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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse%20problem%20for%20Lagrangian%20mechanics | In mathematics, the inverse problem for Lagrangian mechanics is the problem of determining whether a given system of ordinary differential equations can arise as the Euler–Lagrange equations for some Lagrangian function.
There has been a great deal of activity in the study of this problem since the early 20th century. A notable advance in this field was a 1941 paper by the American mathematician Jesse Douglas, in which he provided necessary and sufficient conditions for the problem to have a solution; these conditions are now known as the Helmholtz conditions, after the German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz.
Background and statement of the problem
The usual set-up of Lagrangian mechanics on n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn is as follows. Consider a differentiable path u : [0, T] → Rn. The action of the path u, denoted S(u), is given by
where L is a function of time, position and velocity known as the Lagrangian. The principle of least action states that, given an initial state x0 and a final state x1 in Rn, the trajectory that the system determined by L will actually follow must be a minimizer of the action functional S satisfying the boundary conditions u(0) = x0, u(T) = x1. Furthermore, the critical points (and hence minimizers) of S must satisfy the Euler–Lagrange equations for S:
where the upper indices i denote the components of u = (u1, ..., un).
In the classical case
the Euler–Lagrange equations are the second-order ordinary differential equations better known |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna%20culture | The Varna culture was a Chalcolithic culture of northeastern Bulgaria, dated , contemporary and closely related with the Gumelnița culture. The oldest golden artifacts in the world (4600 BC - 4200 BC) were found in the Necropolis of Varna. These artefacts are on display in the Varna Archaeological Museum
The site was accidentally discovered in October 1972 by excavator operator Raycho Marinov. Research excavation was under the direction of Mihail Lazarov and Ivan Ivanov. About 30% of the estimated necropolis area is still not excavated.
The Varna culture is characterized by polychrome pottery and rich cemeteries, the most famous of which are Varna Necropolis, the eponymous site, and the Durankulak lake complex, which comprises the largest prehistoric cemetery in southeastern Europe, with an adjoining coeval Neolithic settlement (published) and an unpublished and incompletely excavated Chalcolithic settlement. 294 graves have been found in the Varna necropolis, many containing sophisticated examples of the oldest gold metallurgy in the world, copper metallurgy, pottery (about 600 pieces, including gold-painted ones), high-quality flint and obsidian blades, beads, and shells.
The oldest gold jewelry in the world found in the necropolis is dated 4,600 BC to 4,200 BC. Several prehistoric Bulgarian finds are considered no less old – the golden treasures of Hotnitsa, Durankulak, artifacts from the settlement of Yunatsite near Pazardzhik, the golden treasure of Sakar, as well as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2B6 | Cytochrome P450 2B6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP2B6 gene. CYP2B6 is a member of the cytochrome P450 group of enzymes. Along with CYP2A6, it is involved with metabolizing nicotine, along with many other substances.
Function
This gene, CYP2B6, encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and its expression is induced by phenobarbital. The enzyme is known to metabolize some xenobiotics, such as the anti-cancer drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide.
Gene
Transcript variants for this gene have been described; however, it has not been resolved whether these transcripts are in fact produced by this gene or by a closely related pseudogene, CYP2B7. Both the gene and the pseudogene are located in the middle of a CYP2A pseudogene found in a large cluster of cytochrome P450 genes from the CYP2A, CYP2B and CYP2F subfamilies on chromosome 19q.
CYP2B6 ligands
Following is a table of selected substrates, inducers and inhibitors of CYP2B6.
Inhibitors of CYP2B6 can be classified by their potency, such as:
Strong inhibitor being one that causes at least a 5-fold increase in the plasma AUC values, or more than 80% decrease in clearance.
Moderate inhibitor being one that causes at least a 2-fold increase in the plasma AUC values, or 50 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C8%20complex | Complement component 8 is a protein involved in the complement system. It is part of the membrane attack complex (MAC).
A hereditary deficiency of C8 can result in increased susceptibility to Neisseria infections, such as meningitis and gonorrhea.
Structure
C8 is a heterotrimer; it consists of three different subunits. These are called C8 alpha, beta and gamma chains, encoded by the genes C8A, C8B and C8G respectively.
References
External links
Complement system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest%20cities%20in%20Rio%20Grande%20do%20Sul%20by%20population | Largest cities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil by population, in descending order:
References
"Cidades@", Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, Accessed on 2007-03-20.
Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul
de:Liste der Gemeinden in Rio Grande do Sul
pt:Anexo:Lista de municípios do Rio Grande do Sul por população |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron%20%28software%29 | Neuron is a simulation environment for modeling individual and networks of neurons. It was primarily developed by Michael Hines, John W. Moore, and Ted Carnevale at Yale and Duke.
Neuron models individual neurons via the use of sections that are automatically subdivided into individual compartments, instead of requiring the user to manually create compartments. The primary scripting language is hoc but a Python interface is also available. Programs can be written interactively in a shell, or loaded from a file. Neuron supports parallelization via the MPI protocol.
Neuron is capable of handling diffusion-reaction models, and integrating diffusion functions into models of synapses and cellular networks. Parallelization is possible via internal multithreaded routines, for use on multi-core computers. The properties of the membrane channels of the neuron are simulated using compiled mechanisms written using the NMODL language or by compiled routines operating on internal data structures that are set up with Channel Builder.
Along with the analogous software platform GENESIS, Neuron is the basis for instruction in computational neuroscience in many courses and laboratories around the world.
User interface
Neuron features a graphical user interface (GUI), for use by individuals with minimal programming experience. The GUI comes equipped with a builder for single and multiple compartment cells, networks, network cells, channels and linear electric circuits. Single and multiple |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-Cube | C-Cube Microsystems, Inc., was an early company in video compression technology as well as the implementation of that technology into semiconductor integrated circuits and systems. C-Cube was the first company to deliver on the market opportunity presented by the conversion of image and video data from analog to digital formats enabling markets such as VideoCD, DVD, DirecTV, digital cable, and non-linear editing systems.
History
C-Cube was founded on August 8, 1988 by Edmund Sun from Weitek and Alexandre Balkanski. Early funding came from VC firms Hambrecht & Quist and JAFCO America Ventures as well as Japanese farm equipment manufacturer Kubota Ltd.
Image and video technology was just beginning to make the transition from analog (VHS, Betamax, etc.) to new digital-base formats. The key issue was the amount of bandwidth required to transmit or store the digital content. Digital video compression was a key enabling technology that made digital video practical. C-Cube engineers drove the early standards for digital compression - including Eric Hamilton, chair of the JPEG committee and Didier LeGall, chair of the MPEG video committee. As a result of their familiarity of the standardization process and the standards themselves, C-Cube was able to gain advantageous knowledge in the implementation of the algorithms into high-performance silicon.
Early on, the company was recognized for technical leadership but was largely unable to turn leadership into revenues and profits. The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viviani%27s%20theorem | Viviani's theorem, named after Vincenzo Viviani, states that the sum of the distances from any interior point to the sides of an equilateral triangle equals the length of the triangle's altitude. It is a theorem commonly employed in various math competitions, secondary school mathematics examinations, and has wide applicability to many problems in the real world.
Proof
This proof depends on the readily-proved proposition that the area of a triangle is half its base times its height—that is, half the product of one side with the altitude from that side.
Let ABC be an equilateral triangle whose height is h and whose side is a.
Let P be any point inside the triangle, and u, s, t the distances of P from the sides. Draw a line from P to each of A, B, and C, forming three triangles PAB, PBC, and PCA.
Now, the areas of these triangles are , , and . They exactly fill the enclosing triangle, so the sum of these areas is equal to the area of the enclosing triangle.
So we can write:
and thus
Q.E.D.
Converse
The converse also holds: If the sum of the distances from an interior point of a triangle to the sides is independent of the location of the point, the triangle is equilateral.
Applications
Viviani's theorem means that lines parallel to the sides of an equilateral triangle give coordinates for making ternary plots, such as flammability diagrams.
More generally, they allow one to give coordinates on a regular simplex in the same way.
Extensions
Parallelogram
The sum |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net%20%28device%29 | A net comprises threads or yarns knotted and twisted into a grid-like structure which blocks the passage of large items, while letting small items and fluids pass. It requires less material than something sheet-like, and provides a degree of transparency, as well as flexibility and lightness.
Nets have been constructed by human beings since at least the Mesolithic period for use in capturing or retaining things. Their open structure provide lightness and flexibility that allow them to be carried and manipulated with relative ease, making them valuable for methodical tasks such as hunting, fishing, sleeping, and carrying.
History
The oldest nets found are from the Mesolithic era, but nets may have existed in the Upper paleolithic era. Nets are typically made of perishable materials and leave little archeological record. Some nets are preserved in ice or bogs, and there are also clay impressions of nets.
Making and repairing nets
Originally, all nets were made by hand. Construction begins from a single point for round nets such as purse nets, net bags, or hair nets, but square nets are usually started from a headrope. A line is tied to the headrope at regular intervals, forming a series of loops. This can be done using slipped overhand knots or other knots, such as clove hitches. Subsequent rows are then worked using sheet bends, as shown in the diagram, or another knot. Some nets, such as hammocks, may be looped rather than knotted.
To avoid hauling a long length of loos |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantel | Mantel may refer to:
Mantel, Germany, a town in Bavaria, Germany
Fireplace mantel, a framework around a fireplace
Mantel Corporation, a fictional organization in the video game Haze
Mantel theorem, mathematical theorem in graph theory
Mantel (climbing), a climbing move used to surmount a ledge or feature in the rock in the absence of any useful holds directly above.
People
Bronwen Mantel, Canadian actress
Dave Mantel (1981–2018), Dutch actor, producer, and model
Dutch Mantel, ring name of Wayne Cowan (born 1949), American professional wrestler
Gerhard Mantel (1930–2012), German cellist and writer
Henriette Mantel (born 1954), American writer, actress, and director
Hilary Mantel (1952–2022), British novelist
Hugo Mantel, German footballer
Nathan Mantel (1919–2002), biostatistician
Gregory Mantel, a fictional character in the soap opera EastEnders
See also
Mantel clock
Mantle (disambiguation)
Mantell (disambiguation)
Surnames of German origin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur%20Olin%20Atwater | Wilbur Olin Atwater (May 3, 1844 – September 22, 1907) was an American chemist known for his studies of human nutrition and metabolism, and is considered the father of modern nutrition research and education. He is credited with developing the Atwater system, which laid the groundwork for nutrition science in the United States and inspired modern Olympic nutrition.
Atwater was director of the first United States Agricultural Experiment Station at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut and he was the U.S. Department of Agriculture's first chief of nutrition investigations.
Early life
Atwater was born in Johnsburg, New York, the son of William Warren Atwater, a Methodist Episcopal minister, temperance advocate, and librarian of Yale Law School and Eliza (Barnes) Atwater. He grew up in, and spent much of his life in New England. He opted not to fight in the American Civil War, instead pursuing his undergraduate education, first at the University of Vermont and then moving to Wesleyan University in Connecticut, where he would complete his general education in 1865. For the next three years, Atwater was a teacher at various schools and in 1868, he enrolled in Yale University's Sheffield Scientific School, where he studied agricultural chemistry under William Henry Brewer and Samuel William Johnson. During his time at Yale, Atwater worked part time as Johnson's assistant analyzing fertilizers for specific mineral content; he also performed the first chemical analysis o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal%20fan | A centrifugal fan is a mechanical device for moving air or other gases in a direction at an angle to the incoming fluid. Centrifugal fans often contain a ducted housing to direct outgoing air in a specific direction or across a heat sink; such a fan is also called a blower, blower fan, or squirrel-cage fan (because it looks like a hamster wheel). Tiny ones used in computers are sometimes called biscuit blowers. These fans move air from the rotating inlet of the fan to an outlet. They are typically used in ducted applications to either draw air through ductwork/heat exchanger, or push air through similar impellers. Compared to standard axial fans, they can provide similar air movement from a smaller fan package, and overcome higher resistance in air streams.
Centrifugal fans use the kinetic energy of the impellers to move the air stream, which in turn moves against the resistance caused by ducts, dampers and other components. Centrifugal fans displace air radially, changing the direction (typically by 90°) of the airflow. They are sturdy, quiet, reliable, and capable of operating over a wide range of conditions.
Centrifugal fans are, like axial fans, constant-volume devices, meaning that, at a constant fan speed, a centrifugal fan moves a relatively constant volume of air rather than a constant mass. This means that the air velocity in a system is fixed, but the actual mass of air flowing will vary based on the density of the air. Variations in density can be caused by c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20contact | In heat transfer and thermodynamics, a thermodynamic system is said to be in thermal contact with another system if it can exchange energy through the process of heat. Perfect thermal isolation is an idealization as real systems are always in thermal contact with their environment to some extent.
When two solid bodies are in contact, a resistance to heat transfer exists between the bodies. The study of heat conduction between such bodies is called thermal contact conductance (or thermal contact resistance).
References
See also
Thermal equilibrium - When two objects A and B are in thermal contact and there is no net transfer of thermal energy from A to B or from B to A, they are said to be in thermal equilibrium. The majority of objects experiencing thermal equilibrium still do exchange thermal energy but do so equally so that the net heat transfer is zero.
Perfect thermal contact
Zeroth law of thermodynamics - When two objects A and B are in thermal equilibrium with a third object C then, A and B are said to be in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Thermodynamics
Heat transfer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentially%20closed%20field | In mathematics, a differential field K is differentially closed if every finite system of differential equations with a solution in some differential field extending K already has a solution in K. This concept was introduced by . Differentially closed fields are the analogues
for differential equations of algebraically closed fields for polynomial equations.
The theory of differentially closed fields
We recall that a differential field is a field equipped with a derivation operator. Let K be a differential field with derivation operator ∂.
A differential polynomial in x is a polynomial in the formal expressions x, ∂x, ∂2x, ... with coefficients in K.
The order of a non-zero differential polynomial in x is the largest n such that ∂nx occurs in it, or −1 if the differential polynomial is a constant.
The separant Sf of a differential polynomial of order n≥0 is the derivative of f with respect to ∂nx.
The field of constants of K is the subfield of elements a with ∂a=0.
In a differential field K of nonzero characteristic p, all pth powers are constants. It follows that neither K nor its field of constants is perfect, unless ∂ is trivial. A field K with derivation ∂ is called differentially perfect if it is either of characteristic 0, or of characteristic p and every constant is a pth power of an element of K.
A differentially closed field is a differentially perfect differential field K such that if f and g are differential polynomials such that Sf≠ 0 and g≠0 and f has orde |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NuBreed | NuBreed is a trio of Australian record producers Jason Catherine, Michael Walburgh, and Danny Bonnici (vocalist). They have performed several remixes for artists such as The Crystal Method, Luke Chable, and Way Out West. They have also recorded several DJ mixes including Electric_02 for EQ Recordings and an entry in Distinct'ive Breaks Records' Y4k series. Their singles are most often released on Zero Tolerance Recordings and Mob Records.
Discography
Studio albums
Awards
ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987. NuBreed were nominated for one award.
|-
| 2004
| The Original
| ARIA Award for Best Dance Release
|
|-
References
External links
Australian record producers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldpolenz%20Solar%20Park | The Waldpolenz Solar Park is a 52-megawatt (MW) photovoltaic power station built by German developer and operator Juwi at a former military air base near Leipzig, Eastern Germany. When completed by the end of 2008, it was the world's largest thin-film solar park using CdTe-modules.
Initially, the solar power plant's nameplate capacity was 40 MW, consisting of 500,000 state-of-the-art solar panels provided by U.S. manufacturer First Solar, and generated 40,000 MWh of electricity per year. The solar park was then extended with another 153,650 panels, also provided by First Solar, to a final capacity of 52 MWP in 2011
The installation is located in the Muldentalkreis district in the state of Saxony in eastern Germany, built on half of the location's in the townships of Brandis and Bennewitz. The investment costs for the Waldpolenz solar park have amounted to some 130 million euro.
See also
Energy policy of the European Union
List of photovoltaic power stations
Photovoltaics
Pocking Solar Park in Germany
Renewable energy commercialization
Renewable energy in the European Union
Solar power
References
Photovoltaic power stations in Germany |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency%20and%20Coordination%20Runtime | Concurrency and Coordination Runtime (CCR) is an asynchronous programming library based on .NET Framework from Microsoft distributed with Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio (MRDS). Even though it comes with MRDS, it is not limited to modelling robotic behavior but can be used to express asynchronous behavior in any application.
CCR runtime includes a Dispatcher class that implements a Thread pool, with a fixed number of threads, all of which can execute simultaneously. Each dispatcher includes a queue (called DispatcherQueue) of delegates, which represent the entry point to a procedure (called work item) that can be executed asynchronously. The work items are then distributed across the threads for execution. A dispatcher object also contains a generic Port which is a queue where the result of the asynchronous execution of a work item is put. Each work item can be associated with a ReceiverTask object which consumes the result for further processing. An Arbiter manages the ReceiverTask and invokes them when the result they are expecting is ready and put on the Port queue.
In May 2010, the CCR was made available along with the entire Robotics Developer Studio in one package, for free. Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio 2008 R3.
CCR was last updated in RDS R4 in 2012. It is no longer under development. Asynchronous programming is now supported in Visual Studio languages such as C# through built-in language features.
See also
Parallel Extensions
Joins
Microsoft Robotics De |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SF1 | SF1 may refer to:
Biochemistry
SF1 (gene), a human gene
a type of helicase, a common protein.
Steroidogenic factor 1
Videogaming
Star Fox (1993 video game), the first game in the Star Fox series
Street Fighter (video game), the first game in the Street Fighter series
SF-1 SNES TV, a television monitor sold by Sharp Corporation with a built-in Super NES
Other uses
SRF 1, a Swiss television channel formerly known as 'SF 1'
Summary File 1, a United States Census report
See also
SF (disambiguation)
SFI (disambiguation)
SFL (disambiguation) (sfl) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHEK2 | CHEK2 (Checkpoint kinase 2) is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes the protein CHK2, a serine-threonine kinase. CHK2 is involved in DNA repair, cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Mutations to the CHEK2 gene have been linked to a wide range of cancers.
Gene location
The CHEK2 gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 22 at position 12.1. Its location on chromosome 22 stretches from base pair 28,687,742 to base pair 28,741,904.
Protein structure
The CHEK2 protein encoded by the CHEK2 gene is a serine threonine kinase. The protein consists of 543 amino acids and the following domains:
N-terminal SQ/TQ cluster domain (SCD)
Central forkhead-associated (FHA) domain
C-terminal serine/threonine kinase domain (KD)
The SCD domain contains multiple SQ/TQ motifs that serve as sites for phosphorylation in response to DNA damage. The most notable and frequently phosphorylated site being Thr68.
CHK2 appears as a monomer in its inactive state. However, in the event of DNA damage SCD phosphorylation causes CHK2 dimerization. The phosphorylated Thr68 (located on the SCD) interacts with the FHA domain to form the dimer. After the protein dimerizes the KD is activated via autophosphorylation. Once the KD is activated the CHK2 dimer dissociates.
Function and mechanism
The CHEK2 gene encodes for checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2), a protein that acts as a tumor suppressor. CHK2 regulates cell division, and has the ability to prevent cells from dividing too rap |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H2AFX | H2A histone family member X (usually abbreviated as H2AX) is a type of histone protein from the H2A family encoded by the H2AFX gene. An important phosphorylated form is γH2AX (S139), which forms when double-strand breaks appear.
In humans and other eukaryotes, the DNA is wrapped around histone octamers, consisting of core histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4, to form chromatin. H2AX contributes to nucleosome-formation, chromatin-remodeling and DNA repair, and is also used in vitro as an assay for double-strand breaks in dsDNA.
Formation of γH2AX
H2AX becomes phosphorylated on serine 139, then called γH2AX, as a reaction on DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). The kinases of the PI3-family (Ataxia telangiectasia mutated, ATR and DNA-PKcs) are responsible for this phosphorylation, especially ATM. The modification can happen accidentally during replication fork collapse or in the response to ionizing radiation but also during controlled physiological processes such as V(D)J recombination. γH2AX is a sensitive target for looking at DSBs in cells. The presence of γH2AX by itself, however, is not the evidence of the DSBs. The role of the phosphorylated form of the histone in DNA repair is under discussion but it is known that because of the modification the DNA becomes less condensed, potentially allowing space for the recruitment of proteins necessary during repair of DSBs. Mutagenesis experiments have shown that the modification is necessary for the proper formation of ionizing radiation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptable%20robotics | Adaptable robotics are generally based in robot developer kits. This technology is distinguished from static automation due to its capacity to adapt to changing environmental conditions and material features while retaining a degree of predictability required for collaboration (e.g. human-robot collaboration). The degree of adaptability is demonstrated in the way these can be moved around and used in different tasks.
Unlike static or factory robots, which have pre-defined way of operating, adaptable robots can function even if a component breaks, making them useful in cases like caring for the elderly, doing household tasks, and rescue work.
Adaptable Robotics systems successfully adapt to their environment using techniques such as modular design, machine learning, and sensor feedback. Using this, they have revolutionized various industries and have the ability to address many real-world challenges.
Software
The kits come with an open software platform tailored to a range of common robotic functions. The kits also come with common robotics hardware that connects easily with the software (infrared sensors, motors, microphone and video camera), which add to the capabilities of the robot.
The process of modifying a robot to achieve varying capabilities such as collaboration could merely include the selection of a module, the exchange of modules, robotic instruction via software, and execution.
Types of Adaptable Robots
Soft Robots
Robotics with soft grippers is an eme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschirnhausen%20cubic | In algebraic geometry, the Tschirnhausen cubic, or Tschirnhaus' cubic is a plane curve defined, in its left-opening form, by the polar equation
where is the secant function.
History
The curve was studied by von Tschirnhaus, de L'Hôpital, and Catalan. It was given the name Tschirnhausen cubic in a 1900 paper by Raymond Clare Archibald, though it is sometimes known as de L'Hôpital's cubic or the trisectrix of Catalan.
Other equations
Put . Then applying triple-angle formulas gives
giving a parametric form for the curve. The parameter t can be eliminated easily giving the Cartesian equation
.
If the curve is translated horizontally by 8a and the signs of the variables are changed, the equations of the resulting right-opening curve are
and in Cartesian coordinates
.
This gives the alternative polar form
.
Generalization
The Tschirnhausen cubic is a Sinusoidal spiral with n = −1/3.
References
J. D. Lawrence, A Catalog of Special Plane Curves. New York: Dover, 1972, pp. 87-90.
External links
"Tschirnhaus' Cubic" at MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
Tschirnhausen cubic at mathcurve.com
Cubic curves |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoribonuclease-prepared%20siRNA | esiRNA or Endoribonuclease-prepared siRNAs are a mixture of siRNA oligos resulting from cleavage of long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) with an endoribonuclease such as Escherichia coli RNase III or Dicer.
An alternative concept to the usage of chemically synthesized siRNA for RNA Interference (RNAi) is the enzymatic digestion of long double stranded RNAs in vitro. In this case a cDNA template is amplified by PCR and tagged with two bacteriophage-promoter sequences. RNA polymerase is then used to generate long double stranded RNA that is homologous to the target-gene cDNA. This RNA is subsequently digested with RNase III from Escherichia coli to generate short overlapping fragments of siRNAs with a length between 18 and 25 base pairs. This complex mixture of short double stranded RNAs is similar to the mixture generated by Dicer cleavage in vivo and is therefore called endoribonuclease-prepared siRNA or short esiRNA. esiRNA are a heterogeneous mixture of siRNAs that all target the same mRNA sequence. These multiple silencing triggers lead to highly specific and effective gene silencing.
References
Lawo et al. HAUS, the 8-Subunit Human Augmin Complex, Regulates Centrosome and Spindle Integrity. Curr Biol. 2009; 19:816-26 (2009).
Ding et al. A Genome-Scale RNAi Screen for Oct4 Modulators Defines a Role of the Paf1 Complex for Embryonic Stem Cell Identity. Cell Stem Cell. Apr (2009)
Theis et al. Comparative profiling identifies C13orf3 as a component of the Ska complex require |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterna | Paterna is a city and a municipality in the province of Valencia in the Valencian Community, Spain. It is located northeast of the comarca of L'Horta de Valencia, northwest of the inland suburbs of Valencia, and on the left bank of the river Turia. Its population in 2014 was 67,156 inhabitants, being the eleventh city by population in the Valencian Community.
Geography
The town is characterized by a dry Mediterranean climate, with an average annual rainfall around and temperatures ranging from minimum in January to maximum in August, reaching every summer peaks above .
History
The first signs of human settlement in Paterna back to the Neolithic and Bronze Age, and relics have been found in settlements of The Vallesa and Despeñaperros, in an area of small hills near the river Turia, which allowed the water supply. The Iberians also left their imprint in The Vallesa and Despeñaperros, where there have been found remains of a defensive wall and the walls of small huts.
Documentation relating to the arrival of the Romans is limited to literary references of events near Valentia, Edeta and Saguntum. It is believed that it was at this time the original place name of Paterna was first used which is supposed to make reference to the Latin word "Paternus" or belonging to the father, alluding to the social and legal status of the property. In the municipal district, there have been found remains of an aqueduct system that extends to Massamagrell and might link through to Sagu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden%20Hartford | Eden Hartford (born Edna Marie Higgins; April 10, 1930 – December 15, 1983) was an American film actress from 1957 to 1962. She was the third and last wife of comedian Groucho Marx from 1954 until their divorce in 1969.
She was born to Edgar Higgins and Beatrice Higgins (née Thomas) in Utah as Edna Marie Higgins. She was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Her elder sister was actress Dee Hartford, who was married to film director Howard Hawks.
Death
She died at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California in 1983, aged 53, from endometrial cancer. Before her death she had been living in Palm Springs, California. Hartford's ashes are interred in a small niche at Westwood Memorial Cemetery, with her former married name of 'Marx' on her epitaph.
References
External links
1930 births
1983 deaths
American film actresses
Actresses from Greater Los Angeles
Actresses from Salt Lake City
Deaths from uterine cancer
Deaths from cancer in California
20th-century American actresses
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Latter Day Saints from California |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoda%E2%80%93El%20Mir%20theorem | The Skoda–El Mir theorem is a theorem of complex geometry,
stated as follows:
Theorem (Skoda, El Mir, Sibony). Let X be a complex manifold, and
E a closed complete pluripolar set in X. Consider a closed positive current on
which is locally integrable around E. Then the trivial extension of to X is closed on X.
Notes
References
J.-P. Demailly, L² vanishing theorems for positive line bundles and adjunction theory, Lecture Notes of a CIME course on "Transcendental Methods of Algebraic Geometry" (Cetraro, Italy, July 1994)
Complex manifolds
Several complex variables
Theorems in geometry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RYK | RYK or Ryk may refer to:
Related to receptor tyrosine kinase, a mammalian gene, and Ryk, the protein it encodes
Rahim Yar Khan, a city in Punjab, Pakistan
Rajiv Yuva Kiranalu, an employment programme in Andhra Pradesh, India
Shaikh Zayed International Airport (IATA: RYK), in Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
The Afrikaans and Frisian equivalent of the German word reich
People with the given name
Ryk Neethling (born 1977), a South African swimmer
Ryk van Schoor (1921–2009), a South African rugby player
Ryk Tulbagh (1699–1771), governor of the Dutch Cape Colony
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Related%20to%20receptor%20tyrosine%20kinase | The related to receptor tyrosine kinase (RYK) gene encodes the protein Ryk.
The protein encoded by this gene is an atypical member of the family of growth factor receptor protein tyrosine kinases, differing from other members at a number of conserved residues in the activation and nucleotide binding domains. This gene product belongs to a subfamily whose members do not appear to be regulated by phosphorylation in the activation segment. It has been suggested that mediation of biological activity by recruitment of a signaling-competent auxiliary protein may occur through an as yet uncharacterized mechanism. Two alternative splice variants have been identified, encoding distinct isoforms.
History
The gene encoding mouse RYK was first identified in 1992.
Subsequently, cDNA encoding the RYK protein have been isolated from the following species.
rat
chicken
Human
Zebrafish
Caenorhabditis elegans
Drosophila
Structure
In common with other receptor tyrosine kinase family members, RYK is composed of three domains, an N-terminal, extracellular ligand-binding domain, a transmembrane spanning domain and a C-terminal intracellular domain. However, in contrast to other receptor tyrosine kinases the C-terminal domain of RYK is devoid of detectable kinase activity.
Function
RYK is involved in regulation of axon growth during development of the nervous system.
References
Further reading
Genes on human chromosome 3
Tyrosine kinase receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-VSB | E-VSB or Enhanced VSB is an optional enhancement to the original ATSC Standards that use the 8VSB modulation system used for transmission of digital television. It is intended for improving reception where signals are weaker, including fringe reception areas, and on portable devices such as handheld televisions or mobile phones. It does not cause problems to older receivers, but they cannot take advantage of its features. E-VSB was approved by the ATSC committee in 2004. However, it has been implemented by few stations or manufacturers.
For mobile applications, ATSC suffers significant signal degradation caused by the Doppler effect. Additionally, low-power handheld receivers are usually equipped with smaller antennas. These have a poor signal-to-noise ratio, which is disruptive to digital signals. The E-VSB standard provides for Reed–Solomon error correction to alleviate the data corruption caused by these issues.
Additionally, the standard can use either the MPEG-4 AVC or VC-1 video codecs. As these codecs have higher video compression than the original MPEG-2, they require less bandwidth.
As 8VSB lacks both link adaptation and hierarchical modulation of DVB, which would allow the SDTV part of an HDTV signal (or the LDTV part of SDTV) to be received even in fringe reception areas where signal strength is low, E-VSB yields a similar benefit. However, E-VSB places a significant processing overhead on the receiver, as well as a significant transmission overhead on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-VSB | A-VSB or Advanced VSB is a modification of the 8VSB modulation system used for transmission of digital television using the ATSC system. One of the constraints of conventional ATSC transmission is that reliable reception is difficult or impossible when the receiver is moving at speeds associated with normal vehicular traffic. The technology was jointly developed by Samsung and Rohde & Schwarz.
A-VSB builds on the existing ATSC transmission standard to enhance DTV receivers’ ability to receive the main MPEG transport stream in dynamic environments. The system enables broadcasters to include multiple streams with additional error correction and time diversity encoding for enhanced reception. In addition, A-VSB facilitates synchronization of multiple transmission towers, which should improve coverage with higher uniform signal strength throughout a service area, even in locations that normally would be shielded by obstacles such as hills or buildings.
A-VSB incorporates three new elements: a Supplementary Reference Signal (SRS), a Scalable Turbo Stream (STS), and support for Single Frequency Networks (SFN).
Supplementary Reference Signal
A-VSB receivers utilize the SRS in order to remain synchronized with the transmission. This helps maintain reception of the main stream and any turbo streams even with rapidly changing multipath interference, such as when the signal is reflected from moving objects near the receiver or when the receiver itself is moving.
The SRS adds an a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum%20%28music%20project%29 | Continuum is a collaborative ambient and drone music project between Bass Communion (Steven Wilson of Porcupine Tree) and Dirk Serries (of Vidna Obmana and Fear Falls Burning). The project looks to expand on the artists' "collective ambition and vision, motivated by their immense passion for a wide-range of musical styles, ranging from spacious ambience to pounding doom metal."
Discography
The first volume in the collaboration between Bass Communion and Vidna Obmana was originally limited to 25 promotional copies. However, the promotional copies sold quickly, leading to the pressing of a 1,000 copy official release. The album is packaged in a book sized digipack designed by Lasse Hoile. The difference between promotional copies and the official release is a small black line through the bar code.
A second edition of 1,000 copies was released in July 2008.
The Continuum Recyclings, Volume One is a double LP companion release to the first Continuum album. The album consists of four side-long tracks based on Bass Communion's unreleased "Construct III – Immersion Mix". Each track was expanded upon by Vidna Obmana using Continuum I as source material.
The album was released on 180 grams marbled vinyl in gatefold picture sleeve and limited to 500 copies.
Part two of a collaboration series between Bass Communion and Vidna Obmana was Limited to 2,000 copies in book sized digipack designed by Lasse Hoile.
The Continuum Recyclings, Volume Two is a double LP companion release to t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Important%20ecological%20areas | Important ecological areas (IEAs) are habitat areas which, either by themselves or in a network, contribute significantly to an ecosystem’s productivity, biodiversity, and resilience. Appropriate management of key ecological features delineates the management boundaries of an IEA. The identification and protection of IEAs is an element of an ecosystem-based management approach.
Important ecological areas may have varying levels of management of extractive activities, from monitoring up to and including marine reserve. IEAs have management measures tailored to the ecological features within the area with consideration of socioeconomic factors. Whereas marine reserves generally have a fixed management policy of no extraction or ‘no-take’. Nonetheless, a marine reserve may be the appropriate management policy for an IEA.
The identification and management of IEAs is a form of ocean zoning. In the event that there are a series of linked IEAs within a large marine ecosystem, a collective action to manage the network, such as a marine sanctuary or national monument, may be warranted.
Examples are tropical rainforests, oceans, forests, etc.
References
Ecology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau%20Ausone | Château Ausone is a Bordeaux wine from Saint-Émilion appellation, previously ranked Premier Grand Cru Classé (A) in the Classification of Saint-Émilion wine but does not hold this rank after the 2022 reclassification. The winery is located on the Right Bank of France's Bordeaux wine region in the Gironde department, close to the town of Saint-Émilion.
The winery also produces a second wine named Chapelle d'Ausone.
History
Placed on the western edge of 11th century village Saint-Émilion, with elevated vineyards facing south on steep terraces in ideal situation, Ausone takes its name from Decimius Magnus Ausonius (310–395 AD), a statesman and poet from Bordeaux who owned about of vineyard. It is believed by some that Château Ausone is on the foundations of his villa.
The modern estate can be dated to the 18th century, when it was owned by Jean Cantenat. Later, under the ownership of the Lafargue family, the vineyard was inherited by Edouard Dubois who steered the château through the difficulties of the late 19th century, and in 1916 added the adjacent Château Belair to their estate. The chateaux were run separately, although both age their wine in the Ausone cellars, caves in the limestone cliffs beneath the town of Saint-Émilion. After Dubois died in 1921, his widow Hélyette Dubois-Challon and Dubois' children of a previous marriage who married into the Vauthier family took control over the estate.
Ausone was one of a few estates which escaped the terrible frost of 1956 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluble%20guanylyl%20cyclase | Soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) is the only known receptor for nitric oxide, NO. It is soluble, i.e. completely intracellular. Most notably, this enzyme is involved in vasodilation. In humans, it is encoded by the genes GUCY1A2, GUCY1A3, GUCY1B2 and GUCY1B3.
It is classified under EC number 4.6.1.2.
Structure
sGC is a heterodimer composed of one alpha (1, 2) and one heme-binding beta (1, 2) subunits. Each subunit consists of four domains: an N-terminal HNOX domain, a PAS-like domain, a coiled-coil domain, and a C-terminal catalytic domain. The mammalian enzyme contains one heme per dimer, with a proximal histidine ligand located in the HNOX domain of the beta 1 subunit. In its Fe(II) form, this heme moiety is the target of nitric oxide, which is synthesized by endothelial cells following appropriate stimulation. Binding of nitric oxide to the heme results in activation of the C-terminal catalytic domain, which produces cGMP from GTP.
The HNOX (Heme Nitric oxide/OXygen binding) domain of the beta subunit of sGC contains the prosthetic heme group, and is part of a family of related sensor proteins found throughout a wide range of organisms. The HNOX domain uses the bound heme to sense gaseous ligands such as nitric oxide, oxygen, and/or possibly carbon monoxide. While the HNOX domain of sGC has no available structure, several bacterial HNOX domains have been crystallized (pdb codes 1U55, 1XBN, 2O09 and others).
sGC also contains a PAS type regulatory domain. Named after |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon%20alpha-n3 | Interferon alpha-n3 (Alferon-N) is a medication consisting of purified natural human interferon alpha proteins used for the treatment of genital warts.
References
Immunostimulants
Antiviral drugs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20AFL%20debuts%20in%202007 | This is a listing of Australian rules footballers who made their debut with a club during the 2007 Australian Football League season.
References
Australian rules football records and statistics
Australian rules football-related lists
2007 in Australian rules football
2007 Australian Football League season |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin-modifying%20enzyme | Lignin-modifying enzymes (LMEs) are various types of enzymes produced by fungi and bacteria that catalyze the breakdown of lignin, a biopolymer commonly found in the cell walls of plants. The terms ligninases and lignases are older names for the same class, but the name "lignin-modifying enzymes" is now preferred, given that these enzymes are not hydrolytic but rather oxidative (electron withdrawing) by their enzymatic mechanisms. LMEs include peroxidases, such as lignin peroxidase (), manganese peroxidase (), versatile peroxidase (), and many phenoloxidases of the laccase type.
LMEs have been known to be produced by many species of white rot basidiomycetous fungi, including: Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, Trametes versicolor, Phlebia radiata, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii.
LMEs are produced not only by wood-white rotting fungi but also by litter-decomposing basidiomycetous fungi such as Agaricus bisporus (common button mushroom), and many Coprinus and Agrocybe species. The brown-rot fungi, which are able to colonize wood by degrading cellulose, are only able to partially degrade lignin.
Some bacteria also produce LMEs, although fungal LMEs are more efficient in lignin degradation. Fungi are thought to be the most substantial contributors to lignin degradation in natural systems.
LMEs and cellulases are crucial to ecologic cycles (for example, growth/death/decay/regrowth, the carbon cycle, and soil health) because they allow plant ti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy%20Drew%3A%20Legend%20of%20the%20Crystal%20Skull | Nancy Drew: Legend of the Crystal Skull is the 17th installment in the Nancy Drew point-and-click adventure game series by Her Interactive. It is available for play on Microsoft Windows platforms. It has an ESRB rating of E for moments of mild violence and peril. Players take on the first-person view of fictional amateur sleuth Nancy Drew and must solve the mystery through interrogation of suspects, solving puzzles, and discovering clues. There are two levels of gameplay, Junior and Senior detective modes, each offering a different difficulty level of puzzles and hints, however neither of these changes affect the actual plot of the game. The game is loosely based on a book entitled The Mardi Gras Mystery (1988).
Plot
Nancy Drew goes on vacation to New Orleans with her best friend, Bess Marvin. As a favor, she stops to check in on Ned Nickerson's friend, Henry Bolet. Henry's last living family member, his Great Uncle Bruno, recently died and left him responsible for settling the estate. As soon as Nancy arrives, she is knocked out by someone wearing a skeleton costume, and she soon discovers that Bruno was the proud owner of the "Whisperer", a crystal skull rumored to protect its holder from almost any cause of death except murder. When Bruno died, it was not found among the clutter of the Bolet manor. Nancy teams up with Bess to find the mystical artifact before it falls into the wrong hands.
Development
Characters
Nancy Drew - Nancy is an 18-year-old amateur detective fro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethe%E2%80%93Salpeter%20equation | The Bethe–Salpeter equation (named after Hans Bethe and Edwin Salpeter) describes the bound states of a two-body (particles) quantum field theoretical system in a relativistically covariant formalism. The equation was first published in 1950 at the end of a paper by Yoichiro Nambu, but without derivation.
Due to its generality and its application in many branches of theoretical physics, the Bethe–Salpeter equation appears in many different forms. One form, that is quite often used in high energy physics is
where Γ is the Bethe–Salpeter amplitude, K the interaction and S the propagators of the two participating particles.
In quantum theory, bound states are objects with lifetimes that are much longer than the time-scale of the interaction ruling their structure (otherwise they are called resonances). Thus the constituents interact essentially infinitely many times. By summing up, infinitely many times, all possible interactions that can occur between the two constituents, the Bethe–Salpeter equation is a tool to calculate properties of bound states. Its solution, the Bethe–Salpeter amplitude, is a description of the bound state under consideration.
As it can be derived via identifying bound-states with poles in the S-matrix, it can be connected to the quantum theoretical description of scattering processes and Green's functions.
The Bethe–Salpeter equation is a general quantum field theoretical tool, thus applications for it can be found in any quantum field theory. Some |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yabroud | Yabroud or Yabrud () is a city in Syria, located in the Rif Dimashq (i.e. Damascus' countryside) governorate about north of the capital Damascus. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Yabroud had a population of 25,891 in the 2004 census.
Etymology
The name Yabroud is said to have originated from an Aramaic word meaning "cold"; the city rests upon the Qalamoun Mountains slopes (Anti-Lebanon) at a height of 1,550 m.
History
The city is known for its ancient caves, most notably the Iskafta cave (where, in 1930, a thirty-year-old German traveller and self-taught archeologist Alfred Rust made many important pre-historical findings), which dates back to a period known as Jabroudian culture, named after Yabroud; and the Yabroud temple, which was once Jupiter Yabroudiss temple but later became "Konstantin and Helena Cathedral". Yabroud is home of the oldest church in Syria. The Natufian archeological site Yabroud III is named for the town of Yabroud.
Yabroud was mentioned in the pottery tablets of Mesopotamia in the 1st century B.C., and Ptolemy's writings in the 2nd century A.D.
In 1838, its inhabitants were Sunni Muslim, Melkite Catholic and Greek Orthodox Christians.
During the Syrian Civil War the city was the center of the Battle of Yabroud in March 2014.
Notable people
The parents of former President of Argentina Carlos Menem were both born in Yabroud; they emigrated to Argentina before the end of World War I.
Antun Maqdisi (1914–2005), a Syrian |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nailwort |
The common name nailwort may refer to several unrelated species:
Any species of Paronychia (Whitlow-wort)
Draba verna (Shadflower)
Saxifraga tridactylites (Rue-leaved Saxifrage) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AAnis%20Marques | Dênis Marques do Nascimento or simply Dênis Marques (born February 22, 1981), is a retired Brazilian football striker.
Club statistics
Flamengo career statistics
(Correct )
according to combined sources on the Flamengo official website.
Santa Cruz career statistics
Honours
Individual
Brazilian Cup Top Scorer: 2007
Club
Atlético Paranaense
Paraná State League: 2005
Flamengo
Brazilian Série A: 2009
Santa Cruz
Pernambuco State League: 2012, 2013
Campeonato Brasileiro Série C: 2013
References
External links
CBF
furacao
rubronegro
atleticopr
ipcdigital
1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Maceió
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Kuwait
Club Athletico Paranaense players
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Kuwait
Mogi Mirim Esporte Clube players
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Japan
CR Flamengo footballers
Santa Cruz Futebol Clube players
ABC Futebol Clube players
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
J1 League players
Omiya Ardija players
Men's association football forwards
Kuwait SC players |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy%20strand | Circular molecules of DNA, such as plasmids and typical mitochondrial genomes, consist of two strands of DNA called the heavy strand (or H-strand) and the light strand (or L-strand). The two strands have different masses due to different proportions of heavier nucleotides. While this difference is not known to have any functional significance, it can be used in the laboratory to segregate the strands of denatured DNA, and hence to analyze the strands separately.
Adenine and guanine (purines) are heavier than cytosine and thymine (pyrimidines) due to their extra ring. Because a purine always pairs with a pyrimidine, any excess of purines in one strand will occur with a corresponding excess of pyrimidines in the other strand and vice versa. Statistically, there is more likely to be such an imbalance than an exact 50/50 ratio. In addition, bias may arise due to differentials in the amount of protein-coding sequence on each strand, as codons do not all occur with equal frequency.
References
DNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talin%20%28protein%29 | Talin is a high-molecular-weight cytoskeletal protein concentrated at regions of cell–substratum contact and, in lymphocytes, at cell–cell contacts. Discovered in 1983 by Keith Burridge and colleagues, talin is a ubiquitous cytosolic protein that is found in high concentrations in focal adhesions. It is capable of linking integrins to the actin cytoskeleton either directly or indirectly by interacting with vinculin and α-actinin.
Also, talin-1 drives extravasation mechanism through engineered human microvasculature in microfluidic systems. Talin-1 is involved in each part of extravasation affecting adhesion, trans-endothelial migration and the invasion stages.
Integrin receptors are involved in the attachment of adherent cells to the extracellular matrix and of lymphocytes to other cells. In these situations, talin codistributes with concentrations of integrins in the plasma membrane. Furthermore, in vitro binding studies suggest that integrins bind to talin, although with low affinity. Talin also binds with high affinity to vinculin, another cytoskeletal protein concentrated at points of cell adhesion. Finally, talin is a substrate for the calcium-ion activated protease, calpain II, which is also concentrated at points of cell–substratum contact.
Talin is a mechanosensitive protein. Its mechanical vulnerability and cellular position bridging integrin receptors and the actin cytoskeleton make it a fundamental protein in mechanotransduction. Mechanical stretching of talin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RET%20proto-oncogene | The RET proto-oncogene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase for members of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of extracellular signalling molecules.
RET loss of function mutations are associated with the development of Hirschsprung's disease, while gain of function mutations are associated with the development of various types of human cancer, including medullary thyroid carcinoma, multiple endocrine neoplasias type 2A and 2B, pheochromocytoma and parathyroid hyperplasia.
Structure
RET is an abbreviation for "rearranged during transfection", as the DNA sequence of this gene was originally found to be rearranged within a 3T3 fibroblast cell line following its transfection with DNA taken from human lymphoma cells.
The human gene RET is localized to chromosome 10 (10q11.2) and contains 21 exons.
The natural alternative splicing of the RET gene results in the production of 3 different isoforms of the protein RET. RET51, RET43 and RET9 contain 51, 43 and 9 amino acids in their C-terminal tail respectively. The biological roles of isoforms RET51 and RET9 are the most well studied in-vivo as these are the most common isoforms in which RET occurs.
Common to each isoform is a domain structure. Each protein is divided into three domains: an N-terminal extracellular domain with four cadherin-like repeats and a cysteine-rich region, a hydrophobic transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain, which is split by an insertion of 27 amino acids. W |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20element%20method | In the numerical solution of partial differential equations, a topic in mathematics, the spectral element method (SEM) is a formulation of the finite element method (FEM) that uses high degree piecewise polynomials as basis functions. The spectral element method was introduced in a 1984 paper by A. T. Patera. Although Patera is credited with development of the method, his work was a rediscovery of an existing method (see Development History)
Discussion
The spectral method expands the solution in trigonometric series, a chief advantage being that the resulting method is of a very high order.
This approach relies on the fact that trigonometric polynomials are an orthonormal basis for .
The spectral element method chooses instead a high degree piecewise polynomial basis functions, also achieving a very high order of accuracy.
Such polynomials are usually orthogonal Chebyshev polynomials or very high order Lagrange polynomials over non-uniformly spaced nodes.
In SEM computational error decreases exponentially as the order of approximating polynomial increases, therefore a fast convergence of solution to the exact solution is realized with fewer degrees of freedom of the structure in comparison with FEM.
In structural health monitoring, FEM can be used for detecting large flaws in a structure, but as the size of the flaw is reduced there is a need to use a high-frequency wave. In order to simulate the propagation of a high-frequency wave, the FEM mesh required is very fine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%20national%20football%20team%20records%20and%20statistics | This article lists various football records in relation to the Israel national football team.
Records in this section refer to Eretz Israel football team from its first official game in 1934 to 1948 and to the Israel national football team since Israel Declaration of Independence in 1948.
The page is updated where necessary after each Israel match, and is correct as of 15 November 2015.
Appearances
Most appearances: Yossi Benayoun, 102; 18 November 1998 – 9 October 2017
Longest Israel career: Yossi Benayoun, 18 years 325 days; 18 November 1998 – 9 October 2017
Shortest Israel career: Ze'ev Haimovich, 3 minutes, 17 October 2007 vs Belarus
Youngest player: Gai Assulin, 16 years 350 days; 26 March 2008, vs. Chile
Oldest player: Yossi Benayoun, 37 years 157 days; 9 October 2017, vs. Spain
Most appearances as a substitute: Yossi Benayoun, 33
Most times substituted off: Eyal Berkovic, 44
Most appearances as a substitute without ever starting a game: Ofer Shitrit, 6
Goals
First goal (as Eretz Israel): Avraham Nudelman; 16 March 1934, 1–7 vs. Egypt
First goal (as Israel): Shmuel Ben-Dror; 26 September 1948, 1–3 vs. USA Olympic Team
Most goals: Eran Zahavi, 33; 2 September 2010 – 12 November 2021
Most goals in a match: Mordechai Spiegler, 4; 25 September 1968, 4–0 vs. USA
Youngest scorer: Ben Sahar, 17 years 206 days; 28 March 2007, vs. Estonia
Oldest scorer: Avi Nimni, 33 years 231 days; 7 September 2005, vs. Faroe Islands
Youngest player to score a Hat-trick: Shlo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formatdb | formatdb is a discontinued software tool that was used in molecular bioinformatics to format protein or nucleotide databases for BLAST. It has been replaced by makeblastdb and the NCBI "strongly encourage[s]" users to stop using formatdb.
formatdb must be used in order to format protein or nucleotide source databases before these databases can be searched by BLAST. The source database may be in either FASTA or ASN.1 format. Although the FASTA format is most often used as input to formatdb, the use of ASN.1 is advantageous for those who are using ASN.1 as the common source for other formats such as the GenBank report.
The opposite of operation of formatdb, extracting sequences from a blast formatted database, can be achieved by using the fastacmd program, which comes in the same package.
In the BLAST+ version, formatdb has been succeeded by makeblastdb.
References
External links
NCBI BLAST Database Format — a description of the BLAST database format with a sample program to dump the contents of the database.
Bioinformatics software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out%20of%20Step | Out of Step may refer to:
Out of Step (television programme), a documentary series made by Associated-Rediffusion in 1957
Out of Step (album), sole LP by band Minor Threat released in 1983
Out of Step (film), 2002 film about an LDS young woman from Utah who moves to New York, New York to pursue and education in dance at New York University
Out of Step, the memoir of Sidney Hook
Out of Step Films (company), 2017 Toronto independent film company. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Visions%20%E2%80%93%20The%20Very%20Best%20of%20Stevie%20Nicks | Crystal Visions... The Very Best of Stevie Nicks is a compilation album released by the American singer-songwriter and Fleetwood Mac vocalist Stevie Nicks. It features songs from her solo career, as well as her career with Fleetwood Mac. It includes her hit singles, a dance remix, and one new track, a live version of Led Zeppelin's "Rock and Roll". Three singles were culled from the album: "Rock and Roll", "Landslide", and a remixed version of "Stand Back". There are two versions of this album, one with just the audio CD and another version with an included DVD featuring all of Nicks' music videos with audio commentary from Nicks, as well as rare footage from the Bella Donna recording sessions. The album debuted and peaked at No. 21 in the United States selling 33,944 copies in its first week. The album spent a total of 12 weeks on the Billboard 200 chart, and had sold 348,000 copies as of February 2011. The album is certified gold in Australia and the United Kingdom.
The title refers to a lyric from "Dreams".
Track listing
Charts
Certifications
References
2007 greatest hits albums
Stevie Nicks albums
Albums produced by Jimmy Iovine
Albums produced by Waddy Wachtel
Albums produced by John Shanks
2007 video albums
Music video compilation albums
Reprise Records compilation albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluide%20Glacial | Fluide Glacial or Fluide glacial () is a monthly Franco-Belgian comics magazine and a publishing house founded on 1 April 1975 by Gotlib, Alexis and . It's one of the most successful comics magazine in France, along with Métal Hurlant.
Since its foundation, it has featured the work of French and international authors and graphic artists such as , Jacques Lob, Luc Nisset, Édika, Claire Bretécher, , François Boucq, Moebius, Masse, Jean-Claude Mézières, Loup, Daniel Goossens, Stéphane Charbonnier, Tignous and André Franquin. Nowadays it also features the work of a new generation of authors and comics artists such as Riad Sattouf, , , , and Romain Dutreix.
It was owned by Groupe Flammarion from 1995 until 2016, when it was bought by Bamboo Édition.
has been the magazine's editor in chief since 2012.
References
Sources
Fluide Glacial publications by the year BDoubliées
External links
Fluide Glacial official site
La mémoire de Fluide Glacial issue descriptions on BDoubliées
1975 establishments in France
1975 comics debuts
Comics magazines published in France
French-language magazines
Magazines established in 1975
Magazines published in Paris
Monthly magazines published in France
Satirical magazines published in France |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutrayana | Sūtrayāna () is the Indo-Tibetan three-fold classification of yanas. A yana is a Buddhist mode of practice that leads to the realization of emptiness. The three yanas of the Sutrayana are Sravakayana or Pratyekabuddhayana, Mahayana, and Vajrayana. The third yana, Vajrayana, comprises Tantrayana and Dzogchen.
Most often, Sūtrayāna is a classification used in the Vajrayāna to refer to the vehicles of Śrāvakayānana and Mahāyāna, based on the sutras, as a whole. In this context, Sūtrayāna is also known as the causal vehicle, as the six Paramita, thirty-seven factors of enlightenment, ethical and intellectual disciplines and a variety of methods are practiced as causes for achieving the final result. Buddhahood emerges as the result when all such causes are complete. Vajrayāna, vehicle based on Mahāyāna, and on the sutras as well as on the tantras, is also known as the resultant vehicle because the path is not based only on establishing the cause, but identifying directly with the fruition — the fundamentally pure essence of mind, or Buddha-nature.
References
Schools of Buddhism |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKOA | WKOA (105.3 FM), known as "K 105", is a radio station licensed to the city of Lafayette, Indiana. The station operates on the FM radio frequency of 105.3 MHz, FM channel 287. The studios are located at 3575 McCarty Lane in Lafayette, Indiana. The tower is located at the same location.
History
WKOA signed on the air as WASK-FM in 1964 featuring a Beautiful music or easy listening format. In the mid-1970s, FM radio was growing in popularity and FM stations across the country which were up to this point more of a novelty band was now being embraced for its clarity and ability to broadcast a stereo sound. WLFQ (103.9) in Crawfordsville signed-on with a country format in June 1974, directing its programming to Lafayette. WASK-FM decided to make the change to country in September 1974. It became known as "Indiana Country FM 105" utilizing Bill Robinson's "Music Works" automated radio programming service.
WASK-FM began using the slogan "K 105" in the summer of 1983 shortly after being acquired by Duchossois Communications. It retained its country music format and gradually transitioned to completely live/local programming over the next two years.
Former air personalities on K 105 include Ellen K., later known for her work with Rick Dees on KIIS Los Angeles, and Dean McNeil who became the program director of US-99 (WUSN) Chicago.
In 1994, as a result of a pending move to place a news/talk simulcast on 1450 WASK and WASK Incorporated's newly acquired WIIZ (98.7), K 105 changed cal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAT%20%28bioinformatics%29 | BLAT (BLAST-like alignment tool) is a pairwise sequence alignment algorithm that was developed by Jim Kent at the University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) in the early 2000s to assist in the assembly and annotation of the human genome. It was designed primarily to decrease the time needed to align millions of mouse genomic reads and expressed sequence tags against the human genome sequence. The alignment tools of the time were not capable of performing these operations in a manner that would allow a regular update of the human genome assembly. Compared to pre-existing tools, BLAT was ~500 times faster with performing mRNA/DNA alignments and ~50 times faster with protein/protein alignments.
Overview
BLAT is one of multiple algorithms developed for the analysis and comparison of biological sequences such as DNA, RNA and proteins, with a primary goal of inferring homology in order to discover biological function of genomic sequences. It is not guaranteed to find the mathematically optimal alignment between two sequences like the classic Needleman-Wunsch and Smith-Waterman dynamic programming algorithms do; rather, it first attempts to rapidly detect short sequences which are more likely to be homologous, and then it aligns and further extends the homologous regions. It is similar to the heuristic BLAST family of algorithms, but each tool has tried to deal with the problem of aligning biological sequences in a timely and efficient manner by attempting different algorithmic te |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsomal%20ethanol%20oxidizing%20system | The microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) is an alternate pathway of ethanol metabolism that occurs in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde. While playing only a minor role in ethanol metabolism in average individuals, MEOS activity increases after chronic alcohol consumption. The MEOS pathway requires the CYP2E1 enzyme, part of the cytochrome P450 family of enzymes, to convert ethanol to acetaldehyde. Ethanol’s affinity for CYP2E1 is lower than its affinity for alcohol dehydrogenase. It has delayed activity in non-chronic alcohol consumption states as increase in MEOS activity is correlated with an increase in production of CYP2E1, seen most conclusively in alcohol dehydrogenase negative deer mice.
The MEOS pathway converts ethanol to acetaldehyde by way of a redox reaction. In this reaction, ethanol is oxidized (losing two hydrogens) and O2 is reduced (by accepting hydrogen) to form H2O. NADPH is used as donor of hydrogen, forming NADP+. This process consumes ATP and dissipates heat, thus leading to the hypothesis that long term drinkers see an increase in resting energy expenditure.
The increase in rest energy expenditure has, according to some studies, been explained by indicating that the MEOS "expends" nine calories per gram of ethanol to metabolize versus 7 calories per gram of ethanol ingested. This results in a net loss of 2 calories per gram of ethanol ingested.
References
Metabolic pathways |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369%20Libyan%20Premier%20League | The 1968–69 Libyan Premier League was the 5th edition of the competition since its inception in 1963.
Classification
Libyan Premier League seasons
Libya
Premier League |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20Wisdom%20%28blog%29 | Protein Wisdom is a libertarian weblog created by former academic and sometime fiction writer Jeff Goldstein—a self-described classical liberal.
Background
Goldstein's respect for the legacy of Hunter S. Thompson is an enduring theme, as is his sardonic allusions to such popular cult figures as Martha Stewart and the fictional Billy Jack. The blog is known for its bawdy overtones, surrealistic sense of humor, and biting wit. Ronald Reagan and Barry Goldwater are also held in high esteem.
Controversies
Goldstein vocally opposed the abrupt change of financial arrangements by Pajamas Media in 2009, which deprived him — and other bloggers such as The Anchoress and Ace of Spades HQ — of income from PJM-mediated advertising. He also publicly chastised those he refers to as GOP pragmatists or realists for their criticism of Rush Limbaugh's answer to a question about the coming Obama presidency, once again relying on linguistics and hermeneutics to make the point that "losing more slowly" is still losing, and that there is nothing more pragmatic, as a political strategy, than standing on principle
Deborah Frisch incident
On July 4, 2006, University of Arizona adjunct professor Deborah Frisch started writing comments at Protein Wisdom. Two days later, she wrote "You live in Colorado, I see. Hope no one JonBenets your baby." She then added: "I reiterate: If some nutcase kidnapped your child tomorrow and did to him what was done to your fellow Coloradan, JonBenet Ramsey, I wouldn't |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akizzi | Prince Akizzi was the ruler of Qatna in the fourteenth century BC. Prince Akizzi wrote three of the Amarna letters correspondence.
References
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1990, Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society 1990, p. 52
K. A. Kitchen, Ramesside Inscriptions, Blackwell Publishing 2000, p. 67
G. Maspero, 1904, History of Egypt, Part Four, Kessinger Publishing 2003, p. 278
William L. Moran, The Amarna Letters, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987
External links
Letters from Akizzi of Qatna
Amarna letters writers
Qatna
14th-century BC monarchs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hajar%20al-Aswad | Al-Hajar al-Aswad () is a Syrian city just south of the centre of Damascus in the Darayya District of the Rif Dimashq Governorate.
According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Al-Hajar al-Aswad had a population of 84,948 in the 2004 census, making it the 13th largest city per geographical entity in Syria.
History
During the Syrian Civil War, on 26 July 2012, fighting was reported in the Al-Hajar al-Aswad suburb of the capital, a place described as home to thousands of poor refugees from the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights who were at the forefront of the movement against Assad. The Free Syrian Army had withdrawn to the southern suburb of Al-Hajar al-Aswad with the suburb being shelled by Government forces and an activist in the area said that there were still ongoing clashes in the south of the city. On 27 July 2012, the army took it back. On 30 October 2012, clashes broke out in Al-Hajar Al-Aswad between rebels and the army, spreading into the adjacent Yarmuk Palestinian camp.
On 19 November, rebels seized the headquarters of an army battalion and air defense base on the edge of the suburb, making it the nearest military base to Central Damascus to fall under rebel control. In January 2014, reports indicated that opposition fighters fleeing the fallen towns are concentrated in the remaining strongholds, particularly Al-Hajar al-Aswad.
The district became a hotspot for Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant militant activity, whom controlled large areas of th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darnes%20SC | Darnes Sports Club () is a Libyan football club based in Derna, Libya. The team once reached second in the 1965–1966 Libyan Premier League season, by winning 2–1 in Derna but lost the 2nd leg in Tripoli 2–0 against Ittihad Tripoli. The team has notable former players such as Ahmed Souleimen Neffati Idris Mikraz, ِِAnis Mikraz, and Abdulhaq Al Tashani.
External links
darnes.ly
Club logo (archived 2 May 2014)
Darnes
1958 establishments in Libya
Association football clubs established in 1958
Derna, Libya |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endaruta | Endaruta was the ruler of Achshaph-(Akšapa of the letters), in the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. Endaruta was the author of EA 223, (EA for 'el Amarna'), of the letters. He is only referenced in two other letters EA 366 and 367, but EA 367, entitled: "From the Pharaoh to a vassal" is addressed to Endaruta, with instructions to guard his city. Pharaoh states Hanni–Khanni, is en route with the "archer-army force", and to prepare for their needs. Tablet-letter 367 is an undamaged, twenty-five line letter.
The Amarna letters involving Endaruta
EA 367--title: "From the Pharaoh to a vassal"
Say to Endaruta, the ruler of Akšapa: Thus the king-(pharaoh). He herewith dispatches to you this tablet, (i.e. tablet-letter), saying to you, "Be on your guard. You are to guard the place of the king where you are.
The king herewith sends to you Hanni, the son of Maireya, the stable overseer of the king in Canaan. And what he tells you heed very carefully lest the king find fault in you. Every word that he tells you heed very carefully and carry out very carefully. And be on your guard! Be on your guard! Do not be negligent! And may you prepare before the arrival of the archers of the king–food in abundance, wine (and) everything else in abundance. Indeed he is going to reach you very quickly, (i.e. 'soon'), and he will cut off the heads of the enemies of the king.'And know that–"The King is: hale like the Sun in the sky. For his troops and his chariots in multitude all goes v |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377%20Libyan%20Premier%20League | The 1976–77 Libyan Premier League was the 13th edition of the competition since its inception in 1963.
Classification
Libyan Premier League seasons
Libya
Premier League |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin%20receptor%20substrate | Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) is an important ligand in the insulin response of human cells.
IRS-1, for example, is an IRS protein that contains a phosphotyrosine binding-domain (PTB-domain). In addition, the insulin receptor contains a NPXY motif. The PTB-domain binds the NPXY sequence. Thus, the insulin receptor binds IRS.
Genes
(see also Insulin receptor substrate 1)
(see also Insulin receptor substrate 2)
- a pseudogene
References
Coordination chemistry
Proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JEDEC%20memory%20standards | The JEDEC memory standards are the specifications for semiconductor memory circuits and similar storage devices promulgated by the Joint Electron Device Engineering Council (JEDEC) Solid State Technology Association, a semiconductor trade and engineering standardization organization.
JEDEC Standard 100B.01 specifies common terms, units, and other definitions in use in the semiconductor industry. JESC21-C specifies semiconductor memories from the 256 bit static RAM to DDR4 SDRAM modules.
JEDEC standardization goals
The Joint Electron Device Engineering Council characterizes its standardization efforts as follows:
JEDEC Standard 100B.01
The December 2002 JEDEC Standard 100B.01 is entitled Terms, Definitions, and Letter Symbols for Microcomputers, Microprocessors, and Memory Integrated Circuits. The purpose of the standard is to promote the uniform use of symbols, abbreviations, terms, and definitions throughout the semiconductor industry.
Units of information
The specification defines the two common units of information:
The bit (b) is the smallest unit of information in the binary numeration system and is represented by the digits 0 and 1.
The byte (B) is a binary character string typically operated upon as one unit. It is usually shorter than a computer word.
Unit prefixes for semiconductor storage capacity
The specification contains citations of the commonly used prefixes kilo, mega, and giga "as a prefix to units of semiconductor storage capacity" to designate multip |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyromazine | Cyromazine is a triazine insect growth regulator used as an insecticide. It is a cyclopropyl derivative of melamine. Cyromazine works by affecting the nervous system of the immature larval stages of certain insects.
In veterinary medicine, cyromazine is used as an ectoparasiticide.
Regulation
The Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provides a test method for analyzing cyromazine and melamine in animal tissues in its Chemistry Laboratory Guidebook which "contains test methods used by FSIS Laboratories to support the Agency's inspection program, ensuring that meat, poultry, and egg products are safe, wholesome and accurately labeled." In 1999, in a proposed rule published in the Federal Register regarding cyromazine residue, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed "remov[ing] melamine, a metabolite of cyromazine from the tolerance expression since it is no longer considered a residue of concern."
References
Insecticides
Triazines
Cyclopropanes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisti%C4%8Dka%20radna%20akcija | Artistička radna akcija (meaning: "Artistic Work Action", also known under the acronym: ARA) is a new wave and punk rock compilation album released in 1981 by Jugoton in SFR Yugoslavia. It presents a snapshot of the early 1980s Belgrade underground music scene through bands Radnička Kontrola, Bezobrazno Zeleno, Profili Profili, Defektno Efektni, Urbana Gerila, Petar i Zli Vuci, U Škripcu, Pasta ZZ, VIA Talas and TV Moroni, all of whom took part in the compilation as means of showcasing their material to a wider audience.
Background
The album was released by Jugoton as a followup to the hugely successful Paket aranžman that presented three Belgrade bands Idoli, Šarlo Akrobata and Električni Orgazam, which, after the compilation release, quickly gained mainstream popularity. Still, despite employing a similar concept, Artistička radna akcija never managed to replicate the critical and commercial success of its predecessor. The compilation was recorded in Druga Maca studio during April and May 1981 and, like Paket aranžman, was also produced by Enco Lesić. The Sound Engineers were few, with Dušan Vasiljević as one of them.
The compilation featured the U Škripcu tracks surf Spaghetti Western "Pamflex dom" and ska / reggae oriented "Južno voće", which became minor hits, along with Bezobrazno Zeleno tracks "Bežim niz ulicu" and "Beograd", and the seven piece band Petar i Zli Vuci tracks "Ogledalo" and "Kozaci", which were also released on single. The former appeared on the B92 l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTP%E2%80%94glucose-1-phosphate%20uridylyltransferase | UTP—glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase also known as glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (or UDP–glucose pyrophosphorylase) is an enzyme involved in carbohydrate metabolism. It synthesizes UDP-glucose from glucose-1-phosphate and UTP; i.e.,
glucose-1-phosphate + UTP UDP-glucose + pyrophosphate
UTP—glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase is an enzyme found in all three domains (bacteria, eukarya, and archaea) as it is a key player in glycogenesis and cell wall synthesis. Its role in sugar metabolism has been studied extensively in plants in order to understand plant growth and increase agricultural production. Recently, human UTP—glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase has been studied and crystallized, revealing a different type of regulation than other organisms previously studied. Its significance is derived from the many uses of UDP-glucose including galactose metabolism, glycogen synthesis, glycoprotein synthesis, and glycolipid synthesis.
Structure
The structure of UTP—glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase is significantly different between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but within eukaryotes, the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of the enzyme are quite conserved. In many species, UTP—glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase is found as a homopolymer consisting of identical subunits in a symmetrical quaternary structure. The number of subunits varies across species: for instance, in Escherichia coli, the enzyme is found as a tetramer, whereas in Bur |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose%202%2C6-bisphosphate | Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, abbreviated Fru-2,6-P2, is a metabolite that allosterically affects the activity of the enzymes phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK-1) and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-1) to regulate glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Fru-2,6-P2 itself is synthesized and broken down by the bifunctional enzyme phosphofructokinase 2/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (PFK-2/FBPase-2).
The synthesis of Fru-2,6-P2 is performed through a bifunctional enzyme containing both PFK-2 and FBPase-2, which is dephosphorylated, allowing the PFK-2 portion to phosphorylate fructose 6-phosphate using ATP. The breakdown of Fru-2,6-P2 is catalyzed by the phosphorylation of the bifunctional enzyme, which allows FBPase-2 to dephosphorylate fructose 2,6-bisphosphate to produce fructose 6-phosphate and Pi.
Effects on glucose metabolism
Fru-2,6-P2 strongly activates glucose breakdown in glycolysis through allosteric modulation (activation) of phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK-1). Elevated expression of Fru-2,6-P2 levels in the liver allosterically activates phosphofructokinase 1 by increasing the enzyme’s affinity for fructose 6-phosphate, while decreasing its affinity for inhibitory ATP and citrate. At physiological concentration, PFK-1 is almost completely inactive, but interaction with Fru-2,6-P2 activates the enzyme to stimulate glycolysis and enhance breakdown of glucose.
Cellular stress as a result of oncogenesis or DNA damage among others, activates certain genes by the tumor suppressor p53. On |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphopentose%20epimerase | Phosphopentose epimerase (also known as ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase and ribulose 5-phosphate 3-epimerase, ) encoded by the RPE gene is a metalloprotein that catalyzes the interconversion between D-ribulose 5-phosphate and D-xylulose 5-phosphate.
D-ribulose 5-phosphate D-xylulose 5-phosphate
This reversible conversion is required for carbon fixation in plants – through the Calvin cycle – and for the nonoxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway. This enzyme has also been implicated in additional pentose and glucuronate interconversions.
In Cupriavidus metallidurans two copies of the gene coding for PPE are known, one is chromosomally encoded , the other one is on a plasmid . PPE has been found in a wide range of bacteria, archaebacteria, fungi and plants. All the proteins have from 209 to 241 amino acid residues. The enzyme has a TIM barrel structure.
Nomenclature
The systematic name of this enzyme class is D-ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase. Other names in common use include
phosphoribulose epimerase,
erythrose-4-phosphate isomerase,
phosphoketopentose 3-epimerase,
xylulose phosphate 3-epimerase,
phosphoketopentose epimerase,
ribulose 5-phosphate 3-epimerase,
D-ribulose phosphate-3-epimerase,
D-ribulose 5-phosphate epimerase,
D-ribulose-5-P 3-epimerase,
D-xylulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase, and
pentose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase.
This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-phosphogluconolactonase | 6-Phosphogluconolactonase (EC 3.1.1.31, 6PGL, PGLS, systematic name 6-phospho-D-glucono-1,5-lactone lactonohydrolase) is a cytosolic enzyme found in all organisms that catalyzes the hydrolysis of 6-phosphogluconolactone to 6-phosphogluconic acid in the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway:
6-phospho-D-glucono-1,5-lactone + H2O = 6-phospho-D-gluconate
The tertiary structure of 6PGL employs an α/β hydrolase fold, with active site residues clustered on the loops of the α-helices. Based on the crystal structure of the enzyme, the mechanism is proposed to be dependent on proton transfer by a histidine residue in the active site. 6PGL selectively catalyzes the hydrolysis of δ-6-phosphogluconolactone, and has no activity on the γ isomer.
Enzyme Mechanism
6PGL hydrolysis of 6-phosphogluconolactone to 6-phosphogluconic acid has been proposed to proceed via proton transfer to the O5 ring oxygen atom, similar to xylose isomerase and ribose-5-phosphate isomerase. The reaction initiates via attack of a hydroxide ion at the C5 ester. A tetrahedral intermediate forms and elimination of the ester linkage follows, aided by donation of a proton from an active site histidine residue. The specific residue that participates in the proton transfer eluded researchers until 2009, as previous structural studies demonstrated two possible conformations of the substrate in the active site, which position the O5 ring oxygen proximal to either an arginine or a histidine residue. Molecular |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monodromy%20theorem | In complex analysis, the monodromy theorem is an important result about analytic continuation of a complex-analytic function to a larger set. The idea is that one can extend a complex-analytic function (from here on called simply analytic function) along curves starting in the original domain of the function and ending in the larger set. A potential problem of this analytic continuation along a curve strategy is there are usually many curves which end up at the same point in the larger set. The monodromy theorem gives sufficient conditions for analytic continuation to give the same value at a given point regardless of the curve used to get there, so that the resulting extended analytic function is well-defined and single-valued.
Before stating this theorem it is necessary to define analytic continuation along a curve and study its properties.
Analytic continuation along a curve
The definition of analytic continuation along a curve is a bit technical, but the basic idea is that one starts with an analytic function defined around a point, and one extends that function along a curve via analytic functions defined on small overlapping disks covering that curve.
Formally, consider a curve (a continuous function) Let be an analytic function defined on an open disk centered at An analytic continuation of the pair along is a collection of pairs for such that
and
For each is an open disk centered at and is an analytic function.
For each there exists such th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast%20Dubois%20County%20School%20Corporation | Northeast Dubois County School Corporation is a school district in the northeast corner of Dubois County in southwestern Indiana. The school corporation serves the communities of Celestine, Crystal, Cuzco, Dubois, Haysville, and Hillham. It consists of one high school, Northeast Dubois High School, one middle school, Dubois Middle School and two elementary schools with a total enrollment of 1,012 students. Its certified staff count is 58. The current superintendent is Bill Hochgesang.
The Corporation's Vision is "Northeast Dubois - A Community Inspiring Tomorrow's Minds Today."
External links
Northeast Dubois County School Corporation website
School districts in Indiana
Southwestern Indiana
Education in Dubois County, Indiana |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimredda%20of%20Sidon | Zimredda, also Zimr-Edda or Zimr-Eddi (Amorite: ) was the mayor of Sidon, (i.e. the "King of Sidon") in the mid 14th century BC. He is mentioned in several of the Amarna letters, in the late Rib-Hadda series, and later. He authored letters EA 144–45 (EA for 'el Amarna').
Zimredda of Siduna-Sidon, is the only mayor of Siduna in the 1350–1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence, (15–20 year) time period.
Zimredda of Sidon's name is referenced in ten Amarna letters, with three from the Rib-Hadda series-(+Rib-Hadda EA 92, entitled: "Some help from the Pharaoh"-(calling mayors to assist Rib-Hadda), as the "King of Siduna"), five from Abimilku of Tyre, also his own letters. (He is the major subject of half of Abimilku's letters to pharaoh.)
The Abimilku letters reference Zimredda of Siduna as one of his major enemies in the groups against Abimilku.
Zimredda of Siduna: his two letters
EA 144: "Zimreddi of Siduna"
A letter written to the pharaoh.
Say to the king, my lord, my god, my Sun, the breath of my life: Thus Zimreddi, the mayor of Siduna. I fall at the feet of my lord, god, Sun, breath of my life, ((at the feet of my lord, my god, my Sun, the breath of my life))-(emphasis(?)), 7 times and 7 times. May the king, my lord, know that Siduna-(Sidon), the maidservant of the king, my lord, which he put in my charge, is safe and sound. And when I heard the words of the king, my lord, when he wrote to his servant, then my heart rejoiced, and my head went [h]igh, and my eyes shone, a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimredda%20of%20Lachish | Zimredda (Lachish mayor) was a leader of Lachish in the mid 14th century BC. He is mentioned in the Amarna letters, and is the author of EA 329, (EA for 'el Amarna'). Only two other references are made to "Zimredda of Lakiša"–(Lachish) in the corpus. He is part of the subject of letter EA 333, titled: "Plots and disloyalty" . His death is reported in EA 288 by Abdi-Heba–(letter no. 4 of 6), at the hands of the Habiru.
In the Amarna letters correspondence, from 1350-1335 BC, the other mayor of Lakiša was Šipti-Ba'lu, author of letters EA .
"Zimredda of Lakiša" letter--no. 329
Title: Preparations under way. EA 329, lines 1-20 (complete)
See also
Zimredda of Sidon
Amarna letters
References
Moran, William L. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. (softcover, )
Canaanite people
Amarna letters writers
14th-century BC people
Tel Lachish
Military personnel killed in action |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimredda | Zimredda may refer to:
Zimredda of Lachish, author of one of the Amarna letters
Zimredda of Sidon, author of two the Amarna letters; he is part of the subject of the later Rib-Hadda letters, and figures subsequently |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph%20cuts%20in%20computer%20vision | As applied in the field of computer vision, graph cut optimization can be employed to efficiently solve a wide variety of low-level computer vision problems (early vision), such as image smoothing, the stereo correspondence problem, image segmentation, object co-segmentation, and many other computer vision problems that can be formulated in terms of energy minimization. Many of these energy minimization problems can be approximated by solving a maximum flow problem in a graph (and thus, by the max-flow min-cut theorem, define a minimal cut of the graph). Under most formulations of such problems in computer vision, the minimum energy solution corresponds to the maximum a posteriori estimate of a solution. Although many computer vision algorithms involve cutting a graph (e.g., normalized cuts), the term "graph cuts" is applied specifically to those models which employ a max-flow/min-cut optimization (other graph cutting algorithms may be considered as graph partitioning algorithms).
"Binary" problems (such as denoising a binary image) can be solved exactly using this approach; problems where pixels can be labeled with more than two different labels (such as stereo correspondence, or denoising of a grayscale image) cannot be solved exactly, but solutions produced are usually near the global optimum.
History
The theory of graph cuts used as an optimization method was first applied in computer vision in the seminal paper by Greig, Porteous and Seheult of Durham University. Alla |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thialbarbital | Thialbarbital (Intranarcon) is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1960s. It has sedative effects, and was used primarily for induction in surgical anaesthesia. Thialbarbital is short acting and has less of a tendency to induce respiratory depression than other barbiturate derivatives such as pentobarbital.
Synthesis
See also
Thiamylal
References
Thiobarbiturates
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Allyl compounds
Cyclohexenes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamylal | Thiamylal (Surital) is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1950s. It has sedative, anticonvulsant, and hypnotic effects, and is used as a strong but short acting sedative. Thiamylal is still in current use, primarily for induction in surgical anaesthesia or as an anticonvulsant to counteract side effects from other anaesthetics. It is the thiobarbiturate analogue of secobarbital.
References
Thiobarbiturates
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Allyl compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcobarbital | Narcobarbital (Pronarcon) is a barbiturate derivative developed in 1932 by Carl Heinrich Friedrich Boedecker and Heinrich Gruber Schoneberg, assignors to the firm J. D. Riedel-E. de Haën AG, Berlin, Germany. Later, in 1937, may, was patented in United States. It is an N-methylated derivative of propallylonal and has similar sedative effects. It is still used in veterinary medicine for inducing surgical anaesthesia.
References
Barbiturates
General anesthetics
Organobromides
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiobutabarbital | Thiobutabarbital (Inactin, Brevinarcon) is a short-acting barbiturate derivative invented in the 1950s. It has sedative, anticonvulsant and hypnotic effects, and is still used in veterinary medicine for induction in surgical anaesthesia.
Stereochemistry
Thiobutabarbital contains a stereocenter and consists of two enantiomers. This is a racemate, ie a 1: 1 mixture of ( R ) - and the ( S ) - form:
References
Thiobarbiturates
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atkinson%27s%20theorem | In operator theory, Atkinson's theorem (named for Frederick Valentine Atkinson) gives a characterization of Fredholm operators.
The theorem
Let H be a Hilbert space and L(H) the set of bounded operators on H. The following is the classical definition of a Fredholm operator: an operator T ∈ L(H) is said to be a Fredholm operator if the kernel Ker(T) is finite-dimensional, Ker(T*) is finite-dimensional (where T* denotes the adjoint of T), and the range Ran(T) is closed.
Atkinson's theorem states:
A T ∈ L(H) is a Fredholm operator if and only if T is invertible modulo compact perturbation, i.e. TS = I + C1 and ST = I + C2 for some bounded operator S and compact operators C1 and C2.
In other words, an operator T ∈ L(H) is Fredholm, in the classical sense, if and only if its projection in the Calkin algebra is invertible.
Sketch of proof
The outline of a proof is as follows. For the ⇒ implication, express H as the orthogonal direct sum
The restriction T : Ker(T)⊥ → Ran(T) is a bijection, and therefore invertible by the open mapping theorem. Extend this inverse by 0 on Ran(T)⊥ = Ker(T*) to an operator S defined on all of H. Then I − TS is the finite-rank projection onto Ker(T*), and I − ST is the projection onto Ker(T). This proves the only if part of the theorem.
For the converse, suppose now that ST = I + C2 for some compact operator C2. If x ∈ Ker(T), then STx = x + C2x = 0. So Ker(T) is contained in an eigenspace of C2, which is finite-dimensional (see spectral theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Reingold | Edward M. Reingold (born 1945) is a computer scientist active in the fields of algorithms, data structures, graph drawing, and calendrical calculations.
In 1996 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.
In 2000 he retired from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and was a professor of computer science and applied mathematics at the Illinois Institute of Technology until his retirement in 2019.
Works
He has co-authored the standard text on calendrical calculations, Calendrical Calculations, with Nachum Dershowitz.
In 1981 he was the co-author, with John Tilford, of the canonical paper "Tidier Drawings of Trees" which described a method, now known as the Reingold-Tilford algorithm, to produce more aesthetically pleasing drawing of binary (and by extension, m-ary) trees .
References
American computer scientists
Graph drawing people
1945 births
Living people
Scientists from Illinois
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Illinois Institute of Technology faculty
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Cornell University alumni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD64%20%28biology%29 | CD64 (Cluster of Differentiation 64) is a type of integral membrane glycoprotein known as an Fc receptor that binds monomeric IgG-type antibodies with high affinity. It is more commonly known as Fc-gamma receptor 1 (FcγRI). After binding IgG, CD64 interacts with an accessory chain known as the common γ chain (γ chain), which possesses an ITAM motif that is necessary for triggering cellular activation.
Structurally CD64 is composed of a signal peptide that allows its transport to the surface of a cell, three extracellular immunoglobulin domains of the C2-type that it uses to bind antibody, a hydrophobic transmembrane domain, and a short cytoplasmic tail.
CD64 is constitutively found on only macrophages and monocytes, but treatment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with cytokines like IFNγ and G-CSF can induce CD64 expression on these cells.
There are three distinct (but highly similar) genes in humans for CD64 called FcγRIA (CD64A), FcγRIB (CD64B), and FcγRIC (CD64C) that are located on chromosome 1. These three genes produce six different mRNA transcripts; two from CD64A, three from CD64B, and one from CD64C; by alternate splicing.
References
External links
Clusters of differentiation
Fc receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal%20Fc%20receptor | The neonatal Fc receptor (also FcRn, IgG receptor FcRn large subunit p51, or Brambell receptor) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FCGRT gene. It is an IgG Fc receptor which is similar in structure to the MHC class I molecule and also associates with beta-2-microglobulin. In rodents, FcRn was originally identified as the receptor that transports maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG) from mother to neonatal offspring via mother's milk, leading to its name as the neonatal Fc receptor. In humans, FcRn is present in the placenta where it transports mother's IgG to the growing fetus. FcRn has also been shown to play a role in regulating IgG and serum albumin turnover. Neonatal Fc receptor expression is up-regulated by the proinflammatory cytokine, TNF, and down-regulated by IFN-γ.
Interactions of FcRn with IgG and serum albumin
In addition to binding to IgG, FCGRT has been shown to interact with human serum albumin. FcRn-mediated transcytosis of IgG across epithelial cells is possible because FcRn binds IgG at acidic pH (<6.5) but not at neutral or higher pH. The binding site for FcRn on IgG has been mapped using functional and structural studies, and involves in the interaction of relatively well conserved histidine residues on IgG with acidic residues on FcRn.
FcRn-mediated recycling and transcytosis of IgG and serum albumin
FcRn extends the half-life of IgG and serum albumin by reducing lysosomal degradation of these proteins in endothelial cells and bone-marrow deriv |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20towns%20in%20Chile | This article contains a list of towns in Chile.
A town is defined by Chile's National Statistics Institute (INE) as an urban entity possessing between 2,001 and 5,000 inhabitants—or between 1,001 and 2,000 inhabitants if 50% or more of its population is economically active in secondary and/or tertiary activities. This list is based on a June 2005 report by the INE based on the 2002 census, which registered 274 towns across the country, however only 269 of them are shown here. (Note: The higher number is based on the number given in the regional summary provided by the INE report. The lower number is based on a manual count of the report. The discrepancies are found in the Valparaíso Region (report: 31 / manual count: 28), the O'Higgins Region (report: 39 / manual count: 38) and the Los Ríos and Los Lagos Region combined (report: 31 / manual count: 30).)
List of towns by region (269)
Arica and Parinacota Region (1)
Putre
Tarapacá Region (3)
Pica
Collaguasi
La Tirana
Antofagasta Region (4)
Cerro Moreno
Juan López
Hornitos
San Pedro de Atacama
Atacama Region (7)
Bahía Inglesa
Loreto
Puerto Viejo
El Salado
Flamenco
Portal del Inca
Freirina
Coquimbo Region (14)
Las Tacas
Tongoy
Guanaqueros
Puerto Velero
La Higuera
Canela Baja
Pichidangui
Quilimarí Alto
Chillepín
Guamalata
La Chimba
Sotaquí
Chañaral Alto
Punitaqui
Valparaíso Region (28)
Laguna Verde
Quintay
San Juan Bautista
Maitencillo
Puchuncaví
Hanga Roa
San Rafael
Placilla
Valle Hermoso
Los Quinquelles
Pichicuy
Los |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyla%20%28given%20name%29 | Kyla is a female given name. It is a derivative of the originally Irish and Scottish Gaelic Kyle.
Kyla may refer to:
Music
Kyla (Filipino singer), Filipino R&B singer Melanie C. Alvarez's stage name
Kyla (British singer) (Kyla Reid), British singer
Kyla Brox, British singer
Kyla Greenbaum, British pianist
Kyla La Grange, British musician
Kyla-Rose Smith, South African musician
Sports
Kyla Atienza, Filipina volleyball player
Kyla Bremner, an Olympic athlete
Kyla Inquig, Filipina footballer
Kyla Leibel (born 2001), Canadian swimmer
Kyla Richey, Canadian volleyball player
Kyla Ross, an American gymnast
Other
Kyla Cole (born 1978), Slovak glamour model
Kyla Garcia, American actress
Kyla Kenedy (born 2003), American actress
Kyla Pratt (born 1986), American actress
Kyla Tyson, a fictional character on the television series Holby City
Kyla Ward, Australian author
See also
Cala (disambiguation)
Kaila (disambiguation)
Kala (disambiguation)
Kayla (disambiguation)
Kila (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20G | Protein G is an immunoglobulin-binding protein expressed in group C and G Streptococcal bacteria much like Protein A but with differing binding specificities. It is a ~60-kDA (65 kDA for strain G148 and 58 kDa for strain C40) cell surface protein that has found application in purifying antibodies through its binding to the Fab and Fc region. The native molecule also binds albumin, but because serum albumin is a major contaminant of antibody sources, the albumin binding site has been removed from recombinant forms of Protein G. This recombinant Protein G, either labeled with a fluorophore or a single-stranded DNA strand, was used as a replacement for secondary antibodies in immunofluorescence and super-resolution imaging.
Other antibody binding proteins
In addition to Protein G, other immunoglobulin-binding bacterial proteins such as Protein A, Protein A/G and Protein L are all commonly used to purify, immobilize or detect immunoglobulins. Each of these immunoglobulin-binding proteins has a different antibody binding profile in terms of the portion of the antibody that is recognized and the species and type of antibodies it will bind.
Folding of Protein G, B1 Domain
An ab initio simulation of the protein G B1 domain demonstrates that, as earlier results suggested, this protein initiates folding via a nucleation event in the hydrophobic core residues followed by small adjustments. The folding events are as follows:
a β-hairpin is formed, stabilized by residues W43, Y45, and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich%20Bloch | Erich Bloch (January 9, 1925 – November 25, 2016) was a German-born American electrical engineer and administrator. He was involved with developing IBM's first transistorized supercomputer, 7030 Stretch, and mainframe computer, System/360. He served as director of the National Science Foundation from 1984 to 1990.
Biography
Bloch was born in Sulzburg, Germany in 1925. Bloch was the son of Josef Bloch a Jewish businessman and Lina Rothschild a housewife, who were both later murdered in the Holocaust. He survived the war in a refugee camp in Switzerland and emigrated in 1948 to the United States. He studied electrical engineering at ETH Zurich and received his Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from the University of Buffalo.
Bloch joined IBM after graduating in 1952. He was engineering manager of IBM's Stretch supercomputer system and director of several research sites during his career. In June 1984, Ronald Reagan nominated Bloch to succeed Edward Alan Knapp become director of the National Science Foundation. The same year, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences. In 1985, Bloch was awarded one of the first National Medals of Technology and Innovation along with Bob O. Evans and Fred Brooks for their work on the IBM System/360.
After stepping down as director of the National Science Foundation, Bloch joined the Council on Competitiveness as its first distinguished fellow. The IEEE Computer Society awarded him the Comp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker%20calculator | Poker calculators are algorithms which through probabilistic or statistical means derive a player's chance of winning, losing, or tying a poker hand.
Given the complexities of poker and the constantly changing rules, most poker calculators are statistical machines, probabilities and card counting is rarely used. Poker calculators come in three types: poker advantage calculators, poker odds calculators and poker relative calculators.
Odds calculators
A poker odds calculator calculates a player's winning ratio. Winning ratio is defined as, the number of games won divided by the total number of games simulated in a Monte Carlo simulation for a specific player.
Advantage calculators
A poker advantage calculator calculates a player's winning ratio and normalizes the winning ratio relative to the number of players. An advantage calculator, provides a normalized value between -100% and +100% describing a player's winning change in a locked domain. That is, if a player's result is -100%, regardless of the number of players in the game, the player will certainly lose the game. If a player's advantage is +100%, regardless of the number of players, the player will certainly win the game.
Both odds and advantage calculators can provide results provided a specific game scenario. Game scenario variables include: the number of players, the game type being played, and the hand or cards available for the player in question. Alternatively, there also exist poker relative calculators which |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blob%20%28visual%20system%29 | Blobs are sections of primary visual cortex above and below layer IV where groups of neurons sensitive to color assemble in cylindrical shapes. They were first identified in 1979 by Margaret Wong-Riley when she used a cytochrome oxidase stain, from which they get their name. These areas receive input from koniocellular cells in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus dLGN and output to the thin stripes of area V2. Interblobs are areas between blobs that receive the same input, but are sensitive to orientation instead of color. They output to the pale and thick stripes of area V2.
Blobs are on the koniocellular pathway. This pathway begins at the photoreceptors which then relay signals to the 'K' ganglion cells in the retina. The pathway then continues out of the eye to the layers in-between the parvocellular and magnocellular layers of the dLGN. This pathway then terminates at the blobs in V1. Lesioning of the koniocellular pathway leads to lack of acuity in shapes and colour.
References
Cerebrum
Visual system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD135 | Cluster of differentiation antigen 135 (CD135) also known as fms like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT-3 with fms standing for "feline McDonough sarcoma"), receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase FLT3, or fetal liver kinase-2 (Flk2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FLT3 gene. FLT3 is a cytokine receptor which belongs to the receptor tyrosine kinase class III. CD135 is the receptor for the cytokine Flt3 ligand (FLT3L).
It is expressed on the surface of many hematopoietic progenitor cells. Signalling of FLT3 is important for the normal development of haematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells.
The FLT3 gene is one of the most frequently mutated genes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). High levels of wild-type FLT3 have been reported for blast cells of some AML patients without FLT3 mutations. These high levels may be associated with worse prognosis.
Structure
FLT3 is composed of five extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains, an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, a juxtamembrane domain and a tyrosine-kinase domain consisting of 2 lobes that are connected by a tyrosine-kinase insert. Cytoplasmic FLT3 undergoes glycosylation, which promotes localization of the receptor to the membrane.
Function
CD135 is a class III receptor tyrosine kinase. When this receptor binds to FLT3L a ternary complex is formed in which two FLT3 molecules are bridged by one (homodimeric) FLT3L. The formation of such complex brings the two intracellular domains in close proximity to e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albatros%20J.I | The Albatros J.I was a German armored ground attack airplane of World War I, produced in 1918.
Design and development
The Albatros J.I was a "J-class" derivative of the Albatros C.XII reconnaissance aircraft. The J.I utilized the wings and tail of the C.XII, which were joined to a new slab-sided fuselage. The crew compartment was protected by 490 kg (1,080 lb) of steel armor plate, while the engine was left unprotected. The sides and bottom were 5 mm thick chrome nickel steel plate that was bolted to the wood frame.
Power was provided by the 150 kW (200 hp) Benz Bz.IV, which gave marginal performance when combined with the heavy J.I airframe. The fixed 7.92 mm (.312 in) machine guns fired downward to facilitate strafing ground targets.
The Albatros J.I was developed for low-altitude battlefield reconnaissance and ground-attack missions, often at altitudes of 50 meters (150 feet) or less. Albatros J.Is were mainly issued to Flieger Abteilungen in support of the Army Corps or Army Headquarters.
German units began receiving the J.Is in April 1918 and they were first used in the Battle of the Lys. The aircraft was popular with crews, due to the armor protection and good visibility of the low set engine. Operationally a success, the main drawback of the type was the inadequate armor.
By June 1918, the new Albatros J.II started to replace J.I at the front. The older aircraft nevertheless served until the Armistice. Two were bought by Austria-Hungary. After the war, it was st |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem%20cell%20factor | Stem cell factor (also known as SCF, KIT-ligand, KL, or steel factor) is a cytokine that binds to the c-KIT receptor (CD117). SCF can exist both as a transmembrane protein and a soluble protein. This cytokine plays an important role in hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells), spermatogenesis, and melanogenesis.
Production
The gene encoding stem cell factor (SCF) is found on the Sl locus in mice and on chromosome 12q22-12q24 in humans. The soluble and transmembrane forms of the protein are formed by alternative splicing of the same RNA transcript,
The soluble form of SCF contains a proteolytic cleavage site in exon 6. Cleavage at this site allows the extracellular portion of the protein to be released. The transmembrane form of SCF is formed by alternative splicing that excludes exon 6 (Figure 1). Both forms of SCF bind to c-KIT and are biologically active.
Soluble and transmembrane SCF is produced by fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Soluble SCF has a molecular weight of 18,5 KDa and forms a dimer. It is detected in normal human blood serum at 3.3 ng/mL.
Role in development
SCF plays an important role in the hematopoiesis during embryonic development. Sites where hematopoiesis takes place, such as the fetal liver and bone marrow, all express SCF. Mice that do not express SCF die in utero from severe anemia. Mice that do not express the receptor for SCF (c-KIT) also die from anemia. SCF may serve as guidance cues that direct hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to their ste |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbana%20Gerila | Urbana Gerila (, trans: Urban Guerrilla) was a former Yugoslav punk rock and new wave band from Belgrade. The band is notable as the participant of the Artistička radna akcija project in 1981. In 1982, the band members formed an ad hoc group Berliner Strasse (Berlin Street), influenced by post-punk and krautrock, performing songs with lyrics in German.
History
Initially named Punkreteni (Punkmorons), the teenage band existed for less than two years during the early 1980s. Punkreteni consisted of Branko Rosić (bass), Vladimir Arsenijević (guitar), Zoran "Cane" Kostić (vocals) and Slobodan "Loka" Nešović (guitar). All band members were between the ages of 13 and 15. After a few weeks the band changed its name to Urbana Gerila. Nešović soon left to form his own group called Defektno Efektni. Featuring raw sound and drawing lyrical inspiration from, among other things, the events surrounding the activity of terrorist groups such as the Baader-Meinhof Group, Urbana Gerila had its first live performance as part of an event called Palilula Culture Olympics, in 1980, which was one of the first punk performances in Belgrade. Later, the band became a cult attraction, managing to sell out a Zagreb venue Lapidarij despite not having any recordings.
The band's two tracks, "Proces" ("The Trial") and "Bez naslova" ("Untitled") were released on the Artistička radna akcija (Artistic Work Action) various artists compilation in late 1981, on which Nešović's Defekno Efektni also appeared. The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20Buses%20route%20205 | London Buses route 205 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between Paddington and Bow Church station, it is operated by Stagecoach London.
2015 statistics from Transport for London stated that this route was responsible for the most injuries to cyclists of any TfL bus route in London.
History
Route 205 commenced operating on 31 August 2002, replacing the former SL1 (StationLink 1) service, which had begun as an accessible route called Carelink for disabled people operated by National Bus Company owned Beeline. This route was withdrawn in 1988, and it became a London Transport contracted route. It was initially operated by London General, but in 1992 the contract was won by Thorpes. For a short period the route continued to be branded as Stationlink.
Route 205 was introduced as part improvements in preparation for the introduction of London congestion charge in February 2003. It connects Paddington, Marylebone, Euston, King's Cross and Liverpool Street termini stations, as well as many London Underground stations following the northern part of the Circle line. A route 705, linking stations on the southern section of the Circle Line, was also created but later withdrawn. The contract to operate the new route was won by Metroline.
It was extended from Whitechapel to Mile End tube station on 16 June 2007, and was converted into 24-hour service at the same time. Seven new Scania N230UDs arrived in summer 2007 to increase the frequency of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change%20detection | In statistical analysis, change detection or change point detection tries to identify times when the probability distribution of a stochastic process or time series changes. In general the problem concerns both detecting whether or not a change has occurred, or whether several changes might have occurred, and identifying the times of any such changes.
Specific applications, like step detection and edge detection, may be concerned with changes in the mean, variance, correlation, or spectral density of the process. More generally change detection also includes the detection of anomalous behavior: anomaly detection.
Offline change point detection it is assumed that a sequence of length is available and the goal is to identify whether any change point(s) occurred in the series. This is an example of post hoc analysis and is often approached using hypothesis testing methods. By contrast, online change point detection is concerned with detecting change points in an incoming data stream.
Background
A time series measures the progression of one or more quantities over time. For instance, the figure above shows the level of water in the Nile river between 1870 and 1970. Change point detection is concerned with identifying whether, and if so when, the behavior of the series changes significantly. In the Nile river example, the volume of water changes significantly after a dam was built in the river. Importantly, anomalous observations that differ from the ongoing behavior of the t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptomyces%20toxytricini | Streptomyces toxytricini is a Gram-positive bacterium belonging to the genus Streptomyces. It produces the pancreatic lipase inhibitor lipstatin, of which the antiobesity drug orlistat is a derivative.
References
Further reading
External links
Type strain of Streptomyces toxytricini at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
toxytricini
Bacteria described in 1957 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bapat%E2%80%93Beg%20theorem | In probability theory, the Bapat–Beg theorem gives the joint probability distribution of order statistics of independent but not necessarily identically distributed random variables in terms of the cumulative distribution functions of the random variables. Ravindra Bapat and Beg published the theorem in 1989, though they did not offer a proof. A simple proof was offered by Hande in 1994.
Often, all elements of the sample are obtained from the same population and thus have the same probability distribution. The Bapat–Beg theorem describes the order statistics when each element of the sample is obtained from a different statistical population and therefore has its own probability distribution.
Statement
Let be independent real valued random variables with cumulative distribution functions respectively . Write for the order statistics. Then the joint probability distribution of the order statistics (with and ) is
where
is the permanent of the given block matrix. (The figures under the braces show the number of columns.)
Independent identically distributed case
In the case when the variables are independent and identically distributed with cumulative probability distribution function for all i the theorem reduces to
Remarks
No assumption of continuity of the cumulative distribution functions is needed.
If the inequalities x1 < x2 < ... < xk are not imposed, some of the inequalities "may be redundant and the probability can be evaluated after making the necessa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Downs%20Country%20Club%2C%20Michigan | Crystal Downs Country Club is a private country club and unincorporated community in Benzie County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The community is located within Lake Township on the shores of Lake Michigan. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau defined the community as a census-designated place for the first time for the 2010 census. At the census, the CDP had a population of 47 and a total land area of .
Designed by golf course architects Alister MacKenzie and Perry Maxwell in 1929, the par-70, course offers views of Lake Michigan and Crystal Lake. The Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore lies just to its east. Despite being consistently ranked among the top courses in the United States (ranked 10th for 2007–08 by Golf Digest) the only tournament of note it has hosted has been the 1991 U.S. Senior Amateur, due to its location far from population centers and the corresponding lack of sufficient facilities (lodging, transportation, infrastructure) needed to accommodate the crowds attracted by major tournament events. Crystal Downs is currently ranked the #19 course in the world according to Golf.com.
Demographics
References
Event venues established in 1929
Golf clubs and courses in Michigan
Golf clubs and courses designed by Alister MacKenzie
Buildings and structures in Benzie County, Michigan
Traverse City micropolitan area
Unincorporated communities in Benzie County, Michigan
Unincorporated communities in Michigan
Census-designated places in Be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Sarna | Jonathan D. Sarna (born 10 January 1955) is the Joseph H. and Belle R. Braun Professor of American Jewish History in the department of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies and director of the Schusterman Center for Israel Studies at Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts.
Early life and education
He is the son of Hebrew College librarian Helen Horowitz Sarna and biblical scholar Nahum Sarna. Born in Philadelphia and raised in New York City and Newton Centre, Massachusetts, Sarna attended Brandeis University, Hebrew College in Newton Centre, Massachusetts, Mercaz HaRav Kook in Jerusalem, Israel and Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, where he obtained his doctorate in 1979.
Career
Sarna is regarded by The Forward newspaper as one of the most prominent historians of American Judaism. His 2004 book, American Judaism: A History, received the National Jewish Book Award and appeared as Publishers Weekly's Best Religion Book.
In 2011 he was elected president of the Association for Jewish Studies and would serve in the position until 2015.
Sarna is a contributor on religion to the Newsweek–Washingtonpost.com joint project On Faith.
He is the author of Lincoln and the Jews: A History, from St. Martin's Press (2015).
He is a member of The Rohr Jewish Learning Institute's Academic Advisory Board.
One of Sarna's most widely cited academic contributions relates to his scholarship on Ulysses S. Grant's relationship with American Jews. General Ulysses S. Grant in December 1 |
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