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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner%20Franke
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Werner Wilhelm Franke (31 January 1940 – 14 November 2022) was a German biologist and a professor of cell and molecular biology at the German Cancer Research Center in Heidelberg. He was an anti-doping pioneer in Germany.
Life
Franke was born in Paderborn on 31 January 1940. After completing high school (Abitur at Gymnasium Theodorianum), he studied chemistry, biology and physics at the University of Heidelberg. Following completion of his doctorate (Heidelberg) and habilitation (Freiburg) he became a university professor in Heidelberg and, at the same time, became the head of a department at the German Cancer Research Center. In 1982, Franke became the president of the European Cell Biology Organization (ECBO), a post he held until 1990. His main research field was the molecular characterization of the cytoskeleton in normal and transformed cells. He was also a doping expert.
Franke died on 14 November 2022 from an intracerebral hemorrhage, at age 82.
Drug abuse in sports
Franke is considered to have been a leading expert in performance-enhancing drugs and one of the most ardent critics of drug abuse in sports. Together with his wife, Brigitte Berendonk, once an Olympic discus thrower and shot putter, he fought against drug abuse in sports. He assisted his wife in researching the 1991 book Doping: From Research to Deceit, uncovering the systematic use of doping by East German athletes.
Franke defended cyclist Danilo Hondo after the banned substance Carphedon was found i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxon%20%28chemical%29
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An oxon is an organic compound derived from another chemical in which a phosphorus-sulfur bond in the parent chemical has been replaced by a phosphorus-oxygen bond in the derivative.
Important examples of oxons can be found in the family of pesticides known as organophosphates. Some of these chemicals, such as chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and parathion, do not manifest their main toxicity in their original form. Rather, an animal's liver replaces a phosphorus-sulfur bond with a phosphorus-oxygen bond, turning these chemicals into oxons. The oxons then inhibit the acetylcholinesterase, causing acetylcholine to accumulate uncontrollably, wreaking havoc on the animal's nervous system.
See also
Paraoxon
Chlorpyrifos oxon
References
Organophosphates
Nitrobenzenes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STR%20analysis
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Short tandem repeat (STR) analysis is a common molecular biology method used to compare allele repeats at specific loci in DNA between two or more samples. A short tandem repeat is a microsatellite with repeat units that are 2 to 7 base pairs in length, with the number of repeats varying among individuals, making STRs effective for human identification purposes. This method differs from restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP) since STR analysis does not cut the DNA with restriction enzymes. Instead, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is employed to discover the lengths of the short tandem repeats based on the length of the PCR product.
Forensic uses
STR analysis is a tool in forensic analysis that evaluates specific STR regions found on nuclear DNA. The variable (polymorphic) nature of the STR regions that are analyzed for forensic testing intensifies the discrimination between one DNA profile and another. Scientific tools such as FBI approved STRmix incorporate this research technique. Forensic science takes advantage of the population's variability in STR lengths, enabling scientists to distinguish one DNA sample from another. The system of DNA profiling used today is based on PCR and uses simple sequences or short tandem repeats (STR). This method uses highly polymorphic regions that have short repeated sequences of DNA (the most common is 4 bases repeated, but there are other lengths in use, including 3 and 5 bases). Because unrelated people almost cert
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruitless%20%28gene%29
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The fruitless gene (fru) is a Drosophila melanogaster gene that encodes several variants of a putative transcription factor protein. Normal fruitless function is required for proper development of several anatomical structures necessary for courtship, including motor neurons which innervate muscles needed for fly sexual behaviors. The gene does not have an obvious mammalian homolog, but appears to function in sex determination in species as distant as the mosquito Anopheles gambiae.
fruitless serves as an example of how a gene or a group of genes may regulate the development and/or function of neurons involved in innate behavior. Research on fruitless has received attention in the popular press, since it provokes discussion on genetics of human sexual orientation, and behaviors such as gender-specific aggression.
Function
Male flies with mutations in the fruitless gene display altered sexual behavior. Fruitfly courtship, which involves a complex male-initiated ritual, may be disrupted in many ways by mutated fru alleles; fru is necessary for every step in the ritual. Some alleles prevent courting entirely, while others disrupt individual components. Notably, some loss-of-function alleles change or remove sexual preference.
Although many genes are known to be involved in male courtship behavior, the fruitless gene has been considered noteworthy because it exhibits sex-specific alternative splicing. When females produce the male-spliced gene product, they behave as males.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth%20Roberts%20%28physicist%29
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Sir Gareth Gwyn Roberts (16 May 1940 – 6 February 2007) was a Welsh physicist specialising in semiconductors and molecular electronics, who was influential in British science policy through his chairmanship of several academic bodies and his two reports on the future supply of scientists and how university research should be assessed. He was knighted in 1997 for his services to higher education.
Academic and public service career
Born in Penmaenmawr, Caernarvonshire, North Wales, he studied physics to PhD level at the University College of North Wales, Bangor, graduating in 1964.
Following a post at the New University of Ulster, he was appointed Professor of Applied Physics at the University of Durham in 1976, where he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1984. He went back into industry in 1985 as director of research at Thorn EMI plc, and was appointed to a visiting professorship in the Department of Engineering Science at Oxford and to a Fellowship at Brasenose College in 1986. He won the Fernand Holweck Medal and Prize in 1986. He presented the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures in 1988.
He was a member of the Prime Minister's Advisory Council on Science and Technology from July 1989 to July 1992.
He was vice-chancellor of the University of Sheffield from 1991 to 2000. From 1995 to 1997 he was chairman of the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals (now called Universities UK). In 1997 he was also president of the Institute of Physics and was knighted
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational%20study
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In fields such as epidemiology, social sciences, psychology and statistics, an observational study draws inferences from a sample to a population where the independent variable is not under the control of the researcher because of ethical concerns or logistical constraints. One common observational study is about the possible effect of a treatment on subjects, where the assignment of subjects into a treated group versus a control group is outside the control of the investigator. This is in contrast with experiments, such as randomized controlled trials, where each subject is randomly assigned to a treated group or a control group. Observational studies, for lacking an assignment mechanism, naturally present difficulties for inferential analysis.
Motivation
The independent variable may be beyond the control of the investigator for a variety of reasons:
A randomized experiment would violate ethical standards. Suppose one wanted to investigate the abortion – breast cancer hypothesis, which postulates a causal link between induced abortion and the incidence of breast cancer. In a hypothetical controlled experiment, one would start with a large subject pool of pregnant women and divide them randomly into a treatment group (receiving induced abortions) and a control group (not receiving abortions), and then conduct regular cancer screenings for women from both groups. Needless to say, such an experiment would run counter to common ethical principles. (It would also suffer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufous%20mourner
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The rufous mourner (Rhytipterna holerythra) is a small passerine bird in the tyrant flycatcher family. It breeds from southwestern Mexico to northwestern Ecuador. It was formerly believed to be a cotinga, but well-supported anatomical evidence has shown it to be related to tyrant flycatchers of the genera Myiarchus, Sirystes and Casiornis.
The rufous mourner is long and weighs . Its plumage is entirely rufous, brighter on the underparts, and with darker brown wings. The base of the bill is pink or horn-coloured. The call is a drawling and the song is .
This bird is found in lowlands and foothills up to altitude in wet forests, adjacent old second growth, semi-open areas and shady plantations. The rufous mourner is seen alone, in family groups or as part of a mixed-species feeding flock. It perches on a twig from which it sallies forth to catch large insects and caterpillars and many seeds and fruit. Usually, the food is taken in flight.
It nests in tree cavities, especially old woodpecker holes. It may also nest in holes in earth banks.
Footnotes
References
Foster, Mercedes S. (2007): The potential of fruiting trees to enhance converted habitats for migrating birds in southern Mexico. Bird Conservation International 17(1): 45–61. PDF fulltext
Scholes, E. (2004): Rufous Mourner (Rhytipterna holerythra). Pp. 427 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Christie, D. A. eds. (2004). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 9. Cotingas to Pipits and Wagtails. Lynx Edicions,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas%20Twister
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Arkansas Twister is a wooden roller coaster at Magic Springs and Crystal Falls amusement park in Hot Springs, Arkansas. Originally opening in 1978 as The Roaring Tiger at Circus World theme park, the roller coaster was purchased in 1991 by Magic Springs, where it reopened as Arkansas Twister on May 30, 1992. It features a and reaches speeds of up to as it travels through the foothills of the Ouachita Mountains. The ride was also known as "Florida Hurricane" and "Michael Jackson's Thrill Coaster" over the years. Magic Springs purchased the ride from Boardwalk and Baseball for $10,000, and relocation costs brought the total investment to roughly $900,000.
History
The roller coaster made its debut in 1978 as The Roaring Tiger at Circus World in Haines City, Florida. Designed by Don Rosser & Associates and renowned coaster engineer Bill Cobb, the ride cost $2.3 million to construct using over a half-million feet of Douglas fir lumber. With of track and speeds originally up to , it was billed as "the South's longest and fastest roller coaster" by the park. It was famously known as a personal favorite of celebrity Michael Jackson, who visited the park frequently in the 1980s to ride.
As Circus World changed ownership several times over the years, the roller coaster was renamed briefly to "Michael Jackson's Thrill Coaster" and eventually to "Florida Hurricane" when the park reopened as Boardwalk and Baseball in 1987. Boardwalk and Baseball closed shortly thereafter in 1990, and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke%20University%20Institute%20for%20Genome%20Sciences%20and%20Policy
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Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy (IGSP) is an institution established at Duke University to address the many issues in science and policy that the Genome Revolution and recent advances in Genome Science are expected to create. It is located in the CIEMAS building at Duke University and houses some well known researchers in the genomics field including Huntington F. Willard, who is the director of the IGSP.
Genome Sciences and Policy
Genomics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%C3%A1%20Huta
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Stará Huta () is a village and municipality in Detva District, in the Banská Bystrica Region of central Slovakia.
External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Detva District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulungu
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In Zulu, the creator is called uMvelinqangi or God according to the Bible is called uNkulunkulu.
In traditional Bantu cultures
Origin, diffusion, and etymology
The original early-Bantu name for the highest God of gods, creator and father of all gods, was probably Nyàmbé, possibly from the verb root -àmb-, "to begin". With the diversification of Bantu cultures, other names came about, with "Mulungu" emerging in the ancient Southern-Kaskazi group (about 6000 BC). The etymology of the name is disputed. One hypothesis is that the name is derived from a verb root -ng-, meaning "to be rectified", "to become right"; in this case, the original concept of Mulungu is that of a creator god that established the original, right order on the world.
Description
All traditional Bantu cultures have a notion of a "creator god", a concept which was already established in the Niger-Congo cultures. This creator god is usually seen as a remote deity, far and detached from men and living beings; in some cases, it is more of an impersonal "creating force" or a primum movens than a "God" in the usual sense of the word. Even when described as a personal god, the Creator is believed to be far and detached from men and living beings; this detachment is the subject of a number of Bantu myths describing how the creator left the Earth, moving to the sky, as a consequence of him being upset with men or annoyed by their activities. It is thus a common trait of Bantu religions that no prayers, and us
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896%20FA%20Cup%20final
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The 1896 FA Cup final was the 25th. edition of the FA Cup finals, belonging to the 1895–96 FA Cup. It was won by The Wednesday at the Crystal Palace, in a victory over Wolverhampton Wanderers.
Tournament format
Clubs competed for a new trophy, which remains the oldest surviving FA Cup trophy, although it was retired from use in 1910.
Route to the Final
The Wednesday
Round 1: Southampton St. Mary's 2–3 The Wednesday
Round 2: The Wednesday 2–1 Sunderland
Quarter-final: The Wednesday 4–0 Everton
Semi-final: The Wednesday 1–1 Bolton Wanderers
(at Goodison Park)
Replay: Bolton Wanderers 1–3 The Wednesday
(at Nottingham Forest)
Wolverhampton Wanderers
Round 1: Wolverhampton Wanderers 2–2 Notts County
Replay: Notts County 3–4 Wolverhampton Wanderers
Round 2: Wolverhampton Wanderers 2–0 Liverpool
Quarter-final: Wolverhampton Wanderers 3–0 Stoke City
Semi-final: Wolverhampton Wanderers 2–1 Derby County
(at Villa Park)
Match
Fred Spiksley became the star of the show in this Cup Final, scoring the two goals that gave the Wednesday a 2–1 win. Within the first minute, a run by Harry Davis, the outside-right, set up Spiksley to slot home the first. David Black soon equalised for Wolves with a cunning hook close to the post. Spiksley however smashed a shot against the upright which bounced into the goal and then out again. The referee gave a goal. The score stayed the same until the final whistle to give Wednesday their first FA Cup win.
Match details
References
External li
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classpath
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Classpath is a parameter in the Java Virtual Machine or the Java compiler that specifies the location of user-defined classes and packages. The parameter may be set either on the command-line, or through an environment variable.
Overview and architecture
Similar to the classic dynamic loading behavior, when executing Java programs, the Java Virtual Machine finds and loads classes lazily (it loads the bytecode of a class only when the class is first used). The classpath tells Java where to look in the filesystem for files defining these classes.
The virtual machine searches for and loads classes in this order:
bootstrap classes: the classes that are fundamental to the Java Platform (comprising the public classes of the Java Class Library, and the private classes that are necessary for this library to be functional).
extension classes: packages that are in the extension directory of the Java Runtime Environment or JDK, jre/lib/ext/
user-defined packages and libraries
By default only the packages of the JDK standard API and extension packages are accessible without needing to set where to find them. The path for all user-defined packages and libraries must be set in the command-line (or in the Manifest associated with the Jar file containing the classes).
Setting the path to execute Java programs
Supplying as application argument
Suppose we have a package called org.mypackage containing the classes:
HelloWorld (main class)
SupportClass
UtilClass
and the files defi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwa%20%282006%20film%29
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Fatwa is a 2006 American dramatic thriller film starring Lauren Holly.
Plot
Junior Senator Maggie Davidson's hard-line anti-terrorism policy makes her the target for a sleeper cell of murderous Jihadist terrorists who plant a dirty bomb at the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota.
Cast
Lauren Holly as Maggie Davidson
Lacey Chabert as Noa Goldman
John Doman as John Davidson
Roger Guenveur Smith as Samir Al-Faied
Angus Macfadyen as Bobby
Rachel Miner as Cassie Davidson
Jayson Warner Smith as Teacher
References
External links
American action thriller films
American political thriller films
Films about terrorism in the United States
Films about jihadism
2006 films
2006 action thriller films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronovski
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Chronovski was formed in Singapore in 2003 to create a class of affordable crystal watches. Chronovski was positioned as a name synonymous with exquisite affordably priced timepieces, manufactured under the highest standards of quality and design.
At that time, the watch market was dominated by bling culture, facilitated by 3 trends.
The hip-hop culture led by rapstars such as Beyoncé, Eminem and Jay-Z.
The rightist/conservative movement towards bling culture where consumers styled themselves like monarchs decked in diamonds.
A mass market movement to diamond watches as a way to portray affluence.
Sensing that the market was in need of a quality quartz watch brand that could cater to the mass market, Chronovski proceeded to launch sub $100–200 crystal encrusted watches. "In an attempt to make time-reading exciting again, Chronovski watches often came with flashy and glittery designs.
In the years 2004 to 2010, Chronovski managed to distribute half a million pieces of watches and ride on the bling culture. Norway was the largest market, followed by USA, Sweden, Denmark, UK and Australia.
2008's Lehman Bros collapse decimated the bling-bling trend. What was seen as opulent excesses of Wall Street was frowned upon and the fashion trend shifted away from bling culture.
Most importantly, the rise of smartphones and its replacement of watches as time-keeping devices hit Chronovski badly in the early 2010s.
In 2012, the legacy of watch-making came to an end for the compa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Acetylaspartic%20acid
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N-Acetylaspartic acid, or ''N''-acetylaspartate (NAA), is a derivative of aspartic acid with a formula of C6H9NO5 and a molecular weight of 175.139.
NAA is the second-most-concentrated molecule in the brain after the amino acid glutamate. It is detected in the adult brain in neurons, oligodendrocytes and myelin and is synthesized in the mitochondria from the amino acid aspartic acid and acetyl-coenzyme A.
Function
The various functions served by NAA are under investigation, but the primary proposed functions include:
Neuronal osmolyte that is involved in fluid balance in the brain
Source of acetate for lipid and myelin synthesis in oligodendrocytes, the glial cells that myelinate neuronal axons
Precursor for the synthesis of the neuronal dipeptide N-Acetylaspartylglutamate
Contributor to energy production from the amino acid glutamate in neuronal mitochondria
In the brain, NAA was thought to be present predominantly in neuronal cell bodies, where it acts as a neuronal marker, but it is also free to diffuse throughout neuronal fibers.
Applications
However, the recent discovery of a higher concentration of NAA in myelin and oligodendrocytes than in neurons raises questions about the validity of the use of NAA as a neuronal marker. NAA gives off the largest signal in magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the human brain. The levels measured there are decreased in numerous neuropathological conditions ranging from brain injury to stroke to Alzheimer's disease. This fact
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartoacylase
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Aspartoacylase is a hydrolytic enzyme (, also called aminoacylase II, ASPA and other names) that in humans is encoded by the ASPA gene. ASPA catalyzes the deacylation of N-acetyl-l-aspartate (N-acetylaspartate) into aspartate and acetate. It is a zinc-dependent hydrolase that promotes the deprotonation of water to use as a nucleophile in a mechanism analogous to many other zinc-dependent hydrolases. It is most commonly found in the brain, where it controls the levels of N-acetyl-l-aspartate. Mutations that result in loss of aspartoacylase activity are associated with Canavan disease, a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease.
Structure
Aspartoacylase is a dimer of two identical monomers of 313 amino acids and uses a zinc cofactor in each. There are two distinct domains in each monomer: the N-terminal domain from residues 1-212 and the C-terminal domain from residues 213–313. The N-terminal domain of aspartoacylase is similar to that of zinc-dependent hydrolases such as carboxypeptidaseA. However, carboxypeptidases do not have something similar to the C-domain. In carboxypeptidase A, the active site is accessible to large substrates like the bulky C-terminal residue of polypeptides, whereas the C-domain sterically hinders access to the active site in aspartoacylase. Instead, the N-domain and C-domain of aspartoacylase form a deep narrow channel that leads to the active site.
The zinc cofactor is found at the active site and is held by Glu-24, His-21, and His 11
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAPACK%2B%2B
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LAPACK++, the Linear Algebra PACKage in C++, is a computer software library of algorithms for numerical linear algebra that solves systems of linear equations and eigenvalue problems.
It supports various matrix classes for vectors, non-symmetric matrices, SPD matrices, symmetric matrices, banded, triangular, and tridiagonal matrices. However, it does not include all of the capabilities of original LAPACK library.
History
The original LAPACK++ (up to v1.1a) was written by R. Pozo et al. at the University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
In 2000, R. Pozo et al. left the project, with the projects' web page stating LAPACK++ would be superseded by the Template Numerical Toolkit (TNT).
The current LAPACK++ (versions 1.9 onwards) started off as a fork from the original LAPACK++. There are extensive fixes and changes, such as more wrapper functions for LAPACK and BLAS routines.
See also
List of numerical analysis software
List of numerical libraries
External links
old LAPACK++ Homepage (version 1.1a)
new LAPACK++ Homepage (versions 1.9 onwards)
C++ numerical libraries
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn%20L%C3%B3pez-Zubero
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Martín López-Zubero Purcell (born April 23, 1969), also known as Martin Zubero, is a former competition swimmer and Olympic gold medalist. López-Zubero was born in the United States, swam in international competition for Spain, and holds dual Spanish-American citizenship.
Early years
López-Zubero was born in Jacksonville, Florida in 1969. His father Jose was born in Zaragoza, Spain, but came to the United States to study medicine. López-Zubero grew up as a member of a swimming family. His older brother, David López-Zubero, won the bronze medal in the 100-meter butterfly swimming for Spain at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
López-Zubero attended The Bolles School, a preparatory school in Jacksonville, and trained under coach Gregg Troy while swimming for the Bolles Bulldogs high school swim team. He graduated from the Bolles School in 1987.
College swimming career
His older brother David and sister Julia swam for the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, and Lopez-Zubero accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the university, where he swam for coach Randy Reese and coach Skip Foster's Florida Gators swimming and diving teams from 1988 to 1991. While swimming for the Gators, he won four NCAA championships—the 200-meter individual medley, the 400-meter medley relay, and twice in the 200-meter backstroke—and received fifteen All-American honors. After his college swimming career, he trained under coach Ron Ballatore as a member of the Florida Aquatic Swim Team
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman%20Carr
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Herman Y. Carr (November 28, 1924 – April 9, 2008), who published as H. Y. Carr, was an American physicist and pioneer of magnetic resonance imaging.
Carr was born in Alliance, Ohio, where he was an Alliance High School graduate in January 1943; he later was inducted into their Hall of Fame. He served in the army as a sergeant in the 12th Weather Squadron Air Corps during World War II in Italy.
After the war he received a Harvard National Scholarship from Harvard University and graduated summa cum laude in 1948 and also earned his master's degree in 1949 and a Ph.D. in physics in 1953 from Harvard University. His doctorate thesis, published in 1952, described the first techniques for using gradients in magnetic fields and is the first example of magnetic resonance imaging. He later moved to Rutgers University, where he was professor. Carr became professor emeritus in 1987 and was actively involved in the area of MRI with studies up until his death.
In 2003 the Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to Paul C. Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield for their work on MRI. There was some controversy when Carr was not awarded the prize jointly with Lauterbur and Mansfield. See Nobel Prize controversies.
Ten years before the Nobel announcement, Carr wrote to Physics Today noting that both his 1952 demonstration of use of magnetic gradients for spatial localization and his actual demonstration of 1-D "imaging" had been overlooked by the radiologist Felix Wehrli in a 1992 article. In a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic%20gene%20modulation
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Therapeutic gene modulation refers to the practice of altering the expression of a gene at one of various stages, with a view to alleviate some form of ailment. It differs from gene therapy in that gene modulation seeks to alter the expression of an endogenous gene (perhaps through the introduction of a gene encoding a novel modulatory protein) whereas gene therapy concerns the introduction of a gene whose product aids the recipient directly.
Modulation of gene expression can be mediated at the level of transcription by DNA-binding agents (which may be artificial transcription factors), small molecules, or synthetic oligonucleotides. It may also be mediated post-transcriptionally through RNA interference.
Transcriptional gene modulation
An approach to therapeutic modulation utilizes agents that modulate endogenous transcription by specifically targeting those genes at the gDNA level. The advantage to this approach over modulation at the mRNA or protein level is that every cell contains only a single gDNA copy. Thus the target copy number is significantly lower allowing the drugs to theoretically be administered at much lower doses.
This approach also offers several advantages over traditional gene therapy. Directly targeting endogenous transcription should yield correct relative expression of splice variants. In contrast, traditional gene therapy typically introduces a gene which can express only one transcript, rather than a set of stoichiometrically-expressed spliced t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic%20distribution
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The hyperbolic distribution is a continuous probability distribution characterized by the logarithm of the probability density function being a hyperbola. Thus the distribution decreases exponentially, which is more slowly than the normal distribution. It is therefore suitable to model phenomena where numerically large values are more probable than is the case for the normal distribution. Examples are returns from financial assets and turbulent wind speeds. The hyperbolic distributions form a subclass of the generalised hyperbolic distributions.
The origin of the distribution is the observation by Ralph Bagnold, published in his book The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes (1941), that the logarithm of the histogram of the empirical size distribution of sand deposits tends to form a hyperbola. This observation was formalised mathematically by Ole Barndorff-Nielsen in a paper in 1977, where he also introduced the generalised hyperbolic distribution, using the fact the a hyperbolic distribution is a random mixture of normal distributions.
References
Continuous distributions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20biodiversity%20databases
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This is a list of biodiversity databases. Biodiversity databases store taxonomic information alone or more commonly also other information like distribution (spatial) data and ecological data, which provide information on the biodiversity of a particular area or group of living organisms. They may store specimen-level information, species-level information, information on nomenclature, or any combination of the above. Most are available online.
Specimen-focused databases contain data about individual specimens, as represented by vouchered museum specimens, collections of specimen photographs, data on field-based specimen observations and morphological or genetic data. Species-focused databases contain information summarised at the species-level. Some species-focused databases attempt to compile comprehensive data about particular species (FishBase), while others focus on particular species attributes, such as checklists of species in a given area (FEOW) or the conservation status of species (CITES or IUCN Red List). Nomenclators act as summaries of taxonomic revisions and set a key between specimen-focused and species-focused databases. They do this because taxonomic revisions use specimen data to determine species limits.
See also
Taxonomic database
Biodiversity informatics
Global biodiversity
References
External links
List of species databases at the Catalogue of Life
List of biodiversity databases at Biodiversity Tools
Databases
Biodiversity databases
Biologi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Bailey%20%28statistician%29
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Philip Jonathan Bailey (born 10 June 1953) is an English cricket statistician. He was educated at Eltham College and Cambridge University.
He is the chief statistician and records compiler for Wisden Cricketers' Almanack and contributes the career records section to Playfair Cricket Annual. He has previously worked for the Cricinfo website and for CricketArchive. He is a co-author of The Who's Who of Cricketers published by Hamlyn in 1993.
Bailey is acknowledged to be one of the major cricket statisticians of his generation. Wisden editor Matthew Engel credits him with taking "this abstruse branch of science to levels that in other fields win Nobel Prizes".
References
1953 births
Living people
People from Essex
People from Orpington
Cricket historians and writers
People educated at Eltham College
Cricket statisticians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap%20formation
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When molecules on the surface of a motile eukaryotic cell are crosslinked, they are moved to one end of the cell to form a "cap". This phenomenon, the process of which is called cap formation, was discovered in 1971 on lymphocytes and is a property of amoebae and all locomotory animal cells except sperm. The crosslinking is most easily achieved using a polyvalent antibody to a surface antigen on the cell. Cap formation can be visualised by attaching a fluorophore, such as fluorescein, to the antibody.
Steps
The antibody is bound to the cell. If the antibody is non-crosslinking (such as a Fab antibody fragment), the bound antibody is uniformly distributed. This can be done at 0 °C, room temperature, or 37 °C.
If the antibody is crosslinking and bound to the cells at 0 °C, the distribution of antibodies has a patchy appearance. These “patches” are two-dimensional precipitates of antigen-antibody complex and are quite analogous to the three-dimensional precipitates that form in solution.
If cells with patches are warmed up, the patches move to one end of the cell to form a cap. In lymphocytes, this capping process takes about 5 minutes. If carried out on cells attached to a substratum, the cap forms at the rear of the moving cell.
Capping only occurs on motile cells and is therefore believed to reflect an intrinsic property of how cells move. It is an energy dependent process and in lymphocytes is partially inhibited by cytochalasin B (which disrupts microfilaments) but unaffe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-theorem
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In quantum field theory the C-theorem states that there exists a positive real function, , depending on the coupling constants of the quantum field theory considered, , and on the energy scale, , which has the following properties:
decreases monotonically under the renormalization group (RG) flow.
At fixed points of the RG flow, which are specified by a set of fixed-point couplings , the function is a constant, independent of energy scale.
The theorem formalizes the notion that theories at high energies have more degrees of freedom than theories at low energies and that information is lost as we flow from the former to the latter.
Two-dimensional case
Alexander Zamolodchikov proved in 1986 that two-dimensional quantum field theory always has such a C-function. Moreover, at fixed points of the RG flow, which correspond to conformal field theories, Zamolodchikov's C-function is equal to the central charge of the corresponding conformal field theory, which lends the name C to the theorem.
Four-dimensional case: A-theorem
John Cardy in 1988 considered the possibility to generalise C-theorem to higher-dimensional quantum field theory. He conjectured that in four spacetime dimensions, the quantity behaving monotonically under renormalization group flows, and thus playing the role analogous to the central charge in two dimensions, is a certain anomaly coefficient which came to be denoted as .
For this reason, the analog of the C-theorem in four dimensions is called the A-the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Paine%20%28civil%20servant%29
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George Paine CB DFC (14 April 1918 – 2 March 1992) (known as "Toby") was a statistician in the British Civil Service. He rose to become Director of Statistics and Intelligence at the Inland Revenue, Registrar General of England and Wales, and Director of Office of Population Censuses and Surveys from November 1972.
He was born in Kent and was schooled at home, Ovingdean Hall School and Bradfield College before attending Peterhouse, Cambridge.
He navigated in De Havilland Mosquitos during World War II and earned a DFC. He took early retirement in 1978. to farm in Wiltshire.
Honours and awards
19 September 1944 – Flying Office Robert Lyle James Barbour (125456), RAFVR, 264 Sqn. Flying Officer George Paine (129167), RAFVR, 264 Sqn. Have been awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) – These officers have completed very many sorties as pilot and observer respectively. They have displayed great skill and co-operation and have destroyed 3 enemy aircraft at night. Their keenness and devotion to duty have been most commendable.
15 June 1974 – George Paine, DFC, Director of the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys and Registar General of England and Wales is appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath
References
Philip Redfern, "Obituary: George ('Toby') Paine CB, DFC, 1918-92", Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society) 156 (1993), pp. 121–122
1918 births
1992 deaths
English statisticians
People educated at Bradfield College
Recipien
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSCAN
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FSCAN is a disk scheduling algorithm to determine the motion of the disk's arm and head in servicing read and write requests.
It uses two sub-queues. During the scan, all of the requests are in the first queue and all new requests are put into the second queue. Thus, service of new requests is deferred until all of the old requests have been processed. When the scan ends, the arm is taken to the first queue entries and is started all over again.
Analysis
FSCAN along with N-Step-SCAN prevents "arm stickiness" unlike SSTF, SCAN, and C-SCAN. Arm stickiness in those other algorithms occurs when a stream of requests for the same track causes the disk arm to stop progressing at that track, preferring to satisfy the no-seek requests for the track it is on. Because FSCAN separates requests into two queues, with new requests going into a waiting queue, the arm continues its sweep to the outer track and is therefore not "sticky." There is an obvious trade-off in that the requests in the waiting queue must wait longer to be fulfilled, but in exchange FSCAN is more fair to all requests.
Variations
There can be multiple variations of this algorithm. Instead of using just 2 queues, one can use N queues (with N greater than 2). The benefit of using N queues is there would be limited number of entries in a given queue and hence the reference string queue would take lesser time to get completed. Hence, the queues will get swiped faster which in turn improves the responding time of algori
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundo%20de%20Cristal
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Mundo de Cristal (English: Crystal World) is the second studio album by Mexican singer Thalía, released in Mexico on 26 September 1991, by Fonovisa Records. It was Thalía's second and last album to be produced by Alfredo Díaz Ordaz, who was her boyfriend at that time and died of hepatitis in 1993. Mundo de Cristal was certified 2× Gold in Mexico for shipments of 200,000 units. The most successful singles from the album were "Sudor", "En La Intimidad" and "Fuego Cruzado". To celebrate Thalía's 25th anniversary as a solo artist, this album is available in the digital platforms iTunes and Spotify since December 2014.
Background and production
After the success of her first studio album, which earned the artist a 2× Gold certification for more than 200,000 copies sold in less than a year, the singer was exhausted with the album promotion. Furthermore, her dissatisfaction with the countless criticisms received for her new rebellious and sensual image was notable. The singer went into depression and came to think about stop singing. Her mother Yolanda and her boyfriend Alfredo Díaz convinced her to take a vacation in Los Angeles and at that time, Alfredo proposed to marry her. The singer refuses the request but feels she was ready to continue with her musical career.
The twelve songs of this album were produced by Alfredo Díaz Ordaz, who also produced Thalía. Four songs of Mundo de Cristal were originally written for Thalía's debut album: "Sudor", "Me Matas", "Jollie Madame" and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murano%20beads
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Murano beads are intricate glass beads influenced by Venetian glass artists.
Since 1291, Murano glassmakers have refined technologies for producing beads and glasswork such as crystalline glass, enamelled glass (smalto), glass with threads of gold (aventurine), multicolored glass (millefiori), milk glass (lattimo) and imitation gemstones made of glass.
Color
The process of Murano bead-making begins with the production of color canes. The chemical compounds involved in color fabrication are extremely sensitive so they must be mixed with absolute accuracy. Aquamarine is created through the use of copper and cobalt, and ruby red is achieved through the use of a gold solution as a coloring agent.
Lampworked beads
Most Murano beads are made using an air pump burner lampworking or torch and mandrel technique. Once the mandrel was made by using an iron rod covered with a release material stuck on the top of the rod; now a copper tube has taken its place. The copper tube helps make many other different shapes.
The lamp-work method is the most time-consuming method of glass bead-making, as each bead must be formed individually. Using a torch for heat, Murano glass rods and tubes are heated to a molten state and wrapped around a metal rod until the desired shape is achieved. Several layers of different colored glass, as well as gold and silver leaf, are used to produce the desired effect. After the bead is slowly cooled, it is removed from the rod, resulting in a hole for eventua
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsuma%20Dan
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was a Japanese embryologist and cell biologist. He was born in 1904 in Tokyo, the youngest son of Baron Dan Takuma, president of the Mitsui Gomei Kaisha Corporation. Takuma Dan was educated in the United States, graduating from MIT in 1878. He was one of the first foreign students to be educated at MIT and later, as president of the Japan Steel Works, he initiated and maintained close research ties with The Institute.
After receiving his undergraduate degree in Japan, Katsuma Dan also came to the United States where he studied embryology with Prof. L.V. Heilbrunn at the University of Pennsylvania. In addition Dan worked and studied at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole (MBL) from 1931 to 1934, and later in 1936. It was here that he met his future wife (and longtime scientific collaborator) Jean M. Clark (1910–1978). Clark, who was also a student of Heilbrunn's, studied fertilization in marine invertebrates. The couple raised five children. They also maintained lasting ties to the MBL and returned often in later years as summer researchers and lecturers in embryology.
In March 1932, while Dan was studying at the MBL, his father was assassinated in Japan by ultra-nationalist radicals in the 'League of Blood Incident'. Katsuma Dan returned to Japan in the late 1930s and worked at the Misaki Marine Biological Station in Morioso Bay. He and his students maintained a remarkable degree of scientific productivity during World War II. His spirit is reflected in a letter
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achterbahn%20%28stream%20cipher%29
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In cryptography, Achterbahn is the name of a synchronous stream cipher algorithm submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
In the final specification the cipher is called ACHTERBAHN-128/80, because it supports the key lengths of 80 bits and 128 bits, respectively.
Achterbahn was developed by Berndt Gammel, Rainer Göttfert and Oliver Kniffler.
Achterbahn means rollercoaster (in German), though a literal translation of the term would be eight-track, which indicates that the cipher can encrypt eight bit streams in parallel.
The parameters of the cipher are given in the following table:
ACHTERBAHN-128 is downward compatible and can produce the same keystream as ACHTERBAHN-80 if so desired. The keystream generator of ACHTERBAHN-128/80 is based on the design principle of the nonlinear combination generator, however it deploys primitive nonlinear feedback shift registers (NLFSR) instead of linear ones (LFSR).
Security
There are no known cryptanalytic attacks against ACHTERBAHN-128/80 for the tabulated parameters that are faster than brute force attack.
Recent analysis showed that attacks are possible if larger frame (packet) lengths are used in a communication protocol.
The cipher's authors recommend a maximum frame length of 244 bits. This value does however not imply practical limitations.
Performance
The ACHTERBAHN-128/80 stream cipher is optimized for hardware applications with restricted resources, such as limited gate count and power consumption. An imple
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussau%20Island
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Mussau Island is the largest island of St Matthias Islands, Papua New Guinea, at . It is currently part of the New Ireland Province of Papua New Guinea. The island is a noted biodiversity hotspot with pristine primeval rainforest covering most of Mussau's hilly landscape. The island has over 243 endemic plant species as well as at least 47 native butterfly species.
References
https://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/mapsonline/base-maps/mussau-island
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280134331_A
External links
OrchidsPNG.com
Islands of Papua New Guinea
Bismarck Archipelago
New Ireland Province
Volcanoes of Papua New Guinea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CryptMT
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In cryptography, CryptMT is a stream cipher algorithm which internally uses the Mersenne twister. It was developed by Makoto Matsumoto, Mariko Hagita, Takuji Nishimura and Mutsuo Saito and is patented. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM project of the eCRYPT network.
In that submission to eSTREAM, the authors also included another cipher named Fubuki, which also uses the Mersenne twister.
External links
eStream page on CryptMT
CryptMT author's page
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECIM
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In cryptography, DECIM is a stream cypher algorithm designed by Come Berbain, Olivier Billet, Anne Canteaut, Nicolas Courtois, Blandine Debraize, Henri Gilbert, Louis Goubin, Aline Gouget, Louis Granboulan, Cédric Lauradoux, Marine Minier, Thomas Pornin and Hervé Sibert.
DECIM algorithm was partly patented but its authors wished for it to remain freely available. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
History
DECIM was announced in 2005. In 2006 two flaws were identified which could leave the encypted ciphertext vulnerable to attack. A revised version of cipher, DECIM v2, as well as a 128-bit security version were developed, both proving vulnerable to attack.
References
Footnotes
Sources
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DICING
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In cryptography, DICING is a stream cypher algorithm developed by Li An-Ping. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
References
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-FCSR
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In cryptography, F-FCSR is a stream cipher developed by Thierry Berger, François Arnault, and Cédric Lauradoux. The core of the cipher is a Feedback with Carry Shift Register (FCSR) automaton, which is similar to a LFSR, but they perform operations with carries so their transition function is nonlinear.
F-FCSR was one of the eight algorithms selected for the eCRYPT network's eSTREAM Portfolio, but it was later removed because further analysis showed weaknesses.
References
Broken stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes8
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In cryptography, Hermes8 is the name of a stream cypher algorithm designed by Ulrich Kaiser. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network. It has been classified as an 'archive' algorithm and will not be further considered.
Security
In the paper "An Analysis of the Hermes8 Stream Ciphers" the authors claim, 'an attack on the latest version of the cipher (Hermes8F), which requires very few known keystream bytes and recovers the cipher's secret key in less than a second on a normal PC'.
References
"An Analysis of the Hermes8 Stream Ciphers" paper by Steve Babbage et al.
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSQUITO
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In cryptography, MOSQUITO was a stream cipher algorithm designed by Joan Daemen and Paris Kitsos. It was submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network. After the initial design was broken by Joux and Muller, a tweaked version named MOUSTIQUE was proposed which made it to Phase 3 of the eSTREAM evaluation process as the only self-synchronizing cipher remaining. However, MOUSTIQUE was subsequently broken by Käsper et al., leaving the design of a secure and efficient self-synchronising stream cipher as an open research problem.
Cryptographic algorithms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLS%20%28cipher%29
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In cryptography, NLS is a stream cypher algorithm designed by Gregory Rose, Philip Hawkes, Michael Paddon, and Miriam Wiggers de Vries. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20Bear%20%28cipher%29
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In cryptography, Polar Bear is a stream cypher algorithm designed by Johan Håstad and Mats Näslund. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
External links
Polar Bear eStream submission
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFINKS
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Sfinks (Polish for "Sphynx") was also the initial name of the Janusz A. Zajdel Award
In cryptography, SFINKS is a stream cypher algorithm developed by An Braeken, Joseph Lano, Nele Mentens, Bart Preneel, and Ingrid Verbauwhede. It includes a message authentication code. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
Stream ciphers
Cryptography
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSC-3
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In cryptography, TSC-3 is a stream cypher algorithm developed by Jin Hong, Dong Hoon Lee, Yongjin Yeom, Daewan Han, and Seongtaek Chee. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WG%20%28cipher%29
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In cryptography, WG is a stream cypher algorithm developed by Guang Gong and Yassir Nawaz. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamb
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In cryptography, Yamb is a stream cypher algorithm developed by LAN Crypto. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
External links
Archived eSTREAM Phase 1 page for Yamb
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frogbit%20%28cipher%29
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In cryptography, Frogbit is a stream cypher algorithm developed by Thierry Moreau and is patented. It includes a message authentication code feature. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network. It has not been selected as a focus algorithm nor for Phase 2; it has been 'archived'.
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAG%20%28cipher%29
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In cryptography, MAG is stream cipher algorithm developed by Rade Vuckovac. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network. It has not been selected for focus, nor for consideration in Phase 2; it has been 'archived'.
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-1
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In cryptography, Mir-1 is a software-oriented stream cypher algorithm developed by Alexander Maximov. The algorithm was submitted to the eSTREAM project of the eCRYPT network in 2005. Mir-1 is named after the Russian space station Mir.
Mir-1 uses a multiword T-function with four 64-bit words. The data in each word is processed, generating a keystream. Its key size is 128 bits, and its IV is 64 bits.
The designer claimed that Mir-1 had a security level of 2128, i.e., that it could not be "broken" faster than an exhaustive search. At SASC 2006, a successful key-recovery attack on Mir-1 was shown. Maximov did not dispute the attack, and the algorithm was archived after Phase 1 by the eSTREAM committee.
References
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSS%20%28cipher%29
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In cryptography, SSS is a stream cypher algorithm developed by Gregory Rose, Philip Hawkes, Michael Paddon, and Miriam Wiggers de Vries. It includes a message authentication code feature. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network. It has not selected for focus nor for consideration during Phase 2; it has been 'archived'.
References
Stream ciphers
Message authentication codes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRBDK3%20YAEA
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In cryptography, TRBDK3 YAEA is a stream cypher algorithm developed by Timothy Brigham. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network. It has not been selected for focus nor for consideration during at Phase 2; it has been 'archived'.
References
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJCSG
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In cryptography, CJCSG is a stream cypher algorithm developed by Cees Jansen and Alexander Kolosha. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network. It has been classified as an archival algorithm and will not be further considered.
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC%20%28stream%20cipher%29
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In cryptography, ABC is a stream cypher algorithm developed by Vladimir Anashin, Andrey Bogdanov, Ilya Kizhvatov, and Sandeep Kumar. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
References
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysorthography
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Dysorthography is a disorder of spelling which accompanies dyslexia by a direct consequence of the phonological disorder.
In the American classification from the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and the classification from the World Health Organization (WHO), it is a subtype of specific learning disorder with impairment in written expression.
A related term, dysgraphia, is a disorder of writing ability.
See also
Neurolinguistics
Orthography
Dyslexia
References
Neurodevelopmental disorders
Writing
Learning disabilities
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterostatin
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Enterostatin is a pentapeptide derived from a proenzyme in the gastrointestinal tract called procolipase. It reduces food intake, in particular fat intake, when given peripherally or into the brain.
Function
Enterostatin is created in the intestine by pancreatic procolipase, the other colipase serving as an obligatory cofactor for pancreatic lipase during fat digestion. Enterostatin can be created in the gastric mucosa and the mucosal epithelia in the small intestine. An increased high fat diets will cause the procolipase gene transcription and enterostatin to release into the gastrointestinal lumen. Enterostatin appears in the lymph and circulation after a meal. Enterostatin has been shown to selectively reduce fat intake during a normal meal. The testing has been successful with different species.
Signaling pathway
The signaling pathway of the peripheral mechanism uses afferent vagal to hypothalamic centers. The central responses are mediated through a pathway including serotonergic and opioidergic components. Inveterately, enterostatin cuts fat intake, bodyweight, and body fat. This reaction may involve multiple metabolic effects of enterostatin, which include a decrease of insulin secretion, a growth in sympathetic drive to brown adipose tissue, and the stimulation of adrenal corticosteroid secretion. A possible pathophysiological role is indicated by studies that have associated low enterostatin output and/or responsiveness to breeds of rat that become obese and prefe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour%20of%20Utah
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The Larry H. Miller Tour of Utah, was an annual multi-day road cycling race; traversing the states of Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming. Since the 2011 edition, the tour holds UCI classification (currently as 2.HC). Between five and six UCI WorldTeams compete annually.
History
The Tour of Utah began in 2000, as an amateur race. It was originally called the Thanksgiving Point Stage Race. It received its present name in 2004. Originally organized by cycling enthusiasts, the race was purchased by the Larry H. Miller Group of Companies, Larry H. Miller's holding company, in 2007. The tour received UCI classification (2.2) in 2006. However, the 2007 edition was postponed due to lack of sponsorship.
The 2008 and 2009 editions subsequently returned to United States National Racing Calendar. After the 2010 edition, the Tour of Utah was placed in the UCI America Tour, and regained UCI classification (2.1). Five UCI ProTeams were among the sixteen teams competing in the 2011 and 2013 editions, and six were among the seventeen teams competing in the 2012 edition. In the 2014 edition, six of the sixteen teams were UCI ProTeams. In 2015, the Tour rating was elevated to 2.HC, one of the few UCI-sanctioned, multi-stage, pro cycling events in North America.
In 2010, only 71 of the initial 140 riders finished. After receiving 2.1 status in 2011, a stronger field participated; 88 of the initial 120 competitors finished. In September 2014, it was announced that the race was promoted to 2.HC status,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0entrupert
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Šentrupert (; ) is a village in the traditional Lower Carniola region in southeastern Slovenia. In the past it was the cultural and economical centre of the Mirna Valley, but after the railway line bypassed the town the centre shifted to nearby Mirna. It is the seat of the Municipality of Šentrupert.
Name
The name Šentrupert means 'Saint Rupert', referring to the local parish church. After the Second World War, there was an initiative by the new communist government to remove religious elements from toponyms (cf. Brecljevo, Podbočje, Podnanos, etc.). A proposal was made for Šentrupert to be renamed Dolenjski paradiž (literally, 'Lower Carniola paradise'), but it was not carried through.
Landmarks
Parish church
The local parish church is dedicated to Saint Rupert and belongs to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novo Mesto. It was first mentioned in written documents dating to 1163 and was restyled in the early 15th century.
Hayrack museum
Starting in 2011, the Municipality of Šentrupert has built the first ever open-air museum of hayracks in the southern part of the village. The museum started operating in June 2013. The collection, named "The Land of Hayracks" (), covers and includes 18 drying devices, among them 17 hayracks, with the oldest preserved from 1795, and presents all types of hayrack. The main organiser has been Rupert Gole, the Mayor of Šentrupert. The museum, which also serves as a place of cultural events, has been open since June 2013.
References
External
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney%20Goldstein
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Sydney Goldstein FRS (3 December 1903, Kingston upon Hull – 22 January 1989, Cambridge, MA) was a British mathematician noted for his contribution to fluid dynamics. He is described as: "... one of those who most influenced progress in fluid dynamics during the 20th century."
He was especially known for his work on steady-flow laminar boundary-layer equations and on the turbulent resistance to rotation of a disk in a fluid. Goldstein was extremely knowledgeable on aerodynamics and his work had a significant impact in that area.
Early life
Goldstein was born into the Jewish community of Hull, where his family ran a furniture store. After his mother died he moved to live with an aunt and attended Bede Collegiate School in Sunderland. At the University of Leeds in 1921 he studied mathematics, but was to move to St John's College, Cambridge, graduating from the Mathematical Tripos in 1925 and gaining the Smith's Prize in 1927. He was awarded an Isaac Newton Studentship to continue research in applied mathematics under Harold Jeffreys. His 1928 PhD thesis was entitled The Theory And Application Of Mathieu Functions.
Career
He was appointed Rockefeller Research Fellow and spent a year working in University of Göttingen. In 1929 he became a fellow of St John's College but later the same year was appointed to a lectureship in Mathematics at the University of Manchester. At Manchester the influence of Osborne Reynolds and Horace Lamb in fluid dynamics was still felt there and had
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxation%20%28approximation%29
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In mathematical optimization and related fields, relaxation is a modeling strategy. A relaxation is an approximation of a difficult problem by a nearby problem that is easier to solve. A solution of the relaxed problem provides information about the original problem.
For example, a linear programming relaxation of an integer programming problem removes the integrality constraint and so allows non-integer rational solutions. A Lagrangian relaxation of a complicated problem in combinatorial optimization penalizes violations of some constraints, allowing an easier relaxed problem to be solved. Relaxation techniques complement or supplement branch and bound algorithms of combinatorial optimization; linear programming and Lagrangian relaxations are used to obtain bounds in branch-and-bound algorithms for integer programming.
The modeling strategy of relaxation should not be confused with iterative methods of relaxation, such as successive over-relaxation (SOR); iterative methods of relaxation are used in solving problems in differential equations, linear least-squares, and linear programming. However, iterative methods of relaxation have been used to solve Lagrangian relaxations.
Definition
A relaxation of the minimization problem
is another minimization problem of the form
with these two properties
for all .
The first property states that the original problem's feasible domain is a subset of the relaxed problem's feasible domain. The second property states that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian%20relaxation
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In the field of mathematical optimization, Lagrangian relaxation is a relaxation method which approximates a difficult problem of constrained optimization by a simpler problem. A solution to the relaxed problem is an approximate solution to the original problem, and provides useful information.
The method penalizes violations of inequality constraints using a Lagrange multiplier, which imposes a cost on violations. These added costs are used instead of the strict inequality constraints in the optimization. In practice, this relaxed problem can often be solved more easily than the original problem.
The problem of maximizing the Lagrangian function of the dual variables (the Lagrangian multipliers) is the Lagrangian dual problem.
Mathematical description
Suppose we are given a linear programming problem, with and , of the following form:
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"
|-
|max
|
|
|-
|s.t.
|-
|
|
|
|}
If we split the constraints in such that ,
and we may write the system:
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"
|-
|max
|
|
|-
|s.t.
|-
|(1)
|
|
|-
|(2)
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|
|}
We may introduce the constraint (2) into the objective:
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"
|-
|max
|
|
|-
|s.t.
|-
|(1)
|
|
|}
If we let be nonnegative
weights, we get penalized if we violate the constraint (2), and we are also rewarded if we satisfy the constraint strictly. The above
system is called the Lagrangian relaxation of our original problem.
The LR solution as a bound
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uromodulin
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Uromodulin (UMOD), also known as Tamm–Horsfall protein (THP), is a Zona pellucida-like domain-containing glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the UMOD gene. Uromodulin is the most abundant protein excreted in ordinary urine.
Gene
The human UMOD gene is located on chromosome 16. While several transcript variants may exist for this gene, the full-length natures of only two have been described to date. These two represent the major variants of this gene and encode the same isoform.
Protein
THP is a GPI-anchored glycoprotein. It is not derived from blood plasma but is produced by the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle of the mammalian kidney. While the monomeric molecule has a MW of approximately 85 kDa, it is physiologically present in urine in large aggregates of up to several million Da. When this protein is concentrated at low pH, it forms a gel. Uromodulin represents the most abundant protein in normal human urine (results based on MSMS determinations). It is the matrix of urinary casts derived from the secretion of renal tubular cells.
Structure
Uromodulin consists of an EGF domain (EGF I); two calcium-binding EGF domains (EGF II, III); a cysteine-rich decoy module consisting of a β-hairpin and a D10C domain (previously referred to as D8C); a fourth EGF domain; and a C-terminal bipartite Zona pellucida-like (ZP) module consisting of ZP-N and ZP-C domains separated by an interdomain linker. The ZP domain polymerizes into filaments, with protruding arms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current%20Opinion%20in%20Cell%20Biology
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Current Opinion in Cell Biology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier covering all aspects of cell biology including genetics, cell communication, and metabolism. It was established in 1998 and is part of the Elsevier Current Opinion series of journals. The editors-in-chief are Tom Mistley (National Institutes of Health) and Anne Ridley.
The journal has a 2018 impact factor of 8.233.
References
External links
Molecular and cellular biology journals
Elsevier academic journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20Mates%20%28play%29
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Cell Mates is a play by Simon Gray. It opened at the Albery Theatre, London on 16 February 1995, starring Stephen Fry and Rik Mayall, with Gray himself directing. Despite having performed successfully for several weeks during the pre-London warm-up dates in Guildford and Watford then at the Richmond Theatre, Fry left the West End production after three days. His understudy, Mark Anderson, stepped in, until Fry was replaced by Simon Ward. Nevertheless, the production closed on 25 March 1995.
Later in 1995, Gray released an autobiographical account of the production, called Fat Chance. It was published by Faber and Faber.
The play was revived at the Hampstead Theatre in December 2017, in a new production directed by Edward Hall and starring Geoffrey Streatfeild as George Blake.
Plot
The play concerns George Blake, who has been convicted for spying for the Russians and sentenced to forty-two years' imprisonment, and a fellow prisoner, Sean Bourke. Bourke helps Blake escape to Moscow, after which Blake does not want to let Bourke leave Moscow to return to his native Ireland.
Controversy
In 1995, Stephen Fry famously walked out of the play near the start of its West End run, after his performance received a bad review in the Financial Times. It was reported at the time that he suffered an attack of stage fright, but he has since disclosed that it was bipolar disorder. Fry walked out of the production for good, leaving only an apology, and provoking its early closure.
Simon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transflective%20liquid-crystal%20display
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A transflective liquid-crystal display is a liquid-crystal display (LCD) with an optical layer that reflects and transmits light (transflective is a portmanteau of transmissive and reflective). Under bright illumination (e.g. when exposed to daylight) the display acts mainly as a reflective display with the contrast being constant with illuminance. However, under dim and dark ambient situations the light from a backlight is transmitted through the transflective layer to provide light for the display. The transflective layer is called a transflector. It is typically made from a sheet polymer. It is similar to a one-way mirror but is not specular.
An application is digital LCD wristwatches. In dim ambient light or at night a backlight allows reading of the display in its transmissive mode. Digital time displays in alarm clocks for bedrooms may also work this way. If they are battery-powered, the backlight may be push-button operated. The backlighting is usually dim, so that the display is comfortably readable at night. Some 21st century smartwatches such as the Pebble Smartwatch and the Amazfit Stratos also use transflective LCDs.
When an illuminance sensor is added for control of the backlight, such a transflective LCD can be read over a wide range of illuminance levels. This technique is often found in automotive instrumentation. In portable electronic devices the transflective mode of operation helps to save battery charge, since in bright environments no backlighting i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiator
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In electronics, a differentiator is a circuit designed to produce an output approximately proportional to the rate of change (the time derivative) of the input. A true differentiator cannot be physically realized, because it has infinite gain at infinite frequency. A similar effect can be achieved, however, by limiting the gain above some frequency. The differentiator circuit is essentially a high-pass filter.
An active differentiator includes some form of amplifier, while a passive differentiator is made only of resistors, capacitors and inductors.
Passive differentiator
The simple four-terminal passive circuits depicted in figure, consisting of a resistor and a capacitor, or alternatively a resistor and an inductor, behave as differentiators.
Indeed, according to Ohm's law, the voltages at the two ends of the capacitive differentiator are related by a transfer function that has a zero in the origin and a pole in − and that is consequently a good approximation of an ideal differentiator at frequencies below the natural frequency of the pole:
Similarly, the transfer function of the inductive differentiator has a zero in the origin and a pole in −.
Active differentiator
Ideal differentiator
A differentiator circuit (also known as a differentiating amplifier or inverting differentiator) consists of an ideal operational amplifier with a resistor R providing negative feedback and a capacitor C at the input, such that:
is the voltage across C (from the op amp's virtual
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probe%20card
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A probe card (commonly referred to as a DUT board) is used in automated integrated circuit testing. It is an interface between an electronic test system and a semiconductor wafer.
Use and manufacture
A probe card or DUT board is a printed circuit board (PCB), and is the interface between the integrated circuit and a test head, which in turn attaches to automatic test equipment (ATE) (or "tester"). Typically, the probe card is mechanically docked to a Wafer testing prober and electrically connected to the ATE . Its purpose is to provide an electrical path between the test system and the circuits on the wafer, thereby permitting the testing and validation of the circuits at the wafer level, usually before they are diced and packaged. It normally comprises a PCB and some form of contact elements, usually metallic.
A semiconductor manufacturer will typically require a new probe card for each new device wafer and for device shrinks (when the manufacturer reduces the size of the device while keeping its functionality) because the probe card is effectively a custom connector that takes the universal pattern of a given tester and translates the signals to connect to electrical pads on the wafer. For testing of Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) and Flash memory (FLASH) devices, these pads are typically made of aluminum and are 40–90 per side. Other devices may have flat pads, or raised bumps or pillars made of copper, copper alloys or many types of solders such as lead-tin, tin-
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic%20acid%20metabolism
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Nucleic acid metabolism is a collective term that refers to the variety of chemical reactions by which nucleic acids (DNA and/or RNA) are either synthesized or degraded. Nucleic acids are polymers (so-called "biopolymers") made up of a variety of monomers called nucleotides. Nucleotide synthesis is an anabolic mechanism generally involving the chemical reaction of phosphate, pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base. Degradation of nucleic acids is a catabolic reaction and the resulting parts of the nucleotides or nucleobases can be salvaged to recreate new nucleotides. Both synthesis and degradation reactions require multiple enzymes to facilitate the event. Defects or deficiencies in these enzymes can lead to a variety of diseases.
Synthesis of nucleotides
Nucleotides are the monomers which polymerize into nucleic acids. All nucleotides contain a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base. The bases found in nucleic acids are either purines or pyrimidines. In the more complex multicellular animals, they are both primarily produced in the liver but the two different groups are synthesized in different ways. However, all nucleotide synthesis requires the use of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) which donates the ribose and phosphate necessary to create a nucleotide.
Purine synthesis
Adenine and guanine are the two nucleotides classified as purines. In purine synthesis, PRPP is turned into inosine monophosphate, or IMP. Production of IMP from PRPP requires glutamine, glycine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geranylgeranyltransferase%20type%201
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Geranylgeranyltransferase type 1 or simply geranylgeranyltransferase is one of the three enzymes in the prenyltransferase group. In specific terms, Geranylgeranyltransferase (GGTase 1) adds a 20-carbon isoprenoid called a geranylgeranyl group to proteins bearing a CaaX motif: a four-amino acid sequence at the carboxyl terminal of a protein. Geranylgeranyltransferase inhibitors are being investigated as anti-cancer agents.
Function
Prenyltransferases, including geranylgeranyltransferase, posttranslationally modify proteins by adding an isoprenoid lipid called a prenyl group to the carboxyl terminus of the target protein. This process, called prenylation, causes prenylated proteins to become membrane-associated due to the hydrophobic nature of the prenyl group. Most prenylated proteins are involved in cellular signaling, wherein membrane association is critical for function.
Structure
Geranylgeranyltransferase contains two subunits, α and β that are encoded by the FNTA and PGGT1B genes, respectively. Both subunits are composed primarily of alpha helices. Geranylgeranyltransferase coordinates a zinc cation on its β subunit at the lip of the active site. Geranylgeranyltransferase has a hydrophobic binding pocket for geranylgeranyl diphosphate, the lipid donor molecule. All Geranylgeranyltransferase substrates invariably have a cysteine as their fourth-to-last residue. This cysteine, coordinated by the zinc, engages in an SN2 type attack on the geranylgeranyl diphosphate, dis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rab%20geranylgeranyltransferase
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Rab geranylgeranyltransferase also known as (protein) geranylgeranyltransferase II is one of the three prenyltransferases. It transfers (usually) two geranylgeranyl groups to the cystein(s) at the C-terminus of Rab proteins.
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + protein-cysteine S-geranylgeranyl-Cys-protein + diphosphate
The C-terminus of Rab proteins varies in length and sequence and is referred to as hypervariable. Thus Rab proteins do not have a consensus sequence, such as the CAAX box, which the Rab geranylgeranyltransferase can recognise. Instead Rab proteins are bound by the Rab escort protein (REP) over a more conserved region of the Rab protein and then presented to the Rab geranylgeranyltransferase.
Once Rab proteins are prenylated, the lipid anchor(s) ensure that Rabs are no longer soluble. REP therefore plays an important role in binding and solubilising the geranylgeranyl groups and delivers the Rab protein to the relevant cell membrane.
Reaction
Rab geranylgeranyltransferase (RabGGTase; enzyme commission code EC 2.5.1.60) is classified as a transferase enzyme; specifically, it is in the protein prenyltransferase family along with two other enzymes (protein farnesyltransferase and protein geranylgeranyltransferase type-I). The reaction catalyzed by RabGGTase is summarized as follows:
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + protein-cysteine = S-geranylgeranyl-protein + diphosphate
This reaction is essential in the control of membrane docking and fusion. Studies of mice have
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclease%20protection%20assay
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Nuclease protection assay is a laboratory technique used in biochemistry and genetics to identify individual RNA molecules in a heterogeneous RNA sample extracted from cells. The technique can identify one or more RNA molecules of known sequence even at low total concentration. The extracted RNA is first mixed with antisense RNA or DNA probes that are complementary to the sequence or sequences of interest and the complementary strands are hybridized to form double-stranded RNA (or a DNA-RNA hybrid). The mixture is then exposed to ribonucleases that specifically cleave only single-stranded RNA but have no activity against double-stranded RNA. When the reaction runs to completion, susceptible RNA regions are degraded to very short oligomers or to individual nucleotides; the surviving RNA fragments are those that were complementary to the added antisense strand and thus contained the sequence of interest.
Probe
The probes are prepared by cloning part of the gene of interest in a vector under the control of any of the following promoters, SP6, T7 or T3. These promoters are recognized by DNA dependent RNA polymerases originally characterized from bacteriophages. The probes produced are radioactive as they are prepared by in vitro transcription using radioactive UTPs. Uncomplemented DNA or RNA is cleaved off by nucleases. When the probe is a DNA molecule, S1 nuclease is used; when the probe is RNA, any single-strand-specific ribonuclease can be used. Thus the surviving probe-mRN
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanceosome
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An enhanceosome is a protein complex that assembles at an enhancer region on DNA and helps to regulate the expression of a target gene.
Formation
Enhancers are bound by transcription activator proteins and transcriptional regulation is typically controlled by more than one activator. Enhanceosomes are formed in special cases when these activators cooperatively bind together along the enhancer sequence to create a distinct three-dimensional structure. Each enhanceosome is unique towards its specific enhancer. This assembly is facilitated by energetically favorable protein: protein and protein: DNA interactions. Therefore, all the necessary activators need to be present for the enhanceosome to be formed and able to function.
Function
Once the enhanceosome has been formed, it recruits coactivators and general transcription factors to the promoter region of the target gene to begin transcription. The effectiveness of this is dependent on DNA conformation. As a result, the enhanceosome also recruits non histone architectural transcription factors, called high-mobility group (HMG) proteins, which are responsible for regulating chromatin structure. These factors do not bind to the enhancer, but instead are used to restructure the DNA to ensure that the genes can be accessed by the transcription factors.
Role
Most enhanceosomes have been discovered pertaining to genes requiring tight regulation, like those associated with the cells defense system. Using more than one kind of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20conductance
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Fluid conductance is a measure of how effectively fluids are transported through a medium or a region. The concept is particularly useful in cases in which the amount of fluid transported is linearly related to whatever is driving the transport.
For example, the concept is useful in the flow of liquids through permeable media, especially in hydrology in relation to river and lake bottoms. In this case, it is an application of intrinsic permeability to a unit of material with a defined area and thickness, and the magnitude of conductance affects the rate of groundwater recharge or interaction with groundwater. This parameter is often used in such computer modelling codes as MODFLOW.
Conductance is also a useful concept in the design and study of vacuum systems. Such systems consist of vacuum chambers and the various flow passages and pumps that connect and maintain them. These systems are common in physical science laboratories and many laboratory apparatus as well, such as mass spectrometers. Typically, the pressures inside these devices are low enough that the gas inside them is rarefied, meaning here that the mean free path of constituent atoms and molecules is a non-negligible fraction of the dimensions of orifices and passageways. Under those conditions, the total mass flow through an orifice or conduit is typically linearly proportional to the pressure drop, so that it is convenient to quantify mass flow in terms of the fluid conductance of the constituent components.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassall%E2%80%93Henle%20bodies
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Hassall–Henle bodies are small transparent growths on the posterior surface of Descemet's membrane at the periphery of the cornea. These bodies contain collagenous matter in which numerous cracks and fissures are filled with extrusions of the corneal endothelium. The condition is usually associated with the aging process.
Hassall–Henle bodies are named after British physician Arthur Hill Hassall (1817–1894) and German anatomist Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle (1809–1885). They are sometimes referred to as Hassall–Henle warts or Henle's warts.
References
Ophthalmology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID%20Journal
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RFID Journal is an independent media company devoted solely to radio frequency identification (RFID) and its business applications. A bi-monthly print publication and online news and information source, the journal offers news, features that address key adoption issues, case studies, and white papers written by academics and industry insiders on different aspects of RFID technology. The Web site includes an FAQs section, organized by topic, bulletin boards, a blog, an RFID event calendar, a searchable vendor directory, a career center, and a store where visitors can purchase reports by RFID Journal and others.
Digital magazine
RFID Journal's digital magazine is published six times a year. It focuses on high-level strategic issues. Topics include building a business case, achieving a return on investment by working with business partners, off-setting the cost of RFID mandates with internal savings, and aligning an RFID deployment strategy with a company's overall business strategy.
Launched on March 1, 2002, RFID Journal, LLC, is a privately held corporation headquartered in Melville, N.Y. RFID Journal is edited by Mark Roberti.
.
Online edition
The RFID Journal Web site provides news about RFID. The focus is on the latest deployments, mandates, standards development, and product innovation. Premium content includes features, case studies, best practices, and how-to that explain the technology's capabilities and how it is being used by companies.
Conferences
RFID Journa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kramers%27%20theorem
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In quantum mechanics, the Kramers' degeneracy theorem states that for every energy eigenstate of a time-reversal symmetric system with half-integer total spin, there is another eigenstate with the same energy related by time-reversal. In other words, the degeneracy of every energy level is an even number if it has half-integer spin. The theorem is named after Dutch physicist H. A. Kramers.
In theoretical physics, the time reversal symmetry is the symmetry of physical laws under a time reversal transformation:
If the Hamiltonian operator commutes with the time-reversal operator, that is
then, for every energy eigenstate , the time reversed state is also an eigenstate with the same energy. These two states are sometimes called a Kramers pair. In general, this time-reversed state may be identical to the original one, but that is not possible in a half-integer spin system: since time reversal reverses all angular momenta, reversing a half-integer spin cannot yield the same state (the magnetic quantum number is never zero).
Mathematical statement and proof
In quantum mechanics, the time reversal operation is represented by an antiunitary operator acting on a Hilbert space . If it happens that , then we have the following simple theorem:
If is an antiunitary operator acting on a Hilbert space satisfying and a vector in , then is orthogonal to .
Proof
By the definition of an antiunitary operator, , where and are vectors in . Replacing and and using that , we get
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20Rodeo
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No Rodeo ran seven independent candidates at the 2006 South Australian state election.
Adelaide • Amanda Barlow
Giles • Esmond Vettoretti
Kaurna • Jeanie Walker
Light • Craig Allan
Newland • Troy Walker
Reynell • Marie Nicholls
Stuart • Simon Cook
This situation arose out of the significant public attention focussed on the treatment of animals at rodeo events during the previous two years. The high level of public interest was a result of the professional documentation of routine rodeo cruelty by Jeanie and Troy Walker.
The total number of first preference votes received by the seven independent candidates was reasonable at 2131, particularly given that the independent candidates campaigned on a shoe-string budget. There was no television, radio or print advertising available to the “No Rodeo” independent candidates as funds simply did not permit. The major campaign expense was the purchase of election posters, yet the total number of election posters used by the “No Rodeo” candidates was still only 400. This small number of posters was divided between the seven candidates.
The independent “No Rodeo” candidates were prior to the election well aware of the limitations of their campaign. They were not naïve and never believed themselves to be serious election contenders. The aim of the candidates was to raise awareness of rodeo cruelty and other justice issues and to network with people who held similar concerns. This aim was achieved and the campaign to ban bu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMS%20%28software%29
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GMS (Groundwater Modeling System) is water modeling application for building and simulating groundwater models from Aquaveo. It features 2D and 3D geostatistics, stratigraphic modeling and a unique conceptual model approach. Currently supported models include MODFLOW, MODPATH, MT3DMS, RT3D, FEMWATER, SEEP2D, and UTEXAS.
Version 6 introduced the use of XMDF (eXtensible Model Data Format), which is a compatible extension of HDF5. The purpose of this is to allow internal storage and management of data in a single HDF file, rather than using many flat files.
History
GMS was initially developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s on Unix workstations by the Engineering Computer Graphics Laboratory at Brigham Young University. The development of GMS was funded primarily by The United States Army Corps of Engineers and was known—until version 4.0, released in late 1999—as the Department of Defense Groundwater Modeling System, or DoD GMS. It was ported to Microsoft Windows in the mid 1990s. Version 3.1 was the last version that supported HP-UX, IRIX, OSF/1, and Solaris platforms. Development of GMS—along with WMS and SMS—was transferred to Aquaveo when it formed in April 2007.
A study published in the Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics in August 2000 stated that "GMS provides an interface to the groundwater flow model, MODFLOW, and the contaminant transport model, MT3D. MODFLOW is a three-dimensional, cell-centered, finite-difference, saturated-flow model capable of both
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodyne
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The autodyne circuit was an improvement to radio signal amplification using the De Forest Audion vacuum tube amplifier. By allowing the tube to oscillate at a frequency slightly different from the desired signal, the sensitivity over other receivers was greatly improved. The autodyne circuit was invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong of Columbia University, New York, NY. He inserted a tuned circuit in the output circuit of the Audion vacuum tube amplifier. By adjusting the tuning of this tuned circuit, Armstrong was able to dramatically increase the gain of the Audion amplifier. Further increase in tuning resulted in the Audion amplifier reaching self-oscillation.
This oscillating receiver circuit meant that the then latest technology continuous wave (CW) transmissions could be demodulated. Previously only spark, interrupted continuous wave (ICW, signals which were produced by a motor chopping or turning the signal on and off at an audio rate), or modulated continuous wave (MCW), could produce intelligible output from a receiver.
When the autodyne oscillator was advanced to self-oscillation, continuous wave Morse code dots and dashes would be clearly heard from the headphones as short or long periods of sound of a particular tone, instead of an all but impossible to decode series of thumps. Spark and chopped CW (ICW) were amplitude modulated signals which didn't require an oscillating detector.
Such a regenerative circuit is capable of receiving weak signals, if carefully c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BD%C3%ADp
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Žíp () is a village and municipality in the Rimavská Sobota District of the Banská Bystrica Region of Slovakia.
External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Rimavská Sobota District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusztai
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Pusztai is a Hungarian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Antal Pusztai (born 1978), Hungarian musician
Árpád Pusztai (1930–2021), Hungarian protein scientist
Oliver Pusztai (born 1981), Hungarian footballer
Liza Pusztai (born 2001), Hungarian fencer
Surnames
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC%20Music
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BBC Music is the arm of the BBC responsible for the music played across its services. The current director of music is Lorna Clarke.
Officially it is a part of the BBC's Radio operational division; however, its remit also includes music used in television and online services. It was established in its current form in 2014; however, the BBC had already been using the BBC Music brand to refer to its online music content and some live events beforehand, including a now defunct record label.
Launch
BBC Music had its official launch at 20:00 on 7 October 2014, with a simulcast of a specially-commissioned cover of the Beach Boys' 1966 song "God Only Knows". Produced by Ethan Johns, it featured a supergroup of singers such as Chris Martin (of Coldplay), Stevie Wonder, Kylie Minogue, Dave Grohl (of Foo Fighters), Elton John, Pharrell Williams, One Direction, and Brian Wilson (The Beach Boys) accompanied by the BBC Concert Orchestra.
Responsibilities
BBC Music is responsible for the music played across the BBC. It has direct editorial control of the music content of the BBC's six national music radio stations Radio 1, 1Xtra, Radio 2, Radio 3, 6 Music, and the BBC Asian Network, as well as organising live music events for each of the stations. These include Radio 1's Big Weekend, Live in Hyde Park and In Concert for Radio 2, the BBC Proms (including the various "Proms in the Park" events), and the BBC 6 Music festival.
Many of the BBC televisual music programmes and documentaries a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9%20Renno
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René Renno (born 19 February 1979) is a German former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
Career statistics
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
Footballers from Berlin
German men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
Hertha BSC II players
Tennis Borussia Berlin players
SG Wattenscheid 09 players
Rot-Weiss Essen players
VfL Bochum players
VfL Bochum II players
FC Energie Cottbus players
FC Energie Cottbus II players
3. Liga players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland%20Dobrushin
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Roland Lvovich Dobrushin () (July 20, 1929 – November 12, 1995) was a mathematician who made important contributions to probability theory, mathematical physics, and information theory.
Life and work
Dobrushin received his Ph.D. at Moscow State University under the supervision of Andrey Kolmogorov.
In statistical mechanics, he introduced (simultaneously with Lanford and Ruelle) the DLR equations for the Gibbs measure. Together with Kotecký and Shlosman, he studied the formation of droplets in Ising-type models, providing mathematical justification of the Wulff construction.
He was a foreign member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Academia Europæa and US National Academy of Sciences.
The Dobrushin prize was established in his honour.
Notes
References
External links
Memorial website.
Biography (in Russian)
Obituary from The Independent
1929 births
1995 deaths
Soviet mathematicians
20th-century Russian mathematicians
Probability theorists
Moscow State University alumni
Members of Academia Europaea
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSFP
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SSFP can refer to:
Service specific face plate, a telephone socket filter
Steady-state free precession imaging, a family of pulse sequences for magnetic resonance imaging
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Rathgeber
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Thomas Rathgeber (born 30 April 1985 in Kempten, West Germany) is a German footballer who plays for FC Kempten.
Career statistics
Club
References
External links
Thomas Rathgeber at FuPa
1985 births
Living people
German men's footballers
VfL Bochum players
VfL Bochum II players
SpVgg Unterhaching players
Kickers Offenbach players
1. FC Saarbrücken players
SpVgg Unterhaching II players
FC Schalke 04 II players
SSV Ulm 1846 players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
3. Liga players
Regionalliga players
Men's association football forwards
Sportspeople from Kempten im Allgäu
Footballers from Swabia (Bavaria)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-cell
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Tri-cell is one of several location-based services technologies that are used to locate or track the location of a mobile phone. Other technologies include TDOA and AGPS. Tri-cell makes a number of measurements within the phone and sends these measurements to a central server that uses a hybrid of methods to calculate the location of the phone on a continuous basis. Tri-cell was invented by the company Trisent Communication Ltd.
Mobile technology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars%20Nittve
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Lars Nittve (born 17 September 1953) is a Swedish museum director, curator, art critic and writer. He was the founding Director of Tate Modern in London; former Director of the Moderna Museet in Stockholm; the founding Director of Rooseum – Center for Contemporary Art – in Malmö, Sweden; and Director of the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art in Humlebaek, Denmark.
Nittve was the Executive Director of M+, museum for visual culture of West Kowloon Cultural District in Hong Kong.
Early life and education
Lars Nittve was born in Stockholm in 1953. He studied at the Stockholm School of Economics, and obtained an M.A. at Stockholm University. He also pursued postgraduate studies at New York University.
In 2009, Nittve earned a PhD, HC, from the Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
Career
In 1978 to 1985, Nittve served as lecturer in art history at the Stockholm University. During the same period he has been Senior art critic for the Swedish daily newspaper Svenska Dagbladet, Stockholm, and contributed regularly to Artforum, New York City.
From 1986 Nittve was appointed Chief Curator at the Moderna Museet in Stockholm, where he curated a large number of high-profile exhibitions – both monographic and thematic, among them "Walter De Maria", "Kandinsky and Sweden", "Hilma af Klint" and the seminal "Implosion – a Postmodern Perspective".
From 1990 to 1995, he served as the founding Director of Rooseum – Center for Contemporary Art – in Malmö, Sweden, where he organized the whole exhibition
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Amedick
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Martin Amedick (born 6 September 1982) is a German retired professional footballer who plays as a centre back.
Career statistics
.
Honours
Club
Borussia Dortmund
DFB-Pokal runner-up: 2007–08
References
External links
1982 births
German men's footballers
Living people
Sportspeople from Paderborn
Footballers from Detmold (region)
Eintracht Braunschweig players
Arminia Bielefeld players
SC Paderborn 07 players
Borussia Dortmund players
Borussia Dortmund II players
1. FC Kaiserslautern players
Eintracht Frankfurt players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
Men's association football defenders
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/454%20Life%20Sciences
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454 Life Sciences was a biotechnology company based in Branford, Connecticut that specialized in high-throughput DNA sequencing. It was acquired by Roche in 2007 and shut down by Roche in 2013 when its technology became noncompetitive, although production continued until mid-2016.
History
454 Life Sciences was founded by Jonathan Rothberg and was originally known as 454 Corporation, a subsidiary of CuraGen. For their method for low-cost gene sequencing, 454 Life Sciences was awarded the Wall Street Journal's Gold Medal for Innovation in the Biotech-Medical category in 2005. The name 454 was the code name by which the project was referred to at CuraGen, and the numbers have no known special meaning.
In November 2006, Rothberg, Michael Egholm, and colleagues at 454 published a cover article with Svante Pääbo in Nature describing the first million base pairs of the Neanderthal genome, and initiated the Neanderthal Genome Project to complete the sequence of the Neanderthal genome by 2009.
In late March 2007, Roche Diagnostics acquired 454 Life Sciences for US$154.9 million. It remained a separate business unit.
In October 2013, Roche announced that it would shut down 454, and stop supporting the platform by mid-2016.
In May 2007, 454 published the results of Project "Jim": the sequencing of the genome of James Watson, co-discoverer of the structure of DNA.
Technology
454 Sequencing used a large-scale parallel pyrosequencing system capable of sequencing roughly 400-600 mega
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance%20%28Jordan%20Rudess%20album%29
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Resonance is an album by Jordan Rudess recorded and released in 1999.
The album fits with Rudess' "lighter side" along with Secrets of the Muse, 4NYC, Christmas Sky and Notes on a Dream. The tracks are primarily improvised on synthesizers.
Track listing
All tracks are composed by Jordan Rudess.
"Resonance" – 9:55
"Timeline" – 10:27
"Flying" – 10:45
"Catharsis" – 5:15
"Tears" – 4:09
Personnel
Jordan Rudess - Piano, Keyboards
1999 albums
Jordan Rudess albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenoesophageal%20ligament
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The phrenoesophageal ligament (phrenicoesophageal ligament, or phrenoesophageal membrane) is the ligament by which the esophagus is attached to the diaphragm. It is an extension of the inferior diaphragmatic fascia and is divided into an upper and lower limb which attach to the superior and inferior surfaces of the diaphragm respectively at the esophageal hiatus. The upper limb attaches the esophagus to the superior surface of the diaphragm and the lower limb attaches the cardia region of the stomach to the inferior surface of the diaphragm at the cardiac notch of stomach. The ligament allows independent movement of the diaphragm and esophagus during respiration and swallowing.
References
Full text
Ligaments
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knuckles%20the%20Echidna%20%28comics%29
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Knuckles the Echidna, originally published as Knuckles: The Dark Legion, was an action-adventure comic book series published by Archie Comics. The series starred Knuckles the Echidna, a main character from Sega's Sonic the Hedgehog series of video games. The book was a spin-off of Archie Comics' Sonic the Hedgehog, with both series sharing narrative continuity. The series served as a successor to Sonic's Friendly Nemesis: Knuckles, a three-issue limited series from 1996. Knuckles was almost exclusively written by Ken Penders, the former lead writer of Sonic.
Running from 1997 to 2000, the series had 32 issues in total. The first 21 issues were eventually reprinted alongside the Sonic's Friendly Nemesis miniseries in the Knuckles the Echidna Archives series of graphic novels, which ran from 2011 to 2013. The series consisted of four volumes, with two more left unreleased after numerous delays.
Focusing on Knuckles' exploits of fighting evil and seeking answers about his past, the series was notable for heavily expanding upon the Sonic series' fictionalized echidna race's history. After the series' cancellation, its storyline was continued in the form of supporting stories in Sonic the Hedgehog, sometimes even tying in with the issues' main stories. Knuckles wouldn't get a leading role in comics again until 2009 with the Sonic Universe anthology comic series, and by 2013 all characters, locations and other elements introduced in Knuckles had been erased from all of Archie's S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Alexander%20Miers
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Sir Henry Alexander Miers, FRS (25 May 1858 – 10 December 1942) was a British mineralogist and crystallographer.
Born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, he was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Oxford. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1896.
He was Professor of Crystallography at the Victoria University of Manchester 1915–1926 and Vice-Chancellor of the University during the same years.
Selected publications
with R. Crosskey:
References
External links
AIM25: University College London: Miers Papers at www.aim25.ac.uk
1858 births
1942 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
Fellows of the Royal Society
British mineralogists
Wollaston Medal winners
Vice-Chancellors of the Victoria University of Manchester
Academics of the University of Manchester
Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultiame
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Sultiame (or sulthiame) is a sulfonamide and inhibitor of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. It is used as an anticonvulsant.
History
Sultiame was first synthesised in the laboratories of Bayer AG in the mid 1950s and eventually launched as Ospolot in Europe and other markets the early 1960s. It never became a registered drug in the United States. The brand was transferred to Desitin GmbH in 1993 and is sold in several European countries, in Israel, Japan, and Australia.
Sultiame became established as a second-line drug for treatment of partial epilepsy in the 1960s and 1970s and was often used in combination with the established anticonvulsant phenytoin. Temporal lobe seizures appeared particularly responsive to sultiame. Doubts subsequently arose as to whether sultiame has intrinsic anticonvulsant properties. After discovering sultiame's ability to raise the blood levels of phenytoin, it was assumed that sultiame would only act in combination with phenytoin. This finding, together with the equivocal results of a study in the US, resulted in a quick decline of sultiame's use. It was only in 1988, that the German child neurologist Hermann Doose discovered its specific effects in benign focal epilepsies of childhood. Today, sulthiame is the drug of choice for benign focal epilepsies of childhood (such as benign rolandic epilepsy) in the German-speaking countries and Israel.
Indications
Historically, sultiame has been used to treat partial seizures. In Australia, it is currentl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl%20scalar
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In the Newman–Penrose (NP) formalism of general relativity, Weyl scalars refer to a set of five complex scalars which encode the ten independent components of the Weyl tensor of a four-dimensional spacetime.
Definitions
Given a complex null tetrad and with the convention , the Weyl-NP scalars are defined by
Note: If one adopts the convention , the definitions of should take the opposite values; that is to say, after the signature transition.
Alternative derivations
According to the definitions above, one should find out the Weyl tensors before calculating the Weyl-NP scalars via contractions with relevant tetrad vectors. This method, however, does not fully reflect the spirit of Newman–Penrose formalism. As an alternative, one could firstly compute the spin coefficients and then use the NP field equations to derive the five Weyl-NP scalars
where (used for ) refers to the NP curvature scalar which could be calculated directly from the spacetime metric .
Physical interpretation
Szekeres (1965) gave an interpretation of the different Weyl scalars at large distances:
is a "Coulomb" term, representing the gravitational monopole of the source;
& are ingoing and outgoing "longitudinal" radiation terms;
& are ingoing and outgoing "transverse" radiation terms.
For a general asymptotically flat spacetime containing radiation (Petrov Type I), & can be transformed to zero by an appropriate choice of null tetrad. Thus these can be viewed as gauge quantities.
A par
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verna%20Gillis
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Verna Gillis (born 1942) is an American freelance record producer, who has gained recognition for her work promoting and producing music from various cultural backgrounds. Gillis holds a Ph.D. in ethnomusicology. She was an assistant professor at Brooklyn College from 1974 to 1980 and at Carnegie Mellon University from 1988 to 1990.
Gillis has been the subject of a number of press articles, with The New York Times describing her as "the closest thing world music has to a doyenne".
Life and career
From 1972 to 1978, Gillis recorded traditional music in Afghanistan, Iran, Kashmir, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Peru, Surinam, and Ghana. In 1979, she opened Soundscape, the first multi-cultural performance space in New York City, on west 52nd Street which she directed for the next five years. Gillis, Soundscape and the music played there is the subject of a web based project by WKCR Radio 89.9 NY.
From 1984, Gillis worked on career development with international musicians including Youssou N'dour from Senegal (The Guide (Wommat)), Yomo Toro from Puerto Rico; Salif Keita form Mali, and Carlinhos Brown from Brazil.
In 1996, she was hired as a consultant by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) to accompany musicians on a trip to Angola, Liberia, Kenya and South African, to witness first hand the results of ethnic cleansing. Gillis worked with the ICRC to produce a CD.
Twenty-five of Gillis' recordings have been released by Smithsonian Folkways and Lyrichord. As
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestral%20reconstruction
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Ancestral reconstruction (also known as Character Mapping or Character Optimization) is the extrapolation back in time from measured characteristics of individuals (or populations) to their common ancestors. It is an important application of phylogenetics, the reconstruction and study of the evolutionary relationships among individuals, populations or species to their ancestors. In the context of evolutionary biology, ancestral reconstruction can be used to recover different kinds of ancestral character states of organisms that lived millions of years ago. These states include the genetic sequence (ancestral sequence reconstruction), the amino acid sequence of a protein, the composition of a genome (e.g., gene order), a measurable characteristic of an organism (phenotype), and the geographic range of an ancestral population or species (ancestral range reconstruction). This is desirable because it allows us to examine parts of phylogenetic trees corresponding to the distant past, clarifying the evolutionary history of the species in the tree. Since modern genetic sequences are essentially a variation of ancient ones, access to ancient sequences may identify other variations and organisms which could have arisen from those sequences. In addition to genetic sequences, one might attempt to track the changing of one character trait to another, such as fins turning to legs.
Non-biological applications include the reconstruction of the vocabulary or phonemes of ancient languages, a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprapleural%20membrane
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The suprapleural membrane, eponymously known as Sibson's fascia, is a structure described in human anatomy.
It is named for Francis Sibson.
Anatomy
It refers to a thickening of connective tissue that covers the apex of each human lung. It is an extension of the endothoracic fascia that exists between the parietal pleura and the thoracic cage. Sibson muscular part is originated from scalenus medius muscle. Fascial part is originated from Endothoracic Fascia. It attaches to the internal border of the first rib and the transverse processes of vertebra C7. It extends approximately an inch more superiorly than the superior thoracic aperture, because the lungs themselves extend higher than the top of the ribcage.
Clinical significance
The function of the suprapleural membrane is to protect the apex of the lung (as some of the part which extends outside the rib cage) and to protect the cervical fascia. This helps in resisting intrathoracic pressure changes therefore preventing inflation and deflation of the neck during expiration and inspiration respectively and also providing rigidity to the thoracic inlet.
Herniation of the cervical fascia may result due to injury to suprapleural membrane.
"The thoracic duct traverses Sibson's Fascia of the thoracic-inlet up to the level of C7 before turning around and emptying into the left (major) duct. The right (minor duct) only traverses the thoracic inlet once."<ref>p. 86, p 210, Kuchera, WA.
References
Thoracic cavity
Pleura
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genencor
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Genencor is a biotechnology company based in Palo Alto, CA and a subsidiary of IFF. Genencor is a producer of Industrial enzymes and low-priced bulk protein. The name Genencor originates with Genencor, Inc., the original joint venture between Genentech and Corning Incorporated, which was founded in 1982. It is considered to have pioneered the field of industrial biotechnology, as distinct from traditional applications of biotechnology to health care and agriculture.
In 2005 Genencor was acquired by Danisco.
In 2008 Genencor entered a joint venture with DuPont, called DuPont Danisco Cellulosic Ethanol LLC, to develop and commercialize low cost technology for the production of cellulosic ethanol. In 2008, Genencor and Goodyear announced they were working to develop BioIsoprene.
In 2011, Dupont acquired Danisco for $6.3 billion.
In 2021, portions of Dupont including the Genencor division were acquired by International Flavors & Fragrances.
Awards
Genencor achieved the following awards:
Named No. 2 Best Medium-Sized Company to Work for in America by the Great Place to Work® Institute, Inc. (2004)
Named No. 1 Best Medium-Sized Company to Work for in America by the Great Place to Work® Institute, Inc. (2005)
Named No. 1 Best Place to Work in the Bay Area by the San Francisco Chronicle (2005)
Named No. 11 Best Medium-Sized Company to Work for in America by the Great Place to Work® Institute, Inc. (2011)
See also
Environmental biotechnology
Agricultural biotechnology
Referenc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal%20protein
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A ribosomal protein (r-protein or rProtein) is any of the proteins that, in conjunction with rRNA, make up the ribosomal subunits involved in the cellular process of translation. E. coli, other bacteria and Archaea have a 30S small subunit and a 50S large subunit, whereas humans and yeasts have a 40S small subunit and a 60S large subunit. Equivalent subunits are frequently numbered differently between bacteria, Archaea, yeasts and humans.
A large part of the knowledge about these organic molecules has come from the study of E. coli ribosomes. All ribosomal proteins have been isolated and many specific antibodies have been produced. These, together with electronic microscopy and the use of certain reactives, have allowed for the determination of the topography of the proteins in the ribosome. More recently, a near-complete (near)atomic picture of the ribosomal proteins is emerging from the latest high-resolution cryo-EM data (including ).
Conservation
Ribosomal proteins are among the most highly conserved proteins across all life forms. Among the 40 proteins found in various small ribosomal subunits (RPSs), 15 subunits are universally conserved across prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, 7 subunits are only found in bacteria (bS21, bS6, bS16, bS18, bS20, bS21, and bTHX), while 17 subunits are only found in archaea and eukaryotes. Typically 22 proteins are found in bacterial small subunits and 32 in yeast, human and most likely most other eukaryotic species. Twenty-seven (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon%20Freiherr%20von%20Eickstedt
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Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt (April 10, 1892 – December 20, 1965) was a German physical anthropologist who classified humanity into races. His study in the classification of human races made him one of the leading racial theorists of Nazi Germany.
Early life
Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt was born on April 10, 1892, in Jersitz, Province of Posen.
Career
Von Eickstedt was an anthropologist. He was the author of Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit (Ethnology and the Race History of Mankind).
From 1933 to 1945, he was the editor of Zeitschrift fur Rassenkunde, a German journal of racial studies, with the assistance of Hans F. K. Günther.
Death
He died on December 20, 1965.
Bibliography
Eickstedt, E. v.: 1920-21: Rassenelemente der Sikh. - Z. Ethnol. 52-53, 317-368.
Eickstedt, E. v. - 1923: A comparative anthropometry of 144 Punjabis. - Man in India 3, 161-188.
Eickstedt, E. v. - 1923: 50 Typen aus Europa, Afrika, Indien. - Leipzig.
Eickstedt, E. v. - 1924: Results of descriptions and measurements of 68 Muhammadans from the Punjab. - Man in India 3, 177-189.
Eickstedt, E. v. - 1926: Tamilen. - Arch. Rassenbilder, Bildaufsatz 1, Archivkarte 1-10. - 1926: Indische Tänzerinnen. - Völkerkde. 7/9, 155-157. - 1926: Die Diebskaste der Kallar in Südindien. - Völkerkde. 7/9, 6-15.
Eickstedt, E. v. - 1926: The races and types of the Western and Central Himalayas. - Man in India 6, 237- 276.
Eickstedt, E. v. - 1926: Zur Anthropologie der Garhwali im Himalaya.
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