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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20McIntosh%20%28physicist%29 | Andrew McIntosh (also known as Andy McIntosh) Emeritus Professor of Thermodynamics and Combustion theory at the University of Leeds. He is also the director of the organisation Truth in Science which promotes creationism and intelligent design.
His research-group has received the outstanding contribution to innovation and technology award from the Times Higher Education awards in London in 2010 for developing a technology based on the defence mechanism of bombardier-beetle.
Creationism
In a 2007 discussion with Richard Dawkins on BBC Radio Ulster, McIntosh argued that the principles of thermodynamics are not consistent with Darwinian evolution.
In November 2006, the University of Leeds issued a statement distancing itself from creationism, and described McIntosh's directorship of Truth in Science as being unconnected with his teaching or research.
Publications
Origins: Examining the Evidence (Truth in Science, 2011)
The Delusion of Evolution (New Life Publishing Co, 2010)
Genesis for Today: Showing the Relevance of the Creation/Evolution Debate to Today's Society (foreword by Ken Ham) (Day One Publications, 2000)
References
External links
Living people
Alumni of the University of Wales
Alumni of Cranfield University
Academics of the University of Leeds
Christian Young Earth creationists
Year of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement%20receptor%20of%20the%20immunoglobulin%20family | Complement receptor of the immunoglobulin family is a protein expressed in Kupffer cells. It is a critical receptor for the phagocytosis of opsonised particles in the blood. It recognizes iC3b (inactivated C3b) deposited on microbial surfaces.
See also
complement system
immunoglobulin
References |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%20qubit%20quantum%20computer | The spin qubit quantum computer is a quantum computer based on controlling the spin of charge carriers (electrons and electron holes) in semiconductor devices. The first spin qubit quantum computer was first proposed by Daniel Loss and David P. DiVincenzo in 1997, also known as the Loss–DiVincenzo quantum computer. The proposal was to use the intrinsic spin-½ degree of freedom of individual electrons confined in quantum dots as qubits. This should not be confused with other proposals that use the nuclear spin as qubit, like the Kane quantum computer or the nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computer.
Spin qubits so far have been implemented by locally depleting two-dimensional electron gases in semiconductors such a gallium arsenide, silicon and germanium. Spin qubits have also been implemented in graphene.
Loss–DiVicenzo proposal
The Loss–DiVicenzo quantum computer proposal tried to fulfill DiVincenzo's criteria for a scalable quantum computer, namely:
identification of well-defined qubits;
reliable state preparation;
low decoherence;
accurate quantum gate operations and
strong quantum measurements.
A candidate for such a quantum computer is a lateral quantum dot system. Earlier work on applications of quantum dots for quantum computing was done by Barenco et al.
Implementation of the two-qubit gate
The Loss–DiVincenzo quantum computer operates, basically, using inter-dot gate voltage for implementing swap operations and local magnetic fields (or any other local s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20Buses%20route%20157 | London Buses route 157 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between Crystal Palace bus station and Morden station, it is operated by Arriva London.
History
Route 157 commenced operating on 13 September 1926 as a daily service between Morden station and Wallington (Melbourne Hotel) via Morden Road, Bishopsford Road, Sutton and Carshalton. It was one of five new London Underground feeder routes (155, 156, 157, 164 and 165) that were introduced to connect to the new Northern line station at Morden, which also opened on 13 September 1926. In 1959, it was extended from Wallington to Crystal Palace via Croydon, replacing trolleybus route 654.
From January 1973 until November 1985 it was operated by Thornton Heath garage, It was operated by Croydon garage from August 1987 until November 1988, when operation of the route moved to London General's Sutton garage.
Upon being re-tendered, route 157 passed to Connex's Beddington Cross garage on 1 December 2001 with Alexander ALX400 bodied Dennis Trident 2s. It was included in the sale of the business to Travel London in February 2004.
Upon being re-tendered, it was retained by Travel London with a new contract commencing on 2 December 2006. Route 157 was included in the May 2009 sale of Travel London to Abellio London. On 3 December 2016, Arriva London commenced operating the route after winning the tender with 18 existing Alexander Dennis Enviro400 double deckers. The route is currently based at |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semtech | Semtech Corporation is a supplier of analog and mixed-signal semiconductors and advanced algorithms for consumer, enterprise computing, communications and industrial end-markets. It is based in Camarillo, Ventura County, Southern California. It was founded in 1960 in Newbury Park, California. It has 32 locations in 15 countries in North America, Europe, and Asia.
Semtech is the developer of LoRa, a long-range networking initiative for the Internet of Things. As of March 2021, over 178 million devices use LoRa worldwide. LoRa has been used in satellites, tracking of animals, UAV radio control, and natural disaster prediction,
Semtech has been publicly traded since 1967. In 1995, Semtech ranked fifth on the Bloomberg 100 list of top-performing stocks of 1995 on the New York and American stock exchanges and the NASDAQ National Market.
Products
Semtech offers a variety of products, including LoRa, a long-range, low-power networking platform; receivers and transmitters; touch and proximity devices; wireless charging; and power management solutions.
Acquisitions
In December 1999, Semtech bought USAR Systems Inc., a maker of embedded devices for handheld and notebook computers, for $26.7 million in stock.
In March 2012, it bought Gennum Corporation, a supplier of high-speed analog semiconductors, for approximately million (million). In the same month, they acquired Cycleo SAS, a supplier of wireless semiconductor products, for $5 million in cash.
In August 2022, Semtech agreed |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20Neumann%20neighborhood | In cellular automata, the von Neumann neighborhood (or 4-neighborhood) is classically defined on a two-dimensional square lattice and is composed of a central cell and its four adjacent cells. The neighborhood is named after John von Neumann, who used it to define the von Neumann cellular automaton and the von Neumann universal constructor within it. It is one of the two most commonly used neighborhood types for two-dimensional cellular automata, the other one being the Moore neighborhood.
This neighbourhood can be used to define the notion of 4-connected pixels in computer graphics.
The von Neumann neighbourhood of a cell is the cell itself and the cells at a Manhattan distance of 1.
The concept can be extended to higher dimensions, for example forming a 6-cell octahedral neighborhood for a cubic cellular automaton in three dimensions.
Von Neumann neighborhood of range r
An extension of the simple von Neumann neighborhood described above is to take the set of points at a Manhattan distance of r > 1. This results in a diamond-shaped region (shown for r = 2 in the illustration). These are called von Neumann neighborhoods of range or extent r. The number of cells in a 2-dimensional von Neumann neighborhood of range r can be expressed as . The number of cells in a d-dimensional von Neumann neighborhood of range r is the Delannoy number D(d,r). The number of cells on a surface of a d-dimensional von Neumann neighborhood of range r is the Zaitsev number .
See also
Moore |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweep%20and%20prune | In physical simulations, sweep and prune is a broad phase algorithm used during collision detection to limit the number of pairs of solids that need to be checked for collision, i.e. intersection. This is achieved by sorting the starts (lower bound) and ends (upper bound) of the bounding volume of each solid along a number of arbitrary axes. As the solids move, their starts and ends may overlap. When the bounding volumes of two solids overlap in all axes they are flagged to be tested by more precise and time-consuming algorithms.
Sweep and prune exploits temporal coherence as it is likely that solids do not move significantly between two simulation steps. Because of that, at each step, the sorted lists of bounding volume starts and ends can be updated with relatively few computational operations. Sorting algorithms which are fast at sorting almost-sorted lists, such as insertion sort, are particularly good for this purpose.
According with the type of bounding volume used, it is necessary to update the bounding volume dimensions every time a solid is reoriented. To circumvent this, temporal coherence can be used to compute the changes in bounding volume geometry with fewer operations. Another approach is to use bounding spheres or other orientation independent bounding volumes.
Sweep and prune is also known as sort and sweep, referred to this way in David Baraff's Ph.D. thesis in 1992. Later works like the 1995 paper about I-COLLIDE by Jonathan D. Cohen et al. refer to the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannan-binding%20lectin | Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), also called mannan-binding lectin or mannan-binding protein (MBP), is a lectin that is instrumental in innate immunity as an opsonin and via the lectin pathway.
Structure
MBL has an oligomeric structure (400-700 kDa), built of subunits that contain three presumably identical peptide chains of about 30 kDa each.
Although MBL can form several oligomeric forms, there are indications that dimers and trimers are biologically inactive as an opsonin and at least a tetramer form is needed for activation of complement.
Genes and polymorphisms
Human MBL2 gene is located on chromosome 10q11.2-q21. Mice have two homologous genes, but in human the first of them was lost. A low level expression of an MBL1 pseudogene 1 (MBL1P1) was detected in liver. The pseudogene encodes a truncated 51-amino acid protein that is homologous to the MBLA isoform in rodents and some primates.
Structural mutations in exon 1 of the human MBL2 gene, at codon 52 (Arg to Cys, allele D), codon 54 (Gly to Asp, allele B) and codon 57 (Gly to Glu, allele C), also independently reduce the level of functional serum MBL by disrupting the collagenous structure of the protein. Furthermore, several nucleotide substitutions in the promoter region of the MBL2 gene at position −550 (H/L polymorphism), −221 (X/Y polymorphism) and −427, −349, −336, del (−324 to −329), −70 and +4 (P/Q polymorphisms) affect the MBL serum concentration. Both the frequency of structural mutations and the promoter po |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine%20dimer | Pyrimidine dimers are molecular lesions formed from thymine or cytosine bases in DNA via photochemical reactions, commonly associated with direct DNA damage. Ultraviolet light (UV; particularly UVC) induces the formation of covalent linkages between consecutive bases along the nucleotide chain in the vicinity of their carbon–carbon double bonds. The photo-coupled dimers are fluorescent. The dimerization reaction can also occur among pyrimidine bases in dsRNA (double-stranded RNA)—uracil or cytosine. Two common UV products are cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and 6–4 photoproducts. These premutagenic lesions alter the structure of the DNA helix and cause non-canonical base pairing. Specifically, adjacent thymines or cytosines in DNA will form a cyclobutane ring when joined together and cause a distortion in the DNA. This distortion prevents replication or transcription machinery beyond the site of the dimerization. Up to 50–100 such reactions per second might occur in a skin cell during exposure to sunlight, but are usually corrected within seconds by photolyase reactivation or nucleotide excision repair. In humans, the most common form of DNA repair is nucleotide excision repair (NER). In contrast, organisms such as bacteria can counterintuitively harvest energy from the sun to fix DNA damage from pyrimidine dimers via photolyase activity. If these lesions are not fixed, polymerase machinery may misread or add in the incorrect nucleotide to the strand. If the damage to t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosslinking%20of%20DNA | In genetics, crosslinking of DNA occurs when various exogenous or endogenous agents react with two nucleotides of DNA, forming a covalent linkage between them. This crosslink can occur within the same strand (intrastrand) or between opposite strands of double-stranded DNA (interstrand). These adducts interfere with cellular metabolism, such as DNA replication and transcription, triggering cell death. These crosslinks can, however, be repaired through excision or recombination pathways.
DNA crosslinking also has useful merit in chemotherapy and targeting cancerous cells for apoptosis, as well as in understanding how proteins interact with DNA.
Crosslinking agents
Many characterized crosslinking agents have two independently reactive groups within the same molecule, each of which is able to bind with a nucleotide residue of DNA. These agents are separated based upon their source of origin and labeled either as exogenous or endogenous. Exogenous crosslinking agents are chemicals and compounds, both natural and synthetic, that stem from environmental exposures such as pharmaceuticals and cigarette smoke or automotive exhaust. Endogenous crosslinking agents are compounds and metabolites that are introduced from cellular or biochemical pathways within a cell or organism.
Exogenous agents
Nitrogen mustards are exogenous alkylating agents which react with the N7 position of guanine. These compounds have a bis-(2-ethylchloro)amine core structure, with a variable R-group, with the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEDC | WEDC was an AM radio station that operated on 1240 kHz in the Chicago market. It shared this frequency with WCRW and WSBC. The three stations operated as "shared-time stations" for most of their existence, a not uncommon arrangement in the early days of radio, but very rare in later years. They were also foreign language stations, catering to "niche markets". WEDC and WCRW are now off the air, with WSBC remaining.
The format of WEDC had mostly been foreign language programming, mainly Polish and Spanish.
History
Early years
WEDC was first licensed on October 4, 1926, to Emil Danemark Broadcasting Station at 3850 Ogden Avenue. WEDC began operations during a chaotic period when most government regulation had been suspended, with new stations free to be set up with few restrictions, including choosing their own transmitting frequencies. As of December 31, 1926, WEDC was reported to be transmitting on a self-assigned frequency of 1200 kHz.
Following the establishment of the Federal Radio Commission (FRC), stations were initially issued a series of temporary authorizations starting on May 3, 1927. In addition, they were informed that if they wanted to continue operating, they needed to file a formal license application by January 15, 1928, as the first step in determining whether they met the new "public interest, convenience, or necessity" standard. On May 25, 1928, the FRC issued General Order 32, which notified 164 stations, including WEDC, that "From an examination of yo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic%20potential | Synaptic potential refers to the potential difference across the postsynaptic membrane that results from the action of neurotransmitters at a neuronal synapse. In other words, it is the “incoming” signal that a neuron receives. There are two forms of synaptic potential: excitatory and inhibitory. The type of potential produced depends on both the postsynaptic receptor, more specifically the changes in conductance of ion channels in the post synaptic membrane, and the nature of the released neurotransmitter. Excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) depolarize the membrane and move the potential closer to the threshold for an action potential to be generated. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) hyperpolarize the membrane and move the potential farther away from the threshold, decreasing the likelihood of an action potential occurring. The Excitatory Post Synaptic potential is most likely going to be carried out by the neurotransmitters glutamate and acetylcholine, while the Inhibitory post synaptic potential will most likely be carried out by the neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine. In order to depolarize a neuron enough to cause an action potential, there must be enough EPSPs to both depolarize the postsynaptic membrane from its resting membrane potential to its threshold and counterbalance the concurrent IPSPs that hyperpolarize the membrane. As an example, consider a neuron with a resting membrane potential of -70 mV (millivolts) and a th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur%20Pappenheim | Artur Pappenheim (13 December 1870 in Berlin – 31 December 1916) was a German physician and hematologist, remembered for his pioneer efforts in stem cell research.
Biography
Of Jewish origins, initially he studied mathematics and philosophy, but his focus later turned to medicine, and in 1895 received his medical degree from the University of Berlin. Subsequently, he became an assistant to Joseph von Mering at the University of Halle, and afterwards worked under neurologist Ludwig Lichtheim in Königsberg. Later he was an assistant to dermatologist Paul Gerson Unna in Hamburg and to internist Ernst Viktor von Leyden in Berlin. In 1912 he obtained the title of professor. He died on December 31, 1916, of spotted typhus.
Pappenheim was a prolific writer, being the author of several books and numerous scientific papers. He was the founder of Folia haematologica, a journal dedicated to hematology. With Hans Hirschfeld, he was a catalyst towards the founding of the Berliner Hämatologischen Gesellschaft (1908).
Today, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hämatologie und Onkologie (German Society of Hematology and Oncology) issues an annual "Artur-Pappenheim-Preis" for the best work in the fields of hematology or haematological oncology.
Associated eponyms
"Pappenheim's stain I": A staining method used for differentiating tubercle and smegma bacilli.
"Pappenheim's stain II" (Unna-Pappenheim stain): A methylene green–pyronin staining method commonly used for blood smears.
Selected wr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naughty%20but%20Nice%20%28album%29 | Naughty but Nice is the fourth studio album by German singer Sarah Connor. It was released by X-Cell and Epic Records on 21 March 2005 in German-speaking Europe. As with her previous projects, Connor consulted production and songwriting duo Rob Tyger and Kay Denar to work with her on the album, with frequent collaborator Bülent Aris also returning following his absence on Key to My Soul (2003). In addition, Johnny Douglas, Terri Bjerre, Emily Friendship, and Ivo Moring scored songwriting credits.
A major success, the album became Connor's first album to reach the top of the German Albums Chart, while peaking at number three in both Austria and Switzerland. It was eventually certified platinum by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI) and reached gold status in Austria and Switzerland, making it her biggest-selling album since her debut.
Naughty but Nice was the 16th Best-selling album in 2005. The album spawned two singles only: Connor's third consecutive number-one hit "Living to Love You", and "From Zero to Hero", the soundtrack to 20th Century Fox' computer-animated film Robots. The album cut "I Just Started Being Bad" was used as the theme song for Connor's reality show Sarah and Marc in Love (2005).
Critical reception
AllMusic rated the album three out of five stars.
Track listing
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications and sales
References
External links
SarahConnor.com — official site
Sarah Connor (singer) albums
2005 albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbelievable%20%28Sarah%20Connor%20album%29 | Unbelievable is the second studio album by German recording artist Sarah Connor, released by X-Cell Records on September 30, 2002 in German-speaking Europe. Connor re-teamed with Rob Tyger and Kay Denar to work on the majority of the production of the album, consulting additional help from Wyclef Jean, Jerry Duplessis, Bülent Aris, Sugar P, and Triage.
While the album failed to link on the success of its predecessor Green Eyed Soul, it peaked at number 10 on the German Media Control albums chart, selling more than 250,000 copies domestically. Unbelievable also was released in a Spanish edition. Altogether the album spawned four singles: Jean-produced and featured "One Nite Stand (of Wolves and Sheep)", the ballad "Skin on Skin", "He's Unbelievable" (based on a sample of Tupac Shakur's "California Love"), and Connor's North American debut single "Bounce".
Critical reception
AllMusic editor Kingsley Marshall found that Unbelievable has Connor's "unarguably powerful voice soaring above the rock-solid production of sometime-Backstreet Boys desk man Bülent Aris. As is par for the course with the genre, ill-advised ballads handicap an album which didn't realistically require 17 tracks, but these slight indiscretions are unlikely to put off fans baying for a second album of Connor's slick pop."
Track listing
Charts
Certifications
References
External links
SarahConnor.com — official site
2002 albums
Sarah Connor (singer) albums
Albums produced by Jerry Duplessis
Albums prod |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20Eyed%20Soul | Green Eyed Soul is the debut album by German recording artist Sarah Connor. It was released by X-Cell Records and Epic Records on November 26, 2001, in German-speaking Europe. Connor worked on the majority of the album with Bülent Aris and duo Rob Tyger and Kay Denar, all of who would become frequent collaborators on subsequent projects. She also collaborated with American rapper TQ as well as producers Adam Charon, Mekong Age, and Rufi-Oh. Green Eyed Soul is predominantly a pop album with major influences of contemporary R&B, hip hop and soul music. The album's lyrics explore the complexities of romantic relationships and stages of love.
Green Eyed Soul received a generally mixed reception from professional music critics, who declared it a mixed bag but considered it a solid career launcher. Upon its release, it opened at number two on the German Albums Chart, and within the top five in Austria, Finland and Switzerland. Ranking among Connor's biggest-selling international efforts, the album eventually reached gold status in Austria, Czech, Poland, Portugal and Switzerland and was certified platinum by the Musiikkituottajat (IFPI Finland) and triple gold by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI). In 2002, it ranked number twenty-eighth on the German Albums year-end chart.
Altogether Green Eyed Soul spawned three singles, including "Let's Get Back to Bed – Boy!" featuring TQ, "French Kissing" (based on a sample of Blackstreet's "No Diggity"), and the ballad "From Sarah with |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%20output%20statistics | In weather forecasting, model output statistics (MOS) is a multiple linear regression technique in which predictands, often near-surface quantities (such as two-meter-above-ground-level air temperature, horizontal visibility, and wind direction, speed and gusts), are related statistically to one or more predictors. The predictors are typically forecasts from a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model, climatic data, and, if applicable, recent surface observations. Thus, output from NWP models can be transformed by the MOS technique into sensible weather parameters that are familiar to a layperson.
Background
Output directly from the NWP model's lowest layer(s) generally is not used by forecasters because the actual physical processes that occur within the Earth's boundary layer are crudely approximated in the model (i.e., physical parameterizations) along with its relatively coarse horizontal resolution. Because of this lack of fidelity and its imperfect initial state, forecasts of near-surface quantities obtained directly from the model are subject to systematic (bias) and random model errors, which tend to grow with time.
In the development of MOS equations, past observations and archived NWP model forecast fields are used with a screening regression to determine the 'best' predictors and their coefficients for a particular predictand and forecast time. By using archived model forecast output along with verifying surface observations, the resulting equations implicitly ta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone%20sialoprotein | Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is a component of mineralized tissues such as bone, dentin, cementum and calcified cartilage. BSP is a significant component of the bone extracellular matrix and has been suggested to constitute approximately 8% of all non-collagenous proteins found in bone and cementum. BSP, a SIBLING protein, was originally isolated from bovine cortical bone as a 23-kDa glycopeptide with high sialic acid content.
The human variant of BSP is called bone sialoprotein 2 also known as cell-binding sialoprotein or integrin-binding sialoprotein and is encoded by the IBSP gene.
Structure
Native BSP has an apparent molecular weight of 60-80 kDa based on SDS-PAGE, which is a considerable deviation from the predicted weight (based on cDNA sequence) of approximately 33 kDa. The mammalian BSP cDNAs encode for proteins averaging 317 amino acids, which includes the 16-residue preprotein secretory signal peptide. Among the mammalian cDNAs currently characterized, there is an approximate 45% conservation of sequence identity and a further 10-23% conservative substitution. The protein is highly acidic (pKa of ~ 3.9) and contains a large amount of Glu residues, constituting ~22% of the total amino acid.
Secondary structure prediction and hydrophobicity analyses suggest that the primary sequence of BSP has an open, flexible structure with the potential to form regions of α-helix and some β-sheet. However, the majority of studies have demonstrated that BSP has no α-helical or β-she |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne%20Fortier | Suzanne Fortier (born November 11, 1949) is a Canadian crystallographer and the 17th Principal and Vice-Chancellor of McGill University.
Early life and education
Fortier was born in Saint-Timothée, Quebec, a town on Île-de-Salaberry in the St. Lawrence River. Her parents ran a small local hotel. She grew up speaking only French and attended a small local convent, which served as elementary school. A nun who taught chemistry and was enthusiastic about the subject inspired her to pursue science.
She was among the first group of girls admitted to the local CEGEP, where she and a friend decided to enter the 1968 Quebec provincial science fair. Their project on the diffraction of sound waves interested a crystallographer from McGill University who was attending the science fair, and who invited Fortier and her friend to visit his lab. This visit further confirmed her interest in science generally and crystallography in particular, a field of study that she has said "present[s] you with beautiful puzzles to solve. There are incredible pictures that you get of the structure of matter."
Fortier entered McGill University, receiving a Bachelor of Science degree in 1972. She won an NRC Canada Post Graduate Scholarship and entered directly into a PhD program in crystallography. Her supervisor was Gabrielle Donnay.
During her PhD work, she attended a talk by U.S. mathematician Herbert Hauptman, who would later win the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and who studied directed methods fo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyren | Cyren may refer to:
Cyren, band in which Jani Lane played
Cyren (Ninjago), a character in Ninjago
CYREN, an Internet security company
CYREN (protein)
See also
Cyrene (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20of%20San%20Diego | The climate of San Diego, California is classified as a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The basic climate features hot, sunny, and dry summers, and cooler, wetter winters. However, San Diego is much more arid than typical Mediterranean climates, and winters are still dry compared with most other zones with this type of climate. The climate at San Diego International Airport, the location for official weather reports for San Diego, as well as the climate at most beach areas, straddles the border between BSh and BSk due to the mild winters and cool summers in these locations.
Temperatures
Average monthly temperatures range from in January to in August. On average, 344 days a year are hotter than , but only 25 days are hotter than .
Late summer and early autumn are typically the hottest times of the year with an average high of in August and in September. Temperatures occasionally reach or higher. Snow and ice are rare in the wintertime, typically occurring only inland from the coast when present.
San Diego experiences marine layer clouds, most often between May and August, which cause cool temperatures, cloudy weather and fog in the morning. Marine layer conditions linger until the heat of the sun becomes strong enough to evaporate the clouds. The local sayings "May gray" and "June gloom" refer to the way in which San Diego has the most trouble shaking off the early morning fog during those months, and cool, cloudy conditions often |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk%20matrix | A risk matrix is a matrix that is used during risk assessment to define the level of risk by considering the category of probability or likelihood against the category of consequence severity. This is a simple mechanism to increase visibility of risks and assist management decision making.
Definitions
Risk is the lack of certainty about the outcome of making a particular choice. Statistically, the level of downside risk can be calculated as the product of the probability that harm occurs (e.g., that an accident happens) multiplied by the severity of that harm (i.e., the average amount of harm or more conservatively the maximum credible amount of harm). In practice, the risk matrix is a useful approach where either the probability or the harm severity cannot be estimated with accuracy and precision.
Although standard risk matrices exist in certain contexts (e.g. US DoD, NASA, ISO), individual projects and organizations may need to create their own or tailor an existing risk matrix. For example, the harm severity can be categorized as:
Catastrophic: death or permanent total disability, significant irreversible environmental impact, total loss of equipment
Critical: accident level injury resulting in hospitalization, permanent partial disability, significant reversible environmental impact, damage to equipment
Marginal: injury causing lost workdays, reversible moderate environmental impact, minor accident damage level
Minor: injury not causing lost workdays, minimal environmen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM-UWB | FM-UWB is a modulation scheme using double FM: low-modulation index digital FSK followed by high-modulation index analog FM to create a constant envelope UWB signal. FDMA techniques at the subcarrier level may be exploited to accommodate multiple users. The system is intended for low (10–50 kbit/s) and medium (50–250 kbit/s) bit rate, and short-range WPAN systems. The technology, developed at CSEM, is paving the way for true low-power LDR-UWB communication devices. FM-UWB is an optional mode in the IEEE802.15.6 Body Area Network (BAN) standard.
See also
UWB Forum
WiMedia Alliance
Wireless
References
External links
CSEM FM-UWB proposal for IEEE802.15 TG6 Medical BAN
Radio modulation modes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleb%20%28cell%20biology%29 | In cell biology, a bleb is a bulge of the plasma membrane of a cell, characterized by a spherical, "blister-like", bulky morphology. It is characterized by the decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane, degrading the internal structure of the cell, allowing the flexibility required for the cell to separate into individual bulges or pockets of the intercellular matrix. Most commonly, blebs are seen in apoptosis (programmed cell death) but are also seen in other non-apoptotic functions. Blebbing, or zeiosis, is the formation of blebs.
Formation
Initiation and expansion
Bleb growth is driven by intracellular pressure (abnormal growth) generated in the cytoplasm when the actin cortex undergoes actomyosin contractions. The disruption of the membrane-actin cortex interactions are dependent on the activity of myosin-ATPase Bleb initiation is affected by three main factors: high intracellular pressure, decreased amounts of cortex-membrane linker proteins, and deterioration of the actin cortex. The integrity of the connection between the actin cortex and the membrane are dependent on how intact the cortex is and how many proteins link the two structures. When this integrity is compromised, the addition of pressure is able to make the membrane bulge out from the rest of the cell. The presence of only one or two of these factors is often not enough to drive bleb formation. Bleb formation has also been associated with increases in myosin contractility and local myosin ac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragment%20crystallizable%20region | The fragment crystallizable region (Fc region) is the tail region of an antibody that interacts with cell surface receptors called Fc receptors and some proteins of the complement system. This region allows antibodies to activate the immune system, for example, through binding to Fc receptors. In IgG, IgA and IgD antibody isotypes, the Fc region is composed of two identical protein fragments, derived from the second and third constant domains of the antibody's two heavy chains; IgM and IgE Fc regions contain three heavy chain constant domains (CH domains 2–4) in each polypeptide chain. The Fc regions of IgGs bear a highly conserved N-glycosylation site. Glycosylation of the Fc fragment is essential for Fc receptor-mediated activity. The N-glycans attached to this site are predominantly core-fucosylated diantennary structures of the complex type. In addition, small amounts of these N-glycans also bear bisecting GlcNAc and α-2,6 linked sialic acid residues.
The other part of an antibody, called the Fab region, contains variable sections that define the specific target that the antibody can bind. By contrast, the Fc region of all antibodies in a class are the same for each species; they are constant rather than variable. The Fc region is, therefore, sometimes incorrectly termed the "fragment constant region".
Fc binds to various cell receptors and complement proteins. In this way, it mediates different physiological effects of antibodies (detection of opsonized particles; ce |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Crowther | Jonathan Crowther is a British crossword compiler who has for over 50 years composed the Azed cryptic crossword in The Observer Sunday newspaper. He was voted "best British crossword setter" in a poll of crossword setters conducted by The Sunday Times in 1991 and in the same year was chosen as "the crossword compilers' crossword compiler" in The Observer Magazine "Experts' Expert" feature.
Career
He was born in Liverpool on 24 September 1942, the son of a doctor, and grew up in Kirkby Lonsdale in the Lake District. He was educated at Rugby School before going on to read classics and classical philology at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. From there, in 1964, he joined Oxford University Press and he worked for them, in India, London, and Oxford, until his retirement in early 2000. His final position was as a lexicographer writing dictionaries for foreign students of English. Married with two sons, he lives in Oxford.
Encouraged by his father, Jonathan enjoyed solving crosswords from an early age. He caught the Ximenes bug while still at Rugby and "just lived for Sundays" thereafter. His first puzzles to be published were in the university weekly, Varsity, under the pseudonym Gong and after leaving university he started submitting to The Listener. They published sixteen Gong puzzles between June 1965 and February 1972. He continued to be a Ximenes competitor until Ximenes' death in 1971.
Appointed as Ximenes' successor, he cast around for a new pseudonym. His two pred |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nav1.7 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Nav1.7}}
Nav1.7 is a sodium ion channel that in humans is encoded by the SCN9A gene. It is usually expressed at high levels in two types of neurons: the nociceptive (pain) neurons at dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and trigeminal ganglion and sympathetic ganglion neurons, which are part of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system.
Function
Nav1.7 is a voltage-gated sodium channel and plays a critical role in the generation and conduction of action potentials and is thus important for electrical signaling by most excitable cells. Nav1.7 is present at the endings of pain-sensing nerves, the nociceptors, close to the region where the impulse is initiated. Stimulation of the nociceptor nerve endings produces "generator potentials", which are small changes in the voltage across the neuronal membranes. The Nav1.7 channel amplifies these membrane depolarizations, and when the membrane potential difference reaches a specific threshold, the neuron fires. In sensory neurons, multiple voltage-dependent sodium currents can be differentiated by their voltage dependence and by sensitivity to the voltage-gated sodium-channel blocker tetrodotoxin. The Nav1.7 channel produces a rapidly activating and inactivating current which is sensitive to the level of tetrodotoxin. Nav1.7 is important in the early phases of neuronal electrogenesis. Nav1.7 activity consists of a slow transition of the channel into an inactive state when it is depolarized, even to a minor degree. This prop |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MADS-box | The MADS box is a conserved sequence motif. The genes which contain this motif are called the MADS-box gene family. The MADS box encodes the DNA-binding MADS domain. The MADS domain binds to DNA sequences of high similarity to the motif CC[A/T]6GG termed the CArG-box. MADS-domain proteins are generally transcription factors. The length of the MADS-box reported by various researchers varies somewhat, but typical lengths are in the range of 168 to 180 base pairs, i.e. the encoded MADS domain has a length of 56 to 60 amino acids. There is evidence that the MADS domain evolved from a sequence stretch of a type II topoisomerase in a common ancestor of all extant eukaryotes.
Origin of name and history of research
The first MADS-box gene to be identified was ARG80 from budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but was at that time not recognized as a member of a large gene family. The MADS-box gene family got its name later as an acronym referring to the four founding members, ignoring ARG80:
MCM1 from the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
AGAMOUS from the thale cress Arabidopsis thaliana,
DEFICIENS from the snapdragon Antirrhinum majus,
SRF from the human Homo sapiens.
In A. thaliana, A. majus, and Zea mays this motif is involved in floral development. Early study in these model angiosperms was the beginning of research into the molecular evolution of floral structure in general, as well as their role in nonflowering plants.
Diversity
MADS-box genes were detected in n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada%20%28protein%29 | Ada, also called as O6 alkyl guanine transferase I (''O''6 AGT I), is an enzyme induced by treatment of bacterial cells with alkylating agents that mainly cause methylation damage. This phenomenon is called the adaptive response hence the name. Ada transfers the alkyl group from DNA bases and sugar-phosphate backbone to a cysteine residue, inactivating itself. Consequently, it reacts stoichiometrically with its substrate rather than catalytically and is referred to as a suicide enzyme. Methylation of Ada protein converts it into a self transcriptional activator, inducing its own gene expression and the expression of other genes which together with Ada help the cells repair alkylation damage. Ada removes the alkyl group attached to DNA bases like guanine (O6-alkyl guanine) or thymine (O4-alkyl thymine) and to the oxygen of the phosphodiester backbone of the DNA. However, Ada shows greater preference for O6- alkyl guanine compared to either O4-thymine and alkylated phosphotriesters. Ada enzyme has two active sites, one for the alkylated guanines and thymines and the other for alkylated phosphotriesters.
See also
Ogt
O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase
References
Transferases
DNA repair |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-matrix | The term R-matrix has several meanings, depending on the field of study.
The term R-matrix is used in connection with the Yang–Baxter equation. This is an equation which was first introduced in the field of statistical mechanics, taking its name from independent work of C. N. Yang and R. J. Baxter. The classical R-matrix arises in the definition of the classical Yang–Baxter equation.
In quasitriangular Hopf algebra, the R-matrix is a solution of the Yang–Baxter equation.
The numerical modeling of diffraction gratings in optical science can be performed using the R-matrix propagation algorithm.
R-matrix method in quantum mechanics
There is a method in computational quantum mechanics for studying scattering known as the R-matrix. This method was originally formulated for studying resonances in nuclear scattering by Wigner and Eisenbud. Using that work as a basis, an R-matrix method was developed for electron, positron and photon scattering by atoms. This approach was later adapted for electron, positron and photon scattering by molecules.
R-matrix method is used in UKRmol and UKRmol+ code suits. The user-friendly software Quantemol Electron Collisions (Quantemol-EC) and its predecessor Quantemol-N are based on UKRmol/UKRmol+ and employ MOLPRO package for electron configuration calculations.
See also
UK Molecular R-matrix Codes
References
Matrices |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlkB | AlkB (Alkylation B) is a protein found in E. coli, induced during an adaptive response and involved in the direct reversal of alkylation damage. AlkB specifically removes alkylation damage to single stranded (SS) DNA caused by SN2 type of chemical agents. It efficiently removes methyl groups from 1-methyl adenines, 3-methyl cytosines in SS DNA. AlkB is an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylase, a superfamily non-haem iron-containing proteins. It oxidatively demethylates the DNA substrate. Demethylation by AlkB is accompanied with release of CO2, succinate, and formaldehyde.
Human homologs
There are nine human homologs of AlkB. They are:
Alkb homolog 1, histone h2a dioxygenase, , , , AlkB homolog 5, RNA demethylase, , , ,
ABH3, like E. coli AlkB, is specific for SS DNA and RNA whereas ABH2 has higher affinity for damages in double-stranded DNA.
ALKBH8 has a RNA recognition motif, a methyltransferase domain, and an AlkB-like domain. The methyltransferase domain generates the wobble nucleoside 5-methoxycarbonylmethyluridine (mcm5U) from its precursor 5-carboxymethyluridine (cm5U). The AlkB-like domain generates (S)-5-methoxycarbonylhydroxymethyluridine (mchm5U)in Gly-tRNA-UCC.
FTO, which is associated with obesity in humans, is the first identified RNA demethylase. It demethylates N6-methyladenosine in mRNA.
There is also another very different protein called AlkB or alkane hydroxylase. It is the catalytic subunit of a non-heme diiron protein, catalyzing the hydr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative%20probability | The probability of the outcome of an experiment is never negative, although a quasiprobability distribution allows a negative probability, or quasiprobability for some events. These distributions may apply to unobservable events or conditional probabilities.
Physics and mathematics
In 1942, Paul Dirac wrote a paper "The Physical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics" where he introduced the concept of negative energies and negative probabilities:
The idea of negative probabilities later received increased attention in physics and particularly in quantum mechanics. Richard Feynman argued that no one objects to using negative numbers in calculations: although "minus three apples" is not a valid concept in real life, negative money is valid. Similarly he argued how negative probabilities as well as probabilities above unity possibly could be useful in probability calculations.
Negative probabilities have later been suggested to solve several problems and paradoxes. Half-coins provide simple examples for negative probabilities. These strange coins were introduced in 2005 by Gábor J. Székely. Half-coins have infinitely many sides numbered with 0,1,2,... and the positive even numbers are taken with negative probabilities. Two half-coins make a complete coin in the sense that if we flip two half-coins then the sum of the outcomes is 0 or 1 with probability 1/2 as if we simply flipped a fair coin.
In Convolution quotients of nonnegative definite functions and Algebraic Probability |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery%20bunny | Battery bunny may refer to either of the two mechanical bunnies that have appeared in advertisements for batteries:
Duracell Bunny, launched in 1973 in North America, intended to be just a one-shot character, revived by Duracell after the success of Energizer's parody, but no longer appearing in North America because of trademark issues
Energizer Bunny, launched in 1989, a parody of the Duracell Bunny |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGT%20II | O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase II (O6 AGT II) previously known as O6 Guanine transferase (ogt) is a bacterial protein that is involved in DNA repair together with Ada ( also known as O6 AGT I).
Like AGT I, AGT II is responsible for the removal of alkyl groups from O6-alkyl guanine, O4-alkyl thymine and alkyl phosphotriester in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA. AGT II shows a greater preference for O4-alkyl thymine than O6-alkyl guanine and alkyl phosphotriester.
Unlike Ada, AGT II is expressed constitutively in cells. Therefore, AGT II will repair alkylated DNA adducts even before Ada is fully induced. AGT II is similar to Ada in its suicide inactivation in that AGT II transfers the alkyl group to a cysteine residue in its own structure, thereby inactivating itself. The human equivalent of AGT II is O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase, a protein that in humans is encoded by the O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene. In humans, O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase preferentially removes alkyl groups from O6-alkyl guanine rather than from O6–alkyl thymine.
References
DNA repair |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian%20tumor | Ovarian tumors, or ovarian neoplasms, are tumors arising from the ovary. They can be benign or malignant (ovarian cancer). They consist of mainly solid tissue, while ovarian cysts contain fluid.
Histopathologic classification
Ovarian tumors are classified according to the histology of the tumor, obtained in a pathology report. Histology dictates many aspects of clinical treatment, management, and prognosis.
The most common forms are:
Mixed tumors contain elements of more than one of the above classes of tumor histology.
History
An 1882 article appearing in Scientific American mentions the case of a patient at University of Pennsylvania Hospital when Dr. William Goodell removed a 112 lbs tumor from a 31 year old patient, who weighted 75 lbs after removal from the tumor.
References |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20D.%20Jamieson | James Douglas Jamieson (January 22, 1934 – October 22, 2018) was an American cell biologist and professor at the Yale School of Medicine. His early research in cell biology of pancreatic acinar cells in the lab of George Palade established the function of the Golgi apparatus in secretory protein trafficking.
Early life and education
Jamieson was born in the small town of Armstrong, British Columbia on January 22, 1934. He attended the University of British Columbia for his undergraduate and medical educations. During medical school, Jamieson took a year off to conduct research, a novel idea for medical students at the time. He owes his interest in research and teaching to this experience with his first mentors, Sydney Friedman MD-PhD and Constance Friedman, PhD, who came to UBC in 1950 to found the Department of Anatomy at the new medical school. The focus of the Friedman's research was on hypertension and the role of the kidney and electrolyte balance in the maintenance of blood pressure. Jamieson continued his education at the Rockefeller University after receiving his MD (1960), earning his PhD in 1966 and completing his post-doctoral work with Nobel Laureate (1974) George Palade. Within six years of receiving his Ph.D., Jamieson was an associate professor of cell biology at the Rockefeller University. This was a scientifically prolific time at the Rockefeller; in addition to George Palade, Jamieson was associated with Keith Porter, Philip Siekevitz, Christian DeDuv |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFD-ACE%2B | CFD-ACE+ is a commercial computational fluid dynamics solver developed by ESI Group. It solves the conservation equations of mass, momentum, energy, chemical species and other scalar transport equations using the finite volume method. These equations enable coupled simulations of fluid, thermal, chemical, biological, electrical and mechanical phenomena.
CFD-ACE+ solver allows for coupled heat and mass transport along with complex multi-step gas-phase and surface reactions which makes it especially useful for designing and optimizing semiconductor equipment and processes such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Researchers at the Ecole Nationale Superieure d'Arts et Metiers used CFD-ACE+ to simulate the rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition (RTCVD) process. They predicted the deposition rate along the substrate diameter for silicon deposition from silane. They also used CFD-ACE+ to model transparent conductive oxide (TCO) thin film deposition with ultrasonic spray chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The University of Louisville and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory used CFD-ACE+ to develop the yttria-stabilized zirconia CVD process for application of thermal barrier coatings for fossil energy systems.
CFD-ACE+ was used by the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay to model the interplay of multiphysics phenomena involved in microfluidic devices such as fluid flow, structure, surface and interfaces etc. Numerical simulation of electroosmotic effect on pressure-driven flows in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-resolved%20photon%20emission | Time-resolved photon emission (TRPE) is used to measure timing waveforms on semiconductor devices. TRPE measurements are performed on the back side of the semiconductor device. The substrate of the device-under-test (DUT) must first be thinned mechanically. The device is mounted on a movable X-Y stage in an enclosure which shields it from all sources of light. The DUT is connected to an active electrical stimulus. The stimulus pattern is continuously looped and a trigger signal is sent to the TRPE instrument in order to tell it when the pattern repeats. A TRPE prober operates in a manner similar to a sampling oscilloscope, and is used to perform semiconductor failure analysis.
Theory of operation
As the electrical stimulus pattern is repetitively applied to the DUT, internal transistors switch on and off. As pMOS and nMOS transistors switch on or off, they emit photons. These photons emissions are recorded by a sensitive photon detector. By counting the number of photons emitted for a specific transistor across a period of time, a photon histogram may be constructed. The photon histogram records an increase in photon emissions during times that the transistor switches on or off. By detecting the combined photon emissions of pairs p- and n-channel transistors contained in logic gates, it is possible to use the resulting histogram to determine the locations in time of the rising and falling edges of the signal at that node. The waveform produced is not representative of a true |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blechnum | Blechnum, known as hard fern, is a genus of ferns in the family Blechnaceae, subfamily Blechnoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Two very different circumscriptions of the genus are used by different authors. In the PPG I system, based on Gasper et al. (2016), Blechnum is one of 18 genera in the subfamily Blechnoideae, and has about 30 species. Other sources use a very broadly defined Blechnum s.l., including accepting only two other genera in the subfamily. The genus then has about 250 species. In the PPG I circumscription, the genus is mostly neotropical, with a few southern African species.
Description
Plants in the genus Blechnum (as circumscribed in the PPG I classification) are mainly terrestrial or grow on rocks; few are epiphytes. Their rhizomes may be upright or creeping and have scales with entire margins or at most a few very small teeth. They generally form stolons, which is a characteristic of the genus. The sterile and fertile fronds are usually of the same form or at most slightly different. The blades of the fronds are of one colour and are usually pinnatisect or unipinnate, rarely entire. The leaf veins are usually free, dividing one to three times, each ending near the frond margin in an enlarged tip. The sori have indusia (scale-like coverings).
Species
Using the PPG I circumscription, , the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World accepted the following species and hybrids.
Blechnum anthracinum |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocular%20neurosis | Ocular neurosis is the usual cause of eye strain headache that begins abruptly with use of the eyes in which there is a normal ophthalmologic exam.
ICD classification: F45.8 Neurosis ocular
References
External links
Eye diseases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical%20probe%20station | A mechanical probe station is used to physically acquire signals from the internal nodes of a semiconductor device. The probe station utilizes manipulators which allow the precise positioning of thin needles on the surface of a semiconductor device. If the device is being electrically stimulated, the signal is acquired by the mechanical probe and is displayed on an
oscilloscope or SMU. The mechanical probe station is often used in the failure analysis of semiconductor devices.
There are two types of mechanical probes: active and passive. Passive probes usually consist of a thin tungsten needle. Active probes utilize a FET device on the probe tip in order to significantly reduce loading on the circuit.
Microworld Semi-automatic probing stations for full wafer characterization
Research
Mechanical probe stations are often used in academic research on electronics and materials science. It is often faster and more flexible to test a new electronic device or sample with a probe station than to wire bond and package the device before testing.
Probe stations initially were designed to manage micron level semiconductor wafer testing. It is still a huge part of the testing that goes on but as Moore's Law has reduced the sizes of semiconductor devices over time. Probe stations have evolved to better manage both wafer level and device testing. An example of this is the VERSA probe system by Micromanipulator. Systems like the VERSA can visualize and probe all size wafers from 50mm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2815820%29%201994%20TB | (15820) 1994 TB is a trans-Neptunian object residing in the Kuiper belt. It is in a 3:2 orbital resonance with Neptune, similar to Pluto. It was discovered on October 2, 1994, by David C. Jewitt and Jun Chen at the Mauna Kea Observatory, in Hawaii.
References
External links
Plutinos
1994 TB
1994 TB
19941002 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HslUV | HSLuv or HslUV may refer to:
HslVU, a protein
HslUV protease, an enzyme
HSLuv, a colorspace |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPW | BPW may refer to:
Business and Professional Women's Foundation
Lupeol synthase, an enzyme
Bristol Parkway railway station in England (station code) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28144898%29%202004%20VD17 | (144898) , provisional designation , is a sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as near-Earth object of the Apollo group once thought to have a low probability of impacting Earth on 4 May 2102. It reached a Torino Scale rating of 2 and a Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale rating of -0.25. With an observation arc of 17 years it is known that closest Earth approach will occur two days earlier on 2 May 2102 at a distance of about 5.5 million km.
History
was discovered on 7 November 2004, by the NASA-funded LINEAR asteroid survey. The object is estimated by NASA's Near Earth Object Program Office to be 580 meters in diameter with an approximate mass of .
Being approximately 580 meters in diameter, if were to impact land, it would create an impact crater about 10 kilometres wide and generate an earthquake of magnitude 7.4.
Elevated risk estimate in 2006
From February to May 2006, was listed with a Torino Scale impact risk value of 2, only the second asteroid in risk-monitoring history to be rated above value 1. With an observation arc of 1511 days, it was estimated to have a 1 in 1320 chance of impacting on 4 May 2102. The Torino rating was lowered to 1 after additional observations on 20 May 2006, and finally dropped to 0 on 17 October 2006.
2008 observations
As of 4 January 2008, the Sentry Risk Table assigned a Torino value of 0 and an impact probability of 1 in 58.8 million for 4 May 2102. This value was far below the background impact rate of objects this size. Fur |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd%20greedy%20expansion | In number theory, the odd greedy expansion problem asks whether a greedy algorithm for finding Egyptian fractions with odd denominators always succeeds. , it remains unsolved.
Description
An Egyptian fraction represents a given rational number as a sum of distinct unit fractions. If a rational number is a sum of unit fractions with odd denominators,
then must be odd. Conversely, every fraction with odd can be represented as a sum of distinct odd unit fractions. One method of finding such a representation replaces by where for a sufficiently large , and then expands as a sum of distinct divisors of .
However, a simpler greedy algorithm has successfully found Egyptian fractions in which all denominators are odd for all instances (with odd ) on which it has been tested: let be the least odd number that is greater than or equal to , include the fraction in the expansion, and continue in the same way (avoiding repeated uses of the same unit fraction) with the remaining fraction . This method is called the odd greedy algorithm and the expansions it creates are called odd greedy expansions.
Stein, Selfridge, Graham, and others have posed the question of whether the odd greedy algorithm terminates with a finite expansion for every with odd. , this question remains open.
Example
Let = 4/23.
23/4 = 5; the next larger odd number is 7. So the first step expands
161/5 = 32; the next larger odd number is 33. So the next step expands
5313/4 = 1328; the next larger od |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcl-2%20homologous%20antagonist%20killer | Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BAK1 gene on chromosome 6. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the BCL2 protein family. BCL2 family members form oligomers or heterodimers and act as anti- or pro-apoptotic regulators that are involved in a wide variety of cellular activities. This protein localizes to mitochondria, and functions to induce apoptosis. It interacts with and accelerates the opening of the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel, which leads to a loss in membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c. This protein also interacts with the tumor suppressor P53 after exposure to cell stress.
Structure
BAK1 is a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein containing four Bcl-2 homology (BH) domains: BH1, BH2, BH3, and BH4. These domains are composed of nine α-helices, with a hydrophobic α-helix core surrounded by amphipathic helices and a transmembrane C-terminal α-helix anchored to the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM). A hydrophobic groove formed along the C-terminal of α2 to the N-terminal of α5, and some residues from α8, binds the BH3 domain of other BCL-2 proteins in its active form.
Function
As a member of the BCL2 protein family, BAK1 functions as a pro-apoptotic regulator involved in a wide variety of cellular activities. In healthy mammalian cells, BAK1 localizes primarily to the MOM, but remains in an inactive form until stimulated by apoptotic signaling. The inactive form of BAK1 is maintained by the p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcl-2-associated%20death%20promoter | The BCL2 associated agonist of cell death (BAD) protein is a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 gene family which is involved in initiating apoptosis. BAD is a member of the BH3-only family, a subfamily of the Bcl-2 family. It does not contain a C-terminal transmembrane domain for outer mitochondrial membrane and nuclear envelope targeting, unlike most other members of the Bcl-2 family. After activation, it is able to form a heterodimer with anti-apoptotic proteins and prevent them from stopping apoptosis.
Mechanism of action
Bax/Bak are believed to initiate apoptosis by forming a pore in the mitochondrial outer membrane that allows cytochrome c to escape into the cytoplasm and activate the pro-apoptotic caspase cascade. The anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins inhibit cytochrome c release through the mitochondrial pore and also inhibit activation of the cytoplasmic caspase cascade by cytochrome c.
Dephosphorylated BAD forms a heterodimer with Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, inactivating them and thus allowing Bax/Bak-triggered apoptosis. When BAD is phosphorylated by Akt/protein kinase B (triggered by PIP3), it forms the BAD-(14-3-3) protein heterodimer. This leaves Bcl-2 free to inhibit Bax-triggered apoptosis. BAD phosphorylation is thus anti-apoptotic, and BAD dephosphorylation (e.g., by Ca2+-stimulated Calcineurin) is pro-apoptotic. The latter may be involved in neural diseases such as schizophrenia.
Interactions
Bcl-2-associated death promoter has been shown to interact |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%20Fidelity | Liquid Fidelity is a "microdisplay" technology applied in high-definition televisions. It incorporates Liquid Crystal on Silicon technology capable of producing true 1080p resolution with two million pixels on a single display chip.
Components of Liquid Fidelity technology were originally used in 720p HDTVs produced by Uneed Systems of Korea from 2004-2006.
Technology Overview
Liquid Crystal on Silicon in general is a sophisticated mix of optical and electrical technologies on one chip. The top layer of the chip is liquid crystal material, the bottom layer is an integrated circuit that drives the liquid crystal, and the surface between the layers is highly reflective. The circuit determines how much light passes through the liquid crystal layer, and the reflected light creates an image on a projection screen.
LCOS chips with both 720p and 1080p resolution have been developed for HDTVs. Nearly all LCOS chips in mass production have been used in three-chip systems, with one LCOS chip each for red, green and blue light. Sony’s SXRD and JVC’s HD-ILA TVs create images this way. While three-chip systems can produce very good HDTV pictures, they are difficult to align precisely and are expensive. Misalignments can cause visible convergence errors between red, green and blue, particularly along the sides and in the corners of the screen.
Liquid Fidelity addresses both the alignment and cost problems. Exclusive technology enables Liquid Fidelity to change its brightness |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-rank | S-rank is a ranking classification that may refer to:
A ranking used in NatureServe conservation status
A ranking originating from academic grading in Japan used to describe a level superlative to grades such as A, B, etc.; it may be used in real or fictional tournaments or ranking lists such as in martial arts, fights in fiction, video games or in tier lists
A ranking used by the Czech search engine Seznam. It is a similar to PageRank with a range from 0 to 10. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ppoa | Ppoa or PPOA may refer to:
Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM, a network protocol
Linoleate 8R-lipoxygenase, an enzyme
9,12-octadecadienoate 8-hydroperoxide 8R-isomerase, an enzyme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIGC | LIGC may refer to:
National Library of Wales ()
2-hydroxy-4-carboxymuconate semialdehyde hemiacetal dehydrogenase or LigC, an enzyme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub%20Zero%20%28game%20show%29 | Sub Zero is an interactive children's game show based around the show The Crystal Maze. The show featured on CBBC on BBC Two from 21 February 1999 to 11 March 2001. The show had teams of both girls (XX) and boys (XY) doing challenges and, like The Crystal Maze children's episodes, contained tasks for children of the pre-teen age group. It was pitched as the "Ultimate Battle of the Sexes".
The programme was named by a CBBC website user, 12-year-old Edward Stevenson.
Several former contestants have ended up working in the media themselves, including TV presenter Lauren Jamison and Cambridge-based radio presenter, Matt Webb.
Presenters
Jemma James
Robin Banks
Adrian Dickson (XY Team Captain from Series 3)
Rani Price (XX Team Captain from Series 3)
References
BBC children's television shows
British children's game shows
1990s British children's television series
2000s British children's television series
1990s British game shows
2000s British game shows
1999 British television series debuts
2001 British television series endings
English-language television shows |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%20ordered%20set | In discrete optimization, a special ordered set (SOS) is an ordered set of variables used as an additional way to specify integrality conditions in an optimization model. Special order sets are basically a device or tool used in branch and bound methods for branching on sets of variables, rather than individual variables, as in ordinary mixed integer programming. Knowing that a variable is part of a set and that it is ordered gives the branch and bound algorithm a more intelligent way to face the optimization problem, helping to speed up the search procedure. The members of a special ordered set individually may be continuous or discrete variables in any combination. However, even when all the members are themselves continuous, a model containing one or more special ordered sets becomes a discrete optimization problem requiring a mixed integer optimizer for its solution.
The ‘only’ benefit of using Special Ordered Sets compared with using only constraints is that the search procedure will generally be noticeably faster. As per J.A. Tomlin, Special Order Sets provide a powerful means of modeling nonconvex functions and discrete requirements, though there has been a tendency to think of them only in terms of multiple-choice zero-one programming.
Context of applications
Multiple-choice programming
Global Optimization with continuous separable functions.
History
The origin of the concept was in the paper of Beale titled "Two transportation problems" (1963) where he present |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix-free%20methods | In computational mathematics, a matrix-free method is an algorithm for solving a linear system of equations or an eigenvalue problem that does not store the coefficient matrix explicitly, but accesses the matrix by evaluating matrix-vector products. Such methods can be preferable when the matrix is so big that storing and manipulating it would cost a lot of memory and computing time, even with the use of methods for sparse matrices. Many iterative methods allow for a matrix-free implementation, including:
the power method,
the Lanczos algorithm,
Locally Optimal Block Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient Method (LOBPCG),
Wiedemann's coordinate recurrence algorithm, and
the conjugate gradient method.
Krylov subspace methods
Distributed solutions have also been explored using coarse-grain parallel software systems to achieve homogeneous solutions of linear systems.
It is generally used in solving non-linear equations like Euler's equations in computational fluid dynamics. Matrix-free conjugate gradient method has been applied in the non-linear elasto-plastic finite element solver. Solving these equations requires the calculation of the Jacobian which is costly in terms of CPU time and storage. To avoid this expense, matrix-free methods are employed. In order to remove the need to calculate the Jacobian, the Jacobian vector product is formed instead, which is in fact a vector itself. Manipulating and calculating this vector is easier than working with a large matrix or lin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table%20of%20thermodynamic%20equations | Common thermodynamic equations and quantities in thermodynamics, using mathematical notation, are as follows:
Definitions
Many of the definitions below are also used in the thermodynamics of chemical reactions.
General basic quantities
General derived quantities
Thermal properties of matter
Thermal transfer
Equations
The equations in this article are classified by subject.
Thermodynamic processes
Kinetic theory
Ideal gas
Entropy
, where kB is the Boltzmann constant, and Ω denotes the volume of macrostate in the phase space or otherwise called thermodynamic probability.
, for reversible processes only
Statistical physics
Below are useful results from the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution for an ideal gas, and the implications of the Entropy quantity. The distribution is valid for atoms or molecules constituting ideal gases.
Corollaries of the non-relativistic Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution are below.
Quasi-static and reversible processes
For quasi-static and reversible processes, the first law of thermodynamics is:
where δQ is the heat supplied to the system and δW is the work done by the system.
Thermodynamic potentials
The following energies are called the thermodynamic potentials,
and the corresponding fundamental thermodynamic relations or "master equations" are:
Maxwell's relations
The four most common Maxwell's relations are:
More relations include the following.
Other differential equations are:
Quantum properties
Indistinguishable Particles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STklos | STklos is a Scheme implementation that succeeded STk. It is a bytecode compiler with an ad hoc virtual machine which aims to be fast as well as light.
STklos is free software, released under the GNU General Public License.
In addition to implementing most of R5RS, and a large part of R7RS, STklos supports:
an object system based on CLOS with multiple inheritance, generic functions, multimethods and a MOP
a module system
easy connection with the GTK toolkit
a low-level macro system that compiles macro expanders into bytecode (syntax-rules is also present as a high-level macro system)
a full Numerical tower implementation, as defined in R7RS
Unicode support
Perl compatible regular expressions via PCRE library
a simple foreign function interface via libffi
being compiled as a library and embedded in an application
native threads, using the libpthread library. The API conforms to SRFI-18
a number of SRFIs
easy access to SLIB
an HTTP client
Additional libraries are available through its package system ScmPkg.
References
External links
STklos home page
STklos documentation
Scheme (programming language) interpreters
Scheme (programming language) implementations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chez%20Scheme | Chez Scheme is a programming language, a dialect and implementation of the language Scheme which is a type of Lisp. It uses an incremental native-code compiler to produce native binary files for the x86 (IA-32, x86-64), PowerPC, and SPARC processor architectures. It has supported the R6RS standard since version 7.9.1. It is free and open-source software released under an Apache License, version 2.0. It was first released in 1985, by R. Kent Dybvig, originally licensed as proprietary software, and then released as open-source software on GitHub on 2016-05-13 with version 9.4.
Petite Chez Scheme is a sibling implementation which uses a threaded interpreter design instead of Chez Scheme's incremental native-code compiler. Programs written for Chez Scheme run unchanged in Petite Chez Scheme, as long as they do not depend on using the compiler (for example foreign function interface is only available in the compiler). Petite Chez Scheme was originally freely distributable and is now distributed open-source as part of Chez Scheme.
History
The first version of Chez Scheme was developed by R. Kent Dybvig and completed in 1984. Some copies of the original version were distributed in 1985.
Cadence Research Systems developed Chez Scheme until the company was purchased by Cisco Systems in 2011. Cisco open-sourced Chez Scheme in 2016.
Performance
In one series of benchmarks, Chez Scheme was among the fastest available Scheme implementations on the Sun SPARC processor architecture, w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20beam-induced%20current | Optical beam induced current (OBIC) is a semiconductor analysis technique performed using laser signal injection. The technique
uses a scanning laser beam to create electron–hole pairs in a semiconductor sample. This induces a current which may be analyzed to determine the sample's properties, especially defects or anomalies.
Conventional OBIC scans an ultrafast laser beam over the surface of the sample, exciting some electrons into the conduction band through what is known as 'single-photon absorption'. As its name implies, single-photon absorption involves just a single photon to excite the electron into conduction. This can only occur if that single photon carries enough energy to overcome the band gap of the semiconductor (1.12 eV for Si) and provide the electron with enough energy to make it jump into the conduction band.
Uses
The technique is used in semiconductor failure analysis to locate buried diffusion regions, damaged junctions and gate oxide shorts.
The OBIC technique may be used to detect the point at which a focused ion beam (FIB) milling operation in bulk silicon of an IC must be terminated (also known as endpoint). This is accomplished by using a laser to induce a photocurrent in the silicon while simultaneously monitoring the magnitude of the photocurrent by connecting an ammeter to the device's power and ground. As the bulk silicon is thinned, the photocurrent is increased and reaches a peak as the depletion region of the well to substrate junction is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picolinic%20acid | Picolinic acid is an organic compound with the formula ). It is a derivative of pyridine with a carboxylic acid (COOH) substituent at the 2-position. It is an isomer of nicotinic acid and isonicotinic acid, which have the carboxyl side chain at the 3- and 4-positions, respectively. It is a white solid that is soluble in water.
In synthetic organic chemistry, has been used as a substrate in the Mitsunobu reaction and in the Hammick reaction.
Coordination chemistry
Picolinic acid is a bidentate chelating agent of elements such as chromium, zinc, manganese, copper, iron, and molybdenum in the human body. Many of its complexes are charge-neutral and thus lipophilic. After its role in absorption was discovered, zinc picolinate dietary supplements became popular as they were shown to be an effective means of introducing zinc into the body.
Production
Picolinic acid is formed from 2-methylpyridine by oxidation, e.g. by means of potassium permanganate (KMnO4).
Biosynthesis
Picolinic acid is a catabolite of the amino acid tryptophan through the kynurenine pathway. Its function is unclear, but it has been implicated in a variety of neuroprotective, immunological, and anti-proliferative effects. In addition, it is suggested to assist in the absorption of zinc(II) ions and other divalent or trivalent ions through the small intestine.
Picolinates
Salts of picolinic acid (picolinates) include:
Chromium(III) picolinate
Zinc picolinate
See also
Dipicolinic acid
References
2-Py |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott%20803 | The Elliott 803 is a small, medium-speed transistor digital computer which was manufactured by the British company Elliott Brothers in the 1960s. About 211 were built.
History
The 800 series began with the 801, a one-off test machine built in 1957. The 802 was a production model but only seven were sold between 1958 and 1961. The short-lived 803A was built in 1959 and first delivered in 1960; the 803B was built in 1960 and first delivered in 1961.
Over 200 Elliott 803 computers were delivered to customers, at a unit price of about £29,000 in 1960 (roughly ). Most sales were of the 803B version with more parallel paths internally, larger memory and hardware floating-point operations.
The Elliott 803 was the computer used in the ISI-609, the world's first process or industrial control system, wherein the 803 was a data logger. It was used for this purpose at the US's first dual-purpose nuclear reactor, the N-Reactor.
A significant number of British universities had an Elliott 803.
Elliott subsequently developed (1963) the much faster, software compatible, Elliott 503.
Two complete Elliott 803 computers survive. One is owned by the Science Museum in London but it is not on display to the public. The second is owned by The National Museum of Computing (TNMoC) at Bletchley Park, is fully functional, and can regularly be seen in operation by visitors to that museum.
Hardware description
The 803 is a transistorised, bit-serial machine; the 803B has more parallel paths in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardinho%20%28footballer%2C%20born%20June%201976%29 | Ricardo Alexandre dos Santos (born June 24, 1976, in Passos), or simply Ricardinho, is a former Brazilian footballer who played as defensive midfielder.
Club statistics
National team statistics
Honours
Minas Gerais State League: 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998
Brazilian Cup: 1996, 2000
Libertadores Cup: 1997
Brazilian Center-West Cup: 1999
Recopa: 1999
South Minas Cup: 2001, 2002
Minas Gerais State Superleague: 2002
Personal Honours
Brazilian Bola de Prata (Placar): 2000
Contract
5 July 2007 to 5 January 2009
References
External links
placar
websoccerclub
soccerterminal
1976 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Cruzeiro Esporte Clube players
Kashiwa Reysol players
Kashima Antlers players
J1 League players
J2 League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Sport Club Corinthians Paulista players
Brazil men's international footballers
Footballers from Minas Gerais
Men's association football midfielders
People from Passos, Minas Gerais |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified%20Richardson%20iteration | Modified Richardson iteration is an iterative method for solving a system of linear equations. Richardson iteration was proposed by Lewis Fry Richardson in his work dated 1910. It is similar to the Jacobi and Gauss–Seidel method.
We seek the solution to a set of linear equations, expressed in matrix terms as
The Richardson iteration is
where is a scalar parameter that has to be chosen such that the sequence converges.
It is easy to see that the method has the correct fixed points, because if it converges, then and has to approximate a solution of .
Convergence
Subtracting the exact solution , and introducing the notation for the error , we get the equality for the errors
Thus,
for any vector norm and the corresponding induced matrix norm. Thus, if , the method converges.
Suppose that is symmetric positive definite and that are the eigenvalues of . The error converges to if for all eigenvalues . If, e.g., all eigenvalues are positive, this can be guaranteed if is chosen such that . The optimal choice, minimizing all , is , which gives the simplest Chebyshev iteration. This optimal choice yields a spectral radius of
where is the condition number.
If there are both positive and negative eigenvalues, the method will diverge for any if the initial error has nonzero components in the corresponding eigenvectors.
Equivalence to gradient descent
Consider minimizing the function . Since this is a convex function, a sufficient condition for optimality is that |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase-9 | Caspase-9 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CASP9 gene. It is an initiator caspase, critical to the apoptotic pathway found in many tissues. Caspase-9 homologs have been identified in all mammals for which they are known to exist, such as Mus musculus and Pan troglodytes.
Caspase-9 belongs to a family of caspases, cysteine-aspartic proteases involved in apoptosis and cytokine signalling. Apoptotic signals cause the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and activation of apaf-1 (apoptosome), which then cleaves the pro-enzyme of caspase-9 into the active dimer form. Regulation of this enzyme occurs through phosphorylation by an allosteric inhibitor, inhibiting dimerization and inducing a conformational change.
Correct caspase-9 function is required for apoptosis, leading to the normal development of the central nervous system. Caspase-9 has multiple additional cellular functions that are independent of its role in apoptosis. Nonapoptotic roles of caspase-9 include regulation of necroptosis, cellular differentiation, innate immune response, sensory neuron maturation, mitochondrial homeostasis, corticospinal circuit organization, and ischemic vascular injury. Without correct function, abnormal tissue development can occur leading to abnormal function, diseases and premature death. Caspase-9 loss-of-function mutations have been associated with immunodeficiency/lymphoproliferation, neural tube defects, and Li-Fraumeni-like syndrome. Increased caspase-9 activit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crank%20%28novel%29 | Crank is a novel by Ellen Hopkins published in 2004. It is based loosely on the real life addictions of the author's daughter to crystal meth. The book is required reading in "many high schools, as well as many drug and drug court programs." However, the book has been banned in many locations due to complaints that the book's depictions of drug use, adult language, and sexual themes are inappropriate for some readers.
Plot
Crank takes place the summer before and during the protagonist Kristina's junior year of high school. She is a straight-A honor roll student and decides to visit her father for three weeks. Her father is rarely home, leaving her a lot of time alone. Kristina meets a boy named Adam in Albuquerque, where she is staying with her father. Adam convinces Kristina to try crank (methamphetamine), or "the monster," but Kristina runs away the first time she tries it. She is attacked by three men, but before anything can happen to her she is saved by Adam. An antagonist, Lince, Adam's girlfriend, sees him comforting Kristina and jumps off of a balcony in a suicide attempt. Kristina starts a relationship with Adam, but feels guilty about Lince. When the three weeks are over, Kristina goes back to Reno, Nevada, where her mother's house is. Kristina is now addicted to crank.
In Reno, Kristina, now calling herself Bree, meets the characters Brendan and Chase at a water-park, and they exchange numbers. They both promise her crank. Chase and Kristina begin to get close |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAD51 | DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1 is a protein encoded by the gene RAD51. The enzyme encoded by this gene is a member of the RAD51 protein family which assists in repair of DNA double strand breaks. RAD51 family members are homologous to the bacterial RecA, Archaeal RadA and yeast Rad51. The protein is highly conserved in most eukaryotes, from yeast to humans.
The name RAD51 derives from RADiation sensitive protein 51.
Variants
Two alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene, which encode distinct proteins, have been reported. Transcript variants utilizing alternative polyA signals exist.
Family
In mammals, seven recA-like genes have been identified: Rad51, Rad51L1/B, Rad51L2/C, Rad51L3/D, XRCC2, XRCC3, and DMC1/Lim15. All of these proteins, with the exception of meiosis-specific DMC1, are essential for development in mammals. Rad51 is a member of the RecA-like NTPases.
Function
In humans, RAD51 is a 339-amino acid protein that plays a major role in homologous recombination of DNA during double strand break repair. In this process, an ATP dependent DNA strand exchange takes place in which a template strand invades base-paired strands of homologous DNA molecules. RAD51 is involved in the search for homology and strand pairing stages of the process.
Unlike other proteins involved in DNA metabolism, the RecA/Rad51 family forms a helical nucleoprotein filament on DNA.
This protein can interact with the ssDNA-binding protein RPA, BRCA2, PALB2 and RAD52.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Claxton%20Shield | Results and statistics for the 2006 Claxton Shield
Results
Round 1: Saturday, 21 January 2006
Round 2: Sunday, 22 January 2006
Round 3: Monday, 23 January 2006
Round 4: Tuesday, 24 January 2006
Round 5: Wednesday, 25 January 2006
Final standings
Finals
Semi-finals
Grand final
External links
Information and Results on 2006 Claxton Shield
Queensland Win 2006 Claxton Shield
Claxton Shield
2006 in Australian sport
2006 in baseball
January 2006 sports events in Australia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Sleeper%20Cell%20characters | The following is a list of descriptions for characters on the Showtime television series Sleeper Cell.
Main characters
Darwyn al-Sayeed
Darwyn al-Sayeed (played by Michael Ealy), known as Darwyn al-Hakim by the terrorist cells, is the protagonist of Sleeper Cell. As an African-American Muslim FBI agent, Darwyn was assigned to infiltrate an Islamist terrorist sleeper cell. His father, Benjamin al-Sayeed is a Nation of Islam member and his mother was formerly a Methodist, but she converted to Islam to marry Darwyn's father. However, their different ways of practicing Islam led to their breakup. It was also stated that Darwyn served in the United States Army Rangers prior to joining the FBI. In addition to English, he speaks fluent Spanish and Arabic.
Faris al-Farik
Saad bin Safwan (played by Oded Fehr) is the charismatic leader of the terrorist cell. Though his real name is Saad, he is more well known as Faris al-Farik (the "deadly knight"), one of his aliases. He is a former member of the Saudi Arabian National Guard. From 1987 to 1989, he fought the Soviet Army during the Soviet–Afghan War. He later returned to Riyadh after he was wounded, and later fought in the Gulf War, on Kuwait's side, along the American forces. After the war, he trained Mohamed Aidid's men in Somalia during the Somali Civil War. Following this, he fought alongside the Bosnian mujahideen in Bosnia (where he met and saved his right-hand man, Ilija Korjenić), and then fought alongside the Taliban in Afg |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doob%27s%20martingale%20inequality | In mathematics, Doob's martingale inequality, also known as Kolmogorov’s submartingale inequality is a result in the study of stochastic processes. It gives a bound on the probability that a submartingale exceeds any given value over a given interval of time. As the name suggests, the result is usually given in the case that the process is a martingale, but the result is also valid for submartingales.
The inequality is due to the American mathematician Joseph L. Doob.
Statement of the inequality
The setting of Doob's inequality is a submartingale relative to a filtration of the underlying probability space. The probability measure on the sample space of the martingale will be denoted by . The corresponding expected value of a random variable , as defined by Lebesgue integration, will be denoted by .
Informally, Doob's inequality states that the expected value of the process at some final time controls the probability that a sample path will reach above any particular value beforehand. As the proof uses very direct reasoning, it does not require any restrictive assumptions on the underlying filtration or on the process itself, unlike for many other theorems about stochastic processes. In the continuous-time setting, right-continuity (or left-continuity) of the sample paths is required, but only for the sake of knowing that the supremal value of a sample path equals the supremum over an arbitrary countable dense subset of times.
Discrete time
Let be a discrete-time submart |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20Claxton%20Shield | Results and Statistics of the 2005 Claxton Shield
Results
Round 1: Saturday, 22 January 2005
Round 2: Sunday, 23 January 2005
Round 3: Monday, 24 January 2005
Round 4: Tuesday, 25 January 2005
Round 5: Wednesday, 26 January 2005
Round 2 Make-up: Thursday, 27 January 2005
Games 1 and 2 on 23 January were rained out, so a make up round was called.
Ladder
Finals
Semi-finals
Grand final
External links
Official 2005 Claxton Shield Website
Claxton Shield
2005 in Australian sport
2005 in baseball
January 2005 sports events in Australia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larceny%20%28Scheme%20implementation%29 | Larceny is an implementation of the Scheme programming language built around the Twobit optimizing compiler. Larceny offers several back-ends able to target native x86 and ARMv7 code. Petit Larceny is also available and emits C source code, which can then be further compiled to native code with an ordinary C compiler.
Older versions (<0.98) included support for the SPARC architecture in Larceny, and for Microsoft's Common Language Runtime via Common Larceny.
Larceny supports all major Scheme standards (R5RS, IEEE/ANSI, R6RS, and R7RS. The Larceny software is open source and available online.
References
External links
Scheme (programming language) compilers
Scheme (programming language) interpreters
Scheme (programming language) implementations
R6RS Scheme
Free compilers and interpreters |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon%20Conservation%20Team | The Amazon Conservation Team (ACT) is a non-profit organization that works in partnership with indigenous people of tropical South America in conserving the biodiversity of the Amazon rainforest, as well as the culture and land of its indigenous people. ACT was formed in 1996 by ethnobotanist Mark Plotkin and Costa Rican conservationist Liliana Madrigal. The organization is primarily active in the northwest, northeast, and southern regions of the Amazon.
ACT promotes indigenous rights to land tenure and management, as well as self-determination in governance and tradition for local communities of Amazonia. Since their founding, the organization has worked with over 50 indigenous groups. In their work, ACT pioneered a 'biocultural conservation model' which necessitates direct collaboration and consent with forest-dwelling communities. In addition to safeguarding the Amazon rainforest and protecting the biodiversity of the region, ACT works to protect indigenous medicinal traditions and related intellectual property rights of communities in South America. While their headquarters are in Arlington, Virginia, there are three field offices: ACT-Brazil, ACT-Colombia, and ACT-Suriname.
Recognition
In 2002, ACT received the United Nations Environment Programme Global 500 Award in recognition of their conservation achievements. In 2008, the organization received the Skoll Award for Social Entrepreneurship from the Skoll Foundation. In November 2010, ACT was recognized as a 2010 Tec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20Classification%20of%20Mental%20Disorders | The Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders (CCMD; ), published by the Chinese Society of Psychiatry (CSP), is a clinical guide used in China for the diagnosis of mental disorders. It is on its third version, the CCMD-3, written in Chinese and English.
The current edition is very similar to the ICD-10, and is also influenced by the DSM-IV, the two main psychiatric typologies used in the rest of the world. However, it has a unique definition of some disorders, includes an additional 40 or so culturally-related diagnoses, and lacks certain conditions recognised in other parts of the world.
History
The first published Chinese psychiatric classificatory scheme appeared in 1979. A revised classification system, the CCMD-1, was made available in 1981 and was further modified in 1984 (CCMD-2-R), 1989, and 1995. The CCMD-3 was published in 2001.
At launch, the CCMD-3 was supplemented with the companion book "Treatment and Nursing of Mental Disorders Relevant to CCMD-3".
Many Chinese psychiatrists believed the CCMD had special advantages over other manuals, such as simplicity, stability, the inclusion of culture-distinctive categories, and the exclusion of certain Western diagnostic categories. The Chinese translation of the ICD-10 was seen as linguistically complicated, containing very long sentences, and awkward terms and syntax.
A 2014 study found that the ICD-10 was more commonly used by Chinese psychiatrists than the CCMD-3 or DSM-IV.
Diagnostic categories
The diagn |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20Society%20of%20Psychiatry | The Chinese Society of Psychiatry (CSP; ) is the largest organization for psychiatrists in China. It publishes the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders ("CCMD"), first published in 1985. The CSP also publishes clinical practice guidelines; promotes psychiatric practice, research and communication; trains new professionals; and holds academic conferences.
Origins and organization
The organization developed out of the Chinese Society of Neuro-Psychiatry, which was founded in 1951. This separated into the Chinese Society of Psychiatry and Chinese Society of Neurology in 1994. Since then, successive committees have run the organisation, currently the 3rd Committee, which started in 2003, whose president is Dongfeng Zhou. The CCMD is now on its third revision.
The official journal of the CSP is the Chinese Journal of Psychiatry (). The Society held its seventh annual academic conference in 2006. The Society is a member of the World Psychiatric Association.
As of 2005, the CSP had 800 members.
History
In 2001, the CSP declassified homosexuality and bisexuality as a mental disorder. However, the organization specified that, "although homosexuality was not a disease, a person could be conflicted or suffering from mental illness because of their sexuality, and that condition could be treated", according to Damien Lu, founder of the Information Clearing House for Chinese Gays and Lesbians. Reportedly, this loophole is used to promote conversion therapy in China.
Beginning |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20drepanid%20genera | The moth family Drepanidae contains the following genera:
A
Achlya
Aethiopsestis
Agnidra - includes Zanclalbara
Albara
Amphitorna - includes Neoreta, Procampsis, Tomocerota
Archidrepana
Argodrepana
Asphalia
Astatochroa
Auzata - includes Gonocilix
Auzatella
Auzatellodes
B
Baipsestis
Betapsestis
Bycombia
C
Callicilix
Callidrepana - includes Ausaris, Damna, Drepanulides, Drepanulina, Ticilia
Camptopsestis
Canucha - includes Campylopteryx
Ceranemota
Chaeopsestis
Cilix
Crocinis
Crucidava
Cyclidia
Cyclogaurena
Cymatophorima
Cymotrix
D
Darumona
Demopsestis
Deroca
Didymana
Dipriodonta
Ditrigona - includes Leucodrepana, Leucodrepanilla
Drapetodes
Drepana
E
Epicampoptera
Epipsestis
Eudeilinia
Euparyphasma
Euphalacra - includes Ectothyris, Neophalacra
Euthyatira - includes Persiscota
F
Falcaria - includes Edapteryx
Formotogaria
G
Gaurena
Gogana - includes Ametroptila, Liocrops, Trotothyris
Gonoreta
Gonoretodes
Griseogaurena
H
Habrona
Habrosyne - includes Cymatochrocis, Habrosynula, Hannya, Miothyatira
Haloplia
Haplothyatira
Hemictenarcha
Hemiphruda
Horipsestis
Horithyatira
Hyalospectra
Hyalostola
Hypsidia - includes Baryphanes, Eggersops
I
Isopsestis
Isospidia
K
Kosemponiola
Kurama
L
Leucoblepsis
Lomadontophana
M
Macrauzata
Macrocilix
Macrothyatira
Marplena
Melanocraspes
Mesopsestis
Mesothyatira
Metadrepana
Microblepsis - includes Betalbara
Microthytira
Mimopsestis
Mimozethes
Monoprista
Monothyatira
N
Negera
Nelcynda
Nemacerota
Neochropacha
Neodaruma
Neoploca
Neopsestis
Neo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Cassidy | Tom Cassidy (born March 15, 1952) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who briefly played in the National Hockey League for the Pittsburgh Penguins.
Career statistics
External links
1952 births
Living people
Baltimore Clippers players
California Golden Seals draft picks
Canadian ice hockey centres
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Kitchener Rangers players
People from Algoma District
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Oklahoma City Stars players
Rochester Americans players
Springfield Kings players |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasegawa%E2%80%93Mima%20equation | In plasma physics, the Hasegawa–Mima equation, named after Akira Hasegawa and Kunioki Mima, is an equation that describes a certain regime of plasma, where the time scales are very fast, and the distance scale in the direction of the magnetic field is long. In particular the equation is useful for describing turbulence in some tokamaks. The equation was introduced in Hasegawa and Mima's paper submitted in 1977 to Physics of Fluids, where they compared it to the results of the ATC tokamak.
Assumptions
The magnetic field is large enough that:
for all quantities of interest. When the particles in the plasma are moving through a magnetic field, they spin in a circle around the magnetic field. The frequency of oscillation, known as the cyclotron frequency or gyrofrequency, is directly proportional to the magnetic field.
The particle density follows the quasineutrality condition:
where Z is the number of protons in the ions. If we are talking about hydrogen Z = 1, and n is the same for both species. This condition is true as long as the electrons can shield out electric fields. A cloud of electrons will surround any charge with an approximate radius known as the Debye length. For that reason this approximation means the size scale is much larger than the Debye length. The ion particle density can be expressed by a first order term that is the density defined by the quasineutrality condition equation, and a second order term which is how much it differs from the equation.
T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect%20spline | In the mathematical subfields function theory and numerical analysis, a univariate polynomial spline of order is called a perfect spline if its -th derivative is equal to or between knots and changes its sign at every knot.
The term was coined by Isaac Jacob Schoenberg.
Perfect splines often give solutions to various extremal problems in mathematics. For example, norms of periodic perfect splines (they are sometimes called Euler perfect splines) are equal to Favard's constants.
References
Splines (mathematics)
Interpolation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20of%20Arabic%20languages | The Arabic language family is divided into several categories which are: Old Arabic, the literary varieties, and the modern vernaculars.
The genealogical position of Arabic within the group of the Semitic languages has long been a problem.
Views on Arabic classification
Semitic languages were confined in a relatively small geographic area (Greater Syria, Mesopotamia and the Arabian desert) and often spoken in contiguous regions. Permanent contacts between the speakers of these languages facilitated borrowing between them. Borrowing disrupts historical processes of change and makes it difficult to reconstruct the genealogy of languages.
In the traditional classification of the Semitic languages, Arabic was in the Southwest Semitic group, based on some affinities with Modern South Arabian and Geʽez.
Most scholars reject the Southwest Semitic subgrouping because it is not supported by any innovations and because shared features with South Arabian and Ethiopic were only due to areal diffusion.
In 1976, linguist Robert Hetzron classified Arabic languages as a Central Semitic language:
John Huehnergard, Aaron D. Rubin, and other scholars suggested subsequent modifications to Hetzron's model:
However, several scholars, such as Giovanni Garbini, consider that the historical–genetic interpretation is not a satisfactory way of representing the development of the Semitic languages (contrary to Indo-European languages, which spread over a wide area and were usually isolated from |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual%20currency%20deposit | In finance, a dual currency deposit (DCD, also known as Dual Currency Instrument or Dual Currency Product) is a derivative instrument which combines a money market deposit with a currency option to provide a higher yield than that available for a standard deposit. There is a higher risk than with the latter - the depositor can receive less funds than originally deposited and in a different currency. An investor could do a USD/JPY DCD depositing USD and receiving JPY.
Formal definition
A dual currency deposit (“DCD”) is a foreign exchange-linked deposit in which the principal can be repaid after being converted into the alternative currency at the strike rate at maturity depending on the spot foreign exchange rate.
If an investor has a view on the initial investment currency a dual currency strategy allows the investor to benefit from higher returns. The returns are higher than the returns on normal deposits in compensation for the higher risks that are associated with DCDs due to being exposed to foreign exchange.
At maturity, if the local currency is weaker than the strike rate, funds will be redeemed in the local currency. If the local currency is stronger, the principal is repaid in the alternative currency, converted at the strike rate. The distance from current exchange rate to “strike” is determined by investor risk appetite: If the client is comfortable with risk the conversion level will be closer to the current level, and the interest payable will be higher as the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slurry%20ice | Slurry ice is a phase changing refrigerant made up of millions of ice "micro-crystals" (typically 0.1 to 1 mm in diameter) formed and suspended within a solution of water and a freezing point depressant. Some compounds used in the field are salt, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, alcohols like isobutyl and ethanol, and sugars like sucrose and glucose. Slurry ice has greater heat absorption compared to single phase refrigerants like brine, because the melting enthalpy (latent heat) of the ice is also used.
Characteristics
The small ice particle size results in greater heat transfer area than other types of ice for a given weight. It can be packed inside a container as dense as 700 kg/m3, the highest ice-packing factor among all usable industrial ice.
The spherical crystals have good flow properties, making them easy to distribute through conventional pumps and piping and over product in direct contact chilling applications, allowing them to flow into crevices and provide greater surface contact and faster cooling than other traditional forms of ice (flake, block, shell, etc.).
Its flow properties, high cooling capacity and flexibility in application make a slurry ice system a substitute for conventional ice generators and refrigeration systems, and offers improvements in energy efficiency: 70%, compared to around 45% in standard systems, lower freon consumption per ton of ice and lower operating costs.
Application fields
Slurry ice is commonly used in a wide range of a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFD-FASTRAN | CFD-FASTRAN is a commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software package developed by ESI Group for aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic applications.
CFD-FASTRAN was used by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in South Africa to simulate the release of a missile from the outboard pylon of the BAE Hawk Mk120 at transonic speeds where shockwaves dominate the flowfield. The CFD software was used to calculate the carriage loads, structural dynamic responses from the ejection forces and model the loads on the missile in free-flight.
The CFD software was used to predict supercooled droplet impingement on helicopter blades by the Institute for Aerospace Research. This is a first step towards simulating ice formation on rotating helicopter blades.
CFD-FASTRAN was used to study the aerodynamic performance of a hypersonic vehicle powered by scramjet engines. Flow conditions were simulated at various angles of attack at Mach 5.85.
Two-dimensional numerical flow simulations were performed with CFD-FASTRAN to compare the effects of a combined jet flap and Coanda jet on a supercritical airfoil. The results showed that the combined jet flap provided the best performance.
CFD-FASTRAN was used to simulate flow past helicopter rotors in hover and forward flight conditions. The predictions matched the experimental data.
References
Computational fluid dynamics
Engineering software companies
Physics software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TTI%2C%20Inc. | TTI, Inc., is a distributor of electronic components that include capacitors, resistors, connectors, switches, relays, circuit protection, electromagnetics, discrete semiconductors, sensors, RF modules, and antennas.
The company was founded by Paul Andrews in 1971. A former buyer for General Dynamics, the global aerospace and defense company, Andrews developed an approach to electronic component distribution with emphasis on available-to-sell inventory, supply chain programs, and the industry’s first, formal Total Quality Management program.
Andrews served as Chief Executive Officer until his passing in February 2021. Subsequently, 40-year employee and Chief Operating Officer Mike Morton was promoted to the position of CEO.
Originally named Tex-Tronics, Inc., Andrews changed the name to TTI, Inc., in 1973 to avoid a legal dispute involving another company with a similar name.
Founded to serve aerospace and defense equipment manufacturers, the company’s customers now include manufacturers in the transportation, industrial, medical, and communications sectors.
TTI, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, also known as the TTI Family of Specialists (TTI FOS), Mouser Electronics, Sager Electronics, and Exponential Technology Group employ over 8,000 people at more than 136 locations throughout the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Africa.
TTI's global headquarters is located Fort Worth, Texas, the TTI Family of Specialists maintain over 3.5 million square feet of dedicated warehou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Cotey | Al E. Cotey (19 March 1888 Chicago, Illinois – 27 October 1974 New Smyrna Beach, Florida) was an American racecar driver. He attempted to qualify for the Indianapolis 500 two times, in 1919 he did not qualify, while in 1927 he qualified 29th with a speed of 106.295 mph.
Indianapolis 500 results
References
1888 births
1974 deaths
Indianapolis 500 drivers
Racing drivers from Chicago |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic%20epitype | A somatic epitype is a non-heritable epigenetic alteration in a gene. It is similar to conventional epigenetics in that it does not involve changes in the DNA primary sequence. Physically, the somatic epitype corresponds to changes in DNA methylation, oxidative damage (replacement of GTP with oxo-8-dGTP), or changes in DNA-chromatin structure that are not reversed by normal cellular or nuclear repair mechanisms. Somatic epitypes alter gene expression levels without altering the amino acid sequence of the expressed protein. Current research suggests that somatic epitypes can be altered both before and after birth, and this alteration can be in response to exposure to heavy metals (such as lead), differences in maternal care, or nutritional or behavioral stress. There is no indication that somatic epitypes are heritable in a conventional epigenetic fashion. Some research suggests that methylation levels (and gene expression) can be reversed for some somatic epitypes by alterations in environmental factors such as diet.
See also
Epigenetics
Sources
DNA
Epigenetics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrocystin | Fibrocystin is a large, receptor-like protein that is thought to be involved in the tubulogenesis and/or maintenance of duct-lumen architecture of epithelium.
FPC associates with the primary cilia of epithelial cells and co-localizes with the Pkd2 gene product polycystin-2 (PC2), suggesting that these two proteins may function in a common molecular pathway.
Pathology
Mutations of its encoding gene (chromosomal locus 6p12.2) can cause autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. PKHD1 gene codes for fibrocystin. Fibrocystin is found in the epithelial cell of both the renal tubule and the bile ducts. A mutation in PKHD1 (can be autosomal recessive pattern or spontaneous mutations) leading to a deficiency in fibrocystin causes characteristic polycystic dilation of both structures.
References
External links
GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Polycystic Kidney Disease, Autosomal Recessive
Single-pass transmembrane proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Brudno | Alexander L'vovich Brudno () (10 January 1918 – 1 December 2009) was a Russian computer scientist, best known for fully describing the alpha-beta pruning algorithm. From 1991 until his death he lived in Israel.
Biography
Brudno developed the "mathematics/machine interface" for the M-2 computer constructed in 1952 at the Krzhizhanovskii laboratory of the Institute of Energy of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the Soviet Union. He was a great friend of Alexander Kronrod.
Brudno's work on alpha-beta pruning was published in 1963 in Russian and English.
The algorithm was used in computer chess program written by Vladimir Arlazarov and others at the Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEF or ITEP). According to Monty Newborn and the Computer History Museum, the algorithm was used later in Kaissa the world computer chess champion in 1974.
In 1980, Brudno became a founder and scientific director of the first Russian school for young programmers УПЦ ВТ. He was the scientific director of the first Russian programming Olympiads for the students, and published a book of problems from these competitions.
Brudno – Kronrod seminar
In 1959 Brudno and Alexander Kronrod organized seminar devoted to the presentation of different works in areas of system programming, programming of games (including chess), and artificial intelligence. Many well known results were presented and discussed at this seminar, including: Gauss–Kronrod quadrature formula, AVL trees, computer ch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovomucoid | Ovomucoid is a protein found in egg whites. It is a trypsin inhibitor with three protein domains of the Kazal domain family. The homologs from chickens (Gallus gallus) and especially turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) are best characterized. It is not related to the similarly named ovomucin, another egg white protein.
Chicken ovomucoid, also known as Gal d 1, is a known allergen. It is the protein most often causing egg allergy. At least four IgE epitopes have been identified. Three other egg white proteins are also identified as allergenic: ovalbumin (Gal d 2), ovotransferrin (Gal d 3) and lysozyme (Gal d 4).
References
Protease inhibitors
Avian proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Htra | Term Htra may refer to:
High time-resolution astrophysics, a section of astronomy/astrophysics
Peptidase Do, an enzyme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL14 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 14 (CCL14) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. It is also commonly known as HCC-1. It is produced as a protein precursor that is processed to generate a mature active protein containing 74 amino acids that and is 46% identical in amino acid composition to CCL3 and CCL4. This chemokine is expressed in various tissues including spleen, bone marrow, liver, muscle, and gut. CCL14 activates monocytes, but does not induce their chemotaxis. Human CCL14 is located on chromosome 17 within a cluster of other chemokines belonging to the CC family.
References
Cytokines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costamere | The costamere is a structural-functional component of striated muscle cells which connects the sarcomere of the muscle to the cell membrane (i.e. the sarcolemma).
Costameres are sub-sarcolemmal protein assemblies circumferentially aligned in register with the Z-disk of peripheral myofibrils. They physically couple force-generating sarcomeres with the sarcolemma in striated muscle cells and are thus considered one of several "Achilles' heels" of skeletal muscle, a critical component of striated muscle morphology which, when compromised, is thought to directly contribute to the development of several distinct myopathies.
The dystrophin-associated protein complex, also referred to as the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex (DGC or DAGC), contains various integral and peripheral membrane proteins such as dystroglycans and sarcoglycans, which are thought to be responsible for linking the internal cytoskeletal system of individual myofibers to structural proteins within the extracellular matrix (such as collagen and laminin). Therefore, it is one of the features of the sarcolemma which helps to couple the sarcomere to the extracellular connective tissue as some experiments have shown. Desmin protein may also bind to the DAG complex, and regions of it are known to be involved in signaling.
Structure
Costameres are highly complex networks of proteins and glycoproteins, and can be considered as consisting of two major protein complexes: the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex ( |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubo | A bubo (Greek βουβών, boubṓn, 'groin') is adenitis or inflammation of the lymph nodes and is an example of reactive lymphadenopathy.
Classification
Buboes are a symptom of bubonic plague and occur as painful swellings in the thighs, neck, groin or armpits. They are caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria spreading from flea bites through the bloodstream to the lymph nodes, where the bacteria replicate, causing the nodes to swell. Plague buboes may turn black and necrotic, rotting away the surrounding tissue, or they may rupture, discharging large amounts of pus. Infection can spread from buboes around the body, resulting in other forms of the disease such as pneumonic plague.
Management
Plague patients whose buboes swell to such a size that they burst tend to survive the disease. Before the discovery of antibiotics, doctors often drained buboes with leeches or hot rods to save patients.
Buboes are also symptoms of other diseases, such as chancroid and lymphogranuloma venereum. In these conditions, a two-week course of antibiotics is the recommended treatment, and incision and drainage or excision of the swollen lymph nodes is best avoided. However, aspiration may sometimes be performed to prevent buboes from rupturing. Although incision and drainage yields better results in such cases—since usually no further intervention is necessary, whereas repeat aspirations may be required—incision and drainage wounds may heal more slowly, increasing the risk of secondary infection.
Re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient%20of%20inbreeding | The coefficient of inbreeding of an individual is the probability that two alleles at any locus in an individual are identical by descent from the common ancestor(s) of the two parents.
Calculation
An individual is said to be inbred if there is a loop in its pedigree chart. A loop is defined as a path that runs from an individual up to the common ancestor through one parent and back down to the other parent, without going through any individual twice. The number of loops is always the number of common ancestors the parents have. If an individual is inbred, the coefficient of inbreeding is calculated by summing all the probabilities that an individual receives the same allele from its father's side and mother's side. As every individual has a 50% chance of passing on an allele to the next generation, the formula depends on 0.5 raised to the power of however many generations separate the individual from the common ancestor of its parents, on both the father's side and mother's side. This number of generations can be calculated by counting how many individuals lie in the loop defined earlier. Thus, the coefficient of inbreeding (f) of an individual X can be calculated with the following formula:
where is the number of individuals in the aforementioned loop,and is the coefficient of inbreeding of the common ancestor of X's parents.
To give an example, consider the following pedigree.
In this pedigree chart, G is the progeny of C and F, and C is the biological uncle of F. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HL60 | The HL-60 cell line is a human leukemia cell line that has been used for laboratory research on blood cell formation and physiology. HL-60 proliferates continuously in suspension culture in nutrient and antibiotic chemicals. The doubling time is about 36–48 hours. The cell line was derived from a 36-year-old woman who was originally reported to have acute promyelocytic leukemia at the MD Anderson Cancer Center. HL-60 cells predominantly show neutrophilic promyelocytic morphology. Subsequent evaluation, including the karyotype that showed absence of the defining t(15;17) translocation, concluded that HL-60 cells are from a case of AML FAB-M2 (now referred to as AML with maturation (WHO)).
Proliferation of HL-60 cells occurs through the transferrin and insulin receptors, which are expressed on cell surface. The requirement for insulin and transferrin is absolute, as HL-60 proliferation immediately ceases if either of these compounds is removed from the serum-free culture media. With this line, differentiation to mature granulocytes can be induced by compounds such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), or retinoic acid. Other compounds like 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and GM-CSF can induce HL-60 to differentiate to monocytic, macrophage-like and eosinophil phenotypes, respectively.
The HL-60 cultured cell line provides a continuous source of human cells for studying the molecular events of myeloid differentiation and the effects of physiolo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability%20of%20default | Probability of default (PD) is a financial term describing the likelihood of a default over a particular time horizon. It provides an estimate of the likelihood that a borrower will be unable to meet its debt obligations.
PD is used in a variety of credit analyses and risk management frameworks. Under Basel II, it is a key parameter used in the calculation of economic capital or regulatory capital for a banking institution.
PD is closely linked to the expected loss, which is defined as the product of the PD, the loss given default (LGD) and the exposure at default (EAD).
Overview
The probability of default is an estimate of the likelihood that the default event will occur. It applies to a particular assessment horizon, usually one year.
Credit scores, such as FICO for consumers or bond ratings from S&P, Fitch or Moodys for corporations or governments, typically imply a certain probability of default.
For group of obligors sharing similar credit risk characteristics such as a RMBS or pool of loans, a PD may be derived for a group of assets that is representative of the typical (average) obligor of the group. In comparison, a PD for a bond or commercial loan, are typically determined for a single entity.
Under Basel II, a default event on a debt obligation is said to have occurred if
it is unlikely that the obligor will be able to repay its debt to the bank without giving up any pledged collateral
the obligor is more than 90 days past due on a material credit obligat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOLD%20%28parser%29 | GOLD is a free parsing system that is designed to support multiple programming languages.
Design
The system uses a DFA for lexical analysis and the LALR algorithm for parsing. Both of these algorithms are state machines that use tables to determine actions. GOLD is designed around the principle of logically separating the process of generating the LALR and DFA parse tables from the actual implementation of the parsing algorithms themselves. This allows parsers to be implemented in different programming languages while maintaining the same grammars and development process.
The GOLD system consists of three logical components, the "Builder", the "Engine", and a "Compiled Grammar Table" file definition which functions as an intermediary between the Builder and the Engine.
Builder
The Builder is the primary component and main application of the system. The Builder is used to analyze the syntax of a language (specified as a grammar) and construct LALR and DFA tables. During this process, any ambiguities in the grammar will be reported. This is essentially the same task that is performed by compiler-compilers such as YACC and ANTLR.
Once the LALR and DFA parse tables are successfully constructed, the Builder can save this data into a Compiled Grammar Table file. This allows the information to be reopened later by the Builder or used in one of the Engines. Currently, the Builder component is only available for Windows 32-bit operating systems.
Some of the features of the Bui |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition-driven%20scheduling | Transposition driven scheduling (TDS) is a load balancing algorithm for parallel computing. It was developed at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam, The Netherlands as an algorithm to solve puzzles. The algorithm provides near-linear speedup with some problems and scales extremely well. It was published about by John Romein, Aske Plaat, Henri Bal and Jonathan Schaeffer.
Transposition based puzzle solving
In a puzzle, all possible plays can be represented in a tree with board positions corresponding to the nodes, moves corresponding to the edges, the initial position as the root of the tree and the solutions as leaves. Cycles in a path, i.e. moves that yield a position that is already encountered higher up in the tree, are left out of the tree because they can never lead to an optimal solution.
In most puzzles, different ordering of actions can lead to the same position of the puzzle. In puzzles where previous actions do not influence the solution, you need to only evaluate this position once to get a solution for both paths. To avoid evaluating the same position more than once (and thus wasting computation cycles), programs written to solve these kinds of puzzles use transposition tables. A transposition is a puzzle state that can be reached by different paths but has the same solution. Every time such a program starts evaluating a position, it first looks up in a table if the position has already been evaluated. If it has, the solution is taken from the table instead of c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warnock%20algorithm | The Warnock algorithm is a hidden surface algorithm invented by John Warnock that is typically used in the field of computer graphics.
It solves the problem of rendering a complicated image by recursive subdivision of a scene until areas are obtained that are trivial to compute. In other words, if the scene is simple enough to compute efficiently then it is rendered; otherwise it is divided into smaller parts which are likewise tested for simplicity.
This is a divide and conquer algorithm with run-time of , where n is the number of polygons and p is the number of pixels in the viewport.
The inputs are a list of polygons and a viewport. The best case is that if the list of polygons is simple, then draw the polygons in the viewport. Simple is defined as one polygon (then the polygon or its part is drawn in appropriate part of a viewport) or a viewport that is one pixel in size (then that pixel gets a color of the polygon closest to the observer). The continuous step is to split the viewport into 4 equally sized quadrants and to recursively call the algorithm for each quadrant, with a polygon list modified such that it only contains polygons that are visible in that quadrant.
Warnock expressed his algorithm in words and pictures, rather than software code, as the core of his PhD thesis, which also described protocols for shading oblique surfaces and other features that are now the core of 3-dimensional computer graphics. The entire thesis was only 26 pages from Introduction |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%ADlson | Geílson de Carvalho Soares (born April 10, 1984 in Cuiabá), sometimes referred to as simply Geílson, is a striker.
Club statistics
Honours
Rio Grande do Sul State League: 2004
São Paulo State League: 2006
References
External links
furacao
sambafoot
CBF
1984 births
Living people
Footballers from Cuiabá
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Santos FC players
Club Athletico Paranaense players
Mirassol Futebol Clube players
Albirex Niigata players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
J2 League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Sport Club Internacional players
Guarani FC players
Clube Atlético Votuporanguense players
Men's association football forwards
CE Operário Várzea-Grandense players |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal%20solver | A frontal solver is an approach to solving sparse linear systems which is used extensively in finite element analysis. Algorithms of this kind are variants of Gauss elimination that automatically avoids a large number of operations involving zero terms due to the fact that the matrix is only sparse. The development of frontal solvers is usually considered as dating back to work by Bruce Irons.
A frontal solver builds a LU or Cholesky decomposition of a sparse matrix.
Frontal solvers start with one or a few diagonal entries of the matrix, then consider all of those diagonal entries that are coupled to the first set via off-diagonal entries, and so on. In the finite element context, these consecutive sets form "fronts" that march through the domain (and consequently through the matrix, if one were to permute rows and columns of the matrix in such a way that the diagonal entries are ordered by the wave they are part of). Processing the front involves dense matrix operations, which use the CPU efficiently.
Given that the elements of the matrix are only needed as the front marches through the matrix, it is possible (but not necessary) to provide matrix elements only as needed. For example, for matrices arising from the finite element method, one can structure the "assembly" of element matrices by assembling the matrix and eliminating equations only on a subset of elements at a time. This subset is called the front and it is essentially the transition region between the part of t |
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