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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox%20Continental
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The Vox Continental is a transistorised combo organ that was manufactured between 1962 and 1971 by the British musical equipment manufacturer Vox. It was designed for touring musicians and as an alternative to the heavy Hammond organ. It supports drawbars in a similar manner to the Hammond, and has distinctive reverse-coloured keys. The sound is generated by a series of oscillators, using a frequency divider to span multiple octaves.
The first Continentals were produced at Vox's manufacturing plant in Dartford, England; after arranging a deal with the Thomas Organ Company, later models were produced in the US and Italy. The most popular model was the single-manual Continental, but other models were produced, such as the budget Vox Jaguar, various dual-manual organs, and the experimental Guitar Organ and Voxmobile, based on the Vox Continental's internals.
The Continental became a popular instrument in the 1960s and 1970s, especially with garage and later new wave bands, and was used by the Beatles, the Animals, the Doors, Iron Butterfly, Elvis Costello, and Madness. After being phased out of production in the early 1970s, the instrument remained a sought-after combo organ by enthusiasts. Japanese manufacturer Korg bought the Vox name, producing a new version of the Vox Continental in 2017, and various modern stage keyboards include an emulation of the organ.
Description
The Continental had two basic designs, each with its own variations. They were the single-manual Contin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-broadcasting%20theorem
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In physics, the no-broadcasting theorem is a result of quantum information theory. In the case of pure quantum states, it is a corollary of the no-cloning theorem. The no-cloning theorem for pure states says that it is impossible to create two copies of an unknown state given a single copy of the state. Since quantum states cannot be copied in general, they cannot be broadcast. Here, the word "broadcast" is used in the sense of conveying the state to two or more recipients. For multiple recipients to each receive the state, there must be, in some sense, a way of duplicating the state. The no-broadcast theorem generalizes the no-cloning theorem for mixed states.
The theorem also includes a converse: if two quantum states do commute, there is a method for broadcasting them: they must have a common basis of eigenstates diagonalizing them simultaneously, and the map that clones every state of this basis is a legitimate quantum operation, requiring only physical resources independent of the input state to implement—a completely positive map. A corollary is that there is a physical process capable of broadcasting every state in some set of quantum states if, and only if, every pair of states in the set commutes. This broadcasting map, which works in the commuting case, produces an overall state in which the two copies are perfectly correlated in their eigenbasis.
Remarkably, the theorem does not hold if more than one copy of the initial state is provided: for example, broadc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebrava
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The Bebrava is a river in western Slovakia. It rises in the Strážovské vrchy mountains near the village of Čierna Lehota, flowing at first south-west, turning after some 10 km into south, flowing through Bánovce nad Bebravou, finally pouring into the river Nitra near Topoľčany. It is long and its basin size is .
References
Rivers of Slovakia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20Analysis%20Backlog%20Elimination%20Act%20of%202000
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The DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act of 2000 (H.R. 4640, 42 U.S.C. 14135 et seq.) is a United States Act of Congress that primarily allows US states to carry out DNA analyses for use in the FBI's Combined DNA Index System and to collect and analyse DNA samples.
Under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, 42 U.S.C. § 14132, "Congress authorized the FBI to create a national index of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) samples taken from convicted offenders, crime scenes and victims of crime, and unidentified human remains." In response to this congressional mandate, the FBI established the Combined DNA Index System ("CODIS"). The CODIS database provides a means for state and local forensic laboratories to share DNA profiles in an attempt to "link evidence from crime scenes for which there are no suspects to DNA samples of convicted offenders on file in the system."
However, the 1994 Act was interpreted by the FBI to permit only the creation of the CODIS, not the taking of DNA samples of persons convicted of federal offenses for input into the system. Thus, "the FBI requested that Congress enact statutory authority to allow the taking of DNA samples from persons committing Federal crimes of violence, robbery, and burglary, or similar crimes in the District of Columbia or while in the military, and authorizing them to be included in CODIS."
Accordingly, Congress passed the DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act of 2000 ("DNA Act"), 42 U.S.C. § 14135 et seq., whi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtilisin
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Subtilisin is a protease (a protein-digesting enzyme) initially obtained from Bacillus subtilis.
Subtilisins belong to subtilases, a group of serine proteases that – like all serine proteases – initiate the nucleophilic attack on the peptide (amide) bond through a serine residue at the active site. Subtilisins typically have molecular weights 27kDa. They can be obtained from certain types of soil bacteria, for example, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens from which they are secreted in large amounts.
Nomenclature
Subtilisin is also commercially known as Alcalase®, Endocut-02L, ALK-enzyme, bacillopeptidase, Bacillus subtilis alkaline proteinase bioprase, bioprase AL, colistinase, genenase I, Esperase®, maxatase, protease XXVII, thermoase, superase, subtilisin DY, subtilopeptidase, SP 266, Savinase®, Savinase® Evity, kazusase, protease VIII, protin A 3L, orientase 10B, protease S, Progress® Uno, Liquanase® Evity®, Progress® Excel . It is the type serine endopeptidase of MEROPS family S8.
Structure
The structure of subtilisin has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The mature form is a 275-residue globular protein with several alpha-helices, and a large beta-sheet. The N-terminal contains an I9 propeptide domain () that assists the folding of subtilisin. Proteolytic removal of the domain activates the enzyme. It is structurally unrelated to the chymotrypsin-clan of serine proteases, but uses the same type of catalytic triad in the active site. This makes it a classic exampl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbe%20Bay
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Kimbe Bay is a large bay in West New Britain Province, off the northern coast of New Britain, Papua New Guinea, at . Kimbe Bay is an important biodiversity hotspot. 60 percent of the coral species of the entire Indo-Pacific region live here. Kimbe Bay is the home of more than 860 coral reef fish species. Because of a massive die-off of coral worldwide due to pollution, human activities, and global warming, Kimbe Bay has become increasingly important, since it is seen as one of the last holdouts for coral should the degradation continue. Efforts are currently underway to limit the human impact on the bay. Due to its beauty it is also a popular diving site.
References
External links
Diving in Kimbe Bay
Bays of Papua New Guinea
West New Britain Province
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20Broadcast
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Cell Broadcast (CB) is a method of sending messages to multiple mobile telephone users in a defined area at the same time. It is defined by the ETSI's GSM committee and 3GPP and is part of the 2G, 3G, 4G LTE (telecommunication) and 5G standards. It is also known as Short Message Service-Cell Broadcast (SMS-CB) or CB SMS.
Unlike Short Message Service-Point to Point (SMS-PP), Cell Broadcast is a one-to-many geo-targeted and geo-fenced messaging service.
History
Cell Broadcast messaging was first demonstrated in Paris in 1997. Some mobile operators used Cell Broadcast for communicating the area code of the antenna cell to the mobile user (via channel 050), for nationwide or citywide alerting, weather reports, mass messaging, location-based news, etc. Cell broadcast has been widely deployed since 2008 by major Asian, US, Canadian, South American and European network operators. Not all operators have the Cell Broadcast messaging function activated in their network yet, but most of the currently used handsets support cell broadcast, however on many devices it is disabled by default and there isn't a standardised interface to enable the feature.
Technology
One Cell Broadcast message can reach a large number of telephones at once. Cell Broadcast messages are directed to radio cells, rather than to a specific telephone. The latest generation of Cell Broadcast Systems (CBS) can send to the whole mobile network (e.g. 1,000,000 cells) in less than 10 seconds, reaching millions of mobi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatsuba%20algorithm
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The Karatsuba algorithm is a fast multiplication algorithm. It was discovered by Anatoly Karatsuba in 1960 and published in 1962. It is a divide-and-conquer algorithm that reduces the multiplication of two n-digit numbers to three multiplications of n/2-digit numbers and, by repeating this reduction, to at most single-digit multiplications. It is therefore asymptotically faster than the traditional algorithm, which performs single-digit products.
The Karatsuba algorithm was the first multiplication algorithm asymptotically faster than the quadratic "grade school" algorithm.
The Toom–Cook algorithm (1963) is a faster generalization of Karatsuba's method, and the Schönhage–Strassen algorithm (1971) is even faster, for sufficiently large n.
History
The standard procedure for multiplication of two n-digit numbers requires a number of elementary operations proportional to , or in big-O notation. Andrey Kolmogorov conjectured that the traditional algorithm was asymptotically optimal, meaning that any algorithm for that task would require elementary operations.
In 1960, Kolmogorov organized a seminar on mathematical problems in cybernetics at the Moscow State University, where he stated the conjecture and other problems in the complexity of computation. Within a week, Karatsuba, then a 23-year-old student, found an algorithm that multiplies two n-digit numbers in elementary steps, thus disproving the conjecture. Kolmogorov was very excited about the discovery; he communica
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheil%20equation
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In metallurgy, the Scheil-Gulliver equation (or Scheil equation) describes solute redistribution during solidification of an alloy.
Assumptions
Four key assumptions in Scheil analysis enable determination of phases present in a cast part. These assumptions are:
No diffusion occurs in solid phases once they are formed ()
Infinitely fast diffusion occurs in the liquid at all temperatures by virtue of a high diffusion coefficient, thermal convection, Marangoni convection, etc. ()
Equilibrium exists at the solid-liquid interface, and so compositions from the phase diagram are valid
Solidus and liquidus are straight segments
The fourth condition (straight solidus/liquidus segments) may be relaxed when numerical techniques are used, such as those used in CALPHAD software packages, though these calculations rely on calculated equilibrium phase diagrams. Calculated diagrams may include odd artifacts (i.e. retrograde solubility) that influence Scheil calculations.
Derivation
The hatched areas in the figure represent the amount of solute in the solid and liquid. Considering that the total amount of solute in the system must be conserved, the areas are set equal as follows:
.
Since the partition coefficient (related to solute distribution) is
(determined from the phase diagram)
and mass must be conserved
the mass balance may be rewritten as
.
Using the boundary condition
at
the following integration may be performed:
.
Integrating results in the Scheil-Gul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantellated%205-cell
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In four-dimensional geometry, a cantellated 5-cell is a convex uniform 4-polytope, being a cantellation (a 2nd order truncation, up to edge-planing) of the regular 5-cell.
Cantellated 5-cell
The cantellated 5-cell or small rhombated pentachoron is a uniform 4-polytope. It has 30 vertices, 90 edges, 80 faces, and 20 cells. The cells are 5 cuboctahedra, 5 octahedra, and 10 triangular prisms. Each vertex is surrounded by 2 cuboctahedra, 2 triangular prisms, and 1 octahedron; the vertex figure is a nonuniform triangular prism.
Alternate names
Cantellated pentachoron
Cantellated 4-simplex
(small) prismatodispentachoron
Rectified dispentachoron
Small rhombated pentachoron (Acronym: Srip) (Jonathan Bowers)
Configuration
Seen in a configuration matrix, all incidence counts between elements are shown. The diagonal f-vector numbers are derived through the Wythoff construction, dividing the full group order of a subgroup order by removing one mirror at a time.
Images
Coordinates
The Cartesian coordinates of the vertices of the origin-centered cantellated 5-cell having edge length 2 are:
The vertices of the cantellated 5-cell can be most simply positioned in 5-space as permutations of:
(0,0,1,1,2)
This construction is from the positive orthant facet of the cantellated 5-orthoplex.
Related polytopes
The convex hull of two cantellated 5-cells in opposite positions is a nonuniform polychoron composed of 100 cells: three kinds of 70 octahedra (10 rectified tetrahedra, 20
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantellated%2024-cells
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In four-dimensional geometry, a cantellated 24-cell is a convex uniform 4-polytope, being a cantellation (a 2nd order truncation) of the regular 24-cell.
There are 2 unique degrees of cantellations of the 24-cell including permutations with truncations.
Cantellated 24-cell
The cantellated 24-cell or small rhombated icositetrachoron is a uniform 4-polytope.
The boundary of the cantellated 24-cell is composed of 24 truncated octahedral cells, 24 cuboctahedral cells and 96 triangular prisms. Together they have 288 triangular faces, 432 square faces, 864 edges, and 288 vertices.
Construction
When the cantellation process is applied to 24-cell,
each of the 24 octahedra becomes a small rhombicuboctahedron.
In addition however, since each octahedra's edge was previously shared with two
other octahedra, the separating edges form the three parallel edges of a
triangular prism - 96 triangular prisms, since the 24-cell contains 96 edges.
Further, since each vertex was previously shared with 12 faces,
the vertex would split into 12 (24*12=288) new vertices.
Each group of 12 new vertices forms a cuboctahedron.
Coordinates
The Cartesian coordinates of the vertices of the cantellated 24-cell having edge length 2 are all permutations of coordinates and sign of:
(0, , , 2+2)
(1, 1+, 1+, 1+2)
The permutations of the second set of coordinates coincide with the vertices of an inscribed runcitruncated tesseract.
The dual configuration has all permutations and signs of:
(0,2,2+,2+)
(1,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runcinated%2024-cells
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In four-dimensional geometry, a runcinated 24-cell is a convex uniform 4-polytope, being a runcination (a 3rd order truncation) of the regular 24-cell.
There are 3 unique degrees of runcinations of the 24-cell including with permutations truncations and cantellations.
Runcinated 24-cell
In geometry, the runcinated 24-cell or small prismatotetracontoctachoron is a uniform 4-polytope bounded by 48 octahedra and 192 triangular prisms. The octahedral cells correspond with the cells of a 24-cell and its dual.
E. L. Elte identified it in 1912 as a semiregular polytope.
Alternate names
Runcinated 24-cell (Norman W. Johnson)
Runcinated icositetrachoron
Runcinated polyoctahedron
Small prismatotetracontoctachoron (spic) (Jonathan Bowers)
Coordinates
The Cartesian coordinates of the runcinated 24-cell having edge length 2 is given by all permutations of sign and coordinates of:
(0, 0, , 2+)
(1, 1, 1+, 1+)
The permutations of the second set of coordinates coincide with the vertices of an inscribed cantellated tesseract.
Projections
Related regular skew polyhedron
The regular skew polyhedron, {4,8|3}, exists in 4-space with 8 square around each vertex, in a zig-zagging nonplanar vertex figure. These square faces can be seen on the runcinated 24-cell, using all 576 edges and 288 vertices. The 384 triangular faces of the runcinated 24-cell can be seen as removed. The dual regular skew polyhedron, {8,4|3}, is similarly related to the octagonal faces of the bitruncated 2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated%20120-cells
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In geometry, a truncated 120-cell is a uniform 4-polytope formed as the truncation of the regular 120-cell.
There are three truncations, including a bitruncation, and a tritruncation, which creates the truncated 600-cell.
Truncated 120-cell
The truncated 120-cell or truncated hecatonicosachoron is a uniform 4-polytope, constructed by a uniform truncation of the regular 120-cell 4-polytope.
It is made of 120 truncated dodecahedral and 600 tetrahedral cells. It has 3120 faces: 2400 being triangles and 720 being decagons. There are 4800 edges of two types: 3600 shared by three truncated dodecahedra and 1200 are shared by two truncated dodecahedra and one tetrahedron. Each vertex has 3 truncated dodecahedra and one tetrahedron around it. Its vertex figure is an equilateral triangular pyramid.
Alternate names
Truncated 120-cell (Norman W. Johnson)
Tuncated hecatonicosachoron / Truncated dodecacontachoron / Truncated polydodecahedron
Truncated-icosahedral hexacosihecatonicosachoron (Acronym thi) (George Olshevsky, and Jonathan Bowers)
Images
Bitruncated 120-cell
The bitruncated 120-cell or hexacosihecatonicosachoron is a uniform 4-polytope. It has 720 cells: 120 truncated icosahedra, and 600 truncated tetrahedra. Its vertex figure is a digonal disphenoid, with two truncated icosahedra and two truncated tetrahedra around it.
Alternate names
Bitruncated 120-cell / Bitruncated 600-cell (Norman W. Johnson)
Bitruncated hecatonicosachoron / Bitruncated hexacosichoron /
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantellated%20120-cell
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In four-dimensional geometry, a cantellated 120-cell is a convex uniform 4-polytope, being a cantellation (a 2nd order truncation) of the regular 120-cell.
There are four degrees of cantellations of the 120-cell including with permutations truncations. Two are expressed relative to the dual 600-cell.
Cantellated 120-cell
The cantellated 120-cell is a uniform 4-polytope. It is named by its construction as a Cantellation operation applied to the regular 120-cell. It contains 1920 cells, including 120 rhombicosidodecahedra, 1200 triangular prisms, 600 octahedra. Its vertex figure is a wedge, with two rhombicosidodecahedra, two triangular prisms, and one octahedron meeting at each vertex.
Alternative names
Cantellated 120-cell Norman Johnson
Cantellated hecatonicosachoron / Cantellated dodecacontachoron / Cantellated polydodecahedron
Small rhombated hecatonicosachoron (Acronym srahi) (George Olshevsky and Jonathan Bowers)
Ambo-02 polydodecahedron (John Conway)
Images
Cantitruncated 120-cell
The cantitruncated 120-cell is a uniform polychoron.
This 4-polytope is related to the regular 120-cell. The cantitruncation operation create new truncated tetrahedral cells at the vertices, and triangular prisms at the edges. The original dodecahedron cells are cantitruncated into great rhombicosidodecahedron cells.
The image shows the 4-polytope drawn as a Schlegel diagram which projects the 4-dimensional figure into 3-space, distorting the sizes of the cells. In addition, the deca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runcinated%20120-cells
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In four-dimensional geometry, a runcinated 120-cell (or runcinated 600-cell) is a convex uniform 4-polytope, being a runcination (a 3rd order truncation) of the regular 120-cell.
There are 4 degrees of runcinations of the 120-cell including with permutations truncations and cantellations.
The runcinated 120-cell can be seen as an expansion applied to a regular 4-polytope, the 120-cell or 600-cell.
Runcinated 120-cell
The runcinated 120-cell or small disprismatohexacosihecatonicosachoron is a uniform 4-polytope. It has 2640 cells: 120 dodecahedra, 720 pentagonal prisms, 1200 triangular prisms, and 600 tetrahedra. Its vertex figure is a nonuniform triangular antiprism (equilateral-triangular antipodium): its bases represent a dodecahedron and a tetrahedron, and its flanks represent three triangular prisms and three pentagonal prisms.
Alternate names
Runcinated 120-cell / Runcinated 600-cell (Norman W. Johnson)
Runcinated hecatonicosachoron / Runcinated dodecacontachoron / Runcinated hexacosichoron / Runcinated polydodecahedron / Runcinated polytetrahedron
Small diprismatohexacosihecatonicosachoron (acronym: sidpixhi) (George Olshevsky, Jonathan Bowers)
Images
Runcitruncated 120-cell
The runcitruncated 120-cell or prismatorhombated hexacosichoron is a uniform 4-polytope. It contains 2640 cells: 120 truncated dodecahedra, 720 decagonal prisms, 1200 triangular prisms, and 600 cuboctahedra. Its vertex figure is an irregular rectangular pyramid, with one truncated dodeca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeding%20%28fluid%20dynamics%29
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Seeding a material is a concept used in fluid dynamics to describe the act of introducing specific particulates or other foreign substances into a stream of fluid being evaluated. An altered fluid will be described as having a seeded flow.
Details
These particulates are generally small enough to be carried by the fluid but large enough to be picked up using a flow visualization technique, such as particle image velocimetry (PIV). In reference to aerodynamic testing, such as wind tunnel testing, water tunnel testing, or any other test investigating the flow of a fluid which may be invisible to the naked eye, seeding a flow is often the only way to take visual measurements. Simple examples of a seeded flow include the introduction of smoke into a low speed wind tunnel to see the general path of the air, or injecting colored dye into a water tunnel to see secondary flow structures such as hairpin vortices.
As stated in The Handbook of Fluid Dynamics, an ideal seeding particle should have uniform properties such that its density is the same as the fluid that it's added to.
See also
Flow visualization
Fluid dynamics
Fluid mechanics
Streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines
References
Fluid dynamics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trefoil%20knot%20fold
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The trefoil knot fold is a protein fold in which the protein backbone is twisted into a trefoil knot shape. "Shallow" knots in which the tail of the polypeptide chain only passes through a loop by a few residues are uncommon, but "deep" knots in which many residues are passed through the loop are extremely rare. Deep trefoil knots have been found in the SPOUT superfamily. including methyltransferase proteins involved in posttranscriptional RNA modification in all three domains of life, including bacterium Thermus thermophilus and proteins, in archaea and in eukaryota.
In many cases the trefoil knot is part of the active site or a ligand-binding site and is critical to the activity of the enzyme in which it appears. Before the discovery of the first knotted protein, it was believed that the process of protein folding could not efficiently produce deep knots in protein backbones. Studies of the folding kinetics of a dimeric protein from Haemophilus influenzae have revealed that the folding of trefoil knot proteins may depend on proline isomerization. Computational algorithms have been developed to identify knotted protein structures, both to canvas the Protein Data Bank for previously undetected natural knots and to identify knots in protein structure predictions, where they are unlikely to accurately reproduce the native-state structure due to the rarity of knots in known proteins.
Knottins are small, diverse and stable proteins with important drug design potential. They ca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt%27s%20theorem
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Schmidt's theorem may refer to:
Krull–Schmidt theorem
Wolfgang M. Schmidt's subspace theorem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSMG
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RSMG may refer to:
Russell Simmons Music Group
16S rRNA (guanine527-N7)-methyltransferase, an enzyme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Killarney%20%28Illinois%29
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Lake Killarney is a subdivision surrounding a private lake located to the west of the Fox River in unincorporated Cary and Crystal Lake, Illinois. It is located northwest of Chicago. Lake Killarney residents have exclusive lake rights to an spring fed lake.
The Lake Killarney Home Owners Association was incorporated March 15, 1962, and is the sole owner of the "Common Properties" known as Lake Killarney (the lake itself), its two beaches, parkland areas, along with various sections of property surrounding the lake.
Lake Killarney Lake
Lake Killarney is a glacial lake located in McHenry County, northwest of Cary. The lake has a maximum depth of , an average of , and a storage capacity of . Lake Killarney serves as a recreational lake for its residences. Residents practice catch and release to assure the fish stay plentiful. A valid Illinois Fishing license is required. Swimming, fishing, row-boating or canoeing, and sail-boating are the major uses of the lake. Access is limited to subdivision members only. No motors of any kind are allowed on the lake.
See also
List of lakes in Illinois
References
External links
Killarney
Bodies of water of McHenry County, Illinois
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-medoids
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The -medoids problem is a clustering problem similar to -means. The name was coined by Leonard Kaufman and Peter J. Rousseeuw with their PAM (Partitioning Around Medoids) algorithm. Both the -means and -medoids algorithms are partitional (breaking the dataset up into groups) and attempt to minimize the distance between points labeled to be in a cluster and a point designated as the center of that cluster. In contrast to the -means algorithm, -medoids chooses actual data points as centers (medoids or exemplars), and thereby allows for greater interpretability of the cluster centers than in -means, where the center of a cluster is not necessarily one of the input data points (it is the average between the points in the cluster). Furthermore, -medoids can be used with arbitrary dissimilarity measures, whereas -means generally requires Euclidean distance for efficient solutions. Because -medoids minimizes a sum of pairwise dissimilarities instead of a sum of squared Euclidean distances, it is more robust to noise and outliers than -means.
-medoids is a classical partitioning technique of clustering that splits the data set of objects into clusters, where the number of clusters assumed known a priori (which implies that the programmer must specify k before the execution of a -medoids algorithm). The "goodness" of the given value of can be assessed with methods such as the silhouette method.
The medoid of a cluster is defined as the object in the cluster whose average dissimi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollis%20Dow%20Hedberg
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Hollis Dow Hedberg (May 29, 1903 – August 14, 1988; nickname: "El Doctor Hedberg") was an American geologist specializing in petroleum exploration. His contribution to stratigraphic classification of rocks and procedures is a monumental work which received universal acceptance. The firm he worked for, the Gulf Oil Corporation in Venezuela, trusted his findings and explored what had until then been uncharted territory. As a result, they reaped huge benefits from their petroleum findings.
Hedberg taught at Princeton University from 1959 until his retirement in 1971. He was awarded the Mary Clark Thompson Medal by the National Academy of Sciences in 1973. In 1975 he was awarded the Wollaston Medal by the Geological Society of London. Hedberg won the Sidney Powers Memorial Award in 1963.
Early life
Hollis Dow Hedberg was born on 29 May 1903 in Falun, Kansas. He belonged to a small Swedish community and his parents lived on the second floor of the house. At that time Kansas experienced the worst flood in its history. His father, Carl August Hedberg, born in Sweden came to the US as one of four children. His mother, Zada Mary Dow, was of Scottish-English descent. His initial years were difficult; he worked in the fields. He developed a skill for whistling (which became his trait) while ploughing fields with horses. He came from a musical family: his father played violin, his mother the piano, his brother James the viola, and he played cello. They were fond of reading books to one
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrophic%20current
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A geostrophic current is an oceanic current in which the pressure gradient force is balanced by the Coriolis effect. The direction of geostrophic flow is parallel to the isobars, with the high pressure to the right of the flow in the Northern Hemisphere, and the high pressure to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. This concept is familiar from weather maps, whose isobars show the direction of geostrophic winds. Geostrophic flow may be either barotropic or baroclinic. A geostrophic current may also be thought of as a rotating shallow water wave with a frequency of zero.
The principle of geostrophy or geostrophic balance is useful to oceanographers because it allows them to infer ocean currents from measurements of the sea surface height (by combined satellite altimetry and gravimetry) or from vertical profiles of seawater density taken by ships or autonomous buoys. The major currents of the world's oceans, such as the Gulf Stream, the Kuroshio Current, the Agulhas Current, and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, are all approximately in geostrophic balance and are examples of geostrophic currents.
Simple explanation
Sea water naturally tends to move from a region of high pressure (or high sea level) to a region of low pressure (or low sea level). The force pushing the water towards the low pressure region is called the pressure gradient force. In a geostrophic flow, instead of water moving from a region of high pressure (or high sea level) to a region of low pressure (or
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity%20%28disambiguation%29
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Viscosity (commonly perceived as "thickness", or resistance to pouring) is the measure of the resistance of a fluid to deform under either shear stress or extensional stress.
Viscosity can also refer to:
A cognitive dimension for the design of notations measuring resistance to change.
Viscosity (programming) - a concept in object oriented programming, which refers to the ease at which a developer can add design-preserving code to a system.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20Shell
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Donald L. Shell (March 1, 1924 – November 2, 2015) was an American computer scientist who designed the Shellsort sorting algorithm. He acquired his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Cincinnati in 1959, and published the Shellsort algorithm in the Communications of the ACM in July that same year.
Career
Donald Shell acquired a B.S. in Civil Engineering from the Michigan College of Mining and Technology which is now Michigan Technological University. This was a four-year degree which he acquired in three years with the highest GPA given in the college's history. A record which persisted for more than 30 years. After acquiring his degree he went into the Army Corps of Engineers, and from there to the Philippines to help repair damages during World War II. When he returned after the war, he married Alice McCullough and returned to Michigan Technological University, where he taught mathematics. In 1949 they moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, for Don to work for General Electric's engines division, where he developed a convergence algorithm and wrote a program to perform performance cycle calculations for GE's first aircraft jet engines. He also attended the University of Cincinnati, where in 1951 he acquired a M.S. in mathematics and, in 1959, acquired his Ph.D. in Mathematics. In July of that year he published the Shellsort algorithm and "The Share 709 System: A Cooperative Effort". In 1958, he and A. Spitzbart had published "A Chebycheff Fitting Criterion".
Although he is mo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Mines%20II
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Crystal Mines II is a puzzle video game designed and programmed by Ken Beckett for Color Dreams. It was licensed to Atari Corporation for the Lynx handheld system. The game is a sequel to Crystal Mines for the Nintendo Entertainment System. Both releases are similar to Boulder Dash, a genre which has since become known as "rocks and diamonds" games.
There are 150 levels and 31 bonus levels. The levels were designed by Scott Davis, Danny Sosebee, Lee Rider, Joel Byers, Jim Treadway, Gabriel Beckett and Ron Degen. Music was composed by Ken Calderone, and graphics were by Nina, Dan Burke and Ken Beckett.
Crystal Mines II was released for the Nintendo DS in 2010 as Crystal Mines.
Gameplay
The player guides a robot down a series of mines to collect crystals of different colors (and worth different point values). Along the way, the robot encounters wooden blocks, which can be blown up or sawed through, boulders of different types, dirt, which can be shot away with the robot's blaster, and a variety of monsters. The robot can also discover shields, radioactivity protection, deposits of copper, silver and gold, and caches of TNT. The metal deposits become bonuses to the player's score, while the other items can be used to complete various levels of the game.
Reception
CVG Magazine reviewed the Lynx version in their May 1992 issue, giving it a rating of 83 out of 100.
Re-releases
In 2000, Songbird Productions produced a sequel, Crystal Mines II: Buried Treasure on CD-ROM for Mic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome%20abnormality
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A chromosomal abnormality, chromosomal anomaly, chromosomal aberration, chromosomal mutation, or chromosomal disorder, is a missing, extra, or irregular portion of chromosomal DNA. These can occur in the form of numerical abnormalities, where there is an atypical number of chromosomes, or as structural abnormalities, where one or more individual chromosomes are altered. Chromosome mutation was formerly used in a strict sense to mean a change in a chromosomal segment, involving more than one gene. Chromosome anomalies usually occur when there is an error in cell division following meiosis or mitosis. Chromosome abnormalities may be detected or confirmed by comparing an individual's karyotype, or full set of chromosomes, to a typical karyotype for the species via genetic testing.
Numerical abnormality
An abnormal number of chromosomes is known as aneuploidy, and occurs when an individual is either missing a chromosome from a pair (resulting in monosomy) or has more than two chromosomes of a pair (trisomy, tetrasomy, etc.). Aneuploidy can be full, involving a whole chromosome missing or added, or partial, where only part of a chromosome is missing or added. Aneuploidy can occur with sex chromosomes or autosomes.
An example of trisomy in humans is Down syndrome, which is a developmental disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21; the disorder is therefore also called trisomy 21.
An example of monosomy in humans is Turner syndrome, where the individual is born with only
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimosine
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Mimosine or leucenol is a toxic non-protein amino acid chemically similar to tyrosine. It occurs in some Mimosa spp. (including M. pudica) and all members of the closely related genus Leucaena.
This compound, also known as leucenol, was first isolated from the seeds of Leucaena glauca Benth., and was later investigated by Adams and coworkers.
Properties
Mimosine melts with decomposition. The hydrochloride salt melts at 174.5–175.0 °C with decomposition; the hydrobromide decomposes at 179.5 °C, and the hydroiodide decomposes at 183–183.5 °C. Mimosine only forms monobasic acids, but the methyl ester forms a dihydrochloride, C7H9O2N2(COOMe)•2 HCl•½ H2O, mp. 175–6 °C.
Biological effects
Mimosine arrests dividing cells in the late G1 phase by inhibiting DNA replication initiation. In ruminants, mimosine is degraded to 3,4- and 2,3-dihydroxypyridone (3,4- and 2,3-DHP).
Although toxicosis has occurred in Australia, Papua New Guinea, Africa and Florida, it has not been recorded in any other tropical and subtropical regions. Goats in Burma lost hair when fed a diet containing 50% of Leucaena. Goats and cattle in Hawaii are able to degrade the 3,4-DHP ruminally. Tolerance might be related to the presence or absence of microbes tolerant to mimosine and 3,4-DHP. It is known that at least Australian goats do not share the abilities of their Hawaiian counterparts.
Bickel and Wibaut found in feeding experiments with rats and mice that leucenol is probably the toxic constituent of Leuca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov%20backward%20equations%20%28diffusion%29
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The Kolmogorov backward equation (KBE) (diffusion) and its adjoint sometimes known as the Kolmogorov forward equation (diffusion) are partial differential equations (PDE) that arise in the theory of continuous-time continuous-state Markov processes. Both were published by Andrey Kolmogorov in 1931. Later it was realized that the forward equation was already known to physicists under the name Fokker–Planck equation; the KBE on the other hand was new.
Informally, the Kolmogorov forward equation addresses the following problem. We have information about the state x of the system at time t (namely a probability distribution ); we want to know the probability distribution of the state at a later time . The adjective 'forward' refers to the fact that serves as the initial condition and the PDE is integrated forward in time (in the common case where the initial state is known exactly, is a Dirac delta function centered on the known initial state).
The Kolmogorov backward equation on the other hand is useful when we are interested at time t in whether at a future time s the system will be in a given subset of states B, sometimes called the target set. The target is described by a given function which is equal to 1 if state x is in the target set at time s, and zero otherwise. In other words, , the indicator function for the set B. We want to know for every state x at time what is the probability of ending up in the target set at time s (sometimes called the hit probability
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solifenacin
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Solifenacin, sold as the brand name Vesicare among others, is a medicine used to treat overactive bladder and neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO). It may help with incontinence, urinary frequency, and urinary urgency.
Benefits appear similar to other medications in the class. It is taken by mouth.
Common side effects include dry mouth, constipation, and urinary tract infection. Severe side effects may include urinary retention, QT prolongation, hallucinations, glaucoma, and anaphylaxis. It is unclear if use is safe during pregnancy. It is of the antimuscarinic class and works by decreasing bladder contractions.
Solifenacin was approved for medical use in the United States in 2004. In 2020, it was the 266th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions.
Medical use
It is used to treat overactive bladder. It may help with incontinence, urinary frequency, and urinary urgency.
Benefits appear similar to other antimuscarinics such as oxybutynin, tolterodine, and darifenacin.
It is also used to treat neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO), a form of bladder dysfunction related to neurological impairment, in children ages two years and older. NDO is a dysfunction of the bladder that results from disease or injury in the nervous system. NDO may be related to congenital conditions (often-inherited conditions beginning at or before birth), such as spina bifida (myelomeningocele), or other conditions such as spinal cord injury.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetohydroxamic%20acid
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Acetohydroxamic acid (also known as AHA or by the trade name Lithostat) is a drug that is a potent and irreversible enzyme inhibitor of the urease enzyme in various bacteria and plants; it is usually used for urinary tract infections. The molecule is similar to urea but is not hydrolyzable by urease; it thus disrupts the bacteria's metabolism through competitive inhibition.
Orphan drug
In 1983 the US Food and Drug Administration approved acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) as an orphan drug for "prevention of so-called struvite stones" under the newly enacted Orphan Drug Act of 1983. AHA cannot be patented because it is a standard chemical compound.
See also
Salicylhydroxamic acid
References
Orphan drugs
Hydroxamic acids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrophysics
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Petrophysics (from the Greek πέτρα, petra, "rock" and φύσις, physis, "nature") is the study of physical and chemical rock properties and their interactions with fluids.
A major application of petrophysics is in studying reservoirs for the hydrocarbon industry. Petrophysicists work together with reservoir engineers and geoscientists to understand the porous media properties of the reservoir. Particularly how the pores are interconnected in the subsurface, controlling the accumulation and migration of hydrocarbons. Some fundamental petrophysical properties determined are lithology, porosity, water saturation, permeability, and capillary pressure.
The petrophysicists workflow measures and evaluates these petrophysical properties through well-log interpretation (i.e. in-situ reservoir conditions) and core analysis in the laboratory. During well perforation, different well-log tools are used to measure the petrophysical and mineralogical properties through radioactivity and seismic technologies in the borehole. In addition, core plugs are taken from the well as sidewall core or whole core samples. These studies are combined with geological, geophysical, and reservoir engineering studies to model the reservoir and determine its economic feasibility.
While most petrophysicists work in the hydrocarbon industry, some also work in the mining, water resources, geothermal energy, and carbon capture and storage industries. Petrophysics is part of the geosciences, and its studies are
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusoidal%20plane-wave%20solutions%20of%20the%20electromagnetic%20wave%20equation
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Sinusoidal plane-wave solutions are particular solutions to the electromagnetic wave equation.
The general solution of the electromagnetic wave equation in homogeneous, linear, time-independent media can be written as a linear superposition of plane-waves of different frequencies and polarizations.
The treatment in this article is classical but, because of the generality of Maxwell's equations for electrodynamics, the treatment can be converted into the quantum mechanical treatment with only a reinterpretation of classical quantities (aside from the quantum mechanical treatment needed for charge and current densities).
The reinterpretation is based on the theories of Max Planck and the interpretations by Albert Einstein of those theories and of other experiments. The quantum generalization of the classical treatment can be found in the articles on photon polarization and photon dynamics in the double-slit experiment.
Explanation
Experimentally, every light signal can be decomposed into a spectrum of frequencies and wavelengths associated with sinusoidal solutions of the wave equation. Polarizing filters can be used to decompose light into its various polarization components. The polarization components can be linear, circular or elliptical.
Plane waves
The plane sinusoidal solution for an electromagnetic wave traveling in the z direction is
for the electric field and
for the magnetic field, where k is the wavenumber,
is the angular frequency of the wave, and is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexafluoro-2-butyne
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Hexafluoro-2-butyne (HFB) is a fluorocarbon with the chemical structure CF3C≡CCF3. HFB is a particularly electrophilic acetylene derivative, and hence a potent dienophile for Diels–Alder reactions.
Synthesis and reactions
HFB is prepared by the action of sulfur tetrafluoride on acetylenedicarboxylic acid or by the reaction of potassium fluoride (KF) with hexachlorobutadiene.
It reacts with sulfur to give 3,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-dithiete.
Cycloaddition of HFB and dithionitronium (NS2+) gives the 1,2,5-dithiazolium cation. This derivative can be reduced to the 7 electron neutral radical. This particular 1,3,5-dithiazole is also rare example of a radical that can be obtained as solid, liquid, and gaseous states. As a gas, it is blue.
References
Alkyne derivatives
Trifluoromethyl compounds
Fluorocarbons
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interosseous%20membrane%20of%20forearm
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The interosseous membrane of the forearm (rarely middle or intermediate radioulnar joint) is a fibrous sheet that connects the interosseous margins of the radius and the ulna. It is the main part of the radio-ulnar syndesmosis, a fibrous joint between the two bones.
Function
The interosseous membrane divides the forearm into anterior and posterior compartments, serves as a site of attachment for muscles of the forearm, and transfers loads placed on the forearm.
The interosseous membrane is designed to shift compressive loads (as in doing a hand-stand) from the distal radius to the proximal ulna. The fibers within the interosseous membrane are oriented obliquely so that when force is applied the fibers are drawn taut, shifting more of the load to the ulna. This reduces the wear and tear of placing the whole load on a single joint. The role of the membrane in load shifting is illustrated when the interosseous membrane is cut; the forces on each bone equalize from their natural proportions.
Additionally, as the forearm moves from pronation to supination, the interosseous membrane fibers change from a relaxed state, to a tense state in the neutral position. They once again become relaxed as the forearm enters pronation.
The interosseous membrane is composed of five ligaments:
- Central band (key portion to be reconstructed in case of injury)
- Accessory band
- Distal oblique bundle
- Proximal oblique cord
- Dorsal oblique accessory cord
Injury
Severe forearm injuries
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voom%20HD%20Networks
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Voom HD Networks is a suite of 25 original high-definition television channels owned by AMC Networks. The channels were produced in Crystal Clear Hi-Definition with Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround Sound and were the largest suite of HD channels in the world as part of a 15-year agreement between AMC Networks and Dish Network.
History
The Voom HD Networks were originally part of the Voom DTH satellite platform launched by Cablevision and were operated by its subsidiary, Rainbow DBS Company. The original Voom DTH was primed as a competitor to the established DirecTV and Dish Network systems, with its goal to become the first television provider with a lineup consisting mainly of high-definition TV networks. As part of this endeavor, Voom launched in 2003 twenty-one original channels that were completely in HD.
Service was broadcast via the Rainbow-1 communications satellite, which was built by Lockheed Martin and launched on July 17, 2003. It continues to operate from the 61.5°W orbital location, over the Atlantic Ocean.
Voom used the same unique 8PSK Turbo-coded modulation scheme as Dish Network but with a symbol rate of 22 MSPs 5/6 FEC versus Dish Network's 21.5 MSPS 2/3 FEC resulting in a data rate of 50.5 Mbit/s per transponder versus Dish Network's 41 Mpbs. Despite the same modulation scheme, Voom and Dish Network were incompatible given Voom's choice of conditional access and the system's standard. Dish Network uses Nagravision and DVB whereas Voom used Motorola's Digiciphe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%2C%20Nuevo%20Le%C3%B3n
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China is a municipality in the Mexican state of Nuevo León. China is approximately northeast of Monterrey.
According to a 2010 census done by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), China had 10,867 inhabitants. The town is home to the Presa El Cuchillo reservoir and has different theme parks.
Localities
San Bernardo
References
Municipalities of Nuevo León
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ounce%20%28disambiguation%29
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An ounce is any of several units of mass
Ounce may also be:
Ounce-force, a unit of force, one sixteenth of a pound-force
Fluid ounce, any of several units of volume
Ounce, alternative name for the snow leopard
Ounce, in heraldry the same feline as the leopard (heraldry)
Ounce (roman coin)
See also
Troy ounce
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20extensor%20tendon
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The common extensor tendon is a tendon that attaches to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
Structure
The common extensor tendon serves as the upper attachment (in part) for the superficial muscles that are located on the posterior aspect of the forearm:
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
The tendon of extensor carpi radialis brevis is usually the most major tendon to which the other tendons merge.
Function
The common extensor tendon is the major attachment point for extensor muscles of the forearm. This enables finger extension and aids in forearm supination.
Clinical significance
Lateral elbow pain can be caused by various pathologies of the common extensor tendon. Overuse injuries can lead to inflammation. Tennis elbow is a common issue with the common extensor tendon.
See also
Common flexor tendon
Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)
References
Tendons
Upper limb anatomy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butenolide
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Butenolides are a class of lactones with a four-carbon heterocyclic ring structure. They are sometimes considered oxidized derivatives of furan. The simplest butenolide is 2-furanone, which is a common component of larger natural products and is sometimes referred to as simply "butenolide". A common biochemically important butenolide is ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Butenolide derivatives known as karrikins are produced by some plants on exposure to high temperatures due to brush fires. In particular, 3-methyl-2H-furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-one was found to trigger seed germination in plants whose reproduction is fire-dependent.
References
External links
Synthesis of butenolides
Furanones
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20and%20Frequency%20Standards%20Laboratory
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The Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory is a part of the National Physical Laboratory in New Delhi which maintains and calibrates the Indian Standard Time.
Features of the Time and Frequency Standards Lab include:
Four caesium and rubidium atomic clocks
An innovative time service via telephone line known as Teleclock service was launched on 28 July 2009. After successful commissioning this type of service in Nepal and Saudi Arabia, initiation of similar service in SAARC countries are being planned.
INSAT satellite-based standard time and frequency broadcast service which offers IST correct to ±10 microsecond and frequency calibration up to ±100 picoseconds.
Time and frequency calibrations are made with the help of pico- and nano-seconds time interval, frequency counters, and phase recorders.
In the past, it once offered HF broadcast service operating at 10 MHz under call sign ATA to synchronise the user clock within a millisecond.
See also
Time and frequency metrology
References
External links
Indian Time Today (IST)
Research institutes in Delhi
Time in India
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20clamp
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A DNA clamp, also known as a sliding clamp, is a protein complex that serves as a processivity-promoting factor in DNA replication. As a critical component of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, the clamp protein binds DNA polymerase and prevents this enzyme from dissociating from the template DNA strand. The clamp-polymerase protein–protein interactions are stronger and more specific than the direct interactions between the polymerase and the template DNA strand; because one of the rate-limiting steps in the DNA synthesis reaction is the association of the polymerase with the DNA template, the presence of the sliding clamp dramatically increases the number of nucleotides that the polymerase can add to the growing strand per association event. The presence of the DNA clamp can increase the rate of DNA synthesis up to 1,000-fold compared with a nonprocessive polymerase.
Structure
The DNA clamp is an α+β protein that assembles into a multimeric, six-domain ring structure that completely encircles the DNA double helix as the polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing strand. Each domain is in turn made of two β-α-β-β-β structural repeats. The DNA clamp assembles on the DNA at the replication fork and "slides" along the DNA with the advancing polymerase, aided by a layer of water molecules in the central pore of the clamp between the DNA and the protein surface. Because of the toroidal shape of the assembled multimer, the clamp cannot dissociate from the template strand withou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester%20score
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Manchester score is an indicator of prognosis in small cell lung cancer. It is calculated from a number of physical and biochemical markers.
A patient with small cell lung cancer scores one point for each of the following: -
Serum lactate dehydrogenase exceeds the upper limit of the reference range.
Serum sodium concentration less than 132 mmol/L.
Serum alkaline phosphatase over one-and-a-half times the upper limit of the reference range.
Serum bicarbonate less than 24.
Karnofsky performance status less than 60.
Extensive stage disease.
Prognosis
References
Lung cancer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor%20expansion
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An extensor expansion (extensor hood, dorsal expansion, dorsal hood, dorsal aponeurosis) is the special connective attachments by which the extensor tendons insert into the phalanges.
These flattened tendons (aponeurosis) of extensor muscles span the proximal and middle phalanges.
At the distal end of the metacarpal, the extensor tendon will expand to form a hood, which covers the back and sides of the head of the metacarpal and the proximal phalanx.
Bands
The expansion soon divides into three bands:
lateral bands pass on either side of the proximal phalanx and stretch all the way to the distal phalanx. The lumbricals of the hand, extensor indicis muscle, dorsal interossei of the hand, and palmar interossei insert on these bands.
A single median band passes down the middle of the finger along the back of the proximal phalanx, inserting into the base of the middle phalanx.
A band known as the retinacular ligament runs obliquely along the middle phalanx, and connects the fibrous digital sheath on the anterior side of the phalanges to the extensor expansion.
Function
The extensor expansion allows for contractile forces from the extensor compartment muscles to be transferred to the phalanges. It also balances the forces across the phalanges.
References
External links
Muscular system
Tendons
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negron
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For the Italian grape of similar name, see Raboso.
Negron is a Spanish language surname, and may refer to:
Chuck Negron (born 1942), American singer
Edna Negron Rosario (born 1944), American educator
Joe Negron (born 1961), member of the Florida House of Representatives
Kristopher Negrón (born 1986), American baseball player
Priscilla Negrón (born 1984), Ecuadorian actress
Taylor Negron (1957–2015), American stand-up comedian, actor, and artist
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usnic%20acid
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Usnic acid is a naturally occurring dibenzofuran derivative found in several lichen species with the formula C18H16O7. It was first isolated by German scientist W. Knop in 1844 and first synthesized between 1933 and 1937 by Curd and Robertson. Usnic acid was identified in many genera of lichens including Usnea, Cladonia, Hypotrachyna, Lecanora, Ramalina, Evernia, Parmelia and Alectoria. Although it is generally believed that usnic acid is exclusively restricted to lichens, in a few unconfirmed isolated cases the compound was found in kombucha tea and non-lichenized ascomycetes.
At normal conditions, usnic acid is a bitter, yellow, solid substance. It is known to occur in nature in both the d- and l-forms as well as a racemic mixture. Salts of usnic acid are called usnates (e.g. copper usnate).
Biological role in lichens
Usnic acid is a secondary metabolite in lichens whose role has not been completely elucidated. It is believed that usnic acid protects the lichen from adverse effects of sunlight exposure and deters grazing animals with its bitter taste.
Biosynthesis
Usnic acid is a polyketide biosynthesized via methylphloroacetophenone as an intermediate.
Safety
Usnic acid and its salts are idiosyncratically associated with severe hepatotoxicity and liver failure. Daily oral intake of 300–1350 mg over a period of weeks has led to severe hepatotoxicity in a number of persons.
Sodium usniate was one ingredient in a product called "Lipokinetix" that was claimed to induce we
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-amino%20acid%20oxidase
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D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO; also OXDA, DAMOX) is an enzyme with the function on a molecular level to oxidize D-amino acids to the corresponding α-keto acids, producing ammonia and hydrogen peroxide. This results in a number of physiological effects in various systems, most notably the brain. The enzyme is most active toward neutral D-amino acids, and not active toward acidic D-amino acids. One of its most important targets in mammals is D-Serine in the central nervous system. By targeting this and other D-amino acids in vertebrates, DAAO is important in detoxification. The role in microorganisms is slightly different, breaking down D-amino acids to generate energy.
DAAO is expressed in a wide range of species from yeasts to human. It is not present in plants or in bacteria which instead use D-amino acid dehydrogenase. DAAO in humans is a candidate susceptibility gene and together with G72 may play a role in the glutamatergic mechanisms of schizophrenia. DAAO also plays a role in both biotechnological and medical advancements. Risperidone and sodium benzoate are inhibitors of DAAO.
D-amino acid oxidase is different from diamine oxidase that are both sometimes referred to as DAO.
History
In 1935, Hans Adolf Krebs discovered D-amino acid oxidase after an experiment with porcine kidney homogenates and amino acids. Shortly after, Warburg and Christian observed the oxidase had a FAD cofactor making it the second flavoenzyme to be discovered. In the upcoming years other scientist
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilltop%20algorithm
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The Hilltop algorithm is an algorithm used to find documents relevant to a particular keyword topic in news search. Created by Krishna Bharat while he was at Compaq Systems Research Center and George A. Mihăilă University of Toronto, it was acquired by Google for use in its news results in February 2003.
When you enter a query or keyword into the Google news search engine, the Hilltop algorithm helps to find relevant keywords whose results are more informative about the query or keyword.
The algorithm operates on a special index of expert documents. These are pages that are about a specific topic and have links to many non-affiliated pages on that topic. The original algorithm relied on independent directories with categorized links to sites. Results are ranked based on the match between the query and relevant descriptive text for hyperlinks on expert pages pointing to a given result page. Websites which have backlinks from many of the best expert pages are authorities and are ranked well.
Basically, it looks at the relationship between the "expert" and "authority" pages: an "expert" is a page that links to many other relevant documents; an "authority" is a page that has links pointing to it from the "expert" pages. Here they mean pages about a specific topic with links to many non-affiliated pages on that topic. If a website has backlinks from many of the best expert pages it will be an "authority".
See also
PageRank
TrustRank
HITS algorithm
Domain Authority
Search
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamora%20Municipality%2C%20Miranda
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Zamora is one of the 21 municipalities (municipios) that makes up the Venezuelan state of Miranda and, according to a 2011 population estimate by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, the municipality has a population of 187,075. The town of Guatire is the municipal seat of the Zamora Municipality.
Name
The municipality is one of several named "Zamora Municipality" for the 19th century Venezuelan soldier Ezequiel Zamora.
History
The region was historically an agricultural area that cultivated various export products. The population of Guatire has increased rapidly in recent years as an east suburb of Caracas.
Geography
The municipality's northern border, separating it from Vargas, is the east part of the Costa (or Caribe) Mountain Range, while the lower Caraballo Ridge comprises its southern border. Grande River (also called Guarenas River or Caucagua River) runs from the west to the southeast. Guatire, the municipality's shire town, is located near the western border.
Demographics
The Zamora Municipality, according to a 2011 population estimate by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, has a population of 187,075 (up from 152,422 in 2001). This amounts to 7% of the state's population. The municipality's population density in 2011 was .
Government
The mayor of the Zamora Municipality is Raziel Rodriguez, elected in 2021 for 2021-2025 tenure with 46,97% of the vote. The municipality is divided into two parishes; Guatire and Bolívar.
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing%20by%20hybridization
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Sequencing by hybridization is a class of methods for determining the order in which nucleotides occur on a strand of DNA. Typically used for looking for small changes relative to a known DNA sequence.
The binding of one strand of DNA to its complementary strand in the DNA double-helix (known as hybridization) is sensitive to even single-base mismatches when the hybrid region is short or if specialized mismatch detection proteins are present. This is exploited in a variety of ways, most notably via DNA chips or microarrays with thousands to billions of synthetic oligonucleotides found in a genome of interest plus many known variations or even all possible single-base variations.
The type of sequencing by hybridization described above has largely been displaced by other methods, including sequencing by synthesis, and sequencing by ligation (as well as pore-based methods). However hybridization of oligonucleotides is still used in some sequencing schemes, including hybridization-assisted pore-based sequencing, and reversible hybridization.
Examples of commercial systems
Affymetrix (true sequencing-by-hybridization)
NABsys (Hybridization-assisted pore-based sequencing)
Complete Genomics Inc. (reversible-hybridization of probes that call-out a single base with each hybridization)
See also
Sequencing by ligation
References
DNA sequencing
Laboratory techniques
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betti
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Betti may refer to:
People
Betti (given name)
Betti (surname)
Other uses
Betti number in topology, named for Enrico Betti
Betti's theorem in engineering theory, named for Enrico Betti
Betti reaction, a chemical addition reaction
See also
Beti (disambiguation)
Betty (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor%20effect
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In statistics, a floor effect (also known as a basement effect) arises when a data-gathering instrument has a lower limit to the data values it can reliably specify. This lower limit is known as the "floor". The "floor effect" is one type of scale attenuation effect; the other scale attenuation effect is the "ceiling effect". Floor effects are occasionally encountered in psychological testing, when a test designed to estimate some psychological trait has a minimum standard score that may not distinguish some test-takers who differ in their responses on the test item content. Giving preschool children an IQ test designed for adults would likely show many of the test-takers with scores near the lowest standard score for adult test-takers (IQ 40 on most tests that were currently normed as of 2010). To indicate differences in current intellectual functioning among young children, IQ tests specifically for young children are developed, on which many test-takers can score well above the floor score. An IQ test designed to help assess intellectually disabled persons might intentionally be designed with easier item content and a lower floor score to better distinguish among individuals taking the test as part of an assessment process.
See also
Ceiling effect (statistics)
References
Further reading
Everitt, B.S. (2002) The Cambridge dictionary of Statistics, Second Edition. CUP.
Psychometrics
Psychological testing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilin
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Pilin refers to a class of fibrous proteins that are found in pilus structures in bacteria. These structures can be used for the exchange of genetic material, or as a cell adhesion mechanism. Although not all bacteria have pili or fimbriae, bacterial pathogens often use their fimbriae to attach to host cells. In Gram-negative bacteria, where pili are more common, individual pilin molecules are linked by noncovalent protein-protein interactions, while Gram-positive bacteria often have polymerized LPXTG pilin.
Type IV pilin
Type IV pilin proteins are α+β proteins characterized by a very long N-terminal alpha helix. The assembly of these pili relies on interactions between the N-terminal helices of the individual monomers. The pilus structure sequesters the helices in the center of the fiber lining a central pore, while antiparallel beta sheets occupy the exterior of the fiber.
Role of ComP pilin in bacterial transformation
Genetic transformation is the process by which a recipient bacterial cell takes up DNA from a neighboring cell and integrates this DNA into the recipient’s genome by homologous recombination. In Neisseria meningitidis, DNA transformation requires the presence of short DNA uptake sequences (DUSs) which are 9-10mers residing in coding regions of the donor DNA. Specific recognition of DUSs is mediated by a type IV pilin, ComP. Menningococcal type IV pili bind DNA through the minor pilin ComP via an electropositive stripe that is predicted to be exposed
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubby%20protein
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The tubby protein is encoded by the TUB gene. It is an upstream cell signaling protein common to multicellular eukaryotes. The first tubby gene was identified in mice, and proteins that are homologous to tubby are known as "tubby-like proteins" (TULPs). They share a common and characteristic tertiary structure that consists of a beta barrel packed around an alpha helix in the central pore. The gene derives its name from its role in metabolism; mice with a mutated tubby gene develop delayed-onset obesity, sensorineural hearing loss, and retinal degeneration.
Structure
Tubby proteins are classified as α+β proteins and have a 12-beta stranded barrel surrounding a central alpha helix. Tubby proteins can bind the small cell signaling molecule phosphatidylinositol, which is typically localized to the cell membrane. A similar structural fold to the Tubby like proteins has been identified in the Scramblase family of proteins.
Function
Tubby proteins have been implicated as transcription factors and as potential signaling factors coupled to G-protein activity. They are associated with neuronal differentiation and development, and in mammals are implicated in three disease processes when mutated: obesity, retinal degeneration, and hearing loss. In mice, mutations in tubby proteins are known to affect life span and fat storage as well as carbohydrate metabolism. Tubby domains associate with cytoplasmic side of cell membranes through binding of different phosphoinositides
Human prot
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RpoS
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The gene rpoS (RNA polymerase, sigma S, also called katF) encodes the sigma factor sigma-38 (σ38, or RpoS), a 37.8 kD protein in Escherichia coli. Sigma factors are proteins that regulate transcription in bacteria. Sigma factors can be activated in response to different environmental conditions. rpoS is transcribed in late exponential phase, and RpoS is the primary regulator of stationary phase genes. RpoS is a central regulator of the general stress response and operates in both a retroactive and a proactive manner: it not only allows the cell to survive environmental challenges, but it also prepares the cell for subsequent stresses (cross-protection). The transcriptional regulator CsgD is central to biofilm formation, controlling the expression of the curli structural and export proteins, and the diguanylate cyclase, adrA, which indirectly activates cellulose production. The rpoS gene most likely originated in the gammaproteobacteria.
Environmental signal to activation: regulation of RpoS
Regulatory mechanisms that control RpoS exist at various levels of gene and protein organization: transcription, translation, degradation, and protein activity. These processes occur in response to stresses such as near-UV radiation, acid, temperature or osmotic shock, oxidative stress, and nutrient deprivation. While many key regulatory entities have been identified in these areas, the precise mechanisms by which they signal rpoS transcription, translation, proteolysis or activity rem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sielecki%20Castle
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Sielecki Castle is a castle in the city of Sosnowiec in southern Poland, located in the Sielc district. The castle is located on the left bank of the Czarna Przemsza River. It was built in the 17th century and it is the oldest building in the city.
Architecture
Originally a defensive fortification, expanded in 1620 into a four-wing complex with corner towers, perhaps using earlier buildings. The castle was built of broken limestone and brick. Storey building with basement. After the fire in 1824, the castle was rebuilt in 1832, but the east wing with the entrance gate was demolished and the moats were filled. Despite these changes, the original defensive character is evidenced by the shape of the block, four corner towers and projections on the extension of the side wings. It is currently a three-winged building with an open courtyard.
History
The history of building the castle is not fully known. Until recently, it was believed that it was established in 1620, but thanks to archaeological research and queries in archives, it turned out that its origins date back to perhaps the 15th century. In 1620, Sebastian Minor of the Półkozic coat of arms completed the construction of a new castle on a quadrangle plan with a courtyard in the middle. This was commemorated with a plaque preserved until today in the chapel. The appearance of the castle from this period is presented in the inventories from 1665 and 1719. After Minory, the owners of Sielec were Modrzejewscy and Męgobors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiar%2C%20Rev%C3%BAca%20District
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Žiar () is a village and municipality in Revúca District in the Banská Bystrica Region of Slovakia.
External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Revúca District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnezitovce
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Magnezitovce () is a village and municipality in Revúca District in the Banská Bystrica Region of Slovakia.
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20071116010355/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Revúca District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licince
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Licince () is a village and municipality in Revúca District in the Banská Bystrica Region of Slovakia.
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20080111223415/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Počet obyvateľov: 711
Rozloha: 1830 ha
Prvá písomná zmienka: v roku 1263
Starosta: Ladislav Miklóš (ehm..chh)
Villages and municipalities in Revúca District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandra%C5%BE
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Nandraž () is a village and municipality in Revúca District in the Banská Bystrica Region of Slovakia.
External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Revúca District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Whyte%20%28footballer%29
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David Whyte (20 April 1971 – 9 September 2014) was an English professional footballer who played as a striker.
Career
Born in Greenwich, Whyte played for Greenwich Borough, Crystal Palace, Charlton Athletic, Reading, Ipswich Town, Bristol Rovers and Southend United.
He signed for Charlton Athletic in June 1994, alongside Paul Mortimer, in a part-exchange deal with Crystal Palace; Darren Pitcher moved in the opposite direction.
He retired in 1999, at the age of 28.
Later life and death
Whyte died on 9 September 2014, at the age of 43.
References
1971 births
2014 deaths
Footballers from Greenwich
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Greenwich Borough F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Charlton Athletic F.C. players
Reading F.C. players
Ipswich Town F.C. players
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
English Football League players
Black British sportsmen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucobrassicin
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Glucobrassicin is a type of glucosinolate that can be found in almost all cruciferous plants, such as cabbages, broccoli, mustards, and woad. As for other glucosinolates, degradation by the enzyme myrosinase is expected to produce an isothiocyanate, indol-3-ylmethylisothiocyanate. However, this specific isothiocyanate is expected to be highly unstable, and has indeed never been detected. The observed hydrolysis products when isolated glucobrassicin is degraded by myrosinase are indole-3-carbinol and thiocyanate ion (plus glucose, sulfate, and hydrogen ion), which are envisioned to result from a rapid reaction of the unstable isothiocyanate with water. However, a large number of other reaction products are known, and indole-3-carbinol is not the dominant degradation product when glucosinolate degradation takes place in crushed plant tissue or in intact plants.
Glucobrassicin is also known to be a highly active egg-laying stimulant of cabbage white butterflies such as the small white (Pieris rapae) and the large white (Pieris brassicae).
Several derivatives of glucobrassicin are known. The compound itself was first isolated from Brassica plants, hence the ending of the name. When a second, similar natural product was discovered, it was named neoglucobrassicin. When further derivatives were discovered, a more systematic nomenclature was used. Currently, the following six derivatives are known from plants:
1-Methoxyglucobrassicin (neoglucobrassicin)
4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echidna%20%28fish%29
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Echidna is a genus of moray eels in the family Muraenidae.
Description
Echidna species lack canine teeth.
Diet
They generally eat crustaceans.
Species
, FishBase and WoRMS recognize the following eleven species in Echidna:
Echidna amblyodon (Bleeker, 1856) (Sulawesi moray)
Echidna catenata (Bloch, 1795) (chain moray)
Echidna delicatula (Kaup, 1856) (mottled moray)
Echidna leucotaenia L. P. Schultz, 1943 (whiteface moray)
Echidna nebulosa (J. N. Ahl, 1789) (snowflake moray)
Echidna nocturna (Cope, 1872) (freckled moray)
Echidna peli (Kaup, 1856) (pebbletooth moray)
Echidna polyzona (J. Richardson, 1845) (barred moray)
Echidna rhodochilus Bleeker, 1863 (pink-lipped moray eel)
Echidna unicolor L. P. Schultz, 1953 (unicolor moray)
Echidna xanthospilos (Bleeker, 1859) (New Guinea moray)
In addition to the species listed above, the zebra moray (Gymnomuraena zebra) has sometimes been included in Echidna.
References
Muraenidae
Taxa named by Johann Reinhold Forster
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20Kidd%20Teal
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Gordon Kidd Teal (January 10, 1907 – January 7, 2003) was an American engineer. He invented a method of applying the Czochralski method to produce extremely pure germanium single crystals used in making greatly improved transistors. He, together with Morgan Sparks, invented a modification of the process that produced the configuration necessary for the fabrication of bipolar junction transistors. He is most remembered for developing the first silicon transistor while at Texas Instruments.
Early life and education
Teal was born in South Dallas, Texas to Olin Allison Teal and Azelia Kidd. His father had come to Texas in 1897 from Georgia. Gordon was valedictorian at the Bryan Street High School in Dallas, Texas, and graduated in 1924. Gordon earned his B.A. in Mathematics and Chemistry from Baylor University in 1927 and his master's and Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry from Brown University in 1928 and 1931, respectively. While at Brown, he began work in the laboratory of Professor Charles Kraus on the element germanium, which was then believed to be useless.
Bell Labs
Teal joined Bell Labs in 1930 and would remain employed there for 22 years. During his time there, he continued to work with germanium and silicon. When William Shockley's group at Bell Labs invented the transistor in 1947, Teal realized that substantial improvements in the device would result if it was fabricated using a single crystal, rather than the polycrystalline material then being used, and created the gro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20census%20divisions%20of%20Manitoba
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Statistics Canada divides the province of Manitoba into 23 census divisions. Unlike in some other provinces, census divisions do not reflect the organization of local government in Manitoba. These areas exist solely for the purposes of statistical analysis and presentation; they have no government of their own.
See also
Administrative divisions of Canada
List of communities in Manitoba
List of municipalities in Manitoba
List of regions of Manitoba
External links
Government of Manitoba Community Profiles. Census Divisions Map
Census divisions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20dabble
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In computer science, the double dabble algorithm is used to convert binary numbers into binary-coded decimal (BCD) notation. It is also known as the shift-and-add-3 algorithm, and can be implemented using a small number of gates in computer hardware, but at the expense of high latency.
Algorithm
The algorithm operates as follows:
Suppose the original number to be converted is stored in a register that is n bits wide. Reserve a scratch space wide enough to hold both the original number and its BCD representation; bits will be enough. It takes a maximum of 4 bits in binary to store each decimal digit.
Then partition the scratch space into BCD digits (on the left) and the original register (on the right). For example, if the original number to be converted is eight bits wide, the scratch space would be partitioned as follows:
Hundreds Tens Ones Original
0010 0100 0011 11110011
The diagram above shows the binary representation of 24310 in the original register, and the BCD representation of 243 on the left.
The scratch space is initialized to all zeros, and then the value to be converted is copied into the "original register" space on the right.
0000 0000 0000 11110011
The algorithm then iterates n times. On each iteration, any BCD digit which is at least 5 (0101 in binary) is incremented by 3 (0011); then the entire scratch space is left-shifted one bit. The increment ensures that a value of 5, incremented and left-shifted, becomes 16 (10000), thus correctl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boran%20cattle
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Boran cattle are a popular Zebu beef breed in eastern Africa.
Through DNA sampling, Hanotte et al. have analyzed the genetic make-up of the Boran and it consists of the following genetic proportions—64% Bos indicus, 24% European Bos taurus and 12% African Bos taurus.
History
Kenyan Boran cattle were developed from the native shorthorned Zebu cattle of the Borana Oromo people of southern Ethiopia. They are usually white or fawn, with the bulls being darker with black point. Their great similarity to the American Brahman cattle is not without basis, they are also descended from cattle from the western coast of India, only much earlier.
Since 1951, the Boran Cattle Breeders' Society has been managed and strategically breeding Boran cattle in Kenya. As of 2008, there were approximately 454 beef ranches in the country, which can be classified based on ownership as one of five categories: group ranches, private company ranches, co-operative ranches, public company ranches, and government ranches.
Physical characteristics
Having been in Africa for over a thousand years, they are very well adapted to local conditions and parasites. Boran cattle are known for their fertility, early maturation (more so than other Zebu breeds), hardiness, and docility.
Types
The Orma Boran is the smallest of the Boran breeds, smaller than the Kenyan Boran. Mature male Orma Boran range in size from , while females are from .
The Kenyan Boran developed from the Orma Boran, Borana, and Somali Bora
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide%20library
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A peptide library is a tool for studying proteins. Peptide libraries typically contain a large number of peptides that have a systematic combination of amino acids. Usually, the peptide library is synthesized on a solid phase, mostly on resin, which can be made as a flat surface or beads. The peptide library is a popular tool for drug design, protein–protein interactions, and other biochemical and pharmaceutical applications.
Synthetic peptide libraries are synthesized without utilizing phage or other biological systems. There are at least five subtypes of synthetic peptide libraries that differ from each other by the method which was used for the synthesis of the library. The subtypes are:
Overlapping peptide libraries
Truncation peptide libraries
Random libraries
Alanine scanning libraries
Positional or scrambled peptide libraries.
This form of peptide synthesis is limited to a peptide chain length of approximately 70 amino acids, and is generally unsuitable for the study of larger proteins. For 20 amino acids, this results in an upper limit of 2070 possible combinations, not considering the plethora of available amino acids with pre-installed post-translational modifications. From this number of total combinations, the scope of the peptide library can be narrowed down for a more specific purpose by selecting which amino acids are desired at each point in the chain.
For example, a peptide chain of 10 residues in length is used in native chemical ligation with a lar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Gua%27s%20theorem
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In mathematics, De Gua's theorem is a three-dimensional analog of the Pythagorean theorem named after Jean Paul de Gua de Malves. It states that if a tetrahedron has a right-angle corner (like the corner of a cube), then the square of the area of the face opposite the right-angle corner is the sum of the squares of the areas of the other three faces:
De Gua's theorem can be applied for proving a special case of Heron's formula.
Generalizations
The Pythagorean theorem and de Gua's theorem are special cases () of a general theorem about n-simplices with a right-angle corner, proved by P. S. Donchian and H. S. M. Coxeter in 1935. This, in turn, is a special case of a yet more general theorem by Donald R. Conant and William A. Beyer (1974), which can be stated as follows.
Let U be a measurable subset of a k-dimensional affine subspace of (so ). For any subset with exactly k elements, let be the orthogonal projection of U onto the linear span of , where and is the standard basis for . Then
where is the k-dimensional volume of U and the sum is over all subsets with exactly k elements.
De Gua's theorem and its generalisation (above) to n-simplices with right-angle corners correspond to the special case where k = n−1 and U is an (n−1)-simplex in with vertices on the co-ordinate axes. For example, suppose , and U is the triangle in with vertices A, B and C lying on the -, - and -axes, respectively. The subsets of with exactly 2 elements are , and . By definiti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction%20standard
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In crystallography, a diffraction standard, or calibration crystal, is a crystal used to calibrate an X-ray spectrometer to an absolute X-ray energy scale. Quartz or silicon crystals are typically used. There are also reports of crystals of silver behenate or silver stearate having been used for this purpose.
External links
http://www.gwyndafevans.co.uk/thesis-html/node85.html
http://www.ccp14.ac.uk/solution/calibration/index.html
http://bigbro.biophys.cornell.edu/documents/SAX_Calibrants/saxs_sphere.html
Measurement
X-ray crystallography
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societ%C3%A0%20Italiana%20di%20Musica%20Moderna
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The Società Italiana di Musica Moderna (Italian: Italian Society for Modern Music), an organization founded in 1917 by Alfredo Casella, Gian Francesco Malipiero, and Gabriele D’Annunzio. The organization published a journal called Ars Nuova. Casella then abandoned the organization to found his own Corporazione delle Nuove Musiche (Corporation for New Music).
References
Italian music history
Music organisations based in Italy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipovany
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Lipovany () is a village and municipality in the Lučenec District in the Banská Bystrica Region of Slovakia.
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20080111223415/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Lučenec District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BDubore%C4%8D
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Ľuboreč () is a village and municipality in the Lučenec District in the Banská Bystrica Region of Slovakia.
References
External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Lučenec District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%A1kov%C3%A1
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Mašková () is a village and municipality in the Lučenec District in the Banská Bystrica Region of Slovakia.
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20070513023228/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Lučenec District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miku%C5%A1ovce%2C%20Lu%C4%8Denec%20District
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Mikušovce () is a village and municipality in the Lučenec District in the Banská Bystrica Region of Slovakia.
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20071116010355/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Lučenec District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C4%8D%C3%ADn
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Mučín () is a village and municipality in the Lučenec District in the Banská Bystrica Region of Slovakia.
External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Lučenec District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polichno
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Polichno () is a village and municipality in the Lučenec District in the Banská Bystrica Region of Slovakia.
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20071027094149/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Lučenec District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapovce
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Rapovce () is a village and municipality in the Lučenec District in the Banská Bystrica Region of Slovakia.
External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Lučenec District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADla%2C%20Lu%C4%8Denec%20District
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Píla () is a village and municipality in the Lučenec District in the Banská Bystrica Region of Slovakia.
External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Lučenec District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iatorsk%C3%A1%20Bukovinka
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Šiatorská Bukovinka () is a village and municipality in the Lučenec District in the Banská Bystrica Region of Slovakia.
External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Lučenec District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ple%C5%A1%2C%20Slovakia
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Pleš () is a village and municipality in the Lučenec District in the Banská Bystrica Region of Slovakia.
External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Lučenec District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratka
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Ratka () is a village and municipality in the Lučenec District in the Banská Bystrica Region of Slovakia.
External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Lučenec District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C5%A1a
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Prša () is a village and municipality in the Lučenec District in the Banská Bystrica Region of Slovakia.
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20071116010355/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Lučenec District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastoderm
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A blastoderm (germinal disc, blastodisc) is a single layer of embryonic epithelial tissue that makes up the blastula. It encloses the fluid filled blastocoel. Gastrulation follows blastoderm formation, where the tips of the blastoderm begins the formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
Formation
The blastoderm is formed when the oocyte plasma membrane begins cleaving by invagination, creating multiple cells that arrange themselves into an outer sleeve to the blastocoel.
In oviparous
In chicken eggs, the blastoderm represents a flat disc after embryonic fertilization. At the edge of the blastoderm is the site of active migration by most cells.
See also
Blastodisc
Embryology
Cleavage
Gastrulation
References
Campbell Reece, Biology 7th edition, Pearson Publishing, 2005
Embryology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freundlich%20equation
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The Freundlich equation or Freundlich adsorption isotherm, an adsorption isotherm, is an empirical relationship between the quantity of a gas adsorbed into a solid surface and the gas pressure. The same relationship is also applicable for the concentration of a solute adsorbed onto the surface of a solid and the concentration of the solute in the liquid phase. In 1909, Herbert Freundlich gave an expression representing the isothermal variation of adsorption of a quantity of gas adsorbed by unit mass of solid adsorbent with gas pressure. This equation is known as Freundlich adsorption isotherm or Freundlich adsorption equation. As this relationship is entirely empirical, in the case where adsorption behavior can be properly fit by isotherms with a theoretical basis, it is usually appropriate to use such isotherms instead (see for example the Langmuir and BET adsorption theories). The Freundlich equation is also derived (non-empirically) by attributing the change in the equilibrium constant of the binding process to the heterogeneity of the surface and the variation in the heat of adsorption.
Freundlich adsorption isotherm
The Freundlich adsorption isotherm is mathematically expressed as
It is also written as
or
It is also written as
where
= mass of adsorbate
= mass of adsorbent
= equilibrium pressure of the gaseous adsorbate in case of experiments made in the gas phase (gas/solid interaction with gaseous species/adsorbed species)
= equilibrium concentration of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insertional%20mutagenesis
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In molecular biology, insertional mutagenesis is the creation of mutations in DNA by the addition of one or more base pairs. Such insertional mutations can occur naturally, mediated by viruses or transposons, or can be artificially created for research purposes in the lab.
Signature tagged mutagenesis
This is a technique used to study the function of genes. A transposon such as the P element of Drosophila melanogaster is allowed to integrate at random locations in the genome of the organism being studied. Mutants generated by this method are then screened for any unusual phenotypes. If such a phenotype is found then it can be assumed that the insertion has caused the gene relating to the usual phenotype to be inactivated. Because the sequence of the transposon is known, the gene can be identified, either by sequencing the whole genome and searching for the sequence, or by using the polymerase chain reaction to amplify specifically that gene.
Virus insertional mutagenesis
Because many viruses integrate their own genomes into the genomes of their host cells in order to replicate, mutagenesis caused by viral infections is a fairly common occurrence. Not all integrating viruses cause insertional mutagenesis, however.
Some DNA insertions will lead to no noticeable mutation. Historically, lentiviral vectors included strong viral promoters which had a side effect of insertional mutagenesis, nuclear DNA mutations that effect the function of a gene. These strong viral promotors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%20finger%20nuclease
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Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) are artificial restriction enzymes generated by fusing a zinc finger DNA-binding domain to a DNA-cleavage domain. Zinc finger domains can be engineered to target specific desired DNA sequences and this enables zinc-finger nucleases to target unique sequences within complex genomes. By taking advantage of endogenous DNA repair machinery, these reagents can be used to precisely alter the genomes of higher organisms. Alongside CRISPR/Cas9 and TALEN, ZFN is a prominent tool in the field of genome editing.
Domains
DNA-binding domain
The DNA-binding domains of individual ZFNs typically contain between three and six individual zinc finger repeats and can each recognize between 9 and 18 basepairs. If the zinc finger domains perfectly recognize a 3 basepair DNA sequence, they can generate a 3-finger array that can recognize a 9 basepair target site. Other procedures can utilize either 1-finger or 2-finger modules to generate zinc-finger arrays with six or more individual zinc fingers. The main drawback with this procedure is the specificities of individual zinc fingers can overlap and can depend on the context of the surrounding zinc fingers and DNA. Without methods to account for this "context dependence", the standard modular assembly procedure often fails.
Numerous selection methods have been used to generate zinc-finger arrays capable of targeting desired sequences. Initial selection efforts utilized phage display to select proteins that bo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tympanal%20organ
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A tympanal organ (or tympanic organ) is a hearing organ in insects, consisting of a membrane (tympanum) stretched across a frame backed by an air sac and associated sensory neurons. Sounds vibrate the membrane, and the vibrations are sensed by a chordotonal organ. Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants, etc.) do not have a tympanal organ, but they do have a Johnston's organ.
Tympanal organs occur in just about any part of the insect: the thorax, the base of the wing, the abdomen, the legs, etc., depending on the group of insects. The structures are thought to have evolved independently many times. As a result, their position and structures are often used to help determine the taxonomy of the species. For example, all members of the Geometridae share distinctive paired abdominal tympanal organs that open towards the front side of the first abdominal segment. Within the organ, particular structures vary in shape and are used to indicate shared ancestry of subfamilies. In other families of Lepidoptera having abdominal tympanal organs, the opening may be in a different orientation and the structures differ in shape.
Tympanal organs have evolved in Lepidoptera to allow them to detect the echolocation calls of predatory bats. The range of frequencies that the moth is most sensitive to is usually associated with the frequencies used in echolocation by the sympatric bat community. In the presence of predatory bats, it has been shown that the Lepidoptera species Mythimna unipuncta (true ar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salabhasana
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Salabhasana or Purna Salabhasana (; IAST: Śalabhāsana), Locust pose, or Grasshopper pose is a prone back-bending asana in modern yoga as exercise.
Etymology and origins
The asana's name comes from the Sanskrit शलभा "shalabh" which means "grasshopper" or "locust".
The pose is not found in the medieval hatha yoga texts. It is included in Yoga Ghamande's 1905 Yogasopana Purvacatuska, the first yoga manual with printed illustrations, uniquely as halftone plates. It is described independently in Swami Vishnudevananda's 1960 Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga in the Sivananda Yoga tradition, and by B. K. S. Iyengar in his 1966 Light on Yoga, implying that it may have older origins. A similar pose was found in Western gymnastics in The Bagot Stack Stretch-and-Swing System, 1931, though Mary Bagot Stack had visited India.
Description
Salabhasana is entered from a prone position. The legs are stretched out straight and lifted; the arms are stretched straight back, palms down, and lifted; the head is lifted and the gaze is directed straight ahead.
It is a back bend, or spine stretch, utilizing the strength of the upper and middle back to lift the weight of the legs as high as possible from a starting position while face down on the floor. It improves flexibility and coordination, exercises the back muscles, and increases strength and stamina.
Variations
Ardha Salabhasana (Half Locust Pose) raises one leg and the opposite arm at a time; the other arm may rest on the floor or be f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luserna%20San%20Giovanni
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Luserna San Giovanni (Occitan: Luzerna e San Jan, Piedmontese: Luserna e San Gioann, French: Lucerne Saint-Jean) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located in the Val Pellice about southwest of Turin.
Luserna San Giovanni borders the following municipalities: Angrogna, Bricherasio, Torre Pellice, Bibiana, Lusernetta, Rorà, and Bagnolo Piemonte.
History
Until a merger in 1872, San Giovanni and Luserna were separate villages. Caffarel, an Italian chocolate conglomerate, was founded in the area in 1826.
Twin towns — sister cities
Luserna San Giovanni is twinned with:
Prievidza, Slovakia
Savines-le-Lac, France
Colonia Valdense, Uruguay
References
External links
Official website
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusernetta
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Lusernetta is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about southwest of Turin.
Lusernetta borders the following municipalities: Luserna San Giovanni and Bibiana.
References
Cities and towns in Piedmont
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephaestin
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Hephaestin, also known as HEPH, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the HEPH gene.
Function
Hephaestin is involved in the metabolism and homeostasis of iron and possibly copper. It is a transmembrane copper-dependent ferroxidase responsible for transporting dietary iron from intestinal enterocytes into the circulatory system. The highest expression of hephaestin is found in small intestine. It is limited to enterocytes of the villi (where the iron absorption takes place), being almost absent in crypt cells. Hephaestin converts iron(II) state, Fe2+, to iron(III) state, Fe3+, and mediates iron efflux most likely in cooperation with the basolateral iron transporter, ferroportin 1. To a lesser extent hephaestin has been detected in colon, spleen, kidney, breast, placenta and bone trabecular cells but its role in these tissues remains to be established. Hephaestin presents homology with ceruloplasmin, a serum dehydrogenase protein involved in copper detoxification and storage.
Hephaestin is a protein of 1135 aminoacids formed from a precursor of 1158 aminoacids and is 130.4 kDa. It is predicted to bind 6 copper ions per monomer.
Discovery
Hephaestin was first identified by Dr. Christopher D. Vulpe of the University of California, Berkeley in 1999. They named the newfound protein after Hephaestus, the Greek god of metal working.
Much of what is known about hephaestin comes from studying heritable mutants of murine iron metabolism. The protein was discovered and identifi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Sullivan%20%28ice%20hockey%2C%20born%201981%29
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Dan Sullivan (born March 20, 1981) is a Canadian ice hockey player.
Career statistics
External links
1981 births
Living people
Augusta Lynx players
Baton Rouge Kingfish players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
London Knights players
Louisiana IceGators (ECHL) players
Lowell Lock Monsters players
Mississauga IceDogs players
Owen Sound Attack players
Pensacola Ice Pilots players
People from York, Toronto
Reading Royals players
Roanoke Express players
Ice hockey people from Toronto
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CodeSynthesis%20XSD
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CodeSynthesis XSD is an XML Data Binding compiler for C++ developed by Code Synthesis and dual-licensed under the GNU GPL and a proprietary license. Given an XML instance specification (XML Schema), it generates C++ classes that represent the given vocabulary as well as parsing and serialization code. It is supported on a large number of platforms, including AIX, Linux, HP-UX, OS X, Solaris, Windows, OpenVMS, and z/OS. Supported C++ compilers include GNU G++, Intel C++, HP aCC, Solaris Studio C++, IBM XL C++, and Microsoft Visual C++. A version for mobile and embedded systems, called CodeSynthesis XSD/e, is also available.
One of the unique features of CodeSynthesis XSD is its support for two different XML Schema to C++ mappings: in-memory C++/Tree and stream-oriented C++/Parser. The C++/Tree mapping is a traditional mapping with a tree-like, in-memory data structure. C++/Parser is a new, SAX-like mapping which represents the information stored in XML instance documents as a hierarchy of vocabulary-specific parsing events. In comparison to C++/Tree, the C++/Parser mapping allows one to handle large XML documents that would not fit in memory, perform stream-oriented processing, or use an existing in-memory representation. The XSD-generated code can target C++98/03 or C++11.
CodeSynthesis XSD itself is written in C++.
References
External links
CodeSynthesis XSD Home Page
An Introduction to the C++/Tree Mapping
An Introduction to the C++/Parser Mapping
An Introduction to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerithiimorpha
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The Cerithiimorpha was a suborder of marine gastropods within the Sorbeoconcha. This taxon is no longer valid according to the current taxonomy of Bouchet and Rocroi.
The previous classification system was as follows:
subclassis = Orthogastropoda
infraclassis = Apogastropoda
superordo = Caenogastropoda
ordo = Sorbeoconcha
subordo = Cerithiimorpha
Previous taxonomy
During the taxon's use, not all taxonomists agreed upon its structure. The listing below gives one interpretation. For example, in another accepted classification, the Campaniloidea and Cerithioidea were separated in a suborder named Discopoda.
Campaniloidea
Campanilidae
Plesiotrochidae
Cerithioidea
Batillariidae
Brachytremidae
†Canterburyellidae
Cassiopidae
Cerithiidae
Dialidae
Diastomidae
Eoptychiidae
Eustomidae
Faxiidae
Lavigeriidae
Litiopidae
†Maoraxidae
Melanopsidae
Modulidae
Pachychilidae
Pachymelaniidae
Pareoridae
Pianaridae
Planaxidae
Potamididae
Procerithiidae
Pseudamaurinidae
Scaliolidae
Siliquariidae
Syrnolopsidae
Tenagodidae
Terebrellidae - not a valid name
Thiaridae
Turritellidae
Turritellopsidae
Spationematoidea
Spanionematidae
Stephanozygidae
(Extinct taxa indicated by a dagger, †.)
References
Obsolete gastropod taxa
Sorbeoconcha
Marine gastropods
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch%20%28disambiguation%29
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Birch is the common name for trees of the genus Betula.
Birch or Birchs may also refer to:
BIRCH, a clustering algorithm
"Birches" (poem), a poem by Robert Frost
Birch (surname)
The Birch, an American undergraduate journal of Eastern European and Eurasian culture
"Birch", a song by Big Red Machine featuring Taylor Swift from the album How Long Do You Think It's Gonna Last?
Places
Australia
Birchs Inlet, Tasmania
United Kingdom
Birch, Essex, England
Birch, Greater Manchester, England
United States
Birch, Nevada, a ghost town
Birch, Wisconsin, a town
Birch, Ashland County, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
Birch Hill, Wisconsin, a census-designated place
Birch Township, Minnesota
Birch Tree, Missouri
Birch County, South Carolina, a proposed county
Companies
Birch Communications, phone company in the US
See also
Birching, a form of corporal punishment with a birch rod
Birch Brothers, a former bus and coach operator in England
Birchwood (disambiguation)
Burch (disambiguation)
The Birches (disambiguation)
Birch Creek (disambiguation)
John Birch Society, is an advocacy group supporting anti-communism and limited government
White birch (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Computing
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Crystal Computing, later renamed Design Design, was a British video game developer founded in 1982 by Chris Clarke and Ian Stamp while students at the University of Manchester. Graham Stafford, Neil Mottershead, Simon Brattel and Martin Horsley, joined the company as it expanded. The company's first software release was a compilation of games for the Sinclair ZX81, though it was with the ZX Spectrum that Crystal found its greatest success. A deal with the machine's manufacturer Sinclair to distribute Crystal's Zeus Assembler gave the company sufficient funds for a major marketing campaign for their next product, Halls of the Things, an arcade adventure game that became their most successful title.
Clarke left in 1984 to join Artic Software, where he worked on the "business side", before collaborating with Jon Ritman on the Match Day series.
With Clarke's departure the company was reorganised as Design Design, a trading name that had been used by Brattel since 1976 for his electronic audio designs. Design Design's core consisted of Stafford working mainly on titles for the Commodore 64, Brattel and Mottershead working on the ZX Spectrum and Amstrad CPC, and David Lewellyn, the company's administrator. According to Stafford the new name was part of a wider re-branding, as they wanted a more professional image, along with a better relationship with the press and the public.
Stafford went on to form developer Walking Circles producing titles including The Living Daylights and S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20darter
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The crystal darter (Crystallaria asprella) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. This small North American fish is found in small, moderate, and swift rivers in the drainage basins of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. It is now extirpated from a majority of its range along the Ohio River.
Appearance
The crystal darter can grow to 12 cm (5 in) in length. It is olive-colored to tan with four dark saddles extending downward to its lateral line, a brownish stripe, and a whitish belly. Its maximum reported age is three years.
Distribution and habitat
The historical range of the crystal darter included the Mississippi River basin, from Wisconsin and Indiana, southwards to southeastern Oklahoma, northern Louisiana, southern Mississippi, the Mobile Basin, Pascagoula, Pearl River, Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi. It is now absent from much of this range and is rare in Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and Missouri. It is found in swift-flowing streams with clear or slightly turbid water and moderately swift riffles, on small or medium-sized rivers with beds of sand or gravel. It is not found on silty bottoms or areas with vegetation. Individual fish often hide under stones or bury themselves in sand with just their eyes showing.
Reproductive biology
One study focused on the Saline River, Arkansas, suggested that crystal darters spawn multiple times f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF%20hand
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The EF hand is a helix–loop–helix structural domain or motif found in a large family of calcium-binding proteins.
The EF-hand motif contains a helix–loop–helix topology, much like the spread thumb and forefinger of the human hand, in which the Ca2+ ions are coordinated by ligands within the loop. The motif takes its name from traditional nomenclature used in describing the protein parvalbumin, which contains three such motifs and is probably involved in muscle relaxation via its calcium-binding activity.
The EF-hand consists of two alpha helices linked by a short loop region (usually about 12 amino acids) that usually binds calcium ions. EF-hands also appear in each structural domain of the signaling protein calmodulin and in the muscle protein troponin-C.
Calcium ion binding site
The calcium ion is coordinated in a pentagonal bipyramidal configuration. The six residues involved in the binding are in positions 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 12; these residues are denoted by X, Y, Z, -Y, -X and -Z. The invariant Glu or Asp at position 12 provides two oxygens for liganding calcium (bidentate ligand).
The calcium ion is bound by both protein backbone atoms and by amino acid side chains, specifically those of the anionic amino acid residues aspartate and glutamate. These residues are negatively charged and will make a charge-interaction with the positively charged calcium ion. The EF hand motif was among the first structural motifs whose sequence requirements were analyzed in detail. Fi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucine-rich%20repeat
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A leucine-rich repeat (LRR) is a protein structural motif that forms an α/β horseshoe fold. It is composed of repeating 20–30 amino acid stretches that are unusually rich in the hydrophobic amino acid leucine. These tandem repeats commonly fold together to form a solenoid protein domain, termed leucine-rich repeat domain. Typically, each repeat unit has beta strand-turn-alpha helix structure, and the assembled domain, composed of many such repeats, has a horseshoe shape with an interior parallel beta sheet and an exterior array of helices. One face of the beta sheet and one side of the helix array are exposed to solvent and are therefore dominated by hydrophilic residues. The region between the helices and sheets is the protein's hydrophobic core and is tightly sterically packed with leucine residues.
Leucine-rich repeats are frequently involved in the formation of protein–protein interactions.
Examples
Leucine-rich repeat motifs have been identified in a large number of functionally unrelated proteins. The best-known example is the ribonuclease inhibitor, but other proteins such as the tropomyosin regulator tropomodulin and the toll-like receptor also share the motif. In fact, the toll-like receptor possesses 10 successive LRR motifs which serve to bind pathogen- and danger-associated molecular patterns.
Although the canonical LRR protein contains approximately one helix for every beta strand, variants that form beta-alpha superhelix folds sometimes have long loops rather
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