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The Orange River Convention (sometimes also called the Bloemfontein Convention) was a convention whereby the British formally recognised the independence of the Boers in the area between the Orange and Vaal rivers, which had previously been known as the Orange River Sovereignty. This resulted in the formation of the independent Boer Republic of the Orange Free State (OFS).
Lead-up to the convention
During the Great Trek the Boers moved out of the Cape Colony seeking autonomy from British control. However, the expanding interests of the British colonial government soon caught up with the Boers when they annexed Natal in 1845. After settling across the Orange River, relations between the Boers and different groups between the Orange River and the Caledon River were extremely strained; particularly between the Boers and the Basotho. Sir Harry Smith, the governor of the British Cape Colony at the time, decided to annex the area and set out clear boundaries. The land between the Vaal River and the Orange River was annexed on 3 February 1848 and was officially proclaimed as the Orange River Sovereignty. The Basotho lost a vast amount of land due to this annexation and the Boers were enraged by this process. Major Henry Douglas Warden was subsequently forced out of Bloemfontein in June 1848 by a Boer group led by Andries Pretorius. In August 1848, Sir Harry Smith arrived with his army and fought the Boers in the Battle of Boomplaats. The British came out victorious and one of the boundary lines created after this battle was called the Warden line. This line divided territory between the British and the Basotho and stretched from Cornetspruit and the Orange River through Vechtkop to Jammerbergdrift on the Caledon River. This action led to a conflict between the two groups where Moshoeshoe I defeated the British in a battle known as Battle of Viervoet in 1851. The British government retracted their decision for annexation, claiming it was too expensive and difficult to maintain. In addition, the Boers wanted independence and threatened to side with Moshoeshoe I in a war against the British. The Boers were asked to send a delegation to a meeting with the British special commissioner Sir George Clerk in August 1853. This meeting was aimed at establishing some form of self-governance in the Orange River Sovereignty. When they could not agree, the Boers sent two members of their original delegation to England to try to convince the government to alter their decision.
Convention
On 30 January 1854, a royal proclamation was signed abandoning and renouncing all dominion in the Orange River Sovereignty. On 23 February 1854, the Orange River Convention officially recognised the independence of the area which was called the Orange Free State. The convention made no mention of Moshoeshoe I or what the boundaries between the Basotho and the Orange Free State would be. The convention was signed in a building now known as the First Raadsaal by Sir George Clerk, on behalf of the British government, and twenty-five representatives of the Boer people. The first two presidents of the Orange Free State Republic were later sworn into office in this building which later became a prominent symbol in Apartheid era education in South Africa.
For nearly 50 years following the convention the Boers had the right to govern themselves independently of Great Britain. It also temporarily halted the expansionist policies of Sir Harry Smith beyond the frontiers of the Cape Colony.
Aftermath
By signing the convention, the British renounced control not only over the Boers but also over the Basotho and the Griqua. Earlier British treaties with African chiefdoms in the area were nullified and the Boers were permitted access to gunpowder and firearms while Africans were not. Both the Sand River Convention and the Orange River Convention were seen as a turning point in the history of South Africa which contributed significantly to the circumstances which led to the two Anglo-Boer Wars.
References
Sources
Rosalie Schaffer, 'Succession to treaties: South African practice in the light of current developments in international law' (1981)
Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)
1854 in the United Kingdom
1854 in South Africa
1854 treaties
Treaties of the Orange Free State
Bilateral treaties of the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange%20River%20Convention |
Parangatu is a town in Goiás state, Brazil.
Geography
Parangatu is in its own microregion, Porangatu Microregion, of 226,766 inhabitants in an area of 35.287 km2; 426 km from the state capital, Goiânia. This microregion serves as a nucleus for eighteen municipalities in the north of Goiás state. The municipal seat is just west of the important interstate highway BR-153, which connects Belém with Brasília and just south of the state line with the state of Tocantins.
Important rivers are the Santa Tereza, Cana Brava, Ouro Pintado, Santa Maria and Gregório. The climate is hot, moist tropical, with frequent occurrences of a maximum of 40 °C. The average minimum is 21C, the maximum is 40 °C and the minimum is 21 °C. The elevation is 390 meters above sea level and the highest points are Serra da Sabina and Serra dos Picos.
History
The first settlement began in the eighteenth century with the discovery of gold in the region. Attacks from the local Indians, the Canoeiros, kept the settlement, called Descoberto, from developing. Until 1933 it was a district belonging to Pilar de Goiás, when it became part of the municipality of Santana, later changed to Uruaçu. In 1943 Descoberto was changed to Porangatu, from Tupi-Guarani, meaning "poran", beautiful, and "gatu", landscape. In 1948 it was dismembered from Uruaçu. With the building of the Belém to Brasília highway (BR-153) in 1958 Porangatu grew quickly to become the most important commercial center of this new region that was opening up to migrants from the south.
Political information
Mayor: José Osvaldo da Silva (January 2005)
Eligible voters: 28,739 (December 2007)
City council: 9 members
Demographic information
Population density: 8.14 inhabitants/km2 (2007)
Urban population: 33,077(2007)
Rural population: 6,161 (2007)
Population growth or loss: a gain of about 5,500 people since 1980 -0,45% decrease 1996/2007
Economic information
The economy is based on agriculture, cattle raising, services, public administration, and small transformation industries.
Most of the economy is dependent on cattle raising and agriculture, but in recent years the region has attracted medium size industries. Porangatu is today the commercial center for the north of Goiás receiving people from all the neighboring region to buy its products. Commerce employed 2,065 people in 2005.
Industrial units: 75 (2007)
Commercial units: 432 (2007)
Bank agencies: Banco do Brasil S.A. - BRADESCO S.A. - Banco Itaú S.A. - CEF.
(August 2007)
Dairy: - LACEL - Laticínios Ceres Ltda. - Agroindústria Camapum Ltda (22/05/2006)
Meat packing plant: FRIRAL - Frigorífico Fronteiras Ltda.; - HBC Comércio e Representações Ltda. (22/05/2006)
Motor vehicles: 4,810 automobiles (2007)
Agricultural Data (2006)
Farms: 1,532
Total agricultural Area: 395,310 hectares
Permanent Planted Area: 331 hectares
Temporary Planted Area: 5,823 hectares
Natural Pasture: 267,860 hectares
Woodland and Forest: 113,655 hectares
Workers related to the farm owner: 2,717
Workers not related to the farm owner: 1,022 (IBGE)
Cattle herd: 332,000 head (2006)
Main crops: rice (1,500 hectares) corn (1,400 hectares), and soybeans (2,000 hectares).
Education (2006)
Schools: 48 with 12,244 students
Middle school enrollment: 2,277 students
Higher education: Porangatu has a campus of the Universidade Estadual de Goiás with courses in the following areas: Biology, Mathematics, Geography, Humanities and Computer Science.UEG
Adult literacy rate: 80.5% (2000) (national average was 86.4%)
Health (2007)
Hospitals: 6
Hospital beds: 200
Ambulatory clinics: 18
Infant mortality rate: 32.75 (2000) (national average was 33.0).
Municipal Human Development Index 2000
Municipal Human Development Index MHDI: 0.761
State ranking: 52 (out of 242 municipalities)
National ranking: 1,562 (out of 5,507 municipalities)
Seplan Economic Development Index
The ranking was 110 out of 246 municipalities. See Seplan
Seplan Social Development Index
The ranking was 120 out of 246 municipalities. See Seplan
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
References
Frigoletto
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porangatu |
Hugo Meynell (June 1735 – 14 December 1808) was an English country landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1762 and 1780. He is generally seen as the father of modern fox hunting, became Master of Fox Hounds for the Quorn Hunt in Leicestershire in 1753 and continued in that role for another forty-seven years (the hunt is so called after Meynell's home, Quorn Hall in Quorndon, North Leicestershire).
Life
He was born the son of Littleton Pointz Meynell in June 1735.
Meynell pioneered an extended chase at high speeds through open grassland. Borrowing the pioneering breeding techniques of his neighbour, the sheep farmer Robert Bakewell, Meynell bred a new form of hound, with greater pace and stamina and a better sense of scent.
In 1762 Meynell was elected as one of the two Members of Parliament for Lichfield, after filing an election petition challenging the election of John Levett of Wychnor, Staffordshire. Meynell took the seat of Levett, a Tory. But apparently the Levett family held no grudge, because successive generations of Levetts were included in the Meynell hunts and became close family friends.
He represented three constituencies as Member of Parliament in the House of Commons between 1762 and 1780 (Lichfield 1762-1768, Lymington 1769-1774 and Stafford 1774-178) and served as High Sheriff of Derbyshire in 1758-1759.
He died in 1808, having married twice. He was succeeded as occupant of Quorn Hall and Master of the Quorn Hunt by his son Hugo, who died two years later after a hunting fall.
References
Further reading
Lewis Namier & John Brooke, The History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1754-1790 (London: HMSO, 1964)
External links
The Quorn Hunt and its masters
1735 births
1808 deaths
People from Quorn, Leicestershire
English hunters
Masters of foxhounds in England
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Lichfield
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Lymington
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Stafford
British MPs 1761–1768
British MPs 1768–1774
British MPs 1774–1780
High Sheriffs of Derbyshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo%20Meynell |
Echinodorus uruguayensis or Echinodorus osiris is a plant species in the Alismataceae. It is native to South America (Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile).
Description
Submersed leaves (5)-30-50 cm long, blades ribbon-shaped, green or darkly red-brown having undulate margins, (9)-20-30 cm long x 1 - 2 - (3) cm wide, trimmed with distinct pellucid lines. Emersed leaves rare, 20 – 50 cm long, petioles longer than the blades. Blades regularly ovate or oval, on the tip blunt, 7.5 – 13 cm long x 2 - 4.5 cm wide, having distinct pellucid lines. Stem upright or deflexed, (20)-30-(45) cm long, proliferous. Inflorescence racemose, rarely branching in the lower whorl, having (2)-4-(6) whorls containing 6 -12 flowers each. Bracts lanceolate, usually shorter than the pedicels, shallowly connate, 1 - 1.5 cm long. Pedicels 1.5 - 2 – 3 cm long. Corolla white, 1 - 1.5 cm in diameter, stamens 18, achenes 1 - 1.5 mm long, having usually 3 glands in oblique row in the upper part of the body.
Distinct varieties are sold in the trade which may or may not be this plant. Young growth is often reddish in colour.
Often confused with E. maior.
Cultivation
Not often available, which is a pity as it is well suited to submerse growth. Can be propagated by division, though it tends to grow slowly. Not fussy as to water conditions and will grow in sub-tropical temperatures, in which it seems to bloom more readily. Likes a nutriment rich substrate and good light levels. Additional CO2 helps growth.
It will bloom readily if grown emerse, but takes a while to form a new set of emerse leaves. This change from submerse to emerse growth is best done gradually.
References
External links
uruguayensis
Freshwater plants
Flora of Chile
Flora of Argentina
Flora of Paraguay
Flora of Uruguay
Flora of Brazil
Plants described in 1902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinodorus%20uruguayensis |
Riki-Oh: The Story of Ricky (), also known as Story of Ricky, is a 1991 Hong Kong martial arts splatter film written and directed by Lam Nai-Choi. The film is loosely based on the Japanese manga of the same name by Masahiko Takajo and Tetsuya Saruwatari. Saruwatari also co-wrote the film. The film stars Fan Siu-wong, Fan Mei-sheng (Siu-wong's real-life father), Ho Ka-kui, Gloria Yip, and Yukari Oshima.
Fan Siu-wong plays Ricky Ho Lik Wong, a young man who has super-human power and fighting abilities. Originally known in English as Story of Ricky, later releases were sold under the title Riki-Oh: The Story of Ricky. The film had a limited theatrical release in the United States in 1993. It is well known for its acting, story, extremely brutal and highly unrealistic violence, as well as its high camp factor and extremely poor English dubbing. The film is considered a cult film and has an approval rating of 89% on Rotten Tomatoes.
Plot
In 2001, when all prisons have been privatized, super-strong and durable Ricky Ho is sent to one for manslaughter after killing a crime boss responsible for his girlfriend's death. The prison is divided by cardinal directions, with each wing having a member of the "Gang of Four" ruling over it. Ricky is placed in the North wing, where he witnesses an inmate named Samuel disfigure an elderly inmate. Ricky partially blinds him, so he pays obese inmate Mad Dragon to kill Ricky, while the disfigured inmate commits suicide after Samuel stops his probation from clearing. Mad Dragon attacks him in the shower, but Ricky kills him and Samuel.
Fearing that Ricky may inspire the other prisoners to revolt, the one-eyed assistant warden "Cyclops" orders the North wing leader Hai to publicly execute him. Hai disembowels himself in shame when Ricky beats him and tries to strangle him with his intestines, forcing Ricky to kill him. The rest of the Gang murder Hai's godson when he refuses to take revenge on Ricky, so Ricky burns their opium farm. The Gang restrains Ricky, but before they can kill him, Cyclops learns that the warden is returning from vacation and forces everyone back to their cells. Cyclops floods Ricky's cell with cement, freezing him in place.
The warden and his spoiled son return and the former interrogates Ricky, but is interrupted when Tarzan, the East wing leader, bursts through a wall to fight Ricky. Ricky brutalizes him and the warden tries to crush them to death under the cell's hydraulic ceiling, though Ricky holds it off to try and save Tarzan rather than escape. The warden shocks him with a taser to make him stop, only for Tarzan to hold up the ceiling long enough for Ricky to escape before he dies. The warden orders Ricky buried alive for a full week and promises him freedom if he can survive, which he manages to, though the warden still denies him freedom and leaves him chained up in his cell.
An inmate sneaks Ricky his food, but a snitch informs Cyclops, who kills the man and taunts Ricky with his body. Enraged, Ricky breaks free, kills the snitch, and blinds Cyclops's other eye. The inmates riot and mutilate Cyclops, who the warden kills, annoyed with his incompetence. Ricky twists the West wing leader's limbs to neutralize him, while the South wing leader is killed by the warden when he flees in fear. Having gone too long without his medication, the warden transforms into a hulking creature that Ricky barely defeats by shoving him into a meat grinder. As the prisoners and guards fight, Ricky stops them by showing off the warden's decapitated head. He breaks the prison wall with his fist and declares "you're all free now" before walking away.
Cast
Production
Casting
Fan Siu-Wong was an upcoming martial artist slowing gaining attention in Mainland China and Hong Kong when he was approached by Golden Harvest after finishing filming "Stone Age Warrior." He claims he was picked up at the airport by Golden Harvest and immediately offered the main role in "Story of Ricky." Fan Siu-Wong signed up for the role before researching his parts, eventually finding out it was being adapted from an ultra violent Japanese anime, in which he was then shocked by the sheer violence and brutality of the anime. He initially was very nervous that nobody will like the film because of the blood and disgusting violence. Fan Siu-Wong eventually said the role of Ricky is still one of his most memorable and people in rural areas in China will often come up to him and talk to him about the movie and say stuff like "You were in "Story of Ricky" right?" He then says the violence is the ultimately the main reason why people still remembers the movie and why it is a cult hit among fans.
Style
The plot closely follows the events depicted in the original Japanese manga and its anime adaptation, with some minor modifications in certain instances.
The film is notorious for its excessive use of graphic violence and gore, primarily due to the fact that the lead character is practically invincible, has impossibly great strength and can virtually withstand all pain, which is partially explained by Ricky being a practitioner of a superhuman form of qigong. This leads to attempts by other characters to subdue him which end up being extremely gory and over-the-top.
Aside from the aforementioned head crushing and meat grinding scenes, most notable is a fight scene between Ricky and a knife-wielding prisoner named Oscar. During the fight, Oscar throws powdered glass in Ricky's eyes and then slashes Ricky's right arm. Ricky seemingly finished, smashes a water pipe and cleans his eyes, then uses his teeth and left hand to tie the veins and tendons in his arm back together. Oscar then charges at Ricky, but Ricky dodges and smacks him in the back of the head, popping one of his eyes out, leaving it to be eaten by crows. Seeing himself at a disadvantage, Oscar attempts suicide by seppuku. However, when Ricky approaches Oscar to try and stop the suicide, Oscar grabs his own intestines and wraps them around Ricky's neck in an attempt to strangle him, prompting the assistant warden to exclaim in the English dub: "You've got a lot of guts, Oscar!". Ricky then punches Oscar in the face, with an X-ray image showing the front of his skull shattering. The deceased Oscar crumples to the ground without so much as a visibly broken nose.
In another fight scene, Ricky punches and graphically breaks the Gang of Four member, Tarzan's arm, then lands an uppercut with such force that Tarzan's jaw is torn off. Finally, Ricky goes for the Coup de grâce and punches several of Tarzan's fingers off as he attempts to punch Ricky.
Another scene includes the warden's graphic death which depicts Ricky throwing him into an industrial meat grinder. Ricky pushes the struggling warden through the grinder, until his whole body is shredded and only his head remains. In that scene, so much fake blood was used that Fan Siu-wong could not wash the blood off his skin for three days.
The film's low budget shows in the scene where Ricky's girlfriend Keiko jumps to her death. For this scene, an obvious mannequin wearing her clothes is thrown off the top of the building, landing with a dull thud and a slight bounce. A dummy is also used in some scenes where there is a close up.
Reception
Box office
Riki-Oh received a Category III rating (viewers under 18 not allowed). It was one of the first Hong Kong movies to receive such a rating for non-erotic content. This rating greatly inhibited the film's ability to make money at the box office. The film grossed $2,147,778 HKD in Hong Kong. Despite the box office performance, Fan Siu Wong said that the movie was a major hit on rental since many kids who were not allowed to view it in theaters could now rent the film and watch it.
Critical response
On the aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, Riki-Oh has an approval rating of 89% by 9 reviews, and with an average rating of 7.1/10. Michael Atkinson of The Village Voice called it "a rather astonishing, starkly stylized blood flood set inside a privatized prison." Kurt Ramschissel of Film Threat gave the film 5 stars, saying that "the violence comes fast and furious and is just as outrageous and over-the-top as Sam Raimi or Peter Jackson ever were." J.R. Jones from the Chicago Reader said, "If you can handle the torrent of grisly violence, you'll find yourself royally entertained by this Hong Kong actioner."
Home media
In the U.S., Tokyo Shock released it on a bare bones DVD in 2000. In 2002, DVD was released by Hong Kong Legends in Region 2. In 2003, Fortune Star (formerly Mega Star), current holders of the Golden Harvest library from Media Asia, released a Remastered version of the film on a 3 disc set along with The Dragon from Russia and City Hunter.
The film was released on Blu-ray by Media Blasters in 2011. Riki-Oh: The Story of Ricky became available in its original Chinese with hard-coded English subtitles on Netflix's Instant Streaming service in mid-2012. The film aired on Turner Classic Movies on 2 November 2012 and 14 April 2013 as part of TCM Underground. In the UK, the film was first released on Blu-ray from a new HD restoration by Mediumrare Entertainment in 2015 before going out of print. In 2021, British distributors 88 Films released their own Blu-ray edition of the film with new remastered English subtitles and both Cantonese and English audio tracks.
Unofficial sequel
An unofficial sequel titled Dint King Inside King ( Story of Ricky 2 or Super Powerful Man) was released in Hong Kong in 2005. The film was never released in the United States or in Europe. Fan Siu-wong is again cast in the title role, and wears the camouflage poncho seen in flashbacks and in the manga.
References
External links
Riki-Oh 2 at Hong Kong Cinemagic
1991 films
1991 martial arts films
1991 black comedy films
1990s prison films
1990s science fiction films
1990s Cantonese-language films
1990s dystopian films
Films about giants
Films about miscarriage of justice
Films about suicide
Films about the illegal drug trade
Films set in 2001
Films set in the future
Golden Harvest films
Hong Kong films about revenge
Hong Kong martial arts films
Hong Kong prison films
Live-action films based on manga
Obscenity controversies in film
Hong Kong splatter films
Tokyo Shock
1990s Hong Kong films
ja:力王#力王 RIKI-OH STORY OF RICKY | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riki-Oh%3A%20The%20Story%20of%20Ricky |
Russian submarine K-336 Pskov ) is a attack submarine of the Russian Navy. She is named after the Russian city Pskov.
History
This ship, originally named Okun (Perch), was laid down as the last Sierra II-class submarine in 1990 at the Krasnoye Soromovo factory in Nizhny Novgorod. After the hull was launched in 1992, it was towed to the Sevmash shipyard in Severodvinsk for completion and sea trials.
The boat was commissioned in 1993, serving in the Russian Northern Fleet, based in Ara Bay, Vidyaevo. It was commanded by Captain 1st Rank Andrei Sapelkin, alongside Captain Lieutenant Viktor Petrashov, two of the most decorated leaders in the Russian Fleet.
On March 5, 2003, Pskov was being overhauled in a dry dock in Roslyakovo. The wooden scaffolding surrounding the hull was ignited by the welding work that was done to the ship, and a fire broke out. After 90 minutes, the fire was put out, and Pskovs outer soundproofing rubber coating was damaged. There were no casualties or radiation leakage. The submarine was believed to be operational again from early 2007.
In 2012 the submarine was overhauled again, and returned to active duty in 2016. The refit included a new sonar and replacement of uranium fuel in the submarine's reactor.
References
External links
Nuclear submarine on fire, Bellona
Type 945 "Sierra" class, Aeronautics.ru
RFS Pskov Webpage
Sierra-class submarines
Ships built in the Soviet Union
Ships built by Krasnoye Sormovo Factory No. 112
1992 ships
Ships of the Russian Northern Fleet
Submarines of Russia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20submarine%20Pskov%20%28K-336%29 |
Service with a Smile is a novel by P. G. Wodehouse, first published in the United States on 15 October 1961 by Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, and in the United Kingdom on 17 August 1962 by Herbert Jenkins, London. A condensed version of the story had previously been published in two parts in the Toronto Star Weekly, on 26 August and 2 September 1961.
It is the eighth full-length novel set at Blandings Castle, and features the unstoppable Uncle Fred in his fourth and final novel appearance.
Plot summary
Myra Schoonmaker is staying at Blandings Castle, her London season having been cut short by Connie. Connie is not happy that Myra wants to marry the impoverished East End curate Bill Bailey. Lord Emsworth is not happy with his sister, with his latest secretary Lavender Briggs and with the houseguest Duke of Dunstable. Adding to the unpleasantness, Lady Constance invites a party of Church Lads to camp out at the lake, young boys who enjoy taunting Emsworth.
When Connie says she will be away for a day having her hair done in Shrewsbury, Myra contacts Bailey, arranging to meet in a registry office and get married. Bailey, with his friend Pongo Twistleton and Pongo's Uncle Fred, waits at the selected spot, but Myra does not appear. Uncle Fred is an old friend of Myra and her father, and he likes Bailey. Fred then meets Emsworth, who is in London to attend the Opening of Parliament), and invites himself to Blandings to help Emsworth, the unhappy earl. He brings Bailey under the name of "Cuthbert Meriweather", an old friend returned from Brazil.
At the castle, Bailey and Myra are reunited, after learning each was waiting at a different registry office. The Church Lads trick Emsworth into diving into the lake to rescue one of their number, which turns out to be a log. This leads the Duke of Dunstable to again question Emsworth's sanity, always manifest in Emsworth’s affection for his pig. Emsworth, at Fred's suggestion, takes his revenge on the Church Lads by cutting the ropes of their tent in the small hours.
Dunstable plans to steal the pig and sell it to Lord Tilbury for £2000. Lavender Briggs proposes to do the work of stealing the pig for £500; Dunstable will not sign a contract, so she insists he make a clear verbal agreement. Briggs enlists the pig man Wellbeloved to help and she has a second assistant available. She goes to London to deposit the cheque.
Myra tells Uncle Fred that Briggs is blackmailing her beloved Bailey, as she has recognised him, into helping with the pig scheme. Before Fred can come up with a plan, Bailey confesses all to Lord Emsworth, who in his wrath fires both Briggs and Wellbeloved. Emsworth then relates all of this to his sister, including Meriweather’s true identity. Connie orders Fred and Bailey out of the castle; they stay, as Fred threatens to reveal to the county that Beach cut the tent ropes, which would lead to embarrassment and the loss of a superlative butler. Upset at her failure in finding a good match for Myra, Connie cables James Schoonmaker to come to her aid from his home in New York.
When George Threepwood tells Dunstable that he has photographed his grandfather in the act of cutting the tent ropes, Dunstable realises that Briggs is no longer needed, as he can blackmail Emsworth into parting with the pig with the photos. He meets up with Tilbury at The Emsworth Arms, where Lavender Briggs, returned from her day in London and unaware she has been fired, overhears him telling Tilbury he has cancelled her cheque; Dunstable raises the price for Tilbury to £3000 for the pig, which Tilbury will consider. After Dunstable leaves, Briggs approaches Tilbury, her former employer, with her offer to steal the pig for Tilbury at a lower price; he accepts and pays her. On leaving the inn, Briggs meets Uncle Fred, who tells her that Emsworth has fired her; he advises her to head back to London to deposit Tilbury's cheque. She wants this money to open her own secretarial service.
Schoonmaker arrives, answering Connie's request. Fred intercepts him at the railway station and takes him to the Emsworth Arms, where they catch up on old times. Fred informs his old friend of Myra's engagement to Archie Gilpin, which she did after breaking off with Bailey for his rash confession). Schoonmaker reveals he loves Connie, but lacks the courage to propose. Fred tells him that she has feelings for him, encourages Schoonmaker to propose to her. Later Gilpin tells Fred he has once again become engaged to Millicent Rigby, with whom he had had a minor falling out, and now finds himself engaged to two girls at once; he needs £1000, to buy into his cousin Ricky's onion-soup business and support his future wife. Fred encourages Archie to break it off with Myra.
Uncle Fred tricks Dunstable into thinking Schoonmaker is broke, and persuades him to pay out £1000 to get his nephew Archie out of his engagement to Myra. Fred persuades him that Bill Bailey is a more suitable match for Myra. Connie is in tears on hearing Myra is engaged to Bailey, which gives Schoonmaker the nerve to propose to Connie. With help from Lavender Briggs, Fred plays for Dunstable the tape-recording of him
scheming to steal the pig. In return for Fred keeping that quiet, Dunstable turns over the photos of Lord Emsworth to Fred. Fred keeps the tape so Dunstable will not stop the cheque to his nephew Archie.
With Bill and Myra off to a registry office, Archie back with Millicent and set up in business, Connie and Schoonmaker engaged and Dunstable well and truly scuppered, Fred smiles at the services he has done for one and all.
Characters
Lord Emsworth, absent-minded master of Blandings Castle
Lady Constance Keeble, Emsworth's domineering sister
George Threepwood, Emsworth's grandson
Lavender Briggs, Emsworth's latest efficient secretary
Empress of Blandings, Emsworth's cherished prize pig
George Cyril Wellbeloved, the Empress' keeper
Frederick Twistleton, 5th Earl of Ickenham, Uncle Fred, Emsworth's friend and protector
Pongo Twistleton, Fred's put-upon nephew
James Schoonmaker, an American millionaire, friends with both Fred and Connie
Myra Schoonmaker, James' pretty daughter
The Reverend Cuthbert "Bill" Bailey, a curate friend of Pongo's, engaged to Myra
Alaric, Duke of Dunstable, a cantankerous peer
Archie Gilpin, Dunstable's handsome artist nephew
George Alexander Pyke, Lord Tilbury, publishing magnate and pig lover
Millicent Rigby, Tilbury's secretary, romantically entwined with Archie
Beach, butler at the castle
Publication history
The first US edition dust jacket illustration was drawn by Paul Bacon.
An excerpt from the book was included in the 1984 collection The World of Wodehouse Clergy, published by Hutchinson, London.
See also
Dunstable and Uncle Fred had both previously visited the Castle in Uncle Fred in the Springtime (1939), while Tilbury showed up there in Heavy Weather (1933), as well as appearing, like Uncle Fred, in several non-Blandings stories.
References
Notes
Sources
External links
The Russian Wodehouse Society's page, with a list of characters
Fantastic Fiction's page, with details of published editions, photos of book covers and links to used copies
Novels by P. G. Wodehouse
1962 American novels
American comedy novels
Herbert Jenkins books
Pigs in literature
Simon & Schuster books
British comedy novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service%20with%20a%20Smile |
LHX may refer to:
Light Helicopter Experimental, a 1980s United States Army project to replace old helicopter models, and whose helicopter candidates included a Bell/McDonnell Douglas design and the prototype Boeing/Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche
LHX Attack Chopper, a 1990 computer game that includes a simulation of a Light Helicopter Experimental helicopter similar to the RAH-66 Comanche
Luohe West railway station, China Railway pinyin code LHX
The stock symbol for L3Harris Technologies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LHX |
Thomas Fulton Bourdillon (1 May 1849, Madras – 19 December 1930, Bexhill-on-Sea) was a British-Indian botanist, who worked as a Conservator of Forests in the princely state of Travancore.
He came to Travancore (at present Southern Kerala) as a planter in 1871 and was appointed by the Travancore Durbar in 1886 as a special forest officer to explore the forests and to report on their resources. In 1891 he was appointed as Conservator of Forests, a position he retained till his retirement in June 1908. He was a keen botanist and an all-round forest officer. During his period, he brought the Department to a high state of efficiency.
In 1908, he authored the first book on the trees of the region The Forest Trees of Travancore. In 1901 he was admitted a Fellow of the Linnean Society. He also wrote about bird life to Allan Octavian Hume and contributed many articles on forestry to the Indian Forester. He worked in close association with other naturalists of his time including R. H. Beddome and Harold S. Ferguson.
Today there exists in Arienkavu on the northern side of Shendurney valley a place called Bourdillon's Plot which was the location of the first plot where teak was planted using stumps in 1891. This technique was developed to grow teak sustainably for the needs of the navy. This attempt to grow teak for the needs of the Royal Navy was started by Mr. H. V. Conolly, the then Collector of Malabar.
The tree species Aglaia bourdillonii, bird subspecies great eared-nightjar Eurostopodus macrotis bourdilloni and the blackbird Turdus merula bourdilloni are named after him.
References
External links
Bourdillon TF (1908) The Forest Trees of Travancore. Travancore Government, Trivandrum.
Bourdillon, T F (1892) Report on the Forest of Travancore. Travancore State.
Indian conservationists
1849 births
1930 deaths
Naturalists from British India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.%20F.%20Bourdillon |
General elections were held in South Africa on 12 June 1929. The National Party under James Barry Munnik Hertzog won an outright majority in the House of Assembly. Hertzog had the opportunity to form a government without the aid of the Labour Party. In fact the Pact government continued, with two ministers from the Creswell Labour faction remaining in office. The National Party remained the dominant party, for its second consecutive term.
Due to the split in the Labour Party, just eight MPs were elected for the party, of whom only four sat on the government benches. The leadership disputed between Colonel Frederic Creswell (of the Creswell Labour faction) and Walter Madeley (from the National Council Labour faction) following the split.
Delimitation of electoral divisions
The South Africa Act 1909 had provided for a delimitation commission to define the boundaries for each electoral division. The representation by province, under the fifth delimitation report of 1928, is set out in the table below. The figures in brackets are the number of electoral divisions in the previous (1923) delimitation. If there is no figure in brackets then the number was unchanged.
Results
See also
1929 in South Africa
References
Bibliography
South Africa 1982: Official Yearbook of the Republic of South Africa, published by Chris van Rensburg Publications
The South African Constitution, by H.J. May (3rd edition 1955, Juta & Co)
General elections in South Africa
South Africa
General
South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929%20South%20African%20general%20election |
Shakthi TV () is the first Tamil television service of Sri Lanka. It is the number one Tamil station in Sri Lanka. This general entertainment channel broadcasts serials, films, sports, current affairs, news and children's programs. It mainly airs programs from Sun TV (India). Shakthi TV is available worldwide through YuppTV.
Frequency and coverage
Shakthi TV broadcasts on a UHF frequency from 05.00 to 00.00.
Programming
References
Citations
MTV Channel
Tamil-language television stations in Sri Lanka
Television channels and stations established in 1998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakthi%20TV |
Robert John Maguire (14 September 1934 – 19 April 2023), also known as Robert John Thomas Maguire and commonly known as Father Bob, was an Australian Roman Catholic priest, community worker, and media personality from South Melbourne. From 1973 to 2012, Maguire was parish priest of Sts. Peter and Paul's Church in South Melbourne. Known for his social justice advocacy and care for the disadvantaged members of society, Maguire was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in 1989 for his services to homeless people through the Open Family Foundation.
Maguire remained active in community work in his retirement, as the Chairman of The Fr Bob Maguire Foundation.
Early life and education
Robert John Maguire was born on 14 September 1934 in the Melbourne suburb of Thornbury. His father, James Maguire, was a violent alcoholic who migrated from Glasgow in 1922. His mother, Annie (née McLaughlin), from Edinburgh, was usually the subject of her husband's beatings, which frequently left her "cut, bloodied and bruised". Maguire's only memory of his father taking any notice of him was when "he'd been away and when he came home, he beat me with his belt".
Maguire was the youngest of four children. His eldest sibling was Eileen, then Kathleen, then James (Jim), who was eight years older. The family had to move house a number of times when all of the rent money was spent on drink. The family was very poor, and the young Maguire had to borrow his brother's old services overcoat to hide the holes in the clothes he wore to school, and he rarely had socks. He "looked up to his long-suffering mum" and saw her as a "model of Christian piety".
Maguire attended Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Primary School in Armadale from 1940 to 1947, and became an altar boy when he turned eight. Maguire received a scholarship from the RSL to attend the private school Christian Brothers College, St Kilda from 1948 to 1953.
His sister Kathleen died from tuberculosis in 1945, when he was 11. His father died from lung cancer in 1948, and his mother died in 1950, aged 61, leaving Maguire orphaned at 15.
Upon confirmation in the Catholic Church, per custom, he adopted the confirmation name Thomas and became Robert John Thomas Maguire.
Priesthood
In 1953, at age 18, Maguire began studying theology at Corpus Christi College, Melbourne, where he received his training for the priesthood. During this time he was a beekeeper, which he described as "one of the finest periods of my life". He was ordained on 24 July 1960 at age 25.
In 1965, Maguire joined the Australian Army Reserve. During the Vietnam War era, as a lieutenant colonel, he was commanding officer of the Character Training Unit for young officers.
From 1973 to 2012, Maguire was parish priest of Sts. Peter and Paul's Church in South Melbourne.
Other activities
Father Bob Maguire Foundation
The Father Bob Maguire Foundation began in 2003 "in an attempt to gather all my social investments together under one Board of Governance". The "Bob Squad" is the Father Bob Maguire Foundation's volunteer fund-raising and welfare provision arm, which is styled on and inspired by Maguire's sense of revolutionary approach to social justice. Its slogan is "Viva La Bob" and social media activity were designed to suggest a similarity to the activities of Che Guevara and Martin Luther King Jr. In the mid-1980s, Maguire started Open Family Australia, providing aid to the street children of Melbourne.
Maguire remained as the chairman of The Fr Bob Maguire Foundation after retirement. The Foundation, which operates within the City of Port Phillip, is engaged in the local community as a grassroots organisation, and conducts such activities as delivering meals, providing food from its pantry, and social advocacy.
Social justice and other community work
"Father Bob", as he was affectionately called, was known as a "social justice warrior", one who cared deeply about the well-being of the poor, disadvantaged, the homeless, and other vulnerable members of society.
Maguire was the patron of Dance World, a local dance studio that offers scholarships and opportunities to local children. Maguire was previously chairman of Open Family and involved in Emerald Hill Mission, having been an integral part of the establishment of both organisations. According to Maguire, the most important funeral he ever conducted was that of Victor Peirce.
Media work
Maguire hosted a radio show on Melbourne radio station 3AW.
He made a guest appearance on the SBS television program John Safran vs God with the Melbourne satirist and documentarian John Safran. From November 2005 to January 2006, he joined Safran as co-host of Speaking in Tongues on SBS television. He was a co-host of Sunday Night Safran on Australian national youth radio station Triple J on Sunday nights and accumulated more than 120,000 followers on Twitter.
In October 2009 Maguire started working as a judge for the public speaking contest Strictly Speaking, which aired in late 2010. He joined other judges, including Jean Kittson and host Andrew Hansen.
Later life
On 7 September 2009, Maguire announced on his blog that he had been contacted by church authorities and asked to tender his resignation on his upcoming 75th birthday. He replied with a public announcement that he would leave the decision of whether he should stay or go to his congregation. Maguire was finally forced to retire at age 77. He held his last church service on 29 January 2012 at Sts. Peter and Paul's Church in South Melbourne. It was reported as standing room only with at least 1,000 in attendance.
Maguire's life and forced retirement was the subject of the 2013 feature-length documentary In Bob We Trust, directed by Lynn-Maree Milburn. The documentary premiered at the Melbourne International Film Festival on 27 July 2013.
He continued his work at radio station Triple J until the end of 2015.
Maguire died at Cabrini Hospital in Malvern, Melbourne, on 19 April 2023, at age 88.
Honours and awards
12 June 1989: Member of the Order of Australia, "for service to homeless youth through the Open Family Foundation"
2011: Victorian of the Year
2011 & 2016: Finalist for Senior Australian of the Year
References
External links
Sunday Night Safran on Triple J (archived 2006)
Speaking In Tongues official website (archived 2008)
1934 births
2023 deaths
Australian Army chaplains
20th-century Australian Roman Catholic priests
21st-century Australian Roman Catholic priests
Members of the Order of Australia
Religious leaders from Melbourne
Triple J announcers
Australian people of Scottish descent
People educated at St Mary's College, Melbourne
People from South Melbourne | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Maguire |
Windows Image Acquisition (WIA; sometimes also called Windows Imaging Architecture) is a proprietary Microsoft driver model and application programming interface (API) for Microsoft Windows Me and later Windows operating systems that enables graphics software to communicate with imaging hardware such as scanners, digital cameras, and digital video equipment. It was first introduced in 2000 as part of Windows Me, and continues to be the standard imaging device and API model through successive Windows versions. It is implemented as an on-demand service in Windows XP and later Windows operating systems.
Overview
WIA is a very significant superset of the support for digital still imaging drivers that was provided by the Still Image Architecture (STI) in Windows 98. Whereas STI only provided a low-level interface for doing basic transfers of data to and from the device (as well as the invocation of an image scan process on the Windows machine through the external device), WIA provides a framework through which a device can present its unique capabilities to the operating system, and applications can invoke those features.
According to Microsoft, WIA drivers are made up of a user interface (UI) component and a driver core component, loaded into two different process spaces: UI in the application space and the driver core in the WIA service space.
Certain scanners support WIA.
Additional information
In 2002, Microsoft released the Windows Image Acquisition Automation Library Tool, which provides access to WIA functionality through programming languages and scripting environments that support OLE Automation.
In Windows XP, WIA runs in the LocalSystem context. Because of the security ramifications of running a service as LocalSystem whereby a buggy driver or malicious person would have unrestricted access to the system, the WIA service in Windows Server 2003 and Windows Vista operates in the LocalService context. This can result in compatibility issues when using a driver designed for Windows XP.
In Windows XP, support was added for automatic document feeder scanners, scroll-feed scanners without preview capabilities and multi-page TIFF generation. For WIA video, a snapshot filter driver is introduced that allows still frames to be captured from the video stream.
Windows Vista introduced Windows Image Acquisition 2.0. Windows Vista also has the WIA Automation library built-in. WIA2 supports push scanning and multi-image scanning. Push scanning allows initiating scans and adjusting scanning parameters directly from the scanner control panel. Multi-image scanning allows one to scan several images at once and save them directly as separate files. However, video content support is removed from WIA for Windows Vista.
Applications that use WIA
Photoshop
Paint.net
ACDSee
Chasys Draw IES
IrfanView
FastStone Image Viewer
Naps2 (Not Another PDF Scanner 2)
ORPALIS PaperScan
ScanSnap Home
ScanSnap Manager
Windows Scanner and Camera Wizard
Serif PhotoPlus
Microsoft Dynamics GP
See also
Image and Scanner Interface Specification (ISIS)
Standard for image acquisition devices (TWAIN)
Scanner Access Now Easy (SANE)
References
External links
Windows Image Acquisition (WIA): MSDN
What's New in Windows Image Acquisition (WIA) 2.0
Still Image Connectivity for Windows—describes WIA and compares it to Picture Transfer Protocol and USB mass storage methods for transferring images between a digital imaging devices and the computer.
Sample code creating a WIA utility class on codeproject.com
Try the HP Print and Scan Doctor for Windows—HP Support
Image scanning
Image Acquisition
Microsoft Windows multimedia technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20Image%20Acquisition |
Frozen Assets is a novel by P. G. Wodehouse, first published in the United States on 14 July 1964 by Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York under the title Biffen's Millions, and in the United Kingdom on 14 August 1964 by Herbert Jenkins, London.
Set in the publishing world, Frozen Assets is a romantic comedy revolving around English editor Jerry Shoesmith, who falls in love with American journalist Kay Christopher and must keep his friend, Kay's irresponsible brother Biff, out of trouble.
The story features the recurring Wodehouse characters publishing magnate Lord Tilbury and his devious lackey Percy Pilbeam. Minor characters include movie mogul Ivor Llewellyn, who appears in two Monty Bodkin novels as well as Bachelors Anonymous, and the solicitor John Shoesmith, from Money in the Bank and Ice in the Bedroom. Tilbury's niece Linda Rome works for Leonard Gish of Something Fishy.
Plot
On the last day of his Paris holiday, Gerald "Jerry" Shoesmith, editor of Society Spice, loses his wallet, which contains his keys. It is brought to an overly bureaucratic police sergeant, who will not return it for three days. American journalist Katherine "Kay" Christopher suggests he sleep at Henry Blake-Somerset's apartment, though Henry is cold and aloof. It is revealed that Henry is Kay's fiancé. Jerry tells Kay that he wants to marry her, but she remains with Henry. Kay's brother and Jerry's friend, Edmund Biffen "Biff" Christopher, is prone to drinking and getting into fights while drunk. He has fled Paris for London after punching a policeman. At Barribault's Hotel, Biff is served by waiter William "Willie" Pilbeam, whose son Percy runs a private detective agency, and whose niece Gwendoline Gibbs is secretary to Jerry's formidable employer Lord Tilbury. Biff discovers he has inherited millions from his godfather, Edmund Biffen Pyke, but on conditions that will be explained in a coming letter. In the meantime, Biff is low on funds and moves into Jerry's modest flat in Halsey Court. Once engaged to Tilbury's niece Linda Rome, Biff hopes to win her back. Tilbury was the late Pyke's brother and wants Biff's inheritance. Tilbury also loves Gwendoline.
Biff is struck by Gwendoline's beauty and joins Gwendoline and Percy for dinner. Biff gets drunk and plans to punch a policeman with a ginger moustache, so Jerry locks Biff in his room. The next day, Biff is grateful; he has learned his money is in a spendthrift trust and will not be given to him until he turns thirty, and he will get nothing if he is arrested before then. Biff's thirtieth birthday is in a week. Jerry hates editing a gossip paper, so Biff says that when he is rich, he will buy the intellectual Thursday Review and make Jerry editor. Coincidentally, Tilbury fires Jerry. Jerry briefly returns to Paris to retrieve his wallet and asks Kay to help watch over Biff. Biff reconciles with Linda and wants to reform for her. Tilbury hires Percy to get Biff arrested. Biff gives Gwendoline lunch to be polite. Percy wants to hire Biff to drink with a Russian spy called Joe Murphy (who is actually just a freelance journalist and heavy drinker). Biff declines, but changes his mind when Linda ends their engagement since she saw him with Gwendoline (though Percy later refuses to pay Biff). Percy informs Gwendoline about everything to warn her that Biff will not be rich. Kay comes to London, and she and Jerry see Biff return to the flat drunk and with a black eye. Jerry decides to steal Biff's trousers to keep him from going out and leave all their spare trousers with his uncle John Shoesmith. Henry suspects Kay loves Jerry.
Tilbury goes to Jerry's flat in the morning and tells Biff, who is in sleepwear, to split the money evenly, or else he will argue in court that the late Pyke was mentally incompetent to make a will. Tilbury leaves, and Jerry advises Biff not to agree. Jerry leaves after Biff realizes his trousers are gone. Tilbury returns, and Biff, desperate to see Linda, threatens him into giving him his trousers. Tilbury telephones Percy to bring him trousers, but Percy misunderstands and brings Gwendoline's dog Towser. Tilbury gives Percy his house key to fetch a pair of trousers, but Percy is offended by Tilbury's insults and instead sells his own trousers to Tilbury for a high price. Tilbury soon stops the cheque. Realising he has forgotten lunch with Ivor Llewellyn, who pays a lot to advertise in Tilbury's papers, Tilbury telephones Gwendoline. She told Llewellyn that Tilbury was at home due to illness, and suggests that Tilbury hurry home, since Llewellyn intends to visit. Tilbury thanks her and brings his solicitor, Cyril Bunting, to pose as the butler, since the staff resigned over Tilbury's bad temper.
Henry looks for Jerry, and Percy threatens him into giving him his trousers. Jerry and Kay approach the flat and Henry hides in a bedroom. He overhears Kay confess her love for Jerry. After Kay leaves, a boy employed by Percy delivers a pair of trousers, which Henry puts on before coldly exiting. Linda has married Biff. Biff does not remember how he got his black eye and thinks the police might be looking for him, so Linda hid him at Tilbury's house, since she thought it was unoccupied. At Tilbury's house, Biff threatens to tell Llewellyn about Tilbury's deception unless Tilbury takes only five percent of the inheritance. Tilbury grudgingly agrees. Percy comes because of the stopped cheque but gets locked in the cellar and arrested. Bunting warns that Percy can sue Tilbury. However, Gwendoline blackmails Percy out of it, and she gets engaged to Tilbury. The police are looking for Biff, but it turns out that the ginger-moustached policeman wants to thank Biff, who saved him in a brawl.
Publication history
The story was published in two parts in Playboy in February and March 1964, under the title Biffen's Millions. It was illustrated by Bill Charmatz. This serial was shortened from the book version.
The dust jacket of the first US edition was illustrated by John Alcorn. The first UK edition dust wrapper was illustrated by Payne.
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
The Russian Wodehouse Society's page, with a list of characters
1964 American novels
American comedy novels
American romance novels
1964 British novels
Novels by P. G. Wodehouse
Herbert Jenkins books
Works originally published in Playboy
Simon & Schuster books
British comedy novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen%20Assets%20%28novel%29 |
A pannenkoek (; plural pannenkoeken ) or Dutch pancake is a style of pancake with origins in the Netherlands. Pannenkoeken are usually larger (up to a foot in diameter) and much thinner than their American or Scotch pancake counterparts, but not as thin as crêpes. They may incorporate slices of bacon, apples, cheese, or raisins. Plain ones are often eaten with treacle (syrup made of sugar beets), appelstroop (an unspiced Dutch variety of apple butter) or (powdered) sugar and are sometimes rolled up to be eaten by hand or with cutlery.
Basic ingredients are flour (plain, self-rising or both), milk, salt, and eggs. The addition of buckwheat flour (up to 50 percent) is traditional, but much less common nowadays. Milk can be replaced with soy milk without changing the end result.
The ingredients are beaten into a batter of a fairly liquid consistency. A ladle of batter is then pan fried in butter or oil. Once the top of the pannenkoek is dry and the edges start to brown, it can be flipped over. The first one is often less than perfect. At home a stack of pannenkoeken can be made in advance so everyone can eat at the same time, or people can take turns at the stove.
Pannenkoeken can be, and often are, eaten as a main course, served warm; in winter pannenkoeken are sometimes eaten after snert in a two course meal. Pannenkoeken are a popular choice for a child's birthday meal in the Netherlands and Belgium.
Specialised pannenkoeken restaurants are common in the Netherlands and Belgium ("pannenkoekenhuizen" = pancake houses). They often offer a very wide range of toppings and ingredients, traditional and modern (e.g. cheese, oregano and salami on a pizza-pannenkoek).
Dutch and Belgian supermarkets offer pre-cooked (microwavable) pannenkoeken as well as pre-made batter and dry flour mixes. The latter only needs added water.
Regional variations
In South Africa, pannenkoek is typically used in singular: "Kom ons eet pannekoek" (Let's eat pannenkoek) (Pannenkoek is Pannekoek in Afrikaans and South Africa) It is served with cinnamon and sugar; the cinnamon sugar mix is sprinkled over the pancake which is then rolled up and—unless consumed instantly—will be wrapped in wax paper to maintain warmth. The cinnamon and sugar melts into this warm and soft treat. It is often prepared as you watch at church bazaars, school fetes, and most any outdoor event which serves freshly cooked food such as barbecue (braaivleis).
As a former Dutch colony, Indonesia also inherited the dish. It is locally known as panekuk and is often eaten with creams inside and sweet dressings such as honey, condensed milk, hagelslag, or simply sprinkled with sugar. It is also a common practice to mix the batter with sliced banana fruits.
See also
Crêpe
Clafoutis
Flaugnarde
Kaiserschmarrn, an Austrian version
Okonomiyaki, a Japanese savory pancake with many fillings
Pannukakku, a Finnish version
Palatschinke
References
Belgian cuisine
Dutch cuisine
South African cuisine
Pancakes
Indonesian pancakes
Dutch words and phrases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannenkoek |
David Glass (July 20, 1829 – July 17, 1906) was a Canadian lawyer and political figure. He was a Conservative Member of Parliament representing Middlesex East from 1872 to 1874.
He was born in Westminster Township, Middlesex County, Upper Canada in 1829, the son of Samuel Glass, who had come to Upper Canada from Ireland in 1819, and Eliza Owrey. In 1856, he married Sarah Dalton. Glass was called to the bar in 1864 and set up practice in London. He served on London City Council and was mayor in 1858 and 1865–1866. In 1876, he was named Queen's Counsel. He moved to Winnipeg in 1882, was called to the Manitoba bar later that year and was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba for St. Clements in 1886, serving from 1887 to 1888; he was also Speaker of the Legislative Assembly from 1887 to 1888. He retired from politics in 1888 due to poor health. Glass was solicitor for the city of Winnipeg. He was also master of the local Masonic lodge and a member of the Grand Lodge of Canada.
He later lived in Rossland, British Columbia and Spokane, Washington, where he died in 1906. Glass was buried in London, Ontario.
References
1829 births
1906 deaths
Mayors of London, Ontario
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Speakers of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba
People from Middlesex County, Ontario
Pre-Confederation Ontario people
Canadian King's Counsel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Glass%20%28Canadian%20politician%29 |
Chris Bigler (born February 11, 1949 in Zurich) is a Swiss retired businessman and poker player.
Bigler began playing poker in 1997 on a trip to Las Vegas and studied the game. He made the final table of the 1999 World Series of Poker (WSOP) $10,000 no limit hold'em main event, earning $212,420 for his 5th-place finish. He is the only Swiss player to have made the final table of the WSOP main event.
Bigler also made two final tables during the first season of the World Poker Tour (WPT), finishing 5th during the inaugural WPT event, and runner-up to Paul Darden in the Gold Rush event.
In addition, he has finished 2nd in two events of the Professional Poker Tour (PPT) and was a quarter-finalist in the 2002 World Heads-Up Poker Championship.
As of 2015, his total live tournament winnings exceed $1,425,000.
Chris Bigler has also worked as a senior poker consultant for several major online poker sites.
Trivia
Bigler is an avid skier.
Bigler's favorite movie is High Noon.
References
External links
WPT profile
Swiss poker players
1949 births
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Bigler |
Mutien-Marie Wiaux (also known as Mutien-Marie of Malonne; 20 March 1841 – 30 January 1917) was a Belgian member of the Brothers of Christian Schools, who spent his life as a teacher and is honored as a saint by the Catholic Church.
Life
Early life
He was born Louis-Joseph Wiaux in the small village of Mellet, now part of the town of Les Bons Villers, in French-speaking Belgium, to a devoutly Catholic family. The third of six children, his father was a blacksmith, while his mother ran a café out of their house. After the joviality of evening, where customers would enjoy the beer and card games, the family would end their day by praying the rosary together.
Wiaux was a gentle, obedient boy who was marked by his piety, leading his classmates to pray at their local church at the end of the school day. After he finished elementary school, he worked as an apprentice in his father's shop, where he found that he was both physically and temperamentally unfit for this career. The call to join a religious order, meanwhile, had begun to take root in his heart, and he considered following his brother into the Society of Jesus.
Christian Brother
The pastor of the town, the Abbé Sallié, however, spoke to the boy about the Brothers of the Christian Schools (commonly called the Christian Brothers), who were about to open a school in the nearby town of Gosselies. He went to meet them and was convinced that it was the way of life he wanted. He traveled to the city of Namur, where he entered the Brothers' novitiate on 7 April 1856, and received the habit that following July. At that time he was also given the religious name of Mutien-Marie ("Mutien" after the ancient Roman martyr Mucian).
Mutien gained the reputation of strictly living according to the Rule of the Institute. Nonetheless, his fellow novices enjoyed his company due to his reliable sense of humor.
On 8 September 1857 Mutien left the novitiate to teach at an elementary school the Brothers ran in Chimay, followed the next year by an assignment at another of the Brother's elementary schools, the Institut Saint-Georges in Brussels. In 1859 he was assigned to teach at the Institut Saint-Berthuin, a boarding school in the village of Mallone (now part of the city of Namur). He taught there for the next 58 years, until his death.
At first combining teaching with the spiritual life was difficult for Mutien, and his students were known as disruptive and out of control. His performance as a teacher was judged to be so poor that his superiors considered expelling him from their Order, a teaching one, for the good name of the school. But in time, with the help of the Brother who headed the Fine Arts Department, Mutien grew into an effective teacher and Prefect of discipline, known for his patience and piety. He taught music and art, a saint of sensibility not intellect. He was known within the community for being available to help with any need which arose, whether it was comforting a homesick student or going to the train station to meet a traveler unfamiliar with the city. He also taught catechism to the children of the town at the local parish church. He was known to spend whatever time he could in prayer before the tabernacle or at the grotto of Our Lady on the school grounds.
Death
Mutien-Marie enjoyed good health throughout his life, until November 1916 when he became noticeably ill and was sent to the house infirmary. He struggled to continue sharing the community's prayer routine. On the following 26 January, despite his weakness and the bitter cold, he was found praying at the communion rail before the Brothers' first prayer service of the day. He was clearly failing and the Brother Superior suggested that he return to the infirmary. He never left it again, dying on 30 January 1917. He was buried two days later in the Brothers' plot in the town cemetery of Malonne.
Mutien's fame began to spread after his death and miracles began to be attributed to his intercession.
Veneration
This reputation of sanctity lead to a large number of pilgrims to Mutien's grave. It reached such a degree that the decision was made to make his remains more accessible to the veneration of the public. With the opening of a process of canonization by the local diocese, his remains were moved on 11 May 1926 to a new tomb next to the parish church, right on the main street of the town.
Mutien-Marie was beatified on 30 October 1977 by Pope Paul VI. Subsequent to this, a shrine was built in his honor in 1980, and his remains were moved again, to a white marble tomb within the shrine. He was canonized on 10 December 1989 by Pope John Paul II.
Saint Mutien-Marie's feast day is celebrated among the Brothers on 30 January.
References
External links
Mutien-Marie at Patron Saints Index
Mutien-Marie at Catholic Online
Saint of the Day, January 30: Mucian Mary Wiaux at SaintPatrickDC.org
Louis Wiaux in ODIS - Online Database for Intermediary Structures
1841 births
1917 deaths
People from Hainaut (province)
19th-century Belgian educators
20th-century Belgian educators
Burials in the Province of Namur
Canonizations by Pope John Paul II
Belgian Roman Catholic saints
Canonized Roman Catholic religious brothers
Lasallian saints
19th-century Christian saints
20th-century Christian saints | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutien-Marie%20Wiaux |
Cross Timbers State Park is a state park in Woodson County, Kansas, United States. It is located immediately south of Toronto.
The park is settled within the hills of Verdigris River valley in southeast Kansas. Comprising in the northern region known to early pioneers as the Cross Timbers, the park is adjacent Toronto Wildlife Area and has numerous access points to the Toronto Lake.
This region was a favored hunting and camping ground of Native Americans of the Osage Nation. The forested flood plains are surrounded by terraces of prairie and hills of oak savanna.
Fishing in the river offers anglers an excellent chance at white crappie, white bass, channel catfish, and flathead catfish, black bass, bluegill, and sunfish. Species common to the area included white-tailed deer, wild turkey, quail, squirrel, rabbit, dove, and raccoon. The rich variety of songbirds appeal to wildlife observers and photographers.
See also
List of Kansas state parks
List of lakes, reservoirs, and dams in Kansas
List of rivers of Kansas
References
External links
State parks of Kansas
Protected areas of Woodson County, Kansas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross%20Timbers%20State%20Park |
London Buses route 7 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between East Acton and Oxford Circus, it is operated by Metroline.
It is currently London's only bus route along with routes 245 and N7 to run on hydrogen.
History
Route 7's history can be traced back to 1 November 1908, when an un-numbered daily route operating between Wormwood Scrubs and Liverpool Street station, was allocated route number 7. Between 1910 and 1920, route 7 was operated entirely by X-type vehicles. It was the only route in London to use these vehicles regularly.
On 14 August 1916, a supplementary Monday - Saturday route 7A was introduced between Wormwood Scrubs and London Bridge station. This route disappeared later in 1916 owing to Wartime shortages, but reappeared on 30 April 1917. During the 1920s, route 7 was extended to Acton and a 7B was introduced as a Waterloo station to London Bridge, Monday to Friday peak hours only service via Holborn.
On 1 December 1924, a new system of route numbering on London buses came into force under The London Traffic Act 1924. This gave the Metropolitan Police responsibility for bus operation and route numbering. Route 7 remained unchanged; the 7A was renumbered 107, and the 7B to 166. Short workings from Wormwood Scrubs were renumbered 7A. This situation remained until 3 October 1934, when the newly constituted London Passenger Transport Board instituted its own numbering system. Route 7 continued with an extension to Kew Green until 22 August 1946, when the 7A was revived from Acton to London Bridge.
Route 7 was withdrawn on 19 August 1958. From 14 October 1959, the old route 7A had its suffix removed, becoming plain 7. The service ran between Acton tram depot and London Bridge station via East Acton, Ladbroke Grove, Paddington station, Edgware Road, Marble Arch, Oxford Street, Holborn station and Bank station.
On 9 October 1963, the Saturday service of route 7 was extended from Acton to Kew Green to replace the withdrawn route 265. On 31 December 1966, the Saturday section of route 7 between Acton and Kew was replaced by route 27A. The rerouting of Red Arrow route 501 from Aldgate to London Bridge on 24 January 1970, resulted in route 7 being cut back to Bloomsbury near to Tottenham Court Road.
In 1992, the route was extended to terminate at Russell Square. The route was run with crew-operated AEC Routemasters for many years. These were replaced on 3 July 2004 by low-floor double-deckers released from route 25.
Due to the partial closure of Oxford Street for Elizabeth line construction works, the route has had its eastern terminus relocated from Russell Square to Oxford Circus on 16 June 2014.
Metroline was awarded the contract for route 7, taking over from First London on 23 June 2007 and has successfully retained the route with a new contract starting on 21 June 2014.
In May 2021, routes 7 and N7 became the first in London to use double decker hydrogen fuel cell buses. The new vehicles are Wright StreetDeck Hydroliners. The same year, the frequency of the service was reduced from 7.5 or 8 buses per hour to 5 buses per hour at peak times.
Incidents
A serious incident occurred on 13 June 1957, when a RTL-type bus on route 7A ran into a queue of waiting passengers on Oxford Street, killing eight people. The driver had collapsed with heat exhaustion.
On 30 July 1966, Routemaster RM1768, operating on route 7, caught fire at Marble Arch. The cause was an overheated flywheel. The driver, conductor and passengers all escaped without injury.
Current route
Route 7 operates via these primary locations:
East Acton Brunel Road
East Acton station
Hammersmith Hospital
Ladbroke Grove station
Westbourne Park station
Paddington station
Edgware Road station
Marble Arch station
Bond Street station
Oxford Circus station John Prince's Street
References
External links
Timetable
Bus routes in London
Transport in the London Borough of Ealing
Transport in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
Transport in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Transport in the City of Westminster | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20Buses%20route%207 |
Wadi Salih is a province of Central Darfur state of Sudan. On March 5, 2004, at least 145 people were killed by Janjaweed forces. It is South of Zalingei.
It is between Mukjar and Habillah regions.
External links
Geography of Sudan
Central Darfur | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi%20Salih |
Saint Savina () (died 311) was a Milanese martyr under Diocletian. Her feast day is the 30th of January. She gave aid to Christian prisoners and also ensured that they received proper burials after their executions, and for this reason she was martyred. Tradition states that she died while praying at the tomb of Saints Nabor and Felix.
References
External links
Savina at Patron Saints Index
St. Patrick Catholic Church Saint of the Day: January 30
311 deaths
4th-century Christian martyrs
4th-century Roman women
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savina%20of%20Milan |
Myra Tanner Weiss (May 17, 1917 – September 13, 1997) was an American Communist following Trotskyism, and a three time U.S. vice presidential candidate of the Socialist Workers Party (SWP).
Biography
Myra Tanner was recruited to the American Trotskyist movement in 1935, while at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. In 1942, she married Murry Weiss, also a member of the SWP. They were living and working for the Party in Los Angeles, and Myra Tanner ran for the mayor of Los Angeles in 1945 and 1949.
Myra Tanner Weiss was the SWP's vice-presidential candidate in 1952, 1956 and 1960, with Farrell Dobbs running for President of the United States. Later in life, she and her husband Murry Weiss became political supporters of the Freedom Socialist Party.
References
Members of the Freedom Socialist Party
1952 United States vice-presidential candidates
1956 United States vice-presidential candidates
1960 United States vice-presidential candidates
1917 births
1997 deaths
Socialist Workers Party (United States) vice presidential nominees
Female candidates for Vice President of the United States
Socialist Workers Party (United States) politicians from California
American Trotskyists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myra%20Tanner%20Weiss |
Hans Moser may refer to:
Hans Gmoser (1932–2006), Canadian mountaineer, whose name is often misspelled
Hans Heinz Moser (1936–2017), Swiss actor
Hans Joachim Moser (1889–1967), German composer and musicologist
Hans Möser (1906–1948), SS concentration camp officer
Hans Moser (actor) (1880–1964), Austrian actor
Hans Moser (director) (1944–2016), German movie director
Hans Moser (handballer) (born 1937), Romanian-born German handball player
, president of the Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland
Hans Moser (rider) (1901–?), Swiss Olympic rider
Hans-Werner Moser (born 1965), German football coach and a former player | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Moser |
CNEC Christian College (Chinese: 中華傳道會安柱中學) is a subsidised English Medium of Instruction school located in Kwai Chung, New Territories, Hong Kong. Founded in 1973, it is a Christian school.
Campus
The school, with a floor area 100,000 square feet (9,300 square metre), comprises three teaching blocks (namely Hoi Tak Complex, Hau Ching Complex and Tak Shing Hall) with lift tower installed, a new teaching purposed wing besides Hoi Tak Complex was also founded few years ago, a covered playground, two basketball courts with nine basketball nets, two volleyball courts, two memorial gardens and a six-lane running track. A gym room is renovated locating in the ground floor of the campus. The school renovated the outdoors sports ground during the academic year 2021.
Quiz Team
CNEC Christian College has long been famous for its Quiz Team (quizbowl) which has been joining every major quiz competition in Hong Kong since the 80s. According to unofficial sources, over 75% of prizes of the college were won by the Quiz Team.
The Annual dinner of Quiz Team is often held in August, in which current members and teachers in charge are in the list of invitation, distinguished alumni are also invited to join the high table.
The incumbent heads of the team are Mr. Ng Kar-Ho, Mr. Cheng Chi-Sing and Mr. Yip Gai Yik.
Student Council
Student Council of CNEC ("The Council") was established in the early 90s. The council composes of the Executive Committee and the representatives of all student organizations in the college. The role of student council is to be the bridge between the school and students. The council is obliged to serve both students and school authority by establishing a harmonious and effective learning environment.
The election of student council has been changed from the individual system to cabinet since 2014. The first elected cabinet is Stardust with 10 members.
The chairman of the council is also the one who holds and calls general meetings. General meeting is an official occasion that allows student bodies, including four houses, different clubs and society, to initiate and report events planned to be held. The initiations will be questioned in the course by council members and participating teachers. Approval or disapproval for the initiation of events is given after the polling of student body representatives.
Advising teachers will have a regular internal meeting with the student council executive members every month to keep updated with the operations of council and advise the initiated events held by council executives.
Some claim that this makes the advisors the authentically supreme leader of the council. They insist that advising teachers often unconstitutionally speak in the council and sometimes stop the hon. Councilors make statements therein as he might deem fit even though he assumes no seat in the council pursuant to the constitution. After all, the council executives committee members are those with the power to make the decisions but not the advisors. The dispute over who takes the lead in council is yet to be discussed.
Significant events held by Student Council are Singing Contest and the Variety Show. For the former event, it is an annual big activity for all students to participate. It is a platform for those who are interested in singing and dancing to showcase their talent. Participants in the forms of individuals, groups and class will undergo audition, semi-finals and finals to win the first place. The final is held usually with the variety show. Variety Show is hence an event composes of the final of singing contest and the talent shows of four houses, council members or members of clubs and societies. Besides, student Council is also responsible for Local Student Exchange Programme, Foreign Student Exchange Programme and daily stationary selling etc.
Public exams
CNECCC does exceedingly well in the field of Mathematics and Chemistry. For many years has CNECCC had 100% percentage of credit of Pure Mathematics (AL). Few years ago, 9 out of 20 students got an A in Pure Mathematics (45% percentage of distinction).
The percentage of distinction of Pure Mathematics in 2007 was 22.22% (4/18), while it was 15.38% in Queen's College. The percentage of credit of Pure Mathematics at the same year was 94.4%(17/18), while it was 73.08% in Queen's College.
Other schools of CNEC
Secondary schools
CNEC Lau Wing Sang Secondary School
CNEC Lee I Yao Memorial Secondary School
Primary schools
CNEC Ta Tung School
CNEC Lui Ming Choi Primary School
Recent actions
The 2019–20 anti-extradition bill movement prompted concern among students of CNECCC, who held the following events:
2 September 2019: Students sent flyers about The Extradition Bill before school and wore black masks when attending lessons.
3 September 2019: Students distributed The students held strike as an action to fight against The Extradition Bill.
6 September 2019: Students sang "Sing Hallelujah to the Lord" during recesses on every floor.
9 September 2019: Students organised a human chain (cooperate with students from Pope Paul VI College).
11 September 2019: Students organised a human chain on Sports Day.
11 November 2019: Students participated in a "Walk With You" protest, organised by five Kwai Chung schools, which marched through the Shek Lei neighbourhood of Kwai Chung before the school day.
References
External links
Official website
1973 establishments in Hong Kong
Educational institutions established in 1973
Kwai Chung
Protestant secondary schools in Hong Kong | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNEC%20Christian%20College |
Montaquila is a town and comune in the province of Isernia, in the Molise region of southern Italy.
References
External links
Montaquila | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montaquila |
Santa Maria Antiqua () is a Roman Catholic Marian church in Rome, Italy, built in the 5th century in the Forum Romanum, and for a long time the monumental access to the Palatine imperial palaces.
Located at the foot of the Palatine Hill, Santa Maria Antiqua is the oldest Christian monument in the Roman Forum. The church contains the earliest Roman depiction of Santa Maria Regina, the Virgin Mary as a Queen, from the 6th century.
History
Built in the middle of the 5th century on the north-western slope of the Palatine Hill, Santa Maria Antiqua is the earliest and most significant Christian monument within the Roman Forum. The church contains a unique collection of wall paintings from the 6th to late 8th century. The discovery of these paintings have given many theories on the development of early medieval art and given distinctive beliefs in archaeology. The church was abandoned in the 9th century after an earthquake buried the buildings; it remained sealed for over 1000 years until its rediscovery in the early 20th century. Therefore, Santa Maria Antiqua represents a key element for the understanding of the cultural and urban development of the Roman Forum from Antiquity into the first centuries of the Christian period. From 1980 to 2012 the monument was closed to the general public and limited to scholars who applied for a special visit. Following a conservation program carried out by the Soprintendenza per il Patrimonio Storico in partnership with World Monuments Fund, the church is now open for tours.
Santa Maria Antiqua is a ruined church in the Roman Forum, and is part of the Foro Romano e Palatino archaeological site which requires a ticket purchase in order to get access inside. The church itself is not always open to the public, owing to ongoing excavations which began 2004 under the aegis of the World Monuments Fund. Thanks to centuries of sealing off, its walls showcase a cycle of beautiful colourful frescoes depicting the Virgin Mary and Infant Jesus, popes, saints, and martyrs, thus forming one of the largest and most important collections of pre-iconoclastic Roman and Byzantine art in the world. These frescoes date to a period of iconoclasm when in the East, figures in churches were destroyed.
Pope John VII used this church in the early 8th century as the seat of the bishop of Rome.
The church was partially destroyed in 847, when an earthquake caused parts of the imperial palaces to collapse and cover the church. For this reason, a new church called Santa Maria Nova (New St Mary, now Santa Francesca Romana) was erected nearby by Pope Leo IV, on a portion of the ruined temple of Temple of Venus and Roma, where once stood a chapel commemorating the fall of Simon Magus. Santa Maria Antiqua suffered further damages during the Norman Sack of Rome (1084).
Prior to the present structures, the church of San Salvatore in Lacu, occupied by Benedictines, was located at this site, named because of its proximity to a site called the Lago di Gioturna. The church was assigned in 1550 by Pope Julius III to the Oblates of St Frances of Rome from the nearby Monastery of Tor de' Specchi. The church of Santa Maria Liberatrice (Sancta Maria libera nos a poenis inferni) was built in 1617 on its ruins of Santa Maria Antiqua. This refurbishment was patronized by Cardinal Marcello Lante della Rovere and utilized the architect Onorio Longhi. The church was decorated by the painters Stefano Parrocel, Gramiccia (Lorenzo?), Francesco Ferrari, and Sebastiano Ceccarini. The church of Maria Liberatrice, however, was demolished in 1900 to bring the remains of the old church to light.
Santa Maria Antiqua was closed for restoration from 1980 to 2016.
Byzantine frescoes
The heavily layered walls of Santa Maria Antiqua host numerous frescoes of varying artistic style and adaption during its time of intense decoration from the sixth to the ninth century. Each alcove, wall and altar can be attributed to different times and trends of style representative of its artists and patrons, including the Popes Martin I (649-653), John VII (705-707), Zachary (741-752) and Paul I (757-767). The amount of erosion and destruction makes obtaining an accurate record of the styles difficult. Using the fragments of the frescoes, archaeologists and historians have assembled a rough chronology of the decorations. Historians who study Santa Maria Antiqua often rely on contemporary churches to help create a chronology of styles and influences: in the case of Santa Maria Antiqua, this is less successful due to the fact that no other church from Late Antiquity has quite the same collection and evolution of styles through this time. The change of style at Santa Maria Antiqua is recognized through its layering of trends and styles.
Rome changed hands multiple times during Santa Maria Antiqua's use. The defeat of the Western Roman Empire by the Goths in the fifth century gave way to Byzantine and Lombard influence in the late fifth to mid eighth centuries. Artists from the Greek community surrounding the church had local influence, but there was also a Byzantine administration operating atop the Palatine Hill, at the base of which is Santa Maria Antiqua. This continual change in influences is thought to be a determining factor in the different styles in this church. Influences can also be traced through remaining inscriptions: Greek in Pope Martin I's (649-653) decorations, Greek and Latin in Pope John VII's (705-707) and completely Latin in Pope Paul I's.
The Palimpsest Wall, located in the sanctuary (number two on map) has at least six layers of decoration, representing different styles, dates and influences. The first two layers from the fourth to sixth century are of Ancient Roman Pagan mosaics, which quickly were replaced by the earliest frescoes of Santa Maria Antiqua. About two percent of these mosaics survive because they were overpainted with fresco. The third layer, c. 500-550, contains remnants of Queen of Heaven, the earliest association of this title with the Virgin Mary and the Pompeian Angel. It is on this layer that archaeologists note the turn toward Hellenistic or Byzantine styles and away from a traditional linear Roman style. Layers four and five, c. 570-655 see the complete take over of Hellenistic style from earlier Roman styles, asserting Byzantine influence in Rome. Layer six belongs to Pope John VII (705-707) who is responsible for the extensive repairs and decorations that currently survive.
Hellenistic style is notable for white highlighting and shadowing of hair and robes along with placing figures is stances of motion. Although many of the surviving frescoes at Santa Maria Antiqua are Hellenistic, they lack classical Hellenistic backgrounds of villas and columns. Instead, the backgrounds are more detached and neutral looking. Early examples often have the blackened pupils staring straight ahead with contour details on the face. The first stage of each frescoes involved penciling in outlines, then the darker colours would be added as clothing while the finer details were finished last. Hellenism began to manifest itself during the time the Pompeian Angel was painted and eclipsed the more Pagan styles by AD 650.
The eras of Popes Martin I (649-653), John VII (705-707) and Paul I (757-767) provide clear examples of the stylistic trends through their surviving decorations. The surviving frescoes exemplify the ability of the artists to incorporate different techniques and styles; consequently, these styles soon became unique as generations of artists formed specific skill sets for Santa Maria Antiqua to continue or discontinue trends seemingly at random.
The Martin I (649-653) frescoes are few but reasonably preserved. These in Hellenistic style as it had fully eclipsed the traditional Roman style by the time he entered office, which was after the Byzantines had taken over. Roman style was much less detailed: no contour lines or shading and very subdued backgrounds. The earliest Martin I decorations are the Church Fathers AD 649 who are expressing movement by having a leg lifted in the walking motion while their robes are draped and highlighted to exaggerate this effect. The Church Fathers are exemplifying more fluidity with their tunics swirling than compared to later frescoes but their faces are much stiffer, also compared to later frescoes. The precise date is referenced by a Greek inscription below as pertaining to the Lateran Council of 649 that condemned Monothelitism. Martin I was ultimately exiled for his condemnation of Monothelitism but John VII commissioned his image to be painted in the Presbytery (see map) with other images of popes in Santa Maria Antiqua. Martin I is depicted in Hellenistic fashion by white brush strokes shading his brown facial hair that is painted on a heavily contoured, emaciated jaw and he carries a jewelled book. He wears an ecclesiastical hairstyle that is balding, short and has a central lock of hair around the forehead. Martin I's eyes are not staring straight ahead with jet-black pupils as was typical of contemporaries, instead they are gazing downward and individualized. Most notably is that Martin I and John VII's images are clothed in the same colour paenula of light yellow with green underlay showing through, suggesting a sort of solidarity among the popes against the Byzantines, using art to convey political messages that the Byzantine decision to exile Martin I was wrong.
The period of Pope John VII (705-707) has the most surviving decorations. These provide examples of techniques used during Santa Maria Antiqua's extensive repairs and redecorations of the Presbytery, Chapel of Physicians (or Chapel of Medical Saints) and the Oratory of Forty Martyrs. John VII's ambitious projects can be partially blamed for the removal and destruction of existing frescoes as his artists often re-plastered the areas approximately 4.5 meters and up. Holes drilled into the walls at even intervals and levels remain to provide details of how this was accomplished in such small, cramped spaces. The artists would drill holes into the walls 9.3 meters above the floor to hold their scaffolding then spread intonaco(plaster) to reinforce and secure layers below the current working surface. Painting took place immediately after the intonaco was spread in order to allow the paint to seep into the plaster for a deeper effect. The same holes would then be drilled lower, 7.98 meters above the floor and the process repeated. Thus the majority of surviving frescoes in Santa Maria Antiqua were painted top-to-bottom instead of side-to-side or at once. Complex, detailed frescoes were needed where intonaco was spread because it would overlap with existing frescoes causing lines, easily shown in the details of Hellenistic styled frescoes. The new complex designs would help hide the lines and cracks that was caused by the intonaco.
The John VII decorations feature Hellenistic styles fused with earlier Roman linear styles. Although John VII's frescoes are adorned with breezy tunics, toned contours of flesh and animated expressions that individualized the saints, they are considered by archaeologists and historians to be strained in their movement. The artists posed them in conversation with quick hands and turned heads but their backs are "flat" against the background instead of turning inwards toward the conversation. An example of this detail comes in the form of Saint Hermolaus of Macedon in the Chapel of Physicians who is pictured with high, strongly contoured cheekbones, asymmetrical eyes, arching eyebrows with highlighted long, dark hair and a flowing beard. There are no known contemporary parallels to Santa Maria Antiqua's use of white highlighting that is common here. John VII's artists were very influenced by the Byzantines as they combine the transparency of Hellenism with denser, layered colours.
The most controversial figure from the period of John VII, Christ in the Adoration of the Cross/Crucified, located in the Triumphal Arch. This figure is approximately 2.5 meters high and poorly preserved: Christ's head, abdomen and left arm survive. Flanking Christ on the cross are angels, Saint John's head with halo and there is a crown of adoring followers dressed in different coloured robes at the foot of a cliff (believed to be Golgotha, from Matthew 27: 33). Christ's image does not conform to contemporary images or other portrayals of Christ by John VII: in Santa Maria Antiqua he is seen as having curly, short hair, lightly thatched facial hair and wearing a loincloth. Contemporary images show Christ having long hair with a long beard and wearing a colobium(a linen shift). The origin of this new portrayal is thought to have come from the coins issued by Justinian II after he reasserted Byzantine rule in Italy in AD 705. The coins were minted in Italy, and like the fresco, they depict Christ with short hair and a barely-there beard, following Byzantine fashion. Possible influence of the coins appears in Christ's eyes: like on the coin, they are wide open, staring straight ahead instead of shut or downcast. The existence of the loincloth was established by close examination of the fresco, which revealed a heavily contoured or muscled abdomen that would not have been consistent with fabric patterns of a colobium. From the two different images of Christ in circulation at this time, from the west and from the east, it is possible to suggest that the Byzantine artist community living on Palatine Hill by Santa Maria Antiqua held influence in the painting of the Adoration of the Cross/Crucified.
The 'Chapel of Physicians' or 'Chapel of Medical Saints' is another of John VII's works that survives, although poorly in comparison to his others. The chapel hosts numerous, life-sized saints with their common appearance of brown tunics, long, dark hair, long beards, wide open eyes, animated eyebrows and sandals, each saint is holding a scroll in their right hand and varying styles of surgeon boxes with black straps. These details are gleaned from the pieces of individual saints in the chapel, as no individual saint survives intact. There is no contemporary example of this chapel or a collection this diverse of medical saints. Originating around the mid seventh century, medical saints are believed to have encouraged people to stop seeking pagan cures for illness and turn to Christian prayers by identifying themselves with a particular saint. This would have been easily accomplished at Santa Maria Antiqua due to the diverse community surrounding the church and the diversity of medical saints, thus making religion accessible, relatable and understandable. Included in the collection of saints are: Saint Dometius of Persia, a hermit known for miracles, Saints Cosmas and Damian, physicians claimed to appear to the ill who prayed to them, Nazarius and Celsus, martyrs from Gaul. These icons are reproductions made for the easiest access to the Byzantine influenced practice of incubation (the notion that while sleeping in a church, one could see a saint or be cured of disease) that was popular in the early eighth century. The ease in accessibility of these medical saints of all different origins encouraged people to recover from illness in a Christian way, replacing any traces that Santa Maria Antiqua was associated with pagans but still continuing its reputation for being a place of healing.
The saints in Martin I's era were all in frames and sequences of movement with flowing designs, light colours and patterned backgrounds, John VII's era were still in frames of motion but they were more detailed: his designs were slightly linear in the old Roman style and his backgrounds were nondescript. Even though John VII's decorations conform to the Hellenistic style, they are showing a slow shift back to the old Roman traditions that are dominant in the decorations from the era of Paul I.
Paul I's (757-767) Saint Abbakyros in the atrium was created after the Lombards succeeded in destroying the Byzantine government in Italy and during the Iconoclasm period in the east. Saint Abbakyros is well preserved with hard, stiff brush strokes. His face has asymmetrical eyes with arching eyebrows, a wrinkled forehead and a beard. The finer details of eyelashes are indistinguishable from shadows, no highlights accenting his hair or beard and a stiff pose represent Roman bulkiness with this lack of detail. His mouth is a series of lines due to the lack of shading and detailing; Paul I's Saint Abbakyros clearly lacks the finder details of the earlier frescoes. The Hellenistic trend and Byzantine influence on art had seemingly wanted by this time, returning to a more Roman style. By simplifying the style, Paul I appeased those of Byzantine origin left in Rome who were in the throes of Iconoclastic debates.
The progression of styles at Santa Maria Antiqua started as pagan mosaics, turned into a classical revival of Hellenistic styles with fluidity, light, colours and motion that evolved into deeper colours and finer detail, finally morphing into less detailed and rigid: an almost backwards evolution. The shift in trends can correspond to Byzantine influences and tensions within Italy from the fifth to ninth centuries. Difficulties in establishing chronologies are the result of poor preservation, changes in style and the partial decoration or redecoration during each phase. Ultimately it was the Byzantine-influenced popes and artists at Santa Maria Antiqua who were most important; however, it is the artists' adaption of technique that survives as a tribute to their skill. Santa Maria Antiqua hosts a collection of frescoes in fragments that clearly make it one of a kind in Late Antiquity by its inclusion of all styles, techniques and influences or lack of influence as it does not quite fit with contemporaries.
See also
Roman Catholic Marian churches
Elisabetta Povoledo, "Early Christian Church in Rome Reopens to Public" New York Times, March 17, 2016. Retrieved: 2016-03-20.
References
Sources
Further reading
5th-century churches
Deconsecrated Roman Catholic churches in Rome
Churches of Rome (rione Campitelli) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Maria%20Antiqua |
The Hound of the Baskervilles () is a 1981 Soviet television film adaptation of Arthur Conan Doyle's 1902 novel The Hound of the Baskervilles. It was the third instalment in the TV series about adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson.
Production
The film features an all-star cast: in addition to the famous Livanov-Solomin duo as Holmes and Watson, the film stars the internationally acclaimed actor/director Nikita Mikhalkov as Sir Henry Baskerville and the Russian movie legend Oleg Yankovsky as Jack Stapleton. The hound uses the simple but effective device of painting a skull on the dog's face.
Cast
Vasily Livanov as Sherlock Holmes
Vitaly Solomin as Dr. Watson
Rina Zelyonaya as Mrs. Hudson
Borislav Brondukov as Inspector Lestrade
Irina Kupchenko as Beryl Stapleton
Nikita Mikhalkov as Sir Henry Baskerville
Alla Demidova as Laura Lyons
Sergey Martinson as Mr. Frankland
Oleg Yankovsky as Stapleton
Aleksandr Adabashyan as Barrymore
Svetlana Kryuchkova as Mrs. Barrymore
Yevgeny Steblov as Dr. Mortimer
References
External links
A page dedicated to the series
Films based on The Hound of the Baskervilles
1981 films
1980s Russian-language films
Lenfilm films
Soviet television miniseries
Films directed by Igor Maslennikov
1980s Soviet television series
Films shot in Estonia
Soviet crime films
Russian crime films
1980s television miniseries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hound%20of%20the%20Baskervilles%20%281981%20film%29 |
Philips GoGear is a series of small flash memory and hard drive-based personal electronic devices from Philips. The line includes digital cameras, digital audio players, and audio recorders. The GoGear line is named for the size of its products, all of which are rather small and portable. The digital audio players in the series were primarily designed to compete against the Apple iPod.
History
The GoGear brand was introduced in 2004, although Philips had been making digital audio players for several years prior. One of its well known players was the Philips HDD100 jukebox from 2003 which featured a 15 gigabyte hard drive.
Device synchronization
Like the Philips ShoqBox, the GoGear HDD0xx series of audio players are USB mass storage class devices and therefore support driverless file transfer on most systems; however, files transferred via this method will not be available for playback as they must also be added to a SQLite database. This is done automatically by a modified version of Musicmatch Jukebox included with the player, but alternative software has been developed to update the database. GOLB and openGoGear are two such utilities for Linux.
The original GoGear series (SA32xx) requires ArcSoft Media Converter software to transfer video files, however, audio files may be transferred via driverless file transfer over USB.
The GoGear ViBE, however, does not need any external device synchronization: no specific software is needed, and adding music files to it is as easy as putting the files in the right directory in a USB mass storage device.
Newer GoGear devices, such as the GoGear Aria and GoGear RaGa use Media Transfer Protocol for synchronization as well as the USB mass storage class.
Alternate firmware
The open source firmware project Rockbox has added initial support for the GoGear SA9200 series, and runs well on the HDD16x0 and HDD63x0 series.
See also
Philips ShoqBox
References
External links
Philips SA32xx-specific GoGear website
GoGear on Linux Boxes
openGoGear
Philips products
Consumer electronics brands
Digital audio players
Android (operating system) devices | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips%20GoGear |
John Henry George Forgeham (14 May 1941 – 10 March 2017) was an English actor known for his television work, notably the role of businessman Frank Laslett in the ITV series Footballers' Wives.
Early life
Born in Kidderminster, Worcestershire, Forgeham moved to Erdington, Birmingham as a child, and trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) on a two-year scholarship (1962–1964) from where he graduated with a RADA Silver medal for Best Performance student.
Career
Stage
He was a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) (from 1966 until 1972) and toured with the company both nationally and internationally. Whilst on tour in Australia he decided to stay longer than anticipated and founded the Globe Shakespeare Theatre in Sydney.
Television
His many TV credits include: The Avengers, Z-Cars, The Stone Tape, Crossroads (as Jim Baines) The Sweeney, Ivanhoe, Beau Geste, Minder, Footballers' Wives, The Professionals, Shoestring, Juliet Bravo, C.A.T.S. Eyes, Give Us a Break, Lovejoy, Bergerac, The Governor, Pulaski, Making Out, Nice Work, Prime Suspect, London's Burning, Casualty, The Bill, Doctors and as Reg Pendleton in the Heartbeat episode, Rumours.
Film
Film appearances include: The Italian Job (1969), Adolf Hitler: My Part in His Downfall (1973), Spy Story (1976), Sheena (1984), Pope John Paul II (1984), The Laughter of God (1990), King of the Wind (1990), The Young Americans (1993), Staggered (1994), The Road to Ithaca (1999), Kiss of the Dragon (2001), Mean Machine (2001), Torture Room (2007) and Dead Man Running (2009).
Later life & death
In 2004 he appeared in the second series of the ITV weight loss show, Celebrity Fit Club. He replaced Freddie Starr as team captain, but was demoted five weeks later, the role being taken by James Whitaker.
Forgeham died suddenly from internal bleeding after breaking a collarbone when falling out of bed at his care home in Worthing, West Sussex on 10 March 2017, aged 75.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1941 births
2017 deaths
English male film actors
English male television actors
Alumni of RADA
People from Kidderminster
Male actors from Worcestershire
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
Accidental deaths from falls | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Forgeham |
Telegraphic Transfer or telex transfer, often abbreviated to TT, is a term used to refer to an electronic funds transfer. Although the term is historic and the technology it describes is no longer in use, the telegraphic transfer name is still used today in several countries where it has become synonymous with an international SWIFT transfer.
History
Historically telegraphic transfer meant a cablegram from one bank to another in order to effect the transfer of money, hence the name. This was later replaced by a message directly between banks via a telex network and then later by electronic funds transfer. Despite the obsolescence of the technology that spawned the term, the term is still in use today and usually used to describe an international electronic bank transfer.
Current use
Japan
Unlike its use in other countries, in Japan, "telegraphic transfer" has become the industry term for quoting retail exchange rates (larger quantities are quoted individually), and is divided into three rates, stated in yen, from the point of view of the quoting bank:
TTM: Telegraphic Transfer Middle rate (mid price)
TTS: Telegraphic Transfer Selling rate (ask price)
TTB: Telegraphic Transfer Buying rate (bid price)
The middle rate is the average of the buying and selling rate, and these trade at a fixed bid–offer spread (in yen). For example, the USD is quoted with a spread of 2 JPY, so if the mid-market rate is 100 JPY = US$1, the rates are as follows:
TTS: 101 JPY: bank will charge more than mid price to sell USD
TTM: 100 JPY: average, bank does not trade at this price
TTB: 99 JPY: bank will pay less than mid price to buy USD
These rates are published daily by major Japanese banks, and used for accounting and tax calculations, in addition to retail use.
Singapore
The term Telegraphic Transfer is a frequently used term in Singapore to describe cross-border funds transfer. Other less commonly used terms in Singapore are wire transfer and bank transfer.
United Kingdom
The term is now most often used in UK banking and in law to refer to either a domestic transfers by a CHAPS or an international transfer by SWIFT.
The term is also sometimes incorrectly used to describe other electronic funds transfer methods such as low cost everyday payment methods such as BACS (Bankers' Automated Clearing Services) payments, Faster Payments Service and SEPA credit transfers.
See also
References
Electronic funds transfer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphic%20transfer |
W. Somerset Maugham (1874 – 1965) was a British playwright, novelist and short story writer. Born in the British Embassy in Paris, where his father worked, Maugham was an orphan by the age of ten. He was raised by an uncle, who tried to persuade the youngster to become an accountant or parson; Maugham instead trained as a doctor, although he never practised professionally, as his first novel, Liza of Lambeth, was published the same year he qualified.
A year after his first novel was published Maugham began contributing to magazines and periodicals; initially these were short stories, but he also wrote opinion pieces, non-fictional and autobiographical work, and letters. Much of his non-fictional writing was published in book form, and covered a range of topics, including travel, current affairs, autobiography and belles lettres. Maugham was also editor on a number of works, which often included adding a preface or introductory chapter to the work of other writers. In 1903 his first play was performed, A Man of Honour at the Imperial Theatre, London. It was the first of many of his works that were produced for the stage, and with the later development of cinema, his novels and stories were also adapted for the big screen.
By the time of his death in 1965 Maugham was one of the most commercially successful and gifted writers of the twentieth century, according to Bryan Connon, his biographer; The Times obituarist called Maugham "the most assured English writer of his time", and wrote that "no writer of his generation ... graced the world of English letters with more complete or more polished assurance".
Novels and story collections
Publications in periodicals
Collected editions
Editor
Plays
Non-fiction
Notes and references
Notes
References
Sources
External links
Bibliographies by writer
Bibliographies of British writers
Dramatist and playwright bibliographies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20works%20by%20W.%20Somerset%20Maugham |
Ske is an Icelandic band whose origins can be traced back to 1992, when a band called Skárren ekkert was founded by Eiríkur Þorleifsson, Frank Hall and Guðmundur Steingrímsson, and joined by Hrannar Ingimarsson in 1998.
History
In 1999, they wrote the music for NPK, a dance performance by the Icelandic Dance Company. The following year Eiríkur, Frank and Guðmundur, along with Guðmundur Hafsteinsson, wrote and performed music for Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream at the Icelandic National Theatre's (Þjóðleikhúsið) 50th anniversary performance. Hrannar was away in New York with Icelandic rap-band Quarashi, with whom he'd worked extensively as engineer/mixer and guitarist since 1996.
In 2002 the album Life, Death, Happiness and Stuff was ready, with additional performances from Kjartan Guðnason on drums, Una Sveinbjarnardóttir on violin and vocalists Jón Oddur Guðmundsson, Juri Hashimoto, Julie Coadou and Daníel Ágúst Haraldsson. The album was a cult hit, the songs Julietta 2 and Stuff were picked up by ad-agencies for national television campaigns for The National Bank of Iceland and Icelandair. The album was also nominated as Album of the Year and 'Julietta 2' was nominated for Song of the Year and won.
In 2003 the band, now consisting of Eiríkur Þorleifsson, Frank Hall, Guðmundur Steingrímsson, Hrannar Ingimarsson, Jón Oddur Guðmundsson, Kjartan Guðnason and Ragnheiður Gröndal, who had started singing with the band at the end of 2002, started work on new songs as well as playing dates in Scandinavia and UK, including Roskilde Festival 2003. In the fall of 2003, Ske composed music for a dance piece written by Lonneke Van Leth, performed by the Icelandic Dance Company.
In 2004, Ske continued work on the new album, as well as playing some dates in UK. Feelings are great, Ske's second album, was released by Smekkleysa in Iceland in October 2004.
In 2005 Ske played Austin, Texas' SXSW and Denmark's SPOT-festival, as well as opening for former Led Zeppelin's Robert Plant in Reykjavík. Ágústa Eva Erlendsdóttir replaced Ragnheiður Gröndal for those dates as well as for a TV appearance on the Icelandic National Television RÚV program Hljómsveit kvöldsins, hosted by Margrét Krístin Blöndal, and Ske's fourth Icelandic Airwaves appearance.
In August 2006 Hössi Ólafsson, formerly the lead vocalist of Quarashi, joined Ske as their lead singer.
In December 2008 Ske finished recording and mixing its third studio album which will be released in January/February 2009. The album was recorded in various studios around Reykjavík and features 12 original songs written collectively by band-members in 2007/2008. English drummer Paul Maguire, formerly a member of The Stairs, plays drums on most of the songs but Orri Páll Dýrason from the band Sigur Rós plays drums on at least 3 songs. Also on percussion is Kjartan Guðnason, former drummer of Ske and currently the drummer of the Icelandic band Menn ársins and a percussionist for the Iceland Symphony Orchestra.
The single "My Lo" was released in Iceland in 2008.
References
External links
Official website
Icelandic musical groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ske |
Ágústa Eva Erlendsdóttir (; born 28 July 1982) is an Icelandic actress and singer. She is best known for her portrayal of the controversial character Silvía Night in the television series Sjáumst með Silvíu Nótt and during the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest.
Life and career
Acting
Ágústa Eva studied acting at the École Philippe Gaulier theatre school in Paris
In 2005, she won an Edda Award for Best TV Personality and Best TV Show for her performance as Silvía Night. While in character, she was voted sexiest woman in Iceland by listeners of the national radio station RÚV; as herself, she wound up in fourth place.
Music
Ágústa Eva was a member of the bands Kritikal Mazz and Ske, and in 2005 began a solo career.
Selected acting work
Film
Television
Discography
Singles
"Þetta er nóg" (from Let It Go the Complete Set ("Frozen")) (2014)
"Þegar Storminn Hefur Lægt" with Magni Ásgeirsson (2018)
References
External links
Erlendsdottir, Agusta Eva
Erlendsdottir, Agusta Eva
Agusta Eva Erlendsdottir
Agusta Eva Erlendsdottir
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Iceland
Agusta Eva Erlendsdottir
Agusta Eva Erlendsdottir
Agusta Eva Erlendsdottir
Agusta Eva Erlendsdottir
Agusta Eva Erlendsdottir
Erlendsdottir, Agusta Eva
21st-century Icelandic women singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81g%C3%BAsta%20Eva%20Erlendsd%C3%B3ttir |
The Software Communications Architecture (SCA) is an open architecture framework that defines a standard way for radios to instantiate, configure, and manage waveform applications running on their platform. The SCA separates waveform software from the underlying hardware platform, facilitating waveform software portability and re-use to avoid costs of redeveloping waveforms. The latest version is SCA 4.1.
Overview
The SCA is published by the Joint Tactical Networking Center (JTNC). This architecture was developed to assist in the development of Software Defined Radio (SDR) communication systems, capturing the benefits of recent technology advances which are expected to greatly enhance interoperability of communication systems and reduce development and deployment costs. The architecture is also applicable to other embedded, distributed-computing applications such as Communications Terminals or Electronic Warfare (EW). The SCA has been structured to:
Provide for portability of applications software between different SCA implementations,
Leverage commercial standards to reduce development cost,
Reduce software development time through the ability to reuse design modules, and
Build on evolving commercial frameworks and architectures.
The SCA is deliberately designed to meet commercial application requirements as well as those of military applications. Since the SCA is intended to become a self-sustaining standard, a wide cross-section of industry has been invited to participate in the development and validation of the SCA. The SCA is not a system specification but an implementation independent set of rules that constrain the design of systems to achieve the objectives listed above.
Core Framework
The Core Framework (CF) defines the essential "core" set of open software
interfaces and profiles that provide for the deployment, management, interconnection, and intercommunication of software application components in an embedded, distributed-computing communication system. In this sense, all interfaces defined in the SCA are part of the CF.
Standard Waveform Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)
The Standard Waveform APIs define the key software interfaces that allow the waveform application and radio platform to interact. SCA use the APIs to separate waveform software from the underlying hardware platform, facilitating waveform software portability and re-use to avoid costs of redeveloping waveforms.
Development Tools
Reservoir Labs' R-Check - SCA Compliance Testing
NordiaSoft eCo Suite - SCA 4.1 Integrated Development Environment and Core Framework
ADLINK Spectra CX4 - SCA 4.1 Model Driven Tools
Top News
Software Communications Architecture v4.1 entered into the Department of Defense (DoD) Information Technology (IT) Standards Registry (DISR) as a mandated standard
External links
Software Communications Architecture Homepage
Introduction to SCA Part I (Video)
Introduction to SCA Part II (Video)
SCA 4.1 Release Webinar
SCA 2.2.2 Migration to SCA 4.1 (Video)
Cobham Development Platform
SCA and FACE Alignment
SCA 4.1 Required in Major U.S. Navy Acquisition
Navy Requires Open Architecture
Wireless Innovation Forum - International Consortium
Adoption by Germany
Adoption by India
Increasing Flexibility in Wireless SDR Systems
R&S SDTR
Link protocols
Military radio systems
Mobile telecommunications standards
Radio technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software%20Communications%20Architecture |
Paradiski is a ski-area in the Tarentaise Valley of France that offers uninterrupted skiing in between the areas of Les Arcs, Peisey-Vallandry and La Plagne. The area is linked, since December 2003, by the Vanoise Express lift. In total over the three resorts there are 160 lifts and of pistes, with 152 green/blue (beginner) runs, 79 red (intermediate) runs, and 22 black (expert) runs.
Well known neighbour ski areas are Espace Killy (Val d'Isère and Tignes) and Les Trois Vallées (Courchevel, Meribel, Val Thorens and more). Lift tickets can span across all the areas. There were plans to interlink all resorts, creating the largest ski area in the world, however that vision ended due to the creation of the Vanoise National Park.
External links
Official website
Interactive piste map
Useful Information about Paradiski
OpenSnowMap
Ski areas in France
Tourist attractions in Savoie | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradiski |
Cajvana () is a town in Suceava County, northeastern Romania. It is situated in the historical region of Bukovina. Cajvana is the twelfth-largest urban settlement in the county, with a population of 9,139 inhabitants, according to the 2021 census. It was declared a town in 2004, along with seven other localities in Suceava County. One village, Codru, is administered by the town.
Cajvana is located at a distance of away from Suceava, the county capital. The town is known for its legendary oak tree, which dates from the time of Moldavian ruler Stephen the Great (1457–1504). Despite being a town, Cajvana has a rural aspect and the main occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture. The locality was severely affected by the European floods in 2005.
Natives
Maria Băsescu (born 1951), First Lady of Romania from 2004 to 2014
Aurel Țurcan (1876–1939), politician, engineer, and businessman
Notes
External links
Cajvana Town Hall web page
Cajvana High School
Suceava County site – Cajvana web page
Populated places in Suceava County
Towns in Romania
Localities in Southern Bukovina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajvana |
Neil Mullarkey is an English actor, writer and comedian.
Early life and education
From 1972—1979, Mullarkey was educated at Kingston Grammar School, an independent school for boys (now coeducational), in Kingston upon Thames, followed by Robinson College at the University of Cambridge, where he was a member of the Footlights and was Junior Treasurer during Tony Slattery's term as president. He became president in 1982 with Nick Hancock, Steve Punt and Hugh Dennis as his contemporaries. Mullarkey formed Hancock & Mullarkey with Hancock, performing their act (which consisted of spoofing television shows' title sequences to that show's accompanying theme music) several times on television. This included Doctor Who, Kojak, and Dad's Army.
Career
Mullarkey has been in a double act with Tony Hawks called the Timid Twins.
In the mid-1980s, he teamed up with Mike Myers as 'Mullarkey and Myers'. They would perform sketches based on their shared love of cartoons, B-movies and bad TV. They played around the burgeoning London pub circuit, particularly at the George IV in Chiswick, where they often shared the bill with the young Hugh Grant, then plying his trade in the Jockeys of Norfolk revue. As their fame increased, Mullarkey and Myers toured the UK, ending in a sold-out season at the Edinburgh Festival.
The two appeared as 'The Sound Asleep Club' on TV-am's 'Wide Awake Club', a children's TV show hosted at the time by Tommy Boyd. Mike eventually returned to Toronto, but Mullarkey would briefly join him to revive 'Mullarkey and Myers' in Canada. Later still, he appeared in Myers' début in Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery, as the Customs Officer who freaks Austin out with his Swedish-made penis pump. (He also appeared again in Goldmember and helped Mike Myers with uncredited rewrites of So I Married An Axe Murderer).
As a founding member of The Comedy Store Players, he is regularly performing on the UK comedy circuit.
Theatre
He is a founder member of The Comedy Store Players, and still appears with them regularly at London's Comedy Store.
He has written and performed four one-man shows;
A Bit of Quiet Fun
Memoirs of Lord Naughty
All That Mullarkey
Don't Be Needy Be Succeedy
Don't Be Needy Be Succeedy won the Fringe Report Award for Best Satire of 2002. In it Mullarkey plays L. Vaughan Spencer, Life Coach, Self-Help Guru and Gangsta Motivator. The book Don't Be Needy Be Succeedy: The A to Z of Motivitality was published by Profile Books in November 2008.
Mullarkey starred with Eddie Izzard in the sell-out West End run of One Word Improv and has guested with The Groundlings in Los Angeles and The Second City in Toronto.
Television
On television, his appearances include:
Whose Line is it Anyway
The Manageress
Lovejoy
Smith and Jones
Saturday Live
QI
Have I Got News For You
Carrott Confidential
Paul Merton: The Series
Absolutely
Colin's Sandwich
He was a writer on Tony Hawks's show Morris Minor's Marvellous Motors and co-wrote (with Greg Proops) The Amazing Colossal Show for BBC2. He hosted American Freak for America's Comedy Central network.
He also does regular TV advert voiceover work.
Cinema
Mullarkey has acted feature films, including Leon the Pig Farmer, Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery, Austin Powers in Goldmember, and Spiceworld.
Radio
Mullarkey hosted Missed Demeanours for BBC Radio 4, was a regular performer on Bits from Last Week's Radio, co-wrote and starred in FAB TV and has appeared on Just a Minute, The News Quiz, Quote...Unquote, I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue, Loose Ends, In Touch and The Unbelievable Truth. He wrote and presented the documentary Ten Years of the Comedy Store Players.
References
External links
Profile, neilmullarkey.com
Details, improvyourbiz.com
1961 births
Alumni of Robinson College, Cambridge
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English radio personalities
Living people
Male actors from Hertfordshire
People educated at Kingston Grammar School | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20Mullarkey |
Alderetes is a city in the Cruz Alta Department, Tucumán Province, Argentina. It is bordered in the north by the Burruyacu Department, in the east by the "comunas rurales" of La Florida-Luisiana, Delfín Gallo and Colombres; in the south by the city of Banda del Río Salí (The Cruz Alta Department seat), and in the west by the Salí River.
A predominantly industrial spot, Alderetes was incorporated on September 1, 1987), as part of the San Miguel de Tucumán metropolitan area.
Populated places in Tucumán Province
Populated places established in 1987
1987 establishments in Argentina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderetes |
Cristián Andrés de la Fuente Sabarots (; born March 10, 1974) is a Chilean actor, presenter, model and producer.
Early life
Cristian De la Fuente was born in Santiago, Chile, the only child of chemist Hugo de la Fuente (died 1996) and Adriana Sabarots, a homemaker of French descent. He served in the Chilean Air Force reserve prior to attending the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, where he pursued a degree in civil engineering.
Career
1998–2003
De la Fuente was spotted by a talent scout during his sophomore year as a civil engineering major at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, and won a contest as Chile's next "Super Teen". Beginning with small network roles in prime time, he quickly went on to star in four prime time dramas including Eclipse de Luna and the highly acclaimed televised theatrical production of La Tía de Carlos. He starred in Chile's number-one rated variety program Venga Conmigo, the comedy Mi Tío y Yo alongside Gonzalo Robles, and the MTV-style music and dance program Generación 2000.
In 1998, de la Fuente was contracted by Sony and Telemundo for a drama series remake of Starsky and Hutch called Reyes y Rey. The weekly hour format did not catch on with Hispanic viewers and it was soon cancelled. He was a guest star on Pensacola: Wings of Gold. He has also appeared regularly on CSI: Miami and Family Law. He has starred opposite Sylvester Stallone in Driven, in John Carpenter's Vampires: Los Muertos with Jon Bon Jovi, as well as the independent thriller Minimal Knowledge.
For his starring role in the independent thriller Minimal Knowledge, de la Fuente won the Individual Achievement Award for Best Male Actor at the Ajijic International Film Festival.
De la Fuente's hosting credits include MGM's Road to the Academy Awards for Latin America and the Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade. He has also presented the Billboard Latin Music Awards, The World Music Awards, and the Alma Awards. De la Fuente also turned up in John McTiernan's military thriller Basic opposite John Travolta, and enjoyed several appearances on CSI: Miami as lab tech Sam Belmontes between 2003 and 2004.
2004–2007
In 2004, De la Fuente hosted alongside Kate del Castillo the first annual Premios Juventud on the Univision television network. In 2005, he starred in the Venevisión's Miami-made telenovela Soñar No Cuesta Nada, starring alongside Mexican actresses Karyme Lozano and Laura Zapata. It was a huge hit in the daytime slot on Univision. It ran for 191 episodes. On Univisión there were talks for him to host a night time talk show, but nothing came of it. He also had a recurring role as Aaron in the CBS sitcom The Class.
In 2005, Cristián was seen in supporting roles in the indie romantic drama Sueño with John Leguizamo and the Latin-themed comedy Once Upon a Wedding. He was a popular host for Spanish-language specials and series during this period, including the 2005 Latin Grammy Awards, the 2006 Premios Juventud, and the Chilean reality series Golpe Bajo, for which he also served as executive producer and writer. In 2005, he starred in the popular Venezuelan telenovela Soñar no Cuesta Nada, which filmed in Miami, Florida. De la Fuente also guest starred in three episodes of UPN's One on One, and in an episode of the wildly popular ABC show Ugly Betty. Amidst all the acting gigs, he continued to maintain his status with the Chilean Air Force, for which he occasionally performed as part of the aerial acrobatic troupe, Halcones. In the fall of 2007, he participated in the mini-series directed by Jennifer Lopez, Como Ama Una Mujer with the actress Leonor Varela.
2008–present
De la Fuente appeared as a contestant on the sixth season of ABC's Dancing With the Stars with dance partner Cheryl Burke. They trained at Palm Beach, Florida's Paramount Ballroom, which is owned by former U.S. Nine-Dance Champion Alec Lazo. De la Fuente suffered a ruptured tendon in his left arm biceps on the April 28, 2008 episode of Dancing with the Stars. The following week, performing with his injured arm, he and Burke led the field. He was eliminated on May 20, 2008, in 3rd place.
De la Fuente hosted the Latin Grammy Awards of 2008 on November 13, 2008, in Houston, Texas.
In 2009, de la Fuente guest starred in the telenovelas Fuego en la sangre as Demian Ferrer, and Corazón salvaje as Renato.
From 2008 to 2010, de la Fuente played Raphael "Raph" Ramírez, a minor league baseball player and semi-boyfriend of Mary Shannon on In Plain Sight.
De la Fuente returned to Chile to film the season 2 of his TV show Golpe Bajo, similar to MTV's series Punk'd.
De la Fuente also had a recurring role on Brothers & Sisters from 2009 to 2010.
De la Fuente had recurring roles on ABC's Private Practice during its fourth season and on ABC Family's The Nine Lives of Chloe King during its first and only season.
De la Fuente starred as Maximiliano Montesinos, the protagonist in the Mexican telenovela Quiero amarte.
De la Fuente has been tapped to play Ricardo De La Cruz in the romantic comedy film Switch Up, helmed by Tara Pirnia in her directing debut.
Dancing with the Stars performances
Filmography
Film
Television roles
Awards And Nominations
References
External links
Cristian de la Fuente in his profile as a stunt pilot of the Air Force of Chile
1974 births
Living people
Male actors from Santiago
Chilean Air Force personnel
Chilean engineers
Chilean male film actors
Chilean male telenovela actors
Participants in American reality television series
Chilean people of French descent
Chilean male television actors
Chilean male models
20th-century Chilean military personnel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristi%C3%A1n%20de%20la%20Fuente |
Toni Hallio is the former drummer for and one of the founding members of melodic death metal band Norther. He left the band in October 2005 to pursue other interests. However, he still recorded the drums for Norther's Till Death Unites Us instead of the band's current drummer Heikki Saari.
Discography
Studio albums
Dreams of Endless War (2002)
Mirror of Madness (2003)
Death Unlimited (2004)
Till Death Unites Us (2006)
Demos and EPs
Warlord (demo) (2000)
Solution 7 (2005)
Singles
Released (2002)
Unleash Hell (2003)
Spreading Death (2004)
Spreading Death (DVD) (2004)
Scream (2006)
External links
Official Norther website
References
1980 births
Living people
Finnish heavy metal drummers
Musicians from Helsinki
21st-century drummers
Norther members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni%20Hallio |
The rue de la Harpe is a street in Paris' Latin Quarter. Relatively calm and cobblestoned along much of its length, it runs in a south-easterly direction between the rue de la Huchette and the rue Saint-Séverin, where it turns south-west to where it ends at the boulevard Saint-Germain. It is a largely residential street; it is graced through its odd numbers (eastern side) with a few buildings dating from the Louis XV period, but buildings along the opposite side of the street are most all of a 'Haussmannian' style of a more recent stature. Its street-front commerces are varied to its southern end, but tend towards restaurants and the tourism trade towards the river. It appeared in the 19th century magazine, The Tell Tale, as the site of the murders which may have been the origin of the Sweeney Todd story.
Name origin
Named after a prominent member of the von Harpe family, dating back to the 13th century.
History
The rue de la Harpe below its twist to the west at the rue Saint-Séverin, dates from Roman times. Leaving Lutèce's (Roman Paris') main north–south thoroughfare just below the Petit-Pont it turned south to become a roadway parallel to the first known as the "via inferior" ("lower road"). Before it was cut short below the Boulevard Saint-Germain by the construction of the Boulevard Saint-Michel from 1859, it continued under more or less the same name until Paris' former 12th-century ''Porte Saint-Michel" gate at the corner of today's rue Soufflot and Boulevard Saint-Michel. The rue de la Harpe's 'newer' westward twist above the rue Saint-Séverin owes its existence to first a "bac" footbridge crossing the river from its end, then the construction of the first version of the pont Saint-Michel from 1378.
Former Names
To the south of the rue Saint-Séverin, the rue de la Harpe has been known as: "rue de la Juiverie", "rue de la Vieille Juiverie,", "rue aux Juifs," "vicus Cithare in Judearia" (1247), "vicus Judeorum" (1257), "vicus Harpe (1270)", "vicus Herpe" ou "vicus de Cithara" (1254), and finally "rue de la Herpe" or "Harpe." Beyond Paris' 12th-century walls it became "rue Neuve Outre la Porte Saint-Michel" or simply the "rue d'Énfer" (literally "street of Hell").
In its section between the rue Saint-Séverin and the river was named: "Vicus Reginaldi Citharatoris" (1247), "vicus Reginaldi dicti le Harpeur" (1265), "vicus Vetus Bouclearia", "vicus Vetus Judearia", "rue de la Vieille Boucherie" (1272), "rue de la Petite Bouclerie" (1300), "rue de l'Abreuvoir Mascon" (1391), "rue Neuve Mâcon" or "rue de l'Abreuvoir Mâcon" (1401), "rue de l'Abreuvoir Mâcon" or "rue Neuve Saint-Michel" (1409), "rue Neuve du pont Saint-Michel" or "de la Bouclerie" (1406), "rue de la Grant Bouclerie" (1405), "rue Neuve Saint-Michel" (1469) and "rue de la Vieille Bouclerie".
Criminal associations
In 1800, Joseph Fouché, the Parisian chief of police, supposedly documented a series of murders undertaken by a barber and baker on this street. They are often cited as the first serial killers, and also it is argued that the pair were a significant influence in the famous story of the barber Sweeney Todd of Fleet Street, London, and his baker accomplice Mrs. Lovett.
In 1825, the French story of a murderous barber appears in Tell-Tale Magazine under the title "A Terrific Story of the Rue de la Harpe." No reference to Fouché is mentioned in the story, and in it the barber is attacked by his latest victims dog who then discovers its masters body .The story was then taken up by the English writer Thomas Peckett Prest as 'The String of Pearls' in 1846, and was dramatized by George Dibdin-Pitt the following year.
The French story, however, smacks of being an urban myth and the supposed book by Fouché is impossible to trace.
The earliest version of the story claims "This case was of so terrific a nature, it was made part of the sentence of the law, that besides the execution of the monsters upon the rack, the houses in which they perpetrated those infernal deeds, should be pulled down, and that the spot on which they stood should be marked out to posterity with horror and execration."
About six years before this story appeared, two houses on the street had been torn down to allow access to the ruins of the Thermes de Cluny. It is suspected this may have fed or sparked the rumor.
Constructions of note
35 - Building dating from the Louis XV period; much of it is protected under a "Historical Monument" appellation. This property has the particularity of having a winding series of courtyards that lead to an adjoining property at 20, rue de la Parchemenerie.
45 - Building dating from the late 18th century - only its façade has been classed "Monument Historique".
Notes
References
Mairie de Paris - "Nomenclature des Voies: rue de la Harpe". Retrieved February 16, 2006.
External links
Rue de la Harpe - Photos of Rue de la Harpe
Harpe, rue de la | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue%20de%20la%20Harpe |
Das (translation: "devotee of God") is a common last name in South Asia, among adherents of Hinduism and Sikhism, as well as those who converted to Islam or Christianity. It is a derived from the Sanskrit word Dasa (Sanskrit: दास) meaning servant, devotee, or votary. "Das" may be inferred to be one who has surrendered to God. The surname is often used by those in the Vaishnav community.
Bengal, Bihar and Jharkhand
Das is a common surname among Bengali Kayasthas. In Bengal, the surname is also used by both Scheduled Castes and General Castes.
More broadly, in Bengal, Bihar, and Jharkhand, the surname "Das" is also used by the Dhobi and Patni communities.
Assam
In Assam, the Kaibarta, the Patni, the Koch-Rajbanshi, and other scheduled caste communities also use Das as their surname.
Odisha
In Odisha, the Das surname is used by the Gopal and Karan castes, while "Dash" is used by the Brahmins.
Punjab
In Punjab, they generally belong to the Brahmin caste.
Karnataka
In Karnataka, the Das surname is used by a section of Vokkaligas who profess Vaishnavism called Das Vokkaligas.
Notable people
Abhishek Das, Indian football player
Ajit Das, Indian actor
Amil Kumar Das, Indian astronomer
Arjun Das, Indian actor
Atulananda Das, Indian botanist
Bhagavan Das, Indian Theosophist
Bhagavan Das, an American yogi
Bhai Dyal Das, Sikh martyr
Bhai Mati Das, Sikh martyr
Bhai Sati Das, Sikh martyr
Bibhusita Das, Indian marine engineer
Bina Das, Indian revolutionary and nationalist
Bishnu Charan Das, Indian politician
Biswanath Das, Indian politician
Brojen Das, Bangladeshi swimmer
Chittaranjan Das, a Bengali lawyer and a major figure in the Indian independence movement
Dinesh Das, a Bengali poet
Durga Mohan Das, religious leader and social reformer
Gardhab Das, fictional character
Gobindachandra Das, a Bengali poet and writer
Gopabandhu Das, Indian freedom fighter, reformer, Jjournalist and educationist from Odisha
Gurcharan Das, Indian Punjabi columnist for The Times of India
Guru Amar Das, the third of the Ten Gurus of Sikhism
Guru Ram Das, the fourth of the Sikh gurus
Hima Das, Assamese sprinter
Indrapramit Das, Indian science fiction, fantasy and cross genre writer from Kolkata
Jagannath Prasad Das, researcher in psychometrics and author of the (PASS theory of intelligence)
Jatin Das, Indian painter from Odisha
Jatindra Nath Das, Freedom fighter
Jibanananda Das, a Bengali poet
K. S. R. Das, Indian film director
Kamala Das, Indian poet and author
Khagen Das, Indian politician
Liton Das, Bangladeshi Cricketer
Madhusudan Das, Odia Lawyer and Indian nationalist of the 19th century.
Mrinal Kanti Das, Bangladeshi politician
Maharaja Bhagwant Das, King of Jaipur (1527-1589)
Manoj Das, English and Odia writer
Mohini Mohan Das, Indian politician, writer and activist from West Bengal.
Monica Das, Indian feminist economist
Naba Das, Indian politician
Namit Das is an Indian film and theatre actor.
Nandita Das, Indian film actress/director from Odisha
Nobin Chandra Das, Entrepreneur and inventor of Bengali Rosogolla
Parichay Das, path-breaker Bhojpuri- Hindi poet, essayist, critic
Prosenjit Das, Indian cricketer
Pulin Behari Das, Revolutionary, founder of Dhaka Anushilan Samiti.
Pushpalata Das, Indian independence activist, social worker, Gandhian and legislator from Assam
Radha Charan Das, Former Vice-Chancellor of Berhampur University
Raja Bhagwant Das, Rajasthani ruler of Amber
Raja Sitaram Ray, born Sitaram Das was an autonomous king of Bengal.
Ram Dass, American spiritual teacher, yoga guru, and author
Ranjan Das, Bangladeshi cricketer
Rima Das, Assamese Indian filmmaker
Sarala Dasa, 14th-century poet of Odisha
Sarat Chandra Das, Indian scholar of Tibetan language
Satish Ranjan Das, legal representative for the Indian government
Saumitra Das, Indian microbiologist
Seth Govind Das, a member of Indian Parliament
Shaktikanta Das, Governor of R.B.I.
Shiv Sunder Das, Indian Cricketer from Odisha
Shomie Das, schoolmaster
Shraddha Das, Indian film actress
Sudhi Ranjan Das, 5th Chief Justice of India
Suhasini Das, politician from Bangladesh
Surya Das, American religious educator
Tapan Das, Indian actor
Tarak Chandra Das, anthropologist, author, former teacher in University of Calcutta
Tarak Nath Das, Indian revolutionary and Internationalist scholar
Vasundhara Das, Indian actress and singer
Veena Das, a professor of anthropology
Vir Das, comedian and actor
See also
Dasa
Dass (disambiguation)
Gopal Das (disambiguation)
References
Surnames of Indian origin
Assamese-language surnames
Bengali Hindu surnames
Punjabi tribes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das%20%28surname%29 |
Klingenberg am Main is a town in the Miltenberg district in the Regierungsbezirk of Lower Franconia (Unterfranken) in Bavaria, Germany. It has a population of around 6,200 and is located on both banks of the river Main.
Geography
Location
The town lies right on the boundary with the state of Hesse on the Lower Main and is made up of the old town of Klingenberg and the two villages of and that were amalgamated with the town in 1976. Lying on the Main’s right bank at the foot of the Spessart (range) are Klingenberg and Röllfeld, whereas Trennfurt is over on the left bank at the foot of the Odenwald (range).
There are two vineyards above the main town of Klingenberg with their terrace-shaped slopes: the Hohberg (towards Erlenbach) and the Schlossberg (towards Großheubach), where, among others, the well known Klingenberg red wine is grown (mainly Pinot noir and Blauer Portugieser).
Klingenberg lies 12 km away from the district seat of Miltenberg, 28 km from the greater centre of Aschaffenburg and 67 km from Frankfurt, and is – like the whole Bavarian Lower Main (Bayerischer Untermain) – part of the Rhein-Main-Gebiet (Frankfurt Rhine Main Region).
Neighbouring communities
Klingenberg borders in the north on the towns of Erlenbach (on the same side of the Main as Klingenberg) and Wörth (on the Trennfurt side), in the east on the Spessart communities of Mönchberg and Röllbach, in the south on the market community of Großheubach (on the same side of the Main as Klingenberg) and the community of Laudenbach (on the Trennfurt side) and in the west on the Hessian Odenwald community of Lützelbach.
History
A Roman worship stone, an early mediaeval circular rampart and the Grubinger Kirchhof (churchyard) on the road to Großheubach, likely going back to Alamannic times, are the oldest witnesses to Klingenberg's history. In the 2nd century, the Romans built the border fortifications of the Limes Germanicus through Germany, which ran along the Trennfurt side of the Main. The limes was strengthened with a fort in Trennfurt.
In 1100, a nobleman named Heinrich named himself after the old Clingenburg (castle). He belonged to the noble family of Reginbodo.
The Staufen-era was built around 1170 by Conradus Colbo, who was cup-bearer to Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa.
About 1250, the Bickenbach noble family moved into the castle; the Bickenbachs later held many influential offices in the Holy Roman Empire and many a time turned up in Imperial politics as brokers. In Bickenbach times, the town of Klingenberg beneath the castle had its first documentary mention, namely in 1276.
After the Bickenbachs died out in 1500, the town, castle and lordly domain passed to the Archbishop of Mainz. In 1552, Klingenberg's old town, like many other towns, was almost completely destroyed by the Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach in the Second Margrave War. In the years that followed there was reconstruction.
Clingenburg castle was destroyed by the French in the late 17th century and never rebuilt. It remained a ruin.
After the dissolution of the Archbishopric of Mainz in the course of the 1803 Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, Klingenberg at first belonged to Prince Primate von Dalberg's newly formed Principality of Aschaffenburg, which was swallowed in 1810 by the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt along with its capital, Aschaffenburg. After the 1814/15 Congress of Vienna, Klingenberg, along with the whole Aschaffenburg-Miltenberg region and the Grand Duchy of Würzburg (the successor state to the old Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg) passed to the Kingdom of Bavaria.
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the clay mine (first mentioned in 1567) brought the town great wealth. The citizens were therefore exempt from taxes in the late 19th century and indeed were paid Bürgergeld (literally "citizens' money"), a dividend from the town's earnings. Furthermore, among other things, a lookout tower, a bridge across the Main, a school, a new town hall and many elegant middle-class houses (Bürgerhäuser), such as those on Wilhelmstraße and Ludwigstraße, were built. Klingenberg was one of the first municipalities in the region to get an underground electrical supply network with its own power station in 1897. The population figure rose sharply.
In 1945, late in the Second World War, there was fighting in Klingenberg between German troops and advancing Americans. The Germans eventually withdrew, but not before blowing up the Main bridge between Klingenberg and Trennfurt, which was rebuilt only in 1950. The town's historic buildings were hardly affected by the fighting.
In 1976, Klingenberg earned worldwide notice for the case of a young woman named Anneliese Michel, whom the Church believed to be possessed by demons. After an exorcism lasting several months, she died.
In the framework of municipal reform, Klingenberg was united in 1976 with Trennfurt and Röllfeld to form the new greater town of Klingenberg.
Economy
Big firms in Klingenberg are the WIKA manometer factory, the ceramic manufacturer Klingenberg Dekoramik in Trennfurt and the lacquer manufacturer Hemmelrath in Röllfeld. Besides industry, tourism is an important sector. Klingenberg clay, which among other things is used in the pencil industry as a graphite additive, is still quarried today as it has been for hundreds of years (first documentary mention in 1567), albeit not in such great quantities as in the past. Since 1860, the clay pit has been owned by the municipality. It generated significant profits that even enabled the town to pay its citizens a stipend before World War I.
The town lies on the Route der Industriekultur Rhein-Main ("Rhine-Main Route of Industrial Culture"), a designated holiday route.
Winegrowing
Winegrowing here dates back at least to the 13th century. Klingenberg has at its disposal roughly 30 ha of winegrowing lands under commercial cultivation, whose ancient terraces make up part of the town's appearance.
All together there are three vineyards, the Schlossberg (25 ha) and the Erlenbacher Hohberg (2 ha) on the same side of the Main as Klingenberg, and the Einsiedel (2 ha) in the outlying centre of Trennfurt. In the three Stadtteile there are all together 13 winemakers, among which is the municipal wine estate. Almost throughout the year there are traditional Häckerwirtschaften at which several winemakers regularly take it in turns to serve their wares. In Klingenberg vineyards, it is mostly (ca. 75%) red wine that is grown, with Pinot noir and Blauer Portugieser as the dominant varieties. Among white wine, Müller-Thurgau is the most common variety.
Since 1950, a wine festival, the Klingenberger Winzerfest, has been held each year in August. It is one of the biggest such festivals in the region. Klingenberg lies on the Fränkischer Rotwein Wanderweg ("Franconian Red Wine Hiking Trail"), a sign-posted long-distance hiking trail.
Government
Town council and mayor
The council is made up of 20 council members, not counting the mayor, with seats apportioned thus:
CSU 5 seats
SPD 2 seats
Green Party 3 seats
Freie Wähler Klingenberg-Röllfeld (FWKR), local group, 2 seats
Freie Wähler Trennfurt (FWT), local group, 4 seats
Neue Mitte Klingenberg (NMK), local group, 4 seats
(as at municipal election held on 15 March 2020)
The mayor is Ralf Reichwein (CSU). He was re-elected on 15 March 2020 (60,3 % of the votes).
Town twinning
Saint-Laurent-d'Arce, Gironde, France since 1980
Saint-Laurent-d'Arce is a fellow winegrowing centre, near Bordeaux.
Coat of arms
The town's arms might be described thus: Argent a wheel spoked of six gules, in base a mount of three vert.
Klingenberg's coat of arms comes from the 16th century and shows the Wheel of Mainz. The “mount of three” (or Dreiberg, as this device is called in German heraldry) stands for the Schlossberg and Hohberg mountains.
The arms have been borne since the 16th century.
Attractions
Above Klingenberg's old town and the vineyards stands the mediaeval Clingenburg. The Electoral Mainz bailiffs (Amtmänner) resided at the castle until the mid-16th century. Thereafter, the castle fell into disrepair; the ruins were acquired by the town in 1871. In the 20th century it was opened up to tourism with a restaurant and a lookout platform affording visitors a view over the old town and the Main valley. Since 1994, the Clingenburg-Festspiele have been taking place, drawing many visitors each year with changing plays and musicals.
Klingenberg also features an historic old town with many timber-frame buildings from the 16th century, in particular the Altes Rathaus (old town hall) from 1561 (today a tourist information centre). Also in the old town stands the Stadtschloss ("town palace"), a Renaissance building from 1560 wherein lived the Mainz bailiffs of the Kottwitz von Aulenbach family and, beginning in 1693, the von Mairhofen family. The old town was once ringed by a town wall with three towers, most of which fell victim to the town's development at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, the parts of the wall between the castle and the old town and at the Stadtschloss are preserved. Also still standing is the southernmost of the three towers, the Brunntorturm (13th and 16th century) with a characteristic onion dome.
The church was built ca. 1467, replacing an older chapel.
In 1903, in the forest on the Hohberg (hill), a lookout tower was built in mediaeval style, which today is visited by many hikers and tourists.
Religion
The town of Klingenberg has a Catholic majority. The three parishes of Saint Pancra's in Klingenberg, the Assumption of Mary in Röllfeld and Mary Magdalene in Trennfurt belong to the deaconry of Obernburg within the Diocese of Würzburg.
The oldest of the three churches is the Kirche St. Pankratius (Saint Pancras's) in the main town of Klingenberg, which stands prominently above the old town. The Gothic quire and the sacristy come from the 15th century. The churchtower and the nave were built in 1617. Its current layout and the Gothic Revival appointments the church was given in the late 19th century. Both the churches in Röllfeld and Trennfurt come from Baroque times (17th to 18th century). The one in Trennfurt underwent some new building work after a fire in 1975 started by a lightning strike.
Infrastructure
Transport
, a four-lane highway running through Klingenberg, affords the town a link with Aschaffenburg and the Autobahnen A 3 (Frankfurt-Würzburg), A 45 (Dortmund-Aschaffenburg) and A 66 (Hanau-Fulda). The section running in the opposite direction to Miltenberg, however, has only two lanes (2008), although a three-lane expansion of the heavily travelled road has been considered.
Klingenberg features a railway station in the Stadtteil of Trennfurt. It is served by the Main Valley Railway (Aschaffenburg-Miltenberg-Wertheim).
Notable people
(1793 - 1864), writer, librarian
Werner Beierwaltes (b. 8 May 1931), philosophy professor
Anneliese Michel (1952 - 1976), well known possession victim
Willi Neuberger (b. 15 April 1946), footballer
References
External links
Town’s official webpage
Miltenberg (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingenberg%20am%20Main |
Packet loss concealment (PLC) is a technique to mask the effects of packet loss in voice over IP (VoIP) communications. When the voice signal is sent as VoIP packets on an IP network, the packets may (and likely will) travel different routes. A packet therefore might arrive very late, might be corrupted, or simply might not arrive at all. One example case of the last situation could be, when a packet is rejected by a server which has a full buffer and cannot accept any more data. Other cases include network congestion resulting in significant delay. In a VoIP connection, error-control techniques such as automatic repeat request (ARQ) are not feasible and the receiver should be able to cope with packet loss. Packet loss concealment is the inclusion in a design of methodologies for accounting for and compensating for the loss of voice packets.
PLC techniques
Zero insertion: the lost speech frames are replaced with silence.
Waveform substitution: the missing gap is reconstructed by repeating a portion of already received speech. The simplest form of this would be to repeat the last received frame. Other techniques account for fundamental frequency, gap duration etc. Waveform substitution methods are popular because of their simplicity to understand and implement. An example of such an algorithm is proposed in International Telecommunication Union (ITU) recommendation G.711 Appendix I.
Model-based methods: algorithms that take advantage of speech models of interpolating and extrapolating speech gaps have been introduced and developed.
Use
PLC is used with the codecs Internet Low Bitrate Codec (iLBC) and SILK in Skype, in Jitsi with the SILK and Opus codecs, and in the pjsip stack used by CSipSimple. Google Duo uses WaveNetEQ, a generative model based on DeepMind/Google AI’s WaveRNN.
See also
Error concealment
References
External links
VoIP Troubleshooter: Packet Loss Concealment
Voice over IP | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet%20loss%20concealment |
Johann Andreas Eisenmenger (1654 in Mannheim – 20 December 1704 in Heidelberg) was a German Orientalist Scholar from the Electorate of the Palatinate, now best known as the author of Entdecktes Judenthum (Judaism Unmasked), which was published in two volumes in 1711 and 1714.
In this work, Eisenmenger sought to expose the allegedly secret and nefarious practices of Jews, and he claimed that Judaism was a false religion that had been invented by the ancient Israelites in an attempt to deceive the world.
Financier Samuel Oppenheimer, one of the most influential Jewish members of the Court of the House of Habsburg, fearing that the book's publication would give additional strength to the prejudice against them, denounced it as a malicious libel, and tried to have the work banned. He failed, but subsequently his rival, the financier and rabbi Samson Wertheimer successfully petitioned Emperor Leopold I to have the book banned.
His work was widely read and had a significant influence on European attitudes toward Jews in the 18th and 19th centuries. It is considered an early example of modern anti-Semitism and played a role in shaping the negative stereotypes and prejudices that were held against Jews in Europe at the time. Despite being debunked by scholars, his work remains a controversial and influential text in the history of anti-Semitism.
Studies of rabbinical literature
The son of an official in the service of the Elector of the Palatinate Charles I Louis (who had, in 1673, offered Spinoza a chair in philosophy at Heidelberg), Eisenmenger received a good education, despite the early loss of his father to plague when he was 12 years old. He distinguished himself at the Collegium Sapientiae at Heidelberg by his zeal for Hebrew studies and Semitic languages. He eventually mastered Hebrew, Arabic and Aramaic. He was sent by the Elector to England and Holland to pursue his studies there. He studied rabbinical literature with Jewish assistance for some 19 years both at Heidelberg and Frankfurt, under the pretense, it was rumoured, of wishing to convert to Judaism. In Holland he established amicable relations with figures like Rabbi David ben Aryeh Leib of Lida, formerly of Lithuania, and then head of the Ashkenazi community in Amsterdam. An intended sojourn in Palestine was interrupted by the death of his sponsor in August of 1680.
Later scholars cite two episodes during his sojourn in Amsterdam, which may or may not be apocryphal, to account for the formation of his anti-Judaic outlook. It is said that he was a witness, in 1681, to "otherwise unknown" attacks against Christianity by a senior rabbi there, identified as David Lida, and that he grew indignant on finding that three Christians he met had had themselves circumcised and converted to Judaism. Anti-Christian polemics were, uniquely to Europe, published in Amsterdam and Eisenmenger's anger was aroused when Lida quoted Rabbi Isaiah ben Abraham Horowitz to the effect that the archangel Samael, king of the devils, was a celestial representation of Christians.
Entdecktes Judenthum
The method Eisenmenger employed in this work has been called both 'coarsely literalist and non-contextual' and 'rigorously scholarly and exegetical', involving the use only of Jewish sources for references, without forging or inventing anything. Having collected citations from 193 books and rabbinical tracts not only in Hebrew and Aramaic but also in Yiddish, all accompanied by German translations ranging over legal issues, cabala, homiletics, philosophy, ethics and polemics against both Islam and Christianity, he published his Entdecktes Judenthum (English titles include Judaism Unveiled, Judaism Discovered, Judaism Revealed, and Judaism Unmasked, with the latter title most commonly used), which has served as a source for detractors of Talmudic literature down to the present day. Eisenmenger made considerable use of works written by Jewish converts to Christianity, such as Samuel Friedrich Brenz's Jüdischer abgestreiffter Schlangen-Balg (Jewish cast-off snakeskin, 1614), to bolster his anti-Jewish charges.
The work, in two large quarto volumes, appeared in Frankfurt in 1700, and the Elector, Prince Johann Wilhelm, took great interest in it, appointing Eisenmenger professor of Oriental languages in the University of Heidelberg. Eisenmenger's purpose, he avowed, was to have Jews recognize the errors of their ways and what he conceived to be the truth of Christianity. To this end he urged that several measures be undertaken, including restricting their economic liberties and rights, banning them from writing criticisms of Christianity, and proscribing both their synagogues and law courts.The book was designed not only to reveal to Christians the existence of elements in Jewish rabbinical thought which Eisenmenger thought injurious to the Christian faith, but also to appeal to a free-thinking secular public, and to enlightened Jews whom he wished to shock by his revelations. In particular he hoped to use his evidence in order to promote the conversion of 'honest Jews' to his own faith. Paul Lawrence Rose writes:
'Eisenmenger proceeded to amass quotations from the Talmud and other Hebrew sources revealing to all how the Jewish religion was barbarous, superstitious, and even murderous. All this was done in an apparently scholarly and reasonable way that belied the author's evident preoccupation (like Luther) with tales of Jewish ritual murder of Christian children and poisoning of wells. While piously insisting that the Jews must not be converted by cruel methods, Eisenmenger blithely recommended abolishing their present 'freedom in trade,' which was making them 'lords' over the Germans. He demanded too an immediate ban on their synagogues, public worship, and communal leaders and rabbis.'
A further, if minor, element in his polemic consisted of an argument that Germans were a distinct people within Christianity, descended from the Canaanites, whom 'the Jews' were intent on destroying in accordance with Deuteronomy 7:16.
Samuel Oppenheimer, one of the most influential Jewish members of the Court of the House of Habsburg, Jewish Factor (Hoffaktor) to the Court in Vienna, fearing that the book's publication would give additional strength to the prejudice against them, denounced it as a malicious libel, and tried to have the work suppressed. He failed, but subsequently his rival, the financier and rabbi Samson Wertheimer successfully petitioned Emperor Leopold I to have Eisenmenger's book suppressed. Only a year previously, riots against the Jews had occurred in the diocese of Bamberg, and that in the same year (July 21) a mob had, with the Court's permission, sacked Oppenheimer's house. The aim of the riot was to pressure him over huge debts the Court had contracted for his services in financing the Habsburgs. Oppenheimer in turn succeeded in procuring an order of confiscation from the emperor, who commanded that the whole edition of 2,000 copies be placed under lock and key. However, the State refused to honour its debts to him. With him others worked for the same end, including Juspa van Geldern the great-grandfather of Heinrich Heine's mother. The Jesuit order, according to Hartmann, also complained about the book on the grounds that it slandered Catholicism. The anecdote perhaps is intended to suggest that the success of the Jewish request for the book's suppression depended on its association with the Jesuits' criticism
According to one report written some decades later, certain Jews had offered Eisenmenger the sum of 12,000 florins if he would suppress his work; but he was rumored to have demanded 30,000 florins, ostensibly in compensation for the considerable outlay from his own savings which the publication of the book had caused him to contribute. If any such proposed transaction was negotiated, nothing came of it. Eisenmenger died suddenly of apoplexy, some say induced by grief over the suppression of his book in 1704.
Meanwhile, two Jewish converts to Christianity in Berlin had brought charges against their former co-religionists of having blasphemed Jesus. King Frederick William I took the matter very seriously, and ordered an investigation. Eisenmenger's heirs applied to the king; and the latter tried to induce the emperor to repeal the injunction against the book, but did not succeed. He therefore ordered in 1711 a new edition of 3,000 copies to be printed in Berlin at his expense, but as there was an imperial prohibition against printing the book in the German empire, the title page gave as the place of publication Königsberg, which was beyond the boundaries of the empire. Almost forty years later the original edition was released.
Of the many polemical works written by non-Jews against Judaism, Eisenmenger's has remained the one which is most thoroughly documented. Precisely because of its extensive citations of primary sources in their original languages, with facing translations, it has long furnished antisemites with their main arguments. Eisenmenger undoubtedly possessed a great deal of knowledge. Jacob Katz writes:
‘Eisenmenger was acquainted with all the literature a Jewish scholar of standing would have known ... [He] surpassed his [non-Jewish] predecessors in his mastery of the sources and his ability to interpret them tendentiously. Contrary to accusations that have been made against him, he does not falsify his sources."
There are no serious challenges to the authenticity of the sources Eisenmenger cited. Katz again writes:
Eisenmenger neither forged his sources nor pulled his accusations out of thin air. There was a nucleus of truth in all his claims: the Jews lived in a world of legendary or mythical concepts, of ethical duality-following different standards of morality in their internal and external relationships- and they dreamed with imaginative speculation of their future in the time of the Messiah. Similare claims, however, could hav e been made against the Christian as well. One critic, a Christian theologian himself , said rightly that using Eisenmenger’s method, an Entdecktes Christenthum could easily have been written.'
What are often challenged are the many inferences he made from these texts. It is claimed that he tore citations from their context, whole the correctness of specific interpretations and, more importantly, his use of a relatively small number of texts within the huge chain of rabbinical commentary to characterise Judaism as a whole is challenged. In regard to the first two points, Siegfried, for one, argued that:
'Taken as a whole, it is a collection of scandals. Some passages are misinterpreted; others are insinuations based on one-sided inferences; and even if this were not the case, a work which has for its object the presentation of the dark side of Jewish literature can not give us a proper understanding of Judaism.'
In regard to the third point, G. Dalman wrote that:
'it could no more be called a faithful representation of Judaism than an indiscriminate collection of everything superstitious and repulsive within Christian literature could be termed characteristic of Christianity'
Use by later anti-Semitic writers
The Catholic theologian August Rohling exploited the material in Eisenmenger's book in order to construct the fabrications of his antisemitic polemic Der Talmudjude (1871). The Lutheran biblical scholar Franz Delitzsch subjected Rohling's book to a close examination and found that he not only drew on Eisenmenger, but introduced many significant distortions. Rohling's book however coincided with a rise in antisemitism and often influenced humanist critics and/or antisemites, who often cite him, rather than Eisenmenger's own voluminous treatise. One such example is afforded by Sir Richard Francis Burton, who, in his antisemitic volume The Jew, Gypsy, and El Islam (1898), relied in part on Rohling's text. In recent decades the kind of material from rabbinical sources which Eisenmenger exploited to attack Judaism in general has been often discussed in contextualising certain extremist currents in modern Jewish fundamentalism, of the kind observed in religious-political movements like those associated with the Lubavitcher Rebbe, Meir Kahane, Abraham Isaac Kook and his son Zvi Yehuda Kook, such as Kach and Gush Emunim.
An English abridgment of Eisenmenger's volumes was published by John Peter Stehelin in 1748 under the title The Traditions of the Jews, with the Expositions and Doctrines of the Rabbins.
A 19th century German edition of Entdecktes Judent[h]um, edited by F. X. Schieferl, was published by Otto Brandner, Dresden, 1893.
Further works
Eisenmenger edited with Johannes Leusden the unvocalized Hebrew Bible, Amsterdam, 1694, and wrote a Lexicon Orientale Harmonicum, which to this day has not been published.
References
Sources
Zvi Avneri, "Eisenmenger, Johann Andreas," Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed. (2007)
Bibliography
Eisenmenger, Johann Andreas. Entdecktes Judenthum, 1711, in German, online. English version (abridged) translated by Stehelin, John Peter as Rabbinical Literature: Or, The Traditions Of The Jews, J. Robinson, 1748, online. Stehelin's English translation re-published in 2006 as The Traditions of the Jews, by Independent History & Research.
Johann Jakob Schudt, Jüdische Merckwürdigkeiten, i. 426-438, iii. 1-8, iv. 286
Heinrich Grätz, Gesch. 3d ed., x. 276
Löwenstein, in Berliner's Magazin, 1891, p. 209
Kaufmann, Aus Heinrich Heine's Ahnensaal, p. 61
Eckstein, Gesch. der Juden im Fürstbistum. p. 42
Bamberg, 1898 Herzog-Hauck, Real-Encyc., s.v. Wetzer and Welte
Kirchenlexikon; Allg. Deutsche Biographie.
From a polemical point of view:
Franz Delitzsch, Rohling's Talmudjude Beleuchtet, Leipzig, 1881
J. S. Kopp, Aktenstücke zum Prozesse Rohling-Bloch, Vienna, 1882
A. Th. Hartmann, Johann Andreas Eisenmenger und Seine Jüdischen Gegner, Parchim, 1834
Constantin Ritter Cholewa von Pawlikowski, Hundert Bogen aus Mehr als Fünfhundert Alten und Neuen Büchern über die, Juden Neben den Christen, Freiburg, 1859.
External links
Video lecture on Johann Andreas Eisenmenger by Dr. Henry Abramson
1893 Edition (in German)
Stehelin's 1748 English translation
1654 births
1704 deaths
Writers from Mannheim
People from the Electoral Palatinate
German orientalists
17th-century German writers
17th-century German male writers
German male non-fiction writers
Criticism of Judaism
Jewish–Christian debate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Andreas%20Eisenmenger |
The 4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards was a cavalry regiment of the British Army formed in 1922. It served in the Second World War. However following the reduction of forces at the end of the Cold War and proposals contained in the Options for Change paper, the regiment was amalgamated with the 5th Royal Inniskilling Dragoon Guards, to form the new Royal Dragoon Guards in 1992.
History
Formation
The regiment was formed in India, as the 4th/7th Dragoon Guards, in 1922 by the amalgamation of the 4th (Royal Irish) Dragoon Guards and 7th (Princess Royal's) Dragoon Guards; it gained the distinction Royal in 1936. The regiment returned to the United Kingdom in 1929, was mechanised in 1938, and transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps in 1939 prior to the outbreak of the Second World War.
Second World War
In 1939, equipped with Vickers Mk.VI light tanks, it deployed to France with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), as the reconnaissance regiment of the 2nd Infantry Division under I Corps. It participated in the Battle of France, fighting in northern France and Belgium, and evacuated from Dunkirk in Operation Dynamo. The personnel of the regiment landed in England on 3 June 1940, having abandoned their vehicles.
After re-equipping with Beaverette armoured cars, the regiment was posted to the 1st Armoured Reconnaissance Brigade and then, in December 1940, to the 27th Armoured Brigade, part of 9th Armoured Division, equipped with Covenanter tanks. At this time, a small group of personnel was detached to form the cadre of a new regiment, the 22nd Dragoons. In 1943, the regiment joined 79th Armoured Division, equipping with amphibious Valentine tanks, and later re-equipping with M4 Sherman DD tanks.
Under command of the 8th Armoured Brigade, the regiment landed on King Green, Gold Beach, at 07:20 on 6 June 1944 as part of the D-Day landings, supporting the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division. The regiment later participated in the Battle for the Falaise Gap, and as part of the armoured forces in Operation Market Garden – the regiment pushing as far as Driel, on the south bank of the Rhine a couple of miles from Arnhem. Among other notable achievements, it was the first armoured unit to cross the Seine.
Post-war
The regiment ended the war in Bremerhaven, and a year later was deployed to Palestine for a tour of duty lasting from 1946–1948. The regiment was then deployed to Libya in June 1948, rotated back to England in November 1952, and then to Lumsden Barracks in Fallingbostel in June 1954 as part of 7th Armoured Division. The regiment returned to England in October 1959 and then went to York Barracks in Munster in August 1962 from where it deployed a squadron to Aden in August 1965. It was posted to Lisanelly Barracks in Omagh in September 1966 from where it sent a squadron to Cyprus in December 1967. It was sent to Athlone Barracks in Sennelager in March 1969, and after returning to the UK in June 1973, went back to Lumsden Barracks in Fallingbostel in October 1976. It returned to the UK again in March 1981 and was then posted to Hobart Barracks in Detmold in April 1983.
Amalgamation
Following the reduction of forces at the end of the Cold War and proposals contained in the Options for Change paper, the regiment was amalgamated with the 5th Royal Inniskilling Dragoon Guards, to form the new Royal Dragoon Guards in 1992.
Regimental museum
The regimental collection is held in the York Army Museum at the Tower Street drill hall in York.
Memorials
In Norwich Cathedral there are memorial windows to those members of the 7th Dragoon Guards who died in the Second Boer War and World War I. Under the Boer War window there is a pair of brass plates listing 64 names, as well as the laid-up standards of the regiment. Under the WWI window the brass plates list 120 names. An added plate underneath is inscribed 'In Memory of the Officers, Warrant Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers and Troopers of the 4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards who fell in the Second World War'. There is also a plaque at Eden Camp Museum at Malton, North Yorkshire, to the men of 4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards who lost their lives 'during the campaigns in North West Europe 1940–1945 and in Palestine 1946–1948', and a framed WWII Roll of Honour in All Saints' Church, Pavement, York, with 150 names of those killed by enemy action, on exercises, or in accidents.
Commanding Officers
The commanding officers have been:
1959–1962: Lt.-Col. J. R. Gordon
1962–1964: Lt.-Col. H. Rollo S. Pain
1962–1966: Lt.-Col. Michael C. Barraclough
1966–1967: Lt.-Col. Robert C. Ford
1967–1969: Lt.-Col. Nigel T. Bagnall
1969–1971: Lt.-Col. W. Reynell Taylor
1971–1974: Lt.-Col. Richard E. Holy-Hasted
1974–1976: Lt.-Col. Robert J. Baddeley
1976–1978: Lt.-Col. Antony R. G. Mullens
1978–1981: Lt.-Col. William A Le Blanc-Smith
1981–1983: Lt.-Col. Charles T. I. Wright
1983–1985: Lt.-Col. Peter A. M. Gilruth
1985–1988: Lt.-Col. Clendon D. Daukes
1988–1990: Lt.-Col. R. Ian Talbot
1990–1992: Lt.-Col. Charles J. G. Thwaites
Colonels-in-Chief
1922–: HRH Princess Louise, Princess Royal, CI
1977–: Hon. Maj-Gen. HRH Katharine, Duchess of Kent, GCVO
Regimental Colonels
Colonels of the regiment were:
4th/7th Dragoon Guards
1922–1930 (4th): Lt-Gen. Sir Edward Cecil Bethune, KCB, CVO (ex 4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards)
1922–1928 (7th): Maj-Gen. Sir Henry Peter Ewart, Bt., GCVO, KCB (ex 7th Dragoon Guards)
1930–1940: Maj-Gen. Arthur Solly-Flood, CB, CMG, DSO
4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards (1935)
1940–1948: Lt-Gen. Sir Adrian Carton de Wiart, VC, KBE, CB, CMG, DSO
1948–1958: Maj-Gen. John Aldam Aizlewood, MC
1958–1963: Col. Ronald Altham Moulton-Barrett, OBE
1963–1973: Maj-Gen. James Arthur d'Avigdor-Goldsmid, CB, OBE, MC, MP
1973–1979: Maj-Gen. Ian Gordon Gill, CB, OBE, MC
1979–1983: Lt-Gen. Sir Rollo Pain, KCB, MC
1983–1989: Gen. Sir Robert Ford, GCB, CBE
1989–1992: Brig. Robert John Baddeley, ADC
1992: Regiment amalgamated with 5th Royal Inniskilling Dragoon Guards to form The Royal Dragoon Guards
References
Cavalry regiments of the British Army
Dragoon Guards
Regiments of Yorkshire
Military units and formations established in 1922
Royal Dragoon Guards 004 007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th/7th%20Royal%20Dragoon%20Guards |
The Pop Cola Panthers were a professional basketball team that played in the Philippine Basketball Association from 1990-2001. The franchise was owned by RFM Corporation. In 2001, when RFM Corporation sold its entire stake in Cosmos Bottling Corporation to Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc. (CCBPI), the PBA franchise was included in the transaction. Upon ownership by CCBPI, the PBA franchise renamed the Coca-Cola Tigers beginning the 2002 PBA season and was considered as an expansion team.
The franchise also played under the names Pop Cola/Diet Sarsi Sizzlers, Swift Mighty Meaty Hotdogs, Swift Mighty Meaties, Sunkist Orange Juicers/Bottlers and Pop Cola 800s.
History
Pop Cola was one of two expansion franchises to enter the league in the 1990 season, joining softdrink rival Pepsi-Cola, increasing the number of member teams in the pro league to eight.
In their 12-year stint in the PBA, they were known as the Pop Cola Sizzlers, Sarsi, Swift Mighty Meaty, Sunkist Orange Juicers, Sunkist Orange Bottlers and Pop Cola 800s. The team has used the Pop Cola name from 1997 until their final season in the PBA in 2001, although the team was known as Sunkist in the 2000 Commissioners Cup and was known as the Swift Panthers for the first few games of the 2001 Governors Cup. Their first finals appearance came in 1991 All-Filipino, as Diet Sarsi, lost to corporate rival Purefoods TJ Hotdogs, 3 games to 2 in a Best of Five finals series. The team's first PBA title came in 1992, when Swift defeated 7-Up four games-to-none to win the PBA Third Conference under head coach Yeng Guiao.
The franchise also fielded one of the dominant imports in PBA history in Tony Harris, who scored a PBA record 105 points for Swift when they defeated Ginebra 151-147 in a game held in Iloilo City on October 10, 1992.
In 1993, Swift traded Jack Tanuan, Ricric Marata and Andy De Guzman for Sta. Lucia in exchange for their former players in their PABL days, Vergel Meneses and Zaldy Realubit, and this gave Swift its second championship in the newly called Commissioners Cup, gaining revenge over their business rival, Purefoods Oodles, 4 games to 2, the Hotdogs were powered by best import Ronnie Thompkins. the team was title-less the following season in which head coach Yeng Guiao decided to moved over to Pepsi Mega, and Derek Pumaren taking over the coaching chores, Swift made it to the finals in the season-ending Governor's Cup, losing to Alaska in six games.
The 1995 season became a banner year for the team. Under the name Sunkist Orange Juicers, the team almost achieved a rare back-to-back winning the All-Filipino and Commissioner's Cup titles before finishing third overall in the season-ending Governor's Cup. The team was bannered by season MVP Vergel Meneses, Bonel Balingit, Boybits Victoria, Kenneth Duremdes and Rudy Distrito (who was banned in 1995 for his infamous hard foul on Alaska rookie Jeffrey Cariaso during the All-Filipino finals series).
Sunkist/Pop Cola suffered hard times in the 1996 and 1997 seasons before their fortunes changed in 1998 when the team won a few third-place finishes under head coach Norman Black, who even played one game during the Commissioner's Cup to lead the 800s to a third-place finish in the said tournament.
Pop Cola suffered two more losing seasons in 1999 and 2000 seasons but had a decent run in their final PBA season in 2001 under head coach Chot Reyes, copping third place honors in the All-Filipino Conference.
The franchise ended when RFM Corporation sold its PBA franchise to Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc. (CCBPI), in connection to its sale of Cosmos Bottling Corporation to CCBPI in 2001.
Season-by-season records
Awards
Individual awards
PBA Press Corps Individual Awards
All-Star Weekend
Notable players
PBA's 25 greatest players
Ato Agustin - "The Atomic Bomb"
Johnny Abarrientos #14 - "The Flying A"
Kenneth Duremdes - "Captain Marbel"
Bernie Fabiosa #51 - "The Sultan of Swipe" played his final year in the league with the team in 1991.
Jojo Lastimosa - "Jolas"
Vergel Meneses - "The Aerial Voyager"
Other notable players
William Antonio
Nelson Asaytono
Bonel Balingit
Nic Belasco
Sonny Cabatu
Andy De Guzman
Rudy Distrito
Boyet Fernandez
Pido Jarencio
Dwight Lago
Joey Loyzaga
Ric-Ric Marata
Ali Peek
Zaldy Realubit
Elmer Reyes
Eric Reyes
Terry Saldaña
Al Solis
Jack Tanuan
Boybits Victoria
Elpidio Villamin
Imports
Michael Anderson
Dexter Boney
David Booth
Marques Bragg
Norris Coleman
Jevon Crudup
Jay Edwards
Harold Ellis
Rosell Ellis
Sherell Ford
Tremaine Fowlkes
Paul Graham
Ronnie Grandison
Sean Green
Tony Harris
Shawn Harvey
David Henderson
Sean Higgins
Byron Houston
Alfredrick Hughes
Herb Jones
Marcus Liberty
Lewis Lloyd
Cedric McCullough
Lester Neal
Victor Page
Galen Robinson
Stan Rose
Kenny Sanders
Jason Sasser
Stevin Smith
Carl Thomas
Ronnie Thompkins
Bernard Thompson
Marcus Timmons
Kelvin Upshaw
Jamie Watson
Bryatt Vann
References
Basketball teams established in 1990
Basketball teams disestablished in 2001
Defunct Philippine Basketball Association teams
San Miguel Corporation
1990 establishments in the Philippines
2001 disestablishments in the Philippines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop%20Cola%20Panthers |
Georgios Mylonas (Greek: Γεώργιος Αλεξάνδρου Μυλωνάς; 6 April 1919 – 14 February 1998) was a Greek Center Union politician and government minister. He was a close aide to Greek statesman and premier Georgios Papandreou, and was repeatedly elected deputy for the Ioannina seat with the Center Union. Mylonas had served as an undersecretary to the premier's office and education undersecretary from 1963 to 1965. He assumed the transport ministry in the first post-junta government in 1974 and was Minister for Culture from 1989 to 1990. Mylonas was the author of the book Escape From Amorgos, detailing his escape from the island, where he was exiled during the 1967-1974 military dictatorship. The escape was organized by his then, son-in-law Elias B.M. Kulukundis and his daughter Eleni Mylonas with the help of Maria Becket.
Books
George Mylonas (1974). Escape From Amorgos: The Story of a Greek Political Prisoner's Struggle for Freedom. Scribners.
Απόδραση από την Αμοργό, Γιώργος Μυλωνάς, Ποταμός, 2015,
Elias B.M. Kulukundis (2013). The Amorgos Conspiracy.
Documentary
Stelios Kouloglou, Escape From Amorgos, 1984 Productions AE-Tvxs.gr, 2015
Press
Nicholas Gage (21 September 1969). "The Prisoner of Amorgos". The New York Times.
Thomas J. Hamilton (11 October 1969). "Greek Who Fled Hopes to Mobilize All Shades of Opinion Against Military Regime". The New York Times.
"Greece: The L.B.J. Caper", Time. 17 October 1969.
"International, Greece: One Man's Odyssey". Newsweek. 20 October 1969.
Hendrik Hertzberg (10 April 1970). "Democrat". The New Yorker.
Nicholas Gage & Ilias Kulukundis (1970). "Report From Greece - Under the Junta". The American Scholar.
References
1919 births
1998 deaths
Centre Union politicians
Greek expatriates in France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios%20Mylonas |
A stress ball or hand exercise ball is a malleable toy, usually not more than in diameter. It is squeezed in the hand and manipulated by the fingers, ostensibly to relieve stress and muscle tension or to exercise the muscles of the hand.
Despite the name, many stress balls are not spherical. Some are molded in amusing shapes, and pad- or transfer-printed with corporate logos. They may be presented to employees and clients of companies as promotional gifts. Because of the many non-spherical shapes now available, stress balls are generically known as stress relievers.
Types
There are several types of stress balls that originate from many countries. The most common type of stress ball in America is the "bean bag" type, commonly known as a "Hacky Sack". In Australia, most common are the foam type, which prevents stress through resistance from squeezing the ball. Chinese-form balls are known as the Baoding ball; unlike others, these are not squeezable as they are solid and come in pairs, allowing users to roll them together to make a soothing sound and a smooth sensation feeling in one's hands. They come in many cute shapes and sizes too.
Some stress relievers are made from closed-cell polyurethane foam rubber. These are made by injecting the liquid components of the foam into a mold. The resulting chemical reaction creates carbon dioxide bubbles as a byproduct, which in turn creates the foam.
Stress balls, especially those used in physical therapy, can also contain gel of different densities inside a rubber or cloth skin. Another type uses a thin rubber membrane surrounding a fine powder. The latter type can be made at home by filling a balloon with baking soda. Some balls similar to a footbag are marketed and used as stress balls.
See also
Fidget spinner
Fidget Cube
Worry beads
Worry stone
Squishies
Pop it (toy)
References
Ergonomics
Physical therapy
Ball
Balls
Office toys
Rubber toys
Sensory toys
1980s introductions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%20ball |
The air-to-cloth ratio is the volumetric flow rate of air (m3/minute; SI m3/second) flowing through a dust collector's inlet duct divided by the total cloth area (m2) in the filters. The result is expressed in units of velocity.
The air-to-cloth ratio is typically between 1.5 and 3.5 metres per minute, mainly depending on the concentration of dust loading.
External links
Details on how to calculate air-to-cloth ratio
Filters
Engineering ratios | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-cloth%20ratio |
Cleopatra General Student Association Groningen () is a student association in Groningen, the Netherlands. As of 2006, the association had approximately 280 members.
History
Cleopatra was founded on December 3, 1985. At the time of its founding, all existing student associations were either traditional/conservative, or Christian, or Frisian. Cleopatra emerged from a tutor group of the Economy faculty of Groningen State University. Legend has it that the tutor group initially proposed to name the new association after their tutor, Theo van Uum. Van Uum objected however. It was only at the notary that the founders named it after the ancient politician Cleopatra.
Mission
Cleopatra intends to be different from other associations. Its main characteristic is the fact that hazing (a compulsory, often abusive introduction period) is forbidden. Cleopatra resembles many other student associations in the Netherlands in having various substructures (although with different names) and aiming at enhancing the social contact between its members by organising various leisure time activities. The structures include:
Boats (formalised groups of friends)
Tribes (introduction groups for new members)
Committees
Colleges (special interest groups)
"Columns" (Zuil, Zeer Uitgebreid Intergratie Lichaam, "Vastly Expanded Integration Body", for various initiatives.
Cleopatra is a member of ZEUS (Zusterlijke Eenheid Uit Saamhorigheid "Sisterly Unity Out Of Concord"), a confederation of alternative student associations in other cities.
External links
www.cleopatra-groningen.nl
Student societies in the Netherlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra%20Algemene%20Studentenvereniging%20Groningen |
Joshua Ang Ser Kian (; born 1 March 1989) is a former Mediacorp artiste from Singapore who starred alongside Shawn Lee in the film I Not Stupid and its sequel I Not Stupid Too.
Career
Ang began acting in 2001 and was one of four child actors who were cast by Jack Neo and his team in the box office hit I Not Stupid. He was then cast in Homerun in the following year, another successful film by Neo. Ang soon rose to stardom and was cast in more films, including Nobody's Child and I Not Stupid Too. In 2008, after completing his National service, Ang signed a contract with Mediacorp as a full-time artiste. Ang also starred in Mediacorp Channel 8's 180 episode drama, Your Hand in Mine.
On 15 July 2010, Ang announced that he would not be renewing his contract with Mediacorp to spend more time on his new startup, a recycling business, and with his family.
In 2012, Joshua founded the online humour TV channel Reelity TV. He made a brief return to television in Unriddle 2 to reprise his role as Liu Shisan and in films We Not Naughty and Timeless Love.
Personal life
Ang attended Pasir Ris Secondary School. After completing his O Levels, he served out his National Service before joining Mediacorp on a full-time contract.
On 3 March 2018, Ang married Shannon Low, an air stewardess whom he met in 2010 while studying part-time for a Banking and Finance degree in Murdoch University. Their son, Jedaiah Leonhart was born on 1 August 2018. On 14 December 2020, Ang announced on his Instagram account that he decided to divorce Low without revealing the actual reason, and later specifying the divorce would be formalised in March 2021 when they are legally allowed to do so. After the news of the divorce came to public attention, both Ang and Low indicated that they would be taking legal actions against each other for allegations that they had raised of each other on their social media accounts.
In August 2021, Ang welcomed his second child, whom he fathered with an unnamed partner.
Filmography
Television
Films
Awards and nominations
References
1989 births
Living people
Singaporean male film actors
Singaporean people of Hokkien descent
Male child actors
21st-century Singaporean male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua%20Ang |
Ian Castles (20 February 1935 – 2 August 2010) was Secretary of the Australian Government Department of Finance (1979–86), the Australian Statistician (1986–94), and a Visiting Fellow at the Asia Pacific School of Economics and Government at the Australian National University, Canberra.
Life and career
Castles was born in Kyneton, Victoria and educated at state schools in Sale, Wesley College, Melbourne and Melbourne University. in 1954, he joined the Australian Public Service in the archives division of the National Library of Australia, then located in Melbourne, and moved to Canberra in 1957. He joined the Treasury in 1958. He was appointed Secretary of the Department of Finance commencing from 2 January 1979. In 1986 he was appointed Australian Statistician.
Between 1995 and 2000, he was Executive Director and Vice President and of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia and he was also President of the International Association of Official Statistics.
He was a contributor to Online Opinion, appeared at events hosted by the Institute of Public Affairs and Centre for Independent Studies, and published papers with The Lavoisier Group. Ian Castles was known for his criticism of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, particularly its Special Report on Emissions Scenarios.
His interests included research into the information requirements for public policy (especially at the international level) and the history of economic thought.
Ian Castles died on 2 August 2010, aged 75. His death was in Canberra Hospital, from complications following a heart attack.
Honours
Ian Castles was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in June 1978, and an Officer of the Order of Australia in June 1987.
Publications
His publications include:
Ian Castles and David Henderson (2003) The IPCC emission scenarios: An economic-statistical critique, Energy & Environment, vol. 14: nos.2–3.
Ian Castles and David Henderson (2003) Economics, emissions scenarios and the work of the IPCC, Energy & Environment, vol. 14, no. 4.
Castles, Ian (2000) 'Reporting on Human Development: Lies, Damned Lies and Statistics', In Facts and Fancies of Human Development. Castles, Ian (eds.). Canberra: Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia.
References
External links
Ian Castles at Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia
Ian Castles at Online Opinion
Sourcewatch : Ian Castles
1935 births
2010 deaths
Australian statisticians
Australian Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Officers of the Order of Australia
Secretaries of the Australian Department of Finance
People from Kyneton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Castles |
The Rose is a municipally-owned theatre located in downtown Brampton, Ontario. Originally Rose Theatre Brampton, a series of public events throughout September 2006 culminated in a grand opening on 29 September featuring Diana Krall. The theatre includes a main performance hall with seating for 880, and a smaller multi-purpose hall with seating for 130–160, depending on configuration
It was built as "a cultural and tourist destination that will attract significant new business to surrounding restaurants, shops and services". City planners projected that the facilities would generate $2.7 million in economic activity in its first year of operation, and grow to $19.8 million by the fifth year. This is predicted to attract more than 55,000 visitors annually who will spend about $275,000 on before and after-show entertainment, creating close to 300 permanent jobs.
The Rose is home to the Rose Theatre Summer Series. The Series is a summer stock theatre festival which includes various theatrical pieces. The shows are in three different venues: The Main Stage, Studio Two and Garden Square.
History
Construction of an underground parking garage began in the fall of 1994 by Inzola Construction. The Farmers Market, which had been held on the level parking lot behind the buildings of the north-east quadrant of Four Corners, was moved to Main Street during the 1995 season once construction on the parking garage was underway. The Queen's Square Infrastructure Project was completed in 1997 and named Market Square Parking.
The parking lot had nothing built on top for a number of years. A mixed-use condo tower was not built because engineers determined the ground would not support the weight of the structure. A movie theatre was also suggested and rejected.
On 15 April 2002 City Council "...committed to building a new Theatre in the Downtown Core..." The project had the name "Market Square Theatre"
The Market Theatre was designed by Page + Steele Architects and constructed by Aecon Buildings of Aecon Group Inc. Named the Rose Theatre Brampton, it opened in September 2006. The theatre included an outdoor public square, known as Garden Square. Over time, Brampton residents referred to the theatre as "The Rose."
In May and June 2008, construction included renovations to the surroundings and the installation of a fountain stage.
It was the final stop of the 2010–2011 American/Canadian national tour of The Wizard of Oz.
The building ran on generators in summer 2011, due to electrical problems. Electricity was shut off again in late October 2011, due to water seepage in the electrical room. Running off generators, the theatre cancelled a concert and two performances of I, Claudia. Other shows continued without heat, elevators, and with much of the parking garage closed off, deemed too dark. The outage lasted from 27 October to 11 November. In March 2016 the theatre hosted a comedy performance by Howie Mandel.
See also
Living Arts Centre, Mississauga, Ontario
Markham Theatre, Markham, Ontario
References
External links
Rose Theatre
Buildings and structures in Brampton
Culture of Brampton
Postmodern architecture in Canada
Theatres in Ontario
Theatres completed in 2006
Tourist attractions in Brampton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose%20Theatre%20Brampton |
Rabbi Mayer Schiller (born June 1951) is an American chasid based in Monsey, New York, who identifies himself as a member of Skver and Rachmastrivka groups, and is a spokesperson for the Skver community in New Square. Schiller also maintains active ties to the Modern Orthodox community. He taught at Marsha Stern Talmudical Academy of Yeshiva University, He is a baal teshuva, having begun practicing Orthodoxy in the spring of 1964 at age 12.
He is a nationalist who criticizes liberal notions of race and the bias against traditional religion in today's media and popular culture. He has been associated with various groups, including the Third Way (UK) and the Ulster Third Way. However, Schiller has also advocated a universalist morality and embrace of the Other, provided that is pursued without loss to group identity. He is involved with the group Toward Tradition, which seeks to advance co-operation between Orthodox Jews and conservative Christians, for example, on issues like abortion, marriage, family, religious schools, and religious freedom.
Schiller is also the author of two books - The Road Back: A Discovery of Judaism Without Embellishments, The (Guilty) Conscience of a Conservative (under the name Craig Schiller) -and a monograph in defense of Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch's Torah Im Derech Eretz philosophy, titled "And They Shall Judge the People With True Righteousness". He is an English teacher at Mesivta Beth Shraga.
References
Works
Rabbi Mayer Schiller, "Piety, Banality, Scholarship, and Superficiality" Jewish Action (Fall 1982) p. 16-17. Vol. 43, No. 1
— "Symposium: The Future of American Orthodoxy" Jewish Action (Fall 5759/1998) p. 56-59. Vol. 59, No. 1
— "The New Judaism" American Council for Judaism Issues (Summer 1998) p. 5-12.
— "A Symposium in Divided and Distinguished Worlds" Tradition Vol. 26 No. 2, (Winter 1992) pp. 5, 58-62
— "Reflections on the Sixth Day War After Half a Century " Tradition Vol. 26 No. 4, (Summer 1992) p. 6, 15-19
— "The Sea Change in Orthodox Judaism: A Symposium" Tradition Vol. 32 No. 4 (Summer 1998) p. 19, 101-105
— "Hirschians and Kookians in America: Report on an Endangered Species" Jewish Action (Winter 5747/1986-1987) p. 9-15. Vol. 47, No. 1
— "The Forgotten Humanism of Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch" Jewish Action (Summer 5759/1981) pp. 21–26. Vol.49, No. 3
— "The Academic and/or Man of Faith" Jewish Action (Spring 1990) p. 28-32. Vol. 50, No. 2
— "Fun and Relaxation Reexamined" Jewish Action (Spring 5751/1991) Vol. 51, No. 2
— "Realities, Possibilities, and Dreams: Reaching Modern Orthodox Youth" Ten Da'at (Adar 5749) p. 23-26. Vol. 111, No. 2
— "Torah Ummada and The Jewish Observer Critique: Towards a Clarification of the Issues" The Torah u-Madda Journal 6 (1995–1996) p. 58-90
— "Exchange with Rabbi Shlomo Danziger" Jewish Action (Winter 5760/1999) pp. 30,32,81, Vol. 60, No. 2
— "Are We Still a Holy Nation? An All-Embracing Kedushah" Jewish Action (Fall 5762/2001) pp. 32–34 Vol. 62, No.1
— "Can the Death of Ideology Spell the Rebirth of Hasidism?" Jewish Action (Summer/Fall 1986) p. 48-51. Vol. 45, No. 3
— "The Unique Village of New Square" Jewish Action (Spring 5752/1992) pp. 35–39. Vol. 52, No. 2
— "A Portrait of Moshe 'Gabbai'" Jewish Action (Fall 5760/1999) p. 39-43. Vol. 60, No. 1
— "A Personal God and the Rebbe Who Taught Him: Rabbi Aharon Roth (Reb Arele)" Great Minds of the Twentieth Century in Jewish Action (Fall 5757/1996) p. 38-41. Vol. 57, No. 1
— "Separation: Is There an Alternative?" American Renaissance (February 1995) Vol. 6, No. 2
— "First Toward Tradition Conference : The Arduous Calling of Religious Conservatives". October 6, 1994
— "Second Toward Tradition Conference : Conservatism's Death and the West's Hope". September 11, 2000
— "Third Toward Tradition Conference : The Politics of Kiddush Hashem" September 11, 2000
External links
Article on Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch
Article on Judaism and Nationalism
Living people
American Hasidic rabbis
Baalei teshuva
1951 births
People from Monsey, New York
Rachmastrivka (Hasidic dynasty)
Skver (Hasidic dynasty) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayer%20Schiller |
Sue Wilkinson may refer to:
Sue Wilkinson (professor), feminist academic and advocate for same-sex marriage
Sue Wilkinson (singer), British singer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue%20Wilkinson |
Wycliffe College is a public school (co-educational, private, boarding and day school) in Stonehouse, Gloucestershire, England, founded in 1882 by G. W. Sibly. It comprises a Nursery School for ages 2–4, a Preparatory School for ages 4–13, and a Senior School for ages 13–18. In total, there are approximately 800 pupils enrolled at the school. The college is set in 60 acres of land. In 2018, The Duchess of Gloucester officially opened a new £6 million boarding house named Ward's-Ivy Grove. The college attracts students from many areas of the world.
Wycliffe is a member school of The Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference (HMC). The Good Schools Guide stated that Wycliffe is "A school which offers a way of life as much as an education...A real gem of a school." The Independent Schools Inspectorate rated Wycliffe as either Excellent in all areas in its most recent inspection (March 2023).
Nursery School
The Nursery, which first opened in 1983 at the Grove, and was originally located within the same grounds as the Preparatory School boarding houses and sports fields. The Grove, a house built of Cotswold stone, was destroyed by fire in 1994. In 2012 the nursery school split into the nursery and pre-prep departments, the latter being moved to join with the Preparatory school.
Wycliffe Preparatory School
The Prep School has extensive sports grounds separated by a main road from the main campus. The pupils use a specially built bridge to cross over the road safely. The Prep School has two boarding houses: Pennwood housing and Windrush.
The Senior School
The Senior School is located a short walk away from the Preparatory School. With over 400 students, the Senior School is the largest campus of the three. The main reception is located in School House – the principal building in the College.
Students are separated into eight different houses. With the exceptions of Collingwood House, a mixed house for day pupils, and Loosley, a mixed sixth form boarding house, the houses are single gender boarding houses. One of the school's boarding houses, Haywardsend, is one of the town's oldest buildings, an old Tudor farmhouse. Haywardsfield, an imposing three-story red brick house at the head of the school drive, is the school's oldest boarding house. The newest boarding house, Wards-Ivy Grove, completed in 2017, was designed as split gender houses: Wards and Ivy Grove, with a future-proof design feature allowing it to rapidly convert to single gender accommodation whenever required.
Sibly Hall, named in honour of the school's founder, is the school's main function hall. The school's music department is a dedicated building located near the centre of the senior campus.
In 1911, a Wesleyan chapel was built in the grounds of Wycliffe College; although built with money subscribed by those connected with the school and mainly used by the school, it was also the chapel of the local Methodist community. A tower and spire were added in 1921. The chapel was gutted by fire in 1939 and rebuilt in the late 1950s, with much of the stone coming from the church at Frocester. Its tower is Grade II listed. The chapel holds popular and well attended annual Christmas Carol Services for the school and local community.
Accreditation
The school is the first independent school in the country to have achieved recognition with National Academy for Able Children in Education (NACE). The school has also achieved 'CReSTeD' accreditation for teaching dyslexic pupils. A 2010 Ofsted inspection report on the School's capability to help children to achieve well and enjoy what they do rated the provision as outstanding, noting the "extensive support networks for all boarders within the school".
Sport
Wycliffe is a major squash-playing school, due to their continuous success in the squash court. The school currently holds many national squash titles, and it is also the first school to hold both the U15 and U19 National titles at the same time. Old Wycliffians have also gone on to represent their home nations in international events such as the Commonwealth Games.
Among other options, pupils may choose squash as either a games option or an extra-curricular activity.
Since 1935, Wycliffe's Boat Club has had a boathouse of its own, located at Saul Junction on the Gloucester-Sharpness Canal with around 30 km of still training water.
Curriculum
The academic structure targets exams of both standard English curriculum GCSE and the International GCSE, and A-level subjects at the standard English curriculum. The school currently offers 21 subject choices at GCSE, and 27 at Sixth Form level. Other activities include a Combined Cadet Force and a Duke of Edinburgh Award scheme. Extracurricular activities include: Horse riding club, Fencing club, Cryptology club, Science club, Beekeeping, Shooting, Model United Nations among many others.
Head Teachers (Senior)
G. W. Sibly (1882–1912)
W. A. Sibly (1912–1947)
S. G. H. Loosley (1947–1967)
R. D. H. Roberts (1967–1980)
Richard Poulton (1980–6)
Tony Millard (1987–1993)
David Prichard (1994–1998)
Tony Collins (1998–2005)
Margie E Burnet Ward (2005–2015)
Nick Gregory (2015–present)
Notable alumni
Former pupils of the school are known as Old Wycliffians or OWs. Alumni become life members of the Society when they leave the school. The principal aim of the Society is to keep members of the worldwide Wycliffian family in touch with each other.
Notable Old Wycliffians include:
Charlie Barnett (cricketer), (1910–1993), Gloucestershire and England cricketer.
Ananda Coomaraswamy (1877–1947), philosopher and art historian
William Wasbrough Foster DSO CMG, Canadian businessman, Police and Army officer.
Brian Fothergill (1921–1990), biographer
Alex Gidman Gloucestershire and England A cricket captain
Roger Gray (1921–1992), High Court judge and first-class cricketer
Sir Michael Graydon, Chief of the Air Staff of the Royal Air Force (1992–1997)
Jeffrey Harborne, phytochemist
Somerville Hastings (1878–1967), surgeon and politician
Ernest William Jones (1870 - 1941), first class cricketer and trans-European maritime transport magnate
Denis Malone, Chief Justice of Belize and later the Cayman Islands
John May, Vice-Chairman of the World Scout Committee, Secretary General of the Duke of Edinburgh's Award
William Moseley, actor.
Jeremy Nicholas (Woolcock) - actor, writer, broadcaster, musician
Mike Osborne, jazz musician.
Camilla Pang, computational biologist and author.
Gilbert Parkhouse, Glamorgan and England cricketer.
Ben Parkin, Member of Parliament for Stroud (1945–50) Paddington North (1953–69)
Tim Payne, England rugby player
Mark Porter, medical doctor and media person.
Charlie Sharples, Gloucester rugby winger.
Sir Franklin Sibly (1883–1948), geologist and university administrator.
Jon Silkin, poet
Sir William Stanier, railway engineer
Charlie Stayt, presenter of BBC Breakfast on BBC One
Al Stewart, singer-songwriter, notable for his 1976 world wide hit record 'Year of the Cat'
Jun Tanaka, chef and author
Geoffrey Tovey, serologist and founder of UK Transplant service
John Duncan, Governor of the British Virgin Islands
References
External links
Wycliffe College
Prep & College profiles at the Independent Schools Council website
Member schools of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference
Private schools in Gloucestershire
Boarding schools in Gloucestershire
Educational institutions established in 1882
Stroud District
1882 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wycliffe%20College%2C%20Gloucestershire |
This is a list of notable people hailing from the city of Istanbul.
Hrant Dink editor of an Armenian newspaper
Halide Edib Adıvar, novelist, politician
Müjde Ar, actress
Oğuz Aral, cartoonist
Bülent Arel, music producer
Duygu Asena, women's rights activist
Hulusi Behçet, dermatologist
Semiha Berksoy, opera singer
Orhan Boran, radio and TV host
Aydın Boysan, architect, academic, author and essayist
Yaşar Büyükanıt, Chief of the Turkish General Staff
Eylül Cansın, transgender sex worker
Cornelius Castoriadis, Greek-French political philosopher
Hakan Celik, journalist, TV anchorman, radio producer
Hande Berktan, journalist, TV presenter
Nuri Bilge Ceylan, filmmaker
Manuel Chrysoloras, Greek academic, diplomat
Tansu Çiller, former prime minister
Volkan Diyaroğlu, artist
Bülent Ecevit, former prime minister
Neşe Erberk, Miss Europe 1984
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, President of Turkey
Sertab Erener, singer
Ahmet Ertegün, co-founder and executive of Atlantic Records and the New York Cosmos
Nesuhi Ertegün, co-founder and executive of Atlantic Records and the New York Cosmos
Yonca Evcimik, pop singer
Shlomo Gazit (1926–2020), Israeli head of IDF military intelligence, President of Ben-Gurion University
Leyla Gencer, opera singer
Fatma Girik, actress
Münir Göle, writer and photographer
Ali Ferit Gören (1913-1987), Austrian-Turkish Olympic sprinter
Gregory V, Greek Patriarch of Constantinople
Ara Güler, photographer
Tunç Hamarat, correspondence chess world champion 2004
Tunch Ilkin, former American football player, TV anchor
Ertuğrul Işınbark, stage magician
Nihat Kahveci, football player
İrem Karamete (born 1993), Olympic fencer
Elia Kazan, director, producer, screenwriter, novelist, actor
Hülya Koçyiğit, actress
Fahri Korutürk, former president of Turkey
Lefter Küçükandonyadis, football player
Mike Lazaridis, founder of Research in Motion
Nasuh Mahruki, first Turkish person to summit Mt. Everest
Barış Manço, musician
Andrew Mango, British author
Arif Mardin, music producer
Kleanthis Maropoulos, Greek footballer
Alexander Mavrocordatos, Greek dragoman to Sultan Mehmed IV
Iskouhi Minas (1884–1951), French poet and novelist of Armenian descent, born in Istanbul
Leone Minassian (1905–1978), Italian painter of Armenian descent, born in Istanbul
Kostas Negrepontis, Greek footballer
Aziz Nesin, novelist
Marika Nezer, Greek singer
Altay Öktem, Turkish poet, writer, researcher and doctor
Irfan Orga, Turkish Air Force fighter pilot, diplomat, writer
Leon Walerian Ostroróg, jurist of Polish descent, adviser to the Ottoman government
Orhan Pamuk, novelist
Sadettin Pasha, Ottoman pasha
Pekinel sisters, twin pianists
Ajda Pekkan, singer
Athinodoros Prousalis, Greek actor
Nicola Rossi-Lemeni, opera singer
Alexandros Soutsos, Greek poet and partisan
Haldun Taner, playwright
Hidayet Türkoğlu, basketball player
Antonietta Gambara Untersteiner, composer
Orhan Veli, poet
Stavros Xenidis, Greek actor
Hamza Yerlikaya, wrestler and Olympic gold medalist
Erol Yesilkaya, Turkish-German screenwriter
Cem Yılmaz, stand-up comedian, actor
Gönül Engin Yılmaz, artist
Alexander Ypsilantis (senior), Greek diplomat
Alexander Ypsilantis (junior), Greek military commander
Constantine Ypsilantis, Greek revolutionary
Related lists
List of people from Constantinople (between the 3rd century and 1453 CE)
Notable people from Byzantium (before the 3rd century CE)
List of museums and monuments in Istanbul
List of urban centers in Istanbul
List of universities in Istanbul
List of schools in Istanbul
List of architectural structures in Istanbul
List of columns and towers in Istanbul
List of libraries in Istanbul
List of mayors of Istanbul
Istanbul
Istanbul-related lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20from%20Istanbul |
This is a list of Social Democratic and Labour Party MPs. It includes all members of Parliament elected to the British House of Commons representing the Social Democratic and Labour Party. Members of the European Parliament are not listed.
1 Elected for the Republican Labour Party in 1966 and 1970; formed the SDLP shortly after the latter general election; became an Independent Socialist MP in 1980.
Graphical representation
{| class="wikitable"
!Constituency
!1970
!F 1974
!O 1974
!1979
!1980
!1983
!1986
!1987
!1992
!1997
!2005
!2010
!2015
!2017
!2019
|-
|Belfast South
| colspan="10" |
| colspan="3" bgcolor=""|McDonnell
|
| colspan="1" bgcolor=""|Hanna
|-
|Belfast West
| colspan="4" bgcolor="" |Fitt
| colspan="4" |
| bgcolor="" |Hendron
| colspan="6" |
|-
|Foyle
| colspan="5" |
| colspan="5" bgcolor="" |Hume
| colspan="3" bgcolor="" |Durkan
|
| colspan="1" bgcolor="" |Eastwood
|-
|Newry and Armagh
| colspan="6" |
| colspan="4" bgcolor="" |Mallon
| colspan="5" |
|-
|South Down
| colspan="7" |
| colspan="4" bgcolor="" |McGrady
| colspan="2" bgcolor="" |Ritchie
|colspan="2"|
|-
!No. of SDLP MPs
!1
!1
!1
!1
!0
!1
!2
!3
!4
!3
!3
!3
!3
!0
!2
|}
References
http://www.sdlp.ie/index.php/your_representatives/
SDLP
SDLP | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Social%20Democratic%20and%20Labour%20Party%20MPs |
A dust collector is a system used to enhance the quality of air released from industrial and commercial processes by collecting dust and other impurities from air or gas. Designed to handle high-volume dust loads, a dust collector system consists of a blower, dust filter, a filter-cleaning system, and a dust receptacle or dust removal system. It is distinguished from air purifiers, which use disposable filters to remove dust.
History
The father of the dust collector was Wilhelm Beth from Lübeck. In 1921, he patented three filter designs that he had pioneered to remove dust from air.
Uses
Dust collectors are used in many processes to either recover valuable granular solid or powder from process streams, or to remove granular solid pollutants from exhaust gases prior to venting to the atmosphere. Dust collection is an online process for collecting any process-generated dust from the source point on a continuous basis. Dust collectors may be of single unit construction, or a collection of devices used to separate particulate matter from the process air. They are often used as an air pollution control device to maintain or improve air quality.
Mist collectors remove particulate matter in the form of fine liquid droplets from the air. They are often used for the collection of metal working fluids, and coolant or oil mists. Mist collectors are often used to improve or maintain the quality of air in the workplace environment.
Fume and smoke collectors are used to remove sub-micrometer-size particulates from the air. They effectively reduce or eliminate particulate matter and gas streams from many industrial processes such as welding, rubber and plastic processing, high speed machining with coolants, tempering, and quenching.
Types
Five main types of industrial dust collectors are:
Inertial separators
Fabric filters
Wet scrubbers
Unit collector
Electrostatic precipitators
Inertial separators
Inertial separators separate dust from gas streams using a combination of forces, such as centrifugal, gravitational, and inertial. These forces move the dust to an area where the forces exerted by the gas stream are minimal. The separated dust is moved by gravity into a hopper, where it is temporarily stored.
The three primary types of inertial separators are:
Settling chambers
Baffle chambers
Centrifugal collectors
Neither settling chambers nor baffle chambers are commonly used in the minerals processing industry. However, their principles of operation are often incorporated into the design of more efficient dust collectors.
Settling chamber
A settling chamber (or stiveroom) consists of a large box installed in the ductwork. The increase of cross section area at the chamber reduces the speed of the dust-filled airstream and heavier particles settle out.
Settling chambers are simple in design and can be manufactured from almost any material. However, they are seldom used as primary dust collectors because of their large space requirements and low efficiency. A practical use is as precleaners for more efficient collect.
Advantages: 1) simple construction and low cost 2) maintenance free 3) collects particles without need of water. Disadvantages: 1) low efficiency 2) large space required.
Baffle chamber
Baffle chambers use a fixed baffle plate that causes the conveying gas stream to make a sudden change of direction. Large-diameter particles do not follow the gas stream but continue into a dead air space and settle. Baffle chambers are used as precleaners
Centrifugal collectors
Centrifugal collectors use cyclonic action to separate dust particles from the gas stream. In a typical cyclone, the dust gas stream enters at an angle and is spun rapidly. The centrifugal force created by the circular flow throws the dust particles toward the wall of the cyclone. After striking the wall, these particles fall into a hopper located underneath.
The most common types of centrifugal, or inertial, collectors in use today are:
Single-cyclone separators
Single-cyclone separators create a dual vortex to separate coarse from fine dust. The main vortex spirals downward and carries most of the coarser dust particles. The inner vortex, created near the bottom of the cyclone, spirals upward and carries finer dust particles.
Multiple-cyclone separators
Multiple-cyclone separators consist of a number of small-diameter cyclones, operating in parallel and having a common gas inlet and outlet, as shown in the figure, and operate on the same principle as single cyclone separators—creating an outer downward vortex and an ascending inner vortex.
Multiple-cyclone separators remove more dust than single cyclone separators because the individual cyclones have a greater length and smaller diameter. The longer length provides longer residence time while the smaller diameter creates greater centrifugal force. These two factors result in better separation of dust particulates. The pressure drop of multiple-cyclone separators collectors is higher than that of single-cyclone separators, requiring more energy to clean the same amount of air. A single-chamber cyclone separator of the same volume is more economical, but doesn't remove as much dust.
Cyclone separators are found in all types of power and industrial applications, including pulp and paper plants, cement plants, steel mills, petroleum coke plants, metallurgical plants, saw mills and other kinds of facilities that process dust.
Secondary-air-flow separators
This type of cyclone uses a secondary air flow, injected into the cyclone to accomplish several things. The secondary air flow increases the speed of the cyclonic action making the separator more efficient; it intercepts the particulate before it reaches the interior walls of the unit; and it forces the separated particulate toward the collection area. The secondary air flow protects the separator from particulate abrasion and allows the separator to be installed horizontally because gravity is not depended upon to move the separated particulate downward.
Fabric filters
Commonly known as baghouses, fabric collectors use filtration to separate dust particulates from dusty gases. They are one of the most efficient and cost-effective types of dust collectors available, and can achieve a collection efficiency of more than 99% for very fine particulates.
Dust-laden gases enter the baghouse and pass through fabric bags that act as filters. The bags can be of woven or felted cotton, synthetic, or glass-fiber material in either a tube or envelope shape.
Pre-coating
To ensure the filter bags have a long lifespan they are commonly coated with a filter enhancer (pre-coat). The use of chemically inert limestone (calcium carbonate) is most common as it increases efficiency of dust collection (including fly ash) via formation of what is called a dustcake or coating on the surface of the filter media. This traps fine particulates but also provides protection for the bag itself from moisture, and oily or sticky particulates which can bind the filter media. Without a pre-coat the filter bag allows fine particulates to bleed through the bag filter system, especially during start-up, as the bag can only do part of the filtration leaving the finer parts to the filter enhancer dustcake.
Parts
Fabric filters generally have the following parts:
Clean plenum
Dusty plenum
Bag, cage, venturi assembly
Tubeplate
RAV/SCREW
Compressed air header
Blow pipe
Housing and hopper
Types of bag cleaning
Baghouses are characterized by their cleaning method.
Shaking
A rod connecting to the bag is powered by a motor. This provides motion to remove caked-on particles. The speed and motion of the shaking depends on the design of the bag and composition of the particulate matter. Generally shaking is horizontal. The top of the bag is closed and the bottom is open. When shaken, the dust collected on the inside of the bag is freed. No dirty gas flows through a bag while it is being cleaned. This redirection of air flow illustrates why baghouses must be compartmentalized.
Reverse air
Air flow gives the bag structure. Dirty air flows through the bag from the inside, allowing dust to collect on the interior surface. During cleaning, gas flow is restricted from a specific compartment. Without the flowing air, the bags relax. The cylindrical bag contains rings that prevent it from completely collapsing under the pressure of the air. A fan blows clean air in the reverse direction. The relaxation and reverse air flow cause the dust cake to crumble and release into the hopper. Upon the completion of the cleaning process, dirty air flow continues and the bag regains its shape.
Pulse jet
This type of baghouse cleaning (also known as pressure-jet cleaning) is the most common. It was invented and patented by MikroPul in 1956. A high pressure blast of air is used to remove dust from the bag. The blast enters the top of the bag tube, temporarily ceasing the flow of dirty air. The shock of air causes a wave of expansion to travel down the fabric. The flexing of the bag shatters and discharges the dust cake.
The air burst is about 0.1 second and it takes about 0.5 seconds for the shock wave to travel down the length of the bag. Due to its rapid release, the blast of air does not interfere with contaminated gas flow. Therefore, pulse-jet baghouses can operate continuously and are not usually compartmentalized.
The blast of compressed air must be powerful enough to ensure that the shock wave will travel the entire length of the bag and fracture the dust cake.
The efficiency of the cleaning system allows the unit to have a much higher gas to cloth ratio (or volumetric throughput of gas per unit area of filter) than shaking and reverse air bag filters. This kind of filter thus requires a smaller area to admit the same volume of air.
Sonic
The least common type of cleaning method is sonic. Shaking is achieved by sonic vibration. A sound generator produces a low frequency sound that causes the bags to vibrate. Sonic cleaning is commonly combined with another method of cleaning to ensure thorough cleaning.
Rotating cage
Although the principles of this method are basic, the rotating mechanical cage cleaning method is relatively new to the international market. This method can be visualized by reminding users of putting a floor covering rug on a clothes line and beating the dust out of it. The rotating cage consists of a cage with fixed position holding the filter bag. Nested inside the cage holding the bag is a secondary cage that is allowed to rotate 90 degrees. This rotating action can be as adjusted to meet desired whipping effect on the inside of the bag.
Cartridge collectors
Cartridge collectors use perforated metal cartridges that contain a pleated, nonwoven filtering media, as opposed to woven or felt bags used in baghouses. The pleated design allows for a greater total filtering surface area than in a conventional bag of the same diameter, The greater filtering area results in a reduced air to media ratio, pressure drop, and overall collector size.
Cartridge collectors are available in single use or continuous duty designs. In single-use collectors, the dirty cartridges are changed and collected dirt is removed while the collector is off. In the continuous duty design, the cartridges are cleaned by the conventional pulse-jet cleaning system.
Wet scrubbers
Dust collectors that use liquid are known as wet scrubbers. In these systems, the scrubbing liquid (usually water) comes into contact with a gas stream containing dust particles. Greater contact of the gas and liquid streams yields higher dust removal efficiency.
There is a large variety of wet scrubbers; however, all have one of three basic configurations:
1. Gas-humidification - The gas-humidification process agglomerates fine particles, increasing the bulk, making collection easier.
2. Gas-liquid contact - This is one of the most important factors affecting collection efficiency. The particle and droplet come into contact by four primary mechanisms:
a) Inertial impaction - When water droplets placed in the path of a dust-laden gas stream, the stream separates and flows around them. Due to inertia, the larger dust particles will continue on in a straight path, hit the droplets, and become encapsulated.
b) Interception - Finer particles moving within a gas stream do not hit droplets directly but brush against and adhere to them.
c) Diffusion - When liquid droplets are scattered among dust particles, the particles are deposited on the droplet surfaces by Brownian movement, or diffusion. This is the principal mechanism in the collection of submicrometre dust particles.
d) Condensation nucleation - If a gas passing through a scrubber is cooled below the dewpoint, condensation of moisture occurs on the dust particles. This increase in particle size makes collection easier.
3. Gas-liquid separation - Regardless of the contact mechanism used, as much liquid and dust as possible must be removed. Once contact is made, dust particulates and water droplets combine to form agglomerates. As the agglomerates grow larger, they settle into a collector.
The "cleaned" gases are normally passed through a mist eliminator (demister pads) to remove water droplets from the gas stream. The dirty water from the scrubber system is either cleaned and discharged or recycled to the scrubber. Dust is removed from the scrubber in a clarification unit or a drag chain tank. In both systems solid material settles on the bottom of the tank. A drag chain conveyor system removes the sludge and deposits in into a dumpster or stockpile.
Types of scrubbers
Spray-tower scrubber wet scrubbers may be categorized by pressure drop as follows:
Low-energy scrubbers (0.5 to 2.5 inches water gauge - 124.4 to 621.9 Pa)
Low- to medium-energy scrubbers (2.5 to 6 inches water gauge - 0.622 to 1.493 kPa)
Medium- to high-energy scrubbers (6 to 15 inches water gauge - 1.493 to 3.731 kPa)
High-energy scrubbers (greater than 15 inches water gauge - greater than 3.731 kPa)
Due to the large number of commercial scrubbers available, it is not possible to describe each individual type here. However, the following sections provide examples of typical scrubbers in each category.
Low-energy scrubbers
In the simple, gravity-spray-tower scrubber, liquid droplets formed by liquid atomized in spray nozzles fall through rising exhaust gases. Dirty water is drained at the bottom.
These scrubbers operated at pressure drops of 1 to 2 in. water gauge (¼ to ½ kPa) and are approximately 70% efficient on 10 µm particles. Their efficiency is poor below 10 µm. However, they are capable of treating relatively high dust concentrations without becoming plugged.
Low- to medium-energy scrubbers
Wet cyclones use centrifugal force to spin the dust particles (similar to a cyclone), and throw the particulates upon the collector's wetted walls. Water introduced from the top to wet the cyclone walls carries these particles away. The wetted walls also prevent dust reentrainment.
Pressure drops for these collectors range from 2 to 8 in. water (½ to 2 kPa), and the collection efficiency is good for 5 μm particles and above.
High-energy scrubbers co-current-flow scrubber
Packed-bed scrubbers consist of beds of packing elements, such as coke, broken rock, rings, saddles, or other manufactured elements. The packing breaks down the liquid flow into a high-surface-area film so that the dusty gas streams passing through the bed achieve maximum contact with the liquid film and become deposited on the surfaces of the packing elements. These scrubbers have a good collection efficiency for respirable dust.
Three types of packed-bed scrubbers are:
Cross-flow scrubbers
Co-current flow scrubbers
Counter-current flow scrubbers
Efficiency can be greatly increased by minimizing target size, i.e., using 0.003 in. (0.076 mm) diameter stainless steel wire and increasing gas velocity to more than 1,800 ft/min (9.14 m/s).
High-energy scrubbers
Venturi scrubbers consist of a venturi-shaped inlet and separator. The dust-laden gases venturi scrubber enter through the venturi and are accelerated to speeds between 12,000 and 36,000 ft/min (60.97-182.83 m/s). These high-gas velocities immediately atomize the coarse water spray, which is injected radially into the venturi throat, into fine droplets. High energy and extreme turbulence promote collision between water droplets and dust particulates in the throat. The agglomeration process between particle and droplet continues in the diverging section of the venturi. The large agglomerates formed in the venturi are then removed by an inertial separator.
Venturi scrubbers achieve very high collection efficiencies for respirable dust. Since efficiency of a venturi scrubber depends on pressure drop, some manufacturers supply a variable-throat venturi to maintain pressure drop with varying gas flows.
Electrostatic precipitators (ESP)
Electrostatic precipitators use electrostatic forces to separate dust particles from exhaust gases. A number of high-voltage, direct-current discharge electrodes are placed between grounded collecting electrodes. The contaminated gases flow through the passage formed by the discharge and collecting electrodes. Electrostatic precipitators operate on the same principle as home "Ionic" air purifiers.
The airborne particles receive a negative charge as they pass through the ionized field between the electrodes. These charged particles are then attracted to a grounded or positively charged electrode and adhere to it.
The collected material on the electrodes is removed by rapping or vibrating the collecting electrodes either continuously or at a predetermined interval. Cleaning a precipitator can usually be done without interrupting the airflow.
The four main components of all electrostatic precipitators are:
Power supply unit, to provide high-voltage DC power
Ionizing section, to impart a charge to particulates in the gas stream
A means of removing the collected particulates
A housing to enclose the precipitator zone
The following factors affect the efficiency of electrostatic precipitators:
Larger collection-surface areas and lower gas-flow rates increase efficiency because of the increased time available for electrical activity to treat the dust particles.
An increase in the dust-particle migration velocity to the collecting electrodes increases efficiency. The migration velocity can be increased by:
Decreasing the gas viscosity
Increasing the gas temperature
Increasing the voltage field
Types of precipitators
There are two main types of precipitators:
High-voltage, single-stage - Single-stage precipitators combine an ionization and a collection step. They are commonly referred to as Cottrell precipitators.
Low-voltage, two-stage - Two-stage precipitators use a similar principle; however, the ionizing section is followed by collection plates.
Described below is the high-voltage, single-stage precipitator, which is widely used in minerals processing operations. The low-voltage, two-stage precipitator is generally used for filtration in air-conditioning systems.
Plate precipitators
The majority of electrostatic precipitators installed are the plate type. Particles are collected on flat, parallel surfaces that are 8 to 12 in. (20 to 30 cm) apart, with a series of discharge electrodes spaced along the centerline of two adjacent plates. The contaminated gases pass through the passage between the plates, and the particles become charged and adhere to the collection plates. Collected particles are usually removed by rapping the plates and deposited in bins or hoppers at the base of the precipitator.
Tubular precipitators
Tubular precipitators consist of cylindrical collection electrodes with discharge electrodes located on the axis of the cylinder. The contaminated gases flow around the discharge electrode and up through the inside of the cylinders. The charged particles are collected on the grounded walls of the cylinder. The collected dust is removed from the bottom of the cylinder.
Tubular precipitators are often used for mist or fog collection or for adhesive, sticky, radioactive, or extremely toxic materials.
Unit collectors
Unlike central collectors, unit collectors control contamination at its source. They are small and self-contained, consisting of a fan and some form of dust collector. They are suitable for isolated, portable, or frequently moved dust-producing operations, such as bins and silos or remote belt-conveyor transfer points. Advantages of unit collectors include small space requirements, the return of collected dust to main material flow, and low initial cost. However, their dust-holding and storage capacities, servicing facilities, and maintenance periods have been sacrificed.
A number of designs are available, with capacities ranging from 200 to 2,000 ft³/min (90 to 900 L/s). There are two main types of unit collectors:
Fabric collectors, with manual shaking or pulse-jet cleaning - normally used for fine dust
Cyclone collectors - normally used for coarse dust
Fabric collectors are frequently used in minerals processing operations because they provide high collection efficiency and uninterrupted exhaust airflow between cleaning cycles. Cyclone collectors are used when coarser dust is generated, as in woodworking, metal grinding, or machining.
The following points should be considered when selecting a unit collector:
Cleaning efficiency must comply with all applicable regulations.
The unit maintains its rated capacity while accumulating large amounts of dust between cleanings.
Simple cleaning operations do not increase the surrounding dust concentration.
Has the ability to operate unattended for extended periods of time (for example, 8 hours).
Automatic discharge or sufficient dust storage space to hold at least one week's accumulation.
If renewable filters are used, they should not have to be replaced more than once a month.
Durable
Quiet
Use of unit collectors may not be appropriate if the dust-producing operations are located in an area where central exhaust systems would be practical. Dust removal and servicing requirements are expensive for many unit collectors and are more likely to be neglected than those for a single, large collector.
Selecting a dust collector
Dust collectors vary widely in design, operation, effectiveness, space requirements, construction, and capital, operating, and maintenance costs. Each type has advantages and disadvantages. However, the selection of a dust collector should be based on the following general factors:
Dust concentration and particle size – For minerals processing operations, the dust concentration can range from 0.1 to of dust per cubic foot of air (0.23 to 11.44 grams per cubic meter), and the particle size can vary from 0.5 to 100 micrometres (µm) in diameter.
Degree of dust collection required – The degree of dust collection required depends on its potential as a health hazard or public nuisance, the plant location, the allowable emission rate, the nature of the dust, its salvage value, and so forth. The selection of a collector should be based on the efficiency required and should consider the need for high-efficiency, high-cost equipment, such as electrostatic precipitators; high-efficiency, moderate-cost equipment, such as baghouses or wet scrubbers; or lower cost, primary units, such as dry centrifugal collectors.
Characteristics of airstream – The characteristics of the airstream can have a significant impact on collector selection. For example, cotton fabric filters cannot be used where air temperatures exceed 180 °F (82 °C). Also, condensation of steam or water vapor can blind bags. Various chemicals can attack fabric or metal and cause corrosion in wet scrubbers.
Characteristics of dust – Moderate to heavy concentrations of many dusts (such as dust from silica sand or metal ores) can be abrasive to dry centrifugal collectors. Hygroscopic material can blind bag collectors. Sticky material can adhere to collector elements and plug passages. Some particle sizes and shapes may rule out certain types of fabric collectors. The combustible nature of many fine materials rules out the use of electrostatic precipitators.
Methods of disposal – Methods of dust removal and disposal vary with the material, plant process, volume, and type of collector used. Collectors can unload continuously or in batches. Dry materials can create secondary dust problems during unloading and disposal that do not occur with wet collectors. Disposal of wet slurry or sludge can be an additional material-handling problem; sewer or water pollution problems can result if wastewater is not treated properly.
Choosing the right size dust collector depends on airflow volume and air-to-cloth ratio that determine the efficiency of a system. Optimal dust collecting equipment increases employee retention and preserves equipment that helps lower maintenance and replacement costs.
Choosing a too-large, undersized, or incapable dust collector can cause plenty of issues that impact performance and maintenance costs. Hence, the dust collector should be chosen in such a way that suits the company’s specific workplace.
It must provide a safe and healthy work environment for the employees. Moreover, employee efficiency and production should not ignore.
Fan and motor
The fan and motor system supplies mechanical energy to move contaminated air from the dust-producing source to a dust collector.
Types of fans
There are two main kinds of industrial fans:
Centrifugal fans
Axial-flow fans
Centrifugal fans
Centrifugal fans consist of a wheel or a rotor mounted on a shaft that rotates in a scroll-shaped housing. Air enters at the eye of the rotor, makes a right-angle turn, and is forced through the blades of the rotor by centrifugal force into the scroll-shaped housing. The centrifugal force imparts static pressure to the air. The diverging shape of the scroll also converts a portion of the velocity pressure into static pressure.
There are three main types of centrifugal fans:
Radial-blade fans - Radial-blade fans are used for heavy dust loads. Their straight, radial blades do not get clogged with material, and they withstand considerable abrasion. These fans have medium tip speeds and medium noise factors.
Backward-blade fans - Backward-blade fans operate at higher tip speeds and thus are more efficient. Since material may build up on the blades, these fans should be used after a dust collector. Although they are noisier than radial-blade fans, backward-blade fans are commonly used for large-volume dust collection systems because of their higher efficiency.
Forward-curved-blade fans - These fans have curved blades that are tipped in the direction of rotation. They have low space requirements, low tip speeds, and a low noise factor. They are usually used against low to moderate static pressures.
Axial-flow fans
Axial-flow fans are used in systems that have low resistance levels. These fans move the air parallel to the fan's axis of rotation. The screw-like action of the propellers moves the air in a straight-through parallel path, causing a helical flow pattern.
The three main kinds of axial fans are:
Propeller fans - These fans are used to move large quantities of air against very low static pressures. They are usually used for general ventilation or dilution ventilation and are good in developing up to 0.5 in. wg (124.4 Pa).
Tube-axial fans - Tube-axial fans are similar to propeller fans except they are mounted in a tube or cylinder. Therefore, they are more efficient than propeller fans and can develop up to 3 to 4 in. wg (743.3 to 995 Pa). They are best suited for moving air containing substances such as condensible fumes or pigments.
Vane-axial fans - Vane-axial fans are similar to tube-axial fans except air-straightening vanes are installed on the suction or discharge side of the rotor. They are easily adapted to multistaging and can develop static pressures as high as 14 to 16 in. wg (3.483 to 3.98 kPa). They are normally used for clean air only.
Electric motors
Electric motors are used to supply the necessary energy to drive the fan.
Motors are selected to provide sufficient power to operate fans over the full range of process conditions (temperature and flow rate).
Configurations
Dust collectors can be configured into one of five common types:
Ambient units - Ambient units are free-hanging systems for use when applications limit the use of source-capture arms or ductwork.
Collection booths - Collector booths require no ductwork, and allow the worker greater freedom of movement. They are often portable.
Downdraft tables - A downdraft table is a self-contained portable filtration system that removes harmful particulates and returns filtered air back into the facility with no external ventilation required.
Source collector or Portable units - Portable units are for collecting dust, mist, fumes, or smoke at the source.
Stationary units - An example of a stationary collector is a baghouse.
Parameters involved in specifying dust collectors
Important parameters in specifying dust collectors include airflow the velocity of the air stream created by the vacuum producer; system power, the power of the system motor, usually specified in horsepower; storage capacity for dust and particles, and minimum particle size filtered by the unit. Other considerations when choosing a dust collection system include the temperature, moisture content, and the possibility of combustion of the dust being collected.
Systems for fine removal may only contain a single filtration system (such as a filter bag or cartridge). However, most units utilize a primary and secondary separation/filtration system. In many cases the heat or moisture content of dust can negatively affect the filter media of a baghouse or cartridge dust collector. A cyclone separator or dryer may be placed before these units to reduce heat or moisture content before reaching the filters. Furthermore, some units may have third and fourth stage filtration. All separation and filtration systems used within the unit should be specified.
A baghouse is an air pollution abatement device used to trap particulate by filtering gas streams through large fabric bags. They are typically made of glass fibers or fabric.
A cyclone separator is an apparatus for the separation, by centrifugal means, of fine particles suspended in air or gas.
Electrostatic precipitators are a type of air cleaner, which charges particles of dust by passing dust-laden air through a strong (50-100 kV) electrostatic field. This causes the particles to be attracted to oppositely charged plates so that they can be removed from the air stream.
An impinger system is a device in which particles are removed by impacting the aerosol particles into a liquid. Modular media type units combine a variety of specific filter modules in one unit. These systems can provide solutions to many air contaminant problems. A typical system incorporates a series of disposable or cleanable pre-filters, a disposable vee-bag or cartridge filter. HEPA or carbon final filter modules can also be added. Various models are available, including free-hanging or ducted installations, vertical or horizontal mounting, and fixed or portable configurations. Filter cartridges are made out of a variety of synthetic fibers and are capable of collecting sub-micrometre particles without creating an excessive pressure drop in the system. Filter cartridges require periodic cleaning.
A wet scrubber, or venturi scrubber, is similar to a cyclone but it has an orifice unit that sprays water into the vortex in the cyclone section, collecting all of the dust in a slurry system. The water media can be recirculated and reused to continue to filter the air. Eventually the solids must be removed from the water stream and disposed of.
Filter cleaning methods
Online cleaning – automatically timed filter cleaning which allows for continuous, uninterrupted dust collector operation for heavy dust operations.
Offline cleaning – filter cleaning accomplished during dust collector shut down. Practical whenever the dust loading in each dust collector cycle does not exceed the filter capacity. Allows for maximum effectiveness in dislodging and disposing of dust.
On-demand cleaning – filter cleaning initiated automatically when the filter is fully loaded, as determined by a specified drop in pressure across the media surface.
Reverse-pulse/Reverse-jet cleaning – Filter cleaning method which delivers blasts of compressed air from the clean side of the filter to dislodge the accumulated dust cake.
Impact/Rapper cleaning – Filter cleaning method in which high-velocity compressed air forced through a flexible tube results in an arbitrary rapping of the filter to dislodge the dust cake. Especially effective when the dust is extremely fine or sticky.
See also
Axial fan design
References
External links
EPA Air Pollutants and Control Techniques Additional information on various wet scrubber topologies and techniques
Dust
Air filters
Particulate control
Solid-gas separation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust%20collector |
"The Return of Battling Billson" is a short story by P. G. Wodehouse, which first appeared in the United States in the August 1923 issue of Cosmopolitan and in the United Kingdom in the September 1923 Strand. It features the irrepressible Stanley Featherstonehaugh Ukridge, and was included in the collection Ukridge, published in 1924.
Plot
Our plucky narrator Corky, researching for an article in the East End, has his pocket picked and finds himself unable to pay a bill at an inn. Kicked out by the landlord, he is rescued and avenged by a huge, red-headed man - none other than "Battling" Billson. He gives Billson Ukridge's address, and next day is landed with looking after Flossie's ghastly mother and ghoulish brother Cecil, despite having no recollection of who Flossie may be.
He beards Ukridge later, and is reminded of Billson's girl, who, it seems, is preventing the huge sailor from returning to the ring, for fear of him damaging his face. Ukridge wants Billson to fight, in a deal which would net them £200, and dealing with the mother, who Flossie can't stand, is Ukridge's way of bringing her on side.
Billson enters the ring and starts strongly, but soon fades, and looks certain to lose. At the last moment, he rallies spectacularly, and destroys his opponent. Corcoran goes home happy for his friend's success, but Ukridge arrives later bewailing cruel fate. The £200, it seems, was a bribe to throw the fight, which Billson had been on the verge of doing when his opponent stepped on his ingrowing toenail, enraging the big man and making him win the fight - which netted a mere £20.
Billson was introduced in "The Debut of Battling Billson", and would return in several other Ukridge stories.
Main characters
Stanley Featherstonehaugh Ukridge, the irrepressible entrepreneur
Jimmy Corcoran, Ukridge's writer friend
"Battling" Billson, a boxer sometimes managed by Ukridge
Flossie, Billson's girl, a barmaid
Flossie's mother, an awful woman from the North
Cecil, Flossie's brother, a ghoulish child
Publication history
"The Return of Battling Billson" was illustrated by T. D. Skidmore in Cosmopolitan. It was illustrated by Reginald Cleaver in The Strand Magazine.
The story was included in the collection The World of Ukridge, published in October 1975 by Barrie & Jenkins.
Adaptations
Characters from the story appeared in an episode of The World of Wodehouse, "The Debut Of Battling Billson", which aired in July 1968. The cast included Anton Rodgers as Ukridge, Julian Holloway as Corky, Dickie Owen as Battling Billson, Pamela Cundell as Flossie Burns, Julie May as Mrs Burns, and Roland Pickering as Cecil.
The story was adapted into the fifth episode of the 1992–1993 Ukridge radio series. Adapted by Julian Dutton, the episode was also titled "The Return Of Battling Billson". It starred Griff Rhys Jones as Ukridge and Robert Bathurst as Corky, with Adam Godley as Tupper and Cecil, Simon Godley as Beamish, and Dougal Lee as Bowles and Billson. Other roles were voiced by Rebecca Front and Julian Dutton.
See also
List of Wodehouse's Ukridge stories
References
Notes
Sources
Short stories by P. G. Wodehouse
1923 short stories
Works originally published in Cosmopolitan (magazine) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Return%20of%20Battling%20Billson |
Shakedown or Shake Down may refer to:
Shakedown (continuum mechanics), a type of plastic deformation
Shakedown (testing) or a shakedown cruise, a period of testing undergone by a ship, airplane or other craft before being declared operational
Extortion, a criminal act of coercion or intimidation for personal gain
A colloquial term for an inspection for contraband inside a prison
An English term for kuzushi techniques of various Japanese martial arts, which literally means shaking down the opponent
Music
Shakedown (band), a Swiss musical project formed in 1999
Shakedown Records, a record label founded by Red Café
Albums
Shakedown (album), by the Freemasons, 2007
Shake Down (album), by Savoy Brown, 1967
Shakedown! The Texas Tapes Revisited, by Bobby Fuller, 1996
Shakedown!, by theStart, 2001
Songs
"Shakedown" (Bob Seger song), 1987
"Shake Down", by Akon from Konvicted, 2006
"Shakedown", by Behind Crimson Eyes from A Revelation for Despair, 2006
"Shake Down", by Billy Squier from the St. Elmo's Fire film soundtrack, 1985
"Shakedown", by Blondie from The Curse of Blondie
"Shake Down", by Die Warzau from Disco Rigido, 1989
"Shake Down", by Mary J. Blige from Growing Pains, 2007
Film
The Shakedown (1929 film) directed by William Wyler
Shakedown (1936 film) directed by David Selman
Shakedown (1950 film) directed by Joseph Pevney
The Shakedown (1959 film) directed by John Lemont
Shakedown (1988 film), crime action movie starring Peter Weller and Sam Elliott
Shakedown: Return of the Sontarans, 1995 made-for-video dramatic spin-off of Doctor Who
Shakedown (2018 film) a 2018 documentary about a black lesbian strip club directed by Leilah Weinraub
Books
Shakedown (Angel novel), a 2000 original novel based on the U.S. television series Angel
Shakedown, the novelisation of Shakedown: Return of the Sontarans by Terrance Dicks
Shakedown: Exposing the Real Jesse Jackson by Kenneth R. Timmerman
Shakedown: How Our Government is Undermining Democracy in the Name of Human Rights by Ezra Levant
Other
Shakedown (Snowboard Games), rider-driven snowboard event
Shakedown, a fictional supervillain in the DC Universe who is a member of Masters of Disaster | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakedown |
John Paxton (May 21, 1911 – January 5, 1985) was an American screenwriter.
Some of his films include Murder, My Sweet in 1944, Cornered in 1945, Crossfire in 1947 (an adaptation of the controversial novel The Brick Foxhole that earned him his only Oscar nomination). He helped adapt the screenplay for the controversial film The Wild One in 1953, starring Marlon Brando.
Paxton's work twice received the Mystery Writers of America's Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture Screenplay, for Murder, My Sweet and Crossfire.
Biography
Paxton was born in Kansas City in 1911. He attended the University of Missouri where he studied journalism and was involved in college plays.
He went to New York. A cousin of Paxton's father did publicity for Katherine Cornell and got him a job organising a play-writing contest for the Theatre Guild. He went to work at Stage magazine as an assistant and ended up doing reviews . He became friends with a fellow reviewer, Adrian Scott with whom Paxton would later work in Hollywood.
When Stage magazine folded in 1943 Paxton moved to Hollywood and did a variety of jobs, including ghost writing. In 1943 Scott became established at RKO as a producer and got Paxton a job there was a writer.
RKO
Paxton's first credit was for My Pal Wolf (1944), a girl-and-dog film. Paxton gained critical praise for his adaptation of Raymond Chandler's Farewell, My Lovely, Murder, My Sweet (1944). This was produced by Adrian Scott and directed by Edward Dmytryk, and starred Dick Powell.
Paxton was reunited with Powell, Dmytryk and Scott on a film noir Cornered (1945). He worked on another noir, Crack-Up (1946) with Pat O'Brien, then made a third film with Scott and Dmytryk, So Well Remembered (1947).
The three men combined for a fourth time on Crossfire (1947), a thriller about anti-Semitism that was a huge critical and commercial success. The team broke up, however, when Dmytryk and Scott were blacklisted and fired from RKO. Paxton took over from Scott as producer of an adaptation of Scott's play The Great Man's Whiskers but it was not made. The Boy with Green Hair which Paxton and Scott were going to make was made by others. Paxton quit RKO in July 1948.
Paxton did some work on the script for Rope of Sand (1948) for Hal Wallis and worked on the documentary Of Men and Music (1951).
Paxton went to 20th Century Fox where he wrote Fourteen Hours (1951).
Columbia
Paxton was hired by Stanley Kramer, who released through Columbia, to adapt the story for The Wild One (1953). He went to MGM to write The Cobweb (1955) then re-wrote R.C. Sheriff's script for A Prize of Gold (1955) for Warwick Films who released through Columbia.
Warwick liked Paxton's work and hired him to write Interpol (1957). He went on to write and produce How to Murder a Rich Uncle (1957) for Warwick.
Kramer hired Paxton to adapt the Nevil Shute novel On the Beach (1959) as a film.
Paxton went into television writing "Aftermath" for General Electric Theater.
Later career
Paxton had no feature film credits for the 1960s. However he won a Golden Globe and an award from the Writers Guild of America in 1971 for his screenplay to the Walter Matthau film Kotch.
Paxton adapted a play by Adrian Scott for television, The Great Man's Whiskers (1972).
He worked on the cartoon series I Am the Greatest!: The Adventures of Muhammad Ali (1977).
Personal life
Paxton married Sarah Jane Miles Dec. 4, 1948. She worked in public relations for 20th Century Fox. They had no children. He died of complications from emphysema.
Paxton was an uncle of comic book writer Ed Brubaker. Paxton's life inspired Brubaker's 2013 series The Fade Out.
References
Notes
External links
1911 births
1985 deaths
American male screenwriters
Deaths from emphysema
Edgar Award winners
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
Writers Guild of America Award winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Paxton |
A rosette is a round, stylized flower design.
Origin
The rosette derives from the natural shape of the botanical rosette, formed by leaves radiating out from the stem of a plant and visible even after the flowers have withered.
History
The rosette design is used extensively in sculptural objects from antiquity, appearing in Mesopotamia, and in funeral steles' decoration in Ancient Greece. The rosette was another important symbol of Ishtar which had originally belonged to Inanna along with the Star of Ishtar.
It was adopted later in Romaneseque and Renaissance architecture, and also common in the art of Central Asia, spreading as far as India where it is used as a decorative motif in Greco-Buddhist art.
Ancient origins
One of the earliest appearances of the rosette in ancient art is in early fourth millennium BC Egypt. Another early Mediterranean occurrence of the rosette design derives from Minoan Crete; Among other places, the design appears on the Phaistos Disc, recovered from the eponymous archaeological site in southern Crete.
Modern use
The formalised flower motif is often carved in stone or wood to create decorative ornaments for architecture and furniture, and in metalworking, jewelry design and the applied arts to form a decorative border or at the intersection of two materials.
Rosette decorations have been used for formal military awards. They also appear in modern, civilian clothes, and are often worn prominently in political or sporting events. Rosettes sometimes decorate musical instruments, such as around the perimeter of sound holes of guitars.
Gallery
See also
Six petal rosette
Footnotes
Ornaments (architecture)
Decorative arts
Ornaments
Visual motifs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosette%20%28design%29 |
Gødland is an American comic book series by Joe Casey and Tom Scioli, set in the Image Universe and published by Image Comics from 2005 to 2012.
Publication history
The series was conceived as both a homage to and a revival of the so-called "Cosmic Superhero Epic" as told by many great comic writers of the 1970s like Steve Englehart, Jim Starlin and Jack Kirby. The style of the series is strongly inspired by Kirby's style in his Eternals and The Fourth World series. While obviously strongly inspired by this series, Casey and Scioli add their own twist on the stories with a little humor.
The solicitations for issue #25 revealed that the series would end with issue #36, which Scioli attributed to sales, although Casey suggested the end point and reasons were less clear-cut:
Plot
The main character of the series is astronaut Adam Archer. As the sole survivor of an ill-fated journey to Mars, Adam Archer meets the alien entities known as the Cosmic Fetus Collective, who transform him into a cosmic being and instruct him in the uses of his new powers. Archer is sent back to Earth as the first human to be touched by universal enlightenment.
The series starts four years later. Archer has become a famous superhero, but is distrusted by government and the public. The military have provided him with a base, Infinity Tower, from where Archer and his three sisters, Neela, Angie and Stella, protect the Earth from the invasion of robot zombies. Neela, an astronaut and military commander, resents that her brother's powers overshadow her own talents and that she is forced to keep an eye on him instead of pursuing her own career. Angie, a fighter pilot, is a rebellious spirit, while Stella, who oversees communication with her brother, is clear-headed and rational.
On his adventures, Adam comes into conflict with many bizarre supervillains like Basil Cronus, a floating skull in jar on a quest for the ultimate high, Friedrich Nickelhead, Discordia and her father the Tormentor and his army of Superman-Mice.
On his first adventure, Adam saves the giant, dog-like alien Maxim, who turns out to know about the Cosmic Fetus Collective. Maxim was enhanced by his own species and sent to Earth to contact Archer and prepare him for his destiny. He is rather disappointed with the human race though, who are further from enlightenment than he would have hoped. Nevertheless he is fully committed to his task as a mentor to Adam.
There is a space-god named Iboga who plays an important part in the series cosmology.
Neela has left her family and joined up with a private consortium who want to fly to the stars.
Villainess Discordia's head exploded during her trial, but Nickelhead has sent his servant to collect her body.
Adam has saved the world from an alien invasion, only to be met with distrust and lawsuits. Archer has become annoyed with humanity's distrust of him and their worship of superhero Crashman, but Maxim is about to show him more about his origin.
Collected editions
Image is collecting the series as trade paperbacks:
Hello, Cosmic! (issues #1–6, 144 pages, January 2006, )
Another Sunny Delight (issues #7–12, 156 pages, July 2006, )
Proto-Plastic Party (issues #13–18, 144 pages, July 2007, )
Amplified Now (issues #19–24, 152 pages, December 2008, )
Far Beyond the Bang (issues #25–30, 152 pages, March 2010, ISBN )
Gøødbye Divine (issues #31–36, Finale, May 2014, )
Image has also published three hardcovers collecting issues 1–12, 13–24, and 25–36 respectively, with notes from Casey, sketches by Scioli, a cover and advertisement gallery. The "Celestial Editions" also featured introductions by Grant Morrison (Vol. 1) and Erik Larsen (Vol. 2). The third volume does not feature an introduction:
Gødland Celestial Edition Book One (360 pages, July 2007, )
Gødland Celestial Edition Book Two (360 pages, August 2010, )
Gødland Celestial Edition Book Three (360 pages, July 2015, )
Awards
2008: Nominated for "Best Graphic Album—Reprint" Eisner Award, for Gødland Celestial Edition Book One
Notes
References
External links
Full Issue: Gødland #1, Image Comics
ComicsInventory.com | Godland
Interviews
Study of Godland with Joe Casey interview
Klaehn, Jeffery. Tom Scioli Interview: Gødland and 8-OPUS, POP, February 21, 2009
Reviews
Review, Entertainment Weekly
2005 comics debuts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godland%20%28comics%29 |
The Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (JCSC), (); is an administrative body of senior high-ranking uniformed military leaders of the unified Pakistan Armed Forces who advises the civilian Government of Pakistan, National Security Council, Defence Minister, President and Prime minister of Pakistan on important military and non-military strategic matters. It is defined by statute, and consists of a Chairman, the military chiefs from Army, Navy and the Air Force: all four-star officers appointed by the President, on the advice of the Prime minister. The chairman is selected based on seniority and merit from the Chiefs of service of the three branches of the Pakistan Armed and Defense Services. Each service chief, outside their Joint Chiefs of Staff obligations, performs their duty directly for the Ministry of Defence.
Following the Hamoodur Rahman Commission, the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee does not have operational command authority. Instead, the Joint Chief of Staff Committee is a principal military advisory body, and coordinates command operations between the services. The committee is headed by the four-star officer who is designated as the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (CJCSC). The chairman is the de Jure Commander in chief of all services of the Pakistan Armed Forces, but he does not have operational authority over combatant forces, which report directly to their Chiefs of Staff.
The Joint Staff, is headquartered in Rawalpindi near the vicinity of Naval, Air, GHQ headquarters. The Joint Chief of Staff Committee is composed of all uniformed military personnel from each inter-service, who assist the chairman to coordinate military efforts.
Historical overview
Early years: 1950s–71
In early 1950s, the recommendations were sent to the government of establishing the joint staff committee, but it was resisted by the Navy as it feared that it would be dominated by the army. As the military of Pakistan grew in size and political influence increased after the 1965 war with India. Though, the joint coordination mechanism was felt but no steps were taken.
Martial law was proclaimed all over in Pakistan for the second time on March 25, 1969, to curb civil disobedience which was especially chronic in East Pakistan. The number of army personnel in the Eastern region was increased in the beginning of 1971 fearing a possible Indian intervention.
As the crisis in East Pakistan progressed, following the intervention by India, the top military brass had the full control of the military and state's affairs. In the absence of the joint staff mechanism, the defence plans and executions of operations were oversaw by each inter-service which affected the overall performance of the armed forces. Coordination between each inter-service became increasingly difficult. In a thesis written by Pervez Cheema, the 1971 war was fought "without a purpose and with total lack of coordination between the civil effort and the armed forces, and between four fighting services: the Army, Navy and Air Force." Furthermore, the federal studies also noted that the top military brass had alienated the Army, Navy and Air Force. in which, none weren't taken in confidence, and the joint efforts were unsupported at either a planning or operational level, and were also constrained over disagreements during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Due to lack of complete and comprehensive communication, each services blamed the others for operational failures.
Higher Direction of War act
As surrendered to India in 1971, Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto formed a federal commission chaired by Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman to conduct federal studies on the failure of the civil-military relations. Recommendations noted in "Higher Direction of War act" in the HRC report, it strongly called for the establishment of Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (JCSC) mechanism with headquartered in MoD. Per the act, the JCSC composed of a chairman, the Chief of Naval Staff, the Chief of Army Staff, and the Chief of Air Staff. It was mandate to have a collective responsibility of national defence and mechanism of plans based on a joint objectives. The chairmanship was to be rotated between each inter-services, irrespective of the personal ranks in each service.
Lesson learns and recommendations after the 1971 war with India, all military work, combat coordination, and joint missions are overseen by the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee at the Joint Staff Headquarters located in Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. All studies were accepted in March 1976, the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee was officially formed with army general Muhammad Shariff becoming its first Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee. It is headed by a four-star officer designated as chairman. , there had been fourteen four-star Pakistan military officers who headed the Committee Secretariat. Altogether, there has been twelve were from the army, one from the Air Force, and two from the Navy have served.
The headquarters are known as Joint Staff Headquarters and act as secretariat of JCSC. It is located at Chaklala, Rawalpindi. , General SAHIR SHAMSHAD MIRZA is serving as Chairman Joint chiefs. The federal studies were fully supported by the military and many of the recommendations were implemented in 1980s to improve the joint efforts.
Roles and responsibilities
Military failure in Bangladesh and war with India in 1971, the federal studies on civil military relations led by the Commission by Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman helped establishing the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee to coordinate the joint missions and executions of their work altogether during operations.
The Chairmanship of Joint Chiefs rotates among the three Inter-Services; the Chairman joint chiefs is appointed by the Prime minister and confirmed by the President. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee outranks all other four-star officers; however, he does not have operational command authority over the Armed Forces. In his capacity as chief military adviser, he assists the Prime Minister and the Minister of Defense in exercising their command functions.
Technically, the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee is the highest military body; and its Chairman joint chiefs serves as the Principal Staff Officer (PSO) to the civilian Prime Minister, Cabinet, National Security Council (its adviser), and the President. The Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee deals with joint military planning, joint training, integrated joint logistics, and provides strategic directions of the armed forces. Reviews periodically the role, size, and shape of three Inter–Services, the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee advise the civilian government on strategic communications, industrial mobilizations plans, and formulating the defence plans. In many ways, the JCSC provides an important link to understand, maintain balance, and resolve conflicts in the civil military relations between military and political circles. In times of peace, the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee's principal functions are to conduct planning of civil–military input; in times of war, the Chairman acts as principal military adviser to the Prime Minister in the supervision and conduct of joint warfare.
Current leadership
Permanent members
Temporary members
See also
Joint Chiefs of Staff—United States
Chiefs of Staff Committee—United Kingdom
General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
Joint Chiefs of Staff—South Korea
Joint warfare
References
Further reading
Aziz, Mazhar (2007). Military Control in Pakistan: The Parallel State. Routledge Publishing Co. .
Butler, Rhett. "Pakistan: National Security". Mongabay.com.
Chand, Attar (1989). Defence Modernization, Secret Deals, and Strategy of Nations: A Global Study of Army, Navy, Air Force, and Para-military Forces (1st ed.). New Delhi, India: Mittal Publications. .
Cheema, Pervaiz Iqbal (2002). The Armed Forces of Pakistan. New York: New York University Press. .
Pakistan, as released by the Government of (2007). "§XII: Higher Direction of War". Hamoodur Rahman Commission: supplementary report. Rockville, Md: Arc Manor. pp. 105–108. . Retrieved 5 December 2014.
Shafqat, Saeed (1997). Civil-military relations in Pakistan: From Zulfikar Ali Bhutto to Benazir Bhutto. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. .
Shah, Aqil (2014). The Army and Democracy: Military Politics in Pakistan. [U.S.]: Harvard University Press. .
Military of Pakistan
Pakistani military leaders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20Chiefs%20of%20Staff%20Committee |
London Buses route 8 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between Bow Church and Tottenham Court Road station, it is operated by Stagecoach London.
History
On 2 November 1908, the bus route number 8 was allocated to a previously un-numbered route operating between the Bush Hotel in Shepherd's Bush and Seven Kings High Road in Ilford. On 20 June 1912, routes 8 and 25 exchanged eastern ends at Bank, so that from then on route 8 operated between Willesden and Old Ford. This situation continued, apart from various westward extensions of the route to Wembley and Alperton, until 18 July 1992. At that time route 8 again was re-routed over route 25, and now operated from Victoria bus station to Bow Church via Old Ford, the same routing as the 1912 version of route 25. The western end of the route beyond Bond Street became 98.
On 3 January 1933, AEC Regent STL buses were used from Clay Hall garage. In May 1949, Leyland Titan RTWs were introduced on route 8. In January 1958, the third prototype AEC Routemaster began operation on route 8 between Willesdan and Old Ford. On 6 June 1959, the first three production Routemasters to enter service in London (RM5, RM7 and RM24) debuted on route 8 from Willesden garage.
On 27 June 2009, route 8 was curtailed west of Oxford Circus. Route C2 was extended to Victoria station as a replacement. The changes were part of Transport for London's commitment to the Mayor of London to reduce the bus flow in Oxford Street by 10% in each of 2009 and 2010.
Stagecoach London has successfully retained route 8 with new contracts starting on 26 June 2004, 27 June 2009 and 28 June 2014.
New Routemasters were introduced on 28 June 2014. The rear platform remains closed at all times except for when the bus is at bus stops.
In August 2019, the middle and rear doors on New Routemasters on route 8 became exit only with passengers only able to board through the front door.
Current route
Route 8 operates via these primary locations:
Bow Church
Old Ford
Bethnal Green station
Shoreditch High Street
Liverpool Street station
Bank station
St Paul's station
Holborn Circus
Chancery Lane station
Holborn station
Tottenham Court Road
References
External links
Bus routes in London
Transport in the London Borough of Camden
Transport in the City of London
Transport in the London Borough of Hackney
Transport in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20Buses%20route%208 |
Charles Perry (7 December 1818 – 7 July 1876) was a Canadian businessman and political figure. He was a Conservative member of the 1st Canadian Parliament representing Peterborough West.
He was born in Cobourg, the son of Ebenezer Perry. He entered the timber trade, purchasing land in the Peterborough area and building a large sawmill on the current site of Trent University in 1854. Perry served as mayor of Peterborough in 1853 and from 1861 to 1865. He was an unsuccessful candidate for a seat in the legislative assembly for the Province of Canada in a by-election held in 1864. Perry was a customs collector at Peterborough from 1873 to 1876 and died in Peterborough in the latter year.
References
1876 deaths
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Mayors of Peterborough, Ontario
People from Cobourg
1818 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Perry%20%28Canadian%20politician%29 |
Warschauer Straße is the eastern terminus station of lines U1 and U3 of the Berlin U-Bahn.
History
Designed by Paul Wittig under contract with Siemens & Halske and opened on 17 August 1902 under the name Warschauer Brücke, the station was the first station of the Berlin elevated railway. The station consists of a 360 meter long and 26 meter wide brick viaduct.
The station was closed at the end of World War II and did not open again until 14 October 1945. Since the U-Bahn station is the only station of the U1 located in the eastern part of the city, it was closed again in 1961 due to the construction of the Berlin Wall.
Following German reunification in 1990, the station underwent extensive reconstruction and was reopened on 14 October 1995. At the same time it was renamed Warschauer Straße in order to create uniformity with the adjacent Berlin S-Bahn station located 150 metres away.
In 1914, Berlin's elevated rail company planned to extend the rail line east to Frankfurter Allee to the location of today's Frankfurter Tor U-Bahn station. However, World War I and its aftermath prevented the execution of these plans. In 2011, Berlin city transport planners excluded such an extension in their development plan. At the same time, any plans to move the U-Bahn station to create a single interchange station were shelved. Instead, the Berlin Senate plans an extension of a footbridge linking the two stations.
Nearby landmarks
The Oberbaumbrücke, the East Side Gallery, and Mercedes-Benz Arena (former O2 World arena) can be reached on foot. Three discothèques are located in the basement vaults of the U-Bahn building: The Matrix Club, since 1996, one of the biggest venues in Berlin with up to nine bars and five dancefloors, the Narva Lounge and the Busche.
References
External links
U1 (Berlin U-Bahn) stations
U3 (Berlin U-Bahn) stations
Buildings and structures in Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1902
de:Bahnhof Berlin Warschauer Straße#U-Bahnhof | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warschauer%20Stra%C3%9Fe%20%28Berlin%20U-Bahn%29 |
The Federal Office for Information Security (, abbreviated as BSI) is the German upper-level federal agency in charge of managing computer and communication security for the German government. Its areas of expertise and responsibility include the security of computer applications, critical infrastructure protection, Internet security, cryptography, counter eavesdropping, certification of security products and the accreditation of security test laboratories. It is located in Bonn and as of 2020 has about 1,100 employees. Its current president, since 1 February 2016, is former business executive Arne Schönbohm, who took over the presidency from Michael Hange.
BSI's predecessor was the cryptographic department of Germany's foreign intelligence agency (BND). BSI still designs cryptographic algorithms such as the Libelle cipher and initiated the development of the Gpg4win cryptographic suite.
Similar agencies
The BSI has a similar role as the
Computer Security Division (CSD) of Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) of NIST (United States)
CESG (United Kingdom)
National Cybersecurity Institute (INCIBE) (Spain)
Unlike those organizations, BSI is focused on IT security rather than being part of an organisation with a more general IT standards remit. BSI is separate from Germany's signals intelligence, which is part of the military and the foreign intelligence service (BND).
Responsibilities
The BSI's scope of duties is defined by the German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI Act). The aim of the BSI is the promotion of information and cyber security in order to enable and promote the use of secure information and communication technology in government, business and society. For example, the BSI develops practice-oriented minimum standards and target group-specific recommendations for handling IT and Internet security.
The BSI is also responsible for protecting the IT systems of the federal government. This involves defending against cyber attacks and other technical threats against the IT systems and networks of the federal administration. Once a year, the BSI reports on this to the Committee on Internal Affairs of the German Bundestag.
The tasks of the BSI include:
Protection of federal networks, detection and defense of attacks on government networks
Testing, certification and accreditation of IT products and services
Warning of malware or security holes in IT products and services
IT security consulting for the federal administration and other target groups
Information and raising awareness of the public and the economy on IT and Internet security
Development of uniform and binding IT security standards
Development of cryptographic systems for the federal IT
The BSI is the central certification body for the security of IT systems in Germany (computer and data security, data protection). Testing and certification is possible with regard to the standards of the IT-Grundschutzhandbuch, the Green Book, ITSEC and the Common Criteria.
The BSI is a national authority in the field of cryptography, which draws up recommendations and technical guidelines for cryptographic procedures and is involved in the development of international cryptographic standards.
Programs
IT Baseline Protection Catalog
The IT Baseline Protection Catalog, or IT-Grundschutz, is a collection of enterprise security guidelines established by the office, which serve to identify and combat security-relevant vulnerabilities in IT environments. With introduction and catalogs, the collection comprises more than 4,800 pages and serves companies and authorities as a basis for obtaining certification according to IT-Grundschutz. By obtaining certification, a company demonstrates that it has taken appropriate measures to protect its IT systems against IT security threats.
National Cyber Defense Center
The National Cyber Defense Center (Nationales Cyber-Abwehrzentrum, Cyber-AZ) is a cooperative institution of German authorities at federal level for the defense of electronic attacks on IT infrastructures of the Federal Republic of Germany and its economy. It was launched on April 1, 2011 and is located at the BSI.
The center is a core element of the Cyber Security Strategy adopted by the German government in 2011. It aims to optimize operational cooperation and coordinate protection and defense measures. This is based on a holistic approach that brings together the various threats in cyberspace: Cyber espionage, cyber spying, cyber terrorism and cyber crime. The goal is a rapid exchange of information, rapid assessments and concrete recommendations for action derived from these.
Alliance for Cyber Security
The Alliance for Cyber Security, or Allianz für Cyber-Sicherheit, is an initiative of the German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI). It was launched 2012 in public–private partnership cooperation with the German Association for Information Technology, Telecommunications and New Media (Bitkom). As a members-only association major players in the field of cyber security in Germany aim to provide up-to-date and valid information on threats in cyberspace and supports the exchange of information, experience and best practices between participants. More than 6,800 institutions as of 2023 belong to the Alliance for Cyber Security, including 180 partner companies and 110 multipliers. Participation is free of charge and can be applied for by any German institution.
UP KRITIS
The UP KRITIS (UP stands for implementation plan) is a public-private cooperation between operators of critical infrastructures (KRITIS), their various associations and the responsible governmental agencies such as the BSI. It addresses eight of the nine critical infrastructure sectors. The sector "state and administration" is covered by the UP BUND and activities on state and municipal level. The goal of the UP KRITIS cooperation is to maintain the supply of critical infrastructure services in Germany. All organizations based in Germany that operate critical infrastructures in Germany, national professional and industry associations from the KRITIS sectors and the responsible authorities can participate in UP KRITIS upon application.
BSI for citizens
The tasks of the BSI include informing and sensitizing citizens to the safe use of information technology, mobile communication media and the Internet. The BSI therefore offers online content specially tailored to the needs of citizens (BSI für Bürger). The website covers topics and information on IT and Internet security in a way that is understandable even for technical laypersons. In addition to providing information, the BSI also offers specific and actionable recommendations, for example on topics such as e-mail encryption, smartphone security, online banking, cloud computing or social networks. Private users can also contact the BSI by phone or e-mail with their questions on IT and Internet security issues. In addition, the BSI offers a free warning and information service called "Bürger-CERT", which informs citizens and small businesses quickly and competently about weaknesses, security gaps and other risks and provides practical guidance.
Leadership
2016–2022: Arne Schönbohm
2023–present: Claudia Plattner
See also
ENISA
National Cyberdefence Centre
Central Office for Information Technology in the Security Sector (ZITiS)
References
External links
English BSI publications
Interview with President Michael Hange
German federal agencies
Science and technology in Germany
Security organizations
Computer security organizations
Federal authorities in Bonn
Privacy in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20Office%20for%20Information%20Security |
Essex House can refer to:
Buildings
Essex House (London), a demolished historic house in London
JW Marriott Essex House, a luxury hotel in New York City
a building at the University of Sussex
Other
Essex House (publisher), a publisher of pulp fiction books, including A Feast Unknown by Philip Jose Farmer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex%20House |
(born 1960) is a Japanese conductor. He is currently music director of the Brussels Philharmonic and of the Tokyo Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra, and artistic director of New National Theatre Tokyo.
Biography
Ōno studied at the Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music, and with Wolfgang Sawallisch and Giuseppe Patanè at the Bavarian State Opera, as a scholar of the Japanese Ministry of Culture. In 1987, he won First Prize in the 3rd Toscanini International Conductors' Competition.
Ōno was principal conductor of the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra from 1992 to 1999, and its artistic advisor from 1999 to 2001. He currently holds the title of Conductor Laureate with the orchestra.
In May 2013, the Tokyo Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra announced the appointment of Ōno as its music director, as of April 2015, with an initial contract of 5 years. In 2018, his contract was extended through March 2023. In October 2021, the orchestra further extended his contract through 2026.
Career in Europe
In Europe, Ōno was Chief Conductor of the Zagreb Philharmonic Orchestra from 1990 to 1996. He was General Music Director of the Baden State Opera, Karlsruhe from 1996 to 2002. In August 2002, he became music director of La Monnaie (Brussels), after his debut there in March 2001, conducting Salvatore Sciarrino's chamber opera Luci mie traditrici. Other contemporary operas that Ōno conducted with La Monnaie included Philippe Boesmans' Julie and Wintermärchen, and the world premiere of Toshio Hosokawa's Hanjo at the Aix-en-Provence Festival (2004). Ōno stepped down as music director at La Monnaie at the end of the 2007–2008 season. Ōno became principal conductor of the Opéra National de Lyon at the start of the 2008–2009 season, with an initial contract of 5 years. He concluded his tenure at Opéra National de Lyon at the close of the 2016–2017 season.
In January 2014, the Barcelona Symphony and Catalonia National Orchestra (OBC) announced the appointment of Ōno as its next music director, effective September 2015, with an initial contract of 3 years, which has since been extended until the end of the 2021–2022 season. Ōno concluded his OBC tenure at the close of the 2021–2022 season.
Ōno was appointed artistic director of the New National Theatre Tokyo (NNTT) from the 2018 season. His contract has since been extended until the 2025–2026 season. His first productions included the world premiere of Asters in 2019, commissioned from Japanese composer Akira Nishimura, which was nominated for a 2020 International Opera Award. Subsequent NNTT world premieres include Dai Fujikura' A Dream of Armageddon (2020) and Keiichiro Shibuya's Android opera Super Angels (2021).
Other new works Ōno has commissioned include Mark-Anthony Turnage's Hibiki, which premiered at Suntory Hall in November 2016 before featuring at the 2017 BBC Proms and which won the 2018 Royal Philharmonic Society award for Large-Scale Composition.
In 2021, Ōno first guest-conducted the Brussels Philharmonic. In September 2021, the Brussels Philharmonic announced the appointment of Ōno as its next music director, effective with the 2022–2023 season.
Awards
Ōno is the recipient of the 2009 Suntory Music Award and the 2015 Asahi Prize. He was also awarded Officier de l’ordre des Arts et des Lettres by French cultural minister Françoise Nyssen for his contribution to Japanese society.
References
External links
Official website of Kazushi Ono
Maestro Arts agency profile on Kazushi Ono
Profile on his Japanese management agent AMATI
Interview on MusicalCriticism.com, October 2008
Biography from NEC
21st-century conductors (music)
Japanese male conductors (music)
Living people
Music directors (opera)
Recipients of the Medal with Purple Ribbon
1960 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazushi%20%C5%8Cno |
Operation Moduler (sometimes incorrectly called "Modular") was a military operation by the South African Defence Force (SADF) during the South African Border War. It formed part of what has come to be called the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale. The Angolan objective was to advance south-east to attack the UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola) at Mavinga. The SADF objective was to protect UNITA by stopping that advance. The advance was halted with heavy Angolan casualties. The South African forces and its UNITA allies then began offensive operations against the Angolan forces, who had retreated back to a defensive line east of the Cuito River with the objective of destroying them once and for all.
Background
During January 1987, the Angolans began to increase their air defence network in the Cuito Cuanavale region and by April they had begun to assemble a large force of tanks, APCs, trucks and a large number of helicopters and fighter and strike aircraft at the town which indicated the build-up of a new offensive on UNITA. By May UNITA was discussing the situation with the South Africans and by June, SADF military intelligence teams were operating with UNITA teams to monitor the Angolan build up. On 2 June 1987, four brigades of the Soviet-backed People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) (the 47th, 59th, 16th and 21st brigades), departed from the Angolan town of Cuito Cuanavale to capture the UNITA stronghold at Mavinga, which was the gateway to UNITA's capital of Jamba. By 15 June a plan was formulated to deploy units of 32 Battalion and Valkiri MRLs, for a covert operation similar to Operation Wallpaper, and have the remaining units of 32 Battalion and 61 Mechanised Battalion on standby for an attack on the Angolan brigades. On 22 June, Operation Moduler came into operation with Colonel Jock Harris of 32 Battalion in command but the forces would not be directly involved in the combat and by mid-July, more of 32 Battalion units were ordered to Mavinga with his complete force in place by early August.
Order of battle
South African and South West Africa Territorial Forces from August 1987
32 Battalion - five companies - Colonel Jock Harris
three reconnaissance teams
one battery MRL
one battery mortars
two mobile anti-aircraft units.
South African and South West Africa Territorial Forces from 5 September 1987
20 Brigade - Colonel Deon Ferreira
Battle Group Alpha - Commandant Kobus Smit
one mechanised company - 61 Mech
one motorized company - 32 Battalion
one armoured car squadron - Ratel-90
one 81mm mortar platoon - 4 Ratels
one 20mm mobile anti-aircraft unit
Battle Group Bravo - Commandant Robbie Hartslief
one motorized company - 32 Battalion
two motorized company - 101 Battalion
one motorized platoon - 32 Battalion
one armoured car squadron - Ratel-90
one 81mm mortar platoon - 4 Ratels
Battle Group Charlie - Major Dawid Lotter
one mechanised company - 61 Mech
one anti-tank platoon
one 81mm mortar platoon - 4 Ratels
20 Artillery Regiment
Q Battery - G5 155mm howitzers, 4 Stinger teams UNITA, two SA-7 AA teams, 8 14.5mm AA guns, two platoons 32 Battalion
P Battery - MRLs plus, one company 32 Battalion, 20mm AA troop, 2 Stinger teams UNITA, two SA-7 AA teams
S Battery - 120mm mortars plus one platoon 32 Battalion
South African and South West Africa Territorial Forces from 23 October 1987
Brigadier Fido Smit – Overall Commander
Task Force 10 – Colonel Deon Ferreira
Combat Group Alpha – Commandant Mike Muller
2 x Mechanised Infantry Companies – 61 Mech
1 x Ratel 90 squadron
1 x 81mm Mortar platoon
1 x AA platoon
1 x Engineer Troop
1 x Assault Pioneer Platoon
1 x UNITA Battalion
Combat Group Charlie – Commandant Leon Marias.
2 x Mechanised Infantry Companies – 4SAI 62 mech
2 x Motorised Infantry Companies – 32 Battalion
1 x Ratel 90 squadron
1 x 81mm Mortar platoon
1 x 120mm Mortar battery
1 x Tank Squadron (13 Olifant tanks)
1 x UNITA Battalion
1 x 20mm mobile anti-aircraft unit
UNITA Liaison Team – Colonel Fred Oelshig
Mobile Air Operations Team – Major Brian Daniel (SAAF 89 Combat Flying School)
20 Medical Task Team – Commandant Coen van den Berg
20 Artillery Regiment – Colonel Jean Lausberg
Q Battery - 8 G5s
S Battery - 8 G5s and 8 120mm mortars
J Troop - 3 G6s
P Battery - 8 MRLs
I troop - 4 MRLs
Combat Group Bravo – Commandant Robbie Hartslief
2 x Mechanised Infantry Companies – 32 Battalion
2 x Motorised Infantry Companies – 101 Battalion
1 x Anti-Tank Squadron
1 x UNITA Battalion
1 x Company 701Bn
UNITA
three Regular Battalions
four Semi-regular Battalions
FAPLA/Cuban forces
16 Brigade
21 Brigade
47 Brigade
59 Brigade
Reserve
two brigades - West of Cuito & guarding Menongue road and convoys
one brigade - Cuito Cuanavale
one brigade - East of Cuito at Tumpo
SADF begins its defensive operations
The South Africans began Operation Moduler on 13 August with Sierra Battery unleashing 120mm mortar fire on the 47 and 59 Brigades halting their advance at Catato Woods. On 16 August the South African forces were given permission to release their G5 battery and a Ratel-90 anti-tank squadron for operations on the Lomba River. On the early morning of 20 August, South African Valkiri MRLs opened fire on FAPLA forces at Catato Woods alerting the Angolans for the first time that the South African were assisting UNITA. This rocket firing would continue for the next five days on the FAPLA brigades. During this period the Ratel-90 anti-tank squadron was advancing north to Mavinga while between 26 and 28 August, SAAF C-130s flew in the eight G5 battery and their support equipment for deployment to the Lomba River region.
Between 24–28 August, a special forces team from 4 Reconnaissance Regiment were sent on a mission called Operation Coolidge. Its objective was the destruction of the bridge over the Cuito River that was used to move FAPLA logistics from Cuito Cuanavale to the brigades to the south-west on the Lomba River. The special forces were dropped off by helicopters 40 km north of the bridge and rowed down the Cuito to the bridge in canoes. After partially setting their demolition charges the team was discovered but managed to escape leaving the bridge partially damaged and unable to be used by vehicles. The team were chased back to their rendezvous point by Angolan troops leap-frogging ahead by helicopters. Despite faulty helicopters, bad weather and Angolan troops, the team was eventually picked up and returned to Rundu. For the first time on 26 August, a SADF forward observer was able to see 47 and 59 Brigade's positions and see the effect of the Valkiri MRL fire on them. The artillery fire was slowing but not halting their advance and this meant the South African MRLs and their protection force eventually had to be moved south of the Lomba River to ensure they weren't cut off.
On 28 and 29 August, SADF planners met at Rundu and a decision was made to send 61 Mechanised Battalion to assist 32 Battalion, released two companies from 101 Battalion and allocated the resources of the SAAF to the operation. With UNITA unable or unwilling to slow the advance of the FAPLA brigades, the Angolans began a fast advance to the Lomba on 29 August which saw them move 40 km in two days. Two kilometres east of the Cunzumbia/Lomba confluence lay a bridge which 21 Brigade would need to cross the Lomba River and they came within 9 km north-west of the objective. 59 Brigade crossed eastwards over the Cuzizi River using Russian bridging equipment and stopped 6 km north of the Cunzumbia/Lomba confluence while 47 Brigade had moved westward to the source of the Lomba River. 32 Battalion and it's Valkiri MRLs moved to the southeast of Lomba/Cuzizi confluence to engage 47 Brigade while its Ratel-90 anti-tank squadron and mortars moved to within 5 km of the same area with the G5s positioned 18 km southeast of the Cunzumbia/Lomba confluence to engage 21 Brigade. On 31 August the South African forces engaged the FAPLA brigades with Valkiri MRLs rockets fired at 47 Brigade halting its advance while later that evening the G5s fired on 21 Brigade halting their advance. 61 Mechanised Battalion's commander Commandant Bok Smit met 32 Battalion's Colonel Jock Harris on 2 September and they would plan the arrival and positioning of 61 Mech forces in the coming days.
A 32 Battalion reconnaissance team was sent behind enemy lines with a forward artillery observer to direct the South African G5 artillery fire and were in position by 2 September while another team had located 16 and 47 Brigade exact position by 4 September. Flying an artillery observation officer on the night of 3 September, a SAAF Bosbok light aircraft was intercepted and shot down by a SA-8 south of the Lomba River killing the two occupants. With the South African force now called 20 Brigade, Colonel Deon Ferreira took command on 5 September with the force divided into Battle Groups Alpha, Bravo and Charlie with units from 20 Artillery Regiment divided between them as necessary. By 7 September, 61 Mechanised Battalion had now reached an area 25 km south-west of Mavinga.
UNITA scouts reported that FAPLA's 21 Brigade was attempting a crossing of the Lomba/Gomba River 12 km east of Cunzumbia on 9 September. Combat Group Bravo sent its Ratel 90 anti-tank squadron forward with a company from 101 Battalion and they encountered a fording BTR-60 that they destroyed but FAPLA artillery counter-attack and it forced the South African units to withdraw 6 km away.
The detached unit of Combat Group Bravo returned on 10 September to the fording site on the Lomba River and again attacked elements of 21 Brigade, but the Angolans' counter-attacked sending in three tanks. The Ratel-90s failed to stop the tanks' advance, so the new Ratel ZT3s were brought into the battle, firing seven missiles with four successful strikes on the tanks. MiG aircraft then arrived over the battle site and forced the South African units to withdraw but they had stopped 21 Brigade's advance.
47 Brigade, based at the source of the Lomba River, moved two battalions with three tanks eastwards to try to make contact with 59 Brigade. On 13 September, the SADF countered this advance by sending two companies from 101 Battalion, eight Ratel-90s and four Ratel ZT3s westwards to meet the FAPLA battalions. Artillery attacked the FAPLA positions first before the small SADF unit attacked and stopped the advance with FAPLA battalions losing 200 dead or wounded but the Angolan tanks led a counter-attack on the Ratels, killing seven SADF soldiers before losing five of their own tanks. The small SADF unit called in their reserve, Combat Group Charlie, and heavy fighting continued for several more hours before a withdrawal was called when further FAPLA tanks were summoned and 101 Battalion company's cohesion broke down and some fled the battle. 47 members of the unit would later be discharged from the army after that event because they were concerned about their deployment against tanks and use as UNITA's "mercenaries". The same SADF unit would again encounter the FAPLA tanks around midnight and destroyed two tanks before withdrawing again.
On 16 September, Combat Group Alpha (61 Mech) began its attack in the early morning but its movement was slowed by dense bush and only encountered elements of 47 Brigade who by this time knew the South Africans were coming so by later afternoon Alpha withdrew with no success losing one killed and three wounded. The SAAF kept up the pressure on 47 Brigade with three attacks on 21 September by four Buccaneers around 08h50, four Mirages around 13h00 and four Buccaneers around 17h50. The SAAF conducted a strike against 21 Brigade on 25 September but they missed the target by 200 m but SADF artillery continued their bombardment and the FAPLA brigade took heavy losses. The SAAF sent six Mirage F1CZs to attempt to intercept Angolan MiG-23s on 27 September with one Mirage suffering tail damage from an Angolan air-to-air missile. It returned to SWA-Namibia but crash-landed at the airfield.
47 Brigade received orders on 28 September to cross the Lomba River and meet up with 59 Brigade and then move eastwards crossing the Cunzumbia River and link up with 21 Brigade but the orders were changed later and 21 Brigade was ordered to withdraw north-eastwards. Later that night, President PW Botha, Defence Minister Magnus Malan and the generals flew into Mavinga and met Deon Ferreira and his officers the following day for a briefing. President Botha decided on a more offensive operation and the release of any SADF forces required to destroy the remaining FAPLA brigades east of Cuito Cuanavale.
On 30 September, 47 Brigade attempted to link up with 59 Brigade but their advance was forced back by a SADF artillery bombardment. Plans had been made to attack 47 Brigade on 5 October but radio intercepts reported that FAPLA was about to move from their position, so on 3 October, Combat Group Charlie was ordered to attack with air and artillery support, four UNITA battalions and a 32 Battalion company in reserve. Around 10h17, the Ratel-90s caught the Angolan soldiers crossing the river while the South Africans were attacked by tanks and ZU-23 anti-aircraft guns and the Angolan MiGs flying in support of the ground troops but failed in destroying any SADF vehicles. The South Africans withdrew to resupply around 12h00 and resumed their attack from 14h00 with the Angolans now attempting to retreat across the river taking even more casualties but the battle was over by 17h00. SAAF aircraft attacked 59 Brigade during the day preventing the brigade from coming to the aid of 47 Brigade.
The FAPLA casualties were around 600 killed, the loss of a dozen tanks and vehicles and 47 Brigade no longer a cohesive unit while the SADF lost one soldier killed and a Ratel destroyed and captured a highly sophisticated SA-8 anti-aircraft missile system – the first time the weapon had fallen into western hands. The same day saw plans formulated for 32 Battalion to send units to attack and disrupt the FAPLA supply lines between Menongue and Cuito Cuanavale.
FAPLA retreats from the Lomba River region
FAPLA's remaining forces were given orders to retreat on 5 October and began their movement northwards from the Lomba River region. After the end of this phase of fighting, FAPLA had lost 61 tanks, 53 BTR-60s, 7 BMP-1s, 23 BRDM-2s, 20 BM-21s, 1059 soldiers dead and 2118 wounded. The SADF lost 3 Ratels, 2 Casspirs, 1 Bosbok, 1 UAV, 17 soldiers killed and 41 wounded. UNITA casualties are unknown.
10 October saw the remnants of 47 Brigade retreat north-west to the source of the Cunzumbia River and were joined by 16 and 21 Brigade. Angolan MiGs patrolled the skies above the South African units on 11 October and launched sporadic attacks but no damage or casualties are recorded. Cuito Cuanavale was subject of a SADF artillery attack on 14 October and in response 59 Brigade was sent to find and attack the battery and the South Africans responded to that threat by sending Battle Group Alpha to intercept the FAPLA brigade. At the same time, Task Force Delta was positioned on the Vimposto high ground to prevent 16 or 66 FAPLA Brigades from coming to 59 Brigades aid.
18 October saw a command change in the SADF with Brigadier Fido Smit of 7 SA Division taking overall command of the operation while Commandant Deon Ferreira stayed in tactical command of 20 Brigade with Task Force Delta disbanded and their 32 Battalion units merged into Combat Group Bravo. 4 SAI arrived at Rundu from Middleberg on 20 October. The same day saw the SADF artillery in position south of the Mianei River and would begin to shell Cuito Cuanavale for several weeks and the airfield outside the town and would eventually abandon all flights of aircraft. 20 Brigade is renamed Task Force 10 on 23 September with Ferreira remaining in command of the newly named unit comprising Combat Groups Alpha and Charlie. After a ten-day journey from Rundu, 4 SAI under Commandant Leon Marais arrived outside Mavinga on 30 October with thirteen Olifant tanks and became part of Combat Group Charlie.
FAPLA now positioned its brigades in a defence line east of the Cuito River stretching north to the south. In the north, 16 Brigade was positioned at the source of the Chambinga River, 66 Brigade guarding the bridge over the Chambinga River, 59 Brigade at the source of Vimpulo River, a 66 Brigade battalion at a position were the Mianei River joins the Cuito, a 25 Brigade battalion at the source of Mianei River, and to west along the same river lay 21 Brigade.
Second phase begins - SADF on the offensive
59 Brigade between the Vimpulo and Mianei Rivers, sent out two armoured columns to find the location of the SADF's G5 artillery position on 1 November. The artillery battery moved to get away from the threat but became stuck in sand and called for assistance. Combat Group Bravo, who was close by, was sent forward as was a 61 Mechanised Battle Team from Mavinga that consisted of a mechanized infantry company and a Ratel-90 platoon under Major Dawid Lotter and they found the enemy within 2 km of the stuck guns. The battle started around 20h00 and soon ended with FAPLA withdrawing with heavy casualties and the guns dug out and moved. The SAAF retaliated with a Mirage attack on the positions of 59 Brigade on 2 November, the group responsible for previous nights attack.
In the days leading up to 9 November attack, the SAAF conducted sorties against 16 Brigade positions with Mirages and Buccaneers to keep the FAPLA unit in place. The planned attack called for three attacks. The first attack would be against 16 Brigade that was in position around the source of the Chambinga River by Combat Group Charlie (4SAI) and their tanks with Combat Group Alpha (61 Mech) leading a diversionary attack. In the south, 21 Brigade based around the north of the Mianei River would be the target of diversionary attack by Combat Group Bravo (32 Battalion). A third attack would take place on the airfield at Menongue and would be conducted by UNITA, its aim to disrupt FAPLA air attacks against the attack on 16 Brigade.
The 7 November saw the SADF Tactical HQ moved up from Mavinga to Combat Group Charlie's position that was 45 km east of 21 Brigade and the Task Force 10 commander and his officers finalised the plan and its coordination. All other Groups were at their start-up positions on this day. November 8 saw the SADF units complete their last-minute repairs and replenishment while the Tactical HQ moved later that evening south and then to the west close to the positions of Combat Group Alpha.
SADF attack on 16 Brigade
The attack began at 01h00 on 9 November with Combat Group Alpha moving to position themselves to the south of 16 Brigade, while Combat Group Charlie started to move to its positions north at 04h00. SADF mortar and artillery began to shell the enemy while a 06h30 bombing by SAAF Mirages kept the pressure on FAPLA. The main attack unit, Combat Group Charlie, was 4 km northeast from 16 Brigade around 06h00. At 07h00 Combat Group Alpha began its diversionary attack on 16 Brigade from the south, with the brigade responding by preparing their tanks to attack the group. Combat Group Alpha withdrew and became the task force reserve. Combat Group Charlie's attack was led by a company from 32 Battalion with UNITA troops and became pinned down by machine gun and 23mm anti-aircraft guns, followed too far behind by 4SAI and UNITA troops who were moving too slowly due to dense bush and trees. Meanwhile, FAPLA prepared an ambush for 4SAI's left flank consisting of 3 tanks, various AA guns and APCs, but 4SAI was receiving confusing intelligence by UNITA about the preparations but the SADF recces sorted out the confusion, allowing 4SAI to prepare a counter-ambush when it released its tank squadron and a mechanized company. During this battle, FAPLA would lose 2 tanks and various AA guns and MRLS as the attack is beaten off with the help of the SADF G5s and G6 artillery. This attack ended around 09h00 with 22 FAPLA dead and 2 prisoners with valuable intelligence gained from captured maps. Combat Group Charlie resumed its attack at 10h00 against two FAPLA battalions with ten tanks and various AA guns but they were pinned down when they received accurate enemy artillery fire and would lose two 4SAI soldiers and one from 32 Battalion. The SADF companies were unpinned when their artillery responded to the enemy attack but a Ratel-20 company became entangled with two tanks. One was destroyed by the Ratel, which in turn was destroyed by the second tank. Two soldiers were killed in the Ratel with a further two killed from wounds inflicted during the engagement. The second tank itself was destroyed by a SADF tank. The 32 Battalion company came under a threat on their right flank from FAPLA tanks so 4SAI's tanks flanked to the right and engaged the enemy. At 11h00 Combat Group Charlie came under attack by Mig-23 attack aircraft. 4SAI companies began to clear the bunkers and trenches and FAPLA forces started to flee and by 12h30 the main battle was over. At this point the commander of Combat Group Charlie ordered a withdrawal to the deployment point as they were short of ammunition and needed resupply, a decision the SADF Tactical HQ was not happy with and allowed 16 Brigade to reorganize themselves and to get away from the South African forces. Casualties for FAPLA at the end of battle were 75 killed and 6 prisoners, the loss of 10 tanks and various equipment with 14 SA-7 and SA-14 weapons captured while the SADF lost 7 killed and 9 wounded.
Around 18h00, two battalions of 21 Brigade and the one battalion 59 Brigade aided by tanks left their positions and attacked Combat Group Bravo who had attacked these units earlier in the day in a diversionary attack, but the SADF group withdrew from a fight under instructions to avoid the tanks.
Attacks resume against 16 Brigade
10 November saw Combat Group Charlie resting in a position 15 km east of the Cunzumbia River. Around 15h00, Combat Group Charlie resumed its attack on 16 Brigade but at last light was unsuccessful after being slowed by MiG bombing attacks, observation of their attack by FAPLA reconnaissance and a shooting incident within the unit. The SADF Tactical HQ now moved to Catato Bush on the night of 10/11 November and would be subject to a Mig-23 bombing during the day. The same evening 59 Brigade had begun its withdrawal from its position between the Humbe and Vimpulo rivers across the Chambinga crossing while 16 Brigade was reinforced with tanks.
The next attack would be the following day, 11 November. The plan called for three attacks. Combat Group Bravo would keep 21 and 59 Brigades engaged while Combat Group Alpha would engage 16 Brigade positions from the north-east, drawing the tanks away in a diversionary move. It would then become the SADF reserve and Charlie would lead the main attack from the south.
The attack began at 06h00 with SADF artillery attacking the northern units of 16 Brigade giving them the impression that it was the target and this impression was followed up by SAAF Mirage bombing on the same positions at 07h00. Charlie's attack resumed around 10h00 as it had again been held up by poor navigation through thick bush and MiG bombing runs taking one wounded and this allowed FAPLA to withdraw some of its units in the south. They soon come up against two battalions, ten tanks and artillery. After resting Charlie regained the momentum around 12h25 when six Mirages bomb 16 Brigade positions but are then counter-attacked by the enemy infantry and artillery but is eventually beaten back with the loss of 2 killed and eight wounded. Charlie resumes the attack supplemented with Ratel-90 and tanks and drew heavy enemy artillery and MRLs before getting stuck in minefields. Charlie was then ordered to withdraw around 15h30 being short of ammunition so Combat Group Alpha resumed the attack but is not successful and the battle ends around 18h00 when both parties withdraw. Early morning of the same day, saw an accidental explosion of an artillery round in a G5 gun which killed 2 SADF gunners and badly wounded another eight.
Casualties at the end of this day are recorded as FAPLA 394 dead and 14 tanks destroyed while the SADF saw 5 dead and 19 wounded. The recovery, under fire and in a minefield, of a crippled tank and the subsequent re-entry into a minefield to rescue a wounded soldier, earned Captain Petrus van Zyl and Lieutenant De Villers de Vos of 32 Battalion both Honoris Crux decorations. Combat Group Bravo to the south attacked 59 Brigade to prevent its northward retreat but when 21 Brigade comes to its aid, both brigades are able to withdraw. Radio intercepts around 14/15 November reported that 16 Brigade no longer existed as a cohesive unit as the soldiers had deserted to Cuito Cuanavale.
21 Brigade withdraws
12 November had the SADF and UNITA soldiers resting and replenishing, with the South Africans now becoming short of mechanical spares and consumables. The SADF logistics network was hindered by the distance between South Africa and the battle sites, the inability to stockpile close to the battles due to the SADF units perpetual movement and insufficient logistics vehicles to move the supplies. MiG bombing attacks continued on the units throughout the day but were not successful and the SADF artillery continued to target the Mianei and Chambinga crossings but they to were subject wear and tear of continuous fire and so slowing fire.
By the afternoon of 13 November, FAPLA caught the South Africans by surprise when their recces spotted the rapid and controlled retreat of 21 Brigade with the single battalion of 25 Brigade from their positions north of the Mianei River and moved northwards to the Sandumba ford over the Vimpulo River. On the same day, three SADF G6 self-propelled artillery moved onto the Chambinga high ground and caught FAPLA by surprise when they began to shell Cuito Cuanavale but would only do so for two days before technical issues with the equipment began to hinder them.
By 14 November Combat Group Charlie is ordered to move rapidly 20 km south-west to trap and prevent the two FAPLA units from crossing the Vimpulo into the ground between the Vimpulo and Humbe Rivers. Joined by Alpha, the two units catch 21 Brigade, slowed by G5 artillery, around 16h00 but FAPLA evades them. Combat Group Charlie is now ordered to move into within 2 km of the crossing point to ambush 21 Brigade but due to some issue ends up 6 km away and the FAPLA brigade slips past the SADF unit and by the morning of 15 November had crossed the river, while Alpha patrolled the ground between the Mianei and Vimpulo rivers left behind by 21 Brigade for any stragglers.
FAPLA's race for the Chambinga Bridge
The night of 15 November saw 21 and 25 Brigades attempt to cross the Hube river as a shortcut to the Chambinga crossing point but the ground was too marshy. The brigades could not find a crossable point over the Hube so it was decided to follow to the river through the Viposto high ground to the Hube source in the east and round it and back westward to the high grounds south of the Chambinga river crossing. Combat Team Charlie's plan was to intercept 21 Brigade as it rounded the Hube on 16 November and so left its position at Vimpulo river and rounded its source and headed for the area of Hube river's source. Combat Team Bravo would be its reserve.
Instead of an interception, Charlie met them head-on between and 10h00 10h30, after failing to deploy properly. In the first ninety minute battle the SADF forces lost three soldiers and two vehicles. Ratel-20 infantrymen from 4SAI, Ratel-90s, Olifant tanks and Unita troops engaged the enemy who countered with mortar, BM-21 Stalin Organs and tanks as the SADF tried to force the enemy out of the tick bush and trees into the floodplains.
The battle lasted until 16h30 with Combat Team Bravo joining Charlie after engaging further tanks before withdrawing twelve kilometres when they ran short of ammunition and fuel. Using SADF artillery to keep 21/25 Brigade in place, SADF reconnaissance units saw them begin preparing defensive positions but the brigades organised themselves and were able to round the Hube during the replenishment and hidden by a thunderstorm. FAPLA lost 131 soldiers, seven tanks and various vehicles while the SADF lost 6 soldiers with 19 wounded, and two Ratels and two other vehicles. UNITA itself took terrible casualties.
FAPLA's plan for the 17 November had the 21/25 Brigades dug into the high ground between the sources of the Chambinga and Hube rivers defending the approach to the bridge crossing, allowing 16 Brigade to cross the river with 59 Brigade managing the crossing. The SADF plan had the G5 artillery trapping FAPLA at the bridge while an attack would be made by Combat Group Alpha and elements of tanks and two 32 Battalion companies from Combat Group Charlie. The landscape around the southern Chambinga river crossing consisted of a one kilometre floodplain called an anhara with forest to the south were the FAPLA forces hid while the bridge crossing itself consisted of a TMM mobile bridge with log laid approach roads over the marshy ground.
17 November saw the SADF again advance westwards to the Chambinga crossing point with Combat Group Alpha leading the attack, Combat Group Bravo south-east at the source of the Humbe River and Charlie replenishing and in reserve. SADF artillery units targeting the bridge crossing consisted of G-5s, MRl and 120mm mortars while a SADF forward artillery observer, Lieutenant Koos Breytenbach, watched, protected by UNITA troops. The artillery began to engage the enemy with fragmentation shells as it moved to cross the anhara in the early morning.
Alpha stepped off at 08h30 but its progress was hindered by UNITA's faulty intelligence concerning a minefield which slowed it down to a halt while the ground ahead was inspected. Alpha was hindered as it approached its attack on 21 and 25 Brigades as the bush was extremely thick and the armoured vehicles were unable to move fast. 21 and 25 Brigades on hearing their approach began to retreat and combined with MiG air patrols stopped the SADF artillery firing and the combat units approach which allowed 21 Brigade to retreat to the bridge and fords, with only Bravo engaging small elements of the brigade's rearguard three kilometres from the bridge. Combat Group Alpha arrived at the bridge by 17h00 but 21 Brigade had escaped.
59 Brigade held its nerve and had succeeded in managing the passage of the remains of 21 Brigade across the Chambinga bridge and the three fords despite constant attacks from the G-5 artillery. At the end of the day, Task Force 10 had retreated back to the east, resting, safe from MiG attacks the SADF thought would happen at the battle site the next day. SADF artillery continued to engage targets identified while UNITA forces patrolled the controlled areas. That evening FAPLA would recross the bridge and began retrieving damaged and stranded vehicles.
Further plans discussed
On 18 November in Pretoria, General Jannie Geldenhuys, General Koos Liebenberg and Admiral Dries Putter gathered to discuss the options for the next course of action. Liebenberg placed three options on the table. One, withdraw the SADF forces and end Operation Moduler or secondly attack and take the bridge over the Cuito or lastly attack Cuito Cuanavale from the west as opposed to operations taking place currently to the east of the town. The third option had been discussed by the generals on 2 November, but would require another brigade on the western side of the river that would have to be made up of Citizen Force units who could only be ready for operations by the earliest 20 December. The 18 November meeting resolved nothing and on 22 November General Geldenhuys flew into Task Force 10's Angolan headquarters where a decision was made for a plan to attack the FAPLA forces at Chambinga. While the SADF forces rested, repaired and resupplied, FAPLA began to resupply and dug in to defend their positions.
Attack on Chambinga Heights
With the demobilisation date of the SADF national servicemen fast approaching on 15 December, a plan was hatched for one last attack on the remains of the FAPLA forces situated on the Chambinga Heights with the intention of forcing them to flee west across the Cuito river to Cuito Cuanavale. General Jannie Geldenhuys and other senior officers flew to the Tactical Headquarters on 22 November and a plan was finalized for an attack. The plan called for the Task Force 10 to begin the attack with Battle Group Alpha attacking from the north with intention of fooling the enemy into believing it was the main attack, while two regular UNITA battalion, the 3rd and 5th, were the main attack moving in a westerly direction along the river followed up by Battle Group Bravo with E squadrons tanks and Battle Group Charlie in reserve to take the Cuito bridge. FAPLA forces were made up of the remains of five brigades of 4000 to 5000 soldiers and forty tanks while the SADF forces consisted of around 3000 soldiers and 13 tanks. The heights favoured a defence plan aided by thick vegetation and sand so FAPLA forces dug in with their morale raised with the arrival of 300 Cuban soldiers. The battle took place on 25 November and did not go well for the South African forces. The attack was to begin at 06h30 but was delayed when UNITA failed to turn up on time. Due to heavy bush and trees, the SADF armoured vehicles found it difficult to turn their turrets and the vegetation hindered proper navigation. UNITA forces took heavy casualties by the afternoon as they pushed the FAPLA forces back into alternative positions. Battle Group Bravo's advance was slowed by minefields and MiG fighter-bombers overhead and by 15h00 had only moved 800 m in four hours but by 17h00 was finally able to start its attack only to be stopped by heavy FAPLA artillery fire and due to the lateness of the hour retreated until the next day. The 26 November saw Battle Group Charlie reattached their tanks and led the attack with 4th UNITA Regular Battalion and Battle Group Bravo in reserve. Charlie's attack was again held up by minefields and dense vegetation, FAPLA re-enforcements of 10 tanks, further MiG bombing attempts and heavy FAPLA artillery fire while UNITA's attack petered out due to the latter's fire and so a decision was made to end the attack and withdrew to the east and with it the close of Operation Moduler. By 30 November, Task Force 10 began its withdrawal back to Rundu via Mavinga with its Tactical Headquarters back at Mavinga by 5 December.
Casualties
At the conclusion of the final phase of Operation Moduler, FAPLA casualties were estimated at 525 killed with the loss of 28 tanks, 10 BTR-60s, 85 other vehicles and 3 SA-13 anti-aircraft missile systems while the SADF was said to have lost 16 soldiers with 41 wounded.
Aftermath
Operation Moduler achieved the objective of halting the FAPLA advance against UNITA at Mavinga and inflicted heavy losses on FAPLA. After the FAPLA offensive had been stopped, the South African/UNITA force went on the offensive but failed to push them across the Cuito River before 30 November deadline, thus ending Operation Moduler and beginning Operation Hooper. FAPLA forces would later withdraw westward from the Chambinga heights taking up positions around Tumpo.
See also
32 Battalion (South Africa)
Angolan Civil War
List of operations of the South African Border War
United Nations Security Council Resolution 602
United Nations Security Council Resolution 606
References
Bibliography
Further reading
1987 in Angola
1987 in South Africa
Battle of Cuito Cuanavale
Battles and operations of the South African Border War
Conflicts in 1987
Cross-border operations of South Africa
Military history of Angola
Military operations of the Angolan Civil War
Operations involving South African special forces | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Moduler |
San Justo is a city in the center region of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina, 99 km north from the provincial capital. It had about 22,000 inhabitants at the and it is the head town of the San Justo Department.
Founded in 1868 by Mariano Cabal, San Justo attained the status of a comuna (commune) on 13 July 1887 and the following year the Ferrocarril Provincial de Santa Fe arrived on 1 September 1888. It became a city on 17 September 1959. On January 10, 1973, the city was struck by a destructive tornado.
References
Populated places in Santa Fe Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Justo%2C%20Santa%20Fe |
The Shell Turbo Chargers were a Philippine Basketball Association team from 1985 to 2005. It won four PBA championships, two from 1998 to 1999. Shell sold its franchise to PBL team Welcoat Paints in February 2006.
Aside from being known as the Turbo Chargers, Shell was also known as Shell Azodrin Bugbusters, Shell Azocord Super Bugbusters, Shell Oilers, Shell Rimula X, Formula Shell Zoom Masters, Shell Helix Oilers and Shell Velocity.
History
Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corporation acquired the franchise of the famed Crispa Redmanizers in 1985 for a reported sum of two million pesos. In its debut season, the team was known as Shell Azodrin Bugbusters under head coach Freddie Webb, with several Crispa players, namely, Philip Cezar and Bernie Fabiosa, in addition to a former Crispa Redmanizer William Bogs Adornado from Great Taste and Rey Lazaro from Yco-Tanduay. Shell got its first All Filipino finals berth against Great Taste when they defeated Ginebra in a rubber match.
The following season in 1986, Shell carried the name Pilipinas Shell Oilers, Shell Helix and Formula Shell Spark Aiders, respectively, with Olympian Ed Ocampo taking over from Freddie Webb, who resigned as Shell coach midway in the semifinals of the first conference. Shell remained a hard-luck team with national coach Joe Lipa, becoming Shell's third coach in 1987 3rd conference, as the team was now known as Shell Azocord Super Bugbusters.
The team's rise to fame came during the late-1980s when they were bannered by two U.P. Diliman standouts Ronnie Magsanoc and Benjie Paras to solidify Shell as one of the more popular teams in the pro league. Former Toyota mentor Dante Silverio was also responsible for transforming Shell to a championship-caliber ballclub.
Paras is also the only PBA player to win the Rookie of the Year and the coveted Most Valuable Player plum in the same season when the center won it all in 1989.
In the 1990 PBA Open Conference, Shell won its first-ever PBA championship defeating crowd-favorite Añejo Rhum 4–2. But the series was marred by Añejo's infamous walkout in the sixth and final game of the series to award the Shell the win in Game six and the series clincher.
At that time, Shell was reinforced by import Bobby Parks, who holds seven Best Import Awards in his PBA career, most of them with the Shell franchise.
A year later, Shell suffered one of the biggest collapses in PBA finals history during the 1991 PBA First Conference, when they blew a 3–1 series lead in the series eventually losing to Ginebra in seven games on a Rudy Distrito game-winner.
Shell won the 1992 PBA First Conference crown but waited six years before winning another PBA crown, by capturing the 1998 Governor's Cup. They defeated Mobiline Phone Pals in seven games.
Their final championship came during the 1999 PBA All-Filipino Conference defeating heavy favorite Tanduay Rhum in six games. Shell was bannered by Paras, Gerry Esplana, Victor Pablo, Chris Jackson and Noy Castillo as one of their primary players under head coach Perry Ronquilio.
1999 also became a banner year for Paras, who won his second Most Valuable Player award in his career, despite the arrival of several talented Filipino-foreigner players during the same season. However, injuries in the next three seasons forced Paras to retire after the 2003 season.
Shell suffered several slumps in the next four seasons (2000-2003) before resurfacing during the 2004-2005 season as one of the contenders for the PBA crown. Under head coach Leo Austria (who won the Rookie of the Year honors in 1985 as a player for Shell), the Turbo Chargers placed fourth in the PBA Philippine Cup and third in the season-ending 2005 PBA Fiesta Conference.
Disbandment
During the 2004-05 PBA season, Shell was rumored to be disbanding after the season because its mother company, Royal Dutch Shell in the Netherlands believed it was no longer feasible to continue maintaining its PBA team.
It was believed that port company Harbour Centre was planning to purchase the rights of the Shell franchise. However, both parties did not come into an agreement as Harbour Centre was offering less than what Shell wanted. On August 3, 2005, Shell announced that it was taking a leave of absence from the league. Before the announcement, Shell traded away most of its players. Tony Dela Cruz and Rich Alvarez were dealt to the Alaska Aces while Ronald Tubid was sent to the Air21 Express. The remaining members of the team were selected through the dispersal draft.
Shell was given a six-month deadline for the team to either return to the league in the next PBA season or sell the team to a prospective buyer. In January 2006, PBL powerhouse Welcoat Paints acquired the franchise for and entered the league in the 2006-07 PBA season
Season-by-season records
Three-conference era
Two-conference era
*one-game playoffs**team had twice-to-beat advantage
Cumulative records
Awards
Individual awards
PBA Press Corps Individual Awards
All-Star Weekend
Notable players
PBA 25 greatest players
William "Bogs" Adornado #33 - played for Shell in its inaugural year
Philip Cezar #81 & #18 - "The Sultan of Swat"/"The Scholar"/"Mr. Stretch"/"King Philip" played for Shell in its inaugural year
Bernie Fabiosa #51 & #15- "The Sultan of Swipe"/"Fabulous" played for Shell in its inaugural year
Abet Guidaben #41 - final team he played before ending his PBA career
Freddie Hubalde #10 - played for Shell in 1989.
Ronnie Magsanoc #5 - "The Point Laureate"/"The Navigator" led Shell to two championships, many time All-Star and Mythical team selections
Benjie Paras #14 - "The Tower of Power" is a 2-time PBA MVP, only player to win the Rookie of the Year and Most Valuable Player in the same season (1989)
Other notable players
Dennis Abbatuan #42
Paul Alvarez #21
Romeo Ang #10
Rich Alvarez #10 - 2004-05 Rookie of the Year
Eric Altamirano #11
Leo Austria #13 - 1985 Rookie of the Year
Gido Babilonia #25
Edwin Bacani #6
Cris Bade #19 & #10
Rensy Bajar #7
Estong Ballesteros #16
Richard Bognot #24
Sonny Cabatu #5
Chris Calaguio #9
Erick Canlas #16
Johnedel Cardel #6
Noy Castillo #4
Benny Cheng #16
Pat Codinera
Tim Coloso #32
Ed Cordero #3
Arturo Cristobal #7
Celino Cruz #1
Rey Cuenco #9, #25 & #18
Arthur del Rosario #34
Onchie dela Cruz #7, #9 & #8
Tony dela Cruz #35
Romeo dela Rosa #12
Allan delos Reyes #16
Tito Demetrio
Joel Dualan #19
Ed Ducut #19
Brixter Encarnacion #5
Jolly Escobar #32
Itoy Esguerra #16
Carlo Espiritu #77
Gerry Esplana #30
Kalani Ferreria #11
Aris Franco #9
Allan Garrido #21
Eric Gascon #9
Joey Guanio #6
Abet Gutierrez #3
Dennis Harrison #1
Leopoldo Herrera #14
Mike Hrabak #32
Freddie Hubalde #19 & #10
Leo Isaac #9
Chris Jackson #3
Elmer Lago #20
Epoy Jalmasco #6
Jimmy Javier+ #52
Menardo Jubinal #11
Eddie Laure #11
Rey Lazaro #12
Marlon Legaspi #29
Frankie Lim #22
Alejandro Lim #8
Joey Loyzaga #17
Ronnie Lucero #31
Erwin Luna #11
Billy Mamaril #2
Romy Mamaril #4
Jimmy Manansala #11 & #1
Manuel Marquez #17 & #71
Jojo Martin #10
Porferio Marzan #12
Ricric Marata #23
Jay Mendoza #9
Peter Naron #11
Romulo Orillosa #28, #22, #68 & #15
Victor Pablo #33
Willie Pearson #33
Giovanni Pineda #24
Aldo Perez #26
Jay Ramirez #2
Biboy Ravanes #6
Ricky Relosa #15
Arnorld Rodriguez #6
Jing Ruiz #8
Mark Telan #13
Richie Ticzon #10
Arnie Tuadles #11
Calvin Tuadles #33
Terry Saldaña #17
Rommel Santos #00 & #31
Carlo Sharma #27
Dale Singson #15
Rainier Sison #18
Ervin Sotto #30
Adonis Sta. Maria #16
Ronald Tubid #8
Manny Victorino #1
Rob Wainwright #5 & #33
Roger Yap #13
Imports
Rich Adams #40
Dwight Anderson #0
Vincent Askew #30
George Banks
Jarvis Basnight #2
John Best #4 & #25
Tim Breaux #15
James Brewer #15
Luther Burks #21
Steve Burtt #15
Howard Carter #32
Michael Clarke #30
Steve Colter #30
Dell Demps #23
Kevin Graham #32
Stewart Granger #1
Derek Grimm #42
Andy Grosvenor #24
Carl Harris #12
Joaquin Hawkins #4
Johnny Jackson
Askia Jones #24
Jamal Kendrick #19
Jerome Lane #35
Terrence Lewis #22
Durand Macklin #40
Jarvis Matthews
Jason Matthews #5
Tharon Mayes #25
Kenny McClary #33
Rodney Monroe #23
Michael Morrison #7 & #2
John Morton #23
Lester Neal #24
Marek Ondera #21
Bobby Parks #22 & #2
Dwayne Randall #30
Kenny Redfield #3
Fred Reynolds #32
Melvin Robinson #50
Lester Rowe #24
Derrick Rowlands #44
Dexter Shouse #14 & #21
Calvin Talford #25
Calvin Thompson #35
Kelvin Upshaw #7
Jameel Watkins #40
Sedric Webber #23
Brian Wethers #25
Ajani Williams #21
Dennis Williams #20
Donald Williams #21
Kevin Williams #7
Nantambu Willingham #4
Westly Wilson #33
Tremaine Wingfield #7
Perry Young #50
Coaches
Freddie Webb
Ed Ocampo
Joe Lipa
Dante Silverio
Arlene Rodriguez
Rino Salazar
Chito Narvasa
Perry Ronquillo
John Moran
Leo Austria
Bobby Parks
General Managers
Ernesto Inocencio
Charlie Favis
Ramon (Mao) Vergel De Dios
Jimmy Ayson
Bobby Villarosa
Bobby Kanapi
Defunct Philippine Basketball Association teams
Basketball teams established in 1985
Basketball teams disestablished in 2005
1985 establishments in the Philippines
2005 disestablishments in the Philippines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell%20Turbo%20Chargers |
Droplaugarsona saga () is one of the Icelanders' sagas, probably written in the 13th century.
The saga takes place near Lagarfljót in the east of Iceland about 1000 AD.
It tells the story of Grim (Grímr) and Helge (Helgi), sons of the widow Droplaug, as grown men. Helge is killed by Helge Åsbjørnsson (Helgi Ásbjarnarson). Grim avenges his brother's death by killing Åsbjørnsson. These are the same brothers who also appear in Fljótsdæla saga. Some of the storyline of Droplaugarsona saga overlaps with that of Fljótsdæla saga, although details often differ.
References
External links
Full text and translations at the Icelandic Saga Database
Proverbs in Droplaugarsona saga
Sagas of Icelanders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droplaugarsona%20saga |
A shakedown is a period of testing or a trial journey undergone by a ship, aircraft or other craft and its crew before being declared operational. Statistically, a proportion of the components will fail after a relatively short period of use, and those that survive this period can be expected to last for a much longer, and more importantly, predictable life-span. For example, if a bolt has a hidden flaw introduced during manufacturing, it will not be as reliable as other bolts of the same type.
Example procedures
Racing cars
Most racing cars require a "shakedown" test before being used at a race meeting. For example, on May 3, 2006, Luca Badoer performed shakedowns on all three of Ferrari's Formula One cars at the Fiorano Circuit, in preparation for the European Grand Prix at the Nürburgring. Badoer was the Ferrari F1 team's test driver at the time, while the main drivers were Michael Schumacher and Felipe Massa.
Aircraft
Aircraft shakedowns check avionics, flight controls, all systems, and the general airframe's airworthiness. In aircraft there are two forms of shakedown testing: shakedown testing of the design as a whole with flight-tests, and shakedown testing of individual aircraft.
Shakedown testing of an aircraft design involves test flights of the prototypes, a process that actually starts months or years before first flight with simulator flights and hardware testing. This process often incorporates an iron bird test rig in which all the flight control systems are brought together in an engineering lab, while test-articles of the physical structure will be subjected to stress and fatigue loads beyond anything the aircraft is likely to encounter in service (sometimes, although not necessarily, testing one or more articles to destruction). The aircraft systems are gradually commissioned on board the prototypes; first on external power, then, once engines are fitted, on internal power, progressing to taxi trials and eventually first flight. Flight-testing proceeds conservatively, demonstrating that each test condition can be safely achieved before proceeding to the next. Prototype aircraft are generally heavily instrumented in order to support these flight-test objectives by capturing large amounts of data for both live analysis (which on larger aircraft such as airliners may happen at dedicated flight-test engineer stations on board) and for analysis post-flight. The ultimate aim of testing is to demonstrate the aircraft can operate safely throughout its flight envelope and that all regulatory requirements of the relevant civil aviation authorities have been met, allowing the design to receive its Certificate of Airworthiness.
Shakedown testing of production aircraft is a simplified version of prototype testing. The design has been demonstrated to be safe and the objective is to now demonstrate that the components on an individual aircraft operate appropriately. Shakedown now comprises the general power-on trials, followed by one or more pre-delivery test flights carried out by the aircraft builder's personnel, and generally culminating in a final acceptance test also involving the purchaser's own flight crew and engineering personnel.
Ship
A shakedown for a ship is generally referred to as a sea trial. The maiden voyage takes place after a successful shakedown. However, for warships, the shakedown period extends post-commissioning as the new crew familiarise themselves with the ship and with operating together as a single unit, raising their proficiency until the warship can be considered operational.
Hiking
A shakedown hike is when a backpacker, in preparation for a long hike such as the Appalachian Trail, Pacific Crest Trail or the Continental Divide Trail, takes their selection of equipment on a shorter backpacking trip with the intention of testing its trail worthiness. A related term, the pack shakedown, is when a novice hiker has a more experienced hiker suggest changes to the novice's equipment, often simply suggesting things to leave out.
See also
Bathtub curve, the engineering concept behind shakedowns
Demonstration and Shakedown Operation, tests performed by the United States Navy for submarine certification
Burn-in
References
Transport operations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakedown%20%28testing%29 |
San Justo is the Spanish name for Saint Justus.
As a place-name, San Justo may refer to:
San Justo, Santa Fe, the main township of San Justo Department, Argentina
San Justo Department (disambiguation), various places
San Justo, Buenos Aires, a town in La Matanza Partido, Argentina
San Justo, Entre Ríos, a town in Entre Ríos, Argentina
San Justo, Zamora, a municipality in the province of Zamora, Spain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Justo |
Nicholas Gillingham, (born 22 January 1967) is an English former competitive swimmer, active in the 1980's and 1990's. Born in Walsall, he represented Great Britain in the Olympics, FINA World championships and European championships, as well as representing England in the Commonwealth Games. Medalling in two Olympic Games in 1988 and 1992, he was a World (short course), European and Commonwealth champion in his specialist event, the 200 metres breaststroke. His career broadly overlapped with fellow British breaststroker and Olympic 100 metre breaststroke champion, Adrian Moorhouse.
Swimming career
Olympic Games
Gillingham participated in three consecutive Summer Olympics, starting in 1988. At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, he won the silver medal in the 200-metre breaststroke in a Commonwealth record of 2:14.12, followed by a bronze medal in the same event four years later at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona in another Commonwealth record of 2:11.29. Although better known as a 200m breaststroke swimmer, Gillingham was also a world class 100m swimmer and was ranked first in the world in 1992 with his Commonwealth record of 1:01.33 from the British Olympic trials. However, he sustained a leg injury during the Olympics which impaired his performance in the 100m final where he finished 7th, half a second slower than his heat time.
Commonwealth Games
Gillingham won seven Commonwealth Games medals; he represented England and won a silver medal in the 4 x 100 metres medley relay and a bronze medal in the 200 metres breaststroke, at the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland. Four years later he represented England and won two bronze medals in the 100 metres and 200 metres breaststroke, at the 1990 Commonwealth Games in Auckland, New Zealand. At the 1994 Commonwealth Games he won the gold medal in the 200 metres breaststroke, the silver medal in the 100 metres breaststroke and a bronze medal in medley relay.
Other
In August 1989 in the European Championships, he equalled the existing world record in the long-course 200-metre breaststroke in a time of 2:12.90, only to co-hold it for a single day before the other record co-holder, American Mike Barrowman, lowered the record again.
He was trained by Tim Jones and also won the world title at the first inaugural 1993 FINA Short Course World Championships in Palma de Mallorca. He broke three world, ten European, nine Commonwealth and seventeen British records during his career and won 17 major championships.
He dominated the ASA National Championships in the breaststroke events, following on from his predecessor Adrian Moorhouse and won the 100 metres breaststroke title in 1992 and 1993 and the 200 metres breaststroke on eight occasions (1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 and 1995).
Personal life
Gillingham was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1993 New Year Honours for services to swimming, and retired from full-time competitive sport in 1996. After retiring, he established a sports communications business focusing on sports marketing, development & events. Recently, Gillingham took part in a scheme called Young Ambassadors, promoting youth sport development in the North East of England at Loughborough.
See also
List of Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming (men)
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)
World record progression 200 metres breaststroke
References
External links
Profile Nick Gillingham
1967 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Walsall
English male swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Great Britain
Swimmers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Swimmers at the 1990 Commonwealth Games
Swimmers at the 1994 Commonwealth Games
Olympic silver medallists for Great Britain
Olympic bronze medallists for Great Britain
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for England
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for England
World record setters in swimming
Olympic bronze medalists in swimming
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in swimming
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Medallists at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1990 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1994 Commonwealth Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Gillingham |
Kardinia International College is a private K–12 school located in Bell Post Hill, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. It is a triple campus college, residing on the site of the former Morongo Girls' College and has two other campuses, one in Lovely Banks, Geelong and another located in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Enrolment across the school is usually around 1800 full time students.
History
Beginnings
Kardinia International College was founded by the late Yoshimaro Katsumata who purchased Morongo's buildings, grounds, facilities and resources in mid-1995. It first opened in 1996 with 31 secondary students and 42 kindergarten children. The International Baccalaureate has been implemented at the primary years level and at the Diploma level.
The word Kardinia is an Aboriginal word which means sunrise or new beginning.
Gotemba Nishi High School, also owned by Katsumata, is a sister school to Kardinia International College.
The construction of a third campus and an Aquatic Centre were announced in 2015 as a part of the 20th anniversary celebrations.
In 2015, it was announced that founding principal, Mr John Goodfellow, would be retiring as principal after 20 years in the job. Mr Goodfellow remained involved with the college as a director and Sum Pun director. Mr David Fitzgerald took up the role of principal at the beginning of 2016 and continued in the role until 2018. On 1 January 2019, Catherine Lockhart became the college's third principal after being appointed from her previous role as Deputy Head at Woodcroft College in South Australia.
Principals
Structure
The college is divided into four distinct sections:
The Early Learning Centre incorporates a three- and four-year-old kindergarten, in addition to a pre-school.
The Lower Primary Centre caters for prep, as well as grades one and two.
The Upper Primary Centre contains grades three, four, five and six.
The Senior School, for years seven to twelve.
Senior School
The Senior School utilises a vertical curriculum for years seven to ten. This system is based upon the individual choices of a student. At the beginning of each semester, students are issued with a unique timetable of seven subjects, based upon their preferences. This allows for students to focus heavily on one particular area, or elect to pursue one or more languages. This system does not allow free rein, however, with a minimum number of subjects which must be undertaken in each learning area.
For years 11 and 12, there are two options to undertake. The Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) was first implemented in 2000, and is the main high school certificate for year 11 and 12 students in Victoria. In 2005, Kardinia offered the alternative of the International Baccalaureate Diploma. 33 students completed the International Baccalaureate in 2006. The school also implemented the International Baccalaureate Primary Years Program into the junior school. VET (Vocational Education and Training) courses are also available to willing students.
House system
Kardinia International College has four houses to which students are allocated, each having a historical meaning.
Facilities
The Katsumata Centre
In 2010, a gymnasium/weights room/ theatre complex was established and named in honour of the school's founder, the Yoshimaro Katsumata.
The Learning Commons
In 2014, a multi-purpose facility was built on location of the previous library in the centre of the senior school. The new facility consists of two buildings. The first is the Learning Commons which includes a library, IT support, offices, student study, photography rooms including a dark room, and classrooms. The second building consisting of classrooms, study rooms and staff offices.
The Goodfellow Aquatic Centre
As a part of the 20th anniversary celebrations, it was announced that an aquatic centre was to be built along Ballarat Rd. The new building includes two separate swimming pools. The construction of the pool commenced in April 2015 and was completed in July 2016. The centre was officially opened by the founding principal and its namesake, John Goodfellow.
Camps
Kardinia International College offers many camps for most of the senior year levels.
Year 7
Orientation Camp located at Emerald or Gembrook
Year 9
Chiang Mai Experience, Thailand (6 weeks)
Discovery College Exchange Program, Hong Kong
Year 10
Outdoor Education Camp, regional Victoria
Japanese Exchange Program, Gotemba Nishi High School (12 weeks) {{
Art Study Tour, New York City
Year 10 and 11
Japanese Study Tour, Japan (3 weeks)
French Study Tour, France (3 weeks)
Year 11
Viqueque, East Timor
Year 9 to 11
Duke of Edinburgh Award
Year 9 to 12
Cross Country Snow Camping, Mt Stirling
Campuses
Chiang Mai Sum Pun
Sum Pun Kardinia is located in Chiang Mai, Thailand and is used for 8 week trips.
The Grove Campus
In 2015, construction began on a rural campus for year 5 students. The campus was completed in mid-2016 and includes farm animals, a learning space, veggie gardens as well as a caretaker's residence.
Controversies
Several students were involved in the creation and distribution of a controversial DVD first seen in the media in October 2006. According to the college principal one student was expelled, along with a school investigation into two other students who "may have had some involvement". These students have since been expelled.
In July 2006, former music teacher Nicholas Frampton (who at the time was teaching at Kardinia International College) was fired by the college and had his teaching registration cancelled by the Victorian Institute of Teaching. This was a result of Frampton participating in sexually suggestive online messaging with two schoolboys aged between 13 - 14. The school did not inform parents of the removal of Frampton or the nature of his crimes; instead referring to his departure as due to "ill health".
In February 2023, one of the victims of Mr Frampton launched a lawsuit against the school due to seeing news articles about alleged child sexual abuse cases towards other former teachers at Kardinia International College. The lawsuit alleges that the school intentionally did not report the sexual abuse to the relevant authorities, and that the student was not offered support or counselling by the school after Frampton's removal.
See also
List of schools in Victoria
List of high schools in Victoria
Victorian Certificate of Education
References
External links
Kardinia International College website
International Baccalaureate schools in Australia
Educational institutions established in 1996
Schools in Geelong
Private schools in Victoria (state)
Junior School Heads Association of Australia Member Schools
1996 establishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinia%20International%20College |
Sandford Park School is an independent, non-denominational, co-educational secondary school, located in Ranelagh, Dublin, Ireland. It was founded in 1922.
History
The school was founded in 1922 by Alfred Le Peton, who served as its first headmaster. Le Peton had previously served as joint headmaster of Earlsfort House School alongside Ernest Exshaw. It was decided to move the school from the terraced city-centre property of Earlsfort House to the 2.5 hectare Ranelagh property of Sandford Park, originally designed in 1894 by Thomas Edmund Hudman for James P. Pile, a property developer and Hudman’s brother-in-law. The school was founded as non-denominational, to contrast with the majority of schools in Ireland at the time, which had religious patronages. In its first year of teaching, the school had enrolled fifty-three boys. Le Peton resigned as headmaster in 1925.
In 2013, the school began accepting enrolment for girls in all year groups, and in 2021 there were 429 students attending in total, of whom 171 were girls.
School principals
Gwynn Seton Bradshaw Mack 1922–1931
Arthur Douglas Cordner 1934–46
Major P.G. Wormell 1946–53
Maurice Wilkins (Acting Headmaster) 1953–54
Trevor Dagg 1954–1960 [1st period]
Dr Hector Rex Cathcart 1960–1967
Trevor Dagg 1967–1980 [2nd period]
Ian Steepe 1980–1985
William (Bill) R. Tector 1985–1990
Dr John Harris 1990–1996
Michael Whelan 1996–2003
Edith Byrne 2003–present
Notable past pupils
Max Abrahamson, internationally renowned construction lawyer
Jonathan Philbin Bowman, journalist
Conor Cruise O'Brien, diplomat, Labour Party politician, writer and academic
Justin Keating, politician and former Labour Party cabinet minister
Graham Knuttel, painter and sculptor
Ham Lambert, international cricketer, rugby player and rugby referee
Charles Mellon, first-class cricketer
John Neill, Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin 2002–2011
Owen Sheehy-Skeffington, socialist and pacifist
Patrick Rooke (born 1955), Bishop of Tuam, Killala, and Achonry
Past pupils Union
The Sandford Union was inaugurated in the 1930s, to enable past pupils to keep in touch with one another and the school itself. The Sandford Union hold several events during the year culminating in the annual dinner held every year on the fourth Friday in November.
References
External links
Sandford Park School website
Sandford Park Union
Ranelagh
Secondary schools in Dublin (city)
Private schools in the Republic of Ireland
Educational institutions established in 1922
1922 establishments in Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandford%20Park%20School |
Nuaym ibn Masud al-Ghatafani () was a companion of Muhammad hailing from Najd in the northern highlands of Arabia, belonging to the powerful Ghatafan tribe. His first exposure to the Muhammad was when Abu Sufyan sent him to Medina to convince the Muslims to not fight the Qurayshi army by exaggerating their numbers. This was in regards to the second battle of Badr which had been agreed to by both parties at the Battle of Uhud.
Biography
Battle of the Trench
During the Battle of the Trench he approached Muhammad professing his Islam and offering his services. He asked for permission to help with the war effort by using his position in his tribe. Muhammad responded "War is deception." Nuaym then came up with an efficient stratagem. He first went to the Banu Qurayza and warned them about the intentions of the rest of the Confederacy. If the siege fails, he said, the Confederacy will not be afraid to abandon the Jews, leaving them at the mercy of Muhammad. The Qurayza should thus demand Confederate leaders as hostages in return for cooperation. This advice touched upon the fears the Qurayza had already harbored.
Next Nuaym went to Abu Sufyan, the Confederate leader, warning him that the Qurayza had defected to Muhammad. He stated that the Jewish tribe intended to ask the Confederacy of hostages, ostensibly in return for cooperation, but really to hand over to Muhammad. Thus the Confederacy should not give a single man as hostage. Nuaym repeated the same message to other tribes in the Confederacy.
Nuaym's stratagem worked. After consulting, the Confederate leaders sent Ikrimah to the Qurayza, signaling a united invasion of Medina. The Qurayza, however, demanded hostages as a guarantee that the Confederacy would not desert them. The Confederacy, considering that the Qurayza might give the hostage to Muhammad, refused. Messages were repeatedly sent back and forth between the parties, but each held to its position stubbornly.
Abu Sufyan summoned Huyayy ibn Akhtab, informing him of Qurayza's response. Huyayy was taken aback, and Abu Sufyan branded him as a "traitor". Fearing for his life, Huyayy fled to the Qurayza's strongholds.
The Bedouins, the Ghatafan and other Confederates from Najd had already been compromised by Muhammad's negotiations. They had taken part in the expedition in hopes of plunder, rather than any particular prejudice against Islam. They lost hope as chances of success dwindled, uninterested in continuing the siege. The two confederate armies were marked by recriminations and mutual distrust.
The provisions of the Confederate armies were running out. Horses and camels were dying out of hunger and wounds. For days the weather had been exceptionally cold and wet. Violent winds blew out the camp fires, taking away from the Confederate army their source of heat. The Muslim camp, however, was sheltered from such winds. The enemy's tents were torn up, their fires were extinguished, the sand and rain beat in their faces, and they were terrified by the portents against them. They had already well nigh fallen out among themselves. During the night the Confederate armies withdrew, and by morning the ground was cleared of all enemy forces.
References
Companions of the Prophet
Ghatafan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuaym%20ibn%20Masud |
Wadada Magic is the second studio album by the band Suns of Arqa, recorded and released in 1983 by Antler Records. The album was produced by Suns of Arqa founder Michael Wadada.
The spine of the LP reads "Suns of Arqa Vol III Wadada Magic". The style on this album is quite different from their debut album Revenge of the Mozabites, and the tracks are more dance-oriented. Some of the tracks from this album (A1-A3, B1, B2, B4) were made available on CD in 1992 on the compilation Arqaology, released on Arka Sound.
On Arqaology, tracks A1, A2 here are combined as one, as are tracks B1, B2. Track B3 appears on Arqaology in truncated form (just 22 seconds!), however, it appears in full on their later album Magiczna Miłość.
The sleevenotes for this LP includes a dedication to Alice and Harry Ward, presumably relatives of Michael Ward (Wadada).
Track listing
Side A
"Brujo Magic" – 2:29
"Magic Version" – 3:50
"Hasheesh" – 4:26
"City of Nine Gates" – 5:27
"The Lesson" – 3:47
Side B
"Steppin' To The Music" – 6:21
"A Lesson in Trancedance" – 8:11
"The Step" – 4:09
"The Heat" – 3:03
Personnel
Founder Michael Wadada performs on this album with koto, piano, acoustic guitar, temple blocks, percussion and vocals. The band also comprises Pulse & Chris Joyce on drums, Spliff on bass, Aziz Zeria on harmonium, swar mandal and vocals, Kalu & Papu Zeria on tablas, Big Red on fiddle, banjo and mandolin, Helen Watson on vocals, Mustaphafakir on dilruba, electric Spanish and Hawaiian guitars, marimba, Jew's harp and vocals.
Guest musicians appearing on the album are Prince Far-I on vocals (Tracks A2 and A4), Prince Hammer on vocals (Track B4), Keith 'Lizard' Logan on bass (Track A4), John Scott on Chinese Shawm (Tracks A3 and B2), Amar Singh on sitar and tanpura (Track A5), RM on sitar (Track A4), The Legendary Leperds as 'rthydin section' (Track B4), John 'JJ' Slater on percussion (Track A3) and Steve Cyclepath (credited as 'Magician and Guru') !
References
1983 albums
Suns of Arqa albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadada%20Magic |
Modhu Purnima (), also known as Honey Full Moon Festival or Honey-offering Festival, is a Buddhist festival celebrated in Bangladesh by the Barua and Chakma people of Chittagong and by the Mon people of Thailand. It occurs on the day of the full moon in the Bangla month of Bhadro (August/September).
History
The day commemorates an occasion on which the Buddha retreated to the wilderness of Parileyya forest to bring peace between two quarrelling factions of disciples. According to legend, a monkey and an elephant named Parileyyaka fed him during this time, the elephant bringing fruit and the monkey bringing a honeycomb. The monkey was so excited when the Buddha accepted his gift that he began leaping from tree to tree and fell to his death. However, he was immediately reborn in Tavatimsa as a result of his generosity.
On this day, the Bhikkhus of Kosambi ended the disunity in their ranks and went to the Buddha in the forest to take a vow of unity and cooperation. In his sermon, Buddha pointed to the elephant and said, "This elephant lives alone in the forest in the absence of a proper partner. If you do not get associates with wisdom and high thoughts, it is better to live alone in this world, for foolish associates will only increase your suffering."
After the rains retreat the monks who had split into two groups agreed to make up their differences because the local lay people were not making any offerings to them. The monks sent a representative to see the Buddha and invite him to go back to the city. The elephant palilayaka was heartbroken to see the Buddha go, and followed him out of the forest, and even made as if he would follow the Buddha into the city. The Buddha turned to him and said, "Palilayaka. This is the limits of your territory. From here on is the territory of man, which are a great danger to animals such as you. You cannot come with me! Palilayaka the elephant stood and roared in grief, but did not dare follow the Buddha. As soon as the Buddha was out of sight, his heart broke and he died right there. The texts state that the elephant and the monkey, after dying at that time, were reborn as devas in the Tavatimsa heaven.
Celebration
Modhu Purnima is celebrated as a joyous day of unity and charity. All Buddhists observe it by bringing gifts of honey and fruit to shrines or monasteries.
References
External links
Description from Mahidol University accessed 2008-08-11
A Meaningful Story of Buddha, Elephant and Monkey by Marguerite Theophil, United Press International, November 16, 2006, accessed 2008-08-09
Buddhist festivals in Thailand
Festivals of Bangladeshi culture
Religious festivals in Bangladesh
August observances
September observances
Bengali Hindu festivals
Observances held on the full moon
Buddhist festivals in Bangladesh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhu%20Purnima |
My Mother's Castle () is a 1957 autobiographical novel by Marcel Pagnol, the second in the four-volume series Souvenirs d'enfance and the sequel to My Father's Glory. It was the subject of a film made by Yves Robert in 1990 which is faithful to the original plot but which includes material from the third book in the four-novel series, Le Temps des Secrets.
Plot summary
The book begins during Marcel's summer holiday. He describes his almost daily hunting trips with his father Joseph and his uncle Jules, and his growing friendship with a country boy named Lili. On the night before he is to return to the city to begin school, he plans to run away with the help of Lili. He leaves a note for his family saying goodbye and climbs through the window. As the night goes on, Marcel begins to grow scared, even seeing a ghost and changes his mind and returns before he is discovered (although it implied that his father had discovered the letter through a few jokes he makes). When he returns to the city, he is under extreme scholarly pressure due to his candidacy for a prestigious scholarship. He longs to return to the countryside and his wish is granted when they return for the Christmas holiday, much to Marcel's delight. Although only a few kilometers outside Marseilles the journey to the holiday home is time-consuming as public transport takes them a short portion of the way and the rest is a walk along an 8 km, winding road carrying all their possessions.
After the Christmas holiday, the family expresses desire to return more often to the countryside, but Joseph does not see the logic in leaving the city on a Saturday to get to the countryside in the late afternoon or evening and then return on Sunday. Later Marcel's mother takes it upon herself to befriend the headmistress and convinces her to give Joseph's Monday morning duties to another teacher, allowing the family to stay at the villa until Monday morning. Soon they begin to go almost every weekend.
One day, when travelling to their house, the family encounters one of Marcel's father's former pupils, Bouzigue, who now works in maintaining a canal which runs from the hills into Marseilles. The canal runs across private estates and so he is issued with a key which allows him to pass through several locked doors along the towpath. The employee points out to the family that this is a shortcut which will allow them to reach their house in a fraction of the journey time and offers them his spare key. Marcel's father, being honest and upright realizes that this would amount to trespassing, but while passing through the canals, Joseph is able to spot construction issues that Bouzigue himself did not. He is then convinced, by Bouzigue and himself, that he would even be doing a service to the people. He nevertheless accepts the key.
Despite his reservations, the family use the key more and more and the reduced journey time allows them to visit the holiday home every weekend. Joseph even begins to record his observations in a small notebook. They still have an apprehension each time they unlock a door fearing they will be caught. As time passes, however, they encounter the owner of one property and the groundsman of another, who are friendly and quite happy that they cross their land.
At the beginning of the summer holidays they make the journey again and Marcel's mother feels a great fear and trepidation of meeting the owner. When they reach the final door they discover it has been padlocked. They are confronted by the caretaker of the final property and his dog who has been watching them for some time and who decides to make an official report. He forces the family to open up all of their belongings, humiliating them, then seizes Joseph's notebook and terrifying Marcel's mother and little sister.
Marcel's father is devastated, believing a complaint could damage his career prospects and he could possibly lose his job as a school teacher. Bouzigue and two other employees of the canal however, confront the caretaker threatening him with prosecution for having unlawfully padlocked one of the company's doors. Bouzigue reveals to the family that the man is not a nobleman, but made his fortune from cattle. He and his fellow employees seize the report and destroy it.
The book jumps forward five years to a fifteen year old Marcel at his mother's funeral. It also tells of Lili and Paul (Marcel's younger brother): Paul was a goatherd in the countryside of the Provence, until his sudden death at the age of 30. Lili is killed in 1917, during the First World War. Marcel is the only one left of their childhood company, now a successful film director. His company has purchased a large old house in the Marseilles area to turn into a film studio. When walking through the grounds he sees a familiar door and realizes that this is the last property on his childhood journey to his holiday home. In a burst of rage he picks up a rock and smashes the door and thus ends a bad spell.
References
External links
Marcel Pagnol official website
http://marcel-pagnol-d-barfield.blogspot.co.uk/ -Detailed summary of the novel in English -full study notes
1957 novels
French autobiographical novels
Sequel novels
Novels set in Provence
French novels adapted into films
Works by Marcel Pagnol | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Mother%27s%20Castle |
Chronic mountain sickness (CMS) is a disease in which the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells increases (polycythaemia) and there is an abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood (hypoxemia). CMS typically develops after extended time living at high altitude (over ). It is most common amongst native populations of high altitude nations. The most frequent symptoms of CMS are headache, dizziness, tinnitus, breathlessness, palpitations, sleep disturbance, fatigue, loss of appetite, confusion, cyanosis, and dilation of veins.
CMS was first described in 1925 by Carlos Monge Medrano, a Peruvian doctor who specialised in diseases of high altitude. While acute mountain sickness is experienced shortly after ascent to high altitude, chronic mountain sickness may develop only after many years of living at high altitude. In medicine, high altitude is defined as over , but most cases of CMS occur at over .
It has recently been correlated with increased expression of the genes ANP32D and SENP1.
Diagnosis
CMS is characterised by polycythaemia (with subsequent increased haematocrit) and hypoxaemia; raised blood pressure in the lungs (pulmonary hypertension) can develop over time and in some cases progress to heart failure (cor pulmonale). CMS is believed to arise because of an excessive production of red blood cells (erythrocytes) due to the low oxygen levels at altitude, which increases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. The increased levels of erythrocytes causes increased blood viscosity and uneven blood flow through the lungs (V/Q mismatch). However, CMS is also considered an adaptation of pulmonary and heart disease to life under chronic hypoxia at altitude.
Consensus for clinical diagnosis of CMS use laboratory values: haemoglobin in Males ≥ 21 g/dL; Females ≥ 19 g/dL, haematocrit > 65%, and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) < 85% in both sexes.
Treatment
Migration to low altitude is curative, though not immediate, as the body adapts to the normal oxygen level near sea-level and the haematocrit normalises. Alternatively, bloodletting (phlebotomy) can be performed to lower the haematocrit temporarily; when combined with volume replacement with fluids this can have a longer effect.
Medication with acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, has been shown to improve chronic mountain sickness by reducing erythropoietin and the resulting polycythaemia, which results in better arterial oxygenation and a lower heart rate.
Oxygen therapy and training in slow breathing techniques has been shown to reduce symptoms through increasing blood oxygenation.
Epidemiology
Although CMS generally affects people native to altitudes higher than , it does not affect populations around the world equally. A 2013 study reviewed CMS prevalence rates around the world and found the highest rates were found in Andean countries of South America and the lowest rates in people native to the East African Mountains of Ethiopia. CMS prevalence rates reported from the study are summarised below:
Ethiopia [3600–4100 m]: 0%
Tibetan Plateau (Tibetans): 0.91–1.2%
Indian Himalayas [3000–4200 m]: 4–7%
Kyrgyzstan [3000–4200 m]: 4.6%
Tibetan Plateau (Han Chinese): 5.6%
La Paz, Bolivia [3600 m]: 6–8%
Bolivia: 8–10%
Cerro de Pasco, Peru [4300 m]: 14.8–18.2%
References
External links
Online calculator illustrating blood oxygen carrying capacity at altitude
Effects of external causes
Mountaineering and health | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic%20mountain%20sickness |
Operation Hooper was a military operation in 1987-88 by the South African Defence Force (SADF) during the South African Border War. This operation forms part of what has come to be called the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale. The Cubans' objective was securing the town of Cuito Cuanavale on the west of the river from capture. The SADF objective was to drive the People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) west across the river or to destroy them, so as to ensure that FAPLA was no longer a threat to the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) in the south-east. The FAPLA advance was permanently halted, UNITA lived to fight on for another 15 years. The SADF never attempted to capture the town. Both sides claimed victory.
Background
Directly following on from Operation Moduler, by November 1987 the SADF had cornered the remnants of three FAPLA units on the east of the Cuito River, across from the town itself and was poised to destroy them. The quite demoralised 59 FAPLA motorised infantry brigade, 21 and 25 FAPLA light infantry brigades, in positions near Tumpo and east of the Cuito River, were effectively cut off due to SADF artillery control of both the bridge and airstrip and to UNITA guerrilla control of the road from Menongue, which they had mined and were prepared to ambush.
With no functioning armour or artillery remaining, the FAPLA units faced annihilation. On 15 November, the Angolan government requested urgent military assistance from Cuba.
On 25 November the UN Security Council demanded the SADF's unconditional withdrawal from Angola by 10 December 1987 but without threatening any sanctions.
Cuban objectives
In the opinion of Cuba's leader Fidel Castro, a South African victory would have meant not only the capture of Cuito and the destruction of the best Angolan military formations, but, quite probably, the end of Angola's existence as an independent country. Thus Castro responded immediately by sending — in what was called "Maniobra XXXI Aniversario de las FAR" — materiel and 15,000 elite troops, retaking the initiative from the Soviets. The first Cuban reinforcements in Cuito arrived by helicopter on 5 December 1987 with about 160–200 technicians, advisers, officers, and special forces.
General Arnaldo Ochoa, a veteran of the 1976 Angola campaign and of tank battles in Ethiopia, was made overall commander of the forces on the government side. Ochoa and Castro were to have serious disagreements in the conduct of the war in Angola. These tensions were to have repercussions both during the war where Castro's interference with defense plans may have cost the Cubans dozens of lives and in the aftermath of Angolan hostilities a year later when Ochoa was arrested, tried and executed by firing squad after being found guilty of treason. General Cintras Frias was made commander at Cuito Cuanavale. The Cubans' initial priority was securing Cuito Cuanavale, but while reinforcements were arriving at the besieged garrison they made preparations for a second front to the west of Cuito Cuanavale in Lubango where the SADF had been operating unhindered for 8 years.
South African objectives
Objective 1
Directly following on from Operation Moduler, Operation Hooper's objective was defined as being to destroy the enemy east of the river or at least to drive them back across the river, inflicting maximum casualties but suffering minimum losses of their own.
Objective 2
The river crossings were to be fortified and handed over to UNITA, and the SADF were to withdraw from Angola as soon as that was achieved.
Restrictions
The order was that the town of Cuito Cuanavale would not be attacked unless it fell into SADF hands almost without a fight.
The SADF units received fresh troops and equipment, but the units were reduced to about 2,000 men and 24 tanks for the rest of the operation. The new arrivals had to be acclimatised first.
Engagement
The bombardment started on 2 January 1988, with a mix of artillery and air strikes, and a UNITA infantry attack that failed. On 3 January the SADF destroyed the important bridge across the Cuito River using a smart bomb. The Cubans managed to construct a wooden footbridge in its place which they baptised Patria o Muerte (fatherland or death).) They partly buried disabled tanks so that their turrets could be used as fixed artillery pieces.
The 32 Battalion and elements of other units harried the road convoys for weeks, destroying several hundred tanks and other vehicles, and inflicting an unknown number of casualties.
On 13 January the SADF attacked the 21 Brigade, starting with air strikes and artillery bombardments. Over two days the FAPLA unit was driven out of their positions, and lost 7 tanks with 5 more captured, various other vehicles were destroyed and captured, and 150 men were killed or captured. UNITA lost 4 dead and 18 wounded, and the SADF had one man wounded and one armoured vehicle damaged. However the SADF was again unable to exploit the momentum, due to a shortage or reserves and supplies. UNITA occupied the captured positions, and the SADF withdrew, but UNITA lost the positions later to a FAPLA counter-attack. A large Cuban and FAPLA column was on the way from Menongue for the relief of Cuito Cuanavale, but progress in the rainy season was slow due to the need to clear the UNITA minefields and guard against possible ambushes. They did not reach Cuito Cuanavale in time to take part in the first engagement.
The next attack was only on 14 February, against the positions of 21 Brigade that UNITA had lost, and the neighbouring positions of the 59 Brigade. They were counter-attacked by Cuban tanks. Both 21 Brigade and 59 Brigade were forced to withdraw. The FAPLA lost 500 men and a further 32 Cuban soldiers, along with 15 tanks and 11 armoured vehicles. The SADF lost 4 killed and 11 wounded, and some vehicles were damaged. FAPLA withdrew to the Tumpo (river) triangle, a smaller area east of the river and across from Cuito Cuanavale. The terrain was ideally suited to defence, and they laid extensive minefields.
In a skirmish on 19 February 1988 a FAPLA position was disrupted, and it resulted in the FAPLA 59 Brigade being withdrawn across the river. However the SADF had two vehicles damaged in the minefield. In the following days the Cubans stepped up their air attacks against South African positions. On 25 February another assault on the bridgehead ran into a minefield, and bogged down. In this engagement the FAPLA lost 172 men, plus 10 Cubans, and 6 tanks. In comparison the SADF lost 4 killed and 10 wounded, plus several vehicles damaged.
Operation results
The bridgehead survived, and the objective of clearing all of the Angolans from the east side of the river had still not been achieved. This concluded Operation Hooper. It was then succeeded by the brief Operation Packer.
See also
32 Battalion (South Africa)
Angolan Civil War/South African Border War
List of operations of the South African Border War
References
Hooper, Operation
Hooper, Operation
Hooper, Operation
Conflicts in 1988
Hooper, Operation
Hooper
Hooper | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Hooper |
The Tanduay Rhum Makers (1975-1987) and Tanduay Rhum Masters (1999-2001) were two basketball franchises associated with the same Tanduay Distillers liquor brand that played in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).
The original franchise, owned by Elizalde & Co., Inc., was a founding member of the PBA. From 1975-1980, the team played under the name Tanduay Distillery; Tanduay ESQ and Tanduay Esquires; then as, YCO-Tanduay in 1981-1983. The final name used by the original franchise was the Tanduay Rhum Makers (1983-1987). The original franchise won a total of three PBA championships. In 1988, its PBA franchise was acquired by Pure Foods Corporation and played as Purefoods.
The second franchise played under the name Tanduay Rhum Masters and was owned by Tanduay Distillers, Inc. (the present owners of the Tanduay liquor business). It first played in the Philippine Basketball League (1997-1999) and joined the PBA (1999-2001). The PBA records of the original Tanduay PBA franchise (1975-1987) were maintained for the second incarnation. Its PBA franchise was sold to FedEx Express in 2002.
The original Tanduay franchise (Elizalde era, 1975-1987)
Businessman Manuel “Manolo” Elizalde formed the Philippines' first basketball dynasty, the YCO Painters, during the post-war era. Players who have donned the famous YCO red and white jersey included Carlos Loyzaga, Carlos Badion, Loreto Carbonell, Ed Ocampo, Mariano Tolentino and Kurt Bachmann. Its rivalry with the Ysmael Steel Admirals preceded that of Crispa and Toyota in the PBA.
The first Tanduay basketball team was organized by Elizalde during the early 1960s to compete in a minor league called Businessmen’s Athletic Association (BAA). This farm team of the YCO Painters had a brief existence.
In 1975, Elizalde became actively involved in the formation of the Philippine Basketball Association as he joined forces with several MICAA team owners to break away from the Basketball Association of the Philippines stranglehold. The YCO Painters maintained their ballclub in the MICAA and their newly-formed professional team was named Tanduay.
1977-1980
With Carlos Loyzaga handling the coaching chores by 1977, replacing Bobby Littaua, Tanduay entered the semifinals for the first time in the 1977 All-Filipino Conference and almost made it to the finals but lost to Mariwasa-Honda Panthers on their last assignment as the Panthers went on to play the Crispa Redmanizers for the championship. The season had a Tanduay player Jaime Taguines becoming the second recipient of the Rookie of the Year honors.
In 1978, Tanduay had their first breakthrough year. After a third and fourth place finishes in the first two conferences of the season, the third conference Invitational Championship allows the Esquires to simultaneously field their two imports. Gene Moore and David Payne led the team to score upset victories and enter the finals series against the Toyota Tamaraws. The Esquires lost to defending champion Toyota in four games. Tanduay again produced another Rookie of the Year awardee for the second straight season in Jaime Manansala.
1979-1984
The next six seasons would remain unfruitful and title-less campaign for the Tanduay ballclub despite being competitive and a darkhorse team in the early 1980s, signing some top amateur stars like Rey Lazaro, former San Beda Red Lions Frankie Lim and JB Yango. The team had a revamp of their lineup in 1984, giving up four of its veteran players, Roberto dela Rosa, Victor Sanchez, Alberto Gutierrez and Mike Bilbao to newcomer Beer Hausen.
1985–1987
Following the disbandment of the famed Crispa Redmanizers, the Tanduay Rhum Makers had a massive rebuilding, acquiring Crispa stars Abet Guidaben, Freddie Hubalde and Padim Israel, along with Willie Generalao from Gilbey's Gin. However, three weeks after the start of the 1985 PBA Reinforced Conference, Guidaben was traded in favor of Ramon Fernandez from Manila Beer. Tanduay's coach at that time, Orly Castelo, was also replaced by former Gilbey's Gin coach Arturo Valenzona.
Tanduay finally won the first of three PBA championships beginning in the 1986 First Conference, behind imports Rob Williams and Andre Mckoy. After winning its first title, the team brought the championship trophy to the grave of their late owner, Manolo Elizalde, who died a year before. Tanduay won their second straight championship in the 1986 PBA All-Filipino Conference and their third title in the 1987 PBA Open Conference with best import David Thirdkill.
Disbandment
A business blackeye occurred in late 1987 when a couple of Tanduay drinkers died allegedly owing to the liquor. This caused a major backlash in terms of sales as revenues collapsed and put parent company Elizalde & Company Inc. near bankruptcy.
Pure Foods Corporation, then a subsidiary of Ayala Corporation, acquired Tanduay's PBA franchise. The franchise would play under the name Purefoods beginning the 1988 PBA season.
The Tanduay business enterprise was acquired by the Lucio Tan group of companies.
Second Tanduay franchise (Tan era, 1997-2001)
In the Philippine Basketball League (1997-1999)
In 1997, the Tanduay name resurfaced in the Philippine basketball scene at the Philippine Basketball League under the ownership of Lucio Tan group of companies and managed by son Lucio "Bong" K. Tan, Jr. Prior to using the name "Tanduay Gold Rhum Masters", this team was originally known as Stag Pale Pilseners from 1995-1996, with Marlou Aquino, Bal David and Jason Webb in the lineup. The Rhum Masters won several PBL crowns under coach Alfrancis Chua and players Eric Menk, Jomer Rubi, Chris Cantonjos and Mark Telan. It also held a PBL-record 18 straight wins in the 1998–1999 Yakult PBL Centennial Cup, but lost in five games to Doctor J Rubbing Alcohol, when the Centennial Rhum Masters blew a 2–0 lead in the best-of-five affair. After the team moved to the PBA, Asia Brewery retained the PBL franchise and was renamed Colt 45 with Renren Ritualo leading the squad. Colt 45 placed fourth in the 1999 PBL Challenge Cup before disbanding.
Return to the PBA (1999-2001)
In 1999, Tanduay made its return to the PBA. As part of the agreement, the league allowed six players from Tanduay's PBL lineup to be elevated. Tanduay also acquired Fil-American Earl Sonny Alvarado as the top pick. The records from the original Tanduay franchise (1975-1987) were retained for this franchise.
In its first season, Tanduay placed second to Shell in the 1999 PBA All-Filipino Conference but their second stint in the PBA were marred by several controversies such as the deportation of alleged "Fil-sham" (bogus Filipino) Alvarado which led to a forfeiture of several Tanduay games during the 2000 season. In the 2001 offseason, Tanduay made soundwaves in the PBA when they signed Danny Ildefonso of corporate rival San Miguel Beermen a whopping 16-year, 98 million peso offersheet. The league though, nullified the said deal since it was believed that the offersheet violated the team's salary cap.
Bong Tan also made a controversial comment calling the PBA, "a San Miguel league", a reference to a speculation that the PBA is favoring the then-San Miguel Corporation teams San Miguel and Barangay Ginebra. It was also said that Tanduay violated the PBA's salary cap many times by having their players sign a separate contract apart from the required PBA Uniform Player's Contract that made the players richer than any PBA team's bench players by a few hundred thousand pesos. This was already denied by the management.
Disbandment
Realizing its failure to win a championship despite a stellar line-up of Fil-American players and established veterans, Tanduay disbanded after the 2001 season, selling its PBA franchise to FedEx Express for a reported sum of PHP 60-75 million. A firesale ensued as the Rhum Masters traded their key players Eric Menk (to Barangay Ginebra Kings), Dondon Hontiveros (to the San Miguel Beermen) and Jeffrey Cariaso (to the Coca-Cola Tigers).
Season-by-season records
Awards
Individual awards
PBA Press Corps Individual Awards
Notable players
In alphabetical order. Members of PBA Hall of Fame and PBA 25 Greatest Players are in boldface.
First Tanduay team (Elizalde era, 1975-1987)
Ramon Fernandez - #19
Abet Guidaben - #5
Freddie Hubalde - #10
Allan Abelgas - #34
Dennis Abbatuan - #18
Ronnie Albor - #16
Zito "Chito" Bacon - #5
Raymundo "Chuck" Barreiro - #4
Miguel “Mike” Bilbao - #4, #6, #20, #40
Rene Canent - #18
Eleazar "Ely" Capacio - #15
David "Boy" Cezar - #17
Benjamin “Benjie” Cleofas - #15
Ricardo "Joy" Cleofas - #16
Ramon "Onchie" dela Cruz - #9
Roberto "Bert" dela Rosa - #7
Valerio "Botchok" delos Santos - #10
Joselito "Lito" Eguia - #12
Angelito "Itoy" Esguerra - #16
Wilfredo “Willie” Generalao - #42
Alberto "Abet" Gutierrez - #9 & #13
Cesar "Boy" Ijares - #36
Federico “Padim” Israel #17
Rudolfo "Rudy" Lalota - #9
Zaldy Latoza - #10
Reynaldo "Rey" Lazaro - #12
Frankie Lim - #4, #14
Geronimo Lucido - #12 1976 Rookie of the Year
Jaime "Jimmy" Manansala - #11 1978 Rookie of the Year
Alexander "Alex" Marquez #44 - "The Kamikaze Kid"
Abelardo "Abe" Monzon #2, #22 & #44
Horacio "Ace" Moreno - #88 & #8
Jerry Pingoy - #14
Marte Samson - #11
Quirino "Rino" Salazar - #7
Victor "Vic" Sanchez - #14, #12 – "Rambo"
David "Dave" Supnet #66 & #6
Jaime "Jimmy" Taguines - #44 - 1977 Rookie of the Year
Alex Tan -#40
Antonio "Tony" Torrente - #7
Reynaldo "Rey" Vallejo -#1
Luis "Tito" Varela -#32 - "Kojak"
Freddie Webb - #14 – "Fastbreak Freddie"
Jose Bernardo "JB" Yango - #24 - "The Cuyapo Kid"
Imports
Benny "The Outlaw" Anders #0 (1986)
Odell Ball #41 (1980)
Curtis Berry #00 (1982)
Bill Bozeat #12 (1976)
Kevin Cluess #35 (1980)
Bernie Harris #35 (1977)
Mark Haymore #32 (1981)
Jerome Henderson #31 (1982)
Tim Hirten #20 (1976)
Andre McKoy #33 (1986)
George Melton #33 (1983)
Gene Moore (1978, 1981)
Russell Murray #33 (1981-1982)
David Payne #36 (1978)
David Pope #66 (1985)
Lawyer (Butch) Taylor #44 (1980)
John Terry #24 (1975)
David Thirdkill #22 (1987)
Andy Thompson #22 (1986)
John Q. Trapp #34 (1975)
Ronnie Valentine - #44 (1985)
Freeman Williams#20 (1987)
Rob Williams #21 (1986)
Merlin Wilson #44(1979, 1985)
Francois Wise #3 (1983)
Second Tanduay team (Tan era, 1999-2001)
Rene Alforque #18
Sonny Alvarado #15 - "The Punisher"
Chris Cantonjos #33
Jeffrey Cariaso #28 – "The Jet"
Jayvee Gayoso #22 – "Mr. Adrenaline"
Dondon Hontiveros #7 - "Cebuano Hotshot"
Rudy Hatfield – "The H-Bomb" #34
Pido Jarencio #25 – "The Fireman"
Bobby Jose #11 – "The Firecracker"
Noli Locsin #6 – "The Tank"
Eric Menk #30 - "Major Pain"
Dindo Pumaren #10 – "The Bullet"
Mark Telan #13
Jomar Rubi #7
Jason Webb #1
Imports
Maurice Bell #3/4 (2000-2001)
Joe Ira Clark #24 (1999-2000)
Ronnie Fields #20 (1999)
Kevin Freeman #33 (2001)
Billy Thomas #12 (2001)
See also
YCO Painters (precursor of the first Tanduay team)
Stag Pale Pilseners (precursor of the second Tanduay team)
Tanduay Light Rhum Masters (PBA D-League team
Batangas City Embassy Chill
References
Basketball teams established in 1975
2001 disestablishments in the Philippines
Basketball teams disestablished in 2001
Defunct Philippine Basketball Association teams
Former Philippine Basketball League teams
1975 establishments in the Philippines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanduay%20Rhum%20Masters |
The women's downhill of the 2006 Winter Olympics was held at San Sicario, Italy, on Wednesday, 15 February.
Defending Olympic champion Carole Montillet-Carles was nineteenth in the current season's World Cup downhill standings, headed by Michaela Dorfmeister from Austria. Janica Kostelić of Croatia was defending World Champion, but was fourth in the overall World Cup standings, though she did win a downhill at Bad Kleinkirchheim in mid-January.
Dorfmeister won the gold medal, Martina Schild of Switzerland took the silver, and Anja Pärson of Sweden was the bronze medalist. Montillet-Carles finished 28th and Kostelić did not start.
The Fraiteve Olympique course started at an elevation of above sea level with a vertical drop of and a course length of . Dorfmeister's winning time was 116.49 seconds, yielding an average course speed of , with an average vertical descent rate of .
Results
Wednesday, 15 February 2006
The race was started at 12:00 local time, (UTC +1). At the starting gate, the skies were mostly cloudy, the temperature was , and the snow condition was hard packed-variable.
References
External links
Official Olympic Report
FIS results
Downhill | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine%20skiing%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20downhill |
Men of the World was a 1990s BBC1 situation comedy which starred David Threlfall and John Simm.
Production details
Written by Daniel Peacock – who also appeared as the character Gilby Watson. – Men of the World was directed by Terry Kinane and produced for Alomo Productions by Laurence Marks, Maurice Gran and Claire Hinson. Marks and Gran are successful sitcom writers in their own right.
Neither series has ever been repeated on UK terrestrial television, though was shown on Carlton Select sometime in the late nineties. However, it has not had a DVD release and appears to have largely been forgotten.
Plot
Lenny Smart and Kendle Bains are flatmates and work together as travel agents in Manchester. Thirtysomething Lenny attempts, with the help of old friend Gilby, to turn sensitive 23-year-old Kendle into a "real man". In one episode, Kendle receives a telescope for a birthday present and subsequently ends up looking into all the windows opposite - Kendle believes that his neighbour has murdered his wife with a meat cleaver, but it turns out it was just a simple disagreement over 87 pounds of meat.
Main cast
David Threlfall ... as Lenny Smart
John Simm ... as Kendle Bains
Daniel Peacock ... as Gilby Watson
Eva Pope ... as Becky (Series 2)
Brenda Bruce ... as Mrs Daff
Episodes
Series 1
"Match of the Day" (14 March 1994)
"The Assessment" (21 March 1994)
"Lost in France" (28 March 1994)
"The Big Fight" (11 April 1994)
"Team Table" (18 April 1994)
"The Runaway" (25 April 1994)
Series 2
"The Dice of Life" (26 July 1995)
"The Girl I Love" (2 August 1995)
"The Walking Wounded" (9 August 1995)
"Happy Birthday Kendle" (16 August 1995)
"Stolen Kiss" (23 August 1995)
"Farewell My Lovely" (30 August 1995)
References
External links
1994 British television series debuts
1995 British television series endings
1990s British sitcoms
BBC television sitcoms
Television series by Fremantle (company)
Television shows set in Manchester
English-language television shows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%20of%20the%20World |
Nelson W. Diebel (born November 9, 1970) is an American former competition swimmer, Olympic champion, and former world record-holder.
Diebel won two gold medals at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. First, he won the men's 100-meter breaststroke, setting a new Olympic record of 1:01.50 in the event final. Afterward, he swam the breaststroke leg for the winning U.S. team in the men's 4×100-meter medley relay, together with fellow Americans Jeff Rouse (backstroke), Pablo Morales (butterfly) and Jon Olsen (freestyle). In the event final, the four Americans matched the world record of 3:36.93 set by the U.S. team at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
Diebel attended the Peddie School in Hightstown, New Jersey. He enrolled in Princeton University, where he swam for the Princeton Tigers swim team under coach C. Rob Orr.
See also
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)
List of Princeton University Olympians
List of Princeton University people
World record progression 4 × 100 metres medley relay
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
American male breaststroke swimmers
American swimming coaches
World record setters in swimming
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming
Peddie School alumni
Princeton Tigers men's swimmers
Swimmers from Chicago
Swimmers at the 1991 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%20Diebel |
Carly Binding (born 2 February 1978) is a New Zealand pop singer-songwriter, and former member of the girl group TrueBliss. In 2000 she left the group, citing personal differences, and decided to pursue a solo career. Her debut solo album Passenger peaked at #6 on the New Zealand album charts and went gold. It was also released in Australia, where Binding has since toured extensively.
She was born and raised in the city of Tauranga.
Her second (and final) album So Radiate was released on 3 July 2006. Supporting this album, she undertook a tour of New Zealand with fellow singer-songwriter Donald Reid.
In 2007, Binding was invited to play at the music festival SXSW which is held in Austin, Texas each year. This led to her spending a further four months in the US playing regular shows at venues on the Sunset Strip and surrounding areas in Los Angeles.
Carly's father, Wellesley Binding, is a New Zealand painter.
From 2009 to 2015, Binding was in a relationship with former Kiwi league player Matthew Ridge. In November 2010, the couple had a son, London Luca Ridge. The couple separated in 2014 and Binding confirmed the split in February 2015.
In 2012 Binding appeared on the Auckland musical theatre scene.
Discography
With TrueBliss
Dream (1999) Columbia
Albums
Singles
References
External links
Carly Binding NZ music forum
TrueBliss at AudioCulture
1978 births
Living people
People from Tauranga
New Zealand women pop singers
Participants in New Zealand reality television series
21st-century New Zealand women singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly%20Binding |
The Bromley North line is a less than long branch line in Greater London that connects at Grove Park with the South Eastern Main Line operated by Southeastern. During the 2010s the line which has two stations of its own has been served by a non-through (shuttle) service to and from Grove Park railway station in the London Borough of Lewisham. Network Rail records the line as route SO350.
History
The line was built by the 'Bromley Direct Railway Company', in co-operation with the South Eastern Railway (SER), to compete with the London, Chatham and Dover Railway, which owned the other Bromley station, Bromley South. It opened on 1 January 1878 and was worked by the SER from the outset. The two companies merged later in the same year.
The line was electrified at 750 V DC (third rail) with the other SECR urban routes from 1926 by Southern Railway.
Services
A shuttle service operates, known by the staff as "the popper". The service is two trains per hour in each direction. Public holidays and Sundays are not operated by the franchisee.
Through services were originally operated from Bromley North to Holborn Viaduct, Victoria, Cannon Street and Charing Cross. These were cut to a peak-hours only service in 1976, and were then withdrawn completely in 1990, except during engineering works.
Trains
Class 465 rolling stock primarily operates on this route. Until 2010 this was the only 'true branch', that is branch-only service, in Greater London for trains to be worked with a driver and a guard. Since 2010 this is now driver-only, as mirrors and monitors have been provided on the platforms to allow the driver to look back.
Future proposals
The Southeastern Main Line into central London is at full capacity. Service patterns have begun to entrench all longer distance service destinations as direct, many trains per hour, stations. Therefore, Southeastern consider that it is not economically justifiable to reinstate direct services from Bromley North into central London, and consequently all (non-contingency Bromley South backup) services must terminate at Grove Park for the foreseeable future.
Various proposals have been put forward to convert the Bromley North Line to an alternative mode of transport to make better use of this isolated piece of rail infrastructure. In the 1980s, a plan to partially convert the line into a heritage railway using retired London Underground rolling stock was considered, but did not ultimately come to fruition.
Transport for London have indicated that they are considering a number of possible options for connecting the Bromley North Line to one of the other public transport systems in London, including:
incorporation into the Docklands Light Railway via a link south of
incorporation into London Underground by extending the Bakerloo line from Elephant and Castle
conversion for tram use as an extension of the Tramlink system
incorporation into the London Overground via — problems of line capacity make this a less likely solution.
These schemes have not been taken beyond the proposal stage and recommendations are expected to be published around 2017. In a report published by the London Borough of Bromley in 2012, proposals to extend Tramlink beyond Beckenham Junction into Bromley town centre are outlined, with a further option to continue this route along the Bromley North Line to Grove Park. The report also considers the Bakerloo line extension favourably, but notes difficulties with tunnelling between Lewisham and Grove Park, and with the provision of a depot. The Tramlink proposal also features in the Rail Utilisation Strategy report by Network Rail.
References
Sources
Geoffrey Body, Railways of Southern Region, (1978), Patrick Stephens Ltd. 1-85260-297-X.
Transport in the London Borough of Bromley
Railway lines in London
Standard gauge railways in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromley%20North%20Line |
The St. Tropez Belt is a belt made of curved flattened metal links, popular in France as a fashion accessory in the 1960s.
The first St. Tropez belts were produced by members of a French commune and brought to the open market by Jayne Berrier and Claude Jean-Pierre LaCoudre. After a short time, the belts became an indispensable fashion item and were being bought and sold for very high prices. When members of the commune learned of this, they flooded the market with low-priced belts. Within a short time the belt's ubiquitousness and low price led to the wane of its popularity.
See also
Fashion accessory
History of Western fashion
1960s in fashion
External links
Types Of Belt Buckle
French fashion
Belts (clothing)
1960s in France
1960s fashion
French Riviera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Tropez%20belt |
"Watching You" is a song by Australian electronic rock band Rogue Traders, released on 30 January 2006 as the third single from their second album, Here Come the Drums (2005). The song was released in the United Kingdom in October 2006. "Watching You" replays the guitar riff from the Knack's song "My Sharona".
Chart performance
"Watching You" was Rogue Traders' fourth top ten-10 in Australia and their second top-40 hit in the UK. It debuted on the Australian Singles Chart on 6 February 2006 at number seven. During its second week on the chart, it ascended to its peak position of number five and stayed there for two weeks. It remained in the top 10 for six weeks and the top 50 for 20 weeks, earning a gold certification from the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). In the United Kingdom, the song entered the charts on 28 October 2006 at number 33, spending two weeks in the top 100.
Track listings
Australian CD single
"Watching You" (original radio edit) – 3:29
"Watching You" (Dirty South vocal mix) – 7:00
"Watching You" (James Ash's 'Take Me Down' club mix) – 6:44
"Watching You" (Dirty South dub) – 6:59
"Way to Go!" (James Ash remix) – 6:43
UK 12-inch single
A1. "Watching You" (Chris Lake's Downtown vocal) – 6:52
B1. "Watching You" (Dirty South dub) – 6:59
B2. "Watching You" (original radio edit) – 3:29
UK CD1
"Watching You" (original radio edit)
"Watching You" (Olli Collins & Fred Portelli Remix)
UK CD2
"Watching You" (original radio edit)
"Watching You" (Chris Lake's Downtown Remix)
"Watching You" (Dirty South dub)
"Watching You" (Olli Collins & Fred Portelli Remix)
"Watching You" (James Ash's 'Take Me Down' club mix)
"Watching You" (video)
"Watching You" (U-MYX)
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
References
2005 songs
2006 singles
Ariola Records singles
Columbia Records singles
Rogue Traders songs
Songs written by James Ash
Sony BMG singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watching%20You%20%28Rogue%20Traders%20song%29 |
Club Classics Vol. One (US title: Keep On Movin') is the debut album by the British group Soul II Soul. Released in 1989, the album featured the group's hit singles "Keep on Movin'" and "Back to Life (However Do You Want Me)", the latter of which was a UK number-one hit and the fifth best-selling single in the UK that year. The album also reached number one and was certified triple platinum by the British Phonographic Industry for sales in excess of 900,000 copies.
In the United States, the album reached the Top 20. The single "Back to Life" was also a Top 10 hit in the US and was certified Platinum. It found stronger success with R&B music listeners in the US, as the album went to No. 1 on the Top R&B Albums chart, and the title track and "Back to Life" were number-one R&B hit singles.
Reception
Club Classics Vol. One reached number one in the United Kingdom and was certified triple platinum by the British Phonographic Industry for sales in excess of 900,000 copies. In the United States, the album reached the Top 20 in the main chart, and number one on the Top R&B Albums chart. It went on to be certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales in excess of two million copies.
Legacy
Alex Henderson, in a retrospective review for AllMusic, commented that the musical influences ranged from "Chic to hip hop to African music", and that the album was "among the most rewarding R&B releases of 1989".
In 2004, Q magazine placed Club Classics Vol. One at number 28 in its list of the 50 Greatest British Albums Ever. In 2006, the magazine placed the album at number 34 in its list of "40 Best Albums of the 1980s". In 2012, Slant Magazine placed the album at number 100 on its list of the best albums of the 1980s.
In late April 2021 Sky Arts included the album in episode two of its newly released Classic Albums series. The hour long broadcast featured newly released interviews with the band members and friends including Trevor Nelson.
Track listing
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
See also
List of number-one albums from the 1980s (UK)
List of number-one R&B albums of 1989 (U.S.)
References
External links
Club Classics Vol. One (Adobe Flash) at Radio3Net (streamed copy where licensed)
1989 debut albums
Soul II Soul albums
Albums produced by Nellee Hooper
Virgin Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club%20Classics%20Vol.%20One |
Billie Jenkins is a fictional character who appeared in the American television supernatural drama Charmed, which aired on The WB from 1998 to 2006. The character was created by executive producer Brad Kern and was portrayed by Kaley Cuoco. Billie was developed in response to The WB's request for a new character, and was intended to expand the show in a new direction for a possible ninth season or a spin-off series, leading to mixed opinions of media outlets.
Billie was introduced as a novice witch seeking training from the series' protagonists Piper Halliwell (Holly Marie Combs), Phoebe Halliwell (Alyssa Milano), and Paige Matthews (Rose McGowan). Her storylines focus on her search for her missing sister Christy Jenkins (Marnette Patterson) and their eventual reunion. She gains the ability to warp reality through the power of projection and is revealed as the "Ultimate Power". Christy and the demonic council known as the Triad manipulates Billie into believing the Charmed Ones are corrupted by their powers but when the truth is revealed, she eventually reconnects with the Halliwells. The character also makes further canonical appearances in the comic books Charmed: Season 9 and Charmed: Season 10 as a friend to the sisters and is referenced in one of the novels.
Critical response to Billie was mixed; some critics felt that she was a strong addition to Charmed while others cited Cuoco's acting and the character's story arc with Christy as signs of the show's declining quality. After speculation about Billie's possible appearance in a spin-off series, it was confirmed all plans for the show were canceled in The WB's transition to The CW. Cuoco later stated that she prefers working on sitcoms over dramatic television shows due to Charmeds demanding shooting schedule.
Development
Casting and filming
When renewing Charmed for its eighth season, the WB required the show to introduce new characters to either sustain an additional season or lead a potential spin-off; the lead actors Holly Marie Combs, Alyssa Milano, and Rose McGowan did not renew their contracts for further episodes. According to Pam Shae, the executive-in-charge of talent, the casting call for Billie called for a young, female actor who would appeal to the WB executives. When discussing the casting process, Kaley Cuoco described Billie as solely based on her physical appearance, saying: "I think they just wanted a blonde on the show." During an interview for the ten year anniversary of the series finale, executive producer Brad Kern clarified Billie was intended to "lighten the load, screen-time wise" for the three principal actors and "bring new blood to an aging show". He felt Cuoco's presence and comedic timing worked well with Combs, Milano, and McGowan. When describing the introduction of Christy Jenkins, played by Marnette Patterson, Kern said he wanted to end Charmed by returning to its initial focus on sisterhood.
Billie was Cuoco's first role in a television drama series. Cuoco stated she felt comfortable working with the other actors and felt she was part of the show since its beginning, noting the warm reception from the cast and crew. Patterson said she had "instant chemistry" with Cuoco and that their connection made acting out their storyline easier. During The WB's merge with United Paramount Network (UPN) to form The CW in 2006, network executives said there was not enough room for a Charmed spin-off. In an interview with E!'s Kristin Veitch, Cuoco confirmed a spin-off involving her character would not be developed, saying "Charmed is done" and that she preferred to participate in other projects. Brian Krause, who played Leo Wyatt, said that he was confused at the direction of the final season, stating "I don't know if they were trying to groom talent to go on to something else".
Following the show's cancellation, Cuoco said that she preferred working sitcoms rather than dramas. She felt the "18-hour days where you want to kill yourself" did not leave her with enough time to have a life outside of work and the demanding shooting schedule did not allow her enough time to work with Combs, Milano, and McGowan. Cuoco also said she only understood her performance on the show after watching the final cuts of the episodes with the special effects and animations; she explained: "But when you are working, you are waiting and waiting and then things are invisible and things are being thrown, and nothing's in your hand, and I'm like so confused and always asking everyone, 'What's happening?'".
Cuoco described the character's wardrobe as "cute and fun", and felt that it matched her own personal style. However, she did take issue with the outfits used for the character's magical transformations. She cried when she first saw her superhero costume for the season eight episode "Battle of the Hexes", which originally included a cape. A writer from WE tv listed Billie's superhero look as one of the show's "sexiest and most bizarre outfits". Cuoco said that she also disliked the black vinyl outfit and wig that she wore during her first two episodes.
Characterization and powers
For her early appearances on the series, Billie was identified as the Charmed Ones' protégée. Cuoco viewed Billie as a "little sister" to the Halliwell sisters, and attributed her as "very naive and always getting in trouble". Co-executive producer James L. Conway believed Billie's identity as a novice witch added a new dynamic to the show, while Pam Shae called the character "demanding", "spunky", and "very, very confident" despite her inexperience with magic. Keri Blakinger of New York Daily News felt that Billie developed into a "powerful witch in her own right" over the course of the season.
Billie is the younger of Carl and Helen Jenkins's two daughters. Both of her parents are mortal and her powers were inherited from her maternal grandmother, making Helen a carrier of the genes determining magical ability. Billie has the basic abilities of a witch, including casting spells, performing rituals, brewing potions, scrying for lost people or objects using of a crystal pendant, and communicating with the dead. She also has the power of telekinesis and later develops the ability to warp reality using a power known as projection. She is shown mastering her original powers very easily and adapting them using unconventional methods, such as attaching a large quartz crystal to her computer's mouse to scry through a GPS system. Her telekinesis enables her to perform acrobatic moves, such as backflips. She experiences difficulty using her power of projection due to her fear of hurting others. Billie eventually masters this power, and by the series finale she can easily travel through time.
Rumored reboot and reunion
On October 25, 2013, it was announced CBS, which owns Spelling Television's properties, was developing a reboot of Charmed. Kate Ward of Bustle connected CBS's decision to revisit the supernatural drama with Cuoco's success as "one of the network's most bankable stars" for her role on the sitcom The Big Bang Theory. On August 12, 2014, TVLine's Michael Ausiello announced CBS would not proceed with the reboot.
In an interview with Entertainment Tonight, Milano alluded to the possibility of a Charmed reunion and said; "It seems like that's going to happen any second". Glenn Garner of Out magazine said Cuoco's character should be excluded from the possible reunion. Bustle'''s Sabienna Bowman wrote the reunion should address Billie's fate following the series finale, arguing the character's future should be "more interesting than babysitting for the Halliwell brood". While Shannen Doherty and McGowan publicly supported the idea of a reunion, Dan Avery of NewNowNext.com wondered whether Cuoco had been asked to revisit her role as Billie. On March 5, 2016, Milano said there were no concrete plans for a reunion in development, but confirmed CBS was still in the process of producing a reboot without the original cast.
Appearances
Television
Billie first appears in the season eight premiere "Still Charmed & Kicking" as a college student who hunts and vanquishes demons while disguised in a black wig and a vinyl outfit. Billie subconsciously calls out to whitelighter Paige Matthews (Rose McGowan) for help. Paige's sisters Piper Halliwell (Holly Marie Combs) and Phoebe Halliwell (Alyssa Milano) initially discourage Paige from contacting Billie to prevent the discovery of their faked deaths and assumption of new identities, which they did so they could live free of magic. Billie later falls into an Alice's Adventures in Wonderland-themed trap set up by demons Paul Haas (Mykel Shannon Jenkins) and Black Heart (Noa Tishby), who were attempting to lure the Charmed Ones out of hiding and prove they were still alive. The Halliwell sisters save Billie from the demons' illusions and agree to train her; they agree she will fight demons for them and keep their secret. Billie's passion for using magic to save innocent people inspires the Halliwell sisters to reclaim their old identities and resume their responsibilities as the Charmed Ones.
On Halloween, Billie tells the Halliwells her older sister Christy Jenkins (Marnette Patterson) was kidnapped by a demon 15 years prior. Billie's memories are rekindled when she is finding the location of a demon named Dogan (Eric Steinberg) and recognizes similarities between him and Christy's kidnapper. After this revelation, Billie's storylines focus on her search for her sister; the Halliwells worry about Billie becoming obsessed with finding Christy as she takes more risks to get information, such as interrogating and torturing demons. Billie accuses her parents of choosing to forget Christy rather than trying to locate her. Billie's mother Helen (Barbara Niven) gives her Christy's diary, in which Billie finds a pentagram on the last page. The pentagram is a symbol for the demonic council known as Triad (Steven J. Oliver, Seren Oliver, and Leland Crooke). She eventually gains enough control over her powers to travel to the past, speak to Christy, and find her location.
Billie rescues Christy off-screen between the episodes "12 Angry Zen" and "The Last Temptation of Christy". With the Halliwells' help, she attempts to help Christy reintegrate into everyday life and gain control over her powers. Unbeknown to Billie, Christy has been brainwashed by the Triad and has been instructed to turn her against the Halliwell sisters. At this time, Billie is identified as the "Ultimate Power" foreshadowed in earlier episodes as the season's "big bad". The Triad arranges for Billie's parents to be killed by demons (John Rosenfeld and David S. Lee), believing Christy's prolonged contact with them could sway her morality to the side of good. Billie feels betrayed by the Halliwell sisters when they interrogate the demons about the "Ultimate Power" rather than killing them to avenge her parents' deaths. Billie and Christy vanquish the demons and the Halliwell sisters realize Billie is the "Ultimate Power".
During this time, the Halliwell sisters and the Jenkins sisters turn against one another. Christy attempts to persuade Billie the Charmed Ones use their powers for personal gain rather than to support the greater good. Billie eventually agrees with Christy's plans to kill the Halliwells. After turning the magical community against the Halliwells, Billie and Christy battle with the sisters. The confrontation ends with the destruction of the Halliwell Manor and the deaths of Christy, Phoebe, and Paige. Billie uses her powers of projection to travel back in time to save Christy and discovers her manipulation by the Triad. Billie helps the sisters project themselves into the past to vanquish the Triad and unsuccessfully try to persuade Christy to return home with Billie. Christy throws a fireball at Billie and the Halliwell sisters, forcing Billie to telekinetically deflect it back at her and kill her. In the flashforward ending sequence, Billie is shown babysitting Phoebe's two oldest daughters and is referenced as an "old friend" by Phoebe, implying that she regained the Halliwell sisters' trust.
Literature
Billie also appears in a novel and a series of comic books based on the television series Charmed. The narrator of "Trickery Treat", which takes place after the eighth season, describes Billie as "[a]n above-average white witch" and the Halliwell sisters' protégée and friend. In Charmed: Season 9 #5 ("Unnatural Resources"), Paige collects magic from Billie in an effort to vanquish the Source of All Evil. Paige refers to Billie as the second line of defense if the sisters fail to kill the Source, and asks her to protect Darryl Morris (Dorian Gregory) and his family. The comic book issue is about Billie's life after the ultimate battle; she moves from San Francisco to Los Angeles to finish college. In issue 16, Prue Halliwell reveals her bond to the Charmed Ones' prophecy even after death restricts her sisters from achieving their true powers, which made them vulnerable to the Triad's plot with Billie and Christy. In Charmed: Season 10, Billie is said to have called the sisters during their battle with a race of powerful, evil demons known as the Old Ones. Later, Phoebe attempts to call Billie for help after having a premonition of her husband Coop being attacked by Prue, but could not make contact with her.
Reception
Billie has received mixed critical responses following her inclusion in Charmeds final season. Cuoco was described as a "good addition to the cast" by a writer for the DVD review website CurrentFilm.com, and she was praised by CHUD.com's Shawn S. Lealos as a "strong lead on a show already dominated by three very strong actresses". Lealos felt that the Billie and Christy story arc was the highlight of the eighth season, but believed it was not given enough time to fully develop. DVD Talk's Jeffrey Robinson also wrote that Billie and Christy were the strongest aspects of the final season. The characters were interpreted by Sheldon Wiebe of the entertainment website Eclipsemagazine.com as re-establishing a "dark undercurrent" reminiscent of the show's first and second seasons. Digital Spy's Hugh Armitage, on the other hand, viewed Billie as an example of Cousin Oliver Syndrome, a phrase referring to the addition of a younger character to improve declining ratings. Ryan Keefer of DVD Verdict was critical of the addition of the character, writing: "If it hadn't already been established that this was the last season, this event would have sealed the cancellation deal". Billie was mocked by Demain of Television Without Pity throughout his recaps of the show's eighth season.
Television critics responded negatively to Cuoco's performance as Billie. Wiebe was critical of Cuoco's acting, specifically in the series finale, and Robinson argued that Cuoco did not provide a strong representation of her character and was over-exaggerated in her performance. Jon Langmead of PopMatters'' viewed Cuoco as unable to "generate any kind of life with her character" and found that her "awkward presence and acting call[ed] attention to the show’s weaknesses when in the past, the cast was able to distract from them". Demain responded negatively to the introduction of Cuoco during his recap on her first appearance in the series.
Critics have commented that Billie was a sign of the show's declining quality. Christy and Billie were identified as one of the eight things that derailed the series by Armitage, who called them "the gruesome twosome". SpoilerTV's Gavin Hetherington opined that the Jenkins sisters were disappointing villains for the show's final season compared to Gideon (Gildart Jackson) and Zankou (Oded Fehr) from season six and season seven respectively. Langmead regarded the familial relationship between Billie and Christy as weaker than those already explored by the show.
References
Citations
Book sources
American female characters in television
Charmed (TV series) witches
Female characters in television
Female soldier and warrior characters in television
Fictional sororicides
Fictional telekinetics
Television characters introduced in 2005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie%20Jenkins |
Eight Track Sound Situation is the first album by Kingston upon Hull individual band Fonda 500, released in 2000 (see 2000 in music). The album gained positive reviews and was awarded The Sunday Times 'Album of the Week'. The album was praised for its inventive sound, its harmonies, and its off-kilter approach to music. The band released an 8-bit version of this album on limited edition cassette in 2014, 8 bit sound system.
Track listing
"Introduction"
"Interstella Invitation"
"Dorn"
"International Feelings of Games U Love"
"Betamax"
"Warming to the Warmth"
"Ecoutez Les Grande Animaux Radio"
"Passing Thru"
"Matinee Slumbertime"
"Song For A Commercial"
"Pops#3"
"When We Are Together We Make No Sound Situation"
"Mac & Cheese Recall"
"Little Carnies Hi-Fi"
"Lucky Tokyo"
"The Allstar Singularity"
"Get Nearer To Me And You'll Always Be Warmed By My Flippers"
"The Spaceman Individual"
"Introduction"
External links
bandcamp
2000 albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight%20Track%20Sound%20System |
This is a list of Democratic Unionist Party MPs. It includes all members of Parliament elected to the British House of Commons representing the Democratic Unionist Party. Members of the European Parliament or the Northern Ireland Assembly are not listed.
1 Defected from the Ulster Unionist Party.
2 Defected from the Conservative Party, sitting as an Independent Conservative between 2002 and 2004
3 Originally elected for the Protestant Unionist Party in 1970.
4 Expelled from the DUP in 2010 and sat briefly as an independent.
Graphical representation
{| class="wikitable"
!Constituency
!1971
!1979
!1983
!1997
!2000
!2001
!2004
!2005
!2010
!2015
!2017
!2019
|-
|Antrim North
| colspan="8" bgcolor="" |Paisley
| colspan="4" bgcolor="" |Paisley Jr.
|-
|Belfast East
|
| colspan="7" bgcolor="" |P. Robinson
|
| colspan="3" bgcolor="" |G. Robinson
|-
|Belfast North
|
| bgcolor="" |McQuade
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="6" bgcolor="" |Dodds
|
|-
|Belfast South
| colspan="10" |
| colspan="1" bgcolor="" |Pengelly
|
|-
|Mid Ulster
| colspan="2" |
| bgcolor="" |McCrea
| colspan="9" |
|-
|South Antrim
| colspan="4" |
| bgcolor="" |McCrea
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" bgcolor="" |McCrea
| colspan="1" |
| colspan="2" bgcolor="" |Girvan
|-
|Londonderry East
| colspan="5" |
| colspan="7" bgcolor="" |Campbell
|-
|Strangford
| colspan="5" |
| colspan="3" bgcolor="" |I. Robinson
| colspan="4" bgcolor="" |Shannon
|-
|Lagan Valley
| colspan="6" |
| colspan="6" bgcolor="" |Donaldson
|-
|Antrim East
| colspan="7" |
| colspan="5" bgcolor="" |Wilson
|-
|Upper Bann
| colspan="7" |
| colspan="4" bgcolor="" |Simpson
| bgcolor="" |Lockhart
|-
|Basingstoke
| colspan="6" |
| colspan="1" bgcolor="" |Hunter
| colspan="8" |
|-
!No. of DUP MPs
!1
!3
!3
!2
!3
!5
!6/7
!9
!8
!8
!10
!8
|}
References
Democratic Unionist
Democratic Unionist | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Democratic%20Unionist%20Party%20MPs |
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