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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglec | Siglecs (Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins) are cell surface proteins that bind sialic acid. They are found primarily on the surface of immune cells and are a subset of the I-type lectins. There are 14 different mammalian Siglecs, providing an array of different functions based on cell surface receptor-ligand interactions.
History
The first described candidate Siglec was Sialoadhesin (Siglec-1/CD169) a lectin-like adhesion protein on macrophages. Parallel studies by Ajit Varki and colleagues on the previously cloned CD22 (a B cell surface protein involved in adhesion and activation) showed direct evidence for sialic acid recognition. The subsequent cloning of Sialoadhesin by Crocker revealed homology to CD22 (Siglec-2), CD33 (Siglec-3) and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG/Siglec-4), leading to the proposal for a family of "Sialoadhesins". Varki then suggested the term Siglec as a better alternative and as a subset of I-type (Ig-type) lectins. This nomenclature was agreed upon and has been adopted by almost all investigators working on these molecules (by convention, Siglecs are always capitalised.) Several additional Siglecs (Siglecs 5–12) have been identified in humans that are highly similar in structure to CD33 and so are collectively referred to as "CD33-related Siglecs". Further Siglecs have been identified including Siglec-14 and Siglec-15. Siglecs have been characterized into two distinct groups: the first and highly conserved-across-mamma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannosamine | D-Mannosamine (2-amino-2-deoxymannose) is a hexosamine derivative of mannose.
See also
Neuraminic acid
References
Hexosamines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%204.1 | Protein 4.1, (Erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1), is a protein associated with the cytoskeleton that in humans is encoded by the EPB41 gene. Protein 4.1 is a major structural element of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton. It plays a key role in regulating membrane physical properties of mechanical stability and deformability by stabilizing spectrin-actin interaction. Protein 4.1 (80 kD) interacts with spectrin and short actin filaments to form the erythrocyte membrane skeleton. Mutations of spectrin and protein 4.1 are associated with elliptocytosis or spherocytosis and anemia of varying severity.
Clinical significance
Elliptocytosis is a hematologic disorder characterized by elliptically shaped erythrocytes and a variable degree of hemolytic anemia. Inherited as an autosomal dominant, elliptocytosis results from mutation in any one of several genes encoding proteins of the red cell membrane skeleton. The form discussed here is the one found in the 1950s to be linked to Rh blood group and more recently shown to be caused by a defect in protein 4.1. 'Rh-unlinked' forms of elliptocytosis are caused by mutation in the alpha-spectrin gene (MIM 182860), the beta-spectrin gene (MIM 182870), or the band 3 gene (MIM 109270) [supplied by OMIM].
Interactions
Protein 4.1 has been shown to interact with:
CENPJ,
EIF3G
NUMA1, and
TJP2.
See also
Elliptocytosis
References
Further reading
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20temporal%20RNA | Small temporal RNA (abbreviated stRNA) regulates gene expression during roundworm development by preventing the mRNAs they bind from being translated. In contrast to siRNA, stRNAs downregulate expression of target RNAs after translation initiation without affecting mRNA stability. Nowadays, stRNAs are better known as miRNAs.
stRNAs exert negative post-transcriptional regulation by binding to complementary sequences in the 3' untranslated regions of their target genes. stRNAs are transcribed as longer precursor RNAs that are processed by the RNase Dicer/DCR-1 and members of the RDE-1/AGO1 family of proteins, which are better known for their roles in RNA interference (RNAi). stRNAs may function to control temporal identity during development in C. elegans and other organisms.
References
RNA
RNA interference |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrin-linked%20kinase | Integrin-linked kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ILK gene involved with integrin-mediated signal transduction. Mutations in ILK are associated with cardiomyopathies. It is a 59kDa protein originally identified in a yeast-two hybrid screen with integrin β1 as the bait protein. Since its discovery, ILK has been associated with multiple cellular functions including cell migration, proliferation, and adhesion.
Integrin-linked kinases (ILKs) are a subfamily of Raf-like kinases (RAF). The structure of ILK consists of three features: 5 ankyrin repeats in the N-terminus, Phosphoinositide binding motif and extreme N-terminus of kinase catalytic domain. Integrins lack enzymatic activity and depend on adapters to signal proteins. ILK is linked to beta-1 and beta-3 integrin cytoplasmic domains and is one of the best described integrins. Although first described as a serine/threonine kinase by Hannigan, important motifs of ILK kinases are still uncharacterized. ILK is thought to have a role in development regulation and tissue homeostasis, however it was found that in flies, worms and mice ILK activity isn't required to regulate these processes.
Animal ILKs have been linked to the pinch- parvin complex which control muscle development. Mice lacking ILK were embryonic lethal due to lack of organized muscle cell development. In mammals ILK lacks catalytic activity but supports scaffolding protein functions for focal adhesions. In plants, ILKs signal complexes to foca |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseradish%20peroxidase | The enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP), found in the roots of horseradish, is used extensively in biochemistry applications. It is a metalloenzyme with many isoforms, of which the most studied type is C. It catalyzes the oxidation of various organic substrates by hydrogen peroxide.
Structure
The structure of the enzyme was first solved by X-ray crystallography in 1997 and has since been solved several times with various substrates. It is a large alpha-helical glycoprotein which binds heme as a redox cofactor.
Substrates
Alone, the HRP enzyme, or conjugates thereof, is of little value; its presence must be made visible using a substrate that, when oxidized by HRP using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizing agent, yields a characteristic color change that is detectable by spectrophotometric methods.
Numerous substrates for horseradish peroxidase have been described and commercialized to exploit the desirable features of HRP. These substrates fall into several distinct categories. HRP catalyzes the conversion of chromogenic substrates (e.g., TMB, DAB, ABTS) into colored products, and produces light when acting on chemiluminescent substrates (e.g. Enhanced Chemiluminescence by luminol).
Applications
Horseradish peroxidase is a 44,173.9-dalton glycoprotein with 6 lysine residues which can be conjugated to a labeled molecule. It produces a coloured, fluorimetric, or luminescent derivative of the labeled molecule when incubated with a proper substrate, allowing it to be det |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucial | Crucial may refer to:
Brands
Crucial, a consumer products brand used by semiconductor manufacturer Micron Technology
Music
Crucial, album by Ali (British singer) (1998)
The Crucial Conspiracy, an album by The Dingees (2001)
The Crucial Squeegie Lip, a demo recording by Ween (1987)
Crucial, the backing band for Judy Nylon on the album Pal Judy (1982)
Crucial Three, a short-lived band of approximately six weeks duration in early 1977
"Crucial" (song), by New Edition (1989)
Crucial, a song by Prince on his box set Crystal Ball (1998)
Crucial Star, a South Korean hip-hop artist active 2007–present |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery%20Mountain%20%28serial%29 | Mystery Mountain is a 1934 American Western serial film directed by Otto Brower and B. Reeves Eason and starring Ken Maynard, Verna Hillie, Syd Saylor, Edward Earle, and Hooper Atchley. Distributed by Mascot Pictures, Mystery Mountain features the second ever film appearance by Gene Autry.
Plot
Ken Williams (Ken Maynard) is determined to discover the identity of a mysterious killer who preys upon railroads and transportation companies like the ones owned by Jane Corwin (Verna Hillie). Her railroad worker father (Lafe McKee) was the first victim of the murderous fiend known as the Rattler, who is especially difficult to catch because he makes himself appear as other people with a collection of masks, or he effects a strange disguise with eyeglasses, a fake nose, and a crepe-hair mustache. The Rattler — also known as "the Menace of the Mountain" — attempts to control the mountain and its hidden gold from his secret cave filled with strange electronic gadgets.
Cast
Ken Maynard as Ken Williams, railroad detective
Verna Hillie as Jane Corwin
Syd Saylor as Breezy Baker
Edward Earle as Frank Blayden
Hooper Atchley as Dr Edwards
Edward Hearn as Lake
Al Bridge as Tom Henderson
Bob Kortman as Hank, one of The Rattler's henchmen
Lew Meehan as Red, one of The Rattler's henchmen
George Chesebro as Anderson, one of The Rattler's henchmen
Tom London as Morgan, one of The Rattler's henchmen
Lynton Brent as Mathews, the telegrapher
Tarzan as Tarzan (Ken Williams' horse)
Gene |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal%20cancer | Vaginal cancer is an extraordinarily rare form of cancer that develops in the tissue of the vagina. Primary vaginal cancer originates from the vaginal tissue – most frequently squamous cell carcinoma, but primary vaginal adenocarcinoma, sarcoma, and melanoma have also been reported – while secondary vaginal cancer involves the metastasis of a cancer that originated in a different part of the body. Secondary vaginal cancer is more common. Signs of vaginal cancer may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, dysuria, tenesmus, or pelvic pain, though as many as 20% of women diagnosed with vaginal cancer are asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. Vaginal cancer occurs more frequently in women over age 50, and the mean age of diagnosis of vaginal cancer is 60 years. It often can be cured if found and treated in early stages. Surgery alone or surgery combined with pelvic radiation is typically used to treat vaginal cancer.
Description
Carcinoma of the vagina occurs in less than 2% of women with pelvic malignant tumors. Squamous carcinoma is the most common type of vaginal cancer. The human papilloma virus (HPV) is strongly associated with vaginal cancer. Vaginal cancer occurs most often in the upper third of the vagina (51%), 30% are found in the lower third, and 19% in the middle third. Vaginal cancer can present as an elevated lesion growing out from the epithelial surface or an ulcer-like, shallow depression. Definitive diagnosis is determined by biopsy.
Signs and symptoms
Most va |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%204.2 | Erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EPB42 gene. It is part of the red blood cell cytoskeleton.
Erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.2 is an ATP-binding protein which may regulate the association of band 3 with ankyrin. It probably has a role in erythrocyte shape and mechanical property regulation. Mutations in the EPB42 gene are associated with recessive spherocytic elliptocytosis and recessively transmitted hereditary hemolytic anemia.
See also
Hereditary elliptocytosis
References
Further reading
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Codazzi%20equations | In Riemannian geometry and pseudo-Riemannian geometry, the Gauss–Codazzi equations (also called the Gauss–Codazzi–Weingarten-Mainardi equations or Gauss–Peterson–Codazzi formulas) are fundamental formulas which link together the induced metric and second fundamental form of a submanifold of (or immersion into) a Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian manifold.
The equations were originally discovered in the context of surfaces in three-dimensional Euclidean space. In this context, the first equation, often called the Gauss equation (after its discoverer Carl Friedrich Gauss), says that the Gauss curvature of the surface, at any given point, is dictated by the derivatives of the Gauss map at that point, as encoded by the second fundamental form. The second equation, called the Codazzi equation or Codazzi-Mainardi equation, states that the covariant derivative of the second fundamental form is fully symmetric. It is named for Gaspare Mainardi (1856) and Delfino Codazzi (1868–1869), who independently derived the result, although it was discovered earlier by Karl Mikhailovich Peterson.
Formal statement
Let be an n-dimensional embedded submanifold of a Riemannian manifold P of dimension . There is a natural inclusion of the tangent bundle of M into that of P by the pushforward, and the cokernel is the normal bundle of M:
The metric splits this short exact sequence, and so
Relative to this splitting, the Levi-Civita connection of P decomposes into tangential and normal components. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erna%20Gunther | Erna Gunther (1896–1982) was an American anthropologist who taught for many years at the University of Washington in Seattle. Gunther's work on ethnobotany is still extensively consulted today.
Biography
Gunther graduated from Barnard College in 1919, as a student of Franz Boas, and received her MA in anthropology from Columbia University in 1920, studying under Boas. After graduating, she moved with her husband, Leslie Spier, to the University of Washington in 1921. After leaving for a short period of time with her husband, she returned in 1929. When her husband left in 1930, she stayed at the university; at that time the marriage dissolved.
She formed part of the core of the newly formed anthropology program at the University of Washington in the 1920s, along with Spier and Melville Jacobs. In 1930, the Washington State Museum named her Director. The faculty grew from two residents in 1930 to ten in 1955 during her time as the University's Anthropology Department. In 1966, she moved to the University of Alaska Fairbanks, becoming chair in 1967.
An American Indian specialist, her research focused on the Salish and Makah peoples of western Washington state, with publications on ethnobotany, ethnohistory, and general ethnology.
Her students included anthropologists Wayne Suttles, Dale Croes and Wilson Duff.
In 1949, she helped finance the archaeological investigation run by Charles E. Borden at Walen's farm (DfRs-3) on Boundary Bay.
Works
An Analysis of the First Salmon |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenal%20atresia | Duodenal atresia is the congenital absence or complete closure of a portion of the lumen of the duodenum. It causes increased levels of amniotic fluid during pregnancy (polyhydramnios) and intestinal obstruction in newborn babies. Newborns present with bilious or non-bilous vomiting (depending on where in the duodenum the obstruction is) within the first 24 to 48 hours after birth, typically after their first oral feeding. Radiography shows a distended stomach and distended duodenum, which are separated by the pyloric valve, a finding described as the double-bubble sign.
Treatment includes suctioning out any fluid that is trapped in the stomach, providing fluids intravenously, and surgical repair of the intestinal closure.
Signs and symptoms
History and physical examination
During pregnancy, duodenal atresia is associated with increased amniotic fluid in the uterus, which is called polyhydramnios. This increase in amniotic fluid is caused by the inability of the fetus to swallow the amniotic fluid and absorb it in their digestive tract.
After birth, duodenal atresia may cause abdominal distension, especially of the upper abdomen. Bilious or non-bilious vomiting, depending on the position of the atresia in relation to the Ampulla of Vater, commonly occurs within the first day of life.
Associated conditions
Approximately 20–40 percent of all infants with duodenal atresia have Down syndrome and 50% have a congenital cardiac anomaly. Approximately 8% of infants with Dow |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioara%20Mugur-Sch%C3%A4chter | Mioara Mugur-Schächter is a French-Romanian physicist, specialized in fundamental quantum mechanics, probability theory and information theory. She is also an epistemologist (methodologist) of scientific knowledge generation. As a professor of theoretical physics at the University of Reims, she founded the Laboratory of Quantum Mechanics and Information Structures, which she directed until 1997. She is currently president of the Centre pour la Synthèse d'une Épistémologie Formalisée.
Biography
Born in Romania, she arrived in France in 1962 from Bucharest. Her PhD thesis, of which the whole content had been elaborated beforehand in Bucharest and sent to Louis de Broglie, was published in a volume prefaced by de Broglie and published in the collection "Les grands problèmes des sciences", Gauthiers Villars, Paris, 1964.
She became a professor of theoretical physics at the University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, where she founded the Laboratory for Quantum Mechanics and Information Structure, which she directed until 1997.
Selected publications
Étude du caractère complet de la théorie quantique (1964)
The quantum mechanical one-system formalism, joint probabilities and locality, in Quantum Mechanics a half Century Later, J. L. Lopes and M. Paty, eds., Reidel, pp. 107-146, 1977
Study of Wigner’s Theorem on Joint Probabilities, Found. Phys., Vol. 9, pp. 389-404, 1979.
Le concept nouveau de fonctionnelle d’opacité d’une statistique. Etude des relations entre la loi des grand |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmolase | A desmolase is any of various enzymes that catalyze the formation or destruction of carbon-carbon bonds within a molecule. These enzymes play a significant role in cellular respiration and in fermentation. Desmolases are involved in steroidogenesis.
Examples of desmolases are:
Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, also called 20,22-desmolase; converts cholesterol to pregnenolone.
17,20-Desmolase, also called CYP17A1 or 17α-hydroxylase; converts pregnenolone to 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, progesterone to 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, and corticosterone to aldosterone.
Diacetyl desmolase is added to beer late in the brewing process to remove diacetyl flavor that may have accumulated during processing.
See also
Steroidogenic enzyme
References
Enzymes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20trapping | Gene trapping is a high-throughput approach that is used to introduce insertional mutations across an organism's genome.
Method
Trapping is performed with gene trap vectors whose principal element is a gene trapping cassette consisting of a promoterless reporter gene and/or selectable genetic marker, flanked by an upstream 3' splice site (splice acceptor; SA) and a downstream transcriptional termination sequence (polyadenylation sequence; polyA).
When inserted into an intron of an expressed gene, the gene trap cassette is transcribed from the endogenous promoter of that gene in the form of a fusion transcript in which the exon(s) upstream of the insertion site is spliced in frame to the reporter/selectable marker gene. Since transcription is terminated prematurely at the inserted polyadenylation site, the processed fusion transcript encodes a truncated and nonfunctional version of the cellular protein and the reporter/selectable marker. Thus, gene traps simultaneously inactivate and report the expression of the trapped gene at the insertion site, and provide a DNA tag (gene trap sequence tag, GTST) for the rapid identification of the disrupted gene.
Access
The International Gene Trap Consortium is centralizing the data and supplies modified cell lines.
References
Further reading
External links
Genetics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirna | Mirna may refer to:
Places
Mirna (Adriatic Sea), a river in Croatia
Mirna, Iran, a village in Iran
in Slovenia
Mirna (Sava), a river in Slovenia
Mirna Valley, a valley in Slovenia
Mirna, Mirna, Slovenia; the seat of the eponymous municipality
Municipality of Mirna, a municipality in Slovenia
Mount Mirna, a hill in Slovenia
People
Mirna (name), a female name
Other uses
microRNA, abbreviated as miRNA
, a United States Navy patrol boat in commission from 1917 to 1918
(Type 171), a Yugoslav patrol boat class
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936%20Swiss%20Grand%20Prix | The 1936 Swiss Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Bremgarten on 23 August 1936.
Classification
References
Swiss Grand Prix
Swiss Grand Prix
Grand Prix |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936%20Italian%20Grand%20Prix | The 1936 Italian Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Monza on 13 September 1936. The 72 lap event was won by Bernd Rosemeyer.
Classification
References
Italian Grand Prix
Italian Grand Prix
Grand Prix |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly%20Labor%20Review | The Monthly Labor Review (MLR) is published by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Issues often focus on a particular topic. Most articles are by BLS staff.
Annually since 1969, the Lawrence R. Klein Award has been awarded to authors of articles appearing in the Monthly Labor Review, generally one to BLS authors and one to non-BLS authors.
History
In 1915, under commissioner Royal Meeker, BLS began publishing the Monthly Review, with a circulation of 8,000. The name became Monthly Labor Review in 1918, and circulation rose to 20,000 in June 1920.
The journal has published its articles on the web for a decade. In 2008 the journal ceased to publish a bound paper edition, and now publishes only online.
References
External links
The Monthly Labor Review web site
Open access journals
Monthly journals
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Academic journals published by the United States government
1915 establishments in the United States
Publications established in 1915
United States Department of Labor publications |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.%20R.%20Srinivasa%20Varadhan | Sathamangalam Ranga Iyengar Srinivasa Varadhan, (born 2 January 1940) is an Indian American mathematician. He is known for his fundamental contributions to probability theory and in particular for creating a unified theory of large deviations. He is regarded as one of the fundamental contributors to the theory of diffusion processes with an orientation towards the refinement and further development of Itô’s stochastic calculus. In the year 2007, he became the first Asian to win the Abel Prize.
Early life and education
Srinivasa was born into a Hindu Tamil Brahmin Iyengar family in 1940 in Chennai (then Madras). In 1953, his family migrated to Kolkata. He grew up in Chennai and Kolkata. Varadhan received his undergraduate degree in 1959 and his postgraduate degree in 1960 from Presidency College, Chennai. He received his doctorate from ISI in 1963 under C R Rao, who arranged for Andrey Kolmogorov to be present at Varadhan's thesis defence. He was one of the "famous four" (the others being R Ranga Rao, K R Parthasarathy, and Veeravalli S Varadarajan) in ISI during 1956–1963.
Career
Since 1963, he has worked at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University, where he was at first a postdoctoral fellow (1963–66), strongly recommended by Monroe D Donsker. Here he met Daniel Stroock, who became a close colleague and co-author. In an article in the Notices of the American Mathematical Society, Stroock recalls these early years:
Varadhan is currently a p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoidance%20reaction | Avoidance reaction is a term used in the description of the movement of paramecium. This helps the cell avoid obstacles and causes other objects to bounce off of the cell's outer membrane. The paramecium does this by reversing the direction in which its cilia beat. This results in stopping, spinning or turning, after which point the paramecium resumes swimming forward. If multiple avoidance reactions follow one another, it is possible for a paramecium to swim backward, though not as smoothly as swimming forward.
Avoidance reaction occurs when the cell hits an obstruction, providing an anterior, mechanical stimulus:
- The cell will then reverse.
- It will then stop and rotate.
- Now facing a new direction, the cell will move off in that direction.
This process will continue until the cell is able to negotiate its way around the obstruction.
Movement of Paramecium cells is caused by control of calcium ions inside the cell and membrane potentials. The simplest explanation for the avoidance reaction is that membrane potential controls the influx of calcium ions, which regulates the beat frequency and angles of cilia on the surface of the cell.
References
Oligohymenophorea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazinho%20Oliveira | Waldemar Aureliano de Oliveira Filho, usually known as Mazinho Oliveira (born 26 December 1965), is a retired Brazilian footballer who played as a forward.
Career statistics
Club
International
References
External links
1965 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Brazil men's international footballers
Santos FC players
FC Bayern Munich footballers
Sport Club Internacional players
Club Athletico Paranaense players
Clube Atlético Bragantino players
CR Flamengo footballers
Kashima Antlers players
Kawasaki Frontale players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
J1 League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Bundesliga players
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
People from Guarujá
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from São Paulo (state) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie%20A.%20Lyons | Leslie A. Lyons is an associate professor at University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine.
Career
In 2002, Lyons made international headlines by analyzing the DNA of the world's first cloned cat, a kitten named
Cc:, and confirming that it was indeed a true clone, a genetic copy of its mother.
Lyons has helped develop DNA tests for polycystic kidney disease (PKD), an inherited condition that shortens the life of cats by causing them to suffer kidney cysts. Previous tests for this condition involved ultrasound scanning and were not very accurate, unlike the DNA test devised by Lyons. Approximately one third of all Persian cats carried the PKD gene at one time, but because of ultrasound testing and the newer, more accurate DNA tests, these PKD-carrier cats are gradually being identified and removed from the feline gene pool by spaying and neutering.
A DNA test for feline coat color carriers and feline parentage has also been developed by Lyons, and is being offered to cat breeders, like the PKD test, so that they can determine whether cats they have bred have correct pedigrees, and whether these cats carry colorpoints, Burmese Colour Restriction, long hair, colour dilution or rare coat colors, such as chocolate and cinnamon.
One of Lyons' current projects is identification of the genes that cause head defect, a lethal deformity in American Burmese cats. She is also working on identifying genes that cause Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA), which causes affected kit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB5%20toxin | {{DISPLAYTITLE:AB5 toxin}}
The AB5 toxins are six-component protein complexes secreted by certain pathogenic bacteria known to cause human diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and hemolytic–uremic syndrome. One component is known as the A subunit, and the remaining five components are B subunits. All of these toxins share a similar structure and mechanism for entering targeted host cells. The B subunit is responsible for binding to receptors to open up a pathway for the A subunit to enter the cell. The A subunit is then able to use its catalytic machinery to take over the host cell's regular functions.
Families
There are four main families of the AB5 toxin. These families are characterized by the sequence of their A (catalytic) subunit, as well as their catalytic activity.
Cholera toxin
This family is also known as Ct or Ctx, and also includes the heat-labile enterotoxin, known as LT. Cholera toxin's discovery is credited by many to Dr. Sambhu Nath De. He conducted his research in Calcutta (now Kolkata) making his discovery in 1959, although it was first purified by Robert Koch in 1883. Cholera toxin is composed of a protein complex that is secreted by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Some symptoms of this toxin include chronic and widespread watery diarrhea and dehydration that, in some cases, leads to death.
Pertussis toxin
This family is also known as Ptx and contains the toxin responsible for whooping cough. Pertussis toxin is secreted by the gram-negative bact |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaredoxin | Glutaredoxins (also known as Thioltransferase) are small redox enzymes of approximately one hundred amino-acid residues that use glutathione as a cofactor. In humans this oxidation repair enzyme is also known to participate in many cellular functions, including redox signaling and regulation of glucose metabolism. Glutaredoxins are oxidized by substrates, and reduced non-enzymatically by glutathione. In contrast to thioredoxins, which are reduced by thioredoxin reductase, no oxidoreductase exists that specifically reduces glutaredoxins. Instead, glutaredoxins are reduced by the oxidation of glutathione. Reduced glutathione is then regenerated by glutathione reductase. Together these components compose the glutathione system.
Like thioredoxin, which functions in a similar way, glutaredoxin possesses an active centre disulfide bond. It exists in either a reduced or an oxidized form where the two cysteine residues are linked in an intramolecular disulfide bond. Glutaredoxins function as electron carriers in the glutathione-dependent synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides by the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. Moreover, GRX act in antioxidant defense by reducing dehydroascorbate, peroxiredoxins, and methionine sulfoxide reductase. Beside their function in antioxidant defense, bacterial and plant GRX were shown to bind iron-sulfur clusters and to deliver the cluster to enzymes on demand.
In viruses
Glutaredoxin has been sequenced in a variety of viruses. On the basis of extensive s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfluorodecalin | Perfluorodecalin () is a fluorocarbon, a derivative of decalin in which all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by fluorine atoms. It is chemically and biologically inert and stable up to 400 °C. Several applications make use of its ability to dissolve gases.
Manufacture
It is manufactured by the fluorination of tetralin or decalin with cobalt(III) fluoride in the Fowler process. For most applications, several steps of purification are required after reaction.
Isomers
Perfluorodecalin exhibits cis-trans isomerism, as the tertiary fluorines atoms on the bridge carbon atoms can be either on the same side as each other (cis-isomer) or on opposite sides (trans-isomer). Both isomers are chemically and biologically inert and are very similar in their physical properties. The most notable difference is in the melting point, which is −3.6 °C for the cis-isomer, +18 °C for the trans-isomer, and −6.7 °C for a 50/50 mixture.
Medical applications
Of all the perfluorocarbons, perfluorodecalin has probably seen the most interest in medical applications. Most applications utilize its ability to dissolve large amounts of oxygen (100 mL of perfluorodecalin at 25 °C can dissolve 49 mL of oxygen at STP).
Perfluorodecalin was an ingredient in Fluosol, an artificial blood product developed by Green Cross Corporation in the 1980s. It is also being studied for use in liquid breathing. Perfluorodecalin can be applied topically, to provide extra oxygen to a specific location, to accelerate wound |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissonite | Nissonite is a very rare copper phosphate mineral with formula: Cu2Mg2(PO4)2(OH)2·5H2O. It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system typically as crusts, tabular crystals, and diamond-shaped crystals. The color is blue-green. It has a light green streak, a Mohs hardness of 2.5 and a specific gravity of 2.73. Cleavage is {100} distinct.
Nissonite was discovered in 1966 and was named after William H. Nisson (1912–1965). It is from Llanada copper mine, near Llanada, San Benito Co., California.
References
Webmineral data
Handbook of Mineralogy
Mindat with location data
Phosphate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 15 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20programming | A geometric program (GP) is an optimization problem of the form
where are posynomials and are monomials. In the context of geometric programming (unlike standard mathematics), a monomial is a function from to defined as
where and . A posynomial is any sum of monomials.
Geometric programming is
closely related to convex optimization: any GP can be made convex by means of a change of variables. GPs have numerous applications, including component sizing in IC design, aircraft design, maximum likelihood estimation for logistic regression in statistics, and parameter tuning of positive linear systems in control theory.
Convex form
Geometric programs are not in general convex optimization problems, but they can be transformed to convex problems by a change of variables and a transformation of the objective and constraint functions. In particular, after performing the change of variables and taking the log of the objective and constraint functions, the functions , i.e., the posynomials, are transformed into log-sum-exp functions, which are convex, and the functions , i.e., the monomials, become affine. Hence, this transformation transforms every GP into an equivalent convex program. In fact, this log-log transformation can be used to convert a larger class of problems, known as log-log convex programming (LLCP), into an equivalent convex form.
Software
Several software packages exist to assist with formulating and solving geometric programs.
MOSEK is a commercial sol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%20projection%20theorem | In mathematics, the Hilbert projection theorem is a famous result of convex analysis that says that for every vector in a Hilbert space and every nonempty closed convex there exists a unique vector for which is minimized over the vectors ; that is, such that for every
Finite dimensional case
Some intuition for the theorem can be obtained by considering the first order condition of the optimization problem.
Consider a finite dimensional real Hilbert space with a subspace and a point If is a or of the function defined by (which is the same as the minimum point of ), then derivative must be zero at
In matrix derivative notation
Since is a vector in that represents an arbitrary tangent direction, it follows that must be orthogonal to every vector in
Statement
Detailed elementary proof
Proof by reduction to a special case
It suffices to prove the theorem in the case of because the general case follows from the statement below by replacing with
Consequences
:
If then
which implies
:
Let where is the underlying scalar field of and define
which is continuous and linear because this is true of each of its coordinates
The set is closed in because is closed in and is continuous.
The kernel of any linear map is a vector subspace of its domain, which is why is a vector subspace of
:
Let
The Hilbert projection theorem guarantees the existence of a unique such that (or equivalently, for all ).
Let so that and it remains |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky%20mouse | Sticky mouse is a murine possessing a gene mutation in the enzyme alanyl-tRNA synthetase (AARS). The sticky mouse, with this particular mutation, presents a good model in which to investigate mechanisms of neuronal degeneration. Its most immediately obvious symptom is a sticky secretion on the mouse's fur (thus the name); however, it is accompanied by lack of muscle control, ataxia, alopecia, loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, and eventually, death.
Sticky mouse is one of several animal mutants that are known to have problems in mRNA translation and are used in studies.
See also
Wasted mouse (wst) - EEF1A2 defect
Harlequin mouse
Reeler - RELN defect
Shaking rat Kawasaki - RELN defect
References
External links
A sticky wicket - editor's summary, Nature, 2006
Forward Genetics Reveals Novel Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration - free online videolecture by Ackerman SL.; June 2009
'Sticky' mice lead to discovery of new cause of neurodegenerative disease - Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 2006
Susan L. Ackerman - bio at the Institute site
Rodent diseases
Laboratory mouse strains
Behavioural genetics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disodium%20hydrogen%20phosphite | Disodium hydrogen phosphite is the name for inorganic compounds with the formula Na2HPO3•(H2O)x. The commonly encountered salt is the pentahydrate. A derivative of phosphorous acid (HP(O)(OH)2), it contains the anion HPO32−. Its common name suggests that it contains an acidic hydrogen atom, as in sodium hydrogen carbonate. However, this name is misleading as the hydrogen atom is not acidic, being bonded to phosphorus rather than oxygen. The salt has reducing properties. It is white or colorless solid, and is little studied.
References
Phosphites
Inorganic phosphorus compounds
Sodium compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBD | KBD may refer to:
K-B-D, a Semitic triliteral root meaning "be heavy"
KBD algorithm, for simulating spin models
Kabardian language (ISO 639 code), North Caucasus
Kaiser–Bessel-derived window, in digital signal processing
Kashin–Beck disease, a bone disease
Kentucky Bourbon Distillers
King's Bench Division
, the HTML element for keyboard input |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie%20Basset | Jean-Marie Basset (born 9 June 1943) is a French chemist, and is currently the director of KAUST catalysis research center.
Biography
Jean Marie Basset is an engineer from the École Supérieure de Chimie Industrielle de Lyon. He is doing a doctoral thesis under the supervision of Professor Marcel Prettre, a corresponding member of the institute. After a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Toronto in Toronto and Imperial College in London (with Nobel Prize winner Prof. Wilkinson), he joined the CNRS Catalytic Institute, where he became deputy director. He was then a founding member, along with Jean Claude Charpentier, of the École de Chimie Physique et Électronique de Lyon (CPE Lyon), where he became scientific director. He created the Surface Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory and then the Catalysis and Process Chemistry Laboratory COMS UMR CNRS-CPE-UCB 52, of which he is the director. He then became a founding member and director of the Catalysis Centre at King Abdullah University of Science and technology in 2008. He was President of a European Laboratory of Excellence (NOE) IDECAT, which includes 44 catalyst laboratories in Europe. He has been a member of the board of numerous institutions such as AXELERA (competition pole, chemistry and environment), CPE, the Maison de la Chimie.
Research
Jean Marie Basset's only scientific objective was to bring together two a priori very different disciplines; homogeneous catalysis on the one hand (governed by the laws of mo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diiodothyronine | Diiodothyronine may refer to:
3,3'-Diiodothyronine (3,3'-T2)
3,5-Diiodothyronine (3,5-T2)
Iodinated tyrosine derivatives
Thyroid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giv | Giv or GIV may refer to:
Places
Giv, Markazi, Iran
Giv, South Khorasan, Iran
Other uses
Giv (Shahnameh) a character in the Persian epic Shahnameh
CCDC88A, a protein
The Governor's Institutes of Vermont
Gulfstream IV
Rostam Giv (1880–1980), Iranian politician and philanthropist
See also
G4 (disambiguation)
Give (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesteryl%20nonanoate | Cholesteryl nonanoate, also called cholesteryl pelargonate, 3β-cholest-5-en-3-ol nonaoate or cholest-5-ene-3-β-yl nonanoate, is an ester of cholesterol and nonanoic acid. It is a liquid crystal material forming cholesteric liquid crystals with helical structure. It forms spherulite crystals.
Uses
It is used in some hair colors, make-ups, and some other cosmetic preparations; e.g. the ISP ColorFlow line is based on mixtures with e.g. cholesteryl chloride, cholesteryl oleyl carbonate and BHT. The mixture provides an opalescent, iridescent appearance.
It is also used in some pleochroic dyes and together with e.g. cholesteryl oleyl carbonate and cholesteryl benzoate in some thermochromic applications.
It can be also used as a component of the liquid crystals used for liquid crystal displays.
References
Cholestanes
Liquid crystals
Nonanoate esters |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20American%20U-17%20Championship | The South American U-17 Championship (; ) is a football competition held every two years for South American under-17 teams. The tournament was born in 1985 out of a need for a classification tournament for the newly created FIFA U-16 World Cup (now the FIFA U-17 World Cup). For the first three editions (1985, 1986, and 1988), the competition was limited to under-16 teams. Afterwards, the age limit was raised one year. The tournament is held every two years. Since the first edition, Brazil has been the dominant force of the tournament, winning a record thirteen times.
Results
Notes
Performances by country
* = As hosts
Participating nations
Legend
1st – Champions
2nd – Runners-up
3rd – Third place
4th – Fourth place
5th-6th – Fifth to Sixth place
7th-9th – Seventh to Ninth place
GS – Group stage
× – Did not enter
– Hosts
Overall statistics
Men's U-17 World Cup Qualifiers
Legend
1st – Champions
2nd – Runners-up
3rd – Third place
4th – Fourth place
QF – Quarterfinals
R2 – Round 2
R1 – Round 1
– Hosts
q – Qualified for upcoming tournament
See also
FIFA U-17 World Cup
South American Under-15 Football Championship
South American Youth Football Championship
References
External links
CONMEBOL competitions for national teams
Under-17 association football competitions
South American youth sports competitions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AICD | The acronym AICD may refer to:
Automated Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator
Amyloid precursor protein Intracellular Cytoplasmic/C-terminal Domain, the smaller cleavage product of APP by gamma-secretase
Australian Institute of Company Directors, an organisation supporting company directors in Australia
Activation-induced cell death (AICD), important for maintaining T cell homeostasis of the immune system. Autoreactive T cells undergo apoptosis through AICD both from the thymus and periphery |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20fusion%20protein | Membrane fusion proteins (not to be confused with chimeric or fusion proteins) are proteins that cause fusion of biological membranes. Membrane fusion is critical for many biological processes, especially in eukaryotic development and viral entry. Fusion proteins can originate from genes encoded by infectious enveloped viruses, ancient retroviruses integrated into the host genome, or solely by the host genome. Post-transcriptional modifications made to the fusion proteins by the host, namely addition and modification of glycans and acetyl groups, can drastically affect fusogenicity (the ability to fuse).
Fusion in eukaryotes
Eukaryotic genomes contain several gene families, of host and viral origin, which encode products involved in driving membrane fusion. While adult somatic cells do not typically undergo membrane fusion under normal conditions, gametes and embryonic cells follow developmental pathways to non-spontaneously drive membrane fusion, such as in placental formation, syncytiotrophoblast formation, and neurodevelopment. Fusion pathways are also involved in the development of musculoskeletal and nervous system tissues. Vesicle fusion events involved in neurotransmitter trafficking also relies on the catalytic activity of fusion proteins.
SNARE family
The SNARE family include bona fide eukaryotic fusion proteins. They are only found in eukaryotes and their closest archaeal relatives like Heimdallarchaeota.
Retroviral
These proteins originate from the env gene o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion%20protein | Fusion proteins or chimeric (kī-ˈmir-ik) proteins (literally, made of parts from different sources) are proteins created through the joining of two or more genes that originally coded for separate proteins. Translation of this fusion gene results in a single or multiple polypeptides with functional properties derived from each of the original proteins. Recombinant fusion proteins are created artificially by recombinant DNA technology for use in biological research or therapeutics. Chimeric or chimera usually designate hybrid proteins made of polypeptides having different functions or physico-chemical patterns. Chimeric mutant proteins occur naturally when a complex mutation, such as a chromosomal translocation, tandem duplication, or retrotransposition creates a novel coding sequence containing parts of the coding sequences from two different genes. Naturally occurring fusion proteins are commonly found in cancer cells, where they may function as oncoproteins. The bcr-abl fusion protein is a well-known example of an oncogenic fusion protein, and is considered to be the primary oncogenic driver of chronic myelogenous leukemia.
Functions
Some fusion proteins combine whole peptides and therefore contain all functional domains of the original proteins. However, other fusion proteins, especially those that occur naturally, combine only portions of coding sequences and therefore do not maintain the original functions of the parental genes that formed them.
Many whole gene fusion |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepe%20Serna | Pepe Serna (born July 23, 1944) is an American film and television actor and artist.
Serna's first break in movies came in 1970 on the Roger Corman directed film The Student Nurses. Over the years Serna has appeared in over 100 films. In the blockbuster comedy The Jerk, he appeared as a lowrider-driving criminal who cons a naive Steve Martin out of money and new tires. Another notable role was in Scarface directed by Brian De Palma. Serna played Tony Montana's friend Angel Fernandez, who is dismembered with a chainsaw. In the award-winning comedy Aguruphobia, Pepe played the charismatic guru Nanak. Pepe co-produced Aguruphobia. Aguruphobia had a limited theatrical run, and is now available on iTunes, Amazon, Google Play and Verizon Fios. He has also appeared on stage, including his solo show El Ruco, Chuco, Cholo, Pachuco which is Serna's version of the panorama of Latino cultural history.
Serna has been honored by the Screen Actors Guild Heritage Achievement Award; the League of United Latin American Citizens, and the Estrella Award for Arts & Culture from the Orange County Hispanic Chamber of Commerce. Pepe played Señor Cárdenas in the movie Downsizing.
Filmography
1970 The Student Nurses as Luis
1971 Red Sky at Morning as Chango Lopez
1971 Johnny Got His Gun as Jose (uncredited)
1971 Shoot Out as Pepe
1972 The New Centurions as Young Mexican Man
1973 Group Marriage as Ramon
1973 Miracle on 34th Street (TV movie) as Y Leader
1974 The Last Angry Man (TV movie) as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semimartingale | In probability theory, a real valued stochastic process X is called a semimartingale if it can be decomposed as the sum of a local martingale and a càdlàg adapted finite-variation process. Semimartingales are "good integrators", forming the largest class of processes with respect to which the Itô integral and the Stratonovich integral can be defined.
The class of semimartingales is quite large (including, for example, all continuously differentiable processes, Brownian motion and Poisson processes). Submartingales and supermartingales together represent a subset of the semimartingales.
Definition
A real valued process X defined on the filtered probability space (Ω,F,(Ft)t ≥ 0,P) is called a semimartingale if it can be decomposed as
where M is a local martingale and A is a càdlàg adapted process of locally bounded variation.
An Rn-valued process X = (X1,…,Xn) is a semimartingale if each of its components Xi is a semimartingale.
Alternative definition
First, the simple predictable processes are defined to be linear combinations of processes of the form Ht = A1{t > T} for stopping times T and FT -measurable random variables A. The integral H · X for any such simple predictable process H and real valued process X is
This is extended to all simple predictable processes by the linearity of H · X in H.
A real valued process X is a semimartingale if it is càdlàg, adapted, and for every t ≥ 0,
is bounded in probability. The Bichteler–Dellacherie Theorem states that these two d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phred%20quality%20score | A Phred quality score is a measure of the quality of the identification of the nucleobases generated by automated DNA sequencing. It was originally developed for the computer program Phred to help in the automation of DNA sequencing in the Human Genome Project. Phred quality scores are assigned to each nucleotide base call in automated sequencer traces. The FASTQ format encodes phred scores as ASCII characters alongside the read sequences. Phred quality scores have become widely accepted to characterize the quality of DNA sequences, and can be used to compare the efficacy of different sequencing methods. Perhaps the most important use of Phred quality scores is the automatic determination of accurate, quality-based consensus sequences.
Definition
Phred quality scores are logarithmically related to the base-calling error probabilities and defined as
.
This relation can be also be written as
.
For example, if Phred assigns a quality score of 30 to a base, the chances that this base is called incorrectly are 1 in 1000.
The phred quality score is the negative ratio of the error probability to the reference level of expressed in Decibel (dB).
History
The idea of sequence quality scores can be traced back to the original description of the SCF file format by Staden's group in 1992. In 1995, Bonfield and Staden proposed a method to use base-specific quality scores to improve the accuracy of consensus sequences in DNA sequencing projects.
However, early attempts to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940%E2%80%9341%20Serie%20A | The 1940–41 Serie A season was won by Bologna.
Teams
Atalanta and Livorno had been promoted from Serie B.
Final classification
Results
Top goalscorers
References and sources
Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio - La Storia 1898-2004, Panini Edizioni, Modena, September 2005
External links
- All results on RSSSF Website.
Serie A seasons
Italy
1940–41 in Italian football leagues |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium%20chlorate | Barium chlorate, Ba(ClO3)2, is the barium salt of chloric acid. It is a white crystalline solid, and like all soluble barium compounds, irritant and toxic. It is sometimes used in pyrotechnics to produce a green color. It also finds use in the production of chloric acid.
Reactions
Synthesis
Barium chlorate can be produced through a double replacement reaction between solutions of barium chloride and sodium chlorate:
BaCl2 + 2 NaClO3 → Ba(ClO3)2 + 2 NaCl
On concentrating and chilling the resulting mixture, barium chlorate precipitates. This is perhaps the most common preparation, exploiting the lower solubility of barium chlorate compared to sodium chlorate.
The above method does result in some sodium contamination, which is undesirable for pyrotechnic purposes, where the strong yellow of sodium can easily overpower the green of barium. Sodium-free barium chlorate can be produced directly through electrolysis:
BaCl2 + 6 H2O → Ba(ClO3)2 + 6 H2
It can also be produced by the reaction of barium carbonate with boiling ammonium chlorate solution:
2 NH4ClO3 + BaCO3 + Q → Ba(ClO3)2 + 2 NH3 + H2O + CO2
The reaction initially produces barium chlorate and ammonium carbonate; boiling the solution decomposes the ammonium carbonate and drives off the resulting ammonia and carbon dioxide, leaving only barium chlorate in solution.
Decomposition
When exposed to heat, barium chlorate alone will decompose to barium chloride and oxygen:
Ba(ClO3)2 → BaCl2 + 3 O2
Chloric acid
Bariu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20conference | The term Open conference (or "openconference") is a derivative of the adjective "opensource", and its meaning is similarly based on the ideas of public access and community development found in the open source culture and OpenCourseWare movements. "Conference" in this sense is used to indicate an academic or professional gathering of practitioners in a given field to present and discuss current thought, research, and practice.
An open conference is a conference that is open to the general public (usually at no cost) and encourages or requires participants to relax or eliminate intellectual property restrictions on ideas generated and presentations delivered during the conference. Presenters often make presentations and materials available to the public for free access and use, for example through the use of a Creative Commons non-commercial attribution license.
Open conference organizers seek to open access to the conference for attendees by elimination of cost (relying on community support and sponsorships), they also provide community access to archived presentations and discussions through similar licensing agreements.
Additionally, attendees are encouraged to become participants in a collaborative community that supports and grows the conference—even to derive new open conferences.
Conference |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20rankings%20of%20South%20Korea | The following are international rankings of South Korea.
Economy
Education
Environment
Health & Safety
Note: In the case of statistics with potentially conflicting meanings, the rankings have been converted to reflect the same direction - Positive statistics rank higher, while negative statistics rank lower.
Industry
Innovation
Politics, Law and Military
Science & Technology
Society & Quality of Life
Tourism
Transportation
See also
International rankings of North Korea
International rankings of China
International rankings of Japan
References
South Korea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon%20type%20I | The type-I interferons (IFN) are cytokines which play essential roles in inflammation, immunoregulation, tumor cells recognition, and T-cell responses. In the human genome, a cluster of thirteen functional IFN genes is located at the 9p21.3 cytoband over approximately 400 kb including coding genes for IFNα (IFNA1, IFNA2, IFNA4, IFNA5, IFNA6, IFNA7, IFNA8, IFNA10, IFNA13, IFNA14, IFNA16, IFNA17 and IFNA21), IFNω (IFNW1), IFNɛ (IFNE), IFNк (IFNK) and IFNβ (IFNB1), plus 11 IFN pseudogenes.
Interferons bind to interferon receptors. All type I IFNs bind to a specific cell surface receptor complex known as the IFN-α receptor (IFNAR) that consists of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 chains.
Type I IFNs are found in all mammals, and homologous (similar) molecules have been found in birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish species.
Sources and functions
IFN-α and IFN-β are secreted by many cell types including lymphocytes (NK cells, B-cells and T-cells), macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, osteoblasts and others. They stimulate both macrophages and NK cells to elicit an anti-viral response, involving IRF3/IRF7 antiviral pathways, and are also active against tumors. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells have been identified as being the most potent producers of type I IFNs in response to antigen, and have thus been coined natural IFN producing cells.
IFN-ω is released by leukocytes at the site of viral infection or tumors.
IFN-α acts as a pyrogenic factor by altering the activity of thermosensitive |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STRIDE%20%28algorithm%29 | In protein structure, STRIDE (Structural identification) is an algorithm for the assignment of protein secondary structure elements given the atomic coordinates of the protein, as defined by X-ray crystallography, protein NMR, or another protein structure determination method. In addition to the hydrogen bond criteria used by the more common DSSP algorithm, the STRIDE assignment criteria also include dihedral angle potentials. As such, its criteria for defining individual secondary structures are more complex than those of DSSP. The STRIDE energy function contains a hydrogen-bond term containing a Lennard-Jones-like 8-6 distance-dependent potential and two angular dependence factors reflecting the planarity of the optimized hydrogen bond geometry. The criteria for individual secondary structural elements, which are divided into the same groups as those reported by DSSP, also contain statistical probability factors derived from empirical examinations of solved structures with visually assigned secondary structure elements extracted from the Protein Data Bank.
Although DSSP is the older method and continues to be the most commonly used, the original STRIDE definition reported it to give a more satisfactory structural assignment in at least 70% of cases. In particular, STRIDE was observed to correct for the propensity of DSSP to assign shorter secondary structures than would be assigned by an expert crystallographer, usually due to the minor local variations in structure that a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPV1 | The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), also known as the capsaicin receptor and the vanilloid receptor 1, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the TRPV1 gene. It was the first isolated member of the transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor proteins that in turn are a sub-family of the transient receptor potential protein group. This protein is a member of the TRPV group of transient receptor potential family of ion channels. Fatty acid metabolites with affinity for this receptor are produced by cyanobacteria, which diverged from eukaryotes at least 2000 million years ago (MYA).
The function of TRPV1 is detection and regulation of body temperature. In addition, TRPV1 provides a sensation of scalding heat and pain (nociception). In primary afferent sensory neurons, it cooperates with TRPA1 (a chemical irritant receptor) to mediate the detection of noxious environmental stimuli.
Function
TRPV1 is an element of or mechanism used by the mammalian somatosensory system. It is a nonselective cation channel that may be activated by a wide variety of exogenous and endogenous physical and chemical stimuli. The best-known activators of TRPV1 are: temperature greater than ; acidic conditions; capsaicin (the irritating compound in hot chili peppers); and allyl isothiocyanate, the pungent compound in mustard and wasabi. The activation of TRPV1 leads to a painful, burning sensation. Its endogenous activators include: low pH (acidic con |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection%20%28heat%20transfer%29 | Convection (or convective heat transfer) is the transfer of heat from one place to another due to the movement of fluid. Although often discussed as a distinct method of heat transfer, convective heat transfer involves the combined processes of conduction (heat diffusion) and advection (heat transfer by bulk fluid flow). Convection is usually the dominant form of heat transfer in liquids and gases.
Note that this definition of convection is only applicable in Heat transfer and thermodynamic contexts. It should not be confused with the dynamic fluid phenomenon of convection, which is typically referred to as Natural Convection in thermodynamic contexts in order to distinguish the two.
Overview
Convection can be "forced" by movement of a fluid by means other than buoyancy forces (for example, a water pump in an automobile engine). Thermal expansion of fluids may also force convection. In other cases, natural buoyancy forces alone are entirely responsible for fluid motion when the fluid is heated, and this process is called "natural convection". An example is the draft in a chimney or around any fire. In natural convection, an increase in temperature produces a reduction in density, which in turn causes fluid motion due to pressures and forces when fluids of different densities are affected by gravity (or any g-force). For example, when water is heated on a stove, hot water from the bottom of the pan is displaced (or forced up) by the colder denser liquid, which falls. After h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shq1 | Shq1p is a protein involved in the rRNA processing pathway. It was discovered by Pok Yang in the Chanfreau laboratory at UCLA. Depletion of Shq1p has led to decreased level of various H/ACA box snoRNAs (H/ACA box snoRNAs are responsible for pseuduridylation of pre-rRNA) and certain pre-rRNA intermediates.
Background
During the synthesis of eukaryotic ribosomes, four mature ribosomal RNAs (the 5S, 5.8S, 18S, and 25S) must be synthesized. Three of these rRNAs (5.8S, 18S, and 25S) come from a single pre-rRNA known as the 35S. Although many of the intermediates in this rRNA processing pathway have been identified in the last thirty years, there are still a number of proteins involved in this process whose specific function is unknown.
Function
Shq1, a protein thought to play a role in the stabilization and/or production of box H/ACA snoRNA, is still uncharacterized. It has been proposed that Shq1, along with Naf1p, is involved in the initial steps of the biogenesis of H/ACA box snoRNPs (box H/ACA snoRNAs form complexes with proteins, thereby forming snoRNPs) because of its association with certain snoRNP proteins during the snoRNP’s maturation, while showing very little association with the mature snoRNP complex. Despite the known involvement of Shq1 in H/ACA box snoRNP's production, the exact function of this protein in the overall rRNA processing pathway is still unknown.
See also
rRNA
snoRNA
Ribosomes
Eukaryotic translation
Proteins
References
External links
Cha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontogenesis | Frontogenesis is a meteorological process of tightening of horizontal temperature gradients to produce fronts. In the end, two types of fronts form: cold fronts and warm fronts. A cold front is a narrow line where temperature decreases rapidly. A warm front is a narrow line of warmer temperatures and essentially where much of the precipitation occurs. Frontogenesis occurs as a result of a developing baroclinic wave. According to Hoskins & Bretherton (1972, p. 11), there are eight mechanisms that influence temperature gradients: horizontal deformation, horizontal shearing, vertical deformation, differential vertical motion, latent heat release, surface friction, turbulence and mixing, and radiation. Semigeostrophic frontogenesis theory focuses on the role of horizontal deformation and shear.
Kinematics
Horizontal deformation in mid-latitude cyclones concentrates temperature gradients—cold air from the poles and warm air from the equator.
Horizontal shear has two effects on an air parcel; it tends to rotate the parcel (think of placing a wheel at a point in space and as the wind blows, the wheel rotates) and deform the parcel through stretching and shrinking. In the end, this can also tighten temperature gradient, but most importantly, this rotates a concentrated temperature gradient for example, from the x-axis to the y direction.
Within a mid-latitude cyclone, these two key features play an essential role in frontogenesis. On a typical mid-latitude cyclone, there are
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOMNET | The TOMNET optimization Environment is a platform for solving applied optimization problems in Microsoft .NET. It makes it possible to use solvers like SNOPT, MINOS and CPLEX with one single model formulation. The solvers handle everything from linear programming and integer programming to global optimization.
External links
(home page)
Numerical software
Mathematical optimization software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphism | An amorphism, in chemistry, crystallography and, by extension, to other areas of the natural sciences is a substance or feature that lacks an ordered form. In the specific case of crystallography, an amorphic material is one that lacks long range (significant) crystalline order at the molecular level. In the history of chemistry, amorphism was recognised even before the discovery of the nature of the exact atomic crystalline lattice structure. The concept of amorphism can also be found in the fields of art, biology, archaeology and philosophy as a characterisation of objects without form, or with random or unstructured form.
Amorphous and Crystalline solid
In the context of solids, amorphous and crystalline are terms used to describe the structure of materials. Amorphous solids are the opposite of crystalline. The atoms or molecules in amorphous substances are arranged randomly without any long-range order. As a result, they do not have a sharp melting point. The phase transition from solid to liquid occurs over a range of temperatures. Some examples include glass, rubber and some plastics.
See also
Glass
Obsidian
References
Bibliography
Crystallography
Physical chemistry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrisystem | Nutrisystem is a commercial provider of weight loss products and services headquartered in Fort Washington, Pennsylvania.
Company history
Nutrisystem's initial product in 1972 was a liquid protein diet, but the company changed its offering after Slim-Fast came to prominence in that market.
The company originally offered weight loss counseling and products in brick and mortar centers, but in 1999, Nutrisystem moved to a direct-to-consumer business model, selling its products and programs on the Internet and by telephone.
The company launched its mobile platform in 2010. WebDiet, Inc., a Silicon Valley startup, accused Nutrisystem of stealing their technology, but the case was dismissed in May, 2014.
In 2015, the firm acquired the South Beach Diet brand.
In December 2018, Tivity Health announced that it would acquire the Nutrisystem brand.
In 2021, Stephen Mikulak was named President of Nutrisystem.
On October 19, 2020, Kainos Capital acquired the brand from Tivity Health.
The company is known for its celebrity marketing, which has included Marie Osmond in national advertising. One of its primary competitors is Weight Watchers with the rivalry deemed "diet wars" by the media.
Efficacy and criticism
A systematic review in 2015 concluded that Nutrisystem "shows promise" because, in the short term, studies have shown that Nutrisystem was more effective at weight-loss than a control group, but found no studies of long-term efficacy.
, four weeks of a basic Nutrisystem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C2%2C4-Trichlorobenzene | 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene is an organochlorine compound, one of three isomers of trichlorobenzene. It is a derivative of benzene with three chloride substituents. It is a colorless liquid used as a solvent for a variety of compounds and materials.
Production and uses
Depending on the conditions and additives (e.g., sulfur), it can be the main product from the chlorination of benzene. It is virtually the exclusive product from the chlorination of 1,4-dichlorobenzene. It is also the main product from the dehydrochlorination of hexachlorocyclohexane.
It is useful as a high-temperature solvent, e.g. for GPC of polyolefines such as PE or PP which are otherwise insoluble.
Aside from its use as a solvent, this compound is a useful precursor to dye and pesticides.
Safety
The LD50 (oral, rats) is 756 mg/kg. Animal studies have shown that 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene affects the liver and kidney, and is possibly a teratogen. There is no regulated occupational exposure limit for chemical exposure, but the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommends no greater exposure than 5 ppm, over an 8-hour workday.
See also
Chlorobenzenes—different numbers of chlorine substituents and isomeric forms
References
Chlorobenzenes
Halogenated solvents
Aromatic solvents |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic%20boundary%20conditions | Periodic boundary conditions (PBCs) are a set of boundary conditions which are often chosen for approximating a large (infinite) system by using a small part called a unit cell. PBCs are often used in computer simulations and mathematical models. The topology of two-dimensional PBC is equal to that of a world map of some video games; the geometry of the unit cell satisfies perfect two-dimensional tiling, and when an object passes through one side of the unit cell, it re-appears on the opposite side with the same velocity. In topological terms, the space made by two-dimensional PBCs can be thought of as being mapped onto a torus (compactification). The large systems approximated by PBCs consist of an infinite number of unit cells. In computer simulations, one of these is the original simulation box, and others are copies called images. During the simulation, only the properties of the original simulation box need to be recorded and propagated. The minimum-image convention is a common form of PBC particle bookkeeping in which each individual particle in the simulation interacts with the closest image of the remaining particles in the system.
One example of periodic boundary conditions can be defined according to smooth real functions by
for all m = 0, 1, 2, ... and for constants and .
In molecular dynamics simulations and Monte Carlo molecular modeling, PBCs are usually applied to calculate properties of bulk gasses, liquids, crystals or mixtures. A common application uses |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABCD%20%28film%29 | ABCD is a 2005 Indian Tamil-language romance film directed by Saravana Subbiah. The film starred Shaam, Nandana, Sneha, and Aparna.
Plot
Anand, an MBA-chartered accountant, runs in search of a job. He stays in the house of an old Brahmin whose daughter Chandra returns home following the death of her husband, who had been torturing her since their wedding. She slowly gets attracted towards Anand, for he shows love and affection towards her. Meanwhile, Anand comes across bharati in a bus, who misplaces his academic certificates. Bharati is a woman with revolutionary ideas and looks after her whole family. A sequence of events brings them close, leading to Bharati developing love towards him. Meanwhile, Anand comes across Divya Daisy, an orphan brought up by a church who goes to find a job herself and settles in life all out of her own efforts. Anand rescues her from an accident and rushes her to a hospital. Over a period of time, they become very close friends, eventually leading to Divya opening her heart to Anand. Who Anand decides to marry forms the rest of the story.
Cast
Sham as Anand
Nandana Kumar as Bharati
Sneha as Chandra
Aparna as Divya Daisy
Vadivelu as Bus Conductor Muthukumar
Saravana Subbiah as Chandra's husband
Kundarthal Subbiah as Chandra's father
Madhan Bob as Anand's uncle
Kuyili as Chandra's mother
Aravind Akash as Christopher
Swetha Bharathi as Bharati's sister
Singamuthu as a bus passenger
Sriranjani as a church mother
Crane Manohar as a priest
Bonda Ma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion%20%28taxonomy%29 | The legion, in biological classification, is a non-obligatory taxonomic rank within the Linnaean hierarchy sometimes used in zoology.
Taxonomic rank
In zoological taxonomy, the legion is:
subordinate to the class
superordinate to the cohort.
consists of a group of related orders
Legions may be grouped into superlegions or subdivided into sublegions, and these again into infralegions.
Use in zoology
Legions and their super/sub/infra groups have been employed in some classifications of birds and mammals. Full use is made of all of these (along with cohorts and supercohorts) in, for example, McKenna and Bell's classification of mammals.
See also
Linnaean taxonomy
Mammal classification
References
Biology terminology
Taxa by rank
rank08a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichlorobenzene | Trichlorobenzene (TCB) may refer to any of three isomeric chlorinated derivatives of benzene with the molecular formula C6H3Cl3. Trichlorobenzenes are man-made chemical compounds that occur in three different forms. Even though the forms have the same molecular weight and molecular formulae, they are structurally different by the positions of the chlorine atoms attached to the benzene ring. 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene and 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene are colorless solids, but 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene is a colorless oil. The isomers may also have different chemical and toxicological properties.
Identification numbers and regulations
1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene - EC number 201-757-1, CAS number 87-61-6, substance subjected to REACH Registration, added to the list of Submitted SVHC Intentions List
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene - EC number 204-428-0, CAS number 120-82-1, substance subjected to REACH Registration, on 2 Aug 2010. added to the list of Submitted SVHC Intentions List on 2 Aug 2010.
1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene - EC number 203-608-6, CAS 108-70-3, added to the list of Submitted SVHC Intentions List on 2 Aug 2010.
See also
Chlorobenzenes—different numbers of chlorine substituents
References
Chlorobenzenes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGFA | TGFA may refer to:
Tanzania Government Flight Agency, an executive agency of Tanzania that provides VIP flight service
TGF alpha, a human protein |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion%20in%20Transnistria | Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Transnistria) official statistics show that 91 percent of the Transnistrian population adhere to Eastern Orthodox Christianity, with 4 percent adhering to the Catholic Church. Roman Catholics are mainly located in Northern Transnistria, where a notable Polish minority is living.
Transnistria's government has supported the restoration and construction of new Orthodox churches. It affirms that the republic has freedom of religion and states that 114 religious beliefs and congregations are officially registered. However, as recently as 2009, registration hurdles were met with by some religious groups, notably the Jehovah's Witnesses.
References
Demographics of Transnistria
History of Eastern Europe
History of Transnistria
Transnistrian culture |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death-associated%20protein%206 | Death-associated protein 6 also known as Daxx is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DAXX gene.
Function
Daxx, a Death domain-associated protein, was first discovered through its cytoplasmic interaction with the classical death receptor Fas. It has been associated with heterochromatin and PML-NBs (Promyelocytic Leukaemia nuclear bodies) and has been implicated in many nuclear processes including transcription and cell cycle regulation.
This gene encodes a multifunctional protein that resides in multiple locations in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Daxx serves as an H3.3 specific histone chaperone, interacting with an H3.3/H4 dimer. It interacts with a wide variety of proteins, such as apoptosis antigen Fas, centromere protein C, and transcription factor erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1 (ETS1). In the nucleus, the encoded protein functions as a potent transcription repressor that binds to sumoylated transcription factors. Its repression can be relieved by the sequestration of this protein into promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies or nucleoli. This protein also associates with centromeres in the G2 phase. In the cytoplasm, the encoded protein may function to regulate apoptosis. The subcellular localization and function of this protein are modulated by post-translational modifications, including sumoylation, phosphorylation and polyubiquitination.
Structure and localization
Daxx is uniformly expressed throughout the body, except in the testes and thymu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetany | Tetany or tetanic seizure is a medical sign consisting of the involuntary contraction of muscles, which may be caused by disorders that increase the action potential frequency of muscle cells or the nerves that innervate them.
Muscle cramps caused by the disease tetanus are not classified as tetany; rather, they are due to a lack of inhibition to the neurons that supply muscles. Tetanic contractions (physiologic tetanus) are a broad range of muscle contraction types, of which tetany is only one.
Signs and symptoms
Tetany is characterized by contraction of distal muscles of the hands (carpal spasm with extension of interphalangeal joints and adduction and flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joints) and feet (pedal spasm) and is associated with tingling around the mouth and distally in the limbs.
Causes
The usual cause of tetany is a deficiency of calcium. An excess of phosphate (high phosphate-to-calcium ratio) can also trigger the spasms.
Underfunction of the parathyroid gland can lead to tetany.
Low levels of carbon dioxide cause tetany by altering the albumin binding of calcium such that the ionized (physiologically influencing) fraction of calcium is reduced; one common reason for low carbon dioxide levels is hyperventilation.
Low levels of magnesium can lead to tetany.
Clostridium tetani toxin, via inhibition of glycine-mediated and GABA-ergic neurotransmission, may lead to tetany.
An excess of potassium in grass hay or pasture can trigger winter tetany, or gra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysophosphatidic%20acid | A lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a phospholipid derivative that can act as a signaling molecule.
Function
LPA acts as a potent mitogen due to its activation of three high-affinity G-protein-coupled receptors called LPAR1, LPAR2, and LPAR3 (also known as EDG2, EDG4, and EDG7). Additional, newly identified LPA receptors include LPAR4 (P2RY9, GPR23), LPAR5 (GPR92) and LPAR6 (P2RY5, GPR87).
Clinical significance
Because of its ability to stimulate cell proliferation, aberrant LPA-signaling has been linked to cancer in numerous ways. Dysregulation of autotaxin or the LPA receptors can lead to hyperproliferation, which may contribute to oncogenesis and metastasis.
LPA may be the cause of pruritus (itching) in individuals with cholestatic (impaired bile flow) diseases.
GTPase activation
Downstream of LPA receptor activation, the small GTPase Rho can be activated, subsequently activating Rho kinase. This can lead to the formation of stress fibers and cell migration through the inhibition of myosin light-chain phosphatase.
Metabolism
There are a number of potential routes to its biosynthesis, but the most well-characterized is by the action of a lysophospholipase D called autotaxin, which removes the choline group from lysophosphatidylcholine.
Lysophosphatidic acids are also intermediates in the synthesis of phosphatidic acids.
See also
Autotaxin
GPR35
Phosphatidic acid
Sphingosine-1-phosphate
Gintonin
References
Further reading
Phospholipids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosin%20ATPase | Myosin ATPase () is an enzyme with systematic name ATP phosphohydrolase (actin-translocating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
ATP + H2O ADP + phosphate
ATP hydrolysis provides energy for actomyosin contraction.
See also
Myosin
References
External links
EC 3.6.4 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraction%20alkalosis | Contraction alkalosis refers to the increase in blood pH that occurs as a result of fluid losses (volume contraction). The change in pH is especially pronounced with acidic fluid losses caused by problems like vomiting.
Pathophysiology
There are several possible explanations for the process of alkalosis observed after volume contraction.
One popular theory is that alkalosis is simply the loss of solvent volume without a proportional loss in bicarbonate concentration or increase in carbon dioxide concentration. This explanation may be especially appropriate for the very short term after volume loss.
Another suggests that the alkalosis is due to renal compensatory mechanisms used to correct volume loss. Extracellular fluid (ECF) volume contraction is associated with decreased blood volume and decreased renal perfusion pressure. Three compensation mechanisms engage as a result:
renin secretion is increased,
production of angiotensin II is increased, and
secretion of aldosterone is increased.
Increases in angiotensin II cause increased Na+–H+ exchange in the proximal tubule and increased HCO3− (bicarbonate) reabsorption in the proximal tubule due to increased luminal H+. Increased aldosterone secretion stimulates the H-ATPase of alpha-intercalated cells of the collecting duct, which causes 1) increased distal tubule H+ secretion, worsening the metabolic alkalosis, and 2) increased generation of "new" bicarbonate within these same cells, which will be reabsorbed.
Additio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MYL9 | Myosin regulatory light polypeptide 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYL9 gene.
Function
Myosin, a structural component of muscle, consists of two heavy chains and four light chains. The protein encoded by this gene is a myosin light chain that may regulate muscle contraction by modulating the ATPase activity of myosin heads. The encoded protein binds calcium and is activated by myosin light chain kinase. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
References
Further reading
EF-hand-containing proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%20Dash%20Racing | Mad Dash Racing is a racing video game for the Xbox developed by Crystal Dynamics and published by Eidos Interactive. It was released as a launch title in November 2001. The video game features the voices of Billy West and Charles Martinet.
Plot
On a little island known as Trem Land, a crazed wizard named Hex plans to take over the world using red meteor chunks to power his device. He can't do this on his own so he forms a contest and invites a group of miscellaneous characters so that they can race each other across the island in search of the 7 red meteor chunks. In return, Hex initial offers the winner a brand new pig, until Sid. one of the playable contestants, states that according to the contract they signed, the winner would receive Hex's Magical Scepter. Hex reluctantly agrees and the contest begins. The player can play as several different characters, which fall into 3 separate categories of Bashers, Gliders, and dashers, all of which have unique abilities that can allow access to short cuts through out the map. As the player progresses, more of the characters can join the team and become playable.
After completing several races and collecting all 7 red meteor chucks, Hex's real plan of world domination becomes clear and the player must race Hex to his machine and destroy it. Upon doing so, Hex's machine is hit with a blast from the aforementioned magical scepter and the device explodes as Hex's plans are foiled. Initially no one is harmed in the explosion, but |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinivirus | Crinivirus, formerly the lettuce infectious yellows virus group, is a genus of viruses, in the family Closteroviridae. They are linear, single-stranded positive sense RNA viruses (and are therefore group IV). There are 14 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: yellowing and necrosis, particularly affecting the phloem.
Examples of species whose entire genomes have been sequenced that are currently classified into the genus include the Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) and the Lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV).
Genetics
The viruses of this genus have segmented, bipartite genomes that add up to 7,500–19,500 nucleotides in length. Their genomes also code for proteins that do not form part of the virion particles as well as structural proteins. The Universal Virus Database describes that their genome sequences near their 3'-ends are capable of hairpin-loop formation and also believe that their 5'-ends may have methylated caps. Each of the viral RNA molecules contains four hair-pin structures and a pseudoknot in the 3'UTR. The pseudoknot is unusual in that it contains a small stem-loop structure inside loop L1. In the related genus Closterovirus, these secondary structures have been found to be important in viral RNA replication.
Structure
Viruses in the genus Crinivirus are non-enveloped, with bipartite filamentous geometries. The diameter is around 10-13 nm, with a length of 700-900 nm. Genomes are linear and bipartite, around 17.6kb |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxiredoxin | Peroxiredoxins (Prxs, ; HGNC root symbol PRDX) are a ubiquitous family of antioxidant enzymes that also control cytokine-induced peroxide levels and thereby mediate signal transduction in mammalian cells. The family members in humans are PRDX1, PRDX2, PRDX3, PRDX4, PRDX5, and PRDX6. The physiological importance of peroxiredoxins is indicated by their relative abundance (one of the most abundant proteins in erythrocytes after hemoglobin is peroxiredoxin 2). Their function is the reduction of peroxides, specifically hydrogen peroxide, alkyl hydroperoxides, and peroxynitrite.
Classification
Prxs were historically divided into three (mechanistic) classes:
Typical 2-Cys Prxs
Atypical 2-Cys Prxs and
1-Cys Prxs.
The designation of "1-Cys" and "2-Cys" Prxs was introduced in 1994 as it was noticed that, among the 22 Prx sequences known at the time, only one Cys residue was absolutely conserved; this is the residue now recognized as the (required) peroxidatic cysteine, CP. The second, semi-conserved cysteine noted at the time is the resolving cysteine, CR, which forms an intersubunit disulfide bond with CP in the widespread and abundant Prxs sometimes referred to as the "typical 2-Cys Prxs". Ultimately it was realized that the CR can reside in multiple positions in various Prx family members, leading to the addition of the "atypical 2-Cys Prx" category (Prxs for which a CR is present, but not in the "typical", originally identified position).
Family members are now recognized t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophysin%20II | Neurophysin II is a carrier protein with a size of 19,687.3 Da and is made up of a dimer of two virtually identical chains of amino acids. Neurophysin II is a cleavage product (formed by splitting of a compound molecule into a simpler one) of the AVP gene. It is a neurohypophysial hormone that is transported in vesicles with vasopressin, the other cleavage product, along axons, from magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamus to the posterior lobe of the pituitary. Although it is stored in neurosecretory granules with vasopressin and released with vasopressin into the bloodstream, its biological action is unclear. Neurophysin II is also known as a stimulator of prolactin secretion.
Function
Neurophysin II is a carrier protein for vasopressin (ADH). It is produced in the cell bodies of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei and transported to its site of release in the axon terminals of the posterior pituitary. Oxytocin, a hormone similar in structure to vasopressin, is analogously bound and transported by Neurophysin I. Both hormones are nine residues long, and only differ by the amino acids at positions three and eight. Oxytocin possesses Ile-3 whereas vasopressin possesses Phe-3. Both Ile and Phe are hydrophobic amino acids and undergo analogous binding to neurophysins.
Structure
Neurophysin II is a dimer with each monomer consisting of two anti-parallel β-sheets. Each chain is identical with the exception of a single amino acid substitution (Chain 1 contains Lys-18, w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic%20footprinting | Phylogenetic footprinting is a technique used to identify transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) within a non-coding region of DNA of interest by comparing it to the orthologous sequence in different species. When this technique is used with a large number of closely related species, this is called phylogenetic shadowing.
Researchers have found that non-coding pieces of DNA contain binding sites for regulatory proteins that govern the spatiotemporal expression of genes. These transcription factor binding sites (TFBS), or regulatory motifs, have proven hard to identify, primarily because they are short in length, and can show sequence variation. The importance of understanding transcriptional regulation to many fields of biology has led researchers to develop strategies for predicting the presence of TFBS, many of which have led to publicly available databases. One such technique is Phylogenetic Footprinting.
Phylogenetic footprinting relies upon two major concepts:
The function and DNA binding preferences of transcription factors are well-conserved between diverse species.
Important non-coding DNA sequences that are essential for regulating gene expression will show differential selective pressure. A slower rate of change occurs in TFBS than in other, less critical, parts of the non-coding genome.
History
Phylogenetic footprinting was first used and published by Tagle et al. in 1988, which allowed researchers to predict evolutionary conserved cis-regulatory elemen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy%20video%20car | The Spy Video Car is a hybrid product created by mixing a traditional RC car and a video baby monitor. The remote controller communicates digital command via the 49 MHz frequency to the car for control, and the camera on the car transmits video via the 2.4 GHz frequency to the remote controller for display. Because both directions use different radio frequency, they do not interfere with each other. The single-lensed display with a zoom lens produces a bigger virtual image in front of the operator, creating a first-person point of view feel for the driver.
Wild Planet launched it for the 2006 Christmas season. It may be the first RC toy with built-in camera in the US market, and it also received the 2007 T.O.T.Y (Toy of The Year) award at the American International Toy Fair.
Technical details
Video system
Inside the car body is a transmitting RF module (Richwave "RW67TX-NA03") and a black-and-white camera module (based around the OmniVison OV5116 IC). Similarly, the remote control unit contains a corresponding video receiver (Richwave "RW67RX-NA03") and a 3.5 mm phono jack which carries the video signal to the headset. The headset is based around the Kopin CyberDisplay 300M LV LCD and A300 controller IC. It contains simple optics and a diffused, white LED backlight. All of the components run on a 9v DC source (each has its own voltage regulator), and the Rx/Tx set operates on the 2.4 GHz range.
Vehicular system
The radio and motor-control circuits are similar to those |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth%20hormone-binding%20protein | Growth hormone-binding protein (GHBP) is a soluble carrier protein for growth hormone (GH). The full range of functions of GHBP remains to be determined however, current research suggests that the protein is associated with regulation of the GH availability and half-life in the circulatory system, as well as modulating GH receptor function.
Expression
In humans, GHBP is formed by post-translational modification after the complete transcription and translation of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene into the cell-surface receptor protein. The gene that codes for GHR (and inherently GHBP) is on Chromosome 5. A precursor messenger RNA (mRNA) from the complete gene first is transcribed and then spliced to encode the full receptor protein. This mature mRNA is composed of exons. Exons are peptide encoding regions of DNA genes that remain in the transcript after splicing and during the maturation of mRNA. The mRNA transcript encodes for a receptor protein that is made up of three distinct parts: an intracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, and an extracellular domain. Specifically, part of exon 2 and exons 3-7 of the GHR gene will translate to amino acids that make up the extracellular domain of GHR. This extracellular domain physically binds GH in the receptor-ligand interaction.
In rodents and in humans the concentration GHR mRNA and the concentration of GHBP in the maternal circulation are dramatically increased during pregnancy. This is considered likely to contro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octamer%20transcription%20factor | Octamer transcription factors are a family of transcription factors which binds to the "ATTTGCAT" DNA sequence. Their DNA-binding domain is a POU domain.
There are eight Octamer proteins in humans (Oct1–11), which have been renamed according to the different classes of POU domain. Octamer-3/4, also known as POU5F1, is one of the Yamanaka factors, which are critical for the maintenance and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells. On the other hand, Oct-1 and Oct-2 are widely expressed in adult tissues. Oct-7, 8 and 9, also known as "brain factors", are predominantly expressed in the central nervous system during embryonic development. Oct-6 expression is confined to embryonic stem cells and the developing nervous system and skin, while Oct-11 is also involved in skin differentiation.
Human Oct proteins
Oct-1 -
Oct-2 -
Oct-3/4 –
Oct-6 –
Oct-7 –
Oct-8 –
Oct-9 –
Oct-11 –
References
External links
POU-domain proteins
Protein families |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oct-2 | Oct-2 (octamer-binding protein 2) also known as POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the POU2F2 gene.
Oct-2 is an octamer transcription factor which is a member of the POU family.
References
External links
POU-domain proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuong%20Nguyen-Huu | Xuong Nguyen-Huu (Vietnamese: Nguyễn Hữu Xương; born in 1933 in Vietnam) is a pioneer of protein crystallography technology. His research focuses on the development of novel methods, such as protein crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, for the determination of protein structures and biological macromolecules.
Career
Nguyen received his B.S.E.E. in electrical engineering; M.S.E.E. from Ecole Superieure d'Electricite, Paris, France (1957); M.S. in mathematics from University of Paris, Paris (1958); M.S. and Ph.D. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley (1962).
He is a professor emeritus of physics, biology, chemistry and biochemistry at UC San Diego since 1964. He is a pioneer of protein crystallography technology and of the field of Direct Detection Device (DDD) that will be used in Electron Microscopy. He is also inventor of "Xuong’s X-Ray Machine" (or Xuong Machine) in 1975, an X-ray Multiwire Area Detector, which using Multi-wire Proportional Chambers and then Silicon detectors to help researchers map three-dimensional structure of receptor and allowed for high-speed data collection, and can be used to find drugs to kill deadly viruses such as HIV (the AIDS virus), Polio, etc.
His awards include Guggenheim Fellowship (1965–1966), NATO Senior Fellowship (1977), Fogerty Fellowship (Unable to accept, 1984), Union of Pacific Asian Communities Award (1985), UCSD Chancellor Associate Award (1992 ) and Charles E. Supper Instrumentation Award from Americ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomedian | In statistics, the pseudomedian is a measure of centrality for data-sets and populations. It agrees with the median for symmetric data-sets or populations. In mathematical statistics, the pseudomedian is also a location parameter for probability distributions.
Description
The pseudomedian of a distribution is defined to be a median of the distribution of , where and are independent, each with the same distribution .
When is a symmetric distribution, the pseudomedian coincides with the median; otherwise this is not generally the case.
The Hodges–Lehmann statistic, defined as the median of all of the midpoints of pairs of observations, is a consistent estimator of the pseudomedian.
Like the set of medians, the pseudomedian is well defined for all probability distributions, even for the many distributions that lack modes or means.
Pseudomedian filter in signal processing
In signal processing there is another definition of pseudomedian filter for discrete signals.
For a time series of length 2N + 1, the pseudomedian is defined as follows. Construct N + 1 sliding windows each of length N + 1. For each window, compute the minimum and maximum. Across all N + 1 windows, find the maximum minimum and the minimum maximum. The pseudomedian is the average of these two quantities.
See also
Hodges–Lehmann estimator
Median filter
Lulu smoothing
References
Means
Summary statistics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloxazolam | Haloxazolam (marketed in Japan under the brand name Somelin), is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It has similar hypnotic properties as the benzodiazepine drugs triazolam, temazepam, and flunitrazepam and as such is indicated for the treatment of insomnia. A study in cats comparing estazolam and haloxazolam found that haloxazolam only affects gamma motor neurons, whereas estazolam affects both alpha and gamma motor neurons.
See also
Benzodiazepine
References
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Lactams
Bromoarenes
Fluoroarenes
Oxazolobenzodiazepines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprazepam | Cyprazepam is a drug which is a sedative-hypnotic benzodiazepine derivative. It has anxiolytic properties, and presumably also has hypnotic, skeletal muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant and amnestic properties.
Synthesis
The lactam moiety in benzodiazepams is active towards nucleophiles and numerous analogues have been made by exploiting this fact.
For example, heating demoxepam with N-cyclopropylmethylamine leads to amidine formation, the minor tranquilizer cyprazepam.
See also
Benzodiazepine
References
Benzodiazepines
Chloroarenes
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Cyclopropyl compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrow%20Yannet%20diagram | A Darrow Yannet diagram is a schematic used in physiology to identify how the volumes of extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid alter in response to conditions such as adrenal insufficiency and SIADH.
It was developed in 1934 by Daniel C. Darrow and Herman Yannet, pediatricians from the Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine.
References
Electrolyte disturbances |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winged-helix%20transcription%20factors | Consisting of about 110 amino acids, the domain in winged-helix transcription factors (see Regulation of gene expression) has four helices and a two-strand beta-sheet.
These proteins are classified into 19 families called FoxA-FoxS.
Mutations in FoxP proteins are implicated in human autoimmune diseases.
See also
FOX proteins
External links
Transcription factors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug%20Power | Plug Power Inc. is an American company engaged in the development of hydrogen fuel cell systems that replace conventional batteries in equipment and vehicles powered by electricity. The company is headquartered in Latham, New York, and has facilities in Spokane, Washington, and Rochester, New York.
Plug Power's GenDrive system integrates fuel cells manufactured by both Plug Power and Ballard Power Systems and incorporates a hydrogen storage system that allows the system to "recharge" in a matter of minutes as opposed to several hours for lead-acid batteries. It allows hydrogen-powered forklifts to run at a constant steady power compared to conventional batteries, which experience "droop" in their output as the battery drains. GenDrive units occupy the same space designed for conventional batteries.
History
Plug Power was founded in 1997 as a joint venture between DTE Energy and Mechanical Technology Inc. The company went public in October 1999.
The company was subject to a shareholder class action complaint for securities fraud following the IPO for allegedly misleading statements about their fuel cell technology capabilities and on its material sales and distribution relationship with General Electric. By order dated October 30, 2000, the Eastern District of New York court consolidated the complaints into one action, entitled Plug Power Inc. Securities Litigation, CV-00-5553 (ERK) (RML). On December 29, 2004, the company settled the matter with the sum of $5 million paid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon%20scoring%20tables | The scoring tables for the decathlon have undergone continual evolution since their inception about a century ago, with several changes to both the character of the equations and the indices on which the equations are based.
Early decathlon tables
All of the earliest attempts at formalizing decathlon scoring, from the first formal submission (prepared by the U.S. in 1884) until 1915, involved linear scoring equations. The American model was based on world records, but models concurrently used by several Nordic countries were based on their respective national records.
The decathlon was first included in the Olympic Games in 1912, requiring a uniform standard. The first Olympic tables adopted were also linear functions; they were based not on world or national records, but, rather, on the 1908 Olympic records for each of the individual events.
The tables were soon updated with the 1912 Olympic records, while the complicated and universally unpopular extension of event scores to three decimal places was discarded in favor of integer scores; thus, these tables were used for the next four Olympiads.
The rapid evolution of the scoring tables caused results to vary widely: for instance, Akilles Järvinen, the silver medalist in the decathlon in both the 1928 and 1932 Olympics, would have won gold medals in both years rather handily under most later scoring tables.
Tests for legitimacy
Beginning in 1920, the IAAF considered, at least, the following criteria for a legitimate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20law%20enforcement%20agencies%20in%20Alabama | This is a list of law enforcement agencies in the U.S. state of Alabama.
According to the US Bureau of Justice Statistics' 2008 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, the state had 417 law enforcement agencies employing 11,631 sworn police officers, about 251 for each 100,000 residents.
State Agencies
Alabama Law Enforcement Agency
Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources#Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries
Alabama Board of Pardons and Parole
Alabama State Parks Ranger Service
Alabama State Lands Security
Alabama Department of Corrections
Bureau of Special Investigations
Alabama Department of Mental Health Police
Alabama Securities Commission
Alabama State Port Authority Police
Alabama Department of Insurance
State Fire Marshal's Office
Marshals of the Alabama Appellate Courts
Alabama National Guard Military Police/Security Forces (under state gubernatorial control unless federalized under Title 10 of the United States Code)
County sheriff agencies
Autauga County Sheriff's Office (Alabama)
Baldwin County Sheriff's Office (Alabama)
Barbour County Sheriff's Office (Alabama)
Bibb County Sheriff's Department(Alabama)
Blount County Sheriff's Office
Bullock County Sheriff's Office
Butler County Sheriff's Office
Calhoun County Sheriff's Office
Chambers County Sheriff's Office
Cherokee County Sheriff's Department
Chilton County Sheriff's Department
Choctaw County Sheriff's Department
Clarke |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20law%20enforcement%20agencies%20in%20Alaska | This is a list of law enforcement agencies in the state of Alaska.
According to the US Bureau of Justice Statistics' 2008 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, the state had 50 law enforcement agencies employing 1,298 sworn police officers, about 189 for each 100,000 residents.
State agencies
Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development
Alaska Alcohol and Marijuana Control Office
Alaska Department of Corrections
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation
Alaska Department of Public Safety
Alaska State Crime Lab
Alaska State Fire Marshal's Office
Alaska State Troopers
Alaska Wildlife Troopers
Alaska Court Services Officers
Village Public Safety Officer Program
Alaska State Parks
Alaska State Park Rangers
Alaska Commercial Vehicle Enforcement
Fairbanks International Airport Police and Fire Department
Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport Police and Fire Department
City agencies
Adak Police Department
Anchorage Police Department
Angoon Police Department
Bethel Police Department
Cordova Police Department
Craig Police Department
Dillingham Police Department
Fairbanks Police Department
Fort Yukon Police Department
Galena Police Department
Haines Police Department
Homer Police Department
Hoonah Police Department
Hooper Bay Police Department
Juneau Police Department
Kake Police Department
Kenai Police Department
Ketchikan Police Department
King Cove Police Department
Klawock Police Department
Kodiak Polic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20law%20enforcement%20agencies%20in%20Arizona | This is a list of law enforcement agencies in the state of Arizona.
According to the US Bureau of Justice Statistics' 2008 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, the state had 141 law enforcement agencies employing 14,591 sworn police officers, about 224 for each 100,000 residents.
State agencies
Arizona Counter Terrorism Information Center
Arizona Department of Corrections (ADC)
Arizona Department of Economic Security
Office of Special Investigations
Arizona Division of Emergency Management
Arizona Department of Revenue Criminal Investigations Unit
Arizona Department of Homeland Security
Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT)
Enforcement and Compliance Division (ECD)
Arizona Department of Public Safety (DPS)
Arizona State Capitol Police
Arizona Highway Patrol (DPS)
Arizona Rangers
Agency Support Division
Criminal Investigations Division (CID)
Technical Services Division (TSD)
Arizona Commercial Vehicle Enforcement
Arizona Game and Fish Department
Arizona State Park Ranger Police
Arizona Office of Inspector General (OIG)
Arizona Counter Assault Team (CAT)
Arizona HEAT Unit (High Speed Unit) (HEAT)
Arizona Motor Unit (High Speed Unit) (Motor)
Arizona Department of Wildlife Rangers (Wildlife)
Regional agencies
Arizona Gang Task Force
East Valley DUI Task Force
Southern Arizona DUI Task Force
Southeast Arizona Task Force
County agencies
Apache County Sheriff's Office
Cochise County Sheriff's Office
Coconino County Sheriff's Offic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20law%20enforcement%20agencies%20in%20Arkansas | This is a list of law enforcement agencies in the state of Arkansas.
According to the US Bureau of Justice Statistics' 2008 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, the state had 237 law enforcement agencies employing 6,779 sworn police officers, about 236 for each 100,000 residents.
State agencies
Arkansas Department of Public Safety
Arkansas Alcohol Beverage Control Enforcement
Arkansas Department of Community Corrections
Arkansas Department of Correction
Arkansas Forestry Commission
Arkansas Game and Fish Commission
Arkansas Highway Police
Arkansas Law Enforcement Commission on Standards and Training
Arkansas Law Enforcement Training Academy
Arkansas State Capitol Police
Arkansas State Crime Laboratory
Arkansas State Forestry Commission Rangers
Arkansas State Hospital Police
Arkansas State Park Rangers
Arkansas State Parole and Probation
Arkansas State Police
Arkansas Supreme Court Police
Arkansas Tobacco Control Board Enforcement
Arkansas Crime Information Center
Arkansas Insurance Department(Criminal Investigations)
County agencies
Arkansas County Sheriff's Office
Ashley County Sheriff's Office
Baxter County Sheriff's Office
Benton County Sheriff's Office
Boone County Sheriff's Office
Bradley County Sheriff's Office
Calhoun County Sheriff's Office
Carroll County Sheriff's Office
Chicot County Sheriff's Office
Clark County Sheriff's Office
Clay County Sheriff's Office
Cleburne County Sheriff's Office
Cleveland County Sheri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20law%20enforcement%20agencies%20in%20California | According to the US Bureau of Justice Statistics' 2008 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, California had 509 law enforcement agencies employing 79,431 sworn peace officers, about 217 for each 100,000 residents.
State agencies
California Department of Justice
California Department of Justice Special agents
California Bureau of Investigation
California Bureau of Firearms
California Bureau of Forensic Services
California Bureau of Gambling Control
California Bureau of Medi-Cal Fraud & Elder Abuse
California Highway Patrol
California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
State Fugitive Apprehension Teams & Special Service Unit
California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control
Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control
California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control Agents Investigators
California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control Task Forces Co-Operations
California Department of Fish and Wildlife
California State Parks Peace Officer
California Department of Toxic Substances Control
California Department of Motor Vehicles
The department was reduced to the Division of Motor Vehicles Investigations Division
California Department of Insurance Investigations Division
California Franchise Tax Board Criminal Investigations Bureau (CFTB-CIB)
California Lottery Security Law Enforcement Division
California Department of Consumer Affairs
California Department of Consumer Affairs
California Department of Consumer Affairs Division of Investigation
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20law%20enforcement%20agencies%20in%20Colorado | This is a list of law enforcement agencies in the U.S. state of Colorado.
According to the US Bureau of Justice Statistics' 2008 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, the state had 246 law enforcement agencies employing 12,069 sworn police officers, about 245 for each 100,000 residents.
State agencies
Colorado Bureau of Investigation
Colorado Department of Corrections
Colorado Department of Natural Resources
Colorado Department of Public Safety
Colorado Division of Youth Services
Colorado State Patrol
Colorado Rangers
County agencies
Adams County Sheriff's Office
Alamosa County Sheriff's Office
Arapahoe County Sheriff's Office
Archuleta County Sheriff's Office
Baca County Sheriff's Office
Bent County Sheriff's Office
Boulder County Sheriff's Office
Broomfield Police Department
Chaffee County Sheriff's Office
Cheyenne County Sheriff's Office
Clear Creek County Sheriff's Office
Conejos County Sheriff's Office
Costilla County Sheriff's Office
Crowley County Sheriff's Office
Custer County Sheriff's Office
Delta County Sheriff's Office
Denver Sheriff Department
Dolores County Sheriff's Office
Douglas County Sheriff's Office
Eagle County Sheriff's Office
El Paso County Coroner's Office
El Paso County Department of Human Services - Fraud & Investigations Unit
El Paso County District Attorney's Office - 4th Judicial District
El Paso County Security Department
El Paso County Sheriff's Office
Elbert County Sheriff's Office
Fremont County Sheriff's Office
Garfield Co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20law%20enforcement%20agencies%20in%20Connecticut | This is a list of law enforcement agencies in the state of Connecticut.
According to the US Bureau of Justice Statistics' 2008 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, the state had 143 law enforcement agencies employing 8,281 sworn police officers, about 236 for each 100,000 residents.
State agencies
Connecticut State Capitol Police
Connecticut Department of Correction
Connecticut Department of Motor Vehicles
Commercial Vehicle Safety Division
Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection
Connecticut State Environmental Conservation Police
Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services
Public Safety Division
Connecticut Judicial Branch
Superior Court Operations Division
Judicial Marshal Services
Connecticut Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection
Connecticut State Police
Connecticut State Division of Criminal Justice
Municipal agencies
Ansonia Police Department
Avon Police Department
Beacon Falls Police Department
Berlin Police Department
Bethany Police Department*
Bethel Police Department
Bethlehem Police Department*
Bloomfield Police Department
Branford Police Department
Bridgeport Police Department
Bridgewater Police Department*
Bristol Police Department
Brookfield Police Department
Burlington Police Department*
Canton Police Department
Cheshire Police Department
Chester Police Department*
Clinton Police Department
Colchester Police Department*
Coventry Police Department
Cromwell Police Departme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20law%20enforcement%20agencies%20in%20Delaware | This is a list of law enforcement agencies in the state of Delaware.
According to the US Bureau of Justice Statistics' 2008 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, the state had 49 law enforcement agencies employing 2,131 sworn police officers, about 243 for each 100,000 residents.
State agencies
Delaware Division of Alcohol and Tobacco Enforcement
Delaware Capitol Police
Delaware Department of Correction
Delaware State Probation and Parole
Delaware Department of Justice
Criminal Division
Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control
Environmental Protection Officers
Fish & Wildlife Natural Resources Police Officers
Parks & Recreation Natural Resources Police Officers (State Park Rangers)
Delaware Office of Animal Welfare (State Animal Control Officers)
Delaware State Police
Delaware Office of the Fire Marshal
Delaware Justice of the Peace Court Constables
County agencies
New Castle County Police Department
Municipal agencies
Bethany Beach Police Department
Blades Police Department
Bridgeville Police Department
Camden Police Department
Cheswold Police Department
Clayton Police Department
Dagsboro Police Department
Delaware City Police Department
Delmar Police Department
Dewey Beach Police Department
Dover Police Department
Ellendale Police Department
Elsmere Police Department
Felton Police Department
Fenwick Island Police Department
Frederica Police Department
Georgetown Police Department
Greenwood |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20law%20enforcement%20agencies%20in%20the%20District%20of%20Columbia | This is a list of law enforcement agencies in the District of Columbia.
According to the US Bureau of Justice Statistics' 2008 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, the District has six local law enforcement agencies employing 4,262 sworn police officers, about 722 for each 100,000 residents. This is the highest proportion of police officers to citizens of any state or territory.
Listed by age
The oldest agencies are the:
United States Marshals Service, founded September 24, 1789
United States Park Police, founded in 1791 as park watchmen to guard federal property in DC
United States Mint Police, founded in 1792
United States Capitol Police, founded in 1828
Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia, founded in 1861 (took the place of DC City Watch, founded in 1802)
United States Secret Service, founded July 5, 1865
District of Columbia Protective Services Division, founded by Congress in 1899 under the Watchmen in Municipal Facilities Act
Primary DC law enforcement (local and federal)
District of Columbia Department of Corrections
District of Columbia Housing Authority Police Department of Public Safety (Has city-wide jurisdiction throughout Metropolitan area)
District of Columbia Metropolitan Police Department (local municipal police covering all of DC with approximately 3,800 officers)
District of Columbia Protective Services Division
District of Columbia Public Schools Police - Law Enforcement Division (has city-wide jurisdictio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20law%20enforcement%20agencies%20in%20Florida | This is a list of Law Enforcement Agencies in the state of Florida.
According to the US Bureau of Justice Statistics' 2018 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, the state had 373 law enforcement agencies employing 47,177 sworn police officers, about 222 for each 100,000 residents.
Federal Agencies
These are federal agencies that have common operations within the state.
Administrative Office of the United States Courts, Office of Probation and Pretrial Services
Amtrak Police Department
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
Bureau of Industry and Security, Office of Export Enforcement
Department of the Air Force Police
Department of the Navy Police
Drug Enforcement Administration
Federal Air Marshal Service
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Federal Bureau of Prisons
Federal Protective Service
Internal Revenue Service, Criminal Investigations Division
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Protective Services
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Law Enforcement
National Park Service
National Nuclear and Security Administration, Office of Secure Transport
United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations
United States Air Force Security Forces
United States Army Military Police
United States Coast Guard
United States Customs and Border Protection
United States Department of Veterans Affairs Police
United States Diplomatic Security Service
United States Environmental Protection Agency Criminal Investigation Divisi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20law%20enforcement%20agencies%20in%20Georgia | This is a list of law enforcement agencies in the U.S. state of Georgia.
According to the US Bureau of Justice Statistics' 2008 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, the state had 628 law enforcement agencies employing 26,551 sworn police officers, about 274 for each 100,000 residents.
Georgia also hosts the FLETC, which serves as the primary training facility for numerous federal law enforcement agencies.
State agencies
Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice (DJJ)
Georgia Bureau of Investigation (GBI)
Georgia Department of Corrections
Georgia Department of Human Resource and Developmental Disabilities
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Georgia Department of Public Safety
Executive Security
Georgia Capitol Police
Georgia Motor Carrier Compliance Division
Georgia State Patrol
Georgia Department of Revenue
Georgia Alcohol and Tobacco Division
Office of Special Investigations
Georgia Public Defender Council
Georgia Department of Transportation
Georgia Insurance and Safety Fire Commissioner
Georgia Ports Authority Police Department
Georgia World Congress Center
The Medical Center, Navicent Health Police Department
Stone Mountain Department of Public Safety
County marshal agencies
Cherokee County Marshal's Office
Clayton County Marshal's Office
Columbia County Marshal's Office
DeKalb County Marshal's Office
Fayette County Marshal's Office
Fulton County Marshal's Office
Gwinnett County Marshal's Office
Hall County Marshal's Office
Paulding Co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20law%20enforcement%20agencies%20in%20Hawaii | This is a list of law enforcement agencies located in Hawaii.
According to the US Bureau of Justice Statistics' 2008 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, the state had 7 law enforcement agencies employing 3,234 sworn police officers, about 251 for each 100,000 residents.
State agencies
Hawaii Division of Conservation and Resource Enforcement
Hawaii Department of Public Safety
Corrections Division
Narcotics Enforcement Division
Sheriff Division
Hawaii Department of Transportation
Hawaii Harbor Police
The police in the Hawaii State Airports is the Honolulu Police Department,Airport Security along with Hawaii Department of Public Safety's Law Enforcement Division Sheriff Division Hawaii State Sheriff Airport Detail including those airports in the County.
Airports Division
State of Hawaii Department of the Attorney General
Divisions
Legal services
Division
Hawaii Department of Taxation
Hawaii Department of Human Services
County agencies
Hawai‘i County Police Department - Hawai‘i
Kaua‘i County Police Department - Kaua‘i, Ni‘ihau
Maui County Police Department - Maui, Moloka‘i, Lāna‘ī, Kaho‘olawe
Consolidated City-County Agencies
Honolulu Police Department
Prosecutor Offices
Hawaii Prosecuting Attorney Office, Criminal Investigations Unit
Kauai Prosecuting Attorney Office, Criminal Investigations Unit
Maui Prosecuting |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna%20of%20Nicaragua | The fauna of Nicaragua is characterized by a very high level of biodiversity. Much of Nicaragua's wildlife lives in protected areas. There are currently 78 protected areas in Nicaragua, covering more than , or about 17% of its landmass.
These protected areas encompass a wide variety of habitats, including rainforests, lakes, mountains, and volcanoes throughout the country. For example, Bosawás Biosphere Reserve in state of Jinotega (border with Honduras), covers , making it the second largest rainforest in the Americas after the Amazon Rainforest in Brazil.
Mammals
Nicaragua is home to several species of New World monkeys, including the Geoffroy's spider monkey, which is currently listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as an endangered species. The jaguar is the largest felid that is indigenous to Nicaragua. Other species include the cougar, jaguarundi, margay, and ocelot. There are a number of unusual mammals found in Nicaragua, including the three-toed sloth, northern tamandua (lesser anteater), and two species of armadillo.
Birds
The birds of Nicaragua includes a total of 698 species. Eight of these species, including the golden-cheeked warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia) and the great green macaw (Ara ambigua), are currently listed by the IUCN as threatened species.
Many of Nicaragua's birds are brilliantly colored, including various species of parrots, toucans, trogons, and hummingbirds. Lesson's motmot is the national bird of Nicaragua. Na |
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