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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectified%2024-cell
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In geometry, the rectified 24-cell or rectified icositetrachoron is a uniform 4-dimensional polytope (or uniform 4-polytope), which is bounded by 48 cells: 24 cubes, and 24 cuboctahedra. It can be obtained by rectification of the 24-cell, reducing its octahedral cells to cubes and cuboctahedra.
E. L. Elte identified it in 1912 as a semiregular polytope, labeling it as tC24.
It can also be considered a cantellated 16-cell with the lower symmetries B4 = [3,3,4]. B4 would lead to a bicoloring of the cuboctahedral cells into 8 and 16 each. It is also called a runcicantellated demitesseract in a D4 symmetry, giving 3 colors of cells, 8 for each.
Construction
The rectified 24-cell can be derived from the 24-cell by the process of rectification: the 24-cell is truncated at the midpoints. The vertices become cubes, while the octahedra become cuboctahedra.
Cartesian coordinates
A rectified 24-cell having an edge length of has vertices given by all permutations and sign permutations of the following Cartesian coordinates:
(0,1,1,2) [4!/2!×23 = 96 vertices]
The dual configuration with edge length 2 has all coordinate and sign permutations of:
(0,2,2,2) [4×23 = 32 vertices]
(1,1,1,3) [4×24 = 64 vertices]
Images
Symmetry constructions
There are three different symmetry constructions of this polytope. The lowest construction can be doubled into by adding a mirror that maps the bifurcating nodes onto each other. can be mapped up to symmetry by adding two mirror that map
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20C.%20Foster%20State%20Park
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Stephen C. Foster State Park is a state park located in the Okefenokee Swamp in Charlton County, Georgia. the park offers visitors several ways to explore the swamp's unique ecosystem.
In November 2016, the park was recognized as a Dark Sky park by the International Dark Sky Association.
The park was named after Stephen Foster (1826–1864), the American songwriter who immortalized Georgia's Suwannee River in song.
Facilities
The state park includes 64 tents, trailer, RV campsites, nine cottages, an interpretive center, the 1.5-mile (2.5 km) Trembling Earth Nature Trail, 25 miles of day-use waterways, three picnic shelters and a pioneer campground
Suwannee River Visitor Center
Located 18 miles northeast of Fargo, the park's Suwannee River Visitor Center features exhibits about the animals, plants and ecosystem of the Okefenokee Swamp and other environmental topics.
Activities
Activities at the state park includes canoe, kayak and fishing boat rentals, guided boat tours, boating (ramp, limit), fishing, and birdwatching.
References
External links
State parks of Georgia (U.S. state)
Protected areas of Charlton County, Georgia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPP
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HPP may refer to:
Medicine
Allopurinol, a medication
Hereditary pyropoikilocytosis, a blood disorder
HPP epoxidase, an enzyme
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis, a muscle disease
Hypophosphatasia, a bone disease
Hypoxia preconditioned plasma
Other uses
Hardy-Pomeau-Pazzis model, in computational fluid dynamics
Harrington Park Press, an American publisher
Harris Performance Products, a British motorcycle racing/parts manufacturer
Hawaiian Paradise Park, a community on the island of Hawaii
Head Phones President, a Japanese metal band
Health Partners Plans, a health insurance network
High Performance Programme, in cricket
High pressure processing of food
Holme Pierrepont National Watersports Centre, in England
Human Proteome Project
Hydroelectric power plant
Hydrometallurgy Pilot Plant, in Egypt
C++ Header file
Headturn Preference Procedure, in statistical language acquisition
Honda Power Port, a type of two-stroke power valve system
Handan East railway station, China Railway telegraph code HPP
Hosted Payment Page (also known as Hosted Checkout), used in ecommerce for secure checkouts.
HTTP parameter pollution
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency%20domain%20sensor
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Frequency domain (FD) sensor is an instrument developed for measuring soil moisture content. The instrument has an oscillating circuit, the sensing part of the sensor is embedded in the soil, and the operating frequency will depend on the value of soil's dielectric constant.
Types of sensors
Capacitance probe, or fringe capacitance sensor. Capacitance probes use capacitance to measure the dielectric permittivity of the soil. The volume of water in the total volume of soil most heavily influences the dielectric permittivity of the soil because the dielectric constant of water (80) is much greater than the other constituents of the soil (mineral soil: 4, organic matter: 4, air: 1). Thus, when the amount of water changes in the soil, the probe will measure a change in capacitance (from the change in dielectric permittivity) that can be directly correlated with a change in water content. Circuitry inside some commercial probes change the capacitance measurement into a proportional millivolt output. Other configuration are like the neutron probe where an access tube made of PVC is installed in the soil. The probe consists of sensing head at fixed depth. The sensing head consists of an oscillator circuit, the frequency is determined by an annular electrode, fringe-effect capacitor, and the dielectric constant of the soil.
Electrical impedance sensor, which consists of soil probes and using electrical impedance measurement. The most common configuration is based on the standi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanosolar
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Nanosolar was a developer of solar power technology. Based in San Jose, CA, Nanosolar developed and briefly commercialized a low-cost printable solar cell manufacturing process. The company started selling thin-film CIGS panels mid-December 2007, and planned to sell them at 99 cents per watt, much below the market at the time. However, prices for solar panels made of crystalline silicon declined significantly during the following years, reducing most of Nanosolar's cost advantage. By February 2013 Nanosolar had laid off 75% of its work force. Nanosolar began auctioning off its equipment in August 2013. Co-Founder of Nanosolar Martin Roscheisen stated on his personal blog that nanosolar "ultimately failed commercially." and that he would not enter this industry again because of slow-development cycle, complex production problems and the impact of cheap Chinese solar power production. Nanosolar ultimately produced less than 50 MW of solar power capacity despite having raised more than $400 million in investment.
Financial backers and manufacturing
Nanosolar was started in 2002 and headquartered in San Jose, California. The company received financing from a number of technology investors including Benchmark Capital, Mohr Davidow Ventures, and Larry Page and Sergey Brin, the founders of Google. Nanosolar received the largest amount in a round of Venture Capital technology funding amongst United States companies during Q2 2006, with 100 million USD of new funding secured. It als
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAPQI
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NAPQI, also known as NAPBQI or N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine, is a toxic byproduct produced during the xenobiotic metabolism of the analgesic paracetamol (acetaminophen). It is normally produced only in small amounts, and then almost immediately detoxified in the liver.
However, under some conditions in which NAPQI is not effectively detoxified (usually in the case of paracetamol overdose), it causes severe damage to the liver. This becomes apparent 3–4 days after ingestion and may result in death from fulminant liver failure several days after the overdose.
Metabolism
In adults, the primary metabolic pathway for paracetamol is glucuronidation. This yields a relatively non-toxic metabolite, which is excreted into bile and passed out of the body. A small amount of the drug is metabolized via the cytochrome P-450 pathway (to be specific, CYP3A4 and CYP2E1) into NAPQI, which is extremely toxic to liver tissue, as well as being a strong biochemical oxidizer. In an average adult, only a small amount (approximately 10% of a therapeutic paracetamol dose) of NAPQI is produced, which is inactivated by conjugation with glutathione (GSH). The amount of NAPQI produced differs in certain populations.
The minimum dosage at which paracetamol causes toxicity usually is 7.5 to 10g in the average person. The lethal dose is usually between 10 g and 15 g. Concurrent alcohol intake lowers these thresholds significantly. Chronic alcoholics may be more susceptible to adverse effects due to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-gate%20MOSFET
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The floating-gate MOSFET (FGMOS), also known as a floating-gate MOS transistor or floating-gate transistor, is a type of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) where the gate is electrically isolated, creating a floating node in direct current, and a number of secondary gates or inputs are deposited above the floating gate (FG) and are electrically isolated from it. These inputs are only capacitively connected to the FG. Since the FG is surrounded by highly resistive material, the charge contained in it remains unchanged for long periods of time, nowadays typically longer than 10 years. Usually Fowler-Nordheim tunneling and hot-carrier injection mechanisms are used to modify the amount of charge stored in the FG.
The FGMOS is commonly used as a floating-gate memory cell, the digital storage element in EPROM, EEPROM and flash memory technologies. Other uses of the FGMOS include a neuronal computational element in neural networks, analog storage element, digital potentiometers and single-transistor DACs.
History
The first MOSFET was invented by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959, and presented in 1960. The first report of a FGMOS was later made by Dawon Kahng and Simon Min Sze at Bell Labs, and dates from 1967. The earliest practical application of FGMOS was floating-gate memory cells, which Kahng and Sze proposed could be used to produce reprogrammable ROM (read-only memory). Initial applications of FGMOS was digital semiconductor memory,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoblast
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Monoblasts are the committed progenitor cells that differentiated from a committed macrophage or dendritic cell precursor (MDP) in the process of hematopoiesis. They are the first developmental stage in the monocyte series leading to a macrophage. Their myeloid cell fate is induced by the concentration of cytokines they are surrounded by during development. These cytokines induce the activation of transcription factors which push completion of the monoblast's myeloid cell fate. Monoblasts are normally found in bone marrow and do not appear in the normal peripheral blood. They mature into monocytes which, in turn, develop into macrophages. They then are seen as macrophages in the normal peripheral blood and many different tissues of the body. Macrophages can produce a variety of effector molecules that initiate local, systemic inflammatory responses. These monoblast differentiated cells are equipped to fight off foreign invaders using pattern recognition receptors to detect antigen as part of the innate immune response.
Structure
A typical monoblast is about 12 to 20 μm in diameter, has a nuclear to cytoplasm ratio of 4:1 to 3:1, and, like most myeloid blasts, has a round to oval nucleus with fine chromatin structure. Compared to other myeloid blasts, monoblasts have more cytoplasm. The nucleoli it contains is usually distinct. One to four nucleoli are usually visible. The nucleus can be central or eccentric and it can show evidence of indentation or folding. The cytoplasm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmpliFIND
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AmpliFIND is an acoustic fingerprinting service and a software development kit developed by the US company MusicIP.
MusicIP first marketed their fingerprinting algorithm and service as MusicDNS. In 2006, MusicIP reported that the MusicDNS database had more than 22 million fingerprints of digital audio recordings. One of their customers was MetaBrainz Foundation, a non-profit company that used MusicDNS in their MusicBrainz and MusicBrainz Picard software products.
Even so, MusicIP dissolved in 2008. The company's CEO, Andrew Stess, bought the rights to MusicDNS, renamed the software to AmpliFIND, and started a new company called AmpliFIND Music Services. In 2011, Stess sold AmpliFIND to Sony, who incorporated it into the digital music service offerings of their Gracenote division. Tribune Media subsequently purchased Gracenote, including the MusicDNS software.
How MusicDNS identifies a recording
To use the MusicDNS service, software developers write a computer program that incorporates an open-source software library called LibOFA. This library implements the Open Fingerprint Architecture, a specification developed during 2000–05 by MusicIP's previous incarnation, Predixis Corporation.
Through LibOFA, a program can fingerprint a recording, and submit the fingerprint to MusicDNS via the Internet. MusicDNS attempts to match the submission to fingerprints in its database. If the MusicDNS service finds an approximate match, it returns a code called a PUID (Portable Unique Ide
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis%20of%20rhythmic%20variance
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In statistics, analysis of rhythmic variance (ANORVA) is a method for detecting rhythms in biological time series, published by Peter Celec (Biol Res. 2004, 37(4 Suppl A):777–82). It is a procedure for detecting cyclic variations in biological time series and quantification of their probability. ANORVA is based on the premise that the variance in groups of data from rhythmic variables is low when a time distance of one period exists between the data entries.
References
Analysis of rhythmic variance--ANORVA. A new simple method for detecting rhythms in biological time series.
Analysis of Rhythmic Variance
Analysis of variance
Time series
Biostatistics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsonite%20%28mineral%29
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Samsonite is a silver manganese antimony sulfosalt mineral with formula Ag4MnSb2S6. It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with a typical slender radiating prismatic habit. It is metallic black to steel black with no cleavage and a brittle to conchoidal fracture. In thin fragments it appears reddish brown in transmitted light and also leaves a red streak. It is soft, Mohs hardness of 2.5, and has a specific gravity of 5.51.
It was first named in 1910 after an occurrence in the Samson Vein of the Sankt Andreasberg silver mines, Harz Mountains, Germany.
See also
Classification of minerals
List of minerals
References
Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1944) Dana's system of mineralogy, (7th edition), v. I, pp. 393–395
Antimony minerals
Manganese(II) minerals
Sulfosalt minerals
Silver minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent%20growth%20modeling
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Latent growth modeling is a statistical technique used in the structural equation modeling (SEM) framework to estimate growth trajectories. It is a longitudinal analysis technique to estimate growth over a period of time. It is widely used in the field of psychology, behavioral science, education and social science. It is also called latent growth curve analysis. The latent growth model was derived from theories of SEM. General purpose SEM software, such as OpenMx, lavaan (both open source packages based in R), AMOS, Mplus, LISREL, or EQS among others may be used to estimate growth trajectories.
Background
Latent Growth Models
represent repeated measures of dependent variables as a function of time and other measures. Such longitudinal data share the features that the same subjects are observed repeatedly over time, and on the same tests (or parallel versions), and at known times. In latent growth modeling, the relative standing of an individual at each time is modeled as a function of an underlying growth process, with the best parameter values for that growth process being fitted to each individual.
These models have grown in use in social and behavioral research since it was shown that they can be fitted as a restricted common factor model in the structural equation modeling framework.
The methodology can be used to investigate systematic change, or growth, and inter-individual variability in this change. A special topic of interest is the correlation of the growth p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20energy%20distribution
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A spectral energy distribution (SED) is a plot of energy versus frequency or wavelength of light (not to be confused with a 'spectrum' of flux density vs frequency or wavelength). It is used in many branches of astronomy to characterize astronomical sources. For example, in radio astronomy they are used to show the emission from synchrotron radiation, free-free emission and other emission mechanisms. In infrared astronomy, SEDs can be used to classify young stellar objects.
Detector for spectral energy distribution
The count rates observed from a given astronomical radiation source have no simple relationship to the flux from that source, such as might be incident at the top of the Earth's atmosphere. This lack of a simple relationship is due in no small part to the complex properties of radiation detectors.
These detector properties can be divided into
those that merely attenuate the beam, including
residual atmosphere between source and detector,
absorption in the detector window when present,
quantum efficiency of the detecting medium,
those that redistribute the beam in detected energy, such as
fluorescent photon escape phenomena,
inherent energy resolution of the detector.
See also
Astronomical radio source
Astronomical X-ray sources
Background radiation
Bremsstrahlung
Cosmic microwave background spectral distortions
Cyclotron radiation
Electromagnetic radiation
Synchrotron radiation
Wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
References
Further reading
E
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20index
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In astronomy, the spectral index of a source is a measure of the dependence of radiative flux density (that is, radiative flux per unit of frequency) on frequency. Given frequency in Hz and radiative flux density in Jy, the spectral index is given implicitly by
Note that if flux does not follow a power law in frequency, the spectral index itself is a function of frequency. Rearranging the above, we see that the spectral index is given by
Clearly the power law can only apply over a certain range of frequency because otherwise the integral over all frequencies would be infinite.
Spectral index is also sometimes defined in terms of wavelength . In this case, the spectral index is given implicitly by
and at a given frequency, spectral index may be calculated by taking the derivative
The spectral index using the , which we may call differs from the index defined using The total flux between two frequencies or wavelengths is
which implies that
The opposite sign convention is sometimes employed, in which the spectral index is given by
The spectral index of a source can hint at its properties. For example, using the positive sign convention, the spectral index of the emission from an optically thin thermal plasma is -0.1, whereas for an optically thick plasma it is 2. Therefore, a spectral index of -0.1 to 2 at radio frequencies often indicates thermal emission, while a steep negative spectral index typically indicates synchrotron emission. It is worth noting that the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branched%20DNA%20assay
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In biology, a branched DNA assay is a signal amplification assay (as opposed to a target amplification assay) that is used to detect nucleic acid molecules.
Method
A branched DNA assay begins with a dish or some other solid support (e.g., a plastic dipstick). The dish is peppered with small, single stranded DNA molecules (or chains) that stick out into the solution. These are known as capture probe DNA molecules. Next, an extender DNA molecule is added. Each extender has two domains; one that hybridizes to the capture DNA molecule and one that sticks out above the surface. The purpose of the extender is two-fold. First, it creates more available surface area for target DNA molecules to bind, and second, it allows the assay to be easily adapted to detect a variety of target DNA molecules.
Once the capture and extender molecules are in place and they have hybridized, the sample can be added. Target molecules in the sample will bind to the extender molecule. This results in a base peppered with capture probes, which are hybridized to extender probes, which in turn are hybridized to target molecules.
At this point, signal amplification takes place. A label extender DNA molecule is added that has two domains (similar to the first extender). The label extender hybridizes to the target and to a pre-amplified molecule. The preamplifier molecule has two domains. First, it binds to the label extender and second, it binds to the amplifier molecule. An example amplifier molecule is an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expander%20walk%20sampling
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In the mathematical discipline of graph theory, the expander walk sampling theorem intuitively states that sampling vertices in an expander graph by doing relatively short random walk can simulate sampling the vertices independently from a uniform distribution.
The earliest version of this theorem is due to , and the more general version is typically attributed to .
Statement
Let be an n-vertex expander graph with positively weighted edges, and let . Let denote the stochastic matrix of the graph, and let be the second largest eigenvalue of . Let denote the vertices encountered in a -step random walk on starting at vertex , and let . Where
(It is well known that almost all trajectories converges to some limiting point, , as .)
The theorem states that for a weighted graph and a random walk where is chosen by an initial distribution , for all , we have the following bound:
Where is dependant on and .
The theorem gives a bound for the rate of convergence to with respect to the length of the random walk, hence giving a more efficient method to estimate compared to independent sampling the vertices of .
Proof
In order to prove the theorem, we provide a few definitions followed by three lemmas.
Let be the weight of the edge and let Denote by . Let be the matrix with entries , and let .
Let and . Let where is the stochastic matrix, and . Then:
Where . As and are symmetric, they have real eigenvalues. Therefore, as the eigenvalues of and are equal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A549
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A549 may refer to:
A549 (cell line), a carcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cell
A549 road (Wales), a road in Great Britain
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Clear%20%28Jaci%20Velasquez%20album%29
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Crystal Clear is the third English-language studio album by contemporary Christian artist Jaci Velasquez. It was released in 2000 on Word Entertainment. The album includes two versions; the booklet of one includes only two photographs - one on the cover and the other on the last page of the booklet. The other version is stapled together as a book and includes different artwork and more photographs inside. The album was nominated for the 2001 Grammy Award for Best Pop/Contemporary Gospel Album.
Track listing
Personnel
Jaci Velasquez – lead vocals, backing vocals (1, 8, 9)
Mark Heimmerman – additional sounds (2), keyboards (3–7), programming (3–7), backing vocals (3, 4)
Rudy Pérez – keyboards (8, 9), programming (8, 9), arrangements (8, 9, 11), string arrangements (8), backing vocals (8), additional keyboards (11), additional programming (11)
Mark Portmann – keyboards (8, 11), programming (8, 11), arrangements (8, 11)
Lester Mendez – keyboards (9), programming (9)
George Cocchini – guitars (1–7, 10)
Ramón Stagnaro – guitars (8)
Michael Thompson – guitars (8, 11)
Chris Rodriguez – guitars (9, 11)
Jackie Street – bass (1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 10)
Neil Stubenhaus – bass (8)
Scott Williamson – drums (1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 10)
Javier Solis – percussion (1–4, 6, 7, 10)
Geronimo Enriquez – horns (1, 7), horn arrangements (1, 7)
Edward Beritez – horns (1, 7)
Robert Lopez – horns (1, 7)
Carl Marsh – string arrangements (5)
Carl Gorodetzky and The Nashville String Machine – strings
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noninvasive%20genotyping
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Noninvasive genotyping is a modern technique for obtaining DNA for genotyping that is characterized by the indirect sampling of specimen, not requiring harm to, handling of, or even the presence of the organism of interest. Beginning in the early 1990s, with the advent of PCR, researchers have been able to obtain high-quality DNA samples from small quantities of hair, feathers, scales, or excrement. These noninvasive samples are an improvement over older allozyme and DNA sampling techniques that often required larger samples of tissue or the destruction of the studied organism. Noninvasive genotyping is widely utilized in conservation efforts, where capture and sampling may be difficult or disruptive to behavior. Additionally, in medicine, this technique is being applied in humans for the diagnosis of genetic disease and early detection of tumors. In this context, invasivity takes on a separate definition where noninvasive sampling also includes simple blood samples.
Conservation
In conservation, noninvasive genotyping has been used to supplement traditional techniques with broadly ranging levels of success. Modern DNA amplification methods allow researchers to use fecal or hair samples collected from the field to assess basic information about the specimen, including sex or species. Despite the potential that noninvasive genotyping has in conservation genetics efforts, the efficiency of this method is in question, as field samples often suffer from degradation and contamin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrinolysin
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Fibrinolysin is an enzyme derived from plasma of bovine origin (plasmin) or extracted from cultures of certain bacteria. It is used locally only and exclusively together with the enzyme desoxyribonuclease (extracted from bovine pancreas). Fibrinolysin and desoxyribonuclease both act as lytic enzymes. The combination is available as ointment containing 1 BU (Biological Unit) fibrinolysin and 666 BUs desoxyribonuclease per gram.
Fibrinolysin attacks and inactivates fibrin molecules occurring in undesirable exudates on the surface of the human body and on human mucosa, e.g., in superficial wounds and burns, while desoxyribonuclease targets and destroys (human) DNA. The combination of the two enzymes has a synergistic effect on necrotic but not on living tissue. According to the manufacturer the ointment provides enhanced wound cleaning and accelerates the healing process.
Both enzymes are marginally resorbed into systemic circulation because of their very high molecular weight and their macromolecular structure.
The activity of both enzymes is almost completely exhausted after 24 hours. Usually, it is necessary to repeat the application (and renew the dressing) every 6 to 8 hours until healing becomes complete.
The ointment is marketed by Pfizer under the brand name Fibrolan in a variety of countries (e.g. Switzerland). It is currently not approved in the USA.
Where approved, Fibrolan has been licensed on the basis of claimed good therapeutical experience, but adequate and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galbraith%20plot
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In statistics, a Galbraith plot (also known as Galbraith's radial plot or just radial plot) is one way of displaying several estimates of the same quantity that have different standard errors.
It can be used to examine heterogeneity in a meta-analysis, as an alternative or supplement to a forest plot.
A Galbraith plot is produced by first calculating the standardized estimates or z-statistics by dividing each estimate by its standard error (SE). The Galbraith plot is then a scatter plot of each z-statistic (vertical axis) against 1/SE (horizontal axis). Larger studies (with smaller SE and larger 1/SE) will be observed to aggregate away from the origin.
See also
Plot
Funnel plot
References
External links
Galbraith plots are available within the metafor package in R, along with various other diagnostic and summary plots.
MIX 2.0 Software to perform meta-analysis and create Galbraith plots in Excel.
RadialPlotter Java application for fission track, luminescence and other radial plots from P. Vermeesch.
RadialPlotter() function within the R package 'numOSL' from Peng Jun for statistical age models analysis in optically stimulated luminescence dating.
plot_RadialPlot() function within the R package 'Luminescence' to produce Galbraith plots.
Further reading
Galbraith, R.F., 1990. The radial plot: Graphical assessment of spread in ages. International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, 17 (3), pp. 207
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-Bungarotoxin
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α-Bungarotoxin is one of the bungarotoxins, components of the venom of the elapid Taiwanese banded krait snake (Bungarus multicinctus). It is a type of α-neurotoxin, a neurotoxic protein that is known to bind competitively and in a relatively irreversible manner to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor found at the neuromuscular junction, causing paralysis, respiratory failure, and death in the victim. It has also been shown to play an antagonistic role in the binding of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in the brain, and as such has numerous applications in neuroscience research.
Structure
α-Bungarotoxin is a 74-amino-acid, 8 kDa α-neurotoxin with five disulfide bridges that binds as a competitive antagonist to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Like other snake venom α-neurotoxins, it is a member of the three-finger toxin protein family; its tertiary structure consists of a small globular core stabilized by four disulfide bonds, three projecting "finger" loops, and a C-terminal tail. The second loop contains an additional disulfide bond. The tips of fingers I and II form a mobile region that is essential for proper binding.
Hydrogen bonds allow for an antiparallel β-sheet, which keeps the second and third loops roughly parallel. The three-finger structure is preserved by four of the disulfide bridges: the fifth can be reduced without loss to toxicity. The fifth bridge is located on the tip of the second loop.
The multiple disulfide bonds and small amount o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20York%20Area%20High%20School
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West York Area High School is a high school located in York, York County in south central Pennsylvania. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, the school reported an enrollment of 871 students in grades 9 through 12 in the 2018–2019 school year.
Part of the West York Area School District, the school serves children in grades nine through twelve. It operates on a two-semester, six term year with block scheduling of four-period days, each period lasting 80 minutes. Students may attend the local technical school or specialized center on a part-time basis. Career internships and diversified occupations programs are also available for seniors.
Campus
In 2009, the West York Area School Board began the process of upgrading the facilities at the school, beginning with the opening of a new gym in October 2014. The development was completed in 2016 when a new two-story wing was added that includes eight additional classrooms and a large group instruction/meeting room. The existing science labs were renovated and three new labs were added. A new choral room was provided, along with a new guidance suite and the school auditorium was equipped with upgraded stage rigging, lights and sound systems.
Extracurricular activities
West York Area High School students have access to a wide variety of clubs, activities, and an extensive sports program.
Sport teams
The school uses navy blue and white as spirit colors, and its mascot is a Bulldog. The school is a member of PI
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMSF
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In biochemistry, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) is a serine protease inhibitor (serine hydrolase inactivator) commonly used in the preparation of cell lysates. PMSF does not inactivate all serine proteases. The effective concentration of PMSF is between 0.1 - 1 mM. The half-life is short in aqueous solutions (110 min at pH 7, 55 min at pH 7.5, and 35 min at pH 8, all at 25 °C). At 4˚C, pH 8, PMSF is almost completely degraded after 1 day. Stock solutions are usually made up in anhydrous ethanol, isopropanol, or corn oil and diluted immediately before use.
PMSF reacts specifically with the active site serine residue in serine hydrolases. It does not bind to any other serine residues in the protein. This is a result of the hyperactivity of that serine residue caused by the specific environmental conditions in the enzyme's active site (catalytic triad). Because PMSF bonds covalently to the enzyme, the complex can be viewed by X-ray crystallography; it can therefore be used as a chemical label to identify an essential active site serine in an enzyme.
Enzyme(active)Ser-O-H + F-SO2CH2C6H5 → EnzymeSer-O-SO2CH2C6H5 + HF
Serine protease + PMSF → Irreversible enzyme-PMS complex + HF
The median lethal dose between 150–215 mg/kg (acetylcholine esterase inactivator). PMSF should be handled only inside a fume hood and while wearing gloves. DMSO is sometimes recommended as solvent for stock solutions, but should not be used as it makes intact skin permeable for PMSF.
Stability
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoproteomics
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Immunoproteomics is the study of large sets of proteins (proteomics) involved in the immune response.
Examples of common applications of immunoproteomics include:
The isolation and mass spectrometric identification of MHC (major histocompatibility complex) binding peptides
Purification and identification of protein antigens binding specific antibodies (or other affinity reagents)
Comparative immunoproteomics to identify proteins and pathways modulated by a specific infectious organism, disease or toxin.
The identification of proteins in immunoproteomics is carried out by techniques including gel based, microarray based, and DNA based techniques, with mass spectroscopy typically being the ultimate identification method.
Applications
Immunology
Immunoproteomics is and has been used to increase scientific understanding of both autoimmune disease pathology and progression. Using biochemical techniques, gene and ultimately protein expression can be measured with high fidelity. With this information, the biochemical pathways causing pathology in conditions such as multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease can potentially be elucidated. Serum antibody identification in particular has proven to be very useful as a diagnostic tool for a number of diseases in modern medicine, in large part due to the relatively high stability of serum antibodies.
Immunoproteomic techniques are additionally used for the isolation of antibodies. By identifying and proceeding to sequence antibodies,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusperimus
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Gusperimus is an immunosuppressive drug. It is a derivative of the naturally occurring HSP70 inhibitor spergualin, and inhibits the interleukin-2-stimulated maturation of T cells to the S and G2/M phases and the polarization of the T cells into IFN-gamma-secreting Th1 effector T cells, resulting in the inhibition of growth of activated naive CD4 T cells.
Gusperimus was developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb. Currently, it is manufactured and sponsored for use as an orphan drug and for clinical studies by the Japanese company Euro Nippon Kayaku. The patent claim (see quotation) is that Gusperimus may be useful for a variety of hyperreactive inflammatory diseases such as autoimmune diseases. The drug is available in vials containing 100 mg each.
There is little information about the pharmacokinetic properties of gusperimus.
Overview
The European Commission assigned orphan drug status to Gusperimus in 2001 for the treatment of granulomatosis with polyangiitis, a serious form of vasculitis frequently associated with permanent disability and/or fatal outcome. There have been many cases of patients resistant to all forms of usual treatment responding very well to Gusperimus.
It has been proposed that gusperimus may benefit patients with the neurological disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease). ALS causes permanent motor deficits and disabilities up to the point that almost all motor functions, including breathing and bladder control, are lost. Patients u
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Smithies
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Robert Smithies (4 April 1934 – 31 July 2006) was a British photographer, journalist and crossword compiler. He was born in Middleton, near Rochdale, Lancashire.
Smithies began his career from school at the Manchester Evening News as a darkroom assistant, progressing to the post of photographer there and later at the Manchester Guardian.
Smithies joined Granada Television in the mid-1970s and presented a number of television programmes between then and 2005, including the regional news programme Granada Reports and Down To Earth.
Since his first cryptic crossword was accepted by The Guardian newspaper in 1966, Smithies was a regular compiler for the newspaper, under the pseudonym Bunthorne, the name taken from the leading character in the Gilbert and Sullivan light opera Patience.
As a crossword setter his clues became known for requiring potentially obscure general knowledge, ranging from Austen and Dickens to French cheeses. One of his most famous clues was "Amundsen's forwarding address (4)" – (mush).
Photography exhibitions
A Long Exposure: 100 Years of Pictures from Guardian Photographers in Manchester (1908–2008), The Lowry (Salford), October 2008 – March 2009. With Walter Doughty, Tom Stuttard, Graham Finlayson, Neil Libbert, Don McPhee and Denis Thorpe.
References
1934 births
2006 deaths
British television journalists
The Guardian photojournalists
Crossword creators
People from Middleton, Greater Manchester
Place of death missing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive%3A%20Nike%20%2B%20Original%20Run
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Drive is the product of The Crystal Method's teaming up with Nike. It is part of a series of mixes intended to assist joggers on their workout routines known as Original Run. The album is a nearly 45 minute continuous mix of ten tracks, some new, some remixes and edits of songs off of the London soundtrack and Community Service II. It was released on the iTunes Store on June 28, 2006 as one long track.
On June 26, 2007, the album received a physical release on CD, exclusive to Best Buy stores. On February 5, 2008, the album was released for sale at other stores as well. The tracks are separated but still presented as a continuous mix. The CD includes four bonus tracks, which are full length edits of tracks 4, 6, 8 and 9.
Track listing
All tracks by The Crystal Method except where noted
"Starting Line" – 2:02
"It's Time" (Vocals by Angelo Hayes) – 4:51
"Roadhouse Blues (Original Dub)" – The Doors vs. The Crystal Method (Densmore, Krieger, Mazarek, Morrison) – 6:05
"It Hertz" (Harmonica by Jimmie Wood) – 5:17
"Do It (Dub Pistols Mix)" – 5:24
"Don't Stop" (Harmonica by Jimmie Wood) – 4:57
"Brand New Kicks" (Guitar by Richard Fortus) – 4:16
"Bad Ass (Rogue Element Mix)" – 5:24
"Glass Breaker (Force Mass Motion Mix)" – The Crystal Method feat. Charlotte Martin – 5:34
"Finish Line" – 1:03
Best Buy exclusive full length tracks
"It Hertz" – 6:07
"Don't Stop" – 5:21
"Bad Ass (Rogue Element Mix)" – 7:02
"Glass Breaker (Force Mass Motion Mix)" – The Crystal Method feat. Charlot
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RATS%20%28software%29
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RATS, an abbreviation of Regression Analysis of Time Series, is a statistical package for time series analysis and econometrics. RATS is developed and sold by Estima, Inc., located in Evanston, IL.
History
The forerunner of RATS was a FORTRAN program called SPECTRE, written by economist Christopher A. Sims. SPECTRE was designed to overcome some limitations of existing software that affected Sims' research in the 1970s, by providing spectral analysis and also the ability to run long unrestricted distributed lags. The program was then expanded by Tom Doan, then of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, who added ARIMA and VAR capabilities and went on to found the consulting firm that owns and distributes RATS software. In its early incarnations, RATS was designed primarily for time series analysis, but as it evolved, it acquired other capabilities. With the advent of personal computers in 1984, RATS went from being a specialty mainframe program to an econometrics package sold to a much broader market.
Features
RATS is a powerful program, which can perform a range of econometric and statistical operations. The following is a list of the major procedures in econometrics and time series analysis that can be implemented in RATS. All these methods can be used in order to forecast, as well as to conduct data analysis. In addition, RATS can handle cross-sectional and panel data:
Linear regression, including stepwise.
Regressions with heteroscedasticity and serial-correlatio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stradale
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Stradale (Italian for "road-going") may refer to:
Alfa Romeo 33 Stradale, street-legal derivative of a racecar
Dallara Stradale, first streetcar from racecar maker Dallara
Ferrari SF90 Stradale
Maserati GranTurismo MC Stradale
Lancia 037 Stradale
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20composite%20design
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In statistics, a central composite design is an experimental design, useful in response surface methodology, for building a second order (quadratic) model for the response variable without needing to use a complete three-level factorial experiment.
After the designed experiment is performed, linear regression is used, sometimes iteratively, to obtain results. Coded variables are often used when constructing this design.
Implementation
The design consists of three distinct sets of experimental runs:
A factorial (perhaps fractional) design in the factors studied, each having two levels;
A set of center points, experimental runs whose values of each factor are the medians of the values used in the factorial portion. This point is often replicated in order to improve the precision of the experiment;
A set of axial points, experimental runs identical to the centre points except for one factor, which will take on values both below and above the median of the two factorial levels, and typically both outside their range. All factors are varied in this way.
Design matrix
The design matrix for a central composite design experiment involving k factors is derived from a matrix, d, containing the following three different parts corresponding to the three types of experimental runs:
The matrix F obtained from the factorial experiment. The factor levels are scaled so that its entries are coded as +1 and −1.
The matrix C from the center points, denoted in coded variables as (0,0
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20solenoid
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An alpha solenoid (sometimes also known as an alpha horseshoe or as stacked pairs of alpha helices, abbreviated SPAH) is a protein fold composed of repeating alpha helix subunits, commonly helix-turn-helix motifs, arranged in antiparallel fashion to form a superhelix. Alpha solenoids are known for their flexibility and plasticity. Like beta propellers, alpha solenoids are a form of solenoid protein domain commonly found in the proteins comprising the nuclear pore complex. They are also common in membrane coat proteins known as coatomers, such as clathrin, and in regulatory proteins that form extensive protein-protein interactions with their binding partners. Examples of alpha solenoid structures binding RNA and lipids have also been described.
Terminology and classification
The term "alpha solenoid" has been used somewhat inconsistently in the literature. As originally defined, alpha solenoids were composed of helix-turn-helix motifs that stacked into an open superhelix. However, protein structural classification systems have used varying terminology; the Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database describes these proteins using the term "alpha alpha superhelix". The CATH database uses the term "alpha horseshoe" for these proteins, and uses "alpha solenoid" for a somewhat different and more compact structure exemplified by the peridinin-chlorophyll binding protein.
Structure
Alpha solenoid proteins are composed of repeating structural units containing at least tw
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LHD
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LHD can mean:
Landing helicopter dock, a US Navy hull classification symbol for multipurpose amphibious assault ships of the Wasp class.
Large Helical Device, a major Japanese nuclear fusion reactor.
Leatherhead railway station, Surrey, England, by National Rail station code
Left hand drive, a vehicle with the driving controls mounted on the left side of the cabin. Used in most countries where traffic travels on the right-hand side of the road.
Liechtenstein Homeland Service, a defunct corporatist party in Liechtenstein.
Limburgse Handbal Dagen, a handball tournament in Limburg.
Linear heat detection, a type of fire alarm system utilized in tunnels and special hazards.
Litterarum Humanarum Doctor, Latin for Doctor of Humane Letters, an honorary academic degree for persons with significant accomplishments in fields other than science.
Load, haul, dump machine, a vehicle used in underground mining.
Local health department, government agencies in the United States.
Lake Hood Seaplane Base near Anchorage, Alaska (FAA location code: LHD)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian%20Shield
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In geology, the Ukrainian Shield or the Ukrainian Crystalline Massif is the southwest shield of the East European craton. It has an area of about 200,000 sq km and is approx. 1000 km long and up to 250 km wide..
It is a pegmatite geologic province which can be divided into the following megastructures: Middle Prydniprovia, Western Pryazovia, Eastern Pryazovia, Ingulski, Rosynsko-Tikychki, Dnistersko-Buzki and Volyn differing in mineralogical composition and geochemical specialization.
The Ukrainian Shield and the Voronezh Massif consist of 3.2-3.8 Ga Archean crust in the southwest and east, and 2.3-2.1 Ga Early Proterozoic orogenic belts.
The Ilyinets crater is located at the boundary of Rosynsko-Tikychki, Dnistersko-Buzki.
References
Geology of Ukraine
Geomorphology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnase
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Barnase (a portmanteau of "BActerial" "RiboNucleASE") is a bacterial protein that consists of 110 amino acids and has ribonuclease activity. It is synthesized and secreted by the bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, but is lethal to the cell when expressed without its inhibitor barstar. The inhibitor binds to and occludes the ribonuclease active site, preventing barnase from damaging the cell's RNA after it has been synthesized but before it has been secreted. The barnase/barstar complex is noted for its extraordinarily tight protein-protein binding, with an on-rate of 108s−1M−1.
Protein folding studies
Barnase has no disulfide bonds, nor does it require divalent cations or non-peptide components to fold. This simplicity, in combination with its reversible folding transition, means that barnase has been extensively studied in order to understand how proteins fold. The folding of barnase has been extensively studied in the laboratory of Alan Fersht, who used it as the test case in developing a method of characterizing protein folding transition states known as phi value analysis.
Active site and catalytic mechanism
Barnase catalyzes hydrolysis at diribonucleotide GpN sites. Cleavage occurs in two steps using a general acid-base mechanism: a cyclic intermediate is formed during the first transesterification step, which is then hydrolysed to release the cleaved RNA. The two most important residues involved in catalysis are Glu73 and His102, which are both essential for enzym
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barstar
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Barstar is a small protein synthesized by the bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Its function is to inhibit the ribonuclease activity of its binding partner barnase, with which it forms an extraordinarily tightly bound complex within the cell until barnase is secreted. Expression of barstar is necessary to counter the lethal effect of expressed active barnase. The structure of the barnase-barnstar complex is known.
Barstar is compatible and a dual gene promoter in enhanced expression systems. The barnase gene can work with specific inhibitors and use reconstruction on plasmids of the same genetics. Barnase gene function works intracellularly on its inhibitor and produces bindings gathered cohesively. Barstar and barnase connect through binding, which allows activity such as protecting host cells throughout the enzymatic undertaking. The imperative process of the intracellular function through this enzyme allows for a decrease in impact on its RNA molecules.
Gene interaction
The process in which began the evolvement of Barnase and Barstar was its unsheathing process deriving out of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The interaction began in the DMH-11 Mustard gene brought to interaction to prevent hermaphroditism. The gene interaction modification has the ability to enable amino acids in a manner of natural and unnatural pathways. Encoding procession such as charging aaRS onto tRNA. Tis allows synthesis through remote plasmid channels. Alternative genetic material encrypted in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RF%20power%20amplifier
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A radio-frequency power amplifier (RF power amplifier) is a type of electronic amplifier that converts a low-power radio-frequency signal into a higher-power signal. Typically, RF power amplifiers are used in the final stage of a radio transmitter, their output driving the antenna. Design goals often include gain, power output, bandwidth, power efficiency, linearity (low signal compression at rated output), input and output impedance matching, and heat dissipation.
Amplifier classes
RF amplifier circuits operate in different modes, called "classes", based on how much of the cycle of the sinusoidal radio signal the amplifier (transistor or vacuum tube) is conducting current. Some classes are class A, class AB, class B, which are considered the linear amplifier classes in which the active device is used as a controlled current source, while class C is a nonlinear class in which the active device is used as a switch. The bias at the input of the active device determines the class of the amplifier.
A common trade-off in power amplifier design is the trade-off between efficiency and linearity. The previously named classes become more efficient, but less linear, in the order they are listed. Operating the active device as a switch results in higher efficiency, theoretically up to 100%, but lower linearity. Among the switch-mode classes are class D, class F and class E. The class D amplifier is not often used in RF applications because the finite switching speed of the active de
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail%21%20Bright%20Cecilia
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Hail! Bright Cecilia (Z.328), also known as Ode to St. Cecilia, was composed by Henry Purcell to a text by the Irishman Nicholas Brady in 1692 in honour of the feast day of Saint Cecilia, patron saint of musicians.
Annual celebrations of this saint's feast day (22 November) began in 1683, organised by the Musical Society of London, a group of musicians and music lovers. Welcome to all the pleasures (Z.339) was written by Purcell in 1683 and he went on to write other Cecilian pieces of which Hail! Bright Cecilia remains the best known. The first performance on 22 September 1692 at Stationers' Hall was a great success, and received an encore. It has been suggested that Purcell himself was the countertenor soloist, but this appears to be a misunderstanding of a contemporary account.
Composition
Brady's poem was derived from John Dryden's "A Song for St Cecilia's Day" of 1687.
With a text full of references to musical instruments (it is suggested that Cecilia invented the organ), the work requires a wide variety of vocal soloists and obbligato instruments. Brady extols the birth and personality of musical instruments and voices, and Purcell treats these personalities as if they were dramatic characters. The airs employ a variety of dance forms. "Hark, each tree" is a sarabande on a ground. It is a duet on a ground-bass between, vocally, soprano and bass, and instrumentally, between recorders and violins ("box and fir" are the woods used in the making of these instruments). "Wi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MYD88
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Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the MYD88 gene.
Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of MYD88 function. The gene was originally discovered and cloned by Dan Liebermann and Barbara Hoffman in mice. In that species it is a universal adapter protein as it is used by almost all TLRs (except TLR 3) to activate the transcription factor NF-κB. Mal (also known as TIRAP) is necessary to recruit Myd88 to TLR 2 and TLR 4, and MyD88 then signals through IRAK. It also interacts functionally with amyloid formation and behavior in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
A conditional knockout mouse line, called Myd88tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program — a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty-one tests were carried out on homozygous mutant animals, revealing one abnormality: male mutants had an increased susceptibility to bacterial infection.
Function
The MYD88 gene provides instructions for making a protein involved in signaling within immune cells. The MyD88 protein acts as an adapter, connecting proteins that receive signals from outside the cell to the proteins that relay signals inside the cell.
In innate immunity, the MyD88 plays a pivo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%20Norway
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Arm Norway is a fabless semiconductor company based in Trondheim, Norway founded in 2001, as Falanx Microsystems AS. Falanx Microsystems was spun off a 1998 research project from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. It was acquired by ARM Holdings in June 2006, and renamed to Arm Norway.
Arm Norway works with Arm' Cambridge and Austin design centres to develop graphics processing units for OpenGL, OpenGL ES, DirectX and Vulkan three-dimensional rendering, with emphasis on low electric power consumption, suitable for use in portable devices like mobile phones. Their products are marketed under the Mali brand. Other Mali products include hardware acceleration for image, video and display processing.
See also
Free and open-source graphics device driver#Arm
References
External links
ARM Mali Silicon IP Multimedia Overview
ARM Graphics and Multimedia Processors Developer Resources
Arm Ltd.
Computer companies of Norway
Companies based in Trondheim
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai%20Michalke
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Kai Michalke (born 5 April 1976) is German former professional footballer who played as a forward or left winger.
Career statistics
Honours
Germany U16
UEFA European Under-16 Football Championship: 1992
References
External links
Living people
1976 births
Footballers from Bochum
German men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Germany men's under-21 international footballers
Germany men's youth international footballers
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
Eredivisie players
VfL Bochum players
Hertha BSC players
1. FC Nürnberg players
Alemannia Aachen players
MSV Duisburg players
Heracles Almelo players
SG Wattenscheid 09 players
German expatriate men's footballers
German expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
West German men's footballers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna%20Karr%20High%20School
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Edna Karr High School is a public, open enrollment, coeducational charter school in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. The school is a college preparatory high school and is a part of InspireNOLA Charter Schools and the New Orleans Public School System (NOPS). Edna Karr High School is located in Algiers, a small community of New Orleans located on the west bank of the Mississippi River in Orleans Parish.
History
The school began operation in 1964 as a junior high school. It was named after Edna Karr, an educator who served as a teacher and administrator in the Algiers community. About 18 months after the (mid-school-year) opening of the new junior high, Hurricane Betsy struck as the 1965-66 school year was starting. Local schools were closed for several days, in part because local electric power had not been restored. In addition, Karr's beautiful gym floor was ruined; blowing rain had pounded in through broken windows, and the inundated wood flooring buckled like an accordion. When school restarted, physical education classes were held outdoors until the floor had been replaced.
Until 1990, Edna Karr operated as a typical junior high serving grades 7 through 9, with an academic program that included regular education, special education, and gifted education. In 1990 the Orleans Parish School Board voted to change Edna Karr into a junior/senior high magnet school. This was at the behest of community activists. As a result, significant changes took place: upper grade le
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOMT
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FOMT may refer to:
Harvest_Moon:_Friends_of_Mineral_Town, a video game
Tricetin 3',4',5'-O-trimethyltransferase, an enzyme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological%20integrity
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Biological integrity is associated with how "pristine" an environment is and its function relative to the potential or original state of an ecosystem before human alterations were imposed. Biological integrity is built on the assumption that a decline in the values of an ecosystem's functions are primarily caused by human activity or alterations. The more an environment and its original processes are altered, the less biological integrity it holds for the community as a whole. If these processes were to change over time naturally, without human influence, the integrity of the ecosystem would remain intact. The integrity of the ecosystem relies heavily on the processes that occur within it because those determine what organisms can inhabit an area and the complexities of their interactions. Most of the applications of the notion of biological integrity have addressed aquatic environments, but there have been efforts to apply the concept to terrestrial environments. Determining the pristine condition of the ecosystem is in theory scientifically derived, but deciding which of the many possible states or conditions of an ecosystem is the appropriate or desirable goal is a political or policy decision and is typically the focus of policy and political disagreements. Ecosystem health is a related concept but differs from biological integrity in that the "desired condition" of the ecosystem or environment is explicitly based on the values or priorities of society.
History
The con
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folded%20normal%20distribution
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The folded normal distribution is a probability distribution related to the normal distribution. Given a normally distributed random variable X with mean μ and variance σ2, the random variable Y = |X| has a folded normal distribution. Such a case may be encountered if only the magnitude of some variable is recorded, but not its sign. The distribution is called "folded" because probability mass to the left of x = 0 is folded over by taking the absolute value. In the physics of heat conduction, the folded normal distribution is a fundamental solution of the heat equation on the half space; it corresponds to having a perfect insulator on a hyperplane through the origin.
Definitions
Density
The probability density function (PDF) is given by
for x ≥ 0, and 0 everywhere else. An alternative formulation is given by
,
where cosh is the cosine Hyperbolic function. It follows that the cumulative distribution function (CDF) is given by:
for x ≥ 0, where erf() is the error function. This expression reduces to the CDF of the half-normal distribution when μ = 0.
The mean of the folded distribution is then
or
where is the normal cumulative distribution function:
The variance then is expressed easily in terms of the mean:
Both the mean (μ) and variance (σ2) of X in the original normal distribution can be interpreted as the location and scale parameters of Y in the folded distribution.
Properties
Mode
The mode of the distribution is the value of for which the den
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SH1
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SH1 or SH-1 may refer to:
State Highway 1; see List of highways numbered 1
SH1 (classification), a Paralympic shooting classification
PCL-09, exported as SH1, a Chinese truck-mounted howitzer artillery system
Silent Hill, the first video game of the Silent Hill franchise
See also
SH (disambiguation)
SHA-1, a cryptographic hash function
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facing%20Goya
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Facing Goya (2000) is an opera in four acts by Michael Nyman on a libretto by Victoria Hardie. It is an expansion of their one-act opera called Vital Statistics from 1987, dealing with such subjects as physiognomy, eugenics, and its practitioners, and also incorporates a musical motif from Nyman's art song, "The Kiss", inspired by a Paul Richards painting. Nyman also considers the work thematically tied to his other works, The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, The Ogre, and Gattaca, though he does not quote any of these musically, save a very brief passage of the latter. It was premièred at the Auditorio de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Spain on 3 August 2000. The revision with the cast heard on the album premiered at the Badisches Staatstheater Karlsruhe, Germany, on October 19, 2002. Vital Statistics has been withdrawn. The Santiago version included more material from Vital Statistics. The opera was most recently performed at the 2014 Spoleto Festival USA, located in Charleston, South Carolina.
The expanded opera deals with the elitism and prejudice of various movements in pseudosciences and art criticism, wrapped around a thread of a desire to make a clone of Francisco Goya through use of his long-lost skull, which he hid from the likes of Paul Broca, and which the Art Banker finds under a floorboard in a "degenerate art" gallery in Act II. This skull is the object of numerous fights in the second and third acts, often with one character snatching it from an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal
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Kristal, meaning "crystal" in several languages, may refer to:
Kristal (name), a given name and a surname
KRISTAL Audio Engine, a digital audio editor
The Kristal, a video game
Kristal Kola, a Turkish soft drink
See also
Kristall (disambiguation)
Kristol, a surname
Krystal (disambiguation)
Crystal (disambiguation), since many things called "Kristal" in their native languages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioredoxin%20fold
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The thioredoxin fold is a protein fold common to enzymes that catalyze disulfide bond formation and isomerization. The fold is named for the canonical example thioredoxin and is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins. It is an example of an alpha/beta protein fold that has oxidoreductase activity. The fold's spatial topology consists of a four-stranded antiparallel beta sheet sandwiched between three alpha helices. The strand topology is 2134 with 3 antiparallel to the rest.
Sequence conservation
Despite sequence variability in many regions of the fold, thioredoxin proteins share a common active site sequence with two reactive cysteine residues: Cys-X-Y-Cys, where X and Y are often but not necessarily hydrophobic amino acids. The reduced form of the protein contains two free thiol groups at the cysteine residues, whereas the oxidized form contains a disulfide bond between them.
Disulfide bond formation
Different thioredoxin fold-containing proteins vary greatly in their reactivity and in the pKa of their free thiols, which derives from the ability of the overall protein structure to stabilize the activated thiolate. Although the structure is fairly consistent among proteins containing the thioredoxin fold, the pKa is extremely sensitive to small variations in structure, especially in the placement of protein backbone atoms near the first cysteine.
Examples
Human proteins containing this domain include:
DNAJC10
ERP70
GLRX3
P4HB; PDIA2; PDIA3; PDIA4; PDIA5;
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture%20%28geology%29
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In geology, texture or rock microstructure refers to the relationship between the materials of which a rock is composed. The broadest textural classes are crystalline (in which the components are intergrown and interlocking crystals), fragmental (in which there is an accumulation of fragments by some physical process), aphanitic (in which crystals are not visible to the unaided eye), and glassy (in which the particles are too small to be seen and amorphously arranged). The geometric aspects and relations amongst the component particles or crystals are referred to as the crystallographic texture or preferred orientation. Textures can be quantified in many ways. The most common parameter is the crystal size distribution. This creates the physical appearance or character of a rock, such as grain size, shape, arrangement, and other properties, at both the visible and microscopic scale.
Textures are penetrative fabrics of rocks; they occur throughout the entirety of the rock mass on microscopic, hand-sized specimen, and often outcrop scales. This is similar in many ways to foliations, except a texture does not necessarily carry structural information in terms of deformation events and orientation information. Structures occur on a hand-sized specimen scale and above.
Microstructure analysis describes the textural features of the rock, and can provide information on the conditions of formation, petrogenesis, and subsequent deformation, folding, or alteration events.
Crystalline
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyroclast
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A porphyroclast is a clast or mineral fragment in a metamorphic rock, surrounded by a groundmass of finer grained crystals. Porphyroclasts are fragments of the original rock before dynamic recrystallisation or cataclasis produced the groundmass. This means they are older than the groundmass. They were stronger pieces of the original rock, that could not as easily deform and were therefore not or hardly affected by recrystallisation. They may have been phenocrysts or porphyroblasts in the original rock.
Porphyroclasts are often confused with porphyroblasts. The latter are also large crystals in a finer matrix, but they grew during, or after deformation took place and during or after the matrix was formed. The timing of porphyroblast growth can be determined by examining the microstructure preserved (or not) within them as poikiloblasts.
In strongly deformed rocks porphyroclasts are often rotated by the shear stress in the rock. Their shape can be used to determine the direction of the shear.
Porphyroclast systems
Where porphyroclasts have rims made of finer grained crystals, they are referred to as porphyroclast systems. The geometries of porphyroclast systems can be used to determine the sense of shear within a shear zone.
References
Metamorphic petrology
Structural geology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2023%20subunit%20alpha
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Interleukin-23 subunit alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL23A gene. The protein is also known as IL-23p19. It is one of the two subunits of the cytokine Interleukin-23.
Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of an Interleukin 23 alpha subunit and an IL-12p40 subunit. The IL-12p40, also known as Interleukin 12 subunit beta, is used by both IL-23 (where it partners with IL-23p19) and IL-12 (where it partners with IL-12A). A functional receptor for IL-23 (the IL-23 receptor) has been identified and is composed of IL-12R β1 and IL-23R.
Function
Produced by dendritic cells and macrophages, IL-23 is an important part of the inflammatory response against infection. It promotes upregulation of the matrix metalloprotease MMP9, increases angiogenesis and reduces CD8+ T-cell infiltration into tumours. IL-23 mediates its effects on both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system that express the IL-23 receptor. Th17 cells represent the most prominent T cell subset that responds to IL-23, although IL-23 has been implicated in inhibiting the development of regulatory T cell development in the intestine. Th17 cells produce IL-17, a proinflammatory cytokine that enhances T cell priming and stimulates the production of other proinflammatory molecules such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, NOS-2, and chemokines resulting in inflammation.
The expression of IL23A is decreased after AHR knockdown in THP-1 cells and primary mouse macrophages.
Clinical sign
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20instrument%20classification
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Chinese musical instruments were traditionally classified according to the materials used in their construction. The eight classifications are silk, bamboo, wood, stone, metal, clay, gourd, and hide. There are other instruments that may not fit these classifications.
Silk instruments are mostly string instruments (including plucked, bowed, and struck). Since the very beginning, the Chinese have used silk for strings, though today metal or nylon are more frequently used.
Bamboo mainly refers to woodwind instruments.
Most wood instruments are of the ancient variety.
The full list of these categories is wood, stone, bamboo, bone, silk, skin, plant and metal
The "stone" category contains various forms of stone chimes.
See also
List of traditional Chinese musical instruments
Chinese musical instruments
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretta%20procedure
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Stretta is a minimally invasive endoscopic procedure for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) that delivers radiofrequency energy in the form of electromagnetic waves through electrodes at the end of a catheter to the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and the gastric cardia – the region of the stomach just below the LES. The energy heats the tissue, ultimately causing it to swell and stiffen; the way this works was not understood as of 2015, but it was thought that perhaps the heat causes local inflammation, collagen deposition and muscular thickening of the LES and that it may disrupt the nerves there.
History
Its relative efficacy is controversial, with the American College of Gastroenterology recommending against its use in 2013, and in the same year the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) giving it a strong recommendation for people who refuse laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication, which involves making incisions in the torso and wrapping part of the stomach around the base of the esophagus, and which is considered the gold standard for efficacy. In 2015 an American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guideline noted that the quality of evidence was low for Stretta and the other available endoscopic treatment for GERD (transoral incisionless fundoplication) and called for better research to be conducted; it suggested that endoscopic treatments for GERD be considered.
The device for carrying out the procedure was origina
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax%20toxin
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Anthrax toxin is a three-protein exotoxin secreted by virulent strains of the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis—the causative agent of anthrax. The toxin was first discovered by Harry Smith in 1954. Anthrax toxin is composed of a cell-binding protein, known as protective antigen (PA), and two enzyme components, called edema factor (EF) and lethal factor (LF). These three protein components act together to impart their physiological effects. Assembled complexes containing the toxin components are endocytosed. In the endosome, the enzymatic components of the toxin translocate into the cytoplasm of a target cell. Once in the cytosol, the enzymatic components of the toxin disrupts various immune cell functions, namely cellular signaling and cell migration. The toxin may even induce cell lysis, as is observed for macrophage cells. Anthrax toxin allows the bacteria to evade the immune system, proliferate, and ultimately kill the host animal. Research on anthrax toxin also provides insight into the generation of macromolecular assemblies, and on protein translocation, pore formation, endocytosis, and other biochemical processes.
Bacillus anthracis virulence factors
Anthrax is a disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming, Gram positive, rod-shaped bacterium (Fig. 1). The lethality of the disease is caused by the bacterium's two principal virulence factors: (i) the polyglutamic acid capsule, which is anti-phagocytic, and (ii) the tripartite protein toxin, called anthrax toxi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramacciotti
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Ramacciotti is an Italian surname, with a direct etymological root from Latin ramus/rami (arm or branch and similar derivatives) in various regional dialects. Amongst other individuals, the surname may refer to:
Francis Ramacciotti (1835-1894), inventor and a piano string manufacturer
Giovanni Battista Ramacciotti (1628–1671), Italian painter
Luis Ramacciotti (born 1886), Italian-Argentine sculptor
Lorenzo Ramaciotti (born 1948), Italian car designer
Gustave Ramaciotti (1861–1927), Australian law clerk, theatrical manager, and soldier
Vera Ramaciotti (1891–1982), Australian philanthropist, sister of Clive Ramaciotti
Clive Ramaciotti (1883–1967), Australian philanthropist, brother of Vera Ramaciotti
Luis Alberto Ramacciotti- Italian-Argentine - 1980 - Asesor Ejecutivo- In Ramacciotti Company by [Lara Trinidad]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Real%20Madrid%20CF%20records%20and%20statistics
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Real Madrid Club de Fútbol is a Spanish professional association football club based in Madrid. The club was formed in 1902 as Madrid Football Club, and played its first competitive match on 13 May 1902, when it entered the semi-final of the Campeonato de Copa de S.M. Alfonso XIII. Real Madrid currently plays in the Spanish top-tier La Liga, having become one of the founding members of that league in 1929, and is one of three clubs, the others being Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao, to have never been relegated from the league. They have also been involved in European football ever since they became the first Spanish club to enter the European Cup in 1955, except for the 1977–78 and 1996–97 seasons.
This list encompasses the major honours won by Real Madrid and records set by the club, their managers and their players. The player records section includes details of the club's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first team competitions. It also records notable achievements by Real Madrid players on the international stage, and the highest transfer fees paid and received by the club.
The club currently holds the record for the most European Cup / UEFA Champions League triumphs, with 14, and the most La Liga titles, with 35. Additionally, Real has won the Copa del Rey 20 times, the Supercopa de España 12 times, the Copa de la Liga once, the Copa Eva Duarte once, the UEFA Cup twice, the European/UEFA Super Cup five times, the Intercontinental Cup three
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolyl%20isomerase
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Prolyl isomerase (also known as peptidylprolyl isomerase or PPIase) is an enzyme () found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes that interconverts the cis and trans isomers of peptide bonds with the amino acid proline. Proline has an unusually conformationally restrained peptide bond due to its cyclic structure with its side chain bonded to its secondary amine nitrogen. Most amino acids have a strong energetic preference for the trans peptide bond conformation due to steric hindrance, but proline's unusual structure stabilizes the cis form so that both isomers are populated under biologically relevant conditions. Proteins with prolyl isomerase activity include cyclophilin, FKBPs, and parvulin, although larger proteins can also contain prolyl isomerase domains.
Protein folding
Proline is unique among the natural amino acids in having a relatively small difference in free energy between the cis configuration of its peptide bond and the more common trans form. The activation energy required to catalyse the isomerisation between cis and trans is relatively high: ~20kcal/mol (cf. ~0kcal/mol for regular peptide bonds). Unlike regular peptide bonds, the X-prolyl peptide bond will not adopt the intended conformation spontaneously, thus, the process of cis-trans isomerization can be the rate-limiting step in the process of protein folding. Prolyl isomerases therefore function as protein folding chaperones. Cis peptide bonds N-terminal to proline residues are often located at the first
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COV
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COV, Cov, CoV or Co-V may refer to:
Cash-Over-Valuation
City of Villains, a multiplayer online video game
Coefficient of variation, a statistical measure
Covariance, a measure in probability theory and statistics
Calculus of variations, a field of mathematical analysis
Abbreviation of Coventry, a city in the United Kingdom
COV, the ICAO airline designator for Helicentre Coventry, United Kingdom
COV, the station code for Coventry railway station
Coventry R.F.C., often abbreviated to just "Cov"
Coventry City F.C., which is also sometimes known by the shorter form
The Amtrak station code for Connellsville station, Pennsylvania, United States
The LRT station abbreviation for Cove LRT station, Punggol, Singapore
The NYSE abbreviation for Covidien Ltd, a medical technology and pharmaceutical company
CoV or Co-V, an abbreviation for Coronavirus
Cao Miao language (ISO 639 language code: cov)
See also
nCoV (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior%20tympanic%20artery
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The superior tympanic artery is a small artery in the head. It is a branch of the middle meningeal artery. On entering the cranium it runs in the canal for the tensor tympani muscle and supplies this muscle and the lining membrane of the canal.
References
Arteries of the head and neck
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olistostrome
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An olistostrome is a sedimentary deposit composed of a chaotic mass of heterogeneous material, such as blocks and mud, known as olistoliths, that accumulates as a semifluid body by submarine gravity sliding or slumping of the unconsolidated sediments. It is a mappable stratigraphic unit which lacks true bedding, but is intercalated amongst normal bedding sequences, as in the Cenozoic basin of central Sicily. The term olistostrome is derived from the Greek olistomai (to slide) and stroma (accumulation).
See also
Submarine landslide
References
Sedimentary rocks
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirok
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Sirok is a historic village (population 2,100) in Heves county in Hungary, situated near Eger in Mátra mountains in the valley of Tarna creek. Today it is most known for its 13th-century castle ruins.
Etymology
The name comes from the Slavic širokъ—wide like Široka Planina, Široký Důl and many other similar Slavic names.
References
Populated places in Heves County
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple%20product%20rule
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The triple product rule, known variously as the cyclic chain rule, cyclic relation, cyclical rule or Euler's chain rule, is a formula which relates partial derivatives of three interdependent variables. The rule finds application in thermodynamics, where frequently three variables can be related by a function of the form f(x, y, z) = 0, so each variable is given as an implicit function of the other two variables. For example, an equation of state for a fluid relates temperature, pressure, and volume in this manner. The triple product rule for such interrelated variables x, y, and z comes from using a reciprocity relation on the result of the implicit function theorem, and is given by
where each factor is a partial derivative of the variable in the numerator, considered to be a function of the other two.
The advantage of the triple product rule is that by rearranging terms, one can derive a number of substitution identities which allow one to replace partial derivatives which are difficult to analytically evaluate, experimentally measure, or integrate with quotients of partial derivatives which are easier to work with. For example,
Various other forms of the rule are present in the literature; these can be derived by permuting the variables {x, y, z}.
Derivation
An informal derivation follows. Suppose that f(x, y, z) = 0. Write z as a function of x and y. Thus the total differential dz is
Suppose that we move along a curve with dz = 0, where the curve is paramete
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadowcrest%2C%20Florida
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Meadowcrest is an unincorporated community in Citrus County, Florida, United States. It is located in the western part of the county, to the east of Crystal River, between State Road 44 and County Road 486 (West Norvelle Bryant Highway).
External links
Meadowcrest Community Association
Unincorporated communities in Citrus County, Florida
Unincorporated communities in Florida
Planned communities in Florida
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic%20reciprocity
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Cubic reciprocity is a collection of theorems in elementary and algebraic number theory that state conditions under which the congruence x3 ≡ p (mod q) is solvable; the word "reciprocity" comes from the form of the main theorem, which states that if p and q are primary numbers in the ring of Eisenstein integers, both coprime to 3, the congruence x3 ≡ p (mod q) is solvable if and only if x3 ≡ q (mod p) is solvable.
History
Sometime before 1748 Euler made the first conjectures about the cubic residuacity of small integers, but they were not published until 1849, 62 years after his death.
Gauss's published works mention cubic residues and reciprocity three times: there is one result pertaining to cubic residues in the Disquisitiones Arithmeticae (1801). In the introduction to the fifth and sixth proofs of quadratic reciprocity (1818) he said that he was publishing these proofs because their techniques (Gauss's lemma and Gaussian sums, respectively) can be applied to cubic and biquadratic reciprocity. Finally, a footnote in the second (of two) monographs on biquadratic reciprocity (1832) states that cubic reciprocity is most easily described in the ring of Eisenstein integers.
From his diary and other unpublished sources, it appears that Gauss knew the rules for the cubic and quartic residuacity of integers by 1805, and discovered the full-blown theorems and proofs of cubic and biquadratic reciprocity around 1814. Proofs of these were found in his posthumous papers, but it
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna%20%28film%29
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Lorna is a 1964 independent film starring Lorna Maitland, produced and directed by Russ Meyer. It was written in four days by James Griffith, who played the preacher in the film.
Lorna marks the end of Meyer's "nudies" and his first foray into serious film making. It was his first film in the sexploitation style with a dramatic storyline. It was one of Meyer's early, rural gothic films. It is perhaps his most romantic film, despite the tragic ending. Meyer describes the movie as "a brutal examination of the important realities of power, prophecy, freedom and justice in our society against a background of violence and lust, where simplicity is only a facade." Reviews described Maitland as "a wanton of unparalleled emotion [...] unrestrained earthiness [...] destined to set a new standard of voluptuous beauty." Lorna was called "the female Tom Jones".
Lorna was the first of three films Meyer filmed featuring Lorna Maitland. Though still a low-budget, it was the most expensive film he had made to date, and was Meyer's first film in 35 mm.
Plot
The publicity to Lorna exclaimed: "Without artistic surrender, without compromise, without question or apology, an important motion picture was produced: LORNA—a woman too much for one man."
Lorna (Lorna Maitland) is a sexually unsatisfied young wife married to Jim (James Rucker), who works at a salt mine and spends his evenings studying to become a Certified Public Accountant. When Lorna goes for a nude swim in the river, she is ra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verna%20Wright
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Verna Wright, MD, FRCP, (31 December 1928 – 31 January 1998) was a British evangelist, physician, professor of rheumatology at the University of Leeds and co-founder of United Beach Missions.
Biography
Wright was educated at Bedford School and studied medicine at the University of Liverpool, then spent two years at Stoke Mandeville Hospital. As an actively practising evangelical Christian, Wright helped to found United Beach Missions, an organization whose goal was to preach the Christian gospel message to holidaymakers in Llandudno. The organization, under his leadership, grew to over 3000 people, ministering on the beaches of Britain, France and Belgium. Wright was also named as Chairman for the youth outreach organization Young Life. Throughout his ministry work, Wright focused on the "grass roots" approach, which particularly appealed to his young audience.
After gaining his MD degree from Liverpool, Wright lectured at the University of Leeds for two years before becoming a research fellow at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore. In 1964 he returned to Leeds as a Consultant Physician and Senior Lecturer, where he helped establish a specialist rheumatology unit. In 1970 he was appointed Professor of Rheumatology in the Department of Medicine at Leeds, a post he held until his retirement in 1994.
His research was characterized by a multidisciplinary approach, including engineering and pharmacology. He was partly responsible for establishing the field of rehabilitation med
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20genetic%20elements
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Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) sometimes called selfish genetic elements are a type of genetic material that can move around within a genome, or that can be transferred from one species or replicon to another. MGEs are found in all organisms. In humans, approximately 50% of the genome is thought to be MGEs. MGEs play a distinct role in evolution. Gene duplication events can also happen through the mechanism of MGEs. MGEs can also cause mutations in protein coding regions, which alters the protein functions. These mechanisms can also rearrange genes in the host genome generating variation. These mechanism can increase fitness by gaining new or additional functions. An example of MGEs in evolutionary context are that virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes of MGEs can be transported to share genetic code with neighboring bacteria. However, MGEs can also decrease fitness by introducing disease-causing alleles or mutations. The set of MGEs in an organism is called a mobilome, which is composed of a large number of plasmids, transposons and viruses.
Types
Plasmids: These are generally circular extrachromosomal DNA molecules that replicate and are transmitted independent from chromosomal DNA. These molecules are present in prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and sometimes in eukaryotic organisms such as yeast. Fitness of a plasmid is determined by its mobility. The first factor of plasmid fitness is its ability to replicate DNA. The second fitness factor is a plasmid's a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac%27s%20theorem
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Dirac's theorem may refer to:
Dirac's theorem on Hamiltonian cycles, the statement that an -vertex graph in which each vertex has degree at least must have a Hamiltonian cycle
Dirac's theorem on chordal graphs, the characterization of chordal graphs as graphs in which all minimal separators are cliques
Dirac's theorem on cycles in -connected graphs, the result that for every set of vertices in a -vertex-connected graph there exists a cycle that passes through all the vertices in the set
See also
Gabriel Andrew Dirac (1925–1984), a graph theorist after whom these three theorems were named
Paul Dirac (1902–1984), a mathematical physicist
Dirac equation in particle physics
Dirac large numbers hypothesis relating the size scale of the universe to the scales between different physical forces
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosma%20Shalizi
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Cosma Rohilla Shalizi (born February 28, 1974) is an associate professor in the Department of Statistics at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh.
Life
Cosma Rohilla Shalizi is of Indian Tamil, Afghan (Rohilla) and Italian heritage and was born in Boston, where he lived for the first two years of his life. He grew up in Bethesda, Maryland.
In 1990, he was accepted as a Chancellor's Scholar at the University of California, Berkeley, and completed a bachelor's degree in Physics. Subsequently, he attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison where he received a doctorate in physics in May 2001. From 1998 to 2002, he worked at the Santa Fe Institute, in the Evolving Cellular Automata Project and the Computation, Dynamics and Inference group. From 2002 to 2005, he worked at the Center for the Study of Complex Systems at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. In August 2006, he became an assistant professor in the Department of Statistics at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh.
Shalizi is co-author of the CSSR algorithm, which exploits entropy properties to efficiently extract Markov models from time-series data without assuming a parametric form for the model.
Shalizi was interviewed at the Institute for New Economic Thinking in November 2011 on "Why Economics Needs Data Mining." He "urge[d] economists to stop doing what they are doing: Fitting large complex models to a small set of highly correlated time series data. Once you add enough variables, parameters, bel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus%20Perperna%20Veiento
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Marcus Perperna (or Perpenna) Veiento (also, incorrectly, Vento; died 72 BC) was a Roman aristocrat, statesman and general. He fought in Sulla's civil war, Lepidus' failed rebellion of 77 BC and from 76 to 72 BC in the Sertorian War. He conspired against and assassinated Quintus Sertorius, and was defeated and executed by Pompey the Great.
Name
The names Perperna and Perpenna are attested for this nomen gentilicium (of Etruscan origin), but Perperna is more frequent and the form used in the most reliable inscriptions, followed by the prosopographical scholarship (e.g. Broughton).
Early life and career
Not much is known about Perperna before the civil wars against Sulla. Perperna was a member of the Cinna-Marius faction during their war against the Sullan faction. He governed the island of Sicily as propraetor during the second civil war. After Sulla defeated the populares faction in Italy he sent his new stepson-in-law Pompey (Pompey had married Aemilia, Sulla's stepdaughter) to recover Sicily and Africa. Perperna abandoned the island upon hearing of the size and nature of the force sent against him. After Sulla became Dictator of Rome, Perperna was proscripted and went into exile. After Sulla's death he was recalled by Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, the consul of 78 BC, whom he joined in rebellion against the Sullan faction. Lepidus marched his army on Rome but was defeated by Quintus Lutatius Catulus in a brisk military action just outside of the city while Lepidus' legate Marc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine%20methyl%20ester
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Creatine methyl ester is the methyl ester derivative of the amino acid creatine. It can be prepared by the esterification of creatine with methanol.
See also
Creatine ethyl ester
References
Guanidines
Methyl esters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C5%A1onec
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Lošonec () is a village and municipality of Trnava District in the Trnava region of Slovakia.
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20070427022352/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
http://www.losonec.com/ - official web page
private web page
Villages and municipalities in Trnava District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majcichov
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Majcichov () is a village and municipality of Trnava District in the Trnava region of Slovakia.
References
External links
Statistics.sk
En.e-obce.sk
Villages and municipalities in Trnava District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C5%BEenice
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Malženice () is a village and municipality of Trnava District in the Trnava region of Slovakia.
References
External links
https://www.webcitation.org/5QjNYnAux?url=http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
http://en.e-obce.sk/obec/malzenice/malzenice.html
Villages and municipalities in Trnava District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlice%2C%20Trnava%20District
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Pavlice () is a village and municipality of Trnava District in the Trnava region of Slovakia.
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20080111223415/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Trnava District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rado%C5%A1ovce%2C%20Trnava%20District
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Radošovce () is a village and municipality of Trnava District in the Trnava region of Slovakia.
References
External links
http://en.e-obce.sk/obec/radosovce/radosovce.html
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20101113055135/http://www.mesta-obce.sk/trnavsky-kraj/okres-trnava/radosovce/
Villages and municipalities in Trnava District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C5%BEindol
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Ružindol () is a village and municipality of Trnava District in the Trnava region of Slovakia.
References
External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
https://www.ruzindol.sk/
http://en.e-obce.sk/obec/ruzindol/ruzindol.html
Villages and municipalities in Trnava District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovensk%C3%A1%20Nov%C3%A1%20Ves
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Slovenská Nová Ves () is a village and municipality of Trnava District in the Trnava region of Slovakia.
References
External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
http://en.e-obce.sk/obec/slovenskanovaves/slovenska-nova-ves.html
Villages and municipalities in Trnava District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0elpice
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Šelpice () is a village and municipality of Trnava District in the Trnava region of Slovakia.
References
External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
http://en.e-obce.sk/obec/selpice/selpice.html
https://www.selpice.eu/
Villages and municipalities in Trnava District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C3%BArovce
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Šúrovce () is a village and municipality of Trnava District in the Trnava region of Slovakia.
References
External links
http://en.e-obce.sk/obec/sturovce/surovce.html
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
http://www.surovce.sk/
Villages and municipalities in Trnava District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%20Database
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The Ki Database (or Ki DB) is a public domain database of published binding affinities (Ki) of drugs and chemical compounds for receptors, neurotransmitter transporters, ion channels, and enzymes. The resource is maintained by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and is funded by the NIMH Psychoactive Drug Screening Program and by a gift from the Heffter Research Institute. , the database had data for 7 449 compounds at 738 different receptors and, , 67 696 Ki values.
The Ki database has data useful for both chemical biology and chemogenetics.
External links
Description
Search form
BindingDB.org - A similar publicly available database
Biological databases
Chemical databases
Public domain databases
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devnya
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Devnya ( ) is a town in Varna Province, Northeastern Bulgaria, located about 25 km away to the west from the city of Varna and The Black Sea Coast. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Devnya Municipality. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 8,383 inhabitants.
It lies at the western shore of Lake Beloslav in the northeastern end of the Devnya Valley and along the southern slopes of the Dobruja Plateau, in the close proximity to the Black Sea. Two rivers, Devnya and Provadiya, empty into the lake nearby. The landscape is mostly karst with 30 karst springs with a debit of 3700 litres per second used for water supply for Devnya, Varna and the local industries. One of the largest springs, feeding a pool, is open for visitors. Along the river mouths there are extensive wetlands once rich in fish and crabs but now polluted by industrial waste.
Local landmarks include Roman remains of ancient Marcianopolis, including an amphitheatre and the Mosaics Museum, featuring some exquisite Roman mosaics in situ, and Pobiti Kamani ("stone forest"), a rock phenomenon to the east.
History
Ancient history
Devnya lies at the site of the Ancient Roman and Early Byzantine city of Marcianopolis (Μαρκιανούπολις) founded by Roman Emperor Trajan after the Second Dacian War, which ended in 106. The city was named after Trajan's sister, Ulpia Marciana. An important strategic centre, the city was part of Roman Thrace until 187-193, and then belonged to Moesia inferior. Mar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cru%20Bourgeois
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The Cru Bourgeois classification lists some of the châteaux from the Médoc that were not included in the 1855 Classification of Crus Classés, or Classed Growths. Notionally, Cru Bourgeois is a level below Cru Classé, but still of high quality (formerly there were additional grades of Cru Artisan and Cru Paysan). Many wine writers consider that there is some overlap in quality between the Classed Growths and the Cru Bourgeois, although also saying that by and large the Classed Growths still represent the best wines.
The first Cru Bourgeois list was drawn up by the Bordeaux Chamber of Commerce and Chamber of Agriculture in 1932, selecting 444 estates for the classification. The words Cru Bourgeois were widely used on labels by the châteaux so listed, although the classification was never officially ratified. A substantial revision of the classification, dividing it into three tiers, was initiated in 2000 and finalised in 2003. This reduced the number of châteaux listed to 247. Following several legal turns, the 2003 Cru Bourgeois classification was annulled by the French court in 2007, and shortly afterwards all use of the term was banned.
In 2010, the Cru Bourgeois label was reintroduced, but in a significantly revised form. It now consists of only one level, and is awarded annually, as a mark of quality, to wines rather than to châteaux, on the basis of an assessment of both production methods and the finished product. Any property in the Médoc may apply. The lists are
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20Micro-Electronics%2C%20Inc.
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Integrated Micro-electronics, Inc. (abbreviated as IMI, ) provides electronics manufacturing services (EMS) and power semiconductor assembly and test services (SATS) with manufacturing facilities in Asia, Europe, and North America. Its headquarters is located in Biñan, Laguna.
IMI serves original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in diversified markets that include those in the automotive, industrial, medical, telecommunications infrastructure, storage device, and consumer electronics industries. Its customized servuces range from design and engineering, advance manufacturing engineering capabilities, new product introduction services, manufacturing services, reliability tests, failure analysis, equipment calibration capabilities, test and system development, and support and fulfillment. The manufacturing portfolio of AC Industrials, a wholly owned subsidiary of Ayala Corporation, IMI is listed in the Philippine Stock Exchange.
History
IMI started on August 8, 1980 as a joint venture between Ayala Corporation and Resins, Inc. With its headquarters in Muntinlupa, they were just a workforce of around 100 employees with total fixed assets of US$3,700,290 and it is engaged in the assembly of integrated circuits. In 1982, it took a contract manufacturing with its hard disk drive sub-assembly operations and, in 1986, it started the assembly of automotive hybrid integrated circuits.
In the year 1988, the company ventured into custom printed circuit board assembly and operations and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nete
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Nete may refer to:
Nete (river), in northern Belgium
Grote Nete
Kleine Nete
Nete language, spoken in Papua New Guinea
Nete virus, a lineage of segmented RNA viruses
Nete (mythology), one of the three muses of the lyre that were worshipped at Delphi. Her sisters were Mese and Hypate
Norethisterone enanthate (NETE), a type of birth control
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nete%20language
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Nete, also known as Bisorio, Malamauda, or Iniai, is an Engan language spoken in Papua New Guinea.
Classification
Glottolog classifies Nete and Bisorio as two languages within Outer Engan, a divergent group situated northward across the Central Range from the main Engan-speaking area, located in Enga Province. The purported language Bikaru, spoken at the head of the Korosamen River adjacent to the Nete dialect-speaking area, is a dialect of Bisorio fully mutually intelligible with the rest of the language.
Geography
Villages where Nete is spoken include Malaumanda, Anamanda, Lodon, Onge, Kasakali, Takop, Hulipa, Yaipo, Bake, Nai, Onon, Limbia and Menagus.
Bibliography
Word lists of Bisorio
Conrad, Robert J. and Ronald K. Lewis. 1988 Some language and sociolinguistic relationships in the Upper Sepik region of Papua New Guinea. In: Smith et al. 243–273.
Davies, John and Bernard Comrie. 1985. A linguistic survey of the Upper Yuat. In: Adams et al., 275–312.
References
External links
Rosetta Project: Nete Swadesh List, Bisorio Swadesh List, Bikaru Swadesh List
Engan languages
Languages of East Sepik Province
Severely endangered languages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degron
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A degron is a portion of a protein that is important in regulation of protein degradation rates. Known degrons include short amino acid sequences, structural motifs and exposed amino acids (often lysine or arginine) located anywhere in the protein. In fact, some proteins can even contain multiple degrons. Degrons are present in a variety of organisms, from the N-degrons (see N-end Rule) first characterized in yeast to the PEST sequence of mouse ornithine decarboxylase. Degrons have been identified in prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes. While there are many types of different degrons, and a high degree of variability even within these groups, degrons are all similar for their involvement in regulating the rate of a protein's degradation. Much like protein degradation (see proteolysis), mechanisms are categorized by their dependence or lack thereof on ubiquitin, a small protein involved in proteasomal protein degradation, Degrons may also be referred to as “ubiquitin-dependent" or “ubiquitin-independent".
Types
Ubiquitin-dependent degrons are so named because they are implicated in the polyubiquitination process for targeting a protein to the proteasome. In some cases, the degron itself serves as the site for polyubiquitination as is seen in TAZ and β-catenin proteins. Because the exact mechanism by which a degron is involved in a protein's polyubiqutination is not always known, degrons are classified as ubiquitin-dependent if their removal from the protein leads to less ubiq
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smearing%20retransformation
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The Smearing retransformation is used in regression analysis, after estimating the logarithm of a variable. Estimating the logarithm of a variable instead of the variable itself is a common technique to more closely approximate normality. In order to retransform the variable back to level from log, the Smearing retransformation is used.
If the log-transformed variable y is normally distributed with mean
and variance
then, the expected value of y is given by:
References
Regression analysis
Logarithms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20White%20%28British%20politician%29
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Frank Richard White (born 11 November 1939) is a Labour Party politician in the United Kingdom.
Early life
He is the son of Edna Mead and Arthur Leslie White, a sapper with the Royal Engineers, who died in 1943 as a Japanese Prisoner of War while working on the infamous Burma-Siam Railway. Following his education at Folds Road School in Bolton and Bolton Technical School, Frank worked in a mail order distribution firm, becoming an official in the General and Municipal Workers Union. In 1967, he married Eileen Crook at St Augustine's Church, Tonge Moor, Bolton and have three children
Political career
His first elected political office was as a councillor to Bolton County Borough council, representing the Tonge ward from 1964 to 1974. On his second attempt, he was elected at the October 1974 general election as the Member of Parliament (MP) for the marginal Bury and Radcliffe constituency. He was an assistant government whip from 1976 to 1978. His Bury and Radcliffe seat was abolished by boundary changes for the 1983 general election. Instead he stood in the new Bury North seat, but lost to the Conservative candidate Alistair Burt. In 1986, he was elected as a councillor to Bolton Metropolitan Borough council, once again representing the Tonge ward. After ward boundary and name changes in 2004, he represented the Tonge with The Haulgh ward. He attempted to re-enter Parliament in the 1987 general election for Bolton North East, but failed by 813 votes.
Between 2005 and 2006,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg%20allergy
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Egg allergy is an immune hypersensitivity to proteins found in chicken eggs, and possibly goose, duck, or turkey eggs. Symptoms can be either rapid or gradual in onset. The latter can take hours to days to appear. The former may include anaphylaxis, a potentially life-threatening condition which requires treatment with epinephrine. Other presentations may include atopic dermatitis or inflammation of the esophagus.
In the United States, 90% of allergic responses to foods are caused by cow's milk, eggs, wheat, shellfish, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, and soybeans. The declaration of the presence of trace amounts of allergens in foods is not mandatory in any country, with the exception of Brazil.
Prevention is by avoiding eating eggs and foods that may contain eggs, such as cake or cookies. It is unclear if the early introduction of the eggs to the diet of babies aged 4–6 months decreases the risk of egg allergies.
Egg allergy appears mainly in children but can persist into adulthood. In the United States, it is the second most common food allergy in children after cow's milk. Most children outgrow egg allergy by the age of five, but some people remain allergic for a lifetime. In North America and Western Europe, egg allergy occurs in 0.5% to 2.5% of children under the age of five years. The majority grow out of it by school age, but for roughly one-third, the allergy persists into adulthood. Strong predictors for adult-persistence are anaphylaxis, high egg-specific serum immuno
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20fold
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The death fold is a tertiary structure motif commonly found in proteins involved in apoptosis or inflammation-related processes. This motif is commonly found in domains that participate in protein–protein interactions leading to the formation of large functional complexes. Examples of death fold domains include the death domain (DD), death effector domain (DED), caspase recruitment domain (CARD), and pyrin domain (PYD).
Death fold domains are an evolutionarily conserved superfamily of domains that mediate apoptotic signaling. The two types of apoptosis, extrinsic and intrinsic, are tightly regulated by the interplay of activating and inhibitory pathways. The interactions between the four different death fold motifs are a unifying mechanism in both types of apoptosis.
Structure
There is a large difference in the primary amino acid sequence of the four different death fold motifs, but each has a similar three-dimensional structure. Death-fold motifs are characterized by six to seven tightly coiled alpha-helices arranged in a "Greek-key" fold. The motifs consist of several defined protein interactions with other suspected apoptotic roles (Lahm).
Four death-fold domains
Caspase recruitment domain (CARD)
CARD-containing proteins are found throughout the animal kingdom. CARD domains are present on several mammalian procaspases, and have functions in apoptosis, cytokine processing, immune defense, and NF-κB activation. In insects and nematodes, CARDs so far seem rest
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF%20receptor%20associated%20factor
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TNF receptor associated factors (TRAFs) are a family of proteins primarily involved in the regulation of inflammation, antiviral responses and apoptosis.
Currently, seven TRAF proteins have been characterized in mammals: TRAF1, TRAF2, TRAF3, TRAF4, TRAF5, TRAF6 and TRAF7.
Except for TRAF7, these proteins share a relatively conserved secondary structure, including a namesake C-terminal TRAF domain that mediates interactions with other signaling components such as the transmembrane TNF receptors and CD40.
See also
Tumor necrosis factors
References
External links
TNF receptor family
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean%20algebras%20canonically%20defined
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Boolean algebras are models of the equational theory of two values; this definition is equivalent to the lattice and ring definitions.
Boolean algebra is a mathematically rich branch of abstract algebra. Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy defines Boolean algebra as 'the algebra of two-valued logic with only sentential connectives, or equivalently of algebras of sets under union and complementation.' Just as group theory deals with groups, and linear algebra with vector spaces, Boolean algebras are models of the equational theory of the two values 0 and 1 (whose interpretation need not be numerical). Common to Boolean algebras, groups, and vector spaces is the notion of an algebraic structure, a set closed under some operations satisfying certain equations.
Just as there are basic examples of groups, such as the group of integers and the symmetric group of permutations of objects, there are also basic examples of Boolean algebras such as the following.
The algebra of binary digits or bits 0 and 1 under the logical operations including disjunction, conjunction, and negation. Applications include the propositional calculus and the theory of digital circuits.
The algebra of sets under the set operations including union, intersection, and complement. Applications are far-reaching because set theory is the standard foundations of mathematics.
Boolean algebra thus permits applying the methods of abstract algebra to mathematical logic and digital logic.
Unlike groups of fin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Smith%20Region%2C%20Northwest%20Territories
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Fort Smith Region was a former Statistics Canada census division, one of two in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It was abolished in the 2011 census, along with the other census division of Inuvik Region, and the land area of the Northwest Territories was divided into new census divisions named Region 1, Region 2, Region 3, Region 4, Region 5, Region 6.
Its former territory covered all of the modern-day Regions 3 through 6, as well as a part of Region 2. For example, its border with the old Inuvik Region ran through the middle of Great Bear Lake, which is now entirely within the modern-day Region 2.
It contained more than 77 percent of the population and more than 54 percent of the land area of the Northwest Territories. Its main economic centre was the territorial capital of Yellowknife; it also contained the town of Fort Smith. The 2006 census reported a population of 32,272 spread over a land area of .
Communities
City
Yellowknife
Towns
Fort Smith
Hay River
Village
Fort Simpson
Hamlets
Fort Liard
Fort Providence
Behchokǫ̀
Whatì
Settlements
Dettah
Enterprise
Fort Resolution
Jean Marie River
Kakisa
Łutselk'e
Nahanni Butte
Gamèti
Fort Reliance
Trout Lake
Wekweeti
Wrigley
Indian reserves
Hay River Reserve (Hay River Dene)
Salt River First Nation
References
Regions of the Northwest Territories
Census divisions of the Canadian territories
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple%20cell
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A simple cell in the primary visual cortex is a cell that responds primarily to oriented edges and gratings (bars of particular orientations). These cells were discovered by Torsten Wiesel and David Hubel in the late 1950s.
Such cells are tuned to different frequencies and orientations, even with different phase relationships, possibly for extracting disparity (depth) information and to attribute depth to detected lines and edges. This may result in a 3D 'wire-frame' representation as used in computer graphics. The fact that input from the left and right eyes is very close in the so-called cortical hypercolumns is an indication that depth processing occurs at a very early stage, aiding recognition of 3D objects.
Later, many other cells with specific functions have been discovered: (a) end-stopped cells which are thought to detect singularities like line and edge crossings, vertices and line endings; (b) bar and grating cells. The latter are not linear operators because a bar cell does not respond when seeing a bar which is part of a periodic grating, and a grating cell does not respond when seeing an isolated bar.
Using the mathematical Gabor model with sine and cosine components (phases), complex cells are then modeled by computing the modulus of complex Gabor responses. Both simple and complex cells are linear operators and are seen as filters because they respond selectively to a large number of patterns.
However, it has been claimed that the Gabor model does not conf
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike-triggered%20average
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The spike-triggered averaging
(STA) is a tool for characterizing the response properties of a neuron using the spikes emitted in response to a time-varying stimulus. The STA provides an estimate of a neuron's linear receptive field. It is a useful technique for the analysis of electrophysiological data.
Mathematically, the STA is the average stimulus preceding a spike. To compute the STA, the stimulus in the time window preceding each spike is extracted, and the resulting (spike-triggered) stimuli are averaged (see diagram). The STA provides an unbiased estimate of a neuron's receptive field only if the stimulus distribution is spherically symmetric (e.g., Gaussian white noise).
The STA has been used to characterize retinal ganglion cells, neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus and simple cells in the striate cortex (V1) . It can be used to estimate the linear stage of the linear-nonlinear-Poisson (LNP) cascade model. The approach has also been used to analyze how transcription factor dynamics control gene regulation within individual cells.
Spike-triggered averaging is also commonly referred to as “reverse correlation″ or “white-noise analysis”. The STA is well known as the first term in the Volterra kernel or Wiener kernel series expansion. It is closely related to linear regression, and identical to it in common circumstances.
Mathematical definition
Standard STA
Let denote the spatio-temporal stimulus vector preceding the 'th time bin, and the spike count
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20frequency%20power%20transmission
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Radio frequency power transmission is the transmission of the output power of a transmitter to an antenna. When the antenna is not situated close to the transmitter, special transmission lines are required.
The most common type of transmission line for this purpose is large-diameter coaxial cable. At high-power transmitters, cage lines are used. Cage lines are a kind of overhead line similar in construction to coaxial cables. The interior conductor is held by insulators mounted on a circular device in the middle. On the circular device, there are wires for the other pole of the line.
Cage lines are used at high-power transmitters in Europe, like longwave transmitter Topolna, longwave-transmitter Solec Kujawski and some other high-power transmitters for long-, medium- and shortwave.
For UHF and VHF, Goubau lines are sometimes used. They consist of an insulated single wire mounted on insulators. On a Goubau line, the wave travels as longitudinal currents surrounded by transverse EM fields. For microwaves, waveguides are used.
External links
Cage lines of Solec Kujawski transmitter
Cage lines of longwave transmitter Topolna (second image) (third image)
Cables
Power cables
Radio technology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal%20peptide%20peptidase
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In molecular biology, the Signal Peptide Peptidase (SPP) is a type of protein that specifically cleaves parts of other proteins. It is an intramembrane aspartyl protease with the conserved active site motifs 'YD' and 'GxGD' in adjacent transmembrane domains (TMDs). Its sequences is highly conserved in different vertebrate species. SPP cleaves remnant signal peptides left behind in membrane by the action of signal peptidase and also plays key roles in immune surveillance and the maturation of certain viral proteins.
Biological function
Physiologically SPP processes signal peptides of classical MHC class I preproteins. A nine amino acid-long cleavage fragment is then presented on HLA-E receptors and modulates the activity of natural killer cells.
SPP also plays a pathophysiological role; it cleaves the structural nucleocapsid protein (also known as core protein) of the Hepatitis C virus and thus influences viral reproduction rate.
In mice, a nonamer peptide originating from the SPP protein serves as minor histocompatibility antigen HM13 that plays a role in transplant rejection
The homologous proteases SPPL2A and SPPL2B promote the intramembrane cleavage of TNFα in activated dendritic cells and might play an immunomodulatory role. For SPPL2c and SPPL3 no substrates are known.
SPPs do not require cofactors as demonstrated by expression in bacteria and purification of a proteolytically active form. The C-terminal region defines the functional domain, which is in itself suff
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadde%20hadde%20dudde%20da%3F
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"Wadde hadde dudde da?" (; a derivative of the expression "what do you have there?") was the entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2000, performed in an invented dialect of German by comedian Stefan Raab. The song was the fifteenth performed on the night, following 's Olsen Brothers with "Fly on the Wings of Love" and preceding 's Jane Bogaert with "La vita cos'è?". At the close of voting, it had received 96 points, placing fifth in a field of 24.
The idea of the song could have come from Raab's show TV total, where a short snippet from another TV-show shows a woman with her dog, which carries something in its mouth to her. In a childish cutesy dialect she asks the dog what he has there (in its mouth), hence the "Wadde hadde dudde da?".
Raab had previously written and composed Guildo Horn's "Guildo hat euch lieb!" for the 1998 contest, and "Wadde hadde dudde da?" is in a similar vein. The song opens with a monologue delivered in English and German in which Raab is described as "the sensational super sack of German television". Another voice explains in German that Raab had gone to America and promised, "if I make it there / I'm never coming back to Germany again".
Raab's appearance consists of a rapid-fire hip-hop-inspired delivery of tongue twisters in an invented German dialect on the general theme of questions about what "he has there". After the opening lines, a female vocalists asks in broken English "I am so curious, I just wanna know what you there have" (a referen
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