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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble%20Kalman%20filter | The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is a recursive filter suitable for problems with a large number of variables, such as discretizations of partial differential equations in geophysical models. The EnKF originated as a version of the Kalman filter for large problems (essentially, the covariance matrix is replaced by the sample covariance), and it is now an important data assimilation component of ensemble forecasting. EnKF is related to the particle filter (in this context, a particle is the same thing as an ensemble member) but the EnKF makes the assumption that all probability distributions involved are Gaussian; when it is applicable, it is much more efficient than the particle filter.
Introduction
The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is a Monte Carlo implementation of the Bayesian update problem: given a probability density function (PDF) of the state of the modeled system (the prior, called often the forecast in geosciences) and the data likelihood, Bayes' theorem is used to obtain the PDF after the data likelihood has been taken into account (the posterior, often called the analysis). This is called a Bayesian update. The Bayesian update is combined with advancing the model in time, incorporating new data from time to time. The original Kalman filter, introduced in 1960, assumes that all PDFs are Gaussian (the Gaussian assumption) and provides algebraic formulas for the change of the mean and the covariance matrix by the Bayesian update, as well as a formula for advancin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artin%E2%80%93Rees%20lemma | In mathematics, the Artin–Rees lemma is a basic result about modules over a Noetherian ring, along with results such as the Hilbert basis theorem. It was proved in the 1950s in independent works by the mathematicians Emil Artin and David Rees; a special case was known to Oscar Zariski prior to their work.
An intuitive characterization of the lemma involves the notion that a submodule N of a module M over some ring A with specified ideal I holds a priori two topologies: one induced by the topology on M, and the other when considered with the I-adic topology over A. Then Artin-Rees dictates that these topologies actually coincide, at least when A is Noetherian and M finitely-generated.
One consequence of the lemma is the Krull intersection theorem. The result is also used to prove the exactness property of completion. The lemma also plays a key role in the study of ℓ-adic sheaves.
Statement
Let I be an ideal in a Noetherian ring R; let M be a finitely generated R-module and let N a submodule of M. Then there exists an integer k ≥ 1 so that, for n ≥ k,
Proof
The lemma immediately follows from the fact that R is Noetherian once necessary notions and notations are set up.
For any ring R and an ideal I in R, we set (B for blow-up.) We say a decreasing sequence of submodules is an I-filtration if ; moreover, it is stable if for sufficiently large n. If M is given an I-filtration, we set ; it is a graded module over .
Now, let M be a R-module with the I-filtration by fini |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troponin%20C | Troponin C is a protein which is part of the troponin complex. It contains four calcium-binding EF hands, although different isoforms may have fewer than four functional calcium-binding subdomains. It is a component of thin filaments, along with actin and tropomyosin. It contains an N lobe and a C lobe. The C lobe serves a structural purpose and binds to the N domain of troponin I (TnI). The C lobe can bind either Ca2+ or Mg2+. The N lobe, which binds only Ca2+, is the regulatory lobe and binds to the C domain of troponin I after calcium binding.
Isoforms
The tissue specific subtypes are:
Slow troponin C, TNNC1 (3p21.1 )
Fast troponin C, TNNC2 (20q12-q13.11, )
Mutations
Point mutations can occur in troponin C inducing alterations to Ca2+ and Mg2+ binding and protein structure, leading to abnormalities in muscle contraction. In cardiac muscle, they are related to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).
These known point mutations are:
A8V
D145E
A31S
C84Y
E134D
Y5H
I148V
See also
Troponin
Troponin T
Troponin I
Calcium-binding protein
Sliding filament model
References
External links
Troponin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troponin%20T | Troponin T (shortened TnT or TropT) is a part of the troponin complex, which are proteins integral to the contraction of skeletal and heart muscles. They are expressed in skeletal and cardiac myocytes. Troponin T binds to tropomyosin and helps position it on actin, and together with the rest of the troponin complex, modulates contraction of striated muscle. The cardiac subtype of troponin T is especially useful in the laboratory diagnosis of heart attack because it is released into the blood-stream when damage to heart muscle occurs. It was discovered by the German physician Hugo A. Katus at the University of Heidelberg, who also developed the troponin T assay.
Subtypes
Slow skeletal troponin T1, TNNT1 (19q13.4, )
Cardiac troponin T2, TNNT2 (1q32, )
Fast skeletal troponin T3, TNNT3 (11p15.5, )
Reference values
The 99th percentile cutoff for cardiac troponin T (cTnT) is 0.01 ng/mL. The reference range for the high sensitivity troponin T is a normal < 14 ng/L, borderline of 14-52 ng/L, and elevated of >52 ng/L.
Background
The troponin complex is responsible for coupling the sarcomere contraction cycle to variations in intracellular calcium concentration. Increased troponin T levels after an episode of chest pain indicates myocardial infarction. It was discovered by the German physician Hugo A. Katus at the University of Heidelberg. He also developed the troponin T assay. In patients with stable coronary artery disease, the troponin T concentration has long been found to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troponin%20I | Troponin I is a cardiac and skeletal muscle protein family. It is a part of the troponin protein complex, where it binds to actin in thin myofilaments to hold the actin-tropomyosin complex in place. Troponin I prevents myosin from binding to actin in relaxed muscle. When calcium binds to the troponin C, it causes conformational changes which lead to dislocation of troponin I. Afterwards, tropomyosin leaves the binding site for myosin on actin leading to contraction of muscle. The letter I is given due to its inhibitory character. It is a useful marker in the laboratory diagnosis of heart attack. It occurs in different plasma concentration but the same circumstances as troponin T - either test can be performed for confirmation of cardiac muscle damage and laboratories usually offer one test or the other.
Three paralogs with unique tissue-specific expression patterns are expressed in humans, listed below with their locations and OMIM accessions:
Slow-twitch skeletal muscle isoform troponin I, TNNI1 (1q31.3, )
Fast-twitch skeletal muscle isoform troponin I, TNNI2 (11p15.5, )
Cardiac troponin I, TNNI3 (19q13.4, )
cTnI
Cardiac troponin I, often denoted as cTnI, is presented in cardiac muscle tissue by a single isoform with a molecular weight of 23.9 kDa. It consists of 209 amino acid residues. The theoretical pI of cTnI is 9.05. cTnI differs from other troponins due to its N-terminal extension of 26 amino acids. This extension contains two serines, residues 23 and 24, which |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eardrum%20%28disambiguation%29 | Eardrum, a thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear.
Eardrum may also refer to:
Eardrum (album), an album by Talib Kweli
Eardrum Records, a record label |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottilie | Ottilie is a given name for women. The name is a French derivative of the medieval German masculine name Otto, and has the meaning "prosperous in battle", "riches", "prosperous" or "wealth".
Popularity
The name has increased in popularity in England and Wales in recent years. It has ranked among the top 500 names for girls in those countries since 2015 and was the 118th most popular name for girls there in 2021. It is a name that has been particularly well-used for girls from upper class British families. The traditional German pronunciation is o-TEE-lee-ə. The usual British pronunciation is OT-i-lee. Its popularity in the United States peaked in 1880 when it reached almost 600th position. It is now an unfamiliar name to many Americans, but is also increasing in usage in the United States, where the name was given to 25 newborn girls in 2021 and 34 newborn girls in 2022.
Ottilie is a variant of Odile. Ottilia, Ottiliana, and Ottoline are variants of Ottilie.
People
Ottilie Abrahams, Namibian activist
Ottilie Assing, German journalist
Ottilie von Bistram, Latvian writer and teacher
Ottilia Borbáth, Romanian actor
Ottilie Davidová, the youngest of Franz Kafka's three sisters
Ottilie Fleischer, German athlete
Ottilie Louise Fresco, Dutch scientist
Otti Geschka, full name Ottilie Geschka (born 1939), German pediatric nurse and politician
Ottilie Godefroy, Austrian actor who performed under the name Tilla Durieux
Ottilie von Hansemann, German women's rights activist
Ottilie H |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%20fuchsin | Acid fuchsin or fuchsine acid, (also called Acid Violet 19 and C.I. 42685) is an acidic magenta dye with the chemical formula C20H17N3Na2O9S3. It is a sodium sulfonate derivative of fuchsine. Acid fuchsin has wide use in histology, and is one of the dyes used in Masson's trichrome stain. This method is commonly used to stain cytoplasm and nuclei of tissue sections in the histology laboratory in order to distinguish muscle from collagen. The muscle stains red with the acid fuchsin, and the collagen is stained green or blue with Light Green SF yellowish or methyl blue. It can also be used to identify growing bacteria.
See also
New fuchsine
Pararosanilin
Verhoeff’s Stain
Pollen grain staining (Alexander's stain)
References
Staining dyes
Triarylmethane dyes
Anilines
Benzenesulfonates |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine%20and%20amphetamine%20regulated%20transcript | Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript, also known as CART, is a neuropeptide protein that in humans is encoded by the CARTPT gene. CART appears to have roles in reward, feeding, and stress, and it has the functional properties of an endogenous psychostimulant.
Function
CART is a neuropeptide that produces similar behavior in animals as cocaine and amphetamine, but conversely blocks the effects of cocaine when they are co-administered. The peptide is found in several areas, among them the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the brain. When CART was injected into rat VTA, increased locomotor activity was seen, which is one of the signs of "central stimulation" caused by psychostimulants, such as cocaine and amphetamine. The same rats also tended to return to the place where they were injected. This is called conditioned place preference and is also seen after injection of cocaine.
CART peptides, in particular, CART(55–102), seem to have an important function in the regulation of energy homeostasis and interact with several hypothalamic appetite circuits. CART expression is regulated by several peripheral peptide hormones involved in appetite regulation, including leptin, cholecystokinin and ghrelin, with CART and cholecystokinin having synergistic effects on appetite regulation.
CART is released in response to repeated dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens, and may regulate the activity of neurons in this area. CART production is upregulated by CREB, a protein thou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membranoproliferative%20glomerulonephritis | Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a type of glomerulonephritis caused by deposits in the kidney glomerular mesangium and basement membrane (GBM) thickening, activating complement and damaging the glomeruli.
MPGN accounts for approximately 4% of primary renal causes of nephrotic syndrome in children and 7% in adults.
It should not be confused with membranous glomerulonephritis, a condition in which the basement membrane is thickened, but the mesangium is not.
Type
There are three types of MPGN, but this classification is becoming obsolete as the causes of this pattern are becoming understood.
Type I
Type I, the most common by far, is caused by immune complexes depositing in the kidney. It is characterised by subendothelial and mesangial immune deposits.
It is believed to be associated with the classical complement pathway.
Type II
Also called recently as ‘C3 nephropathy’
The preferred name is "dense deposit disease." Most cases of dense deposit disease do not show a membranoproliferative pattern. A 2012 review considers DDD to be in a continuum with C3 glomerulonephritis, one reason the use of the type I to type III classification system is falling out of favour.
Most cases are associated with the dysregulation of the alternative complement pathway.
DDD is associated with deposition of complement C3 within the glomeruli with little or no staining for immunoglobulin. The presence of C3 without significant immunoglobulin suggested to early investigator |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LatticeMico32 | LatticeMico32 is a 32-bit microprocessor reduced instruction set computer (RISC) soft core from Lattice Semiconductor optimized for field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). It uses a Harvard architecture, which means the instruction and data buses are separate. Bus arbitration logic can be used to combine the two buses, if desired.
LatticeMico32 is licensed under a free (IP) core license. This means that the Mico32 is not restricted to Lattice FPGAs, and can be legally used on any host architecture (FPGA, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or software emulation, e.g., QEMU). It is possible to embed a LatticeMico32 core into Xilinx and Altera FPGAs, in addition to the Lattice Semiconductor parts the LatticeMico32 was developed for. AMD PowerTune uses LatticeMico32.
The CPU core and the development toolchain are available as source-code, allowing third parties to implement changes to the processor architecture.
Features
RISC load/store architecture
32-bit data path
32-bit fixed-size instructions (all instructions are 32 bits, including jump, call and branch instructions.)
32 general purpose registers (R0 is typically set to zero by convention, however R0 is a standard register and other values may be assigned to it if so desired.)
Up to 32 external interrupts
Configurable instruction set including user defined instructions
Optional configurable caches (direct-mapped or 2-way set-associative, with a variety of cache sizes and arrangements)
Optional pipeli |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine%20metabolism | Pyrimidine biosynthesis occurs both in the body and through organic synthesis.
De novo biosynthesis of pyrimidine
De Novo biosynthesis of a pyrimidine is catalyzed by three gene products CAD, DHODH and UMPS. The first three enzymes of the process are all coded by the same gene in CAD which consists of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II, aspartate carbamoyltransferase and dihydroorotase. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) unlike CAD and UMPS is a mono-functional enzyme and is localized in the mitochondria. UMPS is a bifunctional enzyme consisting of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT) and orotidine monophosphate decarboxylase (OMPDC). Both, CAD and UMPS are localized around the mitochondria, in the cytosol. In Fungi, a similar protein exists but lacks the dihydroorotase function: another protein catalyzes the second step.
In other organisms (Bacteria, Archaea and the other Eukaryota), the first three steps are done by three different enzymes.
Pyrimidine catabolism
Pyrimidines are ultimately catabolized (degraded) to CO2, H2O, and urea. Cytosine can be broken down to uracil, which can be further broken down to N-carbamoyl-β-alanine, and then to beta-alanine, CO2, and ammonia by beta-ureidopropionase. Thymine is broken down into β-aminoisobutyrate which can be further broken down into intermediates eventually leading into the citric acid cycle.
β-aminoisobutyrate acts as a rough indicator for rate of DNA turnover.
Regulations of pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna%20Murray | Edna "Rabbit" Murray (1898–1966) was a criminal associated with several high-profile gangs in the Depression-era of the early 1930s. Although popularly known to the press as the "Kissing Bandit" for kissing a male robbery victim, she was known in the underworld as "Rabbit" for her skills in breaking out of the penitentiary.
She was married to two criminals in the 1920s, but is best known as the lover and crime partner of Volney Davis.
Life
Born Martha Edna Stanley, she was the daughter of Nicholas and Luella Stanley in Marion, Kansas. She moved with her father to Oklahoma at an early age. As a teenager, she married a man named Paden with whom, in 1915, she had a son, Preston. She and Paden soon separated. She married again to Walter Price, but that marriage also failed.
Crime career
Murray was working as a waitress when she met robber Volney Davis, who became her lover. He was imprisoned for life in 1918. She moved to Kansas City, Missouri where she joined her younger sister Doris, who was living with criminal Emory Connell. Murray met and married Connell's partner, jewel thief "Diamond Joe" Sullivan. Sullivan was convicted of a 1923 murder of a policeman in 1924 and was executed.
After Sullivan's death, she met and married another criminal, Jack Murray. On October 1, 1925 Edna and Murray were sentenced to 25 years for a Kansas City, Missouri holdup. It was this crime that earned Edna the nickname "the Kissing Bandit", after she supposedly kissed victim H. H. Southward. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiess%20School%20of%20Natural%20Sciences | The Wiess School of Natural Sciences is an academic school at Rice University in Houston, Texas. It comprises the departments of BioSciences (a merging of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology); Chemistry; Earth, Environment and Planetary Sciences; Kinesiology; Mathematics; and Physics and Astronomy. Rice is well known for its groundbreaking research in nanotechnology. As well as undergraduate in instruction, the school also supports a professional science master's program. One of Rice's greatest minds and pioneers of the field was Richard Smalley, the Norman Hackerman Professor of Chemistry and Professor of Physics and Astronomy. Smalley received the Nobel Prize (along with chemist Robert Curl) in 1996 for the discovery buckminsterfullerene, an allotrope of carbon commonly referred to as "buckyballs".
About Natural Sciences at Rice
The four founding departments of Rice (Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics) are still a part of the Wiess School, which has historically been known for its strength in the sciences. Its Department of Space Science was established in 1963. The land on which the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center was built was donated by Rice University. Following this, President John F. Kennedy made a speech at Rice Stadium calling on the United States of America to develop its space program further.
Rice is also known for its emphasis on undergraduate education. The Wiess School of Natural Sciences offers research experiences for it |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty%20acid%20synthesis | In biochemistry, fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and NADPH through the action of enzymes called fatty acid synthases. This process takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Most of the acetyl-CoA which is converted into fatty acids is derived from carbohydrates via the glycolytic pathway. The glycolytic pathway also provides the glycerol with which three fatty acids can combine (by means of ester bonds) to form triglycerides (also known as "triacylglycerols" – to distinguish them from fatty "acids" – or simply as "fat"), the final product of the lipogenic process. When only two fatty acids combine with glycerol and the third alcohol group is phosphorylated with a group such as phosphatidylcholine, a phospholipid is formed. Phospholipids form the bulk of the lipid bilayers that make up cell membranes and surrounds the organelles within the cells (such as the cell nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, etc.). In addition to cytosolic fatty acid synthesis, there is also mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (mtFASII), in which malonyl-CoA is formed from malonic acid with the help of malonyl-CoA synthetase (ACSF3), which then becomes the final product octanoyl-ACP (C8) via further intermediate steps.
Straight-chain fatty acids
Straight-chain fatty acids occur in two types: saturated and unsaturated.
Saturated straight-chain fatty acids
Much like β-oxidation, straight-chain fatty acid synthesis occurs via the six recurri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Greene%20%28fitness%29 | Bob Greene (born December 8, 1958) is an American exercise physiologist and certified personal trainer specializing in fitness, metabolism, and weight loss. Greene is the creator of Best Life, a diet and fitness plan, and Best Life Foods, which sells a line of butter substitutes.
Biography
Education
Greene was born in Cherry Hill, New Jersey and is a graduate of Cherry Hill High School East.
Greene studied physical education at the University of Delaware and then went on to get a master's degree in exercise physiology from the University of Arizona. He is a member of the American College of Sports Medicine.
Career
Greene has authored over ten books concerning weight-loss, diet and health, including two books co-authored by Oprah Winfrey. He is a frequent guest on The Oprah Winfrey Show, has a radio show on the "Oprah and Friends" satellite radio network and is a contributor to O. He lives in Santa Barbara, California with his wife, Urania, and their daughter. Winfrey was the "Best Woman" at his 2005 wedding.
Books
The Life You Want, by Bob Greene, 2010; .
Best Life Diet, by Bob Greene, 2006; .
Best Life Diet Daily Journal, by Bob Greene, .
Make the Connection: Ten Steps to a Better Body and a Better Life, by Bob Greene and Oprah Winfrey, 1999; .
A Journal of Daily Renewal: The Companion to Make the Connection, by Bob Greene and Oprah Winfrey, 1996; .
Keep the Connection: Choices for a Better and Healthier Life, by Bob Greene, 2004; .
Get With the Program!: Getting Real |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor%20quality | In thermodynamics, vapor quality is the mass fraction in a saturated mixture that is vapor; in other words, saturated vapor has a "quality" of 100%, and saturated liquid has a "quality" of 0%. Vapor quality is an intensive property which can be used in conjunction with other independent intensive properties to specify the thermodynamic state of the working fluid of a thermodynamic system. It has no meaning for substances which are not saturated mixtures (for example, compressed liquids or superheated fluids).
Vapor quality is an important quantity during the adiabatic expansion step in various thermodynamic cycles (like Organic Rankine cycle, Rankine cycle, etc.). Working fluids can be classified by using the appearance of droplets in the vapor during the expansion step.
Quality can be calculated by dividing the mass of the vapor by the mass of the total mixture:
where indicates mass.
Another definition used in chemical engineering defines quality () of a fluid as the fraction that is saturated liquid. By this definition, a saturated liquid has . A saturated vapor has .
An alternative definition is the 'equilibrium thermodynamic quality'. It can be used only for single-component mixtures (e.g. water with steam), and can take values < 0 (for sub-cooled fluids) and > 1 (for super-heated vapors):
where is the mixture specific enthalpy, defined as:
Subscripts and refer to saturated liquid and saturated gas respectively, and refers to vaporization.
Calculation
The ab |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiodiffusion%20T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision%20S%C3%A9n%C3%A9galaise | Radiodiffusion Télévision Sénégalaise (RTS) is the Senegalese public broadcasting company.
History
The French military opened the first radio broadcasting station in Dakar in 1932. It began broadcasting civilian programming in 1939. The origins of RTS are in Radio-Dakar, created in 1950, that broadcast eight hours per day. In 1951 two channels appear: Dakar Inter and Dakar Afrique, broadcast to listeners across western Africa.
In 1959, the fusion of Mali and Senegal into the Mali Federation causes the creation of Radio Mali, its bases being in Radio Inter. On August 20, 1960, when Senegal separated from the Mali Federation, Radio Mali became Radio Senegal with two channels: one national and the other international.
In 1962, Radio Senegal became the flagship member of the Union of African National Television and Radio Organizations and its successor, the African Union of Broadcasting.
In February 1965, the Senegalese government began its first television broadcasts, which come to an end in 1972. However, the Munich Olympics created a demand that incited the Senegalese government to create an institution producing both television and radio broadcasts. The Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision du Sénégal (ORTS) was created in 1973, operating two radio channels and a national television channel.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen%20permeability | Oxygen permeability (OP) is a parameter of a contact lens that expresses the ability of the lens to let oxygen reach the eye by diffusion. In soft contact lenses, it is dependent on the thickness of the lens and the material of the lens, especially concerning the water content. Because of this dependence on thickness, transmissibility level (abbreviated Dk/t), the Dk per thickness of the lens, is more commonly used.
The earliest models of soft contact lenses, based on hydrogel material, had a level of oxygen permeability of around 6–8 Dk/t. Polymacon, the material used in the first hydrogel contact lenses in some countries in the 1960s and approved by the FDA in the U.S. in 1971, has a Dk of 9 .
These days, typical values of oxygen permeability for hydrogel contact lenses range from 25 to 50. For example, Nelfilcon A has a Dk value of 26, and the Omafilcon A has a Dk of 25.
While those numbers are typical of hydrogel contact lenses, many contact lenses are made of silicone hydrogel, which has a much higher oxygen permeability. For example, the Dk value of Lotrafilcon B and Comfilcon A, two silicone hydrogels, is 110 and 128, respectively. These values are more than twice the values of oxygen permeability for hydrogel materials.
D being diffusivity (cm2/sec) – a measure of how fast the oxygen moves through the material. Note, different sources may use different units: contact package inserts often use cm2/sec, while academic papers may use other values for distance |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDM1A | Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A (LSD1) also known as lysine (K)-specific demethylase 1A (KDM1A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KDM1A gene. LSD1 is a flavin-dependent monoamine oxidase, which can demethylate mono- and di-methylated lysines, specifically histone 3, lysine 4 (H3K4). Other reported methylated lysine substrates such as histone H3K9 and TP53 have not been biochemically validated. This enzyme plays a critical role in oocyte growth, embryogenesis, hematopoiesis and tissue-specific differentiation. LSD1 was the first histone demethylase to be discovered though more than 30 have since been described.
Structure
This gene encodes a nuclear protein containing a SWIRM domain, a FAD-binding motif, and an amine oxidase domain. This protein is a component of several complexes that include histone deacetylase and DNA methytransferase 1, all of which are associated with the repression of gene transcription. It is now known the LSD1 complex mediates a coordinated histone modification switch through these various enzymatic activities which in turn are recognized by histone "readers". The methylation of histone H3 at K4 can affect both the transcription of DNA and its replication.
Mechanism of Catalysis and Protein Function
LSD1 (lysine-specific demethylase 1), through a FAD-dependent oxidative reaction, specifically removes histone H3K4me2 to H3K4me1 or H3K4me0, but not H3K4me3.
The first step of the LSD1 catalytic reaction is the abstraction of hyd |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20som%20en%20fotomodell | Le som en fotomodell (’Smile Like a Model’) is a studio album made by Swedish punk band De Lyckliga Kompisarna. The album was released in 1991 and was the first of DLK's four studio albums.
Track listing
The album was originally released on vinyl with songs 1-14. The track listing below represents the CD release.
"Troll och häxor", 2.10 (Trolls And Witches)
"Ölstugan som inte finns", 1.54 (The Beer Tavern That Doesn't Exist)
"Egon", 4.08 (Egos (But also a Swedish mans name))
"Allmosor", 1.52 (Alms)
"Impad", 2.41 (Impressed)
"Vi är de lyckliga kompisarna", 2.25 (We Are The Happy Friends)
"Kofångare", 1.27 (Cowcatcher)
"Tänk om jag vore...", 2.55 (What If I Were...)
"Le som en fotomodell", 3.50 (Smile Like A Model)
"CP framför sin TV", 3.09 (CP In Front Of His TV)
"Smet", 4.01 (Ran away)
"Evigt liv", 3.05 (Eternal Life)
"Där värmen tar vid", 2.03 (Where The Warmth Begins)
"Dricka sprit och hålla käften", 3.27 (Drinking Liquor And Shutting Up)
"Dit kuken pekar", 2.49 (The Way The Cock Points)
"Scania-hjon", 3.02 (Scania-servant)
"Röd fredag/Syndabock", 3.48 (Red Friday / Scapegoat)
"Hallucinationer i himmelen", 2.50 (Hallucinations In Heaven)
Confusion surrounds track 17 on the CD release. On the track listing at the back of the album "Röd fredag" is listed as track 17. However, "Syndabock" is track 17 on the record, as well as inside the lyrics leaflet. It was later explained by the front member Mart Hellgren on their official website's guestbook that the s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSC1 | Tuberous sclerosis 1 (TSC1), also known as hamartin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TSC1 gene.
Function
TSC1 functions as a co-chaperone which inhibits the ATPase activity of the chaperone Hsp90 (heat shock protein-90) and decelerates its chaperone cycle. Tsc1 functions as a facilitator of Hsp90 in chaperoning the kinase and non-kinase clients including Tsc2, therefore preventing their ubiquitination and degradation in the proteasome. TSC1, TSC2 and TBC1D7 is a multi-protein complex also known as the TSC complex. This complex negatively regulates mTORC1 signaling by functioning as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for the small GTPase Rheb, an essential activator of mTORC1. The TSC complex has been implicated as a tumor suppressor.
Clinical significance
Defects in this gene can cause tuberous sclerosis, due to a functional impairment of the TSC complex. Defects in TSC1 may also be a cause of focal cortical dysplasia. TSC1 may be involved in protecting brain neurons in the CA3 region of the hippocampus from the effects of stroke.
Interactions
TSC1 has been shown to interact with:
AKT1,
HSP70
HSP90
NEFL,
PLK1, and
TSC2.
See also
Tuberous sclerosis protein
References
Further reading
External links
GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Tuberous Sclerosis Complex or Bourneville Disease |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosome%20%28vesicle%29 | Exosomes are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are produced in the endosomal compartment of most eukaryotic cells.
In multicellular organisms, exosomes and other EVs are found in biological fluids including saliva, blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. EVs have specialized functions in physiological processes, from coagulation and waste management to intercellular communication.
Exosomes are formed through the inward budding of a late endosome, also known as a multivesicular body (MVB). The intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) of the multivesicular body (MVB) bud inward into the endosomal lumen. If the MVB fuses with the cell surface (the plasma membrane), these ILVs are released as exosomes.
Exosomes were also identified within the tissue matrix, coined Matrix-Bound Nanovesicles (MBV). They are also released in vitro by cultured cells into their growth medium.
Since the size of exosomes is limited by that of the parent MVB, exosomes are generally thought to be smaller than most other EVs, from about 30 to 150 nanometres (nm) in diameter: around the same size as many lipoproteins but much smaller than cells.
Compared with EVs in general, it is unclear whether exosomes have unique characteristics or functions or can be separated or distinguished effectively from other EVs.
EVs in circulation carry genetic material and proteins from their cell of origin, proteo-transcriptomic signatures that act as biomarkers. In the case of cancer cells, exosomes may show diff |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosome%20complex | The exosome complex (or PM/Scl complex, often just called the exosome) is a multi-protein intracellular complex capable of degrading various types of RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecules. Exosome complexes are found in both eukaryotic cells and archaea, while in bacteria a simpler complex called the degradosome carries out similar functions.
The core of the exosome contains a six-membered ring structure to which other proteins are attached. In eukaryotic cells, the exosome complex is present in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and especially the nucleolus, although different proteins interact with the exosome complex in these compartments regulating the RNA degradation activity of the complex to substrates specific to these cell compartments. Substrates of the exosome include messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and many species of small RNAs. The exosome has an exoribonucleolytic function, meaning it degrades RNA starting at one end (the 3′ end in this case), and in eukaryotes also an endoribonucleolytic function, meaning it cleaves RNA at sites within the molecule.
Several proteins in the exosome are the target of autoantibodies in patients with specific autoimmune diseases (especially the PM/Scl overlap syndrome) and some antimetabolic chemotherapies for cancer function by blocking the activity of the exosome. In addition, mutations in exosome component 3 cause pontocerebellar hypoplasia and spinal motor neuron disease.
Discovery
The exosome was first discovered as an RNase in 1997 in the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodopsin%20kinase | Rhodopsin kinase (, rod opsin kinase, G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 1, GPCR kinase 1, GRK1, opsin kinase, opsin kinase (phosphorylating), rhodopsin kinase (phosphorylating), RK, STK14) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase involved in phototransduction. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction:
ATP + rhodopsin ADP + phospho-rhodopsin
Mutations in rhodopsin kinase are associated with a form of night blindness called Oguchi disease.
Function and mechanism of action
Rhodopsin kinase is a member of the family of G protein-coupled receptor kinases, and is officially named G protein-coupled receptor kinase 1, or GRK1. Rhodopsin kinase is found primarily in mammalian retinal rod cells, where it phosphorylates light-activated rhodopsin, a member of the family of G protein-coupled receptors that recognizes light. Phosphorylated, light-activated rhodopsin binds to the protein arrestin to terminate the light-activated signaling cascade. The related GRK7, also known as cone opsin kinase, serves a similar function in retinal cone cells subserving high-acuity color vision in the fovea. The post-translational modification of GRK1 by farnesylation and α-carboxyl methylation is important for regulating the ability of the enzyme to recognize rhodopsin in rod outer segment disk membranes.
Arrestin-1 bound to rhodopsin prevents rhodopsin activation of the transducin protein to turn off photo-transduction completely.
Rhodopsin kinase is inhibited by the calcium-bi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aralkylamine%20N-acetyltransferase | Aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) (), also known as arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase or serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT), is an enzyme that is involved in the day/night rhythmic production of melatonin, by modification of serotonin. It is in humans encoded by the ~2.5 kb AANAT gene containing four exons, located on chromosome 17q25. The gene is translated into a 23 kDa large enzyme. It is well conserved through evolution and the human form of the protein is 80 percent identical to sheep and rat AANAT. It is an acetyl-CoA-dependent enzyme of the GCN5-related family of N-acetyltransferases (GNATs). It may contribute to multifactorial genetic diseases such as altered behavior in sleep/wake cycle and research is on-going with the aim of developing drugs that regulate AANAT function.
Nomenclature
The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:2-arylethylamine N-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include:
AANAT
Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase
Melatonin rhythm enzyme
Serotonin acetylase
Serotonin acetyltransferase
Serotonin N-acetyltransferase
The officially accepted name is aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase.
Function and mechanism
Tissue distribution
The AANAT mRNA transcript is mainly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). It is detectable at low levels in several brain regions including the pituitary gland as well as in the retina. It is most highly abundant in the pineal gland which is the site of melatonin synthesis. Brain an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughmoe%20Castle | Loughmoe Castle (, also spelt Loughmore Castle) is a ruined castle at Loughmore Village, near Templemore in County Tipperary, Ireland. The castle was the ancestral home of the Purcell family, the Barons of Loughmoe.
Location
Loughmoe Castle is situated just outside the heart of Loughmore Village which is located between two townlands, 11.5 kilometres from Thurles and 6 kilometres from Templemore. The castle sits on flat ground between the River Suir and the Cork to Dublin Rail line where the castle is a visible feature for commuters.
History
The oldest part of the castle was built in the thirteenth century, and consists of a four-storey tower-house. Additions were made by the Purcell family in the seventeenth century. The family lived in Loughmoe Castle until around 1760. The land in which it was built on was granted to Sir Hugh Purcell in 1204 as a dowry from Beatrix FitzWalter's father, Theobald FitzWalter. At the same time this was built, a mill was erected not far from the castle. The first Baron of Loughmoe was Sir Hugh Purcell, who was given the title by James Butler, first Earl of Ormonde and descendant of Theobald FitzWalter. The last Baron of Loughmoe, Nicholas Purcell of Loughmoe, died March 1722 and ended the Barony of Loughmoe.
Castle folklore
A local folktale surrounds the castle, which has been attached to the castle for a number of years. The story entails how the Purcell family first gained ownership of the castle. The tale purports that when Loughmoe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NICF | NICF may refer to:
Northern Ireland Cycling Federation
Maleamate amidohydrolase, an enzyme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valspodar | Valspodar (PSC833) is an experimental cancer treatment and chemosensitizer. It is a derivative of ciclosporin D (cyclosporin D).
Its primary use is as an inhibitor of the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein. Previous studies in animal models have found it to be effective at preventing cancer cell resistance to chemotherapeutics, but these findings did not translate to clinical success.
Adverse effects
Valspodar can cause nerve damage.
References
Experimental cancer drugs
Cyclic peptides |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying%20ice%20cube | In molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the flying ice cube effect is an artifact in which the energy of high-frequency fundamental modes is drained into low-frequency modes, particularly into zero-frequency motions such as overall translation and rotation of the system. The artifact derives its name from a particularly noticeable manifestation that arises in simulations of particles in vacuum, where the system being simulated acquires high linear momentum and experiences extremely damped internal motions, freezing the system into a single conformation reminiscent of an ice cube or other rigid body flying through space. The artifact is entirely a consequence of molecular dynamics algorithms and is wholly unphysical, since it violates the principle of equipartition of energy.
Origin and avoidance
The flying ice cube artifact arises from repeated rescalings of the velocities of the particles in the simulation system. Velocity rescaling is a means of imposing a thermostat on the system by multiplying the velocities of a system's particles by a factor after an integration timestep is completed, as is done by the Berendsen thermostat and the Bussi–Donadio–Parrinello thermostat. These schemes fail when the rescaling is done to a kinetic energy distribution of an ensemble that is not invariant under microcanonical molecular dynamics; thus, the Berendsen thermostat (which rescales to the isokinetic ensemble) exhibits the artifact, while the Bussi–Donadio–Parrinello thermostat (which |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-order%20statistics | In statistics, the term higher-order statistics (HOS) refers to functions which use the third or higher power of a sample, as opposed to more conventional techniques of lower-order statistics, which use constant, linear, and quadratic terms (zeroth, first, and second powers). The third and higher moments, as used in the skewness and kurtosis, are examples of HOS, whereas the first and second moments, as used in the arithmetic mean (first), and variance (second) are examples of low-order statistics. HOS are particularly used in the estimation of shape parameters, such as skewness and kurtosis, as when measuring the deviation of a distribution from the normal distribution.
In statistical theory, one long-established approach to higher-order statistics, for univariate and multivariate distributions is through the use of cumulants and joint cumulants. In time series analysis, the extension of these is to higher order spectra, for example the bispectrum and trispectrum.
An alternative to the use of HOS and higher moments is to instead use L-moments, which are linear statistics (linear combinations of order statistics), and thus more robust than HOS.
References
External links
http://www.maths.leeds.ac.uk/Applied/news.dir/issue2/hos_intro.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20061125033107/http://lpce.cnrs-orleans.fr/~ddwit/lalonde/lalonde_presentations/horbury2.pdf
http://www.ics.uci.edu/~welling/publications/papers/RobCum-aistats.pdf
Summary statistics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte%20de%20la%20lengua%20mexicana%20%281754%20book%29 | Arte de la lengua mexicana is a little-known grammar of the Nahuatl language by Joseph Augustin Aldama y Guevara published in 1754.
Sources used
Aldama y Guevara's Arte is mostly derivative of previously published grammars of Nahuatl, particularly Horacio Carochi's Arte de la lengua mexicana con la declaracion de los adverbios della.
Markings
Aldama y Guevara marks the saltillo with a circumflex accent over the preceding vowel at the end of a word, or a grave accent over the preceding vowel elsewhere, and marks long vowels with an acute accent (in contrast to Carochi's macron).
Notes
References
External links
Aldama y Guevara's Arte de la lengua mexicana on Google Book Search
1754 non-fiction books
Nahuatl dictionaries and grammars |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafrabad%2C%20Jalna | Jafrabad is a town and a tehsil in Jalna subdivision of Jalna district in the state of Maharashtra, India.
Jafrabad resides over the bank of Purna River. Jafrabad is well known for the fight between Marathas and British at Asseye in 1803, where a small monument carving the name of British Officer Colonel Stevenson, who died during the war, was erected.
History
Jafrabad, the chief town, is situated at the confluence of the Purna and Kailna rivers. It is a large and populous town, surrounded by a fortified stone wall, now in a very dilapidated state; but a small stone gaddi inside is in fair order. The town derived its name from its founder, Jafar Khan, who received it with 115 other villages in jagir from Aurangzeb. It has several good houses of brick and stone, and about 50 bannia shops. The population amounts to 2,150 souls, of whom 859 are Muslims (including a few Patans), 244 Brahmans, and 197 Rajputs. The trade consists of grain, cotton, piece goods, and large quantities of blankets and native cloths for local use. There are 7 masjids and temples in the town, and the principal mosque has a Persian inscription, recording its construction under the orders of Aurangzeb, by Rizazath Khan in 1076 Hijri (A.D. 1664). A large handsome cistern within the fortification, has also an inscription, which states that it was erected under the orders of Shah Jahan by Mustafa Khan Turkoman, in Hijri 1040 (A.D. 1630). The town has bi-weekly markets on Tuesdays and Fridays
Governance
Ja |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMP%20receptor%20protein | cAMP receptor protein (CRP; also known as catabolite activator protein, CAP) is a regulatory protein in bacteria. CRP protein binds cAMP, which causes a conformational change that allows CRP to bind tightly to a specific DNA site in the promoters of the genes it controls. CRP then activates transcription through direct protein–protein interactions with RNA polymerase.
The genes regulated by CRP are mostly involved in energy metabolism, such as galactose, citrate, or the PEP group translocation system. In Escherichia coli, cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP) can regulate the transcription of more than 100 genes.
The signal to activate CRP is the binding of cyclic AMP. Binding of cAMP to CRP leads to a long-distance signal transduction from the N-terminal cAMP-binding domain to the C-terminal domain of the protein, which is responsible for interaction with specific sequences of DNA.
At "Class I" CRP-dependent promoters, CRP binds to a DNA site located upstream of core promoter elements and activates transcription through protein–protein interactions between "activating region 1" of CRP and the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase alpha subunit. At "Class II" CRP-dependent promoters, CRP binds to a DNA site that overlaps the promoter -35 element and activates transcription through two sets of protein–protein interactions: (1) an interaction between "activating region 1" of CRP and the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase alpha subunit, and (2) an interaction between "activating r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20association%20football%20club%20records%20and%20statistics | This article details men's professional football club records and statistics (individual and collective) in Europe.
The records and stats look across all European clubs competing in the highest divisions and levels of European professional football, allowing for cross-competition comparison. Therefore, the coverage only considers for domestic competitions the top-division of the national league and its cups (, league cup, super cup); for continental competitions, all UEFA club competitions including – although recognized but not organized by UEFA – the Fairs Cup as the predecessor to the UEFA Cup; and additionally, on an intercontinental scale, both the FIFA Club World Cup and its defunct predecessor, the Intercontinental Cup, which was endorsed by UEFA (Europe) and CONMEBOL (South America).
All competitions for men's european football clubs
Individual records
Most goals in a season in all club competitions
Only the period starting from the implementation of the modern offside rule in 1925 is considered for this list. Under the revised offside rule introduced in 1925, a player would be deemed offside unless there were two opposing players (including the goalkeeper) positioned ahead of them.
The list refers to goals in all national club competitions , organized by UEFA (excluding UEFA qualifying rounds) as the predecessor of the and club competitions (excluding the International Champions Cup)
Does not include goals scored in the , in invitational tournaments and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandelier%20cell | Chandelier neurons or chandelier cells are a subset of GABAergic cortical interneurons. They are described as parvalbumin-containing and fast-spiking to distinguish them from other subtypes of GABAergic neurons, although more recent work has suggested that only a subset of chandelier cells test positive for parvalbumin by immunostaining. The name comes from the specific shape of their axon arbors, with the terminals forming distinct arrays called "cartridges". The cartridges are immunoreactive to an isoform of the GABA membrane transporter, GAT-1, and this serves as their identifying feature. GAT-1 is involved in the process of GABA reuptake into nerve terminals, thus helping to terminate its synaptic activity. Chandelier neurons synapse exclusively to the axon initial segment of pyramidal neurons, near the site where action potential is generated. It is believed that they provide inhibitory input to the pyramidal neurons, but there is data showing that in some circumstances the GABA from chandelier neurons could be excitatory.
The axon cartridges formed by chandelier cells are one of the synapse types that show the most dramatic changes during normal adolescence, and could potentially be relevant to the adult onset of psychiatric disease. Furthering this link, in schizophrenia, scientists have observed changes in their form and functionality, such as 40% decrease in the axon terminal density.
See also
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
References
Exte |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wobbulator | A wobbulator is an electronic device primarily used for the alignment of receiver or transmitter intermediate frequency strips. It is usually used in conjunction with an oscilloscope, to enable a visual representation of a receiver's passband to be seen, hence simplifying alignment; it was used to tune early consumer AM radios. The term "wobbulator" is a portmanteau of wobble and oscillator. A "wobbulator" (without capitalization) is a generic term for the swept-output RF oscillator described above, a frequency-modulated oscillator, also called a "sweep generator" by most professional electronics engineers and technicians. A wobbulator was used in some old microwave signal generators to create what amounted to frequency modulation. It physically altered the size of the klystron cavity, therefore changing the frequency.
When capitalized, "Wobbulator" refers to the trade name of a specific brand of RF/IF alignment generator. The Wobbulator was made by a company known as "TIC" (Tel-Instrument Company) although some units branded "Allen B. Du Mont Laboratories" and "Stromberg-Carlson" are rumoured to exist. These were apparently made under some form of license and branded with the name of the licensee, much as Radio Corporation of America through subsidiary Hazeltine Corp., licensed its KCS-20A television chassis design (used in models 630TS, 8TS30, etc.) to other television manufacturers (Air King, Crosley, Fada, et al.) for production under their brand names. The Wobbulator |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrase-isomaltase | Oligo-1,6-glucosidase (, sucrase-isomaltase, SI; systematic name oligosaccharide 6-α-glucohydrolase) is a glucosidase enzyme located on the brush border of the small intestine, which catalyses the following reaction:
Hydrolysis of (1→6)-α-D-glucosidic linkages in some oligosaccharides produced from starch and glycogen by (α-amylase), and in isomaltose
It is a dual-function enzyme with two GH31 domains, one serving as the isomaltase, the other as a sucrose alpha-glucosidase. It has preferential expression in the apical membranes of enterocytes. The enzyme’s purpose is to digest dietary carbohydrates such as starch, sucrose and isomaltose. By further processing the broken-down products, energy in the form of ATP can be generated.
Structure
Sucrase-isomaltase consists of two enzymatic subunits: sucrase and isomaltase. The subunits originate from a polypeptide precursor, pro-SI. By heterodimerizing the two subunits, the sucrase-isomaltase complex is formed. The enzyme is anchored in the intestinal brush border membrane by a hydrophobic segment located near the N-terminal of the isomaltase subunit. Before the enzyme is anchored to the membrane, pro-SI is mannose-rich and glycosylated; it moves from the ER to the Golgi, where it becomes a protein complex that is N- and O- glycosylated. The O-linked glycosylation is necessary to target the protein to the apical membrane. In addition, there is a segment that is both O-linked glycosylated and Ser/Thr-rich. A similarly-arranged |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD%20protein | CAD protein (carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase) is a trifunctional multi-domain enzyme involved in the first three steps of pyrimidine biosynthesis. De-novo synthesis starts with cytosolic carbamoylphosphate synthetase II which uses glutamine, carbon dioxide and ATP. This enzyme is inhibited by uridine triphosphate (feedback inhibition).
In 2015, the first observed pathological mutations of CAD were found in a four-year-old boy.
CAD protein has been observed in the mid-piece of mammalian spermatozoa, among the mitochondria.
Structure
CAD protein has a molecular weight of 243 KDa. It is a polypeptide made up of four different domains which make for a multi enzyme unit: Glutaminase (GLN), carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS II), Dihydroorotase (DHO) and aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATC). The protein assembles into ~1.5MDa hexamers. More specifically, the DHO domain assembles into dimers, and ATC domains do so into trimers. The hexamers are then formed by DHO dimerization of two ATC trimers, and this connection does not impact the kinetic properties. In addition, it is thought that three GLN-CPS II dimers border the DHO-ATC complex. This is suggested by the fact that CPS II is not stable unless a part of the complex. DHO and ATC and are thought to be the main part of the formation of the protein. The active site is covered by a carboxylated lysine, serving as a bridge for two zinc ions (+2 charge). Another zinc ion helps stabili |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroorotate%20dehydrogenase | Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DHODH gene on chromosome 16. The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the fourth enzymatic step, the ubiquinone-mediated oxidation of dihydroorotate to orotate, in de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. This protein is a mitochondrial protein located on the outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). Inhibitors of this enzyme are used to treat autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Structure
DHODH can vary in cofactor content, oligomeric state, subcellular localization, and membrane association. An overall sequence alignment of these DHODH variants presents two classes of DHODHs: the cytosolic Class 1 and the membrane-bound Class 2. In Class 1 DHODH, a basic cysteine residue catalyzes the oxidation reaction, whereas in Class 2, the serine serves this catalytic function. Structurally, Class 1 DHODHs can also be divided into two subclasses, one of which forms homodimers and uses fumarate as its electron acceptor, and the other which forms heterotetramers and uses NAD+ as its electron acceptor. This second subclass contains an addition subunit (PyrK) containing an iron-sulfur cluster and a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Meanwhile, Class 2 DHODHs use coenzyme Q/ubiquinones for their oxidant.
In higher eukaryotes, this class of DHODH contains an N-terminal bipartite signal comprising a cationic, amphipathic mitochondrial targeting sequence of about 30 residues and a hydr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTP%20synthetase | CTP synthase is an enzyme () involved in pyrimidine biosynthesis that interconverts UTP and CTP.
Reaction mechanism
CTP (cytidine triphosphate) synthetase catalyzes the last committed step in pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis:
ATP + UTP + glutamine → ADP + Pi + CTP + glutamate
It is the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of cytosine nucleotides from both the de novo and uridine salvage pathways.
The reaction proceeds by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of UTP on the 4-oxygen atom, making the 4-carbon electrophilic and vulnerable to reaction with ammonia. The source of the amino group in CTP is glutamine, which is hydrolysed in a glutamine amidotransferase domain to produce ammonia. This is then channeled through the interior of the enzyme to the synthetase domain. Here, ammonia reacts with the intermediate 4-phosphoryl UTP.
Isozymes
Two isozymes with CTP synthase activity exist in humans, encoded by the following genes:
CTPS – CTP synthase 1
CTPS2 – CTP synthase 2
Structure
Active CTP synthase exists as a homotetrameric enzyme. At low enzyme concentrations and in the absence of ATP and UTP, CTP synthase exists as inactive monomer. As enzyme concentration increases, it polymerizes first to a dimer (such as the form shown to the left) and, in the presence of ATP and UTP, forms a tetramer.
The enzyme contains two major domains, responsible for the aminotransferase and synthase activity, respectively. The amidotransferase domains are located away from the tet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamoyl%20aspartic%20acid | Carbamoyl aspartic acid (or ureidosuccinic acid) is a carbamate derivative, serving as an intermediate in pyrimidine biosynthesis.
References
Ureas
Dicarboxylic acids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%2C5-Dihydroorotic%20acid | 4,5-Dihydroorotic acid is a derivative of orotic acid which serves as an intermediate in pyrimidine biosynthesis.
References
Pyrimidinediones
Carboxylic acids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935%20Belgian%20Grand%20Prix | The 1935 Belgian Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Spa-Francorchamps on 14 July 1935.
Classification
Race
Starting grid positions
Notes
Manfred von Brauchitsch took Luigi Fagioli's car after Fagioli walked off due to an argument with team boss Alfred Neubauer.
René Dreyfus became ill after inhaling exhaust fumes and handed his car over to Attilio Marinoni.
Belgian Grand Prix
Belgian Grand Prix
Grand Prix, 1935 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrst-Plattner%20Rule | The Fürst-Plattner rule (also known as the trans-diaxial effect) describes the stereoselective addition of nucleophiles to cyclohexene derivatives.
Introduction
Cyclohexene derivatives, such as imines, epoxides, and halonium ions, react with nucleophiles in a stereoselective fashion, affording trans-diaxial addition products. The term “Trans-diaxial addition” describes the mechanism of the addition, however the products are likely to equilibrate by ring flip to the lower energy conformer, placing the new substituents in the equatorial position.
Mechanism and Stereochemistry
Epoxidation of a substituted cyclohexene affords a product where the R group resides in the pseudo-equatorial position. Nucleophilic ring-opening of this class of epoxides can occur by an attack at either the C1 or C2-position. It is well known that nucleophilic ring-opening reactions of these substrates can proceed with excellent regioselectivity. The Fürst-Plattner rule attributes this regiochemical control to a large preference for the reaction pathway that follows the more stable chair-like transition state (attack at the C1-position) compared to the one proceeding through the unfavored twist boat-like transition state (attack at the C2-position). The attack at the C1-position follows a substantially lower reaction barrier of around 5 kcal mol–1 depending on the specific conditions. Similarly, the Fürst-Plattner rule applies to nucleophilic additions to imines and halonium ions.
Examples
Epoxide |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair%20coin | In probability theory and statistics, a sequence of independent Bernoulli trials with probability 1/2 of success on each trial is metaphorically called a fair coin. One for which the probability is not 1/2 is called a biased or unfair coin. In theoretical studies, the assumption that a coin is fair is often made by referring to an ideal coin.
John Edmund Kerrich performed experiments in coin flipping and found that a coin made from a wooden disk about the size of a crown and coated on one side with lead landed heads (wooden side up) 679 times out of 1000. In this experiment the coin was tossed by balancing it on the forefinger, flipping it using the thumb so that it spun through the air for about a foot before landing on a flat cloth spread over a table. Edwin Thompson Jaynes claimed that when a coin is caught in the hand, instead of being allowed to bounce, the physical bias in the coin is insignificant compared to the method of the toss, where with sufficient practice a coin can be made to land heads 100% of the time. Exploring the problem of checking whether a coin is fair is a well-established pedagogical tool in teaching statistics.
Probability space definition
In probability theory, a fair coin is defined as a probability space , which is in turn defined by the sample space, event space, and probability measure. Using for heads and for tails, the sample space of a coin is defined as:
The event space for a coin includes all sets of outcomes from the sample spac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia%20telangiectasia%20and%20Rad3%20related | Serine/threonine-protein kinase ATR, also known as ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) or FRAP-related protein 1 (FRP1), is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the ATR gene. It is a large kinase of about 301.66 kDa. ATR belongs to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase protein family. ATR is activated in response to single strand breaks, and works with ATM to ensure genome integrity.
Function
ATR is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that is involved in sensing DNA damage and activating the DNA damage checkpoint, leading to cell cycle arrest in eukaryotes. ATR is activated in response to persistent single-stranded DNA, which is a common intermediate formed during DNA damage detection and repair. Single-stranded DNA occurs at stalled replication forks and as an intermediate in DNA repair pathways such as nucleotide excision repair and homologous recombination repair. ATR is activated during more persistent issues with DNA damage; within cells, most DNA damage is repaired quickly and faithfully through other mechanisms. ATR works with a partner protein called ATRIP to recognize single-stranded DNA coated with RPA. RPA binds specifically to ATRIP, which then recruits ATR through an ATR activating domain (AAD) on its surface. This association of ATR with RPA is how ATR specifically binds to and works on single-stranded DNA—this was proven through experiments with cells that had mutated nucleotide excision pathways. In these cells, ATR |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide%20classification | There have been known various classifications of landslides. Broad definitions include forms of mass movement that narrower definitions exclude. For example, the McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology distinguishes the following types of landslides:
fall (by undercutting)
fall (by toppling)
slump
rockslide
earthflow
sinkholes, mountain side
rockslide that develops into rock avalanche
Influential narrower definitions restrict landslides to slumps and translational slides in rock and regolith, not involving fluidisation. This excludes falls, topples, lateral spreads, and mass flows from the definition.
The causes of landslides are usually related to instabilities in slopes. It is usually possible to identify one or more landslide causes and one landslide trigger. The difference between these two concepts is subtle but important. The landslide causes are the reasons that a landslide occurred in that location and at that time and may be considered to be factors that made the slope vulnerable to failure, that predispose the slope to becoming unstable. The trigger is the single event that finally initiated the landslide. Thus, causes combine to make a slope vulnerable to failure, and the trigger finally initiates the movement. Landslides can have many causes but can only have one trigger. Usually, it is relatively easy to determine the trigger after the landslide has occurred (although it is generally very difficult to determine the exact nature of landslide triggers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935%20Swiss%20Grand%20Prix | The 1935 Swiss Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Bremgarten on 25 August 1935.
Classification
Notes
Hanns Geier crashed in practice, ending his driving career.
Paul Pietsch took over Hans Stuck's car after it developed a mechanical problem.
Swiss Grand Prix
Swiss Grand Prix
Grand Prix |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone%20%28B-cell%29 | The process of immunological B-cell maturation involves transformation from an undifferentiated B cell to one that secretes antibodies with particular specificity. This differentiation and activation of the B cell occurs most rapidly after exposure to antigen by antigen-presenting cells in the reticuloendothelial system, and under modulation by T cells, and is closely intertwined with affinity maturation. B cells that respond most avidly to antigen are preferentially allowed to proliferate and mature, a process known as clonal selection.
In lymphocytic neoplastic diseases such as multiple myeloma and lymphoma, but also other illnesses, there can be a massive expansion of a single B-cell clone, detectable by measuring the excessively-produced antibodies, measured in a serum protein electrophoresis test or peripheral blood flow cytometry. Such an expansion is said to be "monoclonal", and monoclonal antibodies produced by such a group of B cells can cause illnesses such as amyloidosis and lupus, or can be indicative of an underlying malignancy. The concept of clonality is closely associated with malignancy, for example in diagnosing lymphomatoid skin lesions. The expansion of a particular clone of immune B cells is usually interpreted by clinicians as evidence of unrestricted cell growth, the hallmark of cancer.
See also
Clone (cell biology)
Footnotes
Lymphocytes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOS1 | Son of sevenless homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SOS1 gene.
Function
SOS1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) which interacts with Ras proteins to phosphorylate GDP into GTP, or from an inactive state to an active state to signal cell proliferation. RAS genes (e.g., MIM 190020) encode membrane-bound guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that function in the transduction of signals that control cell growth and differentiation. Binding of GTP activates RAS proteins, and subsequent hydrolysis of the bound GTP to GDP and phosphate inactivates signaling by these proteins. GTP binding can be catalyzed by guanine nucleotide exchange factors for RAS, and GTP hydrolysis can be accelerated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). The first exchange factor to be identified for RAS was the S. cerevisiae Cdc25 gene product (not to be confused with the S. pombe Cdc25). Genetic analysis indicated that CDC25 is essential for activation of RAS proteins. In Drosophila, the protein encoded by the 'son of sevenless' gene (Sos) contains a domain that shows sequence similarity with the catalytic domain of Cdc25. Sos may act as a positive regulator of RAS by promoting guanine nucleotide exchange.
Clinical significance
Recent studies also show that mutations in Sos1 can cause Noonan syndrome and hereditary gingival fibromatosis type 1. Noonan syndrome has also been shown to be caused by mutations in KRAS and PTPN11 genes. activators of the MAP kinase pathway.
Inhib |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanotroph | A melanotroph (or melanotrope) is a cell in the pituitary gland that generates melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) from its precursor pro-opiomelanocortin. Chronic stress can induce the secretion of α‐MSH in melanotrophs and lead to their subsequent degeneration.
See also
Chromophobe cell
Chromophil
Acidophil cell
Basophil cell
Oxyphil cell
Oxyphil cell (parathyroid)
Pituitary gland
Neuroendocrine cell
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
References
Endocrine system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20British%20Rail%20modern%20traction%20locomotive%20classes | This article lists every locomotive allocated a TOPS classification and all modern traction (e.g. diesel, electric, gas turbine, petrol) stock used on the mainline network since 1948 (i.e. British Railways and post-privatisation).
Diesel locomotives
The 1955 diesel locomotive classes are given in brackets where applicable.
A large number of different shunter types were purchased by British Rail and its predecessors, many of which were withdrawn prior to the introduction of TOPS. The tables below attempt to list the different types and the different classifications used to describe them as clearly as possible:
Small shunters: under 300 hp
Shunter classes are listed by 1955 class, which puts TOPS classes in ascending order, and generally puts 1948 and 1962 classes in ascending order. Unclassed shunters are placed at the start of the table; TOPS class 07 has been placed so its 1962 class is in the logical place.
Relation between TOPS, 1948, 1955 and 1962 classes, and 1948, 1957 and TOPS numbers:
Large shunters: 300–799 hp
Relation between TOPS, 1948, 1955 and 1962 classes, and 1948, 1957 and TOPS numbers:
Type 1 locomotives: 800 – 1,000 hp
Relation between TOPS, 1948, 1955 and 1962 classes, and 1948, 1957 and TOPS numbers (unless otherwise given):
Type 2 locomotives: 1,001 – 1,499 hp
Locomotive class are listed by TOPS class. Locomotives for TOPS classes 24 and 26 have their original sub-classes shown, as each wholly comprised locomotives from a distinct 1962 class. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20British%20Rail%20electric%20multiple%20unit%20classes | This article lists every electric-powered multiple unit allocated a TOPS classification or used on the mainline network since 1948, i.e. British Railways and post-privatisation. For a historical overview of electric multiple unit development in Great Britain, see British electric multiple units.
British Rail operated a wide variety of electric multiple units for use on electrified lines:
AC units operate off (AC) from overhead wires. Where clearances for the overhead wires on the Great Eastern Main Line, North Clyde Line and London, Tilbury and Southend railway routes were below standard, a reduced voltage of was used. The Midland Railway units used . Under the computer numbering, AC units (including mixed-voltage units that can also work off a DC supply) were given a class in the range 300-399.
DC units operate off (DC) from a third rail on the Southern Region and North London, Merseyside and Tyneside networks. The Manchester-Bury Railway line used from a side-contact third rail. The Manchester South Junction & Altrincham and "Woodhead" and initially the Great Eastern Railway routes used from overhead wires. Under the computer numbering, DC units were given a class in the range 400-599.
AC EMUs and dual-voltage EMUs
First generation
Second generation
Modern/Third generation
These use solid state switching devices (thyristors and transistors) and have electronic power control.
High speed trains
High speed multiple unit or fixed formation trainsets, capable of op |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group-specific%20antigen | Group-specific antigen, or gag, is the polyprotein that contains the core structural proteins of an Ortervirus (except Caulimoviridae). It was named as such because scientists used to believe it was antigenic. Now it is known that it makes up the inner shell, not the envelope exposed outside. It makes up all the structural units of viral conformation and provides supportive framework for mature virion.
All orthoretroviral gag proteins are processed by the protease (PR or pro) into MA (matrix), CA (capsid), NC (nucleocapsid) parts, and sometimes more.
If Gag fails to cleave into its subunits, virion fails to mature and remains uninfective.
It comprises part of the gag-onc fusion protein.
Gag in HIV
Numbering system
By convention, the HIV genome is numbered according to HIV-1 group M subtype B reference strain HXB2.
Transcription and mRNA processing
After a virus enters a target cell, the viral genome is integrated into the host cell chromatin. RNA polymerase II then transcribes the 9181 nucleotide full-length viral RNA. HIV Gag protein is encoded by the HIV gag gene, HXB2 nucleotides 790-2292.
MA
The HIV p17 matrix protein (MA) is a 17 kDa protein, of 132 amino acids, which comprises the N-terminus of the Gag polyprotein. It is responsible for targeting Gag polyprotein to the plasma membrane via interaction with PI(4,5)P2 through its highly basic region (HBR). HIV MA also makes contacts with the HIV trans-membrane glycoprotein gp41 in the assembled virus and, indeed, m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gag-onc%20fusion%20protein | The gag-onc fusion protein is a general term for a fusion protein formed from a group-specific antigen ('gag') gene and that of an oncogene ('onc'), a gene that plays a role in the development of a cancer. The name is also written as Gag-v-Onc, with "v" indicating that the Onc sequence resides in a viral genome. Onc is a generic placeholder for a given specific oncogene, such as C-jun. (In the case of a fusion with C-jun, the resulting "gag-jun" protein is known alternatively as p65).
Background
Gag genes are part of a general architecture for retroviruses, viruses that replicate through reverse transcription, where the gag region of the genome encodes proteins that constitute the matrix, capsid and nucleocapsid of the mature virus particles. Like in HIV's replication cycle, these proteins are needed for viral budding from the host cell's plasma membrane, where the fully formed virions leave the cell to infect other cells.
gag-v-onc
When a viral gene is introduced into the host cell and is sufficient to induce oncogenesis – the creation of cancerous cells – in the infected cell line, the gene is said to be a "viral transforming gene". When this type of gene is translated to a protein, the protein is called a "transforming protein". Note that since the viral oncogenes originated from a host genome, the transformation event is different from transduction, which describes the process of introducing non-native genes to a host organism via a viral infection.
Rous sarcoma virus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%20growth | Acid growth refers to the ability of plant cells and plant cell walls to elongate or expand quickly at low (acidic) pH. The cell wall needs to be modified in order to maintain the turgor pressure. This modification is controlled by plant hormones like auxin. Auxin also controls the expression of some cell wall genes. This form of growth does not involve an increase in cell number. During acid growth, plant cells enlarge rapidly because the cell walls are made more extensible by expansin, a pH-dependent wall-loosening protein. Expansin loosens the network-like connections between cellulose microfibrils within the cell wall, which allows the cell volume to increase by turgor and osmosis. A typical sequence leading up to this would involve the introduction of a plant hormone (auxin, for example) that causes protons (H+ ions) to be pumped out of the cell into the cell wall. As a result, the cell wall solution becomes more acidic. It was suggested by different scientist that the epidermis is a unique target of the auxin but this theory has been disapproved over time. This activates expansin activity, causing the wall to become more extensible and to undergo wall stress relaxation, which enables the cell to take up water and to expand. The acid growth theory has been very controversial in the past.
References
Plant cells
Plant physiology
Auxin action |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapter%20molecule%20crk | Adapter molecule crk also known as proto-oncogene c-Crk is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRK gene.
The CRK protein participates in the Reelin signaling cascade downstream of DAB1.
Function
Adapter molecule crk is a member of an adapter protein family that binds to several tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. This protein has several SH2 and SH3 domains (src-homology domains) and is involved in several signaling pathways, recruiting cytoplasmic proteins in the vicinity of tyrosine kinase through SH2-phosphotyrosine interaction. The N-terminal SH2 domain of this protein functions as a positive regulator of transformation whereas the C-terminal SH3 domain functions as a negative regulator of transformation. Two alternative transcripts encoding different isoforms with distinct biological activity have been described.
Crk together with CrkL participates in the Reelin signaling cascade downstream of DAB1.
v-Crk, a transforming oncoprotein from avian sarcoma viruses, is a fusion of viral "gag" protein with the SH2 and SH3 domains of cellular Crk. The name Crk is from "CT10 Regulator of Kinase" where CT10 is the avian virus from which was isolated a protein, lacking kinase domains, but capable of stimulating phosphorylation of tyrosines in cells.
Crk should not be confused with Src, which also has cellular (c-Src) and viral (v-Src) forms and is involved in some of the same signaling pathways but is a protein tyrosine-kinase.
Interactions
CRK (gene) has been shown to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935%20Italian%20Grand%20Prix | The 1935 Italian Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Monza on 8 September 1935.
Classification
Notes
Paul Pietsch and René Dreyfus were called in so that Bernd Rosemeyer and Tazio Nuvolari, respectively, could take over their cars.
Italian Grand Prix
Italian Grand Prix
Grand Prix |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadodiamide | Gadodiamide, sold under the brand name Omniscan, is a gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent (GBCA), used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures to assist in the visualization of blood vessels.
Medical uses
Gadodiamide is a contrast medium used for cranial and spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and for general MRI of the body after intravenous administration. It provides contrast enhancement and facilitates visualisation of abnormal structures or lesions in various parts of the body including the central nervous system (CNS). It crosses intact the blood brain barrier.
Adverse effects
It is one of the main GBCA associated with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), a toxic reaction occurring in some people with kidney problems. No cases have been seen in people with normal kidney function.
A 2015 study found gadolinium deposited in the brain tissue of people who had received gadodiamide. Other studies using post-mortem mass spectrometry found most of the deposit remained at least 2 years after an injection and deposit also in individuals with no kidney issues.
In vitro studies found it to be neurotoxic.
An Italian task force recommended that breastfeeding mothers precautionally avoid any contrast agent such as gadodiamide that has been associated with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.
Society and culture
Gadodiamide was suspended along with gadopentetic acid (Magnevist) by the European Medicines Agency in 2017.
References
External links
MRI contrast agent |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935%20Spanish%20Grand%20Prix | The 1935 Spanish Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Lasarte on 22 September 1935.
Classification
Notes
Paul Pietsch took over from Achille Varzi after the latter's face was cut due to a stone smashing his windscreen. After treatment, Varzi took the car back but gave it back to Pietsch after it developed a gearbox problem.
Spanish Grand Prix
Spanish Grand Prix
Grand Prix |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy%20Freston | Kathy Freston is an American author and promoter of plant-based nutrition. Her books include The Lean, Veganist, Quantum Wellness, Clean Protein and 72 Reasons to Be Vegan.
Biography
Early life
Freston grew up in Doraville and later in Dunwoody, a suburb outside of Atlanta Her mother, Joan, and her father, Bill, worked together in a printing store they owned in Dunwoody; she has two younger brothers, Kevin and Jon.
Freston started studying meditation in her spare time and began making her own guided meditation recordings. She said, "… I started creating tapes for friends and realized, "Hey, this is very useful to people". People "came to her for counselling," and so she became a meditation counsellor, helping people find relationships or create abundance, get pregnant, or deal with the disease. She helped Cyrinda Fox, ex-wife of Steven Tyler, find peace with her cancer diagnosis and became a minister long enough to preside over the wedding of Cyrinda Fox to her boyfriend while on her deathbed.
Career
Freston's book, The Lean: A Revolutionary (and Simple!) 30-Day Plan for Healthy, Lasting Weight Loss, was named one of VegNews' "Top 12 Vegan Books of 2012."
She has appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show and across Winfrey's network relating to a detox diet.
In January 2014, Freston launched a Change.org petition titled "It's Time for a Healthy, Meatless Option (Please!)" urging McDonald's to debut a vegetarian burger item. In November 2020, McDonald's announced they would |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68%E2%80%9395%E2%80%9399.7%20rule | In statistics, the 68–95–99.7 rule, also known as the empirical rule, is a shorthand used to remember the percentage of values that lie within
an interval estimate in a normal distribution: 68%, 95%, and 99.7% of the values lie within one, two, and three standard deviations of the mean, respectively.
In mathematical notation, these facts can be expressed as follows, where is the probability function, is an observation from a normally distributed random variable, (mu) is the mean of the distribution, and (sigma) is its standard deviation:
The usefulness of this heuristic especially depends on the question under consideration.
In the empirical sciences, the so-called three-sigma rule of thumb (or 3 rule) expresses a conventional heuristic that nearly all values are taken to lie within three standard deviations of the mean, and thus it is empirically useful to treat 99.7% probability as near certainty.
In the social sciences, a result may be considered "significant" if its confidence level is of the order of a two-sigma effect (95%), while in particle physics, there is a convention of a five-sigma effect (99.99994% confidence) being required to qualify as a discovery.
A weaker three-sigma rule can be derived from Chebyshev's inequality, stating that even for non-normally distributed variables, at least 88.8% of cases should fall within properly calculated three-sigma intervals. For unimodal distributions, the probability of being within the interval is at least 95% by |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20%28TV%20channel%29 | Central was a Singaporean English and Tamil language free-to-air television channel. Its programming schedule was composed of three timeshared channels on its frequency slot: Kids Central, Vasantham Central and Arts Central.
Previously, Indian-related programming was broadcast along with Malay-language programmes on Prime 12, while Premiere 12's schedule consisted of arts, documentaries and kids shows.
Tamil programming was carried from the outset of television in Singapore on Channel 5 from its launch on 15 February 1963, and later that year also on Channel 8. In 1973 the language structure of the two channels was changed, with Channel 5 broadcasting in English and Malay and Channel 8 in Chinese and Tamil.
MediaCorp TV12 Central was closed down on 19 October 2008 when Vasantham Central relaunched as the standalone channel Vasantham. Arts Central and Kids Central were merged into a single channel named okto, with kids and arts programming.
History
Tamil programming was carried from the outset of television in Singapore on Channel 5 from its launch on 15 February 1963, and later that year also on Channel 8. In 1973 the language structure of the two channels was changed, with Channel 5 broadcasting in English and Malay and Channel 8 in Chinese and Tamil.
On 26 August 1994, ahead of the bill that suggested the planned privatisation of the Singapore Broadcasting Corporation, the Minister for Information and the Arts (Brigadier General) George Yeo announced the plan for the c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity%20Classification%20Automated%20Tracking%20System | Commodity Classification Automated Tracking System (CCATS) is an alphanumeric code assigned by the United States Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) to products that it has classified under the Export Administration Regulations (EAR). Software companies provide the CCATS number because some encryption exports require the exporter to make post-shipment reporting to BIS on a bi-annual basis and the CCATS number is one of the mandatory elements required for reporting.
References
Bureau of Industry and Security
Guidelines for requesting commodity classification
Freight transport
Foreign trade of the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match%20rating%20approach | The match rating approach (MRA) is a phonetic algorithm for indexing of words by their pronunciation developed by Western Airlines in 1977 for the indexation and comparison of homophonous names.
The algorithm itself has a simple set of encoding rules but a more lengthy set of comparison rules.
The main mechanism is the similarity comparison, which calculates the number of unmatched characters by comparing the strings from left to right and then from right to left, and removing identical characters. This value is subtracted from 6 and then compared to a minimum threshold. The minimum threshold is defined in table A and is dependent upon the length of the strings.
The encoded name is known (perhaps incorrectly) as a personal numeric identifier (PNI). The encoded name can never contain more than 6 alpha only characters.
The match rating approach performs well with names containing the letter "y", unlike the original flavor of the NYSIIS algorithm; for example, the surnames "Smith" and "Smyth" are successfully matched. However, MRA does not perform well with encoded names that differ in length by more than 2.
Encoding rules
Delete all vowels unless the vowel begins the word
Remove the second consonant of any double consonants present
Reduce codex to 6 letters by joining the first 3 and last 3 letters only
Comparison rules
In this section, the words "string(s)" and "name(s)" mean "encoded string(s)" and "encoded name(s)".
If the length difference between the encoded st |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence%20loss%20in%20photobleaching | Fluorescence Loss in Photobleaching (FLIP) is a fluorescence microscopy technique used to examine movement of molecules inside cells and membranes. A cell membrane is typically labeled with a fluorescent dye to allow for observation. A specific area of this labeled section is then bleached several times using the beam of a confocal laser scanning microscope. After each imaging scan, bleaching occurs again. This occurs several times, to ensure that all accessible fluorophores are bleached since unbleached fluorophores are exchanged for bleached fluorophores, causing movement through the cell membrane. The amount of fluorescence from that region is then measured over a period of time to determine the results of the photobleaching on the cell as a whole.
Experimental Setup
Before photobleaching can occur, cells must be injected with a fluorescent protein, often a green fluorescent protein (GFP), which will allow the targeted proteins to fluoresce and therefore be followed throughout the process. Then, a region of interest must be defined. This initial region of interest usually contains the whole cell or several cells. In FLIP, photobleaching occurs just outside the region of interest; therefore a photobleaching region also needs to be defined. A third region, the region where measurement will take place, needs to be determined as well. A number of initial scans need to be made to determine fluorescence before photobleaching. These scans will serve as the control scans, to wh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine%20triphosphate | Thiamine triphosphate (ThTP) is a biomolecule found in most organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. Chemically, it is the triphosphate derivative of the vitamin thiamine.
Function
It has been proposed that ThTP has a specific role in nerve excitability, but this has never been confirmed and recent results suggest that ThTP probably plays a role in cell energy metabolism. Low or absent levels of thiamine triphosphate have been found in Leighs disease.
In E. coli, ThTP is accumulated in the presence of glucose during amino acid starvation. On the other hand, suppression of the carbon source leads to the accumulation, of adenosine thiamine triphosphate (AThTP).
Metabolism
It has been shown that in brain ThTP is synthesized in mitochondria by a chemiosmotic mechanism, perhaps similar to ATP synthase. In mammals, ThTP is hydrolyzed to thiamine pyrophosphate (ThDP) by a specific thiamine-triphosphatase. It can also be converted into ThDP by thiamine-diphosphate kinase.
History
Thiamine triphosphate (ThTP) was chemically synthesized in 1948 at a time when the only organic triphosphate known was ATP. The first claim of the existence of ThTP in living organisms was made in rat liver, followed by baker’s yeast. Its presence was later confirmed in rat tissues and in plants germs, but not in seeds, where thiamine was essentially unphosphorylated. In all those studies, ThTP was separated from other thiamine derivatives using a paper chromatographic method, followe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Kent%20%28computer%20specialist%29 | Michael Kent was one of two founders of the Computer Group which used a statistics based sports betting to predict the outcome of college football. The group reportedly made millions each season. According to figures compiled at the time by Michael Kent, the Computer Group in 1983-84 earned almost $5 million from wagers on college and, occasionally, NFL games. Yet Michael Kent suspects that his records are incomplete. They do not account for personal bets made by Dr. Mindlin, or Billy Walters and Glen Walker or by the dozens of other associates who had access to the Computer Group's information. By the time everyone had exhausted Kent's forecasts in the 1983-84 sports year, the group was estimated to have earned $10 to $15 million.
Kent invented the statistical models. He was 34 when he had created the first successful program for handicapping basketball and football games: together with his brother, Michael collected statistical data about every team to put all that info to his computer and update the program.
The story was first reported by a national publication in the March 1986 Sports Illustrated.
References
External links
Keyboard Cappers: A sports-betting history lesson, with a nod to the computer and the trailblazers who saw the future
Gambling � The Story of the Computer Group
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative%20chromosome | A derivative chromosome (der) is a structurally rearranged chromosome generated either by a chromosome rearrangement involving two or more chromosomes or by multiple chromosome aberrations within a single chromosome (e.g. an inversion and a deletion of the same chromosome, or deletions in both arms of a single chromosome). The term always refers to the chromosome that has an intact centromere.
Derivative chromosomes are designated by the abbreviation der when used to describe a Karyotype. The derivative chromosome must be specified in parentheses followed by all aberrations involved in this derivative chromosome. The aberrations must be listed from pter to qter and not be separated by a comma.
For example, 46,XY,der(4)t(4;8)(p16;q22)t(4;9)(q31;q31) would refer to a derivative chromosome 4 which is the result of a translocation between the short arm of chromosome 4 at region 1, band 6 and the long arm of chromosome 8 at region 2, band 2, and a translocation between the long arm of chromosome 4 at region 3, band 1 and the long arm of chromosome 9 at region 3, band 1. As for the initial string "46,XY", it only signifies that this translocation is occurring in an organism, which has this set of chromosomes, i.e. a human being.
References
An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature, Shaffer, L.G., Tommerup N. (eds); S. Karger, Basel 2005
Chromosomes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czarna%20D%C4%85br%C3%B3wka | Czarna Dąbrówka is a village in Bytów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Until 1945 it was part of Farther Pomerania in Prussia. It is now the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Czarna Dąbrówka. It lies approximately north of Bytów and west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
History
The settlement was founded by the Teutonic Knights in 1346 as Damerkow. It was first inhabited by Kashubian people. From 1457 Damerkow and the nearby village of Kleschinz (Kleszczyniec) were owned by Martin von Puttkamer, and from 1517 by the noble family of Zitzewitz. In the 16th and 17th centuries it was a possession at different times of the noble families of Lettow, Wobesen, and Stojentin
According to a history by Brüggemann, in 1784 the village had one farm, six tenants, five cottagers and fifteen households. At this time there were two separate properties, Damerkow "A", consisting of a farm, with two tenants and four cottagers, which was in the possession of Captain J. W. von Puttkamer, and Damerkow "B", with four tenants and one cottager, known as Niemietzke (now Podkomorzyce), in the ownership of Johann Christian Ernst von Puttkamer. The Polish name is based on the German name Puttkamerhof, which refers to the Puttkamer family.
After 1800 a Herr von Zeromski became the owner of Schwarz Damerkow. Waldemar von Puttkamer bought the property from Zeromski, but Puttkamer continued to own it only until 1864. The last proprietors of Schwarz Damerkow menti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF%20kinase | RAF kinases are a family of three serine/threonine-specific protein kinases that are related to retroviral oncogenes. The mouse sarcoma virus 3611 contains a RAF kinase-related oncogene that enhances fibrosarcoma induction. RAF is an acronym for Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma.
RAF kinases participate in the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signal transduction cascade, also referred to as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. Activation of RAF kinases requires interaction with RAS-GTPases.
The three RAF kinase family members are:
A-RAF
B-RAF
c-Raf
References
EC 2.7.11 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophin-4 | Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), also known as neurotrophin-5 (NT-5), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NTF4 gene. It is a neurotrophic factor that signals predominantly through the TrkB receptor tyrosine kinase.
See also
Tropomyosin receptor kinase B § Agonists
References
Further reading
External links
Neurotrophic factors
Peptide hormones
Growth factors
Developmental neuroscience
Proteins
TrkB agonists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferrin%20receptor | Transferrin receptor (TfR) is a carrier protein for transferrin. It is needed for the import of iron into cells and is regulated in response to intracellular iron concentration. It imports iron by internalizing the transferrin-iron complex through receptor-mediated endocytosis. The existence of a receptor for transferrin iron uptake has been recognized since the late 1950s. Earlier two transferrin receptors in humans, transferrin receptor 1 and transferrin receptor 2 had been characterized and until recently cellular iron uptake was believed to occur chiefly via these two well documented transferrin receptors. Both these receptors are transmembrane glycoproteins. TfR1 is a high affinity ubiquitously expressed receptor while expression of TfR2 is restricted to certain cell types and is unaffected by intracellular iron concentrations. TfR2 binds to transferrin with a 25-30 fold lower affinity than TfR1. Although TfR1 mediated iron uptake is the major pathway for iron acquisition by most cells and especially developing erythrocytes, several studies have indicated that the uptake mechanism varies depending upon the cell type. It is also reported that Tf uptake exists independent of these TfRs although the mechanisms are not well characterized. The multifunctional glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, EC 1.2.1.12) has been shown to utilize post translational modifications to exhibit higher order moonlighting behavior wherein it switches its function as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial%20natriuretic%20peptide%20receptor | An atrial natriuretic peptide receptor is a receptor for atrial natriuretic peptide.
Mechanism
NPRA and NPRB are linked to guanylyl cyclases, while NPRC is G-protein-linked and is a "clearance receptor" that acts to internalise and destroy the ligand.
ANP activation of the ANP catalytic receptor will stimulate its intracellular guanylyl cyclase activity to convert GTP to cGMP. cGMP will then stimulate cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), which will then induce smooth muscle relaxation. This is particularly important in the vasculature, where vascular smooth muscle will bind ANP released as a result of increasing right atrial pressure and will cause the walls of the vasculature to relax. This relaxation will decrease total peripheral resistance, which will in turn decrease venous return to the heart. The decrease in venous return to the heart will reduce the preload and will result in the heart's having to do less work.
There is also a soluble guanylyl cyclase that cannot be stimulated by ANP. Instead, vascular endothelial cells will use L-arginine to make nitric oxide via nitric oxide synthase. The nitric oxide will then diffuse into the vascular smooth muscle and will activate the soluble guanylyl cyclase. The subsequent increase in cGMP will cause vasodilation with the same effects as described above. This is why nitroglycerine is given to a person having a heart attack. The nitroglycerine will be metabolized to nitric oxide, which will stimulate soluble guan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin%20receptor | The oxytocin receptor, also known as OXTR, is a protein which functions as receptor for the hormone and neurotransmitter oxytocin. In humans, the oxytocin receptor is encoded by the OXTR gene which has been localized to human chromosome 3p25.
Function and location
The OXTR protein belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor family, specifically Gq, and acts as a receptor for oxytocin. Its activity is mediated by G proteins that activate several different second messenger systems.
Oxytocin receptors are expressed by the myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland, and in both the myometrium and endometrium of the uterus at the end of pregnancy.
The oxytocin-oxytocin receptor system plays an important role as an inducer of uterine contractions during parturition and of milk ejection.
OXTR is also associated with the central nervous system. The gene is believed to play a major role in social, cognitive, and emotional behavior. A decrease in OXTR expression by methylation of the OXTR gene is associated with Callous and unemotional traits in adolescence, rigid thinking in anorexia nervosa, problems with facial and emotional recognition, and difficulties in the affect regulation. A reduction in this gene is believed to lead to prenatal stress, postnatal depression, and social anxiety. Further research must be gathered before concluding these findings, however strong evidence is pointing in this direction. Studies on OXTR methylation—which downregulates oxytocin mechanisms—suggest |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czarna%20Woda | Czarna Woda (; formerly ) is a town in Starogard County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland, with 2,735 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is located within the ethnocultural region of Kociewie.
The town's name translates to "Black Water".
Gallery
References
Cities and towns in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Starogard County |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regress | Regress may refer to:
Regress argument, a problem in epistemology concerning the justification of propositions
Infinite regress, a problem in epistemology
See also
Regression (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20Through%20a%20Cheap%20Transistor | Music Through a Cheap Transistor is a compilation album by the Northern Irish rock band Therapy?. It was one of the first releases in Universal Records 2007 series of BBC sessions. Originally released as a download only on 26 February 2007, the set was later released on double CD on 13 August 2007.
The album features five different performances by Therapy?, which were recorded between 1991 and 1998 for BBC radio. It includes unique and exclusive versions of some of their greatest hits, alongside live favourites and three previously unreleased tracks: "Pile of Bricks", "The Sweeney" and "Lost Highway" (originally by Hank Williams).
(Aside from the first John Peel Session, the band were on A&M Records when all the featured sessions were recorded, but A&M have since been taken over by Universal Music Group; hence this release.)
"It's very flattering to be in the first batch of artists to have these old sessions made available in their entirety especially in a digital download format. Having existed as scraps on C-90's or as half-forgotten memories, it's brilliant to be able to re-visit so many unique (and one-off) performances and let people see what all the fuss was about..."
Michael McKeegan – Therapy?
Missing sessions
Most noticeably lacking is a live studio session recorded for the Evening Session on 13 June 1995. The tracks performed were "Loose", "Bad Mother", "Our Love Must Die" and "30 Seconds". The reasons why this session is not included are unknown.
Also not inc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.%20David%20Mermin | Nathaniel David Mermin (; born 30 March 1935) is a solid-state physicist at Cornell University best known for the eponymous Mermin–Wagner theorem, his application of the term "boojum" to superfluidity, his textbook with Neil Ashcroft on solid-state physics, and for contributions to the foundations of quantum mechanics and quantum information science.
Education and career
Mermin was born in 1935 in New Haven, Connecticut. He obtained a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Harvard University in 1956, graduating summa cum laude. He remained at Harvard for his graduate studies, earning a PhD in physics in 1961. After holding postdoctoral positions at the University of Birmingham and the University of California, San Diego, he joined the Cornell University faculty in 1964. He became a Cornell professor emeritus in 2006.
Early in his career, Mermin worked in statistical physics and condensed-matter physics, including the study of matter at low temperatures, the behavior of electron gases, the classification of quasicrystals, and quantum chemistry. His later research contributions included work in quantum information science and the foundations of quantum mechanics.
Mermin was the first to note how the three-particle GHZ state demonstrates that no local hidden-variable theory can explain quantum correlations, and together with Asher Peres, he introduced the "magic square" proof, another demonstration that attempting to "complete" quantum mechanics with hidden variables does no |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oja%27s%20rule | Oja's learning rule, or simply Oja's rule, named after Finnish computer scientist Erkki Oja, is a model of how neurons in the brain or in artificial neural networks change connection strength, or learn, over time. It is a modification of the standard Hebb's Rule (see Hebbian learning) that, through multiplicative normalization, solves all stability problems and generates an algorithm for principal components analysis. This is a computational form of an effect which is believed to happen in biological neurons.
Theory
Oja's rule requires a number of simplifications to derive, but in its final form it is demonstrably stable, unlike Hebb's rule. It is a single-neuron special case of the Generalized Hebbian Algorithm. However, Oja's rule can also be generalized in other ways to varying degrees of stability and success.
Formula
Consider a simplified model of a neuron that returns a linear combination of its inputs using presynaptic weights :
Oja's rule defines the change in presynaptic weights given the output response of a neuron to its inputs to be
where is the learning rate which can also change with time. Note that the bold symbols are vectors and defines a discrete time iteration. The rule can also be made for continuous iterations as
Derivation
The simplest learning rule known is Hebb's rule, which states in conceptual terms that neurons that fire together, wire together. In component form as a difference equation, it is written
,
or in scalar form with implicit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSN | TSN may refer to:
Science and technology
Translin, a DNA binding protein involved in microRNA function
Taxonomic serial number, a stable and unique taxonomic serial number issued by the Integrated Taxonomic Information System
The Science Network, a non-profit, web-based organization concerned with science and its impact on society
Time-Sensitive Networking, a set of IEEE 802 standards that define mechanisms for the transmission of time-sensitive data over Ethernet networks
Film and media
Televiziyna Sluzhba Novyn, an integrated TV/web news service of the Ukrainian 1+1 TV channel
The Sporting News, the former name of the American-based sports magazine Sporting News
The Sports Network, a Canadian English-language cable television specialty channel
Texas State Network, an all-news radio network available for stations in the state of Texas
Television Sydney, a former television station in Sydney, Australia, which had a callsign of TSN
Other uses
Tianjin Binhai International Airport (IATA code: TSN), Dongli District, Tianjin, China
Tswana language (ISO 639 code: tsn), a language of Southern Africa
Tyson Foods (NYSE code: TSN), an American multinational corporation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodges%E2%80%93Lehmann%20estimator | In statistics, the Hodges–Lehmann estimator is a robust and nonparametric estimator of a population's location parameter. For populations that are symmetric about one median, such as the Gaussian or normal distribution or the Student t-distribution, the Hodges–Lehmann estimator is a consistent and median-unbiased estimate of the population median. For non-symmetric populations, the Hodges–Lehmann estimator estimates the "pseudo–median", which is closely related to the population median.
The Hodges–Lehmann estimator was proposed originally for estimating the location parameter of one-dimensional populations, but it has been used for many more purposes. It has been used to estimate the differences between the members of two populations. It has been generalized from univariate populations to multivariate populations, which produce samples of vectors.
It is based on the Wilcoxon signed-rank statistic. In statistical theory, it was an early example of a rank-based estimator, an important class of estimators both in nonparametric statistics and in robust statistics. The Hodges–Lehmann estimator was proposed in 1963 independently by Pranab Kumar Sen and by Joseph Hodges and Erich Lehmann, and so it is also called the "Hodges–Lehmann–Sen estimator".
Definition
In the simplest case, the "Hodges–Lehmann" statistic estimates the location parameter for a univariate population. Its computation can be described quickly. For a dataset with n measurements, the set of all possible two- |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20orbits |
Common abbreviations
List of abbreviations of common Earth orbits
List of abbreviations of other orbits
Classifications
The following is a list of types of orbits:
Centric classifications
Galactocentric orbit: An orbit about the center of a galaxy. The Sun follows this type of orbit about the Galactic Center of the Milky Way.
Heliocentric orbit: An orbit around the Sun. In the Solar System, all planets, comets, and asteroids are in such orbits, as are many artificial satellites and pieces of space debris. Moons by contrast are not in a heliocentric orbit but rather orbit their parent object.
Geocentric orbit: An orbit around the planet Earth, such as that of the Moon or of artificial satellites.
Selenocentric orbit (named after Selene): An orbit around Earth's Moon.
Areocentric orbit (named after Ares): An orbit around the planet Mars, such as that of its moons or artificial satellites.
For orbits centered about planets other than Earth and Mars and for the dwarf planet Pluto, the orbit names incorporating Greek terminology is less commonly used
Mercury orbit (Hermeocentric orbit, named after Hermes): An orbit around the planet Mercury.
Venus orbit (Cytherocentric orbit, named after Cythera): An orbit around the planet Venus.
Jupiter orbit (Zenocentric orbit, named after Zeus, or Latin equivalent Jovicentric): An orbit around the planet Jupiter.
Saturn orbit (Cronocentric orbit, named after Cronus, or Latin equivalent Saturnicentric): An orbit around the plane |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulocyte%20colony-stimulating%20factor%20receptor | The granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSF-R) also known as CD114 (Cluster of Differentiation 114) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CSF3R gene. G-CSF-R is a cell-surface receptor for the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). The G-CSF receptors belong to a family of cytokine receptors known as the hematopoietin receptor family. The granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor is present on precursor cells in the bone marrow, and, in response to stimulation by G-CSF, initiates cell proliferation and differentiation into mature neutrophilic granulocytes and macrophages.
The G-CSF-R is a transmembrane receptor that consists of an extracellular ligand-binding portion, a transmembrane domain, and the cytoplasmic portion that is responsible for signal transduction. GCSF-R ligand-binding is associated with dimerization of the receptor and signal transduction through proteins including Jak, Lyn, STAT, and Erk1/2.
Isoforms
The class IV isoform defective for both internalization and differentiation signaling, and colony-stimulating.
Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene are a cause of Kostmann syndrome, also known as severe congenital neutropenia.
Mutations in the intracellular part of this receptor are also associated with certain types of leukemia.
In clinical medicine, there is a suggestion that use of GCSF should be avoided, at least in children and adolescents and perhaps adults, when G-CSFR isoform IV is overexpressed.
Inter |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclase | A cyclase is an enzyme, almost always a lyase, that catalyzes a chemical reaction to form a cyclic compound. Important cyclase enzymes include:
Adenylyl cyclase, which forms cyclic AMP from adenosine triphosphate (EC 4.6.1.1)
ADCY1
ADCY2
ADCY3
ADCY4
ADCY5
ADCY6
ADCY7
ADCY8
ADCY9
ADCY10
Guanylyl cyclase, which forms cyclic GMP from guanosine triphosphate (EC 4.6.1.2)
GUCY1A2
GUCY1A3
GUCY1B3
Guanylate cyclase 2C
Guanylate cyclase 2D
Guanylate cyclase 2F
NPR1
NPR2
Protein cyclase, a ligase enzyme that produces backbone-cyclised proteins by intramolecular transpeptidation
EC 4.6.1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve%20injury | Nerve injury is an injury to nervous tissue. There is no single classification system that can describe all the many variations of nerve injuries. In 1941, Seddon introduced a classification of nerve injuries based on three main types of nerve fiber injury and whether there is continuity of the nerve. Usually, however, peripheral nerve injuries are classified in five stages, based on the extent of damage to both the nerve and the surrounding connective tissue, since supporting glial cells may be involved.
Unlike in the central nervous system, neuroregeneration in the peripheral nervous system is possible. The processes that occur in peripheral regeneration can be divided into the following major events: Wallerian degeneration, axon regeneration/growth, and reinnervation of nervous tissue. The events that occur in peripheral regeneration occur with respect to the axis of the nerve injury. The proximal stump refers to the end of the injured neuron that is still attached to the neuron cell body; it is the part that regenerates. The distal stump refers to the end of the injured neuron that is still attached to the end of the axon; it is the part of the neuron that will degenerate, but the stump remains capable of regenerating its axons.
The study of peripheral nerve injury began during the American Civil War and greatly expanded during modern medicine with such advances as use of growth-promoting molecules.
Types
To assess the location and severity of a peripheral nerve inj |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%E2%80%93P%20plot | In statistics, a P–P plot (probability–probability plot or percent–percent plot or P value plot) is a probability plot for assessing how closely two data sets agree, or for assessing how closely a dataset fits a particular model. It works by plotting the two cumulative distribution functions against each other; if they are similar, the data will appear to be nearly a straight line. This behavior is similar to that of the more widely used Q–Q plot, with which it is often confused.
Definition
A P–P plot plots two cumulative distribution functions (cdfs) against each other:
given two probability distributions, with cdfs "F" and "G", it plots as z ranges from to As a cdf has range [0,1], the domain of this parametric graph is and the range is the unit square
Thus for input z the output is the pair of numbers giving what percentage of f and what percentage of g fall at or below z.
The comparison line is the 45° line from (0,0) to (1,1), and the distributions are equal if and only if the plot falls on this line. The degree of deviation makes it easy to visually identify how different the distributions are, but because of sampling error, even samples drawn from identical distributions will not appear identical.
Example
As an example, if the two distributions do not overlap, say F is below G, then the P–P plot will move from left to right along the bottom of the square – as z moves through the support of F, the cdf of F goes from 0 to 1, while the cdf of G stays at 0 – and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubbalamadugu%20Falls | Ubbalamudugu Falls (also called Tada Falls) is a waterfall located near Oneness Temple and Sricity in the Tirupati district of India. It is a crystal clear waterfall falling from a height of 100-odd meters making it a glorious sight. Coming under the Buchinaidu kandriga and Varadaiahpalem mandals the falls are located from Chennai and from Srikalahasti.
The falls are located in a dense forest called the Siddulaiah Kona. The relation to Shiva ensures that the festival of Maha Shivaratri is a common time for people to visit.
Trekking
Tada falls is becoming famous among residents from Chennai for Trekking. You can park the Vehicle near Tada falls parking lot and follow the trail to trek to the Tada falls. Total trek is almost of 10 km through rough patches and rocky terrains. Novice hikers can trek along a 3 km long trail one way that snakes along a clear stream of water. Mid-level trekkers can go further up, climbing the boulders to reach the base of the falls. Though the trail can be a little exhausting, there are multiple water pools along the trail and the area has good green cover making it a pleasant hike.
References
Waterfalls of Andhra Pradesh
Geography of Tirupati district
Tirupati district
Waterfalls of India |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangkor%20Airport | Pangkor Airport is an airport on Pangkor Island, Manjung District, Perak, Malaysia.
Airlines and destinations
Traffic and statistics
See also
List of airports in Malaysia
References
External links
Short Take-Off and Landing Airports (STOL) at Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad
Aviation Photos: Pangkor Island (PKG / WMPA) at Airliners.net
Airports in Perak
Manjung District |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muller%20automaton | In automata theory, a Muller automaton is a type of an ω-automaton.
The acceptance condition separates a Muller automaton from other ω-automata.
The Muller automaton is defined using a Muller acceptance condition, i.e. the set of all states visited infinitely often must be an element of the acceptance set. Both deterministic and non-deterministic Muller automata recognize the ω-regular languages. They are named after David E. Muller, an American mathematician and computer scientist, who invented them in 1963.
Formal definition
Formally, a deterministic Muller-automaton is a tuple A = (Q,Σ,δ,q0,F) that consists of the following information:
Q is a finite set. The elements of Q are called the states of A.
Σ is a finite set called the alphabet of A.
δ: Q × Σ → Q is a function, called the transition function of A.
q0 is an element of Q, called the initial state.
F is a set of sets of states. Formally, F ⊆ P(Q) where P(Q) is powerset of Q. F defines the acceptance condition. A accepts exactly those runs in which the set of infinitely often occurring states is an element of F
In a non-deterministic Muller automaton, the transition function δ is replaced with a transition relation Δ that returns a set of states and the initial state q0 is replaced by a set of initial states Q0. Generally, 'Muller automaton' refers to a non-deterministic Muller automaton.
For more comprehensive formalisation look at ω-automaton.
Equivalence with other ω-automata
The Muller automata are equ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uptake%20signal%20sequence | Uptake signal sequences (USS) are short DNA sequences preferentially taken up by competent bacteria of the family Pasteurellaceae (e.g., Haemophilus influenzae). Similar sequences, called DNA uptake sequences (DUS), are found in species of the family Neisseriaceae (including Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae).
Neisseria meningitidis
Genetic transformation is the process by which a recipient bacterial cell takes up naked DNA from its environment and integrates this DNA into the recipient's genome by recombination. In N. meningitidis, DNA transformation requires the presence of short DUS (10-12 mers residing in coding and intergenic regions) of the donor DNA. Specific recognition of DUSs is mediated by a type IV pilin. Davidsen et al. reported that in N. meningitidis DUSs occur at a significantly higher density in genes involved in DNA repair and recombination (as well as in restriction-modification and replication) than in other annotated gene groups. These authors proposed that the over-representation of DUS in DNA repair and recombination genes may reflect the benefit of maintaining the integrity of the DNA repair and recombination machinery by preferentially taking up genome maintenance genes that could replace their damaged counterparts in the recipient cell's genome. Uptake of such genes could provide a mechanism for facilitating recovery from DNA damage after genotoxic stress.
References
External links
DNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%E2%80%93Radau%20equation | In astrophysics, the Darwin–Radau equation (named after Rodolphe Radau and Charles Galton Darwin) gives an approximate relation between the moment of inertia factor of a planetary body and its rotational speed and shape. The moment of inertia factor is directly related to the largest principal moment of inertia, C. It is assumed that the rotating body is in hydrostatic equilibrium and is an ellipsoid of revolution. The Darwin–Radau equation states
where M and Re represent the mass and mean equatorial radius of the body. Here λ is the d'Alembert parameter and the Radau parameter η is defined as
where q is the geodynamical constant
and ε is the geometrical flattening
where Rp is the mean polar radius and Re is the mean equatorial radius.
For Earth, and , which yields , a good approximation to the measured value of 0.3307.
References
Astrophysics
Planetary science
Equations of astronomy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretin%20receptor | The secretin receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SCTR gene. This protein is a G protein-coupled receptor which binds secretin and is the leading member (i.e., first cloned) of the secretin receptor family, also called class B GPCR subfamily.
Interactions
The secretin receptor has been shown to interact with pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide.
References
Further reading
External links
IUPHAR GPCR Database - Secretin receptor
G protein-coupled receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLUT3 | Glucose transporter 3 (or GLUT3), also known as solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 3 (SLC2A3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC2A3 gene. GLUT3 facilitates the transport of glucose across the plasma membranes of mammalian cells. GLUT3 is most known for its specific expression in neurons and has originally been designated as the neuronal GLUT. GLUT3 has been studied in other cell types with specific glucose requirements, including sperm, preimplantation embryos, circulating white blood cells and carcinoma cell lines.
Discovery
GLUT3 was the third glucose transporter to be discovered, first cloned in 1988 from a fetal skeletal muscle cell line, using a GLUT1 cDNA probe and shown to share 64.4% identity with GLUT1.
Function
Although GLUT3 was found to be expressed in various tissues, it is most specifically expressed in neurons, found predominantly in axons and dendrites and also, but less prominently, in the cell body. GLUT3 has at least a fivefold greater transport capacity than GLUT1 or GLUT4, as well as a higher glucose affinity than GLUT1, GLUT2 or GLUT4. This is significant as glucose levels surrounding the neurons are only 1–2 mM, compared to 5–6 mM in the serum.
Brain
Glucose delivery and utilization in the mammalian brain is mediated primarily by a high molecular weight form of GLUT1 in the blood–brain barrier, GLUT3 in neuronal populations and a less glycosylated form of GLUT1 in the remainder of the parenchyma. GLUT3 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenine%20nucleotide%20translocator | Adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT), also known as the ADP/ATP translocase (ANT), ADP/ATP carrier protein (AAC) or mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier, exchanges free ATP with free ADP across the inner mitochondrial membrane. ANT is the most abundant protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane and belongs to mitochondrial carrier family.
Free ADP is transported from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial matrix, while ATP produced from oxidative phosphorylation is transported from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytoplasm, thus providing the cells with its main energy currency. ADP/ATP translocases are exclusive to eukaryotes and are thought to have evolved during eukaryogenesis. Human cells express four ADP/ATP translocases: SLC25A4, SLC25A5, SLC25A6 and SLC25A31, which constitute more than 10% of the protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These proteins are classified under the mitochondrial carrier superfamily.
Types
In humans, there exist three paraologous ANT isoforms:
SLC25A4 – found primarily in heart and skeletal muscle
SLC25A5 – primarily expressed in fibroblasts
SLC25A6 – primarily express in liver
Structure
ANT has long been thought to function as a homodimer, but this concept was challenged by the projection structure of the yeast Aac3p solved by electron crystallography, which showed that the protein was three-fold symmetric and monomeric, with the translocation pathway for the substrate through the centre. The atomic structure of the bovine ANT confirmed |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiak%C3%A1%20language | Apiaká is a recently extinct Tupi language of the Apiacá people of the upper Rio Tapajos area of Mato Grosso, Brazil. It has been supplanted by Portuguese.
Classification
The Apiaká language belongs to subgroup VI of the Tupi-Guarani languages. It is very close to Kagwahiva and may be a dialect of that language.
History
After coming into contact with the Neo-Brazilians, the Apiaca language changed with combined elements of the Lingua Geral, A Tupi-based trade jargon. Today, Portuguese or Munduruku are more widely spoken as opposed to the Apiaca language, though these people have always been known by the name "Apiaca."
All the Apiacá speak Portuguese and those married to members of the Munduruku and Kaiabi tribes speak their spouse's language fluently or have the ability to understand them fully. Although the Munduruku and Kaiabi languages and idioms are spoken on a day-to-day basis in the Apiaca villages, they are, however, limited to domestic spaces and informal conversations. The language used in formal conversations is Portuguese, due to contact with the Neo-Brazilians and Portuguese settlers. Although they cannot impose their own language on the co-resident Munduruku and Kaiabi people, due to such a small number of them who actually speak the Apiaca language, the Apiaca manage to impede the languages of these peoples from becoming the official languages in their villages. This allows Portuguese to function as an instrument of resistance employed by the Apiaca to preve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building-integrated%20photovoltaics | Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are photovoltaic materials that are used to replace conventional building materials in parts of the building envelope such as the roof, skylights, or façades. They are increasingly being incorporated into the construction of new buildings as a principal or ancillary source of electrical power, although existing buildings may be retrofitted with similar technology. The advantage of integrated photovoltaics over more common non-integrated systems is that the initial cost can be offset by reducing the amount spent on building materials and labor that would normally be used to construct the part of the building that the BIPV modules replace. In addition, BIPV allows for more widespread solar adoption when the building's aesthetics matter and traditional rack-mounted solar panels would disrupt the intended look of the building.
The term building-applied photovoltaics (BAPV) is sometimes used to refer to photovoltaics that are retrofit – integrated into the building after construction is complete. Most building-integrated installations are actually BAPV. Some manufacturers and builders differentiate new construction BIPV from BAPV.
History
PV applications for buildings began appearing in the 1970s. Aluminum-framed photovoltaic modules were connected to, or mounted on, buildings that were usually in remote areas without access to an electric power grid. In the 1980s photovoltaic module add-ons to roofs began being demonstrated. These PV sy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialoglycoprotein | A sialoglycoprotein is a combination of sialic acid and glycoprotein, which is, itself, a combination of sugar and protein. These proteins often contain one or more sialyl oligosaccharides that are covalently bound to the rest of the molecule.
Glycophorin C is one common sialoglycoprotein.
Podocalyxin is another sialoglycoprotein found in the foot processes of the podocyte cells of the glomerulus in kidneys. Podocalyxin is negatively charged and therefore repels other negatively charged molecules, thus contributing to the minimal filtration of negatively charged molecules by the kidney. Its molecular weight is 46 kDa.
References
External links
Glycoproteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936%20German%20Grand%20Prix | The 1936 German Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at the Nürburgring on 26 July 1936.
Classification
References
German Grand Prix
German Grand Prix
Grand Prix |
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