm SRGM
2 × AK-630M close-in weapon system
2 × RBU-6000 anti-submarine rocket launcher
4-16 × anti-ship missiles
4 × air defense missiles
Ships in class: 15
Commissioned: 1987-2002
Status: 13 completed, 2 cancelled, 8 active, 4 retired and 1 lost
-class corvette
Builders:
Type: Corvette
Displacement: 640 tonnes
Propulsion: CODOG, 2 × 125SII Kamewa Waterjets, 4 × Vericor TF50A gas turbines, total rating 16 MW[2], 2 × MTU Friedrichshafen 16 V 2000 N90 diesel engines, total rating 2.6 MW, 3 × generators of 270 kW each
Large patrol vessels
-class offshore patrol vessel
Builder: (Aalborg Værft a/s)
Type: Offshore patrol vessel
Displacement: 1,128 tons
Aircraft: 1 Ecureuil AS350B or Hughes 500C
Armament: 1 Bofors 40 mm gun; 12.7 mm Browning HMG; depth charges.
Powerplant: MAN 8L40/54 × 2, 3163 kW
Speed: 20 knots
Ships in class: 2
Operator:
Commissioned: 1968
Status: In active service
polar fisheries patrol ship
Displacement: 2,800 tons
Operator:
-class cutter
Builder:
Type: Medium endurance cutter
Displacement: 3,434 tons
Armament:
2 × 25 mm guns
2 × 0.5 in guns
Number in class: 1
Operator:
BAM () Maritime Action Vessel / offshore patrol vessel
Builder:
Displacement: 2,840 tons
Speed: 20.5 knots
Range: 3,500 nm
Armament: 1 × 76mm/62. 2 × 25mm. 2 × 12.7mm.
Aircraft: 1 × NH-90 or 1 × AB-212 or 1 × SH3D
Operator: : 6 in service
Status: In active service
-class offshore patrol vessel
Builder:
Displacement: 3,200 tons
Operator: : 2 in commission
-class offshore patrol vessel
Builder
Displacement: 1475 tons
Operator: 4 in service
-class offshore patrol vessel
Builder
Displacement: 1512 tons
Operator: 4 in service
/P20-class offshore patrol boat
Builder:
Displacement: 1,020 tons
Armament: 1 × 40mm 2 × 20mm
Ships in class: 4
Commissioned: 1972–1980
Active: 2 (1 scrapped, 1 decommissioned (Ireland))
Speed: 17knts
Range: 4000 nmi at 17 knots
Operator: ,
Previous operators: Ireland 4 (0 in commission)
-class helicopter patrol ship
Builder:
Displacement: 1,915 tons
Speed: 20+ knots
Range: 7000 nmi at 15 knots
Armament: 1 × Bofers 57mm/70 Mk 1 2 × 20mm Rheinmettal. 1 SA 365F Dauphin 2
Ships in class: 1
Commissioned: 1984
Operator: : 1
Status: In active service
Antarctic patrol ship
Builder:
Displacement 6,100 tons
Operator: 1 in commission
-class cutter
Builder:
Type: Medium Endurance Cutter
Displacement: 1,780 tons
Armament:
1 × OTO Melara Mk 75 76 mm naval gun
2 × .50 cal machine guns
Operator: : 13 in commission
-class offshore patrol vessel
Builder:
Displacement: 3,121 tons
Operator:
-class offshore patrol vessel
Builder: (Damen Schelde Naval Shipbuilding)
Type: Offshore patrol vessel
Displacement: 3,750 tons
Aircraft: 1 NH-90
Armament: 1 × 76 mm Oto Melara, 1 × 30 mm Oto Melara Marlin WS, 2 × 12.7 mm Oto Melara Hitrole NT, 6 × 7.62 mm FN MAG machine guns.
Powerplant: 2 diesel engines
Speed: 21.5 knots
Ships in class: 4
Operator:
Commissioned: 2012
Status: In active service.
-class patrol vessel
Builder:
Displacement: 970 tons
Operator: : 12 in commission
-class offshore patrol vessel
Builder: (Bergens mV A/S)
Type: Offshore patrol vessel
Displacement: 3,200 tons
Aircraft: 1 Westland Lynx helicopter; in future, 1 NHI NH90 helicopter
Armament: 1 Bofors 57 mm gun; 4 20 mm Rheinmetall guns; depth charges; in wartime provisions for carrying 2 Mk 32 torpedo tubes and 6 Penguin SSMs
Powerplant: 4 × Wichmann diesel; 2576 kW each
Speed:
Ships in class: 3
Operator:
Commissioned: 1981
Status: In active service
-class cutter
Builder:
Type: Medium Endurance Cutter
Displacement: 1,050 tons
Length: 64 meters
Range: 8,000 nautical miles
Crew: 75
Speed: 18 knots
Armament:
1 × Mk 38 25 mm Machine Gun System
2 × M2HB .50 caliber (12.7mm) machine guns
Operator:
: 14 in commission
: 1 in service
: 1 in service
-class patrol vessel
Builder: (Vosper Thornycroft)
Type: Offshore patrol vessel
Displacement: 1,677 tons
Armament: 1 British Manufacturing and Research Company (BMARC) KAA 20 mm Gun, 2 GPMG's
Powerplant: 2 × Ruston 12RK 270 diesel; 4125 kW
Speed:
Ships in class: 14
Operator:
Commissioned: 2003
Status: In active service
/P50-class offshore patrol boat
Builder:
Displacement: 1,500 tons
Speed: 23 knots
Armament: 1 × OTO 76mm, 2 × Rheinmettal 20mm
Ships in class: 2
Commissioned: 1999–2001
Operators:
: 2
Status: In active service
/P60-class offshore patrol boat
Builder:
Displacement: 1,933 tons
Speed: 23 knots
Armament: 1 × OTO 76mm, 2 × Rheinmettal 20mm
Ships in class: 4, 3 in service, 1 on order
Commissioned: 2014–
Operators:
: 3
Status: In active service
-class offshore patrol vessel
Builder:
Displacement: 2230 tons
Operator:
-class offshore patrol vessel
Builder
Displacement: 1518 tons
Operator: 2 in service
-class offshore patrol vessel
Builder:
Displacement: 6,500 tons
Operator:
-class patrol vessel
Builder: (Estaleiros Navais de Viana do Castelo (ENVC))
Type: Offshore patrol vessel
Displacement: 1,600 tons
Length: 83.10 m
Beam: 12.95 m
Draught: 3.69 m
Speed:
Complement: 35, accommodation for 32 more
Armament: 1 × 30 mm Oto Melara Marlin WS + 2 × General Purpose Machine Gun
Ships in class: 2
Operator:
Commissioned: 2011
-class offshore patrol vessel
Builder:
Displacement: 3,920 tons
Operator:
Minor surface combatants
Missile boats
Ambassador Mk III fast attack craft
Builders: (VT Halter-Marine)
Type: Fast attack craft
Displacement: 500 t
Propulsion: 4 × MTU diesels,[5] 30,000 hp (22 MW), 4 shafts
Speed:
Armament:
1 Super Rapid 76mm dual purpose gun
8 Harpoon anti-ship missiles
1 Mk 31 Mod 3 Rolling Airframe Missile launcher, 21 cells
2 7.62 mm M60 machine guns
1 20 mm Phalanx CIWS
Countermeasures:
4 × chaff/IR launchers (ESM/ECM)
Ships in class: 1(4–6 planned)
Operator:
Commissioned: 2013–present
Status: In active service
-class missile boat
Builders:
Type: Missile fast attack craft
Displacement: 250 tons
Armament: 1 × 30mm NG-18 CIWS; 2 × 20mm Denel Vektor GI-2; 2 × C-705 AShM
Powerplant: 3 × MAN V12; 1.800 hp total power
Speed:
Ships in class: 8
Operator:
Commissioned: 2011
Status: In active service
-class fast attack craft
Builders:
Type: Fast attack craft
Displacement: 391 t
Propulsion: 13.235 kW
Speed:
Armament:
1 Otobreda 76 mm dual purpose gun
4 MM38 Exocet anti-ship missiles
1 GDC Rolling Airframe Missile launcher, 21 cells
2 MG50-1 machine guns
Mine laying capability
Countermeasures:
Decoy launcher HOT DOG
Chaff launcher DAG 2200 Wolke
Ships in class: 10
Operator:
Commissioned: 1982–1984
Status: In active service
(Rauma 2000)-class missile boat
Builders: (Aker Finnyards in Turku)
Type: Guided-missile fast attack craft
Displacement: 250 tons
Armament: 4 RBS-15 Mk 3 SSM; 8 Umkhonto-IR SAM; 1 57 mm gun; 2 12.7 mm machineguns
Powerplant: 2 MTU diesel engines; 6,600 kW total power
Speed:
Range:
Ships in class: 4
Operator:
Commissioned: 24 August 1998
Status: In active service
-class missile boat
Builders: (Wärtsilä at Helsinki New Shipyard, Helsinki)
Type: Guided-missile fast attack craft
Displacement: 300 tons
Armament: 8 RBS-15 SSM; 2 23mm doublebarrel guns; 1 57 mm gun; 2 depth charge rails
Powerplant: 3 diesel engines; 3 shafts; 10,230 hp total power
Speed: 30 knots
Ships in class: 4
Operator:
Commissioned: 1 September 1981
Status: Two ships in Croatian service
Houjian (Type 37-II)-class large missile boat
Builders: (Huangpu Shipyard in Guangzhou)
Type: Large missile boat
Displacement: 542 tons
Armament: 6 C-801 SSM, 2 Type 69 dual-30mm, 1 Type 76A dual-30mm
Powerplant: 3 diesel engines; 3 shafts; 15,000 hp total power
Speed: 33.5 knots
Ships in class: 9 in service, 1 under construction
Operator: , (-class)
Commissioned: 1991
Status: In active service
-class missile boat
Builders:
Type: Missile fast attack craft
Displacement: 250 tons
Armament: 1 × Bofors 57mm/70; 1 × Bofors 40mm/70; 2 × Oerlikon 20mm/85; 4 × C-802 AShM
Powerplant: CODOG: 1 × GE-Fiat gas turbine, 2 × MTU 12V331TC81 diesels
Speed:
Ships in class: 4
Operator:
Commissioned: 1979
Status: 3 in active service
-class patrol boat
Builders: (Umoe Mandal)
Type: Guided-missile fast attack craft
Displacement: 274 tons
Armament: 8 NSM SSM; Mistral SAM; 1 × Otobreda 76 mm Super Rapid ; 12.7 mm machine gun
Powerplant: 4 P&W gas turbines, total power 12000 kW
Speed:
Range:
Ships in class: 1, 6 in construction
Operator:
Commissioned: April 17, 1999
Status: In active service
(Type 343M/Project 037-II)-class large missile boat
Builder:
Displacement: 478 tons
Operator: : 14 in service
(Type 240)-class missile boat
Builder: (Tito's Shipyard in Kraljevica)
Type: Fast attack craft
Displacement: 271 tons
Armament: 2 SS-N-2 Styx SSM; 2 Bofors 57 mm (2.2 in)/70 Mk1 gun
Speed:
Range:
Ships in class: 6
Operator: : 1 in service
Commissioned: April 1977
Status: In active service
-class missile boat
Builder: (Shipyard in Kraljevica)
Type: Fast attack craft
Displacement: 390 tons
Armament: 4–8 × RBS-15 SSM; 2 Bofors /70 Mk1 gun; 1 AK-630 CIWS
Powerplant: 3 M504-B2 diesel engines
Speed:
Range:
Ships in class: 2
Operator: : 2 in service
Commissioned: June 1992
Status: In active service
-class missile boat
Builder:
Displacement: 320 tons
Operators:
: 1 (of 4 delivered in the 1950s)
-class missile boat
Builder:
Displacement: 245 tons
Operators:
: 4 Osa II of a number delivered in service, limited operational use
: 38 Osa I and local Huangfeng version in service of 104 acquired
: 5 Huangfeng class made by China
: 4 Osa II in service as fast minelayers
: 1 Osa I of several remaining in service as a patrol boat
: 8 Osa II in service
-class missile boat
Builders: (Aker Finnyards in Rauma)
Type: Guided-missile fast attack craft
Displacement: 248 tons
Armament: 6 RBS-15 SSM; 6 Mistral SAM; 1 40 mm gun; 2 12.7 mm machineguns; 2 ASW mortar launchers;
Powerplant: 2 diesel engines; 2 water jets; total power
Speed:
Ships in class: 4
Operator:
Commissioned: 1990
Status: In active service
-class missile boat
Builders:
Type: Missile fast attack craft
Displacement: 460 tons
Speed:
Ships in class: 4 active, 2 under construction
Operator:
Commissioned: 2014
Status: In active service
(Project 1241.1 Molnaya)-class missile boat
Builder:
Displacement: 475 tons
Operators:
: 1 transferred in 1989 from the USSR
: 34 in service, including 1 Tarantul I, 5 Tarantul II, and 28 Tarantul III
: 1 transferred in 1997 from Russia
: 4 in service
Torpedo boats
Shanghai II-class torpedo patrol boat
Builder:
Displacement: 135 tons
Operators:
: 5 (of at least 6 delivered in the 1970s)
(Project 206 Shtorm)-class torpedo boat
Builder:
Displacement: 250 tons
Operator: : 2 in service of many built, plus one missile-armed variant Matka.
Patrol boats
-class fisheries patrol boat
Builder:
Displacement: 330 tons
Operator: : 3 in service for Greenland patrol
-class patrol boat
Builder:
Displacement: 49 tons
Operator: 16 in commission
-class patrol boat
Builder:
Displacement: 270 tonnes (aluminium construction)
Operator: : 14 in commission
(Project 1141.1 Sokol)-class patrol boat
Builder:
Displacement: 465 tons
Operator: : 1 in service, plus one modified variant Mukha
-class patrol boat
Builder:
Displacement: 155 tons
Operator: : 9 in service
Cyclone-class patrol boat
Builder:
Displacement: 350 tons
Armament:
2 × Mk 38 25 mm Machine Gun Systems
2 × .50 cal machine guns
2 × Mk 19 automatic grenade launchers
2 × 7.62 mm M240B machine guns
6 × FIM-92 Stinger SAMs
2 × Mk 60 quadruple BGM-176B Griffin B missile launchers
Operators:
: 13 in commission
: 1 in commission
-class patrol craft
Builders:
Type: Patrol Craft
Displacement: 246 tons
Armament: 2 × 12,7 mm Browning heavy machine guns
Powerplant: 2 × MTU 396 16V TB94 Diesel Engine @ 2.100 kW v/ 1.976 RPM with 2 × Propellers
Speed:
Range: at
Complement: 12-15 officers and sailors
Ships in class: 6 (HDMS Diana, HDMS Freja, HDMS Havfruen, HDMS Najaden, HDMS Nymfen and HDMS Rota)
Operator:
Commissioned: 2007–2009
Status: In active service
-class patrol boat
Builder:
Displacement: 393 tons
Operators:
Italian Coast Guard
Subclasses: Malta – P61 : Iraq – Saettia MK 4
Total ships planned = Italy: 5, Malta: 1, Iraq: 4
Espadon 50 patrol boat
Displacement: 410 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
-class fast patrol craft
Builders:
Type: Fast Patrol Craft
Displacement: 120 tons
Armament:
1 × Griffin Missile System with two (2) quad launchers
2 × SMASH 30mm Gun System (200 rds/min)
2 × Mk 93 .50 caliber mounts w/ Mk 16 tripod
Length: 35 meters
Range:
Speed:
Complement: 12 + S.O.F., 4 berth & 12 recl.
Ships in class: 2 RBNS Mashhoor (12) and RBNS Al-Areen (13)
Operator: Royal Bahrain Naval Force
Commissioned: 2 in 2021
(Standardflex 300 or SF300)-class patrol boat
Builder:
Displacement: 320 tons
Operators:
: 10 in service, 1 decommissioned in 2006
: as of 2008.11 1 in service, 1 on the way + 1 optional
-class fisheries patrol boat
Displacement: 680 tons
Operator:
Gumdoksuri-class patrol vessel
Builder:
Displacement: 570 tonnes
Operator: : 19 in commission
(Project 037)-class patrol boat
Builder:
Displacement: 430 tons
Operator: : Up to 100 in service, : Unknown number
(Project 037-I)-class patrol boat
Builder:
Displacement: 478 tons
Operator: : 20 in service plus more building
(Project 062-I)-class patrol boat
Builder:
Displacement: 170 tons
Operator: : 13 in service plus more building, : Unknown number
-class patrol boat
Builder:
Displacement: 160 tons
Armament:
1 × Mk 38 25 mm Machine Gun System
2 × M2 .50 cal MG
Number in service: 37
Operators: , , , ,
Marine Protector–class patrol boat
Builder:
Displacement: 91 tons
Armament:
2 × .50 cal M2 Browning machine guns
Sea Dragon, Sea Dog, Sea Devil and Sea Fox are additionally equipped with:
1 × remote control, gyrostabilized .50 cal M2 Browning machine gun
Number in service: 73
Operator:
(Type 171)-class patrol boat
Builder: (Shipyard in Kraljevica)
Type: Patrol boat
Displacement: 142 tons
Armament: 1 Bofors 40 mm (1.6 in) gun; 1 Hispano M-75 four-barreled 20 mm (0.79 in) gun; 1 MTU-4 9K32M Strela-2M; 2 double-barreled 128 mm (5.0 in) illuminator launchers
Powerplant: 2 SEMT Pielstick diesel engines
Speed:
Range:
Ships in class: 11
Operator: : 4 in service
Commissioned: 1980
Status: In active service
Omiš-class patrol boat
Builder: (Brodosplit, Split)
Type: Patrol boat
Displacement: 240 tons
Armament: Aselsan SMASH 30 mm SAM, 12.7 mm machine gun, MANPADS
Powerplant: 2 Caterpillar diesel engines
Speed:
Range:
Ships in class: 1 in service, 4 under construction
Operator: : 1 in service, 4 on order
Commissioned: December 2018
Status: In active service
OPV 54 patrol boat
Displacement: 375 tons
Operator: : 3 in service
-class patrol vessel
Builder:
Displacement: 375 tons
Operators:
: 10 in service as the L'Audacieuse class
-class patrol boat
Builder:
Displacement: 170 tons
Operators:
: 4 in service, : 3 in service, : 3 in service
: 2 in service, : 1 in service, : 1 in service
: 1 in service, : 1 in service, : 1 in service
: 1 in service, : 1 in service, : 3 in service
: 6 modified versions in service as the Protector class
-class patrol vessel
Builder:
Displacement: 350 tons
Operators:
: 5 in service
(Project 1241.2 Molnaya 2)-class patrol boat
Builder:
Displacement: 440 tons
Operators:
: 2 Pauk II in service, delivered in 1989 and 1990
: 4 Pauk I in service plus 1 Pauk II
: 1 "Pauk" in service
-class patrol boat
Builder:
Displacement: 545 tons
Operators:
: 4 of 6 delivered in the 1960s remain in service
-class patrol boat
Builder:
Displacement: 110 tons
Operators:
: 2 delivered in 1999
-class patrol boat
Builder:
Displacement: 24 tons
Operator:
-class patrol command boat
Builder:
Displacement: 450 tons
Operator: : 2 in service, built 1988
(Project 062)-class patrol boat
Builder:
Displacement: 135 tons
Operator:
: Up to 100 Shanghai II in service, including as many as 20 modified for minesweeping
: At least 8 in active service
Sentinel–class cutter
Type: Fast Response Cutter
Builder: United States
Displacement: 359 tons
Operator:
fisheries patrol boat
Displacement: 380 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
-class patrol boat
Builder:
Displacement: 125 tons
Operators:
: 4 delivered in 1995, all in service
: 3 delivered in 1994, all in service
Mine warfare vessels
Mine countermeasures vessels
-class mine countermeasures vessel
Builder:
Displacement: 1,400 tons
Armament: 4 × .50 cal machine guns
Operator: : 14 in commission
(Project 1266)-class mine countermeasures vessel
Builder: /
Displacement: 1,228 tons
Operator: : 2 in commission
-class mine countermeasures vessel
Builder:
Displacement: 762 tons
Operators:
: 9 in commission
: 2 in commission
: 2 in commission
Minehunters
-class minehunter
Builders:
Type: Minehunter
Displacement: 660 tons
Armament:
1 Bofors 40 mm/L70 dual purpose gun (currently upgrading to 1 MLG 27 27 mm autocannon)
Mine laying capabilities
Countermeasures
2 Barricade chaff and flare launcher
TKWA/MASS (Multi Ammunition Softkill System) (currently under procurement)
Powerplant:
2 MTU 16V 538 TB91 diesel-engines, 2040 kW
Ships in class: 10
Operators:
: 9 in commission
: 6 in commission
: 2 in commission
Commissioned: 1992–1998
Status: In active service
-class minehunter
Builders:
Type: Minehunter
Displacement: 635 tons
Armament: 2 Bofors 40mm/L70 dual-purpose guns (currently upgrading to 2 MLG 27 27 mm autocannons), 2 Fliegerfaust 2 surface-to-air missile (MANPADS) stands, Mine-laying capabilities
Countermeasures: TKWA/MASS (Multi Ammunition Softkill System) (currently under procurement)
Powerplant: 2 MTU 16V 538 TB91 diesel engines, 2240 kW
Speed:
Ships in class: 5
Operator:
Commissioned: 1990
Status: In active service
-class minehunter
Builders:
Type: Minehunter
Displacement: 426 tons
Armament:
1 × 23 mm ZU-23-2MR Wróbel II autocannons
2 × quadruple Strzała 2 AA rocket launchers
2 × depth charge launchers (optional)
Powerplant:
2 × Cegielski Works diesel-engines, each
Ships in class: 3
Operator:
Commissioned: 1999–2002
Status: In active service
-class minehunter
Builder:
Displacement: 620 tons, 697 tons
Operators:
: 1 in service, 2 on order.
: 6 Huon subclass in service.
: 3 Katanpää subclass in service.
: 2 Lerici class and 8 Gaeta subclass in service, 2 Lerici class in reserve.
: 4 Mahamiru subclass in service.
: 2 Ohue subclass in service.
: 2 Lat Ya subclass in service.
-class minehunter
The Osprey-class is a subclass of the
Builder:
Displacement: 900 tons
Operators:
: 2 in service.
: 2 in service.
: 2 in service.
: 2 in service.
-class minehunter
Builder
Displacement: 484 tons
Operators:
: 8 in service.
: 3 in service.
: 3 in service.
-class minehunter/sweeper
Builder:
Displacement: 440 tons
-class minehunter
Builder: , and
Displacement: 595 tons
Operators:
: 5 of 10 delivered from 1985 remain in service as the Aster class (3 sold to France, 1 to Bulgaria, 1 to Pakistan)
: 1 in service.
: 13 in service as the Eridan class.
: 2 in service as the Pulau Rengat class.
: 5 in service.
: 6 in service as the Alkmaar class.
: 3 in service as the Munsif class.
Status: In active service
Type 331 minehunter
Builder:
Displacement: 402 tons
Operators:
: 1 delivered in 2000
: 1 delivered in 1999
: 2 delivered in 1999
Type 394 inshore minehunter
Builder:
Displacement:
Operators:
: 2 delivered in 1997
Minesweepers
Agile-class minesweeper
Builder:
Displacement:
Operators:
: 4 in service as the Yung Yang class
Antares-class minesweeper
Builder:
Displacement: 340 tons
Operator: : 3 in service
Ensdorf-class minesweeper
Builders:
Type: Mine sweeper
Displacement: 650 tons
Armament:
1 Bofors 40 mm/L70 dual purpose gun (currently upgrading to 1 MLG 27 27 mm autocannon)
Fliegerfaust 2 surface-to-air missiles (MANPADS)
Mine-laying capabilities (60 mines)
Sensors:
Navigation radar
Hull-mounted DSQS-11 mine-detection sonar
Equipment:
Seefuchs mine hunting drones
GPS-Navstar navigation system
PALIS
digital data links
M 20/2 fire-control system
Powerplant: ** 2 MTU 16V 538 TB91 diesel-engines, 2040 kW
Ships in class: 5
Operator:
Commissioned: 1990–1992
Status: In active service
KMV-class minesweeper
Builder: and
Displacement: 644 tons
Operators:
: Planned acquisition of 4 remains in question
Kingston-class minesweeper (MM 700)
Builder:
Displacement: 970 tons
Operator: : 12 in commission
Kondor I-class minesweeper
Builder:
Displacement: 361 tons
Operators:
: 1 delivered in 1994 (former Meteor)
Kondor II-class minesweeper
Builder:
Displacement: 479 tons
Operators:
: 8 in active service
: 2 delivered in 1994 plus an additional parts ship
Lianyun-class coastal minesweeper
Builder:
Displacement: 400 tons
Operator: : Up to 60 in service
Natya-class minesweeper (Project 266 Akvamarine)
Builder: /
Displacement: 873 tons
Operator: : 6 Natya I as well as 1 Natya II for trials.
Seehund ROV (part of the TROIKA Plus system of the Ensdorf class mine sweepers)
Builders:
Type: Mine sweeping TROIKA Plus ROV (together with Ensdorf class minesweepers)
Length: 25m
Displacement: 99t
Propulsion: Schottel Z-drive
Max speed: 9-10 kn
Ships in class: 18
Operator:
Status: In active service
TROIKA PLUS: This system employs up to four remote controlled Seehund (sea dog or seal) drones which perform the sweep. The drones are small unmanned boats that can simulate the acoustic and magnetic signatures of bigger ships to trigger mines. Their small size and special construction let them survive the effects of exploding mines unharmed.
Seehund can be controlled remotely or manually by an onboard crew (usually 3) for maneuvering in harbours or in training (the Seehund is too large to be carried by Ensdorf class vessels). A life raft is carried for this reason.
Sonya-class minesweeper (Project 1265 Yakhont)
Builder:
Displacement: 450 tons
Operators:
: 4 delivered from 1981
: 19 in service
T-43 patrol minesweeper
Builder: /
Displacement: 569 tons
Operators:
: 1 delivered in 1960
: 40 in service, including locally built models, plus 3 modified as coastal survey ships
: At least 1 in active service
T-301 patrol minesweeper
Builder:
Displacement: 164 tons
Operators:
: 1 or 2 remaining
Vanya-class coastal minesweeper
Builder:
Displacement: 245 tons
Operators:
: 4 of many delivered from 1970
Minelayers
Hämeenmaa class minelayer
Builders: (Aker Finnyards in Rauma)
Type: Minelayer, escort and logistical support ship
Displacement: 1,300 tons
Armament: 8 Umkhonto-IR SAM; 1 57 mm gun; 2 23 mm doublebarrel guns; 2 RBU-1200 ASROC launchers; 2 depth charge rails; 100–150 mines
Powerplant: 2 diesel engines; 2 shafts; 6,300 hp total power
Speed: 20 knots
Ships in class: 2
Operator:
Commissioned: 1992
Status: In active service
Pansio class minelayer
Builders: (Olkiluoto Shipyard)
Type: Minelayer and logistical transport
Displacement: 620 tons
Armament: 2 23 mm doublebarrel guns; 2 12.7 mm machineguns; 100 mines
Powerplant: 2 diesel engines; 2 shafts; 1,500 hp total power
Speed: 11 knots
Ships in class: 3
Operator:
Commissioned: 1991
Status: In active service
Pohjanmaa class minelayer
Builders: (Wärtsilä in Helsinki)
Type: Ocean capable minelayer and training ship
Displacement: 1,450 tons
Armament: 1 57 mm gun; 1 40 mm gun; 2 23 mm doublebarrel guns; 2 12.7 mm machineguns; 2 depth charge rails; 150 mines
Cargo: 50 trainees (in place of mines)
Powerplant: 2 diesel engines; 2 shafts; 6,300 hp total power
Speed: 18 knots
Ships in class: 1
Operator:
Commissioned: 8 June 1979
Status: In active service
Amphibious warfare vessels
Amphibious assault ships
America-class amphibious assault ship (LHA-6)
Builder:
Displacement: 45,000 tons
Armament:
2 × RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile launchers
2 × Phalanx CIWS
7 × dual .50 cal machine guns
Aircraft carried:
AV-8B Harrier II
F-35B Lightning II
MV-22B Osprey
CH-53E Super Stallion
UH-1Y Venom
AH-1Z Viper
MH-60S Seahawk
Operator: : (2 in commission, at least 9 more planned)
Canberra-class landing helicopter dock (LHD)'
Builder: , Navantia.
Displacement: 27,500 tons.
Aircraft carried: standard, 6 helicopters. Maximum in hangar space, 18 helicopters.
Armament:
Radars: Giraffe AMB radar and Saab 9LV combat system.
4 × Rafael Typhoon 25 mm remote weapons systems
6 × 25mm Bushmaster chain gun
1 x coaxially mounted M240 7.62mm machine gun.
Nulka decoy system
Operators: , two in commission.
Dokdo-class amphibious assault ship (LPX)
Builder:
Displacement: 18,800 tons
Operator: : 1 in commission, 1 under construction
Hyūga-class ASW helicopter (carrier) destroyer
Builder:
Displacement: 18,000
Operator: : 2 in commission
Izumo-class ASW helicopter (carrier) destroyer
Builder:
Displacement: 27,000
Operator: : 2 in commission
Juan Carlos I landing helicopter dock (LHD)
Builder:
Displacement: 27,000 tons
Aircraft carried:
AV-8B Harrier II Plus
NH-90
MH-60
Eurocopter Tigre (Spanish Army)
Operator: : 1 in commission, , 2 in commission, : 1 under construction
Mistral-class projection and command ship
Builder:
Displacement: 21,300 tons
Operator: : 3 in commission, (2 Launched, Russian sale cancelled, sold to Egypt), 2 in commission
Wasp-class amphibious assault ship (LHD 1)
Builder:
Displacement: 40,500 tons
Armament:
2 × RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile launchers
2 × RIM-7 Sea Sparrow launchers
3 × Phalanx CIWS
4 × Mk 38 25 mm Machine Gun Systems
4 × .50 cal machine guns
Aircraft:
AV-8B Harrier II
F-35B Lightning II
MV-22B Osprey
CH-53E Super Stallion
UH-1Y Venom
AH-1Z Viper
MH-60S Seahawk
Operator: : 7 in commission
Dock landing ships
Albion-class landing platform dock
Builder:
Displacement: 21,500 tons
Operator: 2 in commission
Bay-class landing ship dock
Builder:
Displacement: 16,160 tons
Operator: , ( Royal Fleet Auxiliary), 3 in commission, , (1 commission in 2012)
Endurance-class landing platform dock
Builder:
Displacement: 8,500 tons
Operator: : 4 in commission (1 building)
Foudre-class dock landing ship
Builder:
Displacement: 12,000 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
Galicia-class landing platform dock
Builder:
Displacement: 13,815 tons
Operator: : 2 in commission
Harpers Ferry-class amphibious transport dock (LSD 49)
Builder:
Displacement: 16,500 tons
Armament:
2 × 25 mm Mk 38 cannons
2 × Phalanx CIWS
2 × RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile launchers
6 × .50 cal M2HB machine guns
Operator: : 4 in commission
Hsu Hai-class dock landing ship
Builder:
Displacement: 14,225 tons
Operator: 1 in commission (5 built)
Johan de Witt-class amphibious transport dock
Builder:
Displacement: 17,550 tons
Operator: : 1 in commission
Makassar-class landing platform dock
Builder:
Displacement: 11,394 tons
Operator: : 5 in commission
Mk IV LCU landing craft utility
Builder:
Displacement: 1,001 tons
Operator: : 7 in commission
Ouragan-class amphibious transport dock
Builder:
Displacement: 8,500 tons
Operator: : 2 (Retired in 2007)
Ōsumi-class LST amphibious transport dock
Builder:
Displacement: 14,000 tons
Operator: : 3 in commission
Rotterdam-class amphibious transport dock (L 800)
Builder:
Displacement: 12,750 tons
Operator: : 1 in commission
San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock (LPD 17)
Builder:
Displacement: 25,000 tons
Armament:
2 × Bushmaster II 30 mm guns
2 × RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile launchers
2 × Mk 41 eight cell VLS for quad packed RIM-162 ESSMs
Operator: : (11 in commission, 2 under construction, 1 Flight II ordered)
San Giorgio-class amphibious transport dock
Builder:
Displacement: 7,650 tons
Operator : 3 in service
Tarlac-class landing platform dock
Builder:
Displacement: 11,583 tons
Operator: : 2 in commission
Thomaston-class dock landing ship
Builder:
Displacement:
11,989 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 1 in service
Whidbey Island-class dock landing ship (LSD 41)
Builder:
Displacement: 16,300 tons
Armament:
2 × 25 mm Mk 38 cannons
2 × Phalanx CIWS
2 × RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile launchers
6 × .50 cal M2HB machine guns
Operator: : 8 in commission
Yuzhao-class (Type 071) amphibious warfare ship
Builder:
Displacement:
25,000 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 6 in service, 1 fitting out
Landing craft and landing ships
Balikpapan-class (LHC) Heavy Landing Craft
Builder:
Displacement:
364 tons (standard), 503 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 3 in service
: 5 in service
Barbe-class (Type 520) Landing Craft Utility
Builder:
Displacement:
430 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 2 in service
: 11 in service
BATRAL (Champlain-class) Medium Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
770 tons (standard), 1,300 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 5 in service
Dyugon-class (Project 21820) Small Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
280 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 5 in service
Hoyerswerda-class (Project 109, NATO reporting name Frosch) Medium Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
1,744 tons
Operator:
: 12 in service
Ivan Gren-class (Project 11711) Large Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
5,080 tons (standard), 6,000 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 2 in service
Jason-class (LST) Tank Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
4,470 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 5 in service
Kumbhir class (LST) Tank Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
1,120 tons (standard)
Operator:
: 4 in service
LST-117-class (LST) Tank Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
2,366 tons
Operator:
: 3 in service
LST Mk 2-class (LST) Tank Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
1,809 tons (light), 3,942 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 12 in service
: 2 in service
: 3 in service
: 4 in service
: 4 in service
: 2 in service 1 serve as an outpost
: 4 in service
: 1 in service
Magar-class (LST) Tank Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
5,665 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 2 in service
Newport-class (LST) Tank Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
4,793 tons (light), 8,500 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 2 in service
: 1 in service
: 1 in service
: 2 in service
: 2 in service
Ondatra-class (Project 1176, NATO reporting name Akula) Small Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
107.3 tons (full loaded)
Operator:
: 2 in service
: 4 in service
: 1 in service
Polnocny-class (NS-722) Medium Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
1,410 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 1 in service
Polnocny A-class (Project 770) Medium Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
800 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 2 in service
: 1 in service
: 3 in service
Polnocny B-class (Project 771) Medium Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
834 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 1 in service
: 2 in service
: 6 in service
: 3 in service
: 3 in service
Polnocny C-class (Project 773) Medium Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
1,150 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 2 in service
: 1 in service
Polnocny D-class (Project 773U) Medium Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
1,233 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 4 in service
Ropucha I-class (Project 775) Large Landing Ship
Builder:
Poland
Displacement:
2,200 tons (standard), 4,080 tons (full loaded)
Operator:
: 12 in service
Ropucha II-class (Project 775M) Large Landing Ship
Builder:
Poland
Displacement:
2,200 tons (standard), 4,080 tons (full loaded)
Operator:
: 4 in service
Runnymede-class (LCU 2000) Large Landing Craft
Builder:
Displacement:
584 tons (standard), 1,104 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 35 in service
Serna-class (Project 11771) Landing Craft Utility
Builder:
Displacement:
61 tons (standard), 99.7 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 1 in service
: 12 in service
: 3 in service
Shardul-class (LST) Tank Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
5,650 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 3 in service
Tagbanua-class (AT-296) Landing Craft Utility
Builder:
Displacement:
579 tons
Operator:
: 1 in service
Tapir-class (Project 1171, NATO reporting name "Alligator") Large Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
3,400 tons (standard), 4,700 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 4 in service
Teluk Bintuni-class (LST) Tank Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
2,300 tons
Operator:
: 2 in service, 7 completed
Vydra-class (Project 106) Small Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
258 tons (standard), 550 tons (full load)
Operators:
: 5 in service
: 2 in service
Vydra-class (Project 106K Saygak) Small Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
460 tons (standard), 610 tons (full load)
Operators:
: 2 in service
: 21 in service
: 2 in service
: 10 in service
: 2 in service
Yudao-class (Type 073) Medium Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
850 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 1 in service
Yudao-class (Type 073II) Medium Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
1,040 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 1 in service
Yudao-class (Type 073IIY) Medium Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
1,100 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 2 in service
Yudeng-class (Type 073III) Medium Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
1,460 tons (standard), 1,850 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 1 in service
Yuhai-class (Type 074) Medium Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
800 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 12 in service
: 1 in service
Yunshu-class (Type 073A) Medium Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
2,000 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 10 in service
Yulian-class (Type 079) Medium Landing Ship
Builder:
Displacement:
714 tons (light), 730 tons (standard), 833 tons (full load)
Operator:
: 23 in service
Air-cushioned landing craft
Aist-class (Project 12321, NATO reporting name "Dzheyran") Air Cushioned Landing Craft
Builder:
Displacement:
?
Speed:
max.
Operator:
: 6 in service
Griffon 2000TD Light-Weight Hovercraft
Builder:
Displacement:
3.5 tons (civilian), 6.8 tons (military)
Speed:
35 knots at sea state 3 (~65 km/h)
Operator:
: 1 in service
: 8 in service
Border Guard: 1 in service
Border Guard: 7 in service
Border Guard: 1 in service
: 4 in service
Marina de Guerra: 7 in service
Border Guard: 2 in service
Coast Guard: 3 in service
Royal Marines: 4 in service
Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) Air Cushioned Landing Craft
Builder:
Displacement:
87.2 tons (light), 182 tons (full load)
Speed:
max. 70+ knots (~130 km/h), full loaded 40+ knots (~74 km/h)
Operator:
: 6 in service
: 74 in service
LSF-II 631 Solgae''-class (LCAC) Air Cushioned Landing Craft
Builder:
Displacement:
157 tons (full load)
Speed:
full loaded
Operator:
: 3 in service
Zubr-class (Project 1232.2, NATO reporting name "Pomornik") Air Cushioned Landing Craft
Builder:
Displacement:
340 tons (light), 415 tons (standard), 555 tons (full load)
Speed:
max. , full loaded
Operator:
: 4 in service
: 2 in service
: 2 in service
References
Naval ship classes in service | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20naval%20ship%20classes%20in%20service |
The KORA All Africa Music Awards are music awards given annually for musical achievement in sub-Saharan Africa. The awards were founded in 1994 by Benin born businessman, Ernest Adjovi, after a discussion in Namibia with the country's President Hage Geingob who was then a Prime Minister. The award is named after the kora, a West African plucked chordophone.
The awards have been subject to several postponements since 1994 with a variety of reasons given. Problems have arisen with contracts signed, large sums of monies have been paid and the event postponed.
In 2011 Adjovi was detained by the Nigerian Police Force with allegations he defrauded three Nigerian bodies. In 2008 Adjovi allegedly accepted [US]$2.5 million for the 2008 Awards to be hosted by the Cross River State Government. He later allegedly struck an agreement with the Lagos State Government for US$7.5 million but the awards were not staged until 2010 in Burkina Faso. At those awards brothers PSquare were named Artiste of the Year and were awarded a cash prize of $1 million but the prize was not forthcoming.
The 2015 awards were to be held 13 December in Namibia and a launch event was held in Namibia in May 2015. They were postponed to March 2016 and Adjovi was paid N$23,5 million. The awards did not take place and the whereabouts of Adovi is unknown. Namibia is trying to recover the money.
Since its inception, the KORA Awards has been staged eleven times on the African Continent. For the first ten years (1996-2005 - 9 Awards), the ceremony took place in South Africa. It has since moved to Burkina Faso (2010) and Côte d’Ivoire (2012).
Winners have come from many different countries: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Comores, Côte d'Ivoire = Ivory Coast, Republic of the Congo = Congo, England, Ethiopia, France, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, île de la Reunion, Kenya, Mali, Mauitius, Morocco, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Réunion, Rwanda, Senegal, Seyschelles, South Africa, Sweden, Tchad, Togo, Uganda, United States and Zimbabwe.
Winners
References
African music awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kora%20Awards |
Zeb-un-Nissa () (15 February 1638 – 26 May 1702) was a Mughal princess and the eldest child of Emperor Aurangzeb and his chief consort, Dilras Banu Begum. She was also a poet, who wrote under the pseudonym of "Makhfi" (, "Hidden, Disguised, Concealed One").
Imprisoned by her father in the last 20 years of her life at Salimgarh Fort, Delhi, Princess Zeb-un-Nissa is remembered as a poet, and her writings were collected posthumously as Diwan-i-Makhfi (Persian: ديوانِ مخفى) - "Complete (Poetical) Works of Makhfi".
Early years
Birth
Zeb-un-Nissa ("Ornament/ Beauty of Womankind"), the eldest child of Prince Muhi-ud-Din (later, Emperor Aurangzeb), was born on 15 February 1638 in Daulatabad, Deccan, exactly nine months after the marriage of her parents. Her mother, Dilras Banu Begum, was Aurangzeb's first wife and chief consort, and was a princess of the prominent Safavid dynasty; the ruling dynasty of Iran (Persia). Zeb-un-Nissa was her father's favourite daughter, and it was because of this that she could compel him to pardon people who had offended him.
Education and accomplishments
Aurangzeb charged Hafiza Mariam, one of the women of the court, with the education of Zeb-un-Nissa. She seems to have inherited her father's keenness of intellect and literary tastes, because Zeb-un-Nissa memorized the Quran in three years and became a Hafiza at the age of seven. This occasion was celebrated by her father with a great feast and the declaration of a public holiday. The princess was also given a reward of 30,000 gold pieces by her delighted father. Aurangzeb paid the princely sum of 30,000 gold pieces to the ustani (an honorific title for a female "ustad" or well-regarded teacher) for having taught his cherished daughter well.
Zeb-un-Nissa then learned the sciences of the time with Mohammad Saeed Ashraf Mazandarani, who was also a great Persian poet. She learned philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, literature, and was a mistress of Persian, Arabic and Urdu. She had a good reputation in calligraphy as well. Her library surpassed all other private collections, and she employed many scholars on liberal salaries to produce literary works at her bidding or to copy manuscripts for her. Her library also provided literary works on each subject, such as law, literature, history and theology.
Zeb-un-Nissa was a kind-hearted person and always helped people in need. She helped widows and orphans. Not only did she help people per se, but also sent Hajj pilgrims to Mecca and Medina every year. She also took an interest in music and it was said that she was the best singer among the women of her time.
Aurangzeb's accession
When Aurangzeb became the emperor after Shah Jahan, Zeb-un-Nissa was 21 years old. Aurangzeb learnt of the talent and capacity of his daughter and began to discuss the political affairs of his Empire with her, listening to her opinions. It has been mentioned in some books that Aurangzeb sent all the royal princes for the reception of Zeb-un-Nissa each time she entered the court. Zeb-un-Nissa had four other younger sisters: Zeenat-un-Nissa, Zubdat-un-Nissa, Badr-un-Nissa and Mehr-un-Nissa.
Regarding her looks, "... she is described as being tall and slim, her face round and fair in colour, with two moles, or beauty-spots, on her left cheek. Her eyes and abundant hair were very black, and she had thin lips and small teeth. In Lahore Museum is a contemporary portrait, which corresponds to this description... In dress she was simple and austere; in later life she always wore white, and her only ornament was a string of pearls round her neck." Also with the way she dressed comes about her making an invention. "Zeb-un-Nissa invented a woman garment known as Angya Kurti. This was a modified form of the dress of the women of Turkestan. The modification was done to suit Indian conditions".
Zeb-un-Nissa lived in a period when many "great" poets were at the peak of their reputation; e.g. Mawlana Abdul Qader Bedil, Kalim Kashani, Saa'eb Tabrizi and Ghani Kashmiri. There is a noticeable influence of Hafez Sherazi's style on the poetry of Zeb-un-Nissa. However, she is considered as one of the poets of the Indian School of Poetry in Persian. "Zebunnisa was trained in the serious study of religious doctrine and in matters in faith, and she was known as an excellent scholar in several academic areas and as a literary figure and patron of some renown. She sang well and composed songs and planted many of the gardens of her day."
Zeb-un-Nissa selected "Makhfi" (which means "Hidden One" in Persian) as her pen-name in her poetry. In addition to her poetic book or collection of poems, called Diwan, which contains approximately 5,000 verses, she also wrote the following books: Monis 'ul-Roh, Zeb 'ul-Monsha’at (زیب المنشآت / زيب المنشئات, "Literary Compositions of Zeb") and Zeb 'ul-Tafāsir (زيب التفاسير, "Tafsirs of Zeb"), the first and only tafsir written by a woman. In Makhzan 'ul-Ghaib (مخزن الغيب), the author writes that the poetic book of Zeb-un-Nissa contained 15,000 verses. Zeb-un-Nissa encouraged compilations and translations of various works also.
Later years, imprisonment and death
There are multiple conflicting accounts offering explanations for the circumstances which ultimately led to her imprisonment at Salimgarh Fort, Delhi, at the edge of Shahjahanabad (present Old Delhi). In 1662, when Aurangzeb was taken ill and his physicians prescribed a change in the environment, he took his family and court with him to Lahore. At that time Akil Khan Razi, the son of his Vizier, was Governor of that city. In the following period, Akil Khan and Zeb-un-Nissa allegedly had a brief yet failed affair, after which Aurangzeb began to distrust her and later imprisoned her. Other theories suggest that she was imprisoned for being a poetess and a musician (both anathema to Aurangzeb's austere, more orthodox and fundamental way of life and thinking). Yet another explanation points to her correspondence with her younger brother, Muhammad Akbar. She supported the young prince in the inevitable ongoing conflict of succession, and was discovered to have written to him during the rebellion in 1681 AD (over the course of which, he had publicly accused Aurangzeb of transgressions against Islamic law). Her punishment was to have her accumulated wealth confiscated, her annual pension of 4 lakhs nullified, and that she was to be held prisoner at Salimgarh until her death.
It was here, after 20 years of imprisonment, that Zeb-un-Nissa died after seven days of illness, still captive in Shahjahanabad while Aurangzeb was on a trip to the Deccan. Conflicting sources state the date of her death alternately as 1701 AD and 1702 AD.
Her tomb was in the garden of "Thirty thousand trees" (Tees Hazari), outside of the Kashmiri Darwaza, the north gate of the city. But when the railway line was laid out by the British at Delhi, her tomb with its inscribed tombstone was shifted to Akbar's mausoleum at Sikandra, Agra. There is also a tomb in Nawankot, Lahore, Pakistan, but its authenticity is doubtful. Haroon Khalid infers that the apocryphal association of Zeb-un-Nissa with the tomb in Lahore came about after the defeat of rebel prince Dara Shikoh in the Mughal war of succession (1657–1661), with the supporters of Shikoh (who had spent time in Lahore) transferring their aspirations to the rebellious princess by connecting her with the tomb even though she remained buried in Delhi and later at Agra.
In 1724, years after her death, her scattered and extant writings were collected under the name Diwan-i-Makhfi, literally, the Book of the Hidden One. It contained four hundred and twenty-one ghazals and several ruba'is. Subsequently, in 1730 other ghazals were added to the manuscript, which was also illuminated.
Personal life
Zeb-un-Nissa did not get married and remained single her whole life, despite the fact that she had many suitors. This also came with the rise of speculative gossip about secret lovers and palace trysts.
Zeb al-Nissa had four other younger sisters: Zeenat un-Nissa, Zubdat-un-Nissa, Badr-un-Nissa and Mihr-un-Nissa.
Her grandfather, Emperor Shah Jahan, had betrothed her to her first cousin, Prince Sulaiman Shikoh, the eldest son of her paternal uncle, Crown Prince, Dara Shikoh. Shah Jahan had intended for her to become a future Mughal empress as Sulaiman was the heir to Dara Shikoh, who was next in line for succession to the Mughal throne after Shah Jahan. The marriage would have been a perfect match but did not, however, take place, due to Aurangzeb's reluctance; who despised his older brother. The King of Iran, Shah Abbas II's son Mirza Farukh also wanted to marry her. Many other proposals also came to her, but she demanded that before the fixation of marriage, she would see the princes.
Zeb-un-Nissa spent all her life on literary works and poetry, as she herself said:
In some books it has been written that there was a secret love affair between Zeb-un-Nissa and Aqil Khan Razi, a poet and the Governor of Lahore. However, others disagree with the prior theory. For example, in her poetic book (Diwan), some would argue that one cannot find a single Ghazal which supports this point, and that all of her poems are based on the Sufi concept of the Love of God.
According to certain sources, "dehumanizing" scandals (created and/or written by some foreigners) regarding the lives of Mughal ladies were not uncommon (during the post-Renaissance era). For example, a claim of: "A sordid episode of [Zeb-un-Nissa's] carnal romance with Aqil Khan Razi and his death inside a hot cauldron with burning fire under it, gained wider currency and was eagerly picked up by the... populace." However, other sources state that Razi lived long (as a government official) and died naturally.
Legacy
Her poetic book was printed in Delhi in 1929 and in Tehran in 2001. Its manuscripts are in the National Library of Paris, the library of the British Museum, the University of Tübingen library in Germany and in the Mota library in India. The garden which she laid out in Lahore itself and which was called the Chauburji, or four-towered, can still be traced by portions of the walls and gates remaining.
Ancestry
Sample translation
Her Ghazal tells the story of love:
You with the dark curly hair and the breathtaking eyes,
your inquiring glance that leaves me undone.
Eyes that pierce and then withdraw like a blood-stained sword,
eyes with dagger lashes!
Zealots, you are mistaken – this is heaven.
Never mind those making promises of the afterlife:
join us now, righteous friends, in this intoxication.
Never mind the path to the Kaabah: sanctity resides in the heart.
Squander your life, suffer! God is right here.
Oh excruciating face! Continual light!
This is where I am thrilled, here, right here.
There is no book anywhere on the matter.
Only as soon as I see you do I understand.
If you wish to offer your beauty to God, give Zebunnisa
a taste. Awaiting the tiniest morsel, she is right here.
Translated by Sally Lee Stewart, Elena Bell and Maksuda Joraeva.
Works
References
Bibliography
Chopra, R. M., "Eminent Poetesses of Persian", 2010, Iran Society, Kolkata.
External links
"The first fifty Ghazals of Diwan-e Makhfi" printed in London, 1913
"The Tears of Zebunnissa" printed in London, 1913
"Palace of Zeb-un-Nissa"
"Diwan e Makhfi -scanned poems collection of Zebunnisa in original Persian
The Friday Times: The poet princess – Sohaib Arshad discovers the diwan of Zebunnissa
Studies in Mughal India. Chapter-IV by Jadunath Sarkar
Story of Aurangzeb's daughter Zeb-un-Nissa at Navbharat Gold
1638 births
People from Aurangabad, Maharashtra
1702 deaths
Mughal princesses
Indian Sufis
Sufi poets
17th-century Indian women writers
17th-century Indian writers
17th-century Indian poets
Persian-language women poets
Persian-language poets
Indian women poets
Indian people of Iranian descent
People from Agra
Indian female royalty
Poets from Uttar Pradesh
Daughters of emperors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeb-un-Nissa |
Shifnal Town Football Club is a football club based in Shifnal, Shropshire, England. They have reached the 4th round of the FA Vase three times in their history. The team competes in the .
History
Although other clubs with similar names had played in the town since Victorian times, the modern incarnation of Shifnal Town FC was founded in 1964 as St Andrews Youth Club FC, based at Idsall School and initially playing in the Wellington and District League. They soon changed their name to Shifnal Juniors and in 1968 were promoted to Division Two, which they won at the first attempt and then successfully applied to join the Shropshire County Football League. In 1972 the club changed its name once again to Shifnal Town and in 1976 the team won the County League title and were elected to the West Midlands (Regional) League.
In 1979, the club, by now playing at Admirals Park, won promotion to the Premier Division. They went on to win consecutive Premier Division Championships in 1980–81 and 1981–82, with promotion to the Southern League only being denied due to a lack of floodlights.
In 1985 the club saw their lease on Admirals Park terminated and were forced to resign from the league and return to the County league, playing once again at Idsall School. Nonetheless, the club was able to purchase the land to build a new ground, Phoenix Park. At the same time, success in the County league saw them able to step up to the Midland Football Combination in 1993–94, with a successful first season enabling them to become founder members of the new Midland Football Alliance. Their best season at this level was their first, after which their performances declined until they finished bottom in 1997–98, and only avoided relegation as no clubs from the Alliance's feeder leagues were eligible for promotion.
The club finally succumbed to relegation in 2003, and spent three seasons back in the Midland Combination before a re-organisation of the leagues in the West Midlands area in 2006 saw them return to the West Midlands (Regional) League after an absence of 20 years, where they were crowned league champions at the first attempt.
In 2021 the club were promoted to the Premier Division of the Midland League based on their results in the abandoned 2019–20 and 2020–21 seasons. In May 2023, Connor Patterson was named new first team manager.
Honours
West Midlands (Regional) League Premier Division
Champions: 1980–81, 1981–82, 2006–07
West Midlands (Regional) League Division One
Champions: 1978–79, 2015–16
Club records
Best league position: 6th in Midland Football Alliance, 1994–95
Best FA Cup performance: 4th qualifying round, 1982–83
Best FA Vase performance: 4th round, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84
See also
Shropshire#Football
References
External links
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in Shropshire
Association football clubs established in 1964
West Midlands (Regional) League
Midland Football Alliance
1964 establishments in England
Shropshire County Premier Football League
Shifnal
Midland Football League | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shifnal%20Town%20F.C. |
A system in a package (SiP) or system-in-package is a number of integrated circuits (ICs) enclosed in one chip carrier package or encompassing an IC package substrate that may include passive components and perform the functions of an entire system. The ICs may be stacked using package on package, placed side by side, and/or embedded in the substrate. The SiP performs all or most of the functions of an electronic system, and is typically used when designing components for mobile phones, digital music players, etc. Dies containing integrated circuits may be stacked vertically on a substrate. They are internally connected by fine wires that are bonded to the package. Alternatively, with a flip chip technology, solder bumps are used to join stacked chips together. SiPs are like systems on a chip (SoCs) but less tightly integrated and not on a single semiconductor die.
Technology
SiP dies can be stacked vertically or tiled horizontally, with techniques like chiplets or quilt packaging, unlike less dense multi-chip modules, which place dies horizontally on a carrier. SiPs connect the dies with standard off-chip wire bonds or solder bumps, unlike slightly denser three-dimensional integrated circuits which connect stacked silicon dies with conductors running through the die. Many different 3D packaging techniques have been developed for stacking many fairly standard chip dies into a compact area.
SiPs can contain several chips—such as a specialized processor, DRAM, flash memory—combined with passive components—resistors and capacitors—all mounted on the same substrate. This means that a complete functional unit can be built in a multi-chip package, so that few external components need to be added to make it work. This is particularly valuable in space constrained environments like MP3 players and mobile phones as it reduces the complexity of the printed circuit board and overall design. Despite its benefits, this technique decreases the yield of fabrication since any defective chip in the package will result in a non-functional packaged integrated circuit, even if all other modules in that same package are functional.
SiPs are in contrast to the common system on a chip (SoC) integrated circuit architecture which integrates components based on function into a single circuit die. An SoC will typically integrate a CPU, graphics and memory interfaces, hard-disk and USB connectivity, random-access and read-only memories, and secondary storage and/or their controllers on a single die. In comparison an SiP would connect these modules as discrete components in one or more chip carrier packages. An SiP resembles the common traditional motherboard-based PC architecture, which separates components based on function and connects them through a central interfacing circuit board. An SiP has a lower grade of integration in comparison to an SoC. Hybrid integrated circuits are somewhat similar to SiPs, however they tend to use older or less advanced technology (tend to use single layer circuit boards or substrates, not use die stacking, use wire bonding for connecting dies/devices or Small outline integrated circuit packages instead of flip chip or BGA, use Dual in-line packages, or Single in-line packages for interfacing outside the Hybrid IC instead of BGA, etc.)
SiP technology is primarily being driven by early market trends in wearables, mobile devices and the internet of things which do not demand the high numbers of produced units as in the established consumer and business SoC market. As the internet of things becomes more of a reality and less of a vision, there is innovation going on at the system on a chip and SiP level so that microelectromechanical (MEMS) sensors can be integrated on a separate die and control the connectivity.
SiP solutions may require multiple packaging technologies, such as flip chip, wire bonding, wafer-level packaging and more.
Suppliers
Advanced Micro Devices
Amkor Technology
Atmel
AMPAK Technology Inc.
NANIUM, S.A.
ASE Group
CeraMicro
ChipSiP Technology
Cypress Semiconductor
STATS ChipPAC Ltd
Toshiba
Renesas
SanDisk
Samsung
Silicon Labs
Octavo Systems
Nordic Semiconductor
JCET
See also
System on a chip (SoC)
Hybrid integrated circuit (HIC)
References
Packaging (microfabrication)
Integrated circuits
Electronic design
Microtechnology
Computer systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System%20in%20a%20package |
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