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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCP-1%20cells | BCP-1 cells are a clonal lymphoma cell line. They were derived from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of an HIV seronegative patient with a body cavity based primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). BCP-1 cells are positive for KSHV, but negative for EBV. The cell line is used extensively for KSHV serologic assays and epidemiologic studies as well as other KSHV laboratory studies such as KSHV reactivation from latency with TPA or ectopic expression of KSHV ORF 50. BCP-1 has been deposited to ATCC by the creators for public use in research: https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090610/http://www.atcc.org/common/catalog/numSearch/numResults.cfm?atccNum=CRL-2294.
References and notes
External links
Cellosaurus entry for BCP-1
Virology
Human cell lines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luton/Dunstable%20urban%20area | The Luton/Dunstable Urban Area, according to the Office for National Statistics, is the conurbation (continuous built up area) including the settlements of Luton, Dunstable and Houghton Regis, in Bedfordshire, East of England.
Despite straddling district boundaries the conurbation shares many facilities including an integrated bus service and the large Luton and Dunstable University Hospital. The conurbation is located in the southern part of the ceremonial county of Bedfordshire, England, and includes the unitary authority of Luton, and part of Central Bedfordshire. The current population (2021 census) is 286,803. This is an increase of 9% from the 2011 population of 258,018.
Future growth
The area is expected to grow due to development within and physical expansion of the three towns and large re-development of Luton, including redevelopment of the former Vauxhall Motors factory complex.
The Luton & Dunstable Urban area is considered part of the Milton Keynes and South Midlands Sub Region, part of the East of England. the East of England Regional Spatial Strategy has outlined the identified the urban area for growth, as part of the Sustainable Communities Plan. It is also considered part of the London Commuter Belt.
References
External links
Luton Population
Geography of Bedfordshire
Luton
Urban areas of England |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoNTub | CoNTub is a software project written in Java which runs on Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and Unix Operating systems through any Java-enabled web browser. It is the first implementation of an algorithm for generating 3D structures of arbitrary carbon nanotube connections by means of the placement of non-hexagonal (pentagonal or heptagonal) rings, also referred as defects or disclinations.
The software is a set of tools dedicated to the construction of complex carbon nanotube structures for use in computational chemistry. CoNTub 1.0[1] was the first implementation for building these complex structures and included nanotube heterojunctions, while CoNTub 2.0[2] is mainly devoted to three-nanotube junctions. Its aim is to help in the design and research about new nanotube-based devices. CoNTub is based on the strip algebra, and is able to find the unique structure for connecting two specific and arbitrary carbon nanotubes and many of the possible three-tube junctions.
CoNTub generates the geometry of various types of nanotube junctions, i.e., nanotube heterojunctions and three-nanotube junctions, including also single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs).
Although the current version of CoNTub is v2.0, this version does not supersedes v1.0, as v2.0 is dedicated currently to only three-nanotube junctions, although the incorporation of v1.0 functionality into v.2.0 is planned. Nanotube heterojunctions can be generated only with v1.0.
CoNTub v1.0 is organized i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule%20nucleation | In cell biology, microtubule nucleation is the event that initiates de novo formation of microtubules (MTs). These filaments of the cytoskeleton typically form through polymerization of α- and β-tubulin dimers, the basic building blocks of the microtubule, which initially interact to nucleate a seed from which the filament elongates.
Microtubule nucleation occurs spontaneously in vitro, with solutions of purified tubulin giving rise to full-length polymers. The tubulin dimers that make up the polymers have an intrinsic capacity to self-aggregate and assemble into cylindrical tubes, provided there is an adequate supply of GTP. The kinetics barriers of such a process, however, mean that the rate at which microtubules spontaneously nucleate is relatively low.
Role of γ-tubulin and the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC)
In vivo, cells get around this kinetic barrier by using various proteins to aid microtubule nucleation. The primary pathway by which microtubule nucleation is assisted requires the action of a third type of tubulin, γ-tubulin, which is distinct from the α and β subunits that compose the microtubules themselves. The γ-tubulin combines with several other associated proteins to form a conical structure known as the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC). This complex, with its 13-fold symmetry, acts as a scaffold or template for α/β tubulin dimers during the nucleation process—speeding up the assembly of the ring of 13 protofilaments that make up the growing microtubule. Th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20lipid | Membrane lipids are a group of compounds (structurally similar to fats and oils) which form the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The three major classes of membrane lipids are phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol. Lipids are amphiphilic: they have one end that is soluble in water ('polar') and an ending that is soluble in fat ('nonpolar'). By forming a double layer with the polar ends pointing outwards and the nonpolar ends pointing inwards membrane lipids can form a 'lipid bilayer' which keeps the watery interior of the cell separate from the watery exterior. The arrangements of lipids and various proteins, acting as receptors and channel pores in the membrane, control the entry and exit of other molecules and ions as part of the cell's metabolism. In order to perform physiological functions, membrane proteins are facilitated to rotate and diffuse laterally in two dimensional expanse of lipid bilayer by the presence of a shell of lipids closely attached to protein surface, called annular lipid shell.
Biological roles
The bilayer formed by membrane lipids serves as a containment unit of a living cell. Membrane lipids also form a matrix in which membrane proteins reside. Historically lipids were thought to merely serve a structural role. Functional roles of lipids are in fact many: They serve as regulatory agents in cell growth and adhesion. They participate in the biosynthesis of other biomolecules. They can serve to increase enzymatic activities of enzymes.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylethanolamine | Phosphorylethanolamine or phosphoethanolamine is an ethanolamine derivative that is used to construct two different categories of phospholipids. One category termed a glycerophospholipid and the other a sphingomyelin, or more specifically within the sphingomyelin class, a sphingophospholipid. Phosphorylethanolamine is a polyprotic acid with two pKa values at 5.61 and 10.39.
Phosphorylethanolamine has been falsely promoted as a cancer treatment.
Effectiveness
As a potential drug, phosphorylethanolamine has undergone human clinical trials. These were halted when no evidence of benefit was found.
Edzard Ernst has called Phosphorylethanolamine "the most peculiar case of Brazilian quackery".
Legality
There has been ongoing controversy and litigation in Brazil with regard to its use as a cancer treatment without approval by the National Health Surveillance Agency. For years, Gilberto Chierice, a Chemistry Professor at the São Carlos campus of the University of São Paulo, used resources from a campus laboratory to unofficially manufacture, distribute, and promote the drug to cancer patients without it having gone through clinical testing. In September 2015, university administrators began preventing the Professor from continuing with this practice. In October 2015, several courts in Brazil ruled in favor of plaintiffs who wanted the right to try the compound. However, a state court overturned the lower courts' decision a month later. Jailson Bittencourt de Andrade, secretary for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SVAR | SVAR may refer to:
Vector autoregression#Structural vs. reduced form
National Archives of Sweden |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNX1 | Sorting nexin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNX1 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a sorting nexin. SNX1 is a component of the retromer complex.
Function
This gene encodes a member of the sorting nexin family. Members of this family contain a phox (PX) domain, which is a phosphoinositide binding domain, and are involved in intracellular trafficking. This endosomal protein regulates the cell-surface expression of epidermal growth factor receptor. This protein also has a role in sorting protease-activated receptor-1 from early endosomes to lysosomes. This protein may form oligomeric complexes with other family members.
References
Further reading
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QPPB | The QoS Policy Propagation via BGP, often abbreviated to QPPB, is a mechanism that allows propagation of quality of service (QoS) policy and classification by the sending party based on access lists, community lists, and autonomous system paths in the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), thus helping to classify based on destination instead of source address.
See also
Computer network
Traffic engineering (telecommunications)
External links
ASR9000/XR: Implementing QOS policy propagation for BGP (QPPB)
Internet architecture |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acyl-CoA | Acyl-CoA is a group of coenzymes that metabolize fatty acids. Acyl-CoA's are susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP, the universal biochemical energy carrier.
Functions
Fatty acid activation
Fats are broken down by conversion to acyl-CoA. This conversion is one response to high energy demands such as exercise.
The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase. Fatty acids are converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase"
acyl-P + HS-CoA → acyl-S-CoA + Pi + H+
Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. For example, the substrates for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase are 4-11 carbon fatty acids. The enzyme acyl-CoA thioesterase takes of the acyl-CoA to form a free fatty acid and coenzyme A.
Beta Oxidation of Acyl-CoA
The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria. After formation in the cytosol, acyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of acyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts acyl-CoA into acylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, acylcarnitine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirtbox | Dirtbox may refer to:
Dirtbox (cell phone), a cell site simulator that mimics a cell phone tower, used by security agencies to collect information about phones
One of several aliases of Ewan Pearson, an English electronic music producer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformed%20wing%20virus | Deformed wing virus (DWV) is an RNA virus, one of 22 known viruses affecting honey bees. While most commonly infecting the honey bee, Apis mellifera, it has also been documented in other bee species, like Bombus terrestris, thus, indicating it may have a wider host specificity than previously anticipated. The virus was first isolated from a sample of symptomatic honeybees from Japan in the early 1980s and is currently distributed worldwide. It is found also in pollen baskets and commercially reared bumblebees. Its main vector in A. mellifera is the Varroa mite. It is named after what is usually the most obvious deformity it induces in the development of a honeybee pupa, which is shrunken and deformed wings, but other developmental deformities are often present.
Genomics
The viral genome was published in 2006. The genome is 10140 nucleotides in length excluding the poly(A) tail and contains a single large open reading frame encoding a 328-kilo Dalton (kDA) polyprotein. 5' of the central coding sequence is a 1144-nucleotide nontranslated leader sequence (UTR). 3' coding sequence is a 317-nucleotide nontranslated region which is followed by a poly(A) tail.
The genome is 29.5% adenosine, 15.8% cytosine, 22.4% guanine and 32.3% uracil. Analysis of codon use found 39.5% uracil and 26.8% adenosine in the third base position. There are three major structural proteins – VP1 (44 kDa), VP2 (32 kDa), and VP3 (28 kDa). These lie in the N-terminal section of the polyprotein. The C-termin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Best%20Side%20of%20Life | "The Best Side of Life" is a song by German recording artist Sarah Connor. It was released by X-Cell Records as the lead single from the 2006 reissue of her first Christmas album, Christmas in My Heart (2005), accompanying the release of Connor's DVD of the same name. Written by Marc Lennard and Achim Heider under his pseudonym JoHo HF, the Christmas song was produced by frequent collaborators, duo Kay D. and Rob Tyger. A midtempo love song, the instrumentation includes bell chimes and harp sounds. The song's lyrics declare that the protagonist wants for Christmas to be united with her lover and family for the holidays.
The song replaced Melanie Thornton's "Wonderful Dream (Holidays are Coming)" in Coca-Cola's Christmas promotional campaign throughout German-speaking Europe. Commercially, "The Best Side of Life" peaked at number four on the German Singles Chart and reached the top twenty in Austria and Switzerland. It has since made several re-entries on the Media Control Charts, in December of the years 2007 to 2009, and of the years since 2017.
Music video
A music video for "The Best Side of Life" was directed by Oliver Sommer.
Track listing
All tracks produced by Kay Denar and Rob Tyger.
Notes
"Why Does It Rain" was inspired by the German christmas carol "Schneeflöckchen, Weißröckchen".
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
2000s ballads
2006 singles
Christmas songs
Pop ballads
Soul ballads
Sarah Connor (singer) songs
X-Cell Records singles
2005 songs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotensin%20receptor | Neurotensin receptors are transmembrane receptors that bind the neurotransmitter neurotensin. Two of the receptors encoded by the and genes contain seven transmembrane helices and are G protein coupled. Numerous crystal structures have been reported for the neurotensin receptor 1 (NTS1). The third receptor has a single transmembrane domain and is encoded by the gene.
Ligands
Agonists
Peptide
Beta-lactotensin (NTS2)
JMV-449
Neurotensin
Neuromedin N (NTS1 selective)
PD-149,163 (NTS1 selective, reduced amide bond 8-13 fragment of neurotensin)
Non-peptide
NTS1 full agonist SRI-9829
Partial agonists derived from SR-48692
Antagonists
Levocabastine (NTS2 selective, also H1 histamine antagonist)
SR-48692 (NTS1 selective)
SR-142948 (unselective, CAS# 184162-64-9)
Biophysical Investigation
Unusually for GPCRs, NTS1 can be expressed in an active form in the bacteria E. coli. It can be purified and analysed in vitro and has been analysed by a number of biophysical techniques such as surface plasmon resonance, FRET and cryo-electron microscopy.
Furthermore, high-resolution crystal structures of NTS1 have been determined in complex with the peptide full agonist NT8-13, the non-peptide full agonist SRI-9829, the partial agonist RTI-3a, and the antagonists / inverse agonists SR-48692 and SR-142948, as well as in the ligand-free apo state
References
External links
G protein-coupled receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galanin%20receptor | The galanin receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor, or metabotropic receptor which binds galanin.
Galanin receptors can be found throughout the peripheral and central nervous systems and the endocrine system. So far three subtypes are known to exist: GAL-R1, GAL-R2, and GAL-R3. The specific function of each subtype remains to be fully elucidated, although as of 2009 great progress is currently being made in this respect with the generation of receptor subtype-specific knockout mice, and the first selective ligands for galanin receptor subtypes. Selective galanin agonists are anticonvulsant, while antagonists produce antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in animals, so either agonist or antagonist ligands for the galanin receptors may be potentially therapeutic compounds in humans.
Ligands
Agonists
Non-selective
Galanin
Galanin 1-15 fragment
Galanin-like peptide - agonist at GAL1 and GAL2 but not GAL3
Galmic
Galnon
NAX 5055
D-Gal(7-Ahp)-B2
GAL1 selective
M617
GAL1/2 selective
M1154 - has no GalR3 interaction
GAL2 selective
Galanin 2-11 amide - also called AR-M 1896, anticonvulsant in mice, CAS# 367518-31-8
M1145 - selective compared to both GalR1 and GalR3
M1153 - selective compared to both GalR1 and GalR3
CYM 2503 (positive allosteric modulator)
Antagonists
Non-selective
M35 peptide
GAL1 selective
SCH-202,596
GAL2 selective
M871 peptide
GAL3 selective
SNAP-37889
SNAP-398,299
References
External links
G protein-coupled receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing%20hormone%20receptor | Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors (CRHRs), also known as corticotropin-releasing factor receptors (CRFRs) are a G protein-coupled receptor family that binds corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). There are two receptors in the family, designated as type 1 and 2, each encoded by a separate gene ( and respectively).
Function
CRHRs are important mediators in the stress response. Cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland known as corticotropes express the receptors and will secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) when stimulated. This binding of corticotropin releasing-hormone (CRH) activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, one of the two parts of the fight-or-flight response to stress. CRHRs are also present in other brain areas such as the amygdala, locus coeruleus and hippocampus. Within the hippocampus, the CRHR1s are most abundant, residing mainly on the pyramidal cells of CA1 and CA3. Chronic activation of CRHR1s by CRH induced by early life stress has been shown to underlie memory deficits and learning impairments and anxiety in adulthood.
References
External links
Corticotropin-releasing hormone |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakagami%20distribution | The Nakagami distribution or the Nakagami-m distribution is a probability distribution related to the gamma distribution. The family of Nakagami distributions has two parameters: a shape parameter and a second parameter controlling spread .
Characterization
Its probability density function (pdf) is
where
Its cumulative distribution function is
where P is the regularized (lower) incomplete gamma function.
Parametrization
The parameters and are
and
Parameter estimation
An alternative way of fitting the distribution is to re-parametrize and m as σ = Ω/m and m.
Given independent observations from the Nakagami distribution, the likelihood function is
Its logarithm is
Therefore
These derivatives vanish only when
and the value of m for which the derivative with respect to m vanishes is found by numerical methods including the Newton–Raphson method.
It can be shown that at the critical point a global maximum is attained, so the critical point is the maximum-likelihood estimate of (m,σ). Because of the equivariance of maximum-likelihood estimation, one then obtains the MLE for Ω as well.
Generation
The Nakagami distribution is related to the gamma distribution.
In particular, given a random variable , it is possible to obtain a random variable , by setting , , and taking the square root of :
Alternatively, the Nakagami distribution can be generated from the chi distribution with parameter set to and then following it by a scaling transformation of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galp | Galp may refer to:
Galp Energia, an oil and gas company from Portugal
GalP (protein), an integral membrane protein present in Escherichia Coli
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Galanin-like peptide, a neuropeptide |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef%20Meixner | Josef Meixner (24 April 1908 – 19 March 1994) was a German theoretical physicist, known for his work on the physics of deformable bodies, thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, Meixner polynomials, Meixner–Pollaczek polynomials, and spheroidal wave functions.
Education
Meixner began his studies in theoretical physics with Arnold Sommerfeld at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in 1926. He was awarded his doctorate in 1931, with the submission of a thesis on the application of the Green function in quantum mechanics.
Career
Meixner taught at a high school for a few years. He was an assistant at the Institute of Theoretical Physics in Munchen until 1934. He worked with Salomon Bochner to determine that the Hermite polynomials were the only orthogonal polynomials with generating functions of the form .
Meixner later wrote in his personal memoirs about his close friend, an Austrian Jew who came to Munich in 1929 and left for Princeton in 1933:
Bochner foresaw the coming political development very clearly, and I recall when we, surely at the end of 1932, stood before a bulletin board of the Voelkischer Beobachter and he said: ‘Now it is almost time that I must depart’. When I [at age 24] replied that then I would also like to leave, he replied: You remain here; nothing will happen to you and for us there are too few places in the world.
Meixner loosened the condition on the generating function and determined that was satisfied by five classes of polynomials, kno |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco%20%28robot%29 | Coco is the latest platform at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Humanoid Robotics Group, and a successor to Cog. Unlike previous platforms, Coco is built along more ape-like lines, rather than human. Coco is also notable for being mobile. Although there is ongoing research on the robot, the group has many robots dealing with human interactions. The Humanoid Robotics Group has planned to add more useful functions in the future, but have not set an exact date for such project.
Humanoid Robotics Group Mission
The mission of the Humanoid Robotics Group is to create a robot that can interact with humans and objects without being dependent on a caretaker. Coco should be able to investigate environments and be able to discover important outlooks of the world. Using multiple sensors, Coco should be conducive to human interaction. Interactions with humans include:
reacting to others' emotions
showing empathy
non-aggressive social behavior
independence
Physical
All the following dimensions of Coco are in millimeters:
length of the head is 165
width of the head is 140
from left shoulder Y-axis to right shoulder Y-axis is 252
from shoulder Y-axis to shoulder X-axis is 58
from hip to hip is 269
from hip to shoulder 292
forearm is 156
upper arm is 154
upper leg is 65
lower leg is 45
Coco's appearance is ape-like, which coincides with early evolutionary behaviors. It has broad shoulders, short legs, and long arms made of carbon fiber. The robot's color is all black except fo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics%20of%20the%20Northwest%20Territories | The Northwest Territories is a territory of Canada. It has an area of 1,171,918 square kilometres and a population of 41,786 as of the 2016 Census.
Population history
Source: Statistics Canada,Canada's population . Statistics Canada. Last accessed September 28, 2006. with Social Science Federation of Canada for 1871–1901
Population geography
Ten largest population centres
Visible minorities and Indigenous peoples
Languages
French was made an official language in 1877 by the appointed government, after lengthy and bitter debate resulting from a speech from the throne in 1888 by Lt. Governor Joseph Royal. The members voted on more than one occasion to nullify and make English the only language used in the assembly. After some conflict with Ottawa and a decisive vote on January 19, 1892, the issue was put to rest as an English-only territory.
In the early 1980s, the government of Northwest Territories was again under pressure by the federal government to reintroduce French as an official language. Some native members walked out of the assembly, protesting that they would not be permitted to speak their own language. The executive council appointed a special committee of MLAs to study the matter. They decided that if French was to be an official language, then so must the other languages in the territories.
The Northwest Territories's Official Languages Act recognizes the following eleven official languages, which is more than any other political division in Canada: |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics%20of%20Yukon | Yukon is the westernmost of Canada's three northern territories. Its capital is Whitehorse. People from Yukon are known as Yukoners (). Unlike in other Canadian provinces and territories, Statistics Canada uses the entire territory as a single at-large census division.
Population of Yukon: 40,232 (2021 Census)
Percentage of Canadian population : 0.10%
Population growth rate for 2007: +5.8%
Population history
Source: Statistics Canada
Population geography
Major communities
Visible minorities and Indigenous peoples
Languages
The 2006 Canadian census showed a population of 30,372.Of the 29,940 singular responses to the census question concerning 'mother tongue' the most commonly reported languages were:
There were also about 40 single-language responses for Ukrainian; 30 each for Czech and the Scandinavian languages; and about 25 single-language responses each for Italian and Japanese. In addition, there were also 130 responses of both English and a 'non-official language'; 10 of both French and a 'non-official language'; 110 of both English and French; and about 175 people who either did not respond to the question, or reported multiple non-official languages, or else gave some other unenumerated response. Yukon's official languages are English and French. (Figures shown are for the number of single language responses and the percentage of total single-language responses.)
Religion
The Majority of Christians in Yukon are Anglicans and Roman Catholics, with a small |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIT%20%28gene%29 | Proto-oncogene c-KIT is the gene encoding the receptor tyrosine kinase protein known as tyrosine-protein kinase KIT, CD117 (cluster of differentiation 117) or mast/stem cell growth factor receptor (SCFR). Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
KIT was first described by the German biochemist Axel Ullrich in 1987 as the cellular homolog of the feline sarcoma viral oncogene v-kit.
Function
KIT is a cytokine receptor expressed on the surface of hematopoietic stem cells as well as other cell types. Altered forms of this receptor may be associated with some types of cancer. KIT is a receptor tyrosine kinase type III, which binds to stem cell factor , also known as "steel factor" or "c-kit ligand". When this receptor binds to stem cell factor (SCF) it forms a dimer that activates its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, that in turn phosphorylates and activates signal transduction molecules that propagate the signal in the cell. After activation, the receptor is ubiquitinated to mark it for transport to a lysosome and eventual destruction. Signaling through KIT plays a role in cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. For instance, KIT signaling is required for melanocyte survival, and it is also involved in haematopoiesis and gametogenesis.
Structure
Like other members of the receptor tyrosine kinase III family, KIT consists of an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, a juxtamembrane domain, and an intracellular |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96mn%C3%B6govi%2C%20Uvs | Ömnögovi () is a sum (district) of Uvs Province in western Mongolia.
Part of the sum is desert, that has sand dunes.
Climate
Ömnögovi has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk) with warm summers and severely cold winters. The average minimum temperature in January is , and temperatures as low as have been recorded. Most precipitation falls in the summer as rain, with some snow in the adjacent months of May and September. Winters are very dry.
References
Populated places in Mongolia
Districts of Uvs Province |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrystal | Chrystal may refer to:
Crystal, of which it is an older, now non-standard, spelling
Chrystal (film), a 2005 film
People with the surname
Bob Chrystal (1930–2023), Canadian ice hockey player
George Chrystal (1851–1911), Scottish mathematician
People with the given name
Chrystal Herne (1883–1950), actress
Chrystal Soo Jung (or Krystal Jung; born 1994), American singer and actress based in South Korea
See also
Crystal (disambiguation)
McChrystal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport%20protein | A transport protein (variously referred to as a transmembrane pump, transporter, escort protein, acid transport protein, cation transport protein, or anion transport protein) is a protein that serves the function of moving other materials within an organism. Transport proteins are vital to the growth and life of all living things. There are several different kinds of transport proteins.
Carrier proteins are proteins involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, or macromolecules, such as another protein, across a biological membrane. Carrier proteins are integral membrane proteins; that is, they exist within and span the membrane across which they transport substances. The proteins may assist in the movement of substances by facilitated diffusion (i.e., passive transport) or active transport. These mechanisms of movement are known as carrier-mediated transport. Each carrier protein is designed to recognize only one substance or one group of very similar substances. Research suggests that potassium, calcium and sodium channels can function as oxygen sensors in mammals and plants, and has correlated defects in specific carrier proteins with specific diseases. A membrane transport protein (or simply transporter) is a membrane protein that acts as such a carrier.
A vesicular transport protein is a transmembrane or membrane associated protein. It regulates or facilitates the movement by vesicles of the contents of the cell.
See also
Solute carrier family
Neurotransmitt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicular%20transport%20protein | A vesicular transport protein, or vesicular transporter, is a membrane protein that regulates or facilitates the movement of specific molecules across a vesicle's membrane. As a result, vesicular transporters govern the concentration of molecules within a vesicle.
Types
Examples include:
Archain
ARFs
Clathrin
Caveolin
Dynamin and related proteins, such as the EHD protein family
Rab proteins
SNAREs
Vesicular transport adaptor proteins e.g. Sorting nexins
Synaptotagmin
TRAPP complex
Synaptophysin
Auxilin
Pathways
There are multiple pathways, each using its own coat and GTPase.
COP 1 (Cytosolic coat protein complex ) : retrograde transport; Golgi ----> Endoplasmic reticulum
COP 2 (Cytosolic coat protein complex ) : anterograde transport; RER -----> cis-Golgi
Clathrin : trans-Golgi ----> Lysosomes, Plasma membrane ----> Endosomes (receptor-mediated endocytosis)
See also
Membrane transport protein
Wikipedia:MeSH D12.776#MeSH D12.776.543.990 --- vesicular transport proteins
References
Vesicular transport proteins
Peripheral membrane proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate%20dehydrogenase%20kinase | Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (also pyruvate dehydrogenase complex kinase, PDC kinase, or PDK; ) is a kinase enzyme which acts to inactivate the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase by phosphorylating it using ATP.
PDK thus participates in the regulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of which pyruvate dehydrogenase is the first component. Both PDK and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex are located in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes. The complex acts to convert pyruvate (a product of glycolysis in the cytosol) to acetyl-coA, which is then oxidized in the mitochondria to produce energy, in the citric acid cycle. By downregulating the activity of this complex, PDK will decrease the oxidation of pyruvate in mitochondria and increase the conversion of pyruvate to lactate in the cytosol.
The opposite action of PDK, namely the dephosphorylation and activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase, is catalyzed by a phosphoprotein phosphatase called pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase.
(Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase should not be confused with Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1, which is also sometimes known as "PDK1".)
Phosphorylation sites
PDK can phosphorylate a serine residue on pyruvate dehydrogenase at three possible sites. Some evidence has shown that phosphorylation at site 1 will nearly completely deactivate the enzyme while phosphorylation at sites 2 and 3 had only a small contribution to complex inactivation. Therefore, it is phosphorylation at site 1 that is responsible |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilome | The mobilome is the entire set of mobile genetic elements in a genome. Mobilomes are found in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses. The compositions of mobilomes differ among lineages of life, with transposable elements being the major mobile elements in eukaryotes, and plasmids and prophages being the major types in prokaryotes. Virophages contribute to the viral mobilome.
Mobilome in eukaryotes
Transposable elements are elements that can move about or propagate within the genome, and are the major constituents of the eukaryotic mobilome. Transposable elements can be regarded as genetic parasites because they exploit the host cell's transcription and translation mechanisms to extract and insert themselves in different parts of the genome, regardless of the phenotypic effect on the host.
Eukaryotic transposable elements were first discovered in maize (Zea mays) in which kernels showed a dotted color pattern. Barbara McClintock described the maize Ac/Ds system in which the Ac locus promotes the excision of the Ds locus from the genome, and excised Ds elements can mutate genes responsible for pigment production by inserting into their coding regions.
Other examples of transposable elements include: yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Ty elements, a retrotransposon which encodes a reverse transcriptase to convert its mRNA transcript into DNA which can then insert into other parts of the genome; and fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) P-elements, which randomly inserts into the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIIA | AIIA may refer to:
Australian Information Industry Association
Australian Institute of International Affairs, a think tank
Quorum-quenching N-acyl-homoserine lactonase, an enzyme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20effusivity | In thermodynamics, a material's thermal effusivity, also known as thermal responsivity, is a measure of its ability to exchange thermal energy with its surroundings. It is defined as the square root of the product of the material's thermal conductivity () and its volumetric heat capacity () or as the ratio of thermal conductivity to the square root of thermal diffusivity ().
The SI units for thermal effusivity are , or, equivalently, .
Thermal effusivity is a good approximation for the material's thermal inertia for a semi-infinite rigid body where heat transfer is dominated by the diffusive process of conduction only.
Thermal effusivity is a parameter that emerges upon applying solutions of the heat equation to heat flow through a thin surface-like region. It becomes particularly useful when the region is selected adjacent to a material's actual surface. Knowing the effusivity and equilibrium temperature of each of two material bodies then enables an estimate of their interface temperature when placed into thermal contact.
If and are the temperature of the two bodies, then upon contact, the temperature of the contact interface (assumed to be a smooth surface) becomes
Specialty sensors have also been developed based on this relationship to measure effusivity.
Thermal effusivity and thermal diffusivity are related quantities; respectively a product versus a ratio of a material's fundamental transport and storage properties. The diffusivity appears explicitly in th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20differential%20equation | In mathematics, an algebraic differential equation is a differential equation that can be expressed by means of differential algebra. There are several such notions, according to the concept of differential algebra used.
The intention is to include equations formed by means of differential operators, in which the coefficients are rational functions of the variables (e.g. the hypergeometric equation). Algebraic differential equations are widely used in computer algebra and number theory.
A simple concept is that of a polynomial vector field, in other words a vector field expressed with respect to a standard co-ordinate basis as the first partial derivatives with polynomial coefficients. This is a type of first-order algebraic differential operator.
Formulations
Derivations D can be used as algebraic analogues of the formal part of differential calculus, so that algebraic differential equations make sense in commutative rings.
The theory of differential fields was set up to express differential Galois theory in algebraic terms.
The Weyl algebra W of differential operators with polynomial coefficients can be considered; certain modules M can be used to express differential equations, according to the presentation of M.
The concept of Koszul connection is something that transcribes easily into algebraic geometry, giving an algebraic analogue of the way systems of differential equations are geometrically represented by vector bundles with connections.
The concept of jet can be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux-corrected%20transport | Flux-corrected transport (FCT) is a conservative shock-capturing scheme for solving Euler equations and other hyperbolic equations which occur in gas dynamics, aerodynamics, and magnetohydrodynamics. It is especially useful for solving problems involving shock or contact discontinuities. An FCT algorithm consists of two stages, a transport stage and a flux-corrected anti-diffusion stage. The numerical errors introduced in the first stage (i.e., the transport stage) are corrected in the anti-diffusion stage.
References
Jay P. Boris and David L. Book, "Flux-corrected transport, I: SHASTA, a fluid transport algorithm that works", J. Comput. Phys. 11, pp. 38 (1973).
External links
Fully multidimensional flux-corrected transport algorithms for fluids
See also
Computational fluid dynamics
Computational magnetohydrodynamics
Shock capturing methods
Volume of fluid method
Computational fluid dynamics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple%20EM%20for%20Motif%20Elicitation | Multiple Expectation maximizations for Motif Elicitation (MEME) is a tool for discovering motifs in a group of related DNA or protein sequences.
A motif is a sequence pattern that occurs repeatedly in a group of related protein or DNA sequences and is often associated with some biological function. MEME represents motifs as position-dependent letter-probability matrices which describe the probability of each possible letter at each position in the pattern. Individual MEME motifs do not contain gaps. Patterns with variable-length gaps are split by MEME into two or more separate motifs.
MEME takes as input a group of DNA or protein sequences (the training set) and outputs as many motifs as requested. It uses statistical modeling techniques to automatically choose the best width, number of occurrences, and description for each motif.
MEME is the first of a collection of tools for analyzing motifs called the MEME suite.
Definition
The MEME algorithm could be understood from two different perspectives. From a biological point of view, MEME identifies and characterizes shared motifs in a set of unaligned sequences. From the computer science aspect, MEME finds a set of non-overlapping, approximately matching substrings given a starting set of strings.
Use
MEME can be used to find similar biological functions and structures in different sequences. It is necessary to take into account that the sequences variation can be significant and that the motifs are sometimes very small. It |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge%20density%20wave | A charge density wave (CDW) is an ordered quantum fluid of electrons in a linear chain compound or layered crystal. The electrons within a CDW form a standing wave pattern and sometimes collectively carry an electric current. The electrons in such a CDW, like those in a superconductor, can flow through a linear chain compound en masse, in a highly correlated fashion. Unlike a superconductor, however, the electric CDW current often flows in a jerky fashion, much like water dripping from a faucet due to its electrostatic properties. In a CDW, the combined effects of pinning (due to impurities) and electrostatic interactions (due to the net electric charges of any CDW kinks) likely play critical roles in the CDW current's jerky behavior, as discussed in sections 4 & 5 below.
Most CDW's in metallic crystals form due to the wave-like nature of electrons – a manifestation of quantum mechanical wave–particle duality – causing the electronic charge density to become spatially modulated, i.e., to form periodic "bumps" in charge. This standing wave affects each electronic wave function, and is created by combining electron states, or wavefunctions, of opposite momenta. The effect is somewhat analogous to the standing wave in a guitar string, which can be viewed as the combination of two interfering, traveling waves moving in opposite directions (see interference (wave propagation)).
The CDW in electronic charge is accompanied by a periodic distortion – essentially a superlattice – |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lax%E2%80%93Wendroff%20method | The Lax–Wendroff method, named after Peter Lax and Burton Wendroff, is a numerical method for the solution of hyperbolic partial differential equations, based on finite differences. It is second-order accurate in both space and time. This method is an example of explicit time integration where the function that defines the governing equation is evaluated at the current time.
Definition
Suppose one has an equation of the following form:
where and are independent variables, and the initial state, is given.
Linear case
In the linear case, where , and is a constant,
Here refers to the dimension and refers to the dimension.
This linear scheme can be extended to the general non-linear case in different ways. One of them is letting
Non-linear case
The conservative form of Lax-Wendroff for a general non-linear equation is then:
where is the Jacobian matrix evaluated at .
Jacobian free methods
To avoid the Jacobian evaluation, use a two-step procedure.
Richtmyer method
What follows is the Richtmyer two-step Lax–Wendroff method. The first step in the Richtmyer two-step Lax–Wendroff method calculates values for at half time steps, and half grid points, . In the second step values at are calculated using the data for and .
First (Lax) steps:
Second step:
MacCormack method
Another method of this same type was proposed by MacCormack. MacCormack's method uses first forward differencing and then backward differencing:
First step:
Second step:
Alternatively,
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochromatography | Electrochromatography is a chemical separation technique in analytical chemistry, biochemistry and molecular biology used to resolve and separate mostly large biomolecules such as proteins. It is a combination of size exclusion chromatography (gel filtration chromatography) and gel electrophoresis. These separation mechanisms operate essentially in superposition along the length of a gel filtration column to which an axial electric field gradient has been added. The molecules are separated by size due to the gel filtration mechanism and by electrophoretic mobility due to the gel electrophoresis mechanism. Additionally there are secondary chromatographic solute retention mechanisms.
Capillary electrochromatography
Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) is an electrochromatography technique in which the liquid mobile phase is driven through a capillary containing the chromatographic stationary phase by electroosmosis. It is a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. The capillaries is packed with HPLC stationary phase and a high voltage is applied to achieve separation is achieved by electrophoretic migration of the analyte and differential partitioning in the stationary phase.
See also
Chromatography
Protein electrophoresis
Electrofocusing
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis
References
Chromatography
Protein methods
Molecular biology
Laboratory techniques
Electrophoresis
Biological te |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreground-background | Foreground-background is a scheduling algorithm that is used to control an execution of multiple processes on a single processor. It is based on two waiting lists, the first one is called foreground because this is the one in which all processes initially enter, and the second one is called background because all processes, after using all of their execution time in foreground, are moved to background.
When a process becomes ready it begins its execution in foreground immediately, forcing the processor to give up execution of the current process in the background and execute the newly created process for a predefined period. This period is usually 2 or more quanta.
If the process is not finished after its execution in the foreground it is moved to background waiting list where it will be executed only when the foreground list is empty. After being moved to the background, the process is then run longer than before, usually 4 quanta. The time of execution is increased because the process needs more than 2 quanta to finish (this is the reason it was moved to background). This gives the process the opportunity to finish within this newly designated time. If the process does not finish after this, it is then preempted and moved to the end of the background list.
The advantage of the foreground-background algorithm is that it gives the process the opportunity to execute immediately after its creation, but scheduling in the background list is pure round-robin scheduling.
Referen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20quantum-mechanical%20systems%20with%20analytical%20solutions | Much insight in quantum mechanics can be gained from understanding the closed-form solutions to the time-dependent non-relativistic Schrödinger equation. It takes the form
where is the wave function of the system, is the Hamiltonian operator, and is time. Stationary states of this equation are found by solving the time-independent Schrödinger equation,
which is an eigenvalue equation. Very often, only numerical solutions to the Schrödinger equation can be found for a given physical system and its associated potential energy. However, there exists a subset of physical systems for which the form of the eigenfunctions and their associated energies, or eigenvalues, can be found. These quantum-mechanical systems with analytical solutions are listed below.
Solvable systems
The two-state quantum system (the simplest possible quantum system)
The free particle
The delta potential
The double-well Dirac delta potential
The particle in a box / infinite potential well
The finite potential well
The one-dimensional triangular potential
The particle in a ring or ring wave guide
The particle in a spherically symmetric potential
The quantum harmonic oscillator
The quantum harmonic oscillator with an applied uniform field
The hydrogen atom or hydrogen-like atom e.g. positronium
The hydrogen atom in a spherical cavity with Dirichlet boundary conditions
The particle in a one-dimensional lattice (periodic potential)
The particle in a one-dimensional lattice of finite length
The Morse pote |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesioferrite | Magnesioferrite is a magnesium iron oxide mineral, a member of the magnetite series of spinels.
Magnesioferrite crystallizes as black metallic octahedral crystals. It is named after its chemical composition of magnesium and ferric iron.
The density is 4.6 - 4.7 (average = 4.65), and the diaphaniety is opaque. Occurs as well-formed fine sized crystals or massive and granular.
Its hardness is 6-6.5. It has a metallic luster and a dark red streak.
Occurrence
It occurs in fumaroles, as a result of combustion metamorphism and coal seam fires, in glass spherules related to meteorite impacts, and as accessory phase in kimberlites and carbonatites.
It has been reported from Vesuvius and Stromboli, Italy.
References
Iron(III) minerals
Magnesium minerals
Spinel group
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 227 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Heuser | John E. Heuser (born August 29, 1942) is an American Professor of Biophysics in the department of Cell Biology and Physiology at the Washington University School of Medicine as well as a Professor at the Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS) at Kyoto University.
Heuser created quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy (a variant of cell unroofing), a pioneering technique that lets biologists take detailed pictures of fleeting events inside living cells. For decades, Heuser has used this technique to capture details of the molecular mechanisms that underlie many basic biological activities, including nerve cell signal transmission, muscle contraction, and most recently, the fusion of viruses with cells during the spread of infection. He compares quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy to using a stroboscopic flash to freeze the action in a photograph. To make it possible to image the frozen sample with an electron microscope, Heuser adds an ultra-thin film of metallic platinum that molds snugly against the sample's frozen surface contours. He and others in his lab have worked to make the equipment and procedures necessary for this process available to researchers around the world. Currently Heuser has patents pending on Washington University's behalf for even more advanced versions of his quick-freezing machines.
Heuser graduated magna cum laude from Harvard Medical School in 1969 and joined the Washington University faculty as a professor of biophys |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGF%20alpha | Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TGFA gene. As a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, TGF-α is a mitogenic polypeptide. The protein becomes activated when binding to receptors capable of protein kinase activity for cellular signaling.
TGF-α is a transforming growth factor that is a ligand for the epidermal growth factor receptor, which activates a signaling pathway for cell proliferation, differentiation and development. This protein may act as either a transmembrane-bound ligand or a soluble ligand. This gene has been associated with many types of cancers, and it may also be involved in some cases of cleft lip/palate.
Synthesis
TGF-α is synthesized internally as part of a 160 (human) or 159 (rat) amino acid transmembrane precursor. The precursor is composed of an extracellular domain containing a hydrophobic transmembrane domain, 50 amino acids of TGF-α, and a 35-residue-long cytoplasmic domain. In its smallest form, TGF-α has six cysteines linked together via three disulfide bridges. Collectively, all members of the EGF/TGF-α family share this structure. The protein, however, is not directly related to TGF-β.
Limited success has resulted from attempts to synthesize of a reductant molecule to TGF-α that displays a similar biological profile.
Synthesis in the stomach
In the stomach, TGF-α is manufactured within the normal gastric mucosa. TGF-α has been shown to inhibit gastric acid secretion.
Functio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno%20TV%20Tower | Grodno TV Tower, also known as the Hrodna TV Tower, is a 254 metre tall lattice tower at Grodno, Belarus, built in 1984 of a unique design. The upper section of the tower is guyed using four horizontal crossbars fixed on the main body of the tower extending out from it about two-thirds of the way up the tower. Only three other towers are known to have been built of a similar design all within a three year period. They are the Wavre Transmitter, the Astara TV Tower and the Vitebsk TV Tower, the Grodno TV Tower is the tallest of the four. The Wavre Transmitter is the only one of which was built outside of the Soviet Union.
Grodno TV Tower is used for FM and TV broadcasting.
A nearly identical but a few metres lower tower is at Vitebsk.
Transmitted programmes
See also
Lattice tower
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20060626104532/http://dxsignal.info/read/ant_grodno.htm
http://www.skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b59516
Lattice towers
Towers in Belarus
Towers completed in 1984 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitogen-activated%20protein%20kinase%20kinase | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (also known as MAP2K, MEK, MAPKK) is a dual-specificity kinase enzyme which phosphorylates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK).
MAP2K is classified as .
There are seven genes:
(a.k.a. MEK1)
(a.k.a. MEK2)
(a.k.a. MKK3)
(a.k.a. MKK4)
(a.k.a. MKK5)
(a.k.a. MKK6)
(a.k.a. MKK7)
The activators of p38 (MKK3 and MKK6), JNK (MKK4 and MKK7), and ERK (MEK1 and MEK2) define independent MAP kinase signal transduction pathways. The acronym MEK derives from MAPK/ERK Kinase.
Role in melanoma
MEK is a member of the MAPK signaling cascade that is activated in melanoma. When MEK is inhibited, cell proliferation is blocked and apoptosis (controlled cell death) is induced.
See also
Signal transduction
MAP kinase
MAP kinase kinase kinase
MAP kinase kinase kinase kinase
References
External links
Protein kinases
EC 2.7.12
Genes associated with cancer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic%20initiation%20factor | Eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are proteins or protein complexes involved in the initiation phase of eukaryotic translation. These proteins help stabilize the formation of ribosomal preinitiation complexes around the start codon and are an important input for post-transcription gene regulation. Several initiation factors form a complex with the small 40S ribosomal subunit and Met-tRNAiMet called the 43S preinitiation complex (43S PIC). Additional factors of the eIF4F complex (eIF4A, E, and G) recruit the 43S PIC to the five-prime cap structure of the mRNA, from which the 43S particle scans 5'-->3' along the mRNA to reach an AUG start codon. Recognition of the start codon by the Met-tRNAiMet promotes gated phosphate and eIF1 release to form the 48S preinitiation complex (48S PIC), followed by large 60S ribosomal subunit recruitment to form the 80S ribosome. There exist many more eukaryotic initiation factors than prokaryotic initiation factors, reflecting the greater biological complexity of eukaryotic translation. There are at least twelve eukaryotic initiation factors, composed of many more polypeptides, and these are described below.
eIF1 and eIF1A
eIF1 and eIF1A both bind to the 40S ribosome subunit-mRNA complex. Together they induce an "open" conformation of the mRNA binding channel, which is crucial for scanning, tRNA delivery, and start codon recognition. In particular, eIF1 dissociation from the 40S subunit is considered to be a key step in start codon reco |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial%20initiation%20factor | A bacterial initiation factor (IF) is a protein that stabilizes the initiation complex for polypeptide translation.
Translation initiation is essential to protein synthesis and regulates mRNA translation fidelity and efficiency in bacteria. The 30S ribosomal subunit, initiator tRNA, and mRNA form an initiation complex for elongation. This complex process requires three essential protein factors in bacteria – IF1, IF2, and IF3. These factors bind to the 30S subunit and promote correct initiation codon selection on the mRNA. IF1, the smallest factor at 8.2 kDa, blocks elongator tRNA binding at the A-site. IF2 is the major component that transports initiator tRNA to the P-site. IF3 checks P-site codon-anticodon pairing and rejects incorrect initiation complexes.
The orderly mechanism of initiation starts with IF3 attaching to the 30S subunit and changing its shape. IF1 joins next, followed by mRNA binding, and starts codon-P-site interaction. IF2 enters with the initiator tRNA and places it on the start codon. GTP hydrolysis by IF2 releases it and IF3, enabling 50S subunit joining. The coordinated binding and activities of IF1, IF2, and IF3 are essential for the rapid and precise translation initiation in bacteria. They facilitate start codon selection and assemble an active, protein-synthesis-ready 70S ribosome.
IF1
Bacterial initiation factor 1 associates with the 30S ribosomal subunit in the A site and prevents an aminoacyl-tRNA from entering. It modulates IF2 binding to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKK%20%28disambiguation%29 | MKK is mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, an enzyme.
MKK may also refer to:
Malmö KK, Swedish swim team from Malmö
Main-Kinzig-Kreis, a kreis (district) in Hesse, Germany
MKK, the IATA Airport code for Molokai Airport on the island of Molokai, Hawaii
Mong Kok East station, Hong Kong; MTR station code MKK
Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte in Dortmund, Germany
The Morgan-Keenan-Kellman system, a stellar classification system also known as Yerkes spectral classification
See also
MK2 (disambiguation)
MKKS |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lada%20110 | The Lada 110 or VAZ-2110 is a compact car built by the Russian automaker AvtoVAZ from 1995 to 2009. It spawned two close derivatives: the Lada 111 estate and the Lada 112 hatchback.
History
The prototype of the Lada 110, known as the 300 series, was created in 1987 and optimized for aerodynamics in Zuffenhausen, Germany, in cooperation between AvtoVAZ and Porsche engineers. The first photos of the new compact car were published in the popular monthly magazine Za Rulem in November 1990, and the car itself was demonstrated at the AvtoVAZ Tolyatti factory in 1991. Serial production was planned to start in the following year, but an economic crisis stalled the project and the first cars did not roll off the assembly line until June 27, 1995. The Lada 110 featured a 1.6 litre engine producing approximately . Production began with 8-valve engines; a 16 valve engine was offered later. Overall, the car weighed around 1050 kilograms (2315 lb). It had electric windows, trip computer, power steering, and galvanized body panels. Fuel-injected models were equipped with electronic engine management system. In early 2006, new taillights and a new dashboard were introduced.
The car was very successful in the domestic Russian market. It is still popular among taxi drivers in the Southern Federal District for the price-quality ratio.
In 2007, the Lada 110, 111 and 112 were restyled, modernised and relaunched as the Lada Priora.
Trim levels
There were three trim levels: Standard, Normal, an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppression%20subtractive%20hybridization | Subtractive hybridization is a technology that allows for PCR-based amplification of only cDNA fragments that differ between a control (driver) and experimental transcriptome. cDNA is produced from mRNA. Differences in relative abundance of transcripts are highlighted, as are genetic differences between species. The technique relies on the removal of dsDNA formed by hybridization between a control and test sample, thus eliminating cDNAs or gDNAs of similar abundance, and retaining differentially expressed, or variable in sequence, transcripts or genomic sequences.
Suppression subtractive hybridization has also been successfully used to identify strain- or species-specific DNA sequences in a variety of bacteria including Vibrio species (Metagenomics).
See also
Representational difference analysis
External links
Overview at evrogen.com
Biotechnology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Cove%20Historic%20District | The Crystal Cove Historic District is a part of the Crystal Cove State Park located in Newport Beach, California. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places encompassing along the Southern California coast. It was listed on the National Register not only because of its significance but also because of the 46 cottages located there which were built in the 1920s and 1930s. These cottages are perfect examples of Southern California coastal development in the early 20th century and were preserved by the Crystal Cove Conservancy Alliance. Since the restoration, the cottages have been open to the public for overnight stays.
The historic district features the Crystal Cove Shake Shack and the Beachcomber at Crystal Cove restaurants. The Crystal Cove Conservancy is now working on restoring the North Beach cottages.
A resident of the cottages, Martha Padve, was highly involved in a long-running case to list Crystal Cove on the National Register and to fight the State of California over tenancy matters.
The cottages at Crystal Cove were first built by the Irvine Company and were owned by movie directors and producers. Many movies have been filmed here, including Treasure Island (1918) and Beaches (1988). Many of the cottages are currently available for public vacation rentals. The district also remains a popular location for the film industry. The main cottage featured in Beaches is currently being used as a homage to Crystal Cove's Hollywood past where visitors can le |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGF%20beta%202 | Transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2) is a secreted protein known as a cytokine that performs many cellular functions and has a vital role during embryonic development (alternative names: Glioblastoma-derived T-cell suppressor factor, G-TSF, BSC-1 cell growth inhibitor, Polyergin, Cetermin). It is an extracellular glycosylated protein. It is known to suppress the effects of interleukin dependent T-cell tumors. There are two named isoforms of this protein, created by alternative splicing of the same gene (i.e., ).
Further reading
Proteins
TGFβ domain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAMBI | BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor homolog (Xenopus laevis), also known as BAMBI, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the BAMBI gene.
Function
This gene encodes a transmembrane glycoprotein related to the type I receptors of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) family, whose members play important roles in signal transduction in many developmental and pathological processes. The encoded protein however is a pseudoreceptor, lacking an intracellular serine/threonine kinase domain required for signaling. Similar proteins in frog, mouse and zebrafish function as negative regulators of TGF-beta, which has led to the suggestion that the encoded protein may function to limit the signaling range of the TGF-beta family during early embryogenesis.
References
Further reading
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20AS%20Roma%20records%20and%20statistics | Records and statistics in relation to the Italian football club Associazione Sportiva Roma.
Serie A records
Updated 22 July 2020
Home victory: 9–0 v Cremonese, 13 October 1929
Away victory: 6–1 v Alessandria, 6 January 1935 & 6–1 v SPAL, 22 July 2020
Home draw with most goals: 4–4 v Catania, 31 May 1964 & 4–4 v Napoli, 20 October 2007
Away draw with most goals: 4–4 v Milan, 27 January 1935 & 4–4 v Chievo, 30 April 2006
Home defeat: 1–7 v Torino, 5 October 1947
Away defeat: 1–7 v Juventus, 6 March 1932
Most points in a season (3 pts per win): 87 (2016–17, 38 games)
Most points in a season (2 pts per win): 43 (1982–83, 30 games)
Most victories in a season: 28 (2016–17)
Fewest victories in a season: 8 (1964–65, 34 games & 1992–93, 34 games)
Fewest defeats in a season: 2 (1980–81, 34 games & 2001–02, 34 games)
Most goals scored in a season (by team): 87 (1930–31, 34 games), 90 (2016–17, 38 games)
Most goals scored in a season: 29 Rodolfo Volk (1930–31, 34 games) & Edin Džeko (2016–17, 37 games)
Lowest goals against in a season (by team): 15 (1974–75, 30 games)
Longest winning streak: 11 begun on 21 December 2005 (4–0 v Chievo), ended on 5 March 2006 (1–1 v Internazionale)
Longest unbeaten run: 24 begun on 23 September 2001 (2–1 v Fiorentina), ended on 24 March 2002 (1–3 v Internazionale) & 24 begun on 1 November 2009 (2–1 v Bologna), ended on 25 April 2010 (1–2 v Sampdoria)
Most appearances: 619, Francesco Totti
Most goals scored: 250, Francesco Totti
All com |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrinsic%20semiconductor | An extrinsic semiconductor is one that has been doped; during manufacture of the semiconductor crystal a trace element or chemical called a doping agent has been incorporated chemically into the crystal, for the purpose of giving it different electrical properties than the pure semiconductor crystal, which is called an intrinsic semiconductor. In an extrinsic semiconductor it is these foreign dopant atoms in the crystal lattice that mainly provide the charge carriers which carry electric current through the crystal. The doping agents used are of two types, resulting in two types of extrinsic semiconductor. An electron donor dopant is an atom which, when incorporated in the crystal, releases a mobile conduction electron into the crystal lattice. An extrinsic semiconductor which has been doped with electron donor atoms is called an n-type semiconductor, because the majority of charge carriers in the crystal are negative electrons. An electron acceptor dopant is an atom which accepts an electron from the lattice, creating a vacancy where an electron should be called a hole which can move through the crystal like a positively charged particle. An extrinsic semiconductor which has been doped with electron acceptor atoms is called a p-type semiconductor, because the majority of charge carriers in the crystal are positive holes.
Doping is the key to the extraordinarily wide range of electrical behavior that semiconductors can exhibit, and extrinsic semiconductors are used |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcalumenin | Sarcalumenin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SRL gene.
Sarcalumenin is a calcium-binding protein that can be found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle. Sarcalumenin is partially responsible for calcium buffering in the lumen of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and helps out calcium pump proteins. Additionally, sarcalumenin is necessary for keeping a normal sinus rhythm during both aerobic and anaerobic exercise activity. Sarcalumenin is a calcium-binding glycoprotein composed of 473 acidic amino acids with a molecular weight of 160 KDa. Together along with other luminal calcium buffer proteins, sarcalumenin plays an important role in regulation of calcium uptake and release during excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) in muscle fibers.
References
External links
Cell signaling
Signal transduction |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calretinin | Calretinin, also known as calbindin 2 (formerly 29 kDa calbindin), is a calcium-binding protein involved in calcium signaling. In humans, the calretinin protein is encoded by the CALB2 gene.
Function
This gene encodes an intracellular calcium-binding protein belonging to the troponin C superfamily. Members of this protein family have six EF-hand domains which bind calcium. This protein plays a role in diverse cellular functions, including message targeting and intracellular calcium buffering.
Calretinin is abundantly expressed in neurons including retina (which gave it the name) and cortical interneurons. Expression was found in different neurons than that of the similar vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein, calbindin-28kDa.
Calretinin has an important role as a modulator of neuronal excitability including the induction of long-term potentiation. Loss of expression of calretinin in hippocampal interneurons has been suggested to be relevant in temporal lobe epilepsy.
It is expressed in a number of other locations including hair follicles.
Clinical significance
Calretinin is a diagnostic marker for some human diseases, including Hirschsprung disease and some cancers.
Mesothelioma
Using immunohistochemistry, calretinin can be demonstrated in both benign mesothelium and in malignant mesothelioma and can be used to help differentiate different lung tumours. Antibodies to calretinin can also be used to distinguish between different types of brain tumour, demonstra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvalbumin | Parvalbumin (PV) is a calcium-binding protein with low molecular weight (typically 9-11 kDa). In humans, it is encoded by the PVALB gene. It is not a member of the albumin family; it is named for its size (parv-, from Latin parvus small) and its ability to coagulate.
It has three EF hand motifs and is structurally related to calmodulin and troponin C. Parvalbumin is found in fast-contracting muscles, where its levels are highest, as well as in the brain and some endocrine tissues.
Parvalbumin is a small, stable protein containing EF-hand type calcium binding sites. It is involved in calcium signaling. Typically, this protein is broken into three domains, domains AB, CD and EF, each individually containing a helix-loop-helix motif. The AB domain houses a two amino-acid deletion in the loop region, whereas domains CD and EF contain the N-terminal and C-terminal, respectively.
Calcium binding proteins like parvalbumin play a role in many physiological processes, namely cell-cycle regulation, second messenger production, muscle contraction, organization of microtubules and phototransduction. Therefore, calcium-binding proteins must distinguish calcium in the presence of high concentrations of other metal ions. The mechanism for the calcium selectivity has been extensively studied.
Location and function
Parvalbumin in neural tissue
Parvalbumin is present in some GABAergic interneurons in the nervous system, especially the reticular thalamus, and expressed predominantly by ch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripto | Cripto is an EGF-CFC or epidermal growth factor-CFC, which is encoded by the Cryptic family 1 gene. Cryptic family protein 1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CFC1B gene. Cryptic family protein 1B acts as a receptor for the TGF beta signaling pathway. It has been associated with the translation of an extracellular protein for this pathway. The extracellular protein which Cripto encodes plays a crucial role in the development of left and right division of symmetry.
Crypto is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored co-receptor that binds nodal and the activin type I ActRIB (ALK)-4 receptor (ALK4).
Structure
Cripto is composed of two adjacent cysteine-rich motifs: the EGF-like and the CFC of an N-terminal signal peptide and of a C-terminal hydrophobic region attached by a GPI anchor, which makes it a potentially essential element in the signaling pathway directing vertebrate embryo development. NMR data confirm that the CFC domain has a C1-C4, C2-C6, C3-C5 disulfide pattern and show that structures are rather flexible and globally extended, with three non-canonical anti-parallel strands.
Function
In the Nodal signaling pathway of embryonic development, Cripto has been shown to have dual function as a co-receptor as well as ligand. Particularly in cell cultures, it has been shown to act as a signaling molecule with the capabilities of a growth factor, and in co-culture assays, it has displayed the property of a co-ligand to Nodal. Glycosylation is responsible |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse-delete%20algorithm | The reverse-delete algorithm is an algorithm in graph theory used to obtain a minimum spanning tree from a given connected, edge-weighted graph. It first appeared in , but it should not be confused with Kruskal's algorithm which appears in the same paper. If the graph is disconnected, this algorithm will find a minimum spanning tree for each disconnected part of the graph. The set of these minimum spanning trees is called a minimum spanning forest, which contains every vertex in the graph.
This algorithm is a greedy algorithm, choosing the best choice given any situation. It is the reverse of Kruskal's algorithm, which is another greedy algorithm to find a minimum spanning tree. Kruskal’s algorithm starts with an empty graph and adds edges while the Reverse-Delete algorithm starts with the original graph and deletes edges from it. The algorithm works as follows:
Start with graph G, which contains a list of edges E.
Go through E in decreasing order of edge weights.
For each edge, check if deleting the edge will further disconnect the graph.
Perform any deletion that does not lead to additional disconnection.
Pseudocode
function ReverseDelete(edges[] E) is
sort E in decreasing order
Define an index i ← 0
while i < size(E) do
Define edge ← E[i]
delete E[i]
if graph is not connected then
E[i] ← edge
i ← i + 1
return edges[] E
In the above the graph is the set of edges E with each edge con |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggrecan | Aggrecan (ACAN), also known as cartilage-specific proteoglycan core protein (CSPCP) or chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACAN gene. This gene is a member of the lectican (chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan) family. The encoded protein is an integral part of the extracellular matrix in cartilagenous tissue and it withstands compression in cartilage.
Aggrecan is a proteoglycan, or a protein modified with large carbohydrates; the human form of the protein is 2316 amino acids long and can be expressed in multiple isoforms due to alternative splicing. Aggrecan was named for its ability to form large aggregates in the cartilage tissue (a large aggregating proteoglycan).
Structure
Aggrecan is a high molecular weight (1x106 < M < 3x106) proteoglycan. It exhibits a bottlebrush structure, in which chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains are attached to an extended protein core.
Aggrecan has a molecular mass >2,500 kDa. The core protein (~300 kDa) has around 100 GAG chains attached to it.
Aggrecan consists of two globular structural domains (G1 and G2) at the N-terminal end and one globular domain (G3) at the C-terminal end, separated by a large extended domain (CS) heavily modified with GAGs. (N-G1-G2-CS-G3-C)
The two main modifier moieties are themselves arranged into distinct regions, a chondroitin sulfate and a keratan sulfate region.
The three globular domains, G1, G2, and G3 are involved in aggre |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20activation | RNA activation (RNAa) is a small RNA-guided and Argonaute (Ago)-dependent gene regulation phenomenon in which promoter-targeted short double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) induce target gene expression at the transcriptional/epigenetic level. RNAa was first reported in a 2006 PNAS paper by Li et al. who also coined the term "RNAa" as a contrast to RNA interference (RNAi) to describe such gene activation phenomenon. dsRNAs that trigger RNAa have been termed small activating RNA (saRNA). Since the initial discovery of RNAa in human cells, many other groups have made similar observations in different mammalian species including human, non-human primates, rat and mice, plant and C. elegans, suggesting that RNAa is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of gene regulation.
RNAa can be generally classified into two categories: exogenous and endogenous. Exogenous RNAa is triggered by artificially designed saRNAs which target non-coding sequences such as the promoter and the 3’ terminus of a gene and these saRNAs can be chemically synthesized or expressed as short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Whereas for endogenous RNAa, upregulation of gene expression is guided by naturally occurring endogenous small RNAs such as miRNA in mammalian cells and C. elegans, and 22G RNA in C. elegans.
Mechanism
The molecular mechanism of RNAa is not fully understood. Similar to RNAi, it has been shown that mammalian RNAa requires members of the Ago clade of Argonaute proteins, particularly Ago2, but possesses kin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice-minus%20bacteria | Ice-minus bacteria is a common name given to a variant of the common bacterium Pseudomonas syringae (P. syringae). This strain of P. syringae lacks the ability to produce a certain surface protein, usually found on wild-type P. syringae. The "ice-plus" protein (INA protein, "Ice nucleation-active" protein) found on the outer bacterial cell wall acts as the nucleating centers for ice crystals. This facilitates ice formation, hence the designation "ice-plus". The ice-minus variant of P. syringae is a mutant, lacking the gene responsible for ice-nucleating surface protein production. This lack of surface protein provides a less favorable environment for ice formation. Both strains of P. syringae occur naturally, but recombinant DNA technology has allowed for the synthetic removal or alteration of specific genes, enabling the ice-minus strain to be created from the ice-plus strain in the lab.
The ice nucleating nature of P. syringae incites frost development, freezing the buds of the plant and destroying the occurring crop. The introduction of an ice-minus strain of P. syringae to the surface of plants would reduce the amount of ice nucleate present, rendering higher crop yields. The recombinant form was developed as a commercial product known as Frostban. Field-testing of Frostban in 1987 was the first release of a genetically modified organism into the environment. The testing was very controversial and drove the formation of US biotechnology policy. Frostban was nev |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogun%20%28toolbox%29 | Shogun is a free, open-source machine learning software library written in C++. It offers numerous algorithms and data structures for machine learning problems. It offers interfaces for Octave, Python, R, Java, Lua, Ruby and C# using SWIG.
It is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3 or later.
Description
The focus of Shogun is on kernel machines such as support vector machines for regression and classification problems. Shogun also offers a full implementation of Hidden Markov models.
The core of Shogun is written in C++ and offers interfaces for MATLAB, Octave, Python, R, Java, Lua, Ruby and C#.
Shogun has been under active development since 1999. Today there is a vibrant user community all over the world using Shogun as a base for research and education, and contributing to the core package.
Supported algorithms
Currently Shogun supports the following algorithms:
Support vector machines
Dimensionality reduction algorithms, such as PCA, Kernel PCA, Locally Linear Embedding, Hessian Locally Linear Embedding, Local Tangent Space Alignment, Linear Local Tangent Space Alignment, Kernel Locally Linear Embedding, Kernel Local Tangent Space Alignment, Multidimensional Scaling, Isomap, Diffusion Maps, Laplacian Eigenmaps
Online learning algorithms such as SGD-QN, Vowpal Wabbit
Clustering algorithms: k-means and GMM
Kernel Ridge Regression, Support Vector Regression
Hidden Markov Models
K-Nearest Neighbors
Linear discriminant analysis
Kern |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidized%20bed%20reactor | A fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is a type of reactor device that can be used to carry out a variety of multiphase chemical reactions. In this type of reactor, a fluid (gas or liquid) is passed through a solid granular material (usually a catalyst) at high enough speeds to suspend the solid and cause it to behave as though it were a fluid. This process, known as fluidization, imparts many important advantages to an FBR. As a result, FBRs are used for many industrial applications.
Basic principles
The solid substrate material (the catalytic material upon which chemical species react) in the fluidized bed reactor is typically supported by a porous plate, known as a distributor. The fluid is then forced through the distributor up through the solid material. At lower fluid velocities, the solids remain in place as the fluid passes through the voids in the material. This is known as a packed bed reactor. As the fluid velocity is increased, the reactor will reach a stage where the force of the fluid on the solids is enough to balance the weight of the solid material. This stage is known as incipient fluidization and occurs at this minimum fluidization velocity. Once this minimum velocity is surpassed, the contents of the reactor bed begin to expand and swirl around much like an agitated tank or boiling pot of water. The reactor is now a fluidized bed. Depending on the operating conditions and properties of solid phase various flow regimes can be observed in this reactor.
History an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pombhurna | Pombhurna is a town and a tehsil in Chandrapur subdivision of Chandrapur district in Nagpur revenue Division in the Berar region in the state of Maharashtra, India. Earlier this tehsil was under Gondpimpari Taluka prior to Split from Mul.
History
Pombhurna Tahsil is formed in 1998.
Education
Secondary Education:
1) Z.P. School
Higher Education
1) Chintamani Commerce College (CCC)
2) Chintamani Science College
References
Cities and towns in Chandrapur district
Talukas in Maharashtra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratically%20constrained%20quadratic%20program | In mathematical optimization, a quadratically constrained quadratic program (QCQP) is an optimization problem in which both the objective function and the constraints are quadratic functions. It has the form
where P0, …, Pm are n-by-n matrices and x ∈ Rn is the optimization variable.
If P0, …, Pm are all positive semidefinite, then the problem is convex. If these matrices are neither positive nor negative semidefinite, the problem is non-convex. If P1, … ,Pm are all zero, then the constraints are in fact linear and the problem is a quadratic program.
Hardness
Solving the general case is an NP-hard problem. To see this, note that the two constraints x1(x1 − 1) ≤ 0 and x1(x1 − 1) ≥ 0 are equivalent to the constraint x1(x1 − 1) = 0, which is in turn equivalent to the constraint x1 ∈ {0, 1}. Hence, any 0–1 integer program (in which all variables have to be either 0 or 1) can be formulated as a quadratically constrained quadratic program. Since 0–1 integer programming is NP-hard in general, QCQP is also NP-hard.
Relaxation
There are two main relaxations of QCQP: using semidefinite programming (SDP), and using the reformulation-linearization technique (RLT). For some classes of QCQP problems (precisely, QCQPs with zero diagonal elements in the data matrices), second-order cone programming (SOCP) and linear programming (LP) relaxations providing the same objective value as the SDP relaxation are available.
Nonconvex QCQPs with non-positive off-diagonal elements can be exactly |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio%20distribution | A ratio distribution (also known as a quotient distribution) is a probability distribution constructed as the distribution of the ratio of random variables having two other known distributions.
Given two (usually independent) random variables X and Y, the distribution of the random variable Z that is formed as the ratio Z = X/Y is a ratio distribution.
An example is the Cauchy distribution (also called the normal ratio distribution), which comes about as the ratio of two normally distributed variables with zero mean.
Two other distributions often used in test-statistics are also ratio distributions:
the t-distribution arises from a Gaussian random variable divided by an independent chi-distributed random variable,
while the F-distribution originates from the ratio of two independent chi-squared distributed random variables.
More general ratio distributions have been considered in the literature.
Often the ratio distributions are heavy-tailed, and it may be difficult to work with such distributions and develop an associated statistical test.
A method based on the median has been suggested as a "work-around".
Algebra of random variables
The ratio is one type of algebra for random variables:
Related to the ratio distribution are the product distribution, sum distribution and difference distribution. More generally, one may talk of combinations of sums, differences, products and ratios.
Many of these distributions are described in Melvin D. Springer's book from 1979 The Alg |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve%20RF%20amplifier | A valve RF amplifier (UK and Aus.) or tube amplifier (U.S.) is a device for electrically amplifying the power of an electrical radio frequency signal.
Low to medium power valve amplifiers for frequencies below the microwaves were largely replaced by solid state amplifiers during the 1960s and 1970s, initially for receivers and low power stages of transmitters, transmitter output stages switching to transistors somewhat later. Specially constructed valves are still in use for very high power transmitters, although rarely in new designs.
Valve characteristics
Valves are high voltage / low current devices in comparison with transistors. Tetrode and pentode valves have very flat anode current vs. anode voltage indicating high anode output impedances. Triodes show a stronger relationship between anode voltage and anode current.
The high working voltage makes them well suited for radio transmitters and valves remain in use today for very high power short wave radio transmitters, where solid state techniques would require many devices in parallel, and very high supply currents. High power solid state transmitters also require a complex combination of transformers and tuning networks, whereas a valve-based transmitter would use a single, relatively simple tuned network.
Thus while solid state high power short wave transmitters are technically possible, economic considerations still favor valves above 3 MHz and 10,000 watts.
Radio amateurs also use valve amplifiers in the 500–15 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna%20Hibbard | Edna Louise Hibbard (May 12, 1894 – December 26, 1942) was a stage and motion picture actress from Detroit, Michigan. She had a sharp tongue and was known for her roles in comedy.
Theatrical prominence
She made her stage debut in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1907 as the child in The Kreutzer Sonata. Hibbard trained with the Poli Stock Company in Hartford, Connecticut, and Washington, D.C. Soon she performed in Officer 666, Ready Money, and Stop Thief. She spent a year in vaudeville with Lynne Overman in a rendition of The Highest Bidder.
Hibbard first came to theatrical prominence as the ingenue lead in Rock-a-Bye Baby in 1918. The play was staged at the Rialto Theater in New York City with the ingenue role being the primary part in the cast. She graduated from drama school in New York before being sent to train under the Selwyns. The New York Times described Hibbard as a combination of Madge Kennedy and Marguerite Clark in appearance.
One of her best-received roles was chorus girl Dot Miller in Ladies of the Evening, performed at the Lyceum Theater in 1924. Two years after she gained critical acclaim as the brunette partner of Lorelei Lee in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. She made her London debut in the same part in 1928. Hibbard played the role of Ethel Brooks at the Belasco Theater in September 1929 in a production of The Door Between. Her final Broadway appearance was in December 1932 at the Belasco Theater. She played Lulu Corliss in Anybody's Game.
Marriage and death
Edna |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plica%20semilunaris%20of%20the%20fauces | The plica semilunaris is the thin upper part of the fold of mucous membrane in the supratonsillar fossa that reaches across between the two arches. A separate fold is called the plica triangularis which runs inferoposteriorly from the posterior surface of the palatoglossal arch to cover the inferior portion of the tonsil.
References
Palate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplansky%20density%20theorem | In the theory of von Neumann algebras, the Kaplansky density theorem, due to Irving Kaplansky, is a fundamental approximation theorem. The importance and ubiquity of this technical tool led Gert Pedersen to comment in one of his books that,
The density theorem is Kaplansky's great gift to mankind. It can be used every day, and twice on Sundays.
Formal statement
Let K− denote the strong-operator closure of a set K in B(H), the set of bounded operators on the Hilbert space H, and let (K)1 denote the intersection of K with the unit ball of B(H).
Kaplansky density theorem. If is a self-adjoint algebra of operators in , then each element in the unit ball of the strong-operator closure of is in the strong-operator closure of the unit ball of . In other words, . If is a self-adjoint operator in , then is in the strong-operator closure of the set of self-adjoint operators in .
The Kaplansky density theorem can be used to formulate some approximations with respect to the strong operator topology.
1) If h is a positive operator in (A−)1, then h is in the strong-operator closure of the set of self-adjoint operators in (A+)1, where A+ denotes the set of positive operators in A.
2) If A is a C*-algebra acting on the Hilbert space H and u is a unitary operator in A−, then u is in the strong-operator closure of the set of unitary operators in A.
In the density theorem and 1) above, the results also hold if one considers a ball of radius r > 0, instead of the unit ball.
Proof
The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyoglossal%20membrane | The hyoglossal membrane is a strong fibrous lamina, which connects the under surface of the root of the tongue to the body of the hyoid bone. It is characterized by a posterior widening of the lingual septum.
This membrane receives, in front, some of the fibers of the Genioglossi. Inferior fibers are attached to hyoglossal membrane, and to the upper anterior body of the midline of hyoid bone.
References
Human head and neck |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulus%20Grammar%20Compiler | The Regulus Grammar Compiler is a software system for compiling unification grammars into grammars for speech recognition systems.
References
Notes
M. Rayner, B. A. Hockey and P. Bouillon (2006). Putting Linguistics into Speech Recognition: The Regulus Grammar Compiler. Stanford University Center for the Study of language and information, Stanford, California. .
External links
Natural language processing software
Speech recognition software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M8%20%28cipher%29 | In cryptography, M8 is a block cipher designed by Hitachi in 1999. It is a modification of Hitachi's earlier M6 algorithm, designed for greater security and high performance in both hardware and 32-bit software implementations. M8 was registered by Hitachi in March 1999 as ISO/IEC 9979-0020.
Like M6, M8 is a Feistel cipher with a block size of 64 bits. The round function can include 32-bit rotations, XORs, and modular addition, making it an early example of an ARX cipher.
The cipher features a variable number of rounds (any positive integer N), each of which has a structure determined by a round-specific "algorithm decision key". Making the rounds key-dependent is intended to make cryptanalysis more difficult (see FROG for a similar design philosophy).
Cipher description
The round count can be set to any positive integer N, but a round count of at least 10 is recommended. The key consists of four components: a 64-bit data key, 256-bit key expansion key, a set of N 24-bit algorithm decision keys, and a set of N 96-bit algorithm expansion keys.
The round function is used for both key expansion and encryption/decryption. The key expansion process transforms the 64-bit data key and 256-bit key expansion key into a 256-bit execution key, consisting of 4 pairs of 32-bit numbers .
The cipher has a typical Feistel cipher design. First, the 64-bit input block is split into two 32-bit halves. In each round, the left half undergoes a key-dependent transformation, and is then combi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98jvind%20Moestrup | Øjvind Moestrup (born 15 December 1941) is a Danish aquatic botanist, working particularly with the classification of algae. He worked at the Botanical Institute at the University of Copenhagen and is a professor emeritus in the Department of Biology there. He published over 100 scientific papers.
Moestrup received his doctorate in biology from the University of Copenhagen in 1983, and has worked with the Fishery Inspection Service of the Danish Ministry of Fisheries. His major areas of research include the taxonomy of planktonic algae, haptophytes, toxic diatoms and raphidophytes.
Honours
In 2012 Professor Moestrup received the Yasumoto Award for excellence in his lifetime dedicated work of research on the biology, taxonomy and ultrastructure of microalgae.
The following have been named after him:
Gyrodinium moestrupii
Moestrupia
Ochromonas moestrupii
Platychrysis moestrupii
Pyramimonas moestrupii
Resultomonas moestrupii
References
20th-century Danish botanists
Danish phycologists
Botanists with author abbreviations
1941 births
Living people
21st-century Danish botanists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum%20of%20theistic%20probability | Popularized by Richard Dawkins in The God Delusion, the spectrum of theistic probability is a way of categorizing one's belief regarding the probability of the existence of a deity.
Atheism, theism, and agnosticism
J. J. C. Smart argues that the distinction between atheism and agnosticism is unclear, and many people who have passionately described themselves as agnostics were in fact atheists. He writes that this mischaracterization is based on an unreasonable philosophical skepticism that would not allow us to make any claims to knowledge about the world. He proposes instead the following analysis:
Let us consider the appropriateness or otherwise of someone (call him 'Philo') describing himself as a theist, atheist or agnostic. I would suggest that if Philo estimates the various plausibilities to be such that on the evidence before him the probability of theism comes out near to one he should describe himself as a theist and if it comes out near zero he should call himself an atheist, and if it comes out somewhere in the middle he should call himself an agnostic. There are no strict rules about this classification because the borderlines are vague. If need be, like a middle-aged man who is not sure whether to call himself bald or not bald, he should explain himself more fully.
Dawkins' formulation
In The God Delusion, Richard Dawkins posits that "the existence of God is a scientific hypothesis like any other." He goes on to propose a continuous "spectrum of probabilit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosilanes | Hydrosilanes are tetravalent silicon compounds containing one or more Si-H bond. The parent hydrosilane is silane (SiH4). Commonly, hydrosilane refers to organosilicon derivatives. Examples include phenylsilane (PhSiH3) and triethoxysilane ((C2H5O)3SiH). Polymers and oligomers terminated with hydrosilanes are resins that are used to make useful materials like caulks.
Synthesis
Trichlorosilane is produced commercially by the reaction of hydrogen chloride with silicon:
Si + 3 HCl → HSiCl3 + H2
Many alkoxy hydrosilanes are generated by alcoholysis of trichlorosilane. One example is triethoxysilane:
HSiCl3 + 3EtOH → HSi(OEt)3 + 3 HCl
Organohydrosilanes can be prepared by partial hydrosilation of silane itself:
SiH4 + 3 C2H4 → HSi(C2H5)3
In the laboratory, hydrosilanes classically are prepared by treating chlorosilanes with hydride reagents, such as lithium aluminium hydride:
4ClSi(C2H5)3 + LiAlH4 → 4HSi(C2H5)3 + LiAlCl4
Structure
The silicon-to-hydrogen bond is longer than the C–H bond (148 compared to 105 pm). The Si-H bond is about 10% weaker compared to C-H bonds.
Hydrogen is more electronegative than silicon (hence the naming convention of silyl hydrides), which results in the polarization of the Si-H bond to be the reverse of that for the C-H bond. Generally silyl hydrides are colourless with physical properties (solubility, volatility) comparable to hydrocarbons. They can be pyrophoric, reflecting the great driving force for replacing Si-H bonds with Si-O bonds.
Rea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic%20acid%20quantitation | In molecular biology, quantitation of nucleic acids is commonly performed to determine the average concentrations of DNA or RNA present in a mixture, as well as their purity. Reactions that use nucleic acids often require particular amounts and purity for optimum performance. To date, there are two main approaches used by scientists to quantitate, or establish the concentration, of nucleic acids (such as DNA or RNA) in a solution. These are spectrophotometric quantification and UV fluorescence tagging in presence of a DNA dye.
Spectrophotometric analysis
One of the most commonly used practices to quantitate DNA or RNA is the use of spectrophotometric analysis using a spectrophotometer. A spectrophotometer is able to determine the average concentrations of the nucleic acids DNA or RNA present in a mixture, as well as their purity.
Spectrophotometric analysis is based on the principles that nucleic acids absorb ultraviolet light in a specific pattern. In the case of DNA and RNA, a sample is exposed to ultraviolet light at a wavelength of 260 nanometres (nm) and a photo-detector measures the light that passes through the sample. Some of the ultraviolet light will pass through and some will be absorbed by the DNA / RNA. The more light absorbed by the sample, the higher the nucleic acid concentration in the sample. The resulting effect is that less light will strike the photodetector and this will produce a higher optical density (OD)
Using the Beer–Lambert law it is possible |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative%20heat%20exchanger | A regenerative heat exchanger, or more commonly a regenerator, is a type of heat exchanger where heat from the hot fluid is intermittently stored in a thermal storage medium before it is transferred to the cold fluid. To accomplish this the hot fluid is brought into contact with the heat storage medium, then the fluid is displaced with the cold fluid, which absorbs the heat.
In regenerative heat exchangers, the fluid on either side of the heat exchanger can be the same fluid. The fluid may go through an external processing step, and then it is flowed back through the heat exchanger in the opposite direction for further processing. Usually the application will use this process cyclically or repetitively.
Regenerative heating was one of the most important technologies developed during the Industrial Revolution when it was used in the hot blast process on blast furnaces. It was later used in glass melting furnaces and steel making, to increase the efficiency of open hearth furnaces, and in high pressure boilers and chemical and other applications, where it continues to be important today.
History
The first regenerator was invented by Rev. Robert Stirling in 1816, and is also found as a component of some examples of his Stirling engine. The simplest Stirling engines, including most models, use the walls of the cylinder and displacer as a rudimentary regenerator, which is simpler and cheaper to construct but far less efficient.
Later applications included the blast furnace pr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20S.%20Fredrickson | Donald Sharp "Don" Fredrickson (August 8, 1924 – June 7, 2002) was an American medical researcher, principally of the lipid and cholesterol metabolism, and director of National Institutes of Health and subsequently the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Biography
Fredrickson was born in Cañon City, Colorado. His father was a county judge and the owner of Fredrickson Brown, an independent insurance agency. After high school he commenced medical school at the University of Colorado, but completed his studies at the University of Michigan after being transferred there by the army. During a cycling trip in the Netherlands he met his future wife, Priscilla Eekhof, and they married two years later. They had two sons.
Between 1949 and 1952 he worked as a resident and subsequently as a fellow in internal medicine at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital (now part of Brigham and Women's Hospital) in Boston. Much of his published work from this period is in the field of endocrinology. Subsequently he spent a year in the laboratory of Ivan Frantz, a cholesterol biochemist, at Massachusetts General Hospital.
Lipid research
In 1953 he took up a post at the National Heart Institute, part of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. Initially, he worked with protein chemist and Nobel laureate Christian B. Anfinsen, and subsequently (with Daniel Steinberg) developed an interest in the metabolism of cholesterol and lipoproteins, as well as related medical conditions such as Niemann- |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20audition | Computer audition (CA) or machine listening is the general field of study of algorithms and systems for audio interpretation by machines. Since the notion of what it means for a machine to "hear" is very broad and somewhat vague, computer audition attempts to bring together several disciplines that originally dealt with specific problems or had a concrete application in mind. The engineer Paris Smaragdis, interviewed in Technology Review, talks about these systems "software that uses sound to locate people moving through rooms, monitor machinery for impending breakdowns, or activate traffic cameras to record accidents."
Inspired by models of human audition, CA deals with questions of representation, transduction, grouping, use of musical knowledge and general sound semantics for the purpose of performing intelligent operations on audio and music signals by the computer. Technically this requires a combination of methods from the fields of signal processing, auditory modelling, music perception and cognition, pattern recognition, and machine learning, as well as more traditional methods of artificial intelligence for musical knowledge representation.
Applications
Like computer vision versus image processing, computer audition versus audio engineering deals with understanding of audio rather than processing. It also differs from problems of speech understanding by machine since it deals with general audio signals, such as natural sounds and musical recordings.
Applications |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallow%20water | Shallow water may refer to:
Shallow Water (album)
Shallow Water, Kansas, unincorporated community, United States
Waves and shallow water
Shallow water equations
Shallow Water (film)
See also
Shallow-water blackout (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna%20Kiplagat | Edna Ngeringwony Kiplagat (born 15 November 1979) is a Kenyan professional long-distance runner. She was the 2011 and 2013 World Champion in the marathon. She established herself as an elite marathon runner with wins at the Los Angeles and New York City Marathons in 2010. Her personal best for the distance is 2:19:50 hours, set at the London Marathon in 2012. At age 37, Kiplagat won the 2017 Boston Marathon in a time of 2:21:52 hours, and won the marathon silver medal at the IAAF World Championships in London. At age 39, she was second at the 2019 Boston Marathon and fourth in the event at the following World Championships. At age 41, she won the 2021 Boston Marathon, becoming the oldest-ever winner of a World Marathon Major (male or female).
Career
At the 3000 metres distance, Kiplagat won a silver medal at the 1996 World Junior Championships and a bronze medal at the 1998 World Junior Championships.
She finished thirteenth in the long race at the 2006 World Cross Country Championships. In the same season she recorded personal bests in the 5000 metres, with 15:57.3 minutes in July in Nairobi, and the half marathon, with 1:09:32 hours in October in San Jose. In June 2007 she ran the 10,000 metres in 33:27.0 minutes in Nairobi. She won the 2006 Virginia Beach Rock 'n' Roll Half Marathon, the 2007 Lilac Bloomsday Run and the 2007 Bay to Breakers (San Francisco).
2010
Kiplagat finished second behind Emily Chebet at the 2010 Freihofer's Run for Women, running a time of 15:20 a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allomerism | Allomerism is the similarity in the crystalline structure of substances of different chemical composition.
References
Penguin Science Dictionary 1994, Penguin Books
Solid-state chemistry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressibility%20equation | In statistical mechanics and thermodynamics the compressibility equation refers to an equation which relates the isothermal compressibility (and indirectly the pressure) to the structure of the liquid. It reads:where is the number density, g(r) is the radial distribution function and is the isothermal compressibility.
Using the Fourier representation of the Ornstein-Zernike equation the compressibility equation can be rewritten in the form:
where h(r) and c(r) are the indirect and direct correlation functions respectively. The compressibility equation is one of the many integral equations in statistical mechanics.
References
D.A. McQuarrie, Statistical Mechanics (Harper Collins Publishers) 1976
Statistical mechanics
Thermodynamic equations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93thyroid%20axis | The hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis (HPT axis for short, a.k.a. thyroid homeostasis or thyrotropic feedback control) is part of the neuroendocrine system responsible for the regulation of metabolism and also responds to stress.
As its name suggests, it depends upon the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the thyroid gland.
The hypothalamus senses low circulating levels of thyroid hormone (Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)) and responds by releasing thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). The TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The TSH, in turn, stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormone until levels in the blood return to normal. Thyroid hormone exerts negative feedback control over the hypothalamus as well as anterior pituitary, thus controlling the release of both TRH from hypothalamus and TSH from anterior pituitary gland.
The HPA, HPG, and HPT axes are three pathways in which the hypothalamus and pituitary direct neuroendocrine function.
Physiology
Thyroid homeostasis results from a multi-loop feedback system that is found in virtually all higher vertebrates. Proper function of thyrotropic feedback control is indispensable for growth, differentiation, reproduction and intelligence. Very few animals (e.g. axolotls and sloths) have impaired thyroid homeostasis that exhibits a very low set-point that is assumed to underlie the metabolic and ontogenetic anomalies of these animals.
The pituitary gland secr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERCC2 |
ERCC2, or XPD is a protein involved in transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair.
The XPD (ERCC2) gene encodes for a 2.3-kb mRNA containing 22 exons and 21 introns. The XPD protein contains 760 amino acids and is a polypeptide with a size of 87kDa. Defects in this gene can result in three different disorders: the cancer-prone syndrome xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group D, photosensitive trichothiodystrophy, and Cockayne syndrome.
Just like XPB, XPD is a part of human transcriptional initiation factor TFIIH and has ATP-dependent helicase activity. It belongs to the RAD3/XPD subfamily of helicases.
XPD is essential for the viability of cells. Deletion of XPD in mice is lethal for developing embryos.
Consequences of mutations in ERCC2
The ERCC2/XPD protein participates in nucleotide excision repair and is used in unwinding the DNA double helix after damage is initially identified. Nucleotide excision repair is a multi-step pathway that removes a wide range of different damages that distort normal base pairing. Such damages include bulky chemical adducts, ultraviolet-induced pyrimidine dimers, and several forms of oxidative damage. Mutations in the ERCC2/XPD gene can lead to various syndromes, either xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), trichothiodystrophy (TTD) or a combination of XP and TTD (XPTTD), or a combination of XP and Cockayne syndrome (XPCS). TTD and CS both display features of premature aging. These features may include sensorineural deafness, retin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork%20county%20hurling%20team%20records%20and%20statistics | This is a list of Cork's record in the Munster and All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship over the last few years.
Overview
2000s
1990s
1980s
1970s
1960s
1950s
Players
Most championship appearances
External links
Cork GAA website
Records and statistics
County hurling team records and statistics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20Microbial%20Genomes%20System | The Integrated Microbial Genomes (IMG) system is a genome browsing and annotation platform developed by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)-Joint Genome Institute. IMG contains all the draft and complete microbial genomes sequenced by the DOE-JGI integrated with other publicly available genomes (including Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya, Viruses and Plasmids). IMG provides users a set of tools for comparative analysis of microbial genomes along three dimensions: genes, genomes and functions. Users can select and transfer them in the comparative analysis carts based upon a variety of criteria. IMG also includes a genome annotation pipeline that integrates information from several tools, including KEGG, Pfam, InterPro, and the Gene Ontology, among others. Users can also type or upload their own gene annotations (called MyIMG gene annotations) and the IMG system will allow them to generate Genbank or EMBL format files containing these annotations.
In successive releases IMG has expanded to include several domain-specific tools. The Integrated Microbial Genomes with Microbiome Samples (IMG/M) system is an extension of the IMG system providing a comparative analysis context of assembled metagenomic data with the publicly available isolate genomes. The Integrated Microbial Genomes- Expert Review (IMG/ER) system provides support to individual scientists or group of scientists for functional annotation and curation of their microbial genomes of interest. Users can submit their annotated |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20Public%20Radio%20Interface | The Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) standard defines an interface between Radio Equipment Control (REC) and Radio Equipment (RE). Oftentimes, CPRI links are used to carry data between cell sites and base stations.
The purpose of CPRI is to allow replacement of a copper or coax cable connection between a radio transceiver (used example for mobile-telephone communication and typically located in a tower) and a base station (typically located at the ground nearby), so the connection can be made to a remote and more convenient location. This connection (often referred to as the Fronthaul network) can be a fiber to an installation where multiple remote base stations may be served. This fiber supports both single and multi mode communication. The fiber end is connected with the Small Form-factor Pluggable (SFP) transceiver device.
The companies working to define the specification include Ericsson
AB, Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd, NEC Corporation and Nokia.
See also
Open Base Station Architecture Initiative (OBSAI)
Remote radio head (RRH)
References
External links
CPRI Homepage
CPRI specification (free) at CPRI homepage
Radio technology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-diffusion | According to IUPAC definition, self-diffusion coefficient is the diffusion coefficient of species when the chemical potential gradient equals zero. It is linked to the diffusion coefficient by the equation:
Here, is the activity of the species in the solution and is the concentration of . This term is commonly assumed to be equal to the tracer diffusion determined by watching the movement of an isotope in the material of interest.
See also
Brownian motion
Diffusion
Molecular diffusion
References
Diffusion |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Castles | Crystal Castles was a Canadian electronic music group formed in 2006 in Toronto, Ontario, formed by songwriter-producer Ethan Kath and singer-songwriter Alice Glass, who later left and was replaced by Edith Frances. Crystal Castles were known for their chaotic live shows and lo-fi melancholic homemade productions. They released many limited vinyl singles between 2006 and 2007 before releasing four studio albums between 2008 and 2016.
Glass announced her departure from the band in October 2014, citing personal and professional reasons. Three years later, during the band's tour to support their fourth album, Amnesty (I), Glass accused Kath of sexual misconduct during her time in Crystal Castles, causing the remaining tour dates to be cancelled. Crystal Castles has since been inactive, having provided no updates on new material or performances after Glass's allegations.
History
2006–2007: Formation and Alice Practice
Ethan Kath (born Claudio Palmieri) met Alice Glass (born Margaret Osborn) in Toronto, Ontario, when she was in the 10th grade and he was 10 years her senior. Kath had already found a small bit of fame in Toronto's music scene, having made appearances on local television with his previous band, Kïll Cheerleadër. A couple of years later, Kath asked Glass to record vocals over tracks he had been working on since 2003. The sessions resulted in the track "Alice Practice", which was shelved for six months.
After being posted online, this track garnered attention and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20Practice | Alice Practice is the debut EP from Crystal Castles, released on Merok Records on 9 July 2006. The release was limited to 500 copies on 7" vinyl and sold out in three days.
The cover of the EP features artwork by Trevor Brown of Madonna with a black eye. Brown sued the band, claiming that they had used his work without permission. In 2008, Brown and the band came to a settlement in which he was paid for the rights to the image.
The title track, "Alice Practice", was claimed to be a soundcheck secretly recorded by the sound engineer before the band launched into a five-song recording session in 2005. This story has since been denied by Alice Glass, who claimed that this was untrue and that Ethan Kath fictionalised the story to minimise her input into the band. Crystal Castles later performed "Alice Practice" on an episode of the British television series Skins. After being featured on the show, demand for the Alice Practice EP grew rapidly. In October 2011, NME rated the song number 29 on its list of "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years".
The track "Air War" garnered attention from prominent indie website Pitchfork Media. The track "Dolls" is exclusive to the Alice Practice EP and is not available on any other official release.
Track listing
"Alice Practice" – 2:16
"Dolls" – 1:33
"Air War" – 2:28
"Love and Caring" – 2:20
See also
List of controversial album art
References
External links
Lyrics at official website.
2006 debut EPs
Crystal Castles (band) albums
Cultur |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroteuthidinae | Heteroteuthidinae is a subfamily of bobtail squid encompassing five genera and around ten species.
Classification
Subfamily Heteroteuthinae
Genus Amphorateuthis
Amphorateuthis alveatus
Genus Heteroteuthis
Subgenus Heteroteuthis
Heteroteuthis dispar, Odd Bobtail
Heteroteuthis weberi
Subgenus Stephanoteuthis
Heteroteuthis dagamensis
Heteroteuthis hawaiiensis
Heteroteuthis serventyi
Genus Iridoteuthis
Genus Nectoteuthis
Nectoteuthis pourtalesi
Genus Sepiolina
Sepiolina nipponensis, Japanese Bobtail
Genus Stoloteuthis
Stoloteuthis leucoptera, Butterfly Bobtail Squid
References
External links
Tree of Life: Heteroteuthinae
CephBase: Heteroteuthinae
Bobtail squid
Taxa named by Adolf Appellöf |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossiinae | Rossiinae is a subfamily of bobtail squid encompassing four genera and around twenty species.
Classification
Subfamily Rossiinae
Genus Austrorossia
Austrorossia antillensis, Antilles bobtail squid
Austrorossia australis
Austrorossia bipapillata
Austrorossia enigmatica *
Austrorossia mastigophora
Genus Neorossia
Neorossia caroli, Carol bobtail
Neorossia leptodons
Genus Rossia
Rossia brachyura
Rossia bullisi, Gulf bobtail squid
Rossia glaucopis
Rossia macrosoma, stout bobtail
Rossia megaptera, big-fin bobtail squid
Rossia moelleri
Rossia mollicella
Rossia pacifica
Rossia pacifica diegensis *
Rossia pacifica pacifica, North Pacific bobtail squid
Rossia palpebrosa, warty bobtail squid
Rossia tortugaensis, Tortugas bobtail squid
Genus Semirossia
Semirossia equalis, greater bobtail squid
Semirossia patagonica
Semirossia tenera, lesser bobtail squid
References
External links
CephBase: Rossiinae
Bobtail squid
Taxa named by Adolf Appellöf |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepiolinae | Sepiolinae is a subfamily of bobtail squid encompassing 5 genera and more than 30 species.
Classification
Subfamily Sepiolinae
Genus Euprymna
Euprymna albatrossae
Euprymna berryi, Double-ear Bobtail
Euprymna brenneri
Euprymna hoylei
Euprymna hyllebergi
Euprymna morsei, Mimika Bobtail
Euprymna penares *
Euprymna phenax
Euprymna scolopes, Hawaiian Bobtail Squid
Euprymna stenodactyla
Euprymna tasmanica, Southern Dumpling Squid
Genus Inioteuthis
Inioteuthis capensis
Inioteuthis japonica
Inioteuthis maculosa
Genus Rondeletiola
Rondeletiola minor, Lentil Bobtail
Genus Sepietta
Sepietta neglecta, Elegant Bobtail
Sepietta obscura
Sepietta oweniana, Common Bobtail
Sepietta petersi, Mysterious Bobtail
Genus Sepiola
Sepiola affinis, Anagolous Bobtail
Sepiola atlantica, Atlantic Bobtail
Sepiola aurantiaca, Golden Bobtail
Sepiola birostrata, Butterfly Bobtail
Sepiola intermedia, Intermediate Bobtail
Sepiola knudseni
Sepiola ligulata, Tongue Bobtail
Sepiola parva
Sepiola pfefferi *
Sepiola robusta, Robust Bobtail
Sepiola rondeleti, Dwarf Bobtail
Sepiola rossiaeformis *
Sepiola steenstrupiana, Steenstrup's Bobtail
Sepiola trirostrata
Sepiola sp., Southern Bobtail Squid
References
External links
CephBase: Sepiolinae
Bobtail squid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCR%20%28gene%29 | The breakpoint cluster region protein (BCR) also known as renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN-26 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BCR gene. BCR is one of the two genes in the BCR-ABL fusion protein, which is associated with the Philadelphia chromosome. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Function
Although the BCR-ABL fusion protein has been much studied, the function of the normal BCR gene product is still not clear. The protein has serine/threonine kinase activity and is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Rho family of GTPases including RhoA.
Clinical significance
A reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 22 and 9 produces the Philadelphia chromosome, which is often found in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. The chromosome 22 breakpoint for this translocation is located within the BCR gene. The translocation produces a fusion protein that is encoded by sequence from both BCR and ABL, the gene at the chromosome 9 breakpoint.
Structure
The BCR-ABL oncoprotein oligomerisation domain found at the N-terminus of BCR is essential for the oncogenicity of the BCR-ABL fusion protein. The BCR-ABL oncoprotein oligomerisation domain consists of a short N-terminal helix (alpha-1), a flexible loop and a long C-terminal helix (alpha-2). Together these form an N-shaped structure, with the loop allowing the two helices to assume a parallel orientation. The monomeric domains associate into a dimer through |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witches%27%20Cave | The Witches' Cave (in Spanish, Caverna de las Brujas) is a cave, a nature reserve and a national natural monument in Argentina. It is located in the Moncol Hill, at above mean sea level, within the Malargüe Department, in the south of Mendoza Province (Cuyo region), about southwest of the town of Malargüe.
The cave covers an area of and was declared a provincial reserve (Reserva Provincial Caverna de las Brujas) in 1990. It is a solutional limestone cave, formed by Jurassic sedimentary rock that rose from the ocean as the Andes emerged during the Cenozoic Era. The rock was eroded by underground water currents and vertically fractured. Further erosion occurred at the end of the last Ice Age, when precipitation was much higher than today.
The Witches' Cave is home to many peculiar speleothems (such as stalactites and stalagmites), deep underground water galleries, and large vaulted spaces called Sala de la Virgen (Virgin Room) and Las Flores (The Flowers). It hosts a particular fauna adapted to live without solar radiation (spiders and springtails). The galleries closest to the entrance are occasional shelters for bats and mice.
About of the cave's passages have been explored. The site is one of the major tourist attractions in southern Mendoza, but visitors are only granted access (with a guide and proper equipment) to the first of galleries, which are already damaged.
External links
Witches' Cave at the Protected Areas Federal System of Argentina.
Caverna de las B |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenobam | Fenobam is an imidazole derivative developed by McNeil Laboratories in the late 1970s as a novel anxiolytic drug with an at-the-time-unidentified molecular target in the brain. Subsequently, it was determined that fenobam acts as a potent and selective negative allosteric modulator of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype mGluR5, and it has been used as a lead compound for the development of a range of newer mGluR5 antagonists.
Fenobam has anxiolytic effects comparable to those of benzodiazepine drugs, but was never commercially marketed for the treatment of anxiety due to dose-limiting side effects such as amnesia and psychotomimetic symptoms. Following the discovery of its activity as a potent negative allosteric modulator of mGluR5, fenobam has been re-investigated for many applications, with its profile of combined antidepressant, anxiolytic, analgesic and anti-addictive effects potentially useful given the common co-morbidity of these symptoms. It has also shown promising initial results in the treatment of fragile X syndrome. It was developed by a team at McNeil Laboratories in the 1970s.
Chemistry
Fenobam is known to exist in five crystalline forms, all of them exhibiting a tautomeric structure with the proton attached to the five membered ring nitrogen.
See also
AZD9272
Basimglurant
MPEP
MTEP
MFZ 10-7
References
Anxiolytics
Imidazolines
Lactams
Ureas
Chloroarenes
Orphan drugs
MGlu5 receptor antagonists
Abandoned drugs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallen | Kristallen (meaning The Crystal) is the official Swedish television award, administered by the foundation . It was created in 2005 by television producers SVT, TV3, TV4, Kanal 5 and UR.
The trophy
The award trophy, created by Mårten Claesson, Eero Koivisto and Ola Rune, is made out of crystal glass, a material with a long tradition in Swedish art.
Award categories
Kristallen is awarded in a number of categories, including the following:
Juried awards
Entertainment show of the year
Series of the year
Drama of the year
Humour programme of the year
Children's and teenager's programme of the year
Current events programme of the year
Documentary of the year
Reality show of the year
Awards by popular vote
Male host of the year
Female host of the year
Sports presenter of the year
Show of the year
Special award
The recipient of the special award is chosen by the board.
2010 winners
The Kristallen prizes for 2010 were awarded on 3 September 2010.
Juried awards
Public vote
Special award
2011 winners
The Kristallen prizes for 2011 were awarded on 9 September 2010.
Juried awards
Public vote
Special award
2021
In 2021, the awards were presented on 27 August. The Thin Blue Line () won "Best TV Drama and Best Programme of the year" at the annual Swedish television awards, the Kristallen TV Awards.
References
External links
Swedish television awards
2005 establishments in Sweden
Awards established in 2005 |
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