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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazen%20head | A brazen head, brass, or bronze head was a legendary automaton in the early modern period whose ownership was ascribed to late medieval scholars, such as Roger Bacon, who had developed a reputation as wizards. Made of brass or bronze, the male head was variously mechanical or magical. Like Odin's head of Mimir in Norse paganism, it was reputed to be able to correctly answer any question put to it, although it was sometimes restricted to "yes" or "no" answers. In the seventeenth century, Thomas Browne considered them to be misunderstanding of the scholars' alchemical work, while in modern times, Borlik argues that they came to serve as "a metonymy for the hubris of Renaissance intellectuals and artists". Idries Shah devotes a chapter of his book The Sufis to providing an interpretation of this "head of wisdom" as well as the phrase "making a head", stating that at its source the head "is none other than the symbol of the [Sufic] completed man."
Legend
Chaucer's "The Squire's Tale" depicts a moving brazen horse among the gifts from an Arab and an Indian king to Cambuscan, and compares it to the Trojan horse. It is likely that these accounts had their origin in allegorical treatments of alchemy and in early machines whose owners pretended to have given them life or speech. They may also have found inspiration in the Greek legends concerning Talos, the brass guardian of Minoan Crete.
The first account of a talking head used to give its owner answers to his questions appears in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich%20Welker | Heinrich Johann Welker (9 September 1912 in Ingolstadt – 25 December 1981 in Erlangen) was a German theoretical and applied physicist who invented the "transistron", a transistor made at Westinghouse independently of the first successful transistor made at Bell Laboratories. He did fundamental work in III-V compound semiconductors, and paved the way for microwave semiconductor elements and laser diodes.
Biography and important work
Starting in 1931, Welker studied at the University of Munich under Arnold Sommerfeld, and was granted a Ph.D. in 1936. The book Electrodynamics - Lectures on Theoretical Physics Volume III by Sommerfeld was based on lecture notes prepared by Welker during the winter semester of 1933/1934. Welker was granted his Habilitation under Sommerfeld in 1939.
During the war years, 1940 to 1945, Welker worked at Luftfunkforschungs Institut in Oberpfaffenhofen, but still maintained association (1942 to 1944) with the physicochemical institute of Klaus Clusius at the University of Munich. After the war, 1947 – 1951, he took a job at the Westinghouse subsidiary in Paris, Compagnie des Freins et Signaux Westinghouse. From 1951 to 1961, Welker headed of the solid-state physics department of Siemens-Schuckertwerke, in Erlangen, where he developed the new, III-V compounds, to replace silicon semiconductors. His work resulted in large-scale use of galvanomagnetic and optoelectronic effects, as well as new switching circuits in microelectronics. Welker and his |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptual%20Evaluation%20of%20Audio%20Quality | Perceptual Evaluation of Audio Quality (PEAQ) is a standardized algorithm for objectively measuring perceived audio quality, developed in 1994-1998 by a joint venture of experts within Task Group 6Q of the International Telecommunication Union's Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R). It was originally released as ITU-R Recommendation BS.1387 in 1998 and last updated in 2023. It utilizes software to simulate perceptual properties of the human ear and then integrates multiple model output variables into a single metric.
PEAQ characterizes the perceived audio quality as subjects would do in a listening test according to ITU-R BS.1116. PEAQ results principally model mean opinion scores that cover a scale from 1 (bad) to 5 (excellent). The Subjective Difference Grade (SDG), which measures the degree of compression damage (impairment) is defined as the difference between the opinion scores of tested version and the reference (source). The SDG typically ranges from 0 (no perceived impairment) to -4 (terrible impairment). The Objective Difference Grade (ODG) is the actual output of the algorithm, designed to match SDG.
Motivation
The need to conserve bandwidth has led to developments in the compression of the audio data to be transmitted. Various encoding methods remove both redundancy and perceptual irrelevancy in the audio signal so that the bit rate required to encode the signal is significantly reduced. They take into account knowledge of human auditory perception and typically ac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route%20nationale%2017 | The Route nationale 17, or RN17, is a trunk road (nationale) in France connecting Paris to the border with Belgium.
Reclassification
The majority of the route runs close to the A1 autoroute. As a result, north of Senlis the road has been downgraded and re-classified as the RD1017 and RD917. There is a small section of the RN17 remaining between Arras and Lille.
Route
Paris-Senlis-Arras-Lens-Lille-Belgium
Paris to Senlis (0 km – 31 km)
The road starts north of Paris as a branch of the RN2, opposite the Airport Paris-Le Bourget, and heads north east as the Av du Mai 1985 and then Route de Flandre. The road skirts the western edge of the Charles de Gaulle Airport, crosses the RD104 and then through open countryside.
After the village of Survillers the road enters the Parc Naturel Régional de Oise Pays de France. The road now passes through the Forêt du Chantilly before reaching the Cathedral City of Senlis.
Senlis to Arras (31 km to 162 km)
At Senlis there are junctions with the RN330, RN324 and A1. The road heads north through the Forêt d'Halatte crossing the river Oise at Pont-Sainte-Maxence crosses marsh and woodland before open countryside. There is a junction with the RN31 (E46) between Beauvais and Compiègne. The road then passes the villages of Estrées-Saint-Denis and Cuvilly passing the grounds of the Chateau de Tilloloy. The road crosses the autoroute and heads round the village of Roye. The bypass runs next to war-graves on the bank of the river Avre.
The RN17 th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%27s%20theorem%20%28geometry%29 | Cauchy's theorem is a theorem in geometry, named after Augustin Cauchy. It states that
convex polytopes in three dimensions with congruent corresponding faces must be congruent to each other. That is, any polyhedral net formed by unfolding the faces of the polyhedron onto a flat surface, together with gluing instructions describing which faces should be connected to each other, uniquely determines the shape of the original polyhedron. For instance, if six squares are connected in the pattern of a cube, then they must form a cube: there is no convex polyhedron with six square faces connected in the same way that does not have the same shape.
This is a fundamental result in rigidity theory: one consequence of the theorem is that, if one makes a physical model of a convex polyhedron by connecting together rigid plates for each of the polyhedron faces with flexible hinges along the polyhedron edges, then this ensemble of plates and hinges will necessarily form a rigid structure.
Statement
Let P and Q be combinatorially equivalent 3-dimensional convex polytopes; that is, they are convex polytopes with isomorphic face lattices. Suppose further that each pair of corresponding faces from P and Q are congruent to each other, i.e. equal up to a rigid motion. Then P and Q are themselves congruent.
To see that convexity is necessary, consider a regular icosahedron. One can "push in" a vertex to create a nonconvex polyhedron that is still combinatorially equivalent to the regular i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrarhodium%20dodecacarbonyl | Tetrarhodium dodecacarbonyl is the chemical compound with the formula Rh4(CO)12. This dark-red crystalline solid is the smallest binary rhodium carbonyl that can be handled as a solid under ambient conditions. It is used as a catalyst in organic synthesis.
Structure, synthesis, reactions
According to X-ray crystallography, features a tetrahedral array of four Rh atoms with nine terminal CO ligands and three bridging CO ligands. The structure can be expressed as Rh4(CO)9(µ-CO)3.
is prepared by treatment of an aqueous solution of rhodium trichloride with activated copper metal under an atmosphere of CO.
4 RhCl3(H2O)3 + 8 Cu + 22 CO → + 2 CO2 + 8 Cu(CO)Cl + 4 HCl + 10 H2O
Alternatively, the compound can be prepared by treatment of a methanolic solution of RhCl3(H2O)3 with CO to afford H[RhCl2(CO)2], followed by carbonylation in the presence of sodium citrate.
The cluster undergoes thermal substitution with phosphine ligands, L:
Rh4(CO)12-n + n L → Rh4(CO)12-nLn + n CO
Tetrarhodium dodecacarbonyl quantitatively decomposes in boiling hexane to afford hexadecacarbonylhexarhodium:
Related metal carbonyls
Because of their relevance to hydroformylation catalysis, rhodium carbonyls have been systematically studied to a high degree. The instability of Rh2(CO)8 has been a source of curiosity. The analogous binary carbonyl of cobalt, Co2(CO)8, is well known. Solutions of Rh4(CO)12 under high pressures of CO convert to the dirhodium |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan%27s%20algorithm | In computational geometry, Chan's algorithm, named after Timothy M. Chan, is an optimal output-sensitive algorithm to compute the convex hull of a set of points, in 2- or 3-dimensional space.
The algorithm takes time, where is the number of vertices of the output (the convex hull). In the planar case, the algorithm combines an algorithm (Graham scan, for example) with Jarvis march (), in order to obtain an optimal time. Chan's algorithm is notable because it is much simpler than the Kirkpatrick–Seidel algorithm, and it naturally extends to 3-dimensional space. This paradigm has been independently developed by Frank Nielsen in his Ph.D. thesis.
Algorithm
Overview
A single pass of the algorithm requires a parameter which is between 0 and (number of points of our set ). Ideally, but , the number of vertices in the output convex hull, is not known at the start. Multiple passes with increasing values of are done which then terminates when (see below on choosing parameter ).
The algorithm starts by arbitrarily partitioning the set of points into subsets with at most points each; notice that .
For each subset , it computes the convex hull, , using an algorithm (for example, Graham scan), where is the number of points in the subset. As there are subsets of points each, this phase takes time.
During the second phase, Jarvis's march is executed, making use of the precomputed (mini) convex hulls, . At each step in this Jarvis's march algorithm, we have a point |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-city | A proto-city is a large, dense Neolithic settlement that is largely distinguished from a city by its lack of planning and centralized rule. While the precise classification of many sites considered proto-cities is ambiguous and subject to considerable debate, common examples include Jericho, Çatalhöyük and the mega-sites of the Cucuteni-Trypillia culture. Sites of the Ubaid period in Mesopotamia have also been classed as proto-cities. These sites pre-date the Mesopotamian city-states of the Uruk period that mark the development of the first indisputable urban settlements, with the emergence of cities such as Uruk at the end of the Fourth Millennium, B.C.
The emergence of cities from proto-urban settlements is a non-linear development that demonstrates the varied experiences of early urbanization. Whilst the proto-urban sites of the Ubaid period in northern Mesopotamia anticipate the social and political developments of the first Sumerian cities, many proto-cities show little correlation with later urban settlements.
Definition
The label of a proto-city is applied to Neolithic mega-sites that are large and population-dense for their time but lack most other characteristics that are found in later urban settlements such as those of the Mesopotamian city-states in the 4th Millennium B.C. These later urban sites are commonly distinguished by a dense, stratified population alongside a level of organisation that facilitated the building of public works, the redistribution of foo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression%20%28psychology%29 | In psychoanalytic theory, Regression () is a defense mechanism involving the reversion of the ego to an earlier stage of psychosexual development, as a reaction to an overwhelming external problem or internal conflict.
Sigmund Freud invoked the notion of regression in relation to his theory of dreams (1900) and sexual perversions (1905), but the concept itself was first elaborated in his paper "The Disposition to Obsessional Neurosis" (1913). In 1914, he added a paragraph to The Interpretation of Dreams that distinguished three kinds of regression, which he called topographical regression, temporal regression, and formal regression.
Freud, regression, and neurosis
Freud saw inhibited development, fixation, and regression as centrally formative elements in the creation of a neurosis. Arguing that "the libidinal function goes through a lengthy development", he assumed that "a development of this kind involves two dangers – first, of inhibition, and secondly, of regression". Inhibitions produced fixations, and the "stronger the fixations on its path of development, the more readily will the function evade external difficulties by regressing to the fixations".
Neurosis for Freud was thus the product of a flight from an unsatisfactory reality "along the path of involution, of regression, of a return to earlier phases of sexual life, phases from which at one time satisfaction was not withheld. This regression appears to be a twofold one: a temporal one, in so far as the libido, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius%20Marmur | Julius Marmur (March 22, 1926 – May 20, 1996) was an American molecular biologist who made significant contributions to DNA research. His discovery, while working in the laboratory of Paul Doty at Harvard University, that the denaturation of DNA was reversible (DNA hybridization) and depended on salt- and GC-content, had a major impact on how scientists thought about DNA, and how DNA could be handled in vitro. This discovery was a cornerstone of the recombinant DNA revolution.
DNA strand recombination was observed using bacterial DNA; monitoring absorbance-temperature curves, density-gradient ultracentrifugation and by direct inspection using electron microscopy. Further evidence of reversible hybridization was given by experiments measuring the ability of heat-treated DNA to transform bacterial strains.
Marmur was born in Białystok, Poland, grew up in Canada and graduated from McGill University in 1946. He received a master's degree from McGill and a PhD in bacterial physiology from Iowa State University.
Marmur spent most of his professional career at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bronx, New York, affiliated with Yeshiva University. Honoring the memory of Dr. Marmur, the college holds an annual Julius Marmur Symposium acknowledging excellence in graduate student research.
References
Further reading
1926 births
1996 deaths
Harvard University staff
Yeshiva University faculty
American biologists
20th-century biologists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consensus%20theorem | In Boolean algebra, the consensus theorem or rule of consensus is the identity:
The consensus or resolvent of the terms and is . It is the conjunction of all the unique literals of the terms, excluding the literal that appears unnegated in one term and negated in the other. If includes a term which is negated in (or vice versa), the consensus term is false; in other words, there is no consensus term.
The conjunctive dual of this equation is:
Proof
Consensus
The consensus or consensus term of two conjunctive terms of a disjunction is defined when one term contains the literal and the other the literal , an opposition. The consensus is the conjunction of the two terms, omitting both and , and repeated literals. For example, the consensus of and is . The consensus is undefined if there is more than one opposition.
For the conjunctive dual of the rule, the consensus can be derived from and through the resolution inference rule. This shows that the LHS is derivable from the RHS (if A → B then A → AB; replacing A with RHS and B with (y ∨ z) ). The RHS can be derived from the LHS simply through the conjunction elimination inference rule. Since RHS → LHS and LHS → RHS (in propositional calculus), then LHS = RHS (in Boolean algebra).
Applications
In Boolean algebra, repeated consensus is the core of one algorithm for calculating the Blake canonical form of a formula.
In digital logic, including the consensus term in a circuit can eliminate race hazards.
History
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigler%20diet | The Stigler diet is an optimization problem named for George Stigler, a 1982 Nobel laureate in economics, who posed the following problem:
The nutrient RDAs required to be met in Stigler's experiment were calories, protein, calcium, iron, as well as vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, and C. The result was an annual budget allocated to foods such as evaporated milk, cabbage, dried navy beans, and beef liver at a cost of approximately $0.11 a day in 1939 U.S. dollars.
While the name "Stigler Diet" was applied after the experiment by outsiders, according to Stigler, "No one recommends these diets for anyone, let alone everyone." The Stigler diet has been much ridiculed for its lack of variety and palatability; however, his methodology has received praise and is considered to be some of the earliest work in linear programming.
Linear programming problem
The Stigler diet question is a linear programming problem. Lacking any sophisticated method of solving such a problem, Stigler was forced to utilize heuristic methods in order to find a solution. The diet question originally asked in what quantities a male would have to consume 77 different foods in order to fulfill the recommended intake of 9 different nutrients while keeping expenses at a minimum. Through "trial and error, mathematical insight and agility," Stigler was able to eliminate 62 of the foods from the original 77 (these foods were removed because they lacked nutrients in comparison to the remaining 15). From the reduced |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NtrC | NtrC (Nitrogen regulatory protein C) is the name of the protein necessary for the prokaryotic regulation transcription factor sigma N (sigma 54) to form an open complex with RNA polymerase in order to activate glnA transcription. The closed -> open conformational change of the sigma N-RNA polymerase complex around the glutamine synthetase gene promoter requires ATP and involves the formation of a loop between the enhancer and the promoter regions, which may be facilitated by DNA-bending proteins (such as IHF). The NtrC proteins bind at two sites located -160 and -80 upstream from the point of gene transcription.
References
Lecture notes, Molecular Genetics 3 at the University of Edinburgh autumn 2006
Proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%207080 | The IBM 7080 was a variable word length BCD transistor computer in the IBM 700/7000 series commercial architecture line, introduced in August 1961, that provided an upgrade path from the vacuum tube IBM 705 computer.
The 7080 weighed about .
After the introduction of the IBM 7070, in June 1960, as an upgrade path for both the IBM 650 and IBM 705 computers, IBM realized that it was so incompatible with the 705 that few users of that system wanted to upgrade to the 7070. That prompted the development of the 7080, which was fully compatible with all models of the 705 and added many improvements.
IBM 705 compatibility modes
For backward compatibility with the IBM 705 the machine had two switches on the operator's control panel, 705 I-II and 40K memory, that selected the mode the machine started in.
705 I mode — 20,000 characters (705 I-II On, 40K memory Off)
Indirect addressing is disabled
Communication channels are disabled
705 II mode — 40,000 characters (705 I-II On, 40K memory On)
Indirect addressing is disabled
Communication channels are disabled
705 III mode — 40,000 characters (705 I-II Off, 40K memory On)
Indirect addressing is enabled
Communication channels are enabled
705 III mode — 80,000 characters (705 I-II Off, 40K memory Off)
Indirect addressing is enabled
Communication channels are enabled
Software can then command the 7080 to enter full 7080 mode from any 705 startup mode.
7080 mode — 160,000 characters
Indirect addressing is disabled
Communication channels a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%2C6-Xylidine | 2,6-Xylidine is an organic compound with the formula C6H3(CH3)2NH2. It is one of several isomeric xylidines. It is a colorless viscous liquid. Commercially significant derivatives are the anesthetics lidocaine, bupivacaine, mepivacaine, and etidocaine.
Production, occurrence, reactions
Many xylidines are prepared by nitration of a xylene followed by hydrogenation of the nitroaromatic, but this approach is not efficient for this isomer. Instead, it is prepared from by treatment of the related xylenol with ammonia in the presence of oxide catalysts.
2,6-Xylidine is also a major metabolite of the drug xylazine in both horses, and humans.
2,6-Xylidine is the precursor to the NHC ligand called Xyl.
Uses
2,6-Xylidine is a precursor to the fungicide Metalaxyl and the herbicide metazachlor.
References
IARC Group 2B carcinogens
Anilines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%2C5-Xylidine | 2,5-Xylidine is an organic compound with the formula C6H3(CH3)2NH2. It is one of several isomeric xylidines. It is a colorless viscous liquid. Commercially significant derivatives include Solvent Yellow 30, Solvent Red 22, Acid Red 65, and Solvent Red 26.
Production
Like many xylidines, it is prepared by nitration of the corresponding xylene followed by reduction of the nitroxylene. Reduction can be effected with HCl/Fe, but usually is achieved by catalytic hydrogenation:
Me2C6H4 + HNO3 → Me2C6H3NO2 + H2O
Me2C6H3NO2 + 3 H2 → Me2C6H3NH2 + 3H2O
Safety
It is mutagenic and tumor-inducing. Acute toxicity of xylidines is modest as indicated by LD50 (rats, oral) are in the range 0.1-1 g/kg.
References
Anilines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%2C4-Xylidine | 2,4-Xylidine is an organic compound with the formula C6H3(CH3)2NH2. It is one of several isomeric xylidines. It is a colorless viscous liquid. Commercially significant derivatives include the veterinary drug cymiazole and the colorant Pigment Yellow 81.
It is prepared by nitration of m-xylene followed by hydrogenation.
References
Anilines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Mass | Crystal Mass is the fourth album by The Tear Garden, released four years after To Be an Angel Blind, the Crippled Soul Divide. It has the same line-up as the previous release.
This was their last album released on Nettwerk.
Track listing
All tracks by The Tear Garden
"Lament" – 6:28
"The Double Spades Effect" – 5:13
"Desert Island Disc" – 5:23
"Hopeful" – 3:28
"Her Majesty's Trusted Food Taster" – 6:54
"Castaway" – 5:17
"Feathered Friends" – 4:56
"To Mourn the Death of Colour" – 12:39
"Six of One" – 7:26
Personnel
Martijn de Kleer – acoustic guitar, violin, electric guitar
Rachel K. – artwork
Edward Ka-Spel – keyboards, vocals, producer, electronics
cEvin Key – acoustic guitar, percussion, drums, keyboards, producer, electronics, tapes
Remco Polman – image manipulation
Niels Van Hoorn – flute
Bill Van Rooy – hand percussion
Frankie Verschuuren – producer, engineer
Crystal Mass has a tracking error: tracks 4 and 5 ("Hopeful" and "Her Majesty's Trusted Food Taster") are indexed as a single 10:23 track. In addition, the track listing on the album mistakenly titles track 6 as "Her Majesty's Trusted Food Taster" when in fact it is "Castaway".
"To Mourn the Death of Colour" is used as a lyric in The Legendary Pink Dots song "Cheraderama".
References
2000 albums
The Tear Garden albums
Nettwerk Records albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet%20process | In probability theory, Dirichlet processes (after the distribution associated with Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet) are a family of stochastic processes whose realizations are probability distributions. In other words, a Dirichlet process is a probability distribution whose range is itself a set of probability distributions. It is often used in Bayesian inference to describe the prior knowledge about the distribution of random variables—how likely it is that the random variables are distributed according to one or another particular distribution.
As an example, a bag of 100 real-world dice is a random probability mass function (random pmf)—to sample this random pmf you put your hand in the bag and draw out a die, that is, you draw a pmf. A bag of dice manufactured using a crude process 100 years ago will likely have probabilities that deviate wildly from the uniform pmf, whereas a bag of state-of-the-art dice used by Las Vegas casinos may have barely perceptible imperfections. We can model the randomness of pmfs with the Dirichlet distribution.
The Dirichlet process is specified by a base distribution and a positive real number called the concentration parameter (also known as scaling parameter). The base distribution is the expected value of the process, i.e., the Dirichlet process draws distributions "around" the base distribution the way a normal distribution draws real numbers around its mean. However, even if the base distribution is continuous, the distributions draw |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play%20Cell | Play Cell is the debut studio album by the American punk rock band Tilt. The album was released on June 4, 1993 through Lookout Records with the catalog number LK 071. It was the group's last release on Lookout! before the band signed to Fat Wreck Chords two years later. Play Cell also marks the last Tilt recording to feature bassist Pete Rypins, who left the group in 1994 and was replaced by Gabe Meline.
Track listing
Personnel
Cinder Block – lead vocals
Jeffrey Bischoff – guitar, backing vocals
Pete Rypins – bass, backing vocals
Vincent Camacho – drums
Production
Mark Lemaire – production
Kevin Army – engineering
John Golden – mastering
Alicia J. Rose and Cinder Block – cover art
Idon Bryant – photography
Sergie Loobkoff – graphic design
References
External links
Lookout Records album page
1993 debut albums
Tilt (band) albums
Lookout! Records albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obturator%20canal | The obturator canal is a passageway formed in the obturator foramen by part of the obturator membrane and the pelvis. It connects the pelvis to the thigh.
Structure
The obturator canal is formed between the obturator membrane and the pelvis. The obturator artery, obturator vein, and obturator nerve all travel through the canal.
Clinical significance
An obturator hernia is a type of hernia involving an intrusion into the obturator canal.
The obturator nerve can be compressed in the obturator canal.
The obturator canal may be compressed during pregnancy and major traumatic injuries, causing obturator syndrome.
See also
Obturator fascia
References
External links
Pelvis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20S.%20Hassan | Richard S. Hassan is a retired officer of the United States Air Force. He served as director of the Air Force Senior Leader Management Office in Crystal City, Virginia, overseeing career development for senior leaders in the Air Force. He is of Irish background.
Though Hassan was a brigadier general, the Secretary of the Air Force retired him in the lower grade of colonel shortly after he was found to have sexually harassed female subordinates, engaged in unprofessional relationships and created a hostile work environment. The revelations about Hassan surfaced shortly after a similar scandal involving former top Air Force Major General Thomas J. Fiscus and shortly before a scandal involving another high-ranking Air Force officer, Colonel Michael D. Murphy.
References
External links
Air Force Inspector General's report on Hassan
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
United States Air Force generals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectinesterase | Pectinesterase (EC 3.1.1.11; systematic name pectin pectylhydrolase) is a ubiquitous cell-wall-associated enzyme that presents several isoforms that facilitate plant cell wall modification and subsequent breakdown. It catalyzes the following reaction:
pectin + n H2O = n methanol + pectate
It is found in all higher plants as well as in some bacteria and fungi. Pectinesterase functions primarily by altering the localised pH of the cell wall resulting in alterations in cell wall integrity.
Pectinesterase catalyses the de-esterification of pectin into pectate and methanol. Pectin is one of the main components of the plant cell wall. In plants, pectinesterase plays an important role in cell wall metabolism during fruit ripening. In plant bacterial pathogens such as Erwinia carotovora and in fungal pathogens such as Aspergillus niger, pectinesterase is involved in maceration and soft-rotting of plant tissue. Plant pectinesterases are regulated by pectinesterase inhibitors, which are ineffective against microbial enzymes.
Function
Recent studies have shown that the manipulation of pectinesterase expression can influence numerous physiological processes. In plants, pectinesterase plays a role in the modulation of cell wall mechanical stability during fruit ripening, cell wall extension during pollen germination and pollen tube growth, abscission, stem elongation, tuber yield and root development. Pectinesterase has also been shown to play a role in a plants response to pathogen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coble%20creep | Coble creep, a form of diffusion creep, is a mechanism for deformation of crystalline solids. Contrasted with other diffusional creep mechanisms, Coble creep is similar to Nabarro–Herring creep in that it is dominant at lower stress levels and higher temperatures than creep mechanisms utilizing dislocation glide. Coble creep occurs through the diffusion of atoms in a material along grain boundaries. This mechanism is observed in polycrystals or along the surface in a single crystal, which produces a net flow of material and a sliding of the grain boundaries.
Robert L. Coble first reported his theory of how materials creep across grain boundaries and at high temperatures in alumina. Here he famously noticed a different creep mechanism that was more dependent on the size of the grain.
The strain rate in a material experiencing Coble creep is given by
where
is a geometric prefactor
is the applied stress,
is the average grain diameter,
is the grain boundary width,
is the diffusion coefficient in the grain boundary,
is the vacancy formation energy,
is the activation energy for diffusion along the grain boundary
is Boltzmann's constant,
is the temperature in kelvins
is the atomic volume for the material.
Derivation
Coble creep, a diffusive mechanism, is driven by a vacancy (or mass) concentration gradient. The change in vacancy concentration from its equilibrium value is given by
This can be seen by noting that and taking a high temperature expansion |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20jet%20cooling | Steam jet cooling uses a high-pressure jet of steam to cool water or other fluid media. Typical uses include industrial sites, where a suitable steam supply already exists for other purposes or, historically, for air conditioning on passenger trains which use steam for heating. Steam jet cooling experienced a wave of popularity during the early 1930s for air conditioning large buildings. Steam ejector refrigeration cycles were later supplanted by systems using mechanical compressors.
Principle
Steam is passed through a vacuum ejector of high efficiency to exhaust a separate, closed vessel which forms part of a cooling water circuit. The partial vacuum in the vessel causes some of the water to evaporate, thus giving up heat through evaporative cooling. The chilled water is pumped through the circuit to air coolers, while the evaporated water from the ejector is recovered in separate condensers and returned to the cooling circuit.
Usage
The AT&SF railroad (Santa Fe) used this method, which they called "Steam Ejector Air Conditioning", on both heavyweight and lightweight passenger cars, built until the mid-1950s.
See also
Steam generator (railroad)
Steam jet ejector
Injector or Ejector
References
Steam jet refrigeration plant United States patent 4204410
Steam Ejector System The Air Conditioning system preferred by the Santa Fe, By C. M. Drennan, The Brotherhood Railway Carmen of America
Rail technologies
Passenger rail rolling stock
Heating, ventilation, and air conditi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate%20spiral%20galaxy | An intermediate spiral galaxy is a galaxy that is in between the classifications of a barred spiral galaxy and an unbarred spiral galaxy. It is designated as SAB in the galaxy morphological classification system devised by Gerard de Vaucouleurs. Subtypes are labeled as SAB0, SABa, SABb, or SABc, following a sequence analogous to the Hubble sequence for barred and unbarred spirals. The subtype (0, a, b, or c) is based on the relative prominence of the central bulge and how tightly wound the spiral arms are.
Examples
References
Galaxy morphological types |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbarred%20spiral%20galaxy | An unbarred spiral galaxy is a type of spiral galaxy without a central bar, or one that is not a barred spiral galaxy. It is designated with an SA in the galaxy morphological classification scheme.
Barless spiral galaxies are one of three general types of spiral galaxies under the de Vaucouleurs system classification system, the other two being intermediate spiral galaxy and barred spiral galaxy. Under the Hubble tuning fork, it is one of two general types of spiral galaxy, the other being barred spirals.
Grades
Unbarred lenticular galaxy
An unbarred lenticular galaxy is a lenticular version of an unbarred spiral galaxy. They have the Hubble type of SA0.
An example of this is the galaxy, AM 0644-741. For other examples see :Category:Unbarred lenticular galaxies.
References
Galaxy morphological types |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taberna | A taberna (: tabernae) was a type of shop or stall in Ancient Rome. Originally meaning a single-room shop for the sale of goods and services, tabernae were often incorporated into domestic dwellings on the ground level flanking the fauces, the main entrance to a home, but with one side open to the street. As the Roman Empire became more prosperous, tabernae were established within great indoor markets and were often covered by a barrel vault. Each taberna within a market had a window above it to let light into a wooden attic for storage and had a wide doorway. A famous example of such an indoor market is the Markets of Trajan in Rome, built in the early 2nd century by Apollodorus of Damascus.
According to the Cambridge Ancient History, a taberna was a "retail unit" within the Roman Empire and was where many economic activities and many service industries were provided, including the sale of cooked food, wine, and bread.
The plural form tabernae was also used to denote a way-station or hotel on roads between towns where genteel travellers needed to stay in something better than cauponae, and when the official mansio was not open to them. As the Roman Empire grew, so did its tabernae, becoming more luxurious and acquiring good or bad reputations.
Origins and proliferation
Tabernae probably first appeared in ancient Greece, in locations that were important for economic activities around the end of the 5th and 4th centuries BC. Upon the Roman Empire's expansion into the Medit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20wild | An urban wild is a remnant of a natural ecosystem found in the midst of an otherwise highly developed urban area.
Utility
Urban wilds, particularly those of several acres or more, are often intact ecological systems that can provide essential ecosystem functions such as the filtering of urban run-off, the storing and slowing the flow of stormwater, amelioration of the warming effect of urban development, and generally benefiting local air quality.
Typically, urban wilds are home to native vegetation and animal life as well as some introduced species. Urban wilds are vital to species of migratory birds that have nested in a given area since prior to its urbanization.
Preservation
Without formal protection, urban wilds are vulnerable to development. However, achieving formal protection of a large urban wild can be difficult. Land tenure of a single ecological area can be complex, with multiple public and private entities owning adjacent properties.
Key strategies used in the preservation of urban wilds have included conservation restrictions that keep complex land tenure systems in place while protecting the entire landscape. Public/private partnerships have also been successful in protecting urban wilds.
The urban wilds prioritized by municipalities tend to be partial wetlands that perform a range of ecological services while contributing to the biological diversity of the region.
Passive parks
There is some discussion about whether natural areas that are not at an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrous%20capsule | Fibrous capsule may refer to:
Fibrous capsule of Glisson
Fibrous membrane of articular capsule |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium%20sulfate | Strontium sulfate (SrSO4) is the sulfate salt of strontium. It is a white crystalline powder and occurs in nature as the mineral celestine. It is poorly soluble in water to the extent of 1 part in 8,800. It is more soluble in dilute HCl and nitric acid and appreciably soluble in alkali chloride solutions (e.g. sodium chloride).
Structure
Strontium sulfate is a polymeric material, isostructural with barium sulfate. Crystallized strontium sulfate is utilized by a small group of radiolarian protozoa, called the Acantharea, as a main constituent of their skeleton.
Applications and chemistry
Strontium sulfate is of interest as a naturally occurring precursor to other strontium compounds, which are more useful. In industry it is converted to the carbonate for use as ceramic precursor and the nitrate for use in pyrotechnics.
The low aqueous solubility of strontium sulfate can lead to scale formation in processes where these ions meet. For example, it can form on surfaces of equipment in underground oil wells depending on the groundwater conditions.
References
Strontium compounds
Sulfates
Pyrotechnic colorants |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addressin | Mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MADCAM1 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is an endothelial cell adhesion molecule that interacts preferentially with the leukocyte beta7 integrin LPAM-1 (alpha4 / beta7), L-selectin, and VLA-4 (alpha4 / beta1) on myeloid cells to direct leukocytes into mucosal and inflamed tissues. It is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and is similar to ICAM-1 and VCAM-1.
Nomenclature
Addressin is a lesser-used term to describe the group of adhesion molecules that are involved with lymphocyte homing, commonly found at high-endothelial venules (HEVs) where lymphocytes exit the blood and enter the lymph node. Addressins are the ligands to the homing receptors of lymphocytes. The task of these ligands and their receptors is to determine which tissue the lymphocyte will enter next. They carry carbohydrates in order to be recognized by L-selectin. Addressins physically bind to mobile lymphocytes to guide them to the HEVs. Examples of molecules that are often referred to as addressins are CD34 and GlyCAM-1 on HEVs in peripheral lymph nodes, and MAdCAM-1 on endothelial cells in the intestine.
Function
In terms of migration, MAdCAM-1 is selectively expressed on mucosal endothelial cells, driving memory T-cell re-circulation through mucosal tissues. In contrast, and indeed the main difference between the two molecules, ICAM molecules are involved with naïve T-cell re-cir |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ZIP%20Code%20prefixes | Each cell in this table contains a three-digit ZIP code prefix, the state where that ZIP code prefix is located, and the name of the United States Postal Service (USPS) Sectional Center Facility (SCF) that serves that ZIP code prefix, which may be in a different state. Each SCF may serve more than one three-digit ZIP code prefix. Each SCF serves local addresses whose five-digit ZIP codes start with the same set of prefixes.
An asterisk (*) indicates that the listed place name is the "default" place name for all addresses in the prefix, that is, that addresses for all ZIP codes beginning with that three-digit prefix will have that place name in the city portion of the address (example: 23219, 23224, and 23294 will all have "Richmond, Virginia" addresses, even if the mailing address is physically located elsewhere.).
A dagger (†) indicates that the SCF serving this prefix is in a different state.
A double dagger (‡) indicates that the prefix was not part of the original set of ZIP Codes when the system was introduced in 1963.
Starts with 0
Starts with 1
Starts with 2
Starts with 3
Starts with 4
Starts with 5
Starts with 6
Starts with 7
Starts with 8
Starts with 9
See also
List of area codes
List of U.S. state abbreviations
Notes
Originally, the surrounding offices in Puerto Rico overlapped alphabetically. 006 was assigned for A-L, and 007 was assigned for M-Z.
In the original lineup, Brockton city-proper was in its own prefix, 024. On July 1, 1998, Brockt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20amino%20acids | Amino acids are listed by type:
Proteinogenic amino acid
Non-proteinogenic amino acids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn%20gluten%20meal | Corn gluten meal is the principal protein of corn (maize) endosperm consisting mainly of zein and glutelin. It is a byproduct of corn processing that has historically been used as an animal feed. Despite the name, corn gluten does not contain true gluten, which is formed by the interaction of gliadin and glutenin proteins.
Production
Corn gluten meal is one product of wet-milling corn as well as corn starch, germ oil meal, corn gluten feed, and steep liquor. Corn is steeped in water mixed with sulfur dioxide and ground to separate germ from the endosperm to extract oil. The endosperm goes through screenings to separate starch and proteins from the corn fiber or bran. The remaining starch and proteins are centrifuged to separate the starch from the corn gluten meal.
Uses
Herbicide
The use of corn gluten meal as an herbicide was patented in 1991, but, like many food-related substances used for gardening, is not regulated in the US. Corn gluten meal breaks down over time and can act as a fertilizer due to a high nitrogen content, but it should not be applied to areas where it is likely to wash directly into watersheds due to nitrogen runoff.
The effectiveness of corn gluten meal as a preemergent is not conclusive. The added nitrogen can allow turfgrass to outcompete weeds, and the meal can act as mulch to prevent weed emergence, but will not affect emerged weeds.
Animal feed
Corn gluten meal is commonly used as livestock feed containing about 65% crude protein. It can b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Fulham%20F.C.%20records%20and%20statistics | The following article features the records and statistics of Fulham Football Club, based in Fulham, West London.
Player appearances
There are five Fulham players who have been in the club's starting line-up more than 450 times, all of whom have since retired from football:
Johnny Haynes – 658
Eddie Lowe – 511
Les Barrett – 491
Frank Penn – 459
George Cohen – 459
Current
The players with the most appearances across all competitions who are still at the club as of 2 October 2023 are:
Tim Ream – 300
Tom Cairney – 291
Bobby Decordova-Reid – 177
Harrison Reed – 154
Antonee Robinson – 116
Goalscorers
Eight players have scored 100 or more goals for the club:
Gordon Davies – 178
Johnny Haynes – 158
Bedford Jezzard – 154
Jim Hammond – 150
Graham Leggat – 134
Arthur Stevens – 124
Aleksandar Mitrović – 111
Steve Earle – 108
Current
The three most prolific goalscorers currently at the club as of 2 October 2023 are:
Tom Cairney – 43
Bobby Decordova-Reid – 26
Harry Wilson – 14
Transfers
Highest transfer fees paid
Highest transfer fees received
Player of the season
2021–22: Aleksandar Mitrović
2020–21: Alphonse Areola
2019–20: Aleksandar Mitrović
2018–19: Calum Chambers
2017–18: Tim Ream
2016–17: Tom Cairney
2015–16: Ross McCormack
2014–15: Ross McCormack
2013–14: Ashkan Dejagah
2012–13: Dimitar Berbatov
2011–12: Clint Dempsey
2010–11: Clint Dempsey
2009–10: Zoltán Gera
2008–09: Mark Schwarzer
2007–08: Simon Davies
2006–07: Brian McBride
2005–06: Brian McBride
2004–05: Luís Boa Mort |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-wave | In physics, X-waves are localized solutions of the wave equation that travel at a constant velocity in a given direction. X-waves can be sound, electromagnetic, or gravitational waves. They are built as a non-monochromatic superposition of Bessel beams. Ideal X-waves carry infinite energy, but finite-energy realizations have been observed in various frameworks. X-wave pulses can have superluminal phase and group velocity.
In optics, X-waves solution have been reported within a quantum mechanical formulation.
See also
Nonlinear X-wave
Droplet-shaped wave
References
J. Lu and J. F. Greenleaf, "Nondiffracting X waves: exact solutions to free-space scalar wave equation and their infinite realizations", IEEE Trans. Ultrasonic Ferroelectric Frequency. Control 39, 19–31 (1992).
Erasmo Recami and Michel Zamboni-Rached and Hugo E. Hernandez-Figueroa, "Localized waves: A scientific and historical introduction" arxiv.org 0708.1655v2.
Various authors in the book Localized Waves edited by Erasmo Recami, Michel Zamboni-Rached and Hugo E. Hernandez-Figueroa
External links
The Virtual Institute for Nonlinear Optics (VINO), a research collaboration devoted to the investigation of X-waves and conical waves in general
Nolinear X-waves page at the nlo.phys.uniroma1.it website.
Wave mechanics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like%20growth%20factor-binding%20protein | The insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP) serves as a transport protein for insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).
Function
Approximately 98% of IGF-1 is always bound to one of six binding proteins (IGF-BP). IGFBP-3, the most abundant protein, accounts for 80% of all IGF binding. IGF-1 binds to IGFBP-3 in a 1:1 molar ratio. IGF-BP also binds to IGF-1 inside the liver, allowing growth hormone to continuously act upon the liver to produce more IGF-1.
IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) are proteins of 24 to 45 kDa. All six IGFBPs share 50% homology with each other and have binding affinities for IGF-I and IGF-II at the same order of magnitude as the ligands have for the IGF-IR.
The IGFBPs help to lengthen the half-life of circulating IGFs in all tissues, including the prostate. Individual IGFBPs may act to enhance or attenuate IGF signaling depending on their physiological context (i.e. cell type). Even with these similarities, some characteristics are different: chromosomal location, heparin binding domains, RGD recognition site, preference for binding IGF-I or IGF-II, and glycosylation and phosphorylation differences. These structural differences can have a tremendous impact on how the IGFBPs interact with cellular basement membranes.
Family members
In humans, IGFBPs are transcribed from the following seven genes:
IGFBP1
IGFBP2
IGFBP3
IGFBP4
IGFBP5
IGFBP6
IGFBP7
See also
Insulin-like growth factor receptor
References
External links
Protein domains |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathCast | MathCast is a graphical mathematics equation editor. With this computer application, a user can create equations in mathematical notation and use them in documents or web pages. Equations can be rendered into pictures or transformed into MathML.
MathCast features a Rapid Mathline, Equation List Management, and XHTML authoring.
MathCast is a free software application distributed under the GNU General Public License.
External links
MathCast home page
Sourceforge project page
Formula editors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20738 | The IBM 738 was IBM's first core memory unit to use transistorized sense amplifier circuits. Designed in 1955 for the IBM 704, it used vacuum tubes for all other circuits, and provided a capacity of 32768 - 36-bit words. It was also used in the later IBM 709.
References
External links
A 32,000-Word Magnetic-Core Memory by E. D. Foss, R. S. Partridge
Memory 0738
738 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Jerrard | George Birch Jerrard (25 November 1804 – 23 November 1863) was a British mathematician.
He studied at Trinity College, Dublin from 1821 to 1827. His main work was on the theory of equations, where he was reluctant to accept the validity of the work of Niels Henrik Abel on the insolubility of the quintic equation by radicals. He found a way of using Tschirnhaus transformations to eliminate three of the terms in an equation, which generalised work of Erland Bring (1736–1798), and is now called Bring–Jerrard normal form.
Works
An essay on the resolution of equations, part 1, London 1858, (online).
References
External links
English mathematicians
1804 births
1863 deaths
Algebraists
19th-century British mathematicians
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjitram%20Suvarna%20Chandrak | Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak, also known as the Ranjitram Gold Medal, was founded by Gujarat Sahitya Sabha and is considered the highest literary award in Gujarati literature. The award is named after renowned Gujarati writer Ranjitram Mehta. It is awarded since 1928.
Recipients
List of recipients:
1928 Jhaverchand Meghani
1929 Gijubhai Badheka
1930 Ravishankar Raval
1931 Vijayray Vaidya
1932 Ramanlal Desai
1933 Ratnamanirao Jote
1934 Tribhuvandas Luhar 'Sundram'
1935 Vishwanath Bhatt
1936 Chandravadan Mehta
1937 Chunilal Shah
1938 Kanu Desai
1939 Umashankar Joshi
1940 Dhansukhlal Mehta
1941 Jyotindra Dave
1942 Rasiklal Parikh
1943 Omkarnath Thakur
1944 Vishnuprasad Trivedi
1945 Gunvantrai Acharya
1946 Dolarrai Mankad
1947 Harinarayan Aacharya
1948 Bachubhai Ravat
1949 Somalal Shah
1950 Pannalal Patel
1951 Jaishankar Bhojak 'Sundari'
1952 Keshavram Kashiram Shastri
1953 Bhogilal Sandesara
1954 Chandulal Patel
1955 Anantrai Raval
1956 Rajendra Shah
1957 Chunilal Madia
1958 Krishnalal Shridharani
1959 Jayanti Dalal
1960 Hariprasad Shastri
1961 Ishwar Petlikar
1962 Ramsinhji Rathod
1963 Harivallabh Bhayani
1964 Manubhai Pancholi
1965 Bapalal Vaidya
1966 Hasmukh Sankaliya
1967 Jhinabhai Desai 'Snehrashmi'
1968 Manjulal Majmudar
1969 Niranjan Bhagat
1970 Shivkumar Joshi
1971 Suresh Joshi
1972 Natvarlal Pandya 'Ushnas'
1973 Prabodh Pandit
1974 Hiraben Pathak
1975 Raghuveer Chaudhari
1976 Jayant Pathak
1977 Jashwant Thaker
1978 Fat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20priority%20scheduling | Dynamic priority scheduling is a type of scheduling algorithm in which the priorities are calculated during the execution of the system. The goal of dynamic priority scheduling is to adapt to dynamically changing progress and to form an optimal configuration in a self-sustained manner. It can be very hard to produce well-defined policies to achieve the goal depending on the difficulty of a given problem.
Earliest deadline first scheduling and Least slack time scheduling are examples of Dynamic priority scheduling algorithms.
Optimal Schedulable Utilization
The idea of real-time scheduling is to confine processor utilization under schedulable utilization of a certain scheduling algorithm, which is scaled from 0 to 1. Higher schedulable utilization means higher utilization of resource and the better the algorithm. In preemptible scheduling, dynamic priority scheduling such as earliest deadline first (EDF) provides the optimal schedulable utilization of 1 in contrast to less than 0.69 with fixed priority scheduling such as rate-monotonic (RM).
In periodic real-time task model, a task's processor utilization is defined as execution time over period. Every set of periodic tasks with total processor utilization less or equal to the schedulable utilization of an algorithm can be feasibly scheduled by that algorithm. Unlike fixed priority, dynamic priority scheduling could dynamically prioritize task deadlines achieving optimal schedulable utilization in the preemptible case.
See |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propionyl-CoA | Propionyl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative of propionic acid. It is composed of a 24 total carbon chain (without the coenzyme, it is a 3 carbon structure) and its production and metabolic fate depend on which organism it is present in. Several different pathways can lead to its production, such as through the catabolism of specific amino acids or the oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids. It later can be broken down by propionyl-CoA carboxylase or through the methylcitrate cycle. In different organisms, however, propionyl-CoA can be sequestered into controlled regions, to alleviate its potential toxicity through accumulation. Genetic deficiencies regarding the production and breakdown of propionyl-CoA also have great clinical and human significance.
Production
There are several different pathways through which propionyl-CoA can be produced:
Propionyl-CoA, a three-carbon structure, is considered to be a minor species of propionic acid. Therefore, odd-number chains of fatty acids are oxidized to yield both propionyl-CoA as well as acetyl-CoA. Propionyl-CoA is later converted into succinyl-CoA through biotin-dependant propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC) and b12-dependant methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM), sequentially.
Propionyl-CoA is not only produced from the oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids, but also by the oxidation of amino acids including methionine, valine, isoleucine, and threonine. Furthermore, catabolism of amino acids can also be a result of the conversion of propionyl-Co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas%20in%20My%20Heart%20%28Sarah%20Connor%20album%29 | Christmas in My Heart is the first Christmas album and the fifth studio album by German recording artist Sarah Connor. Released by X-Cell Records on , the album features cover versions of popular Christmas tunes and original material. Connor worked with frequent collaborators Rob Tyger and Kay Denar on the album.
Chart performance
Christmas in My Heart peaked at number six on the Austrian, German, and Swiss Albums Chart.
In 2006 after a baby break Sarah decided to reissue "Christmas in my heart" with a new lead single "Best side of life". "The Best side of life" was featured in Coca-Cola's German Christmas promotional campaign. The single reached #4 on the German charts. The reissue didn't fare as well, however, debuting at #49 on the German charts, peaking at #25. On the same date Sarah also released a concert DVD of her performing the Christmas tunes under the same name as the album.
Track listing
All songs produced by Rob Tyger and Kay D.
Notes
"Be Thankful" is an English language interpretation of "Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her".
"Sweet Is the Song" is an English language interpretation of "Süßer die Glocken nie klingen".
"Why Does It Rain" is an English language interpretation of "Schneeflöckchen, Weißröckchen".
"Tonight's the Night" is an English language interpretation of "O du fröhliche".
"A New Kingdom" is an English language interpretation of "Leise rieselt der Schnee".
"Come Together" is an English language interpretation of "Morgen, Kinder wird's was g |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20phosphatase%202A | Protein phosphatase 2A may refer to:
Protein phosphatase 2, an enzyme
(myosin-light-chain) phosphatase, an enzyme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Diamond | Fred Irvin Diamond (born November 19, 1964) is a mathematician, known for his role in proving the modularity theorem for elliptic curves. His research interest is in modular forms and Galois representations.
Life
Diamond received his B.A. from the University of Michigan in 1984, and received his Ph.D. in mathematics from Princeton University in 1988 as a doctoral student of Andrew Wiles. He has held positions at Brandeis University and Rutgers University, and is currently a professor at King's College London.
Diamond is the author of several research papers, and is also a coauthor along with Jerry Shurman of A First Course in Modular Forms, in the Graduate Texts in Mathematics series published by Springer-Verlag.
References
External links
Fred Diamond's website
1964 births
Living people
Number theorists
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Princeton University alumni
University of Michigan alumni
Ohio State University faculty
Brandeis University faculty
Academics of King's College London
Place of birth missing (living people)
Nationality missing
Fermat's Last Theorem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IL-15 | IL-15 can refer to:
Interleukin 15, a protein important in immunology
Illinois's 15th congressional district
Illinois Route 15 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IL-20 | IL-20 or IL 20 may refer to:
Interleukin 20, a protein in humans
Illinois's 20th congressional district, an obsolete district
Illinois Route 20
Ilyushin Il-20 (1948), a prototype Soviet ground attack aircraft
Ilyushin Il-20M, a military variant of the Soviet-era Il-18 turboprop aircraft |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IL-23 | IL-23 or IL 23 can refer to:
Interleukin 23, a protein
Illinois's 23rd congressional district, an obsolete district
Illinois Route 23 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20H.%20Sato | Gordon Hisashi Sato (17 December 1927 – 31 March 2017) was an American cell biologist who first attained prominence for his discovery that polypeptide factors required for the culture of mammalian cells outside the body are also important regulators of differentiated cell functions and of utility in culture of new types of cells for use in research and biotechnology. For this work he was elected in 1984 to the United States National Academy of Sciences. In the mid-1980s he established the Manzanar Project aimed at attacking the planet's most critical problems as poverty, hunger, environmental pollution, and global warming through low tech biotechnological methods in salt water deserts that can be transferred to the indigenous inhabitants.
Early life
Sato was the son of an Issei (Japanese-born immigrant) father and a first generation American born Nisei mother in Los Angeles, California. His fisherman and gardener father taught him the basic concepts of how to cultivate and appreciate living things both on land and water. He was raised on Terminal Island, East San Pedro, where a substantial Japanese American community had developed prior to World War II. Since the area was the home of the Pacific fleet, the Japanese community was forced to relocate after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. After first moving into Los Angeles, in 1942 his family was forced to move to the Manzanar relocation camp for internment of Japanese Americans in the Owens Desert of California. He attended Manz |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor%20%28TNT%20album%29 | Transistor is the seventh studio album by the Norwegian hard rock band TNT. While it kept the alternative feel of Firefly, it was more successful than Firefly, with the song "Just Like God" receiving some radioplay at US College radio stations.
Track listing
"Just Like God" is not included on the Japanese edition.
Personnel
Band
Tony Harnell – vocals
Ronni Le Tekrø – guitars, backing vocals on "Free Again"
Morty Black – bass guitar, backing vocals on "Free Again"
Associated members
Dag Stokke – keyboards
Frode Lamøy – drums, percussion
Additional personnel
Embee Normann – background vocals on "Under My Pillow"
Eli Kristin Hagen – background vocals on "Into Pieces"
Album credits
Ken Ingwersen – producer, mixing
Dag Stokke – engineer
Tina Norris - cover model
Fan and media reception
The album was met with mixed reviews amongst fans and reviewers alike. It was given max score in Oppland Arbeiderblad while bigger tabloid newspapers in Norway give it a 4 out of 6. The fanbase was, like Firefly, almost split in half while one group did not like this new experimental side of TNT while the other group approached with open arms. Morty Black stated in an interview that Transistor was the natural progression from Firefly. The album is still controversial today but keeps growing on the fanbase and is now accepted as an important part of TNT history. Tony Harnell's solid effort on Transistor is widely known to be one of the strongest vocal performances he did for TNT.
Reference |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation%20derivative | In finance, inflation derivative (or inflation-indexed derivatives) refers to an over-the-counter and exchange-traded derivative that is used to transfer inflation risk from one counterparty to another. See Exotic derivatives.
Derivative
Typically, real rate swaps also come under this bracket, such as asset swaps of inflation-indexed bonds (government-issued inflation-indexed bonds, such as the Treasury Inflation Protected Securities, UK inflation-linked gilt-edged securities (ILGs), French OATeis, Italian BTPeis, German Bundeis and Japanese JGBis are prominent examples). Inflation swaps are the linear form of these derivatives. They can take a similar form to fixed versus floating interest rate swaps (which are the derivative form for fixed rate bonds), but use a real rate coupon versus floating, but also pay a redemption pickup at maturity (i.e., the derivative form of inflation-indexed bonds).
Inflation swaps are typically priced on a zero-coupon basis (ZC) (like ZCIIS for example), with payment exchanged at the end of the term. One party pays the compounded fixed rate and the other the actual inflation rate for the term. Inflation swaps can also be paid on a year-on-year basis (YOY) (like YYIIS for example) where the year-on-year rate of change of the price index is paid, typically yearly as in the case of most European YOY swaps, but also monthly for many swapped notes in the US market. Even though the coupons are paid monthly, the inflation rate used is still the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%20I%20cytokine%20receptor | Type I cytokine receptors are transmembrane receptors expressed on the surface of cells that recognize and respond to cytokines with four α-helical strands. These receptors are also known under the name hemopoietin receptors, and share a common amino acid motif (WSXWS) in the extracellular portion adjacent to the cell membrane. Members of the type I cytokine receptor family comprise different chains, some of which are involved in ligand/cytokine interaction and others that are involved in signal transduction.
The common cytokine-binding domain is related to the Fibronectin type III domain.
Signal transduction chains
The signal transducing chains are often shared between different receptors within this receptor family.
The IL-2 receptor common gamma chain (also known as CD132) is shared between:
IL-2 receptor
IL-4 receptor
IL-7 receptor
IL-9 receptor
IL-13 receptor
IL-15 receptor
IL-21 receptor
The common beta chain (CD131 or CDw131) is shared between the following type I cytokine receptors:
GM-CSF receptor
IL-3 receptor
IL-5 receptor.
The gp130 receptor (Glycoprotein 130) (also known as gp130, IL6ST, IL6-beta or CD130) is shared between:
IL-6 receptor
IL-11 receptor
IL-12 receptor
IL-27 receptor
Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor
Oncostatin M receptor
Examples
Type I cytokine receptors include interleukin receptors, colony stimulating factor receptors and other cytokine receptors
Interleukin receptors
Interleukin-1 receptor
Interleukin-2 recept |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide%20binding%20protein | Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LBP gene.
LBP is a soluble acute-phase protein that binds to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (or LPS) to elicit immune responses by presenting the LPS to important cell surface pattern recognition receptors called CD14 and TLR4.
The protein encoded by this gene is involved in the acute-phase immunologic response to gram-negative bacterial infections. Gram-negative bacteria contain a glycolipid, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), on their outer cell wall. Together with bactericidal permeability-increasing protein (BPI), the encoded protein binds LPS and interacts with the CD14 receptor, probably playing a role in regulating LPS-dependent monocyte responses. Studies in mice suggest that the encoded protein is necessary for the rapid acute-phase response to LPS but not for the clearance of LPS from circulation. This protein is part of a family of structurally and functionally related proteins, including BPI, plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP). Finally, this gene is found on chromosome 20, immediately downstream of the BPI gene.
Clinical significance
LPS exposure induces LBP production. LBP is synthesized by the liver, adipose tissue, and intestinal cells. Dietary glucose and saturated fats acutely increase plasma LBP.
The proinflammatory activity of plasma LPS is increased by LBP, which is higher in obesity.
Plasma LBP is used as a better biomar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leszczawa%20G%C3%B3rna | Leszczawa Górna is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bircza, within Przemyśl County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Bircza, south-west of Przemyśl, and south-east of the regional capital Rzeszów.
References
Villages in Przemyśl County |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81odzinka%20G%C3%B3rna | Łodzinka Górna is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bircza, within Przemyśl County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately east of Bircza, south-west of Przemyśl, and south-east of the regional capital Rzeszów.
References
Villages in Przemyśl County |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor%20%28disambiguation%29 | A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power.
Transistor may also refer to:
Music
Transistor (311 album), 1997
"Transistor" (song), the title track by the band 311 from the album Transistor
Transistor (TNT album)
"Transistor," a song by Kraftwerk from the 1975 album Radio-Activity
Twisted Transistor, a song written and recorded by the American band Korn
Transister, band
Other uses
Transistor (video game), a 2014 video game by Supergiant Games
See also
Transistor radio, a small portable radio receiver using transistor-based circuitry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive%20spectrum | The obsessive–compulsive spectrum is a model of medical classification where various psychiatric, neurological and/or medical conditions are described as existing on a spectrum of conditions related to obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). "The disorders are thought to lie on a spectrum from impulsive to compulsive where impulsivity is said to persist due to deficits in the ability to inhibit repetitive behavior with known negative consequences, while compulsivity persists as a consequence of deficits in recognizing completion of tasks." OCD is a mental disorder characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions. An obsession is defined as "a recurring thought, image, or urge that the individual cannot control". Compulsion can be described as a "ritualistic behavior that the person feels compelled to perform". The model suggests that many conditions overlap with OCD in symptomatic profile, demographics, family history, neurobiology, comorbidity, clinical course and response to various pharmacotherapies. Conditions described as being on the spectrum are sometimes referred to as obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorders.
Conditions
The following conditions have been hypothesized by various researchers as existing on the spectrum.
However, recently there is a growing support for proposals to narrow down this spectrum to only include body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis, tic disorders, and body focused repetitive behaviors.
Body dysmorphic disorder
Body dysmorphic disorder is d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential%20model | The sequential model (also known as the KNF model) is a theory that describes cooperativity of protein subunits. It postulates that a protein's conformation changes with each binding of a ligand, thus sequentially changing its affinity for the ligand at neighboring binding sites. It gives one explanation for cooperative binding.
Overview
This model for allosteric regulation of enzymes suggests that the subunits of multimeric proteins have two conformational states. The binding of the ligand causes conformational change in the other subunits of the multimeric protein. Although the subunits go through conformational changes independently (as opposed to in the MWC model), the switch of one subunit makes the other subunits more likely to change, by reducing the energy needed for subsequent subunits to undergo the same conformational change. In elaboration, the binding of a ligand to one subunit changes the protein's shape, thereby making it more thermodynamically favorable for the other subunits to switch conformation to the high affinity state. Ligand binding may also result in negative cooperativity, or a reduced affinity for the ligand at the next binding site, a feature that makes the KNF model distinct from the MWC model, which suggests only positive cooperativity. It is named KNF after Koshland, Némethy and Filmer, who first suggested the model.
History
A multimeric protein's affinity for a ligand changes upon binding to a ligand, a process known as cooperativity. This p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9%20Thomas%20%28biologist%29 | René Thomas (14 May 1928 (Ixelles) - 9 January 2017 (Rixensart) was a Belgian scientist. His research included DNA biochemistry and biophysics, genetics, mathematical biology, and finally dynamical systems. He devoted his life to the deciphering of key logical principles at the basis of the behaviour of biological systems, and more generally to the generation of complex dynamical behaviour. He was professor and laboratory head at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, and taught and inspired several generations of researchers.
Biography
René Thomas was born on 14 May 1928, in Brussels, Belgium. His parents were the poet Lucien-Paul Thomas and Marieke Vandenbergh. He was the youngest of three siblings further including Anny and André Thomas. René Thomas was the father of three children: Isabelle, Pierre and Anne. He spent his childhood in La Hulpe, Belgium. Very young, he was already fascinated by biology and published his first scientific article at the age of 13 years old. He continued his studies at the Royal Athenaeum of Ixelles (Brussels), and at the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), where he studied chemistry.
At ULB, Thomas attended lectures by Jean Brachet, who pioneered the field of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and their role in heredity and protein synthesis. Under Brachet's supervision, Thomas prepared and defended a PhD thesis on the denaturation of DNA in 1952.
After two years of postdoctoral training in the laboratories of Harriet Ephrussi (Paris, France, 1953– |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopolistic%20competition%20in%20international%20trade | Monopolistic competition models are used under the rubric of imperfect competition in International Economics. This model is a derivative of the monopolistic competition model that is part of basic economics. Here it is tailored to international trade.
Setting up the model
Monopolies are not often found in practice. The more usual market format is oligopoly: several firms, each of which are large enough so that a change in their price will affect the price of the other firms, except for firms with monopolies. When looking at oligopolies the problem of interdependence arises. Interdependence means that the firms will, when setting their prices, consider the effect this price will have on the actions of both consumers and competitors. For their part, the competitors will consider their expectations of the firm's response to any action they may take in return. Thus, there is a complex game with each side "trying to second guess each others' strategies." The Monopolistic Competition model is used because its simplicity allows the examination of one type of oligopoly while avoiding the issue of interdependence.
Benefits of the model
The appeal of this model is not its closeness to the real world but its simplicity. What this model accomplishes most is that it shows us the benefits to trade presented by economies of scale.
Assumptions of the model
1. Each firm is presumed to be able differentiate its product from that of its rivals. Cars are a good example here; they are very di |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girvan%E2%80%93Newman%20algorithm | The Girvan–Newman algorithm (named after Michelle Girvan and Mark Newman) is a hierarchical method used to detect communities in complex systems.
Edge betweenness and community structure
The Girvan–Newman algorithm detects communities by progressively removing edges from the original network. The connected components of the remaining network are the communities. Instead of trying to construct a measure that tells us which edges are the most central to communities, the Girvan–Newman algorithm focuses on edges that are most likely "between" communities.
Vertex betweenness is an indicator of highly central nodes in networks. For any node , vertex betweenness is defined as the fraction of shortest paths between pairs of nodes that run through it. It is relevant to models where the network modulates transfer of goods between known start and end points, under the assumption that such transfer seeks the shortest available route.
The Girvan–Newman algorithm extends this definition to the case of edges, defining the "edge betweenness" of an edge as the number of shortest paths between pairs of nodes that run along it. If there is more than one shortest path between a pair of nodes, each path is assigned equal weight such that the total weight of all of the paths is equal to unity. If a network contains communities or groups that are only loosely connected by a few inter-group edges, then all shortest paths between different communities must go along one of these few edges. Thus, t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUPT-CA | WUPT-CA (analog channel 25) was a low-power, Class A television station licensed to Crystal Falls, Michigan, United States, which served the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan as an affiliate of UPN. The station was owned by Western Upper Peninsula Television.
WUPT-CA also had a translator in Republic with the callsign WUPT-LP, broadcasting on analog channel 43.
History
The station was founded on January 18, 1980, and began broadcasting on December 10 of that same year. It granted Class A status on March 8, 2001, and moved to channel 25 in October of that year. The station became a UPN affiliate when the network launched on January 16, 1995. The station removed UPN programming in January 2000, while carrying the Outdoor Channel until March 1 when it switched to AIN. UPN programming returned to the station in January 2001, while later switching to America One in September of that year.
When WUPT moved its UPN affiliation to Fox affiliate WMQF (as a secondary affiliation) on May 9, 2003, it switched to UATV and signed off in July. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) canceled the station's license on October 27, 2003.
External links
Screengrabs from the late WUPT
Michiguide: WUPT
UPT-CA
Defunct television stations in the United States
UPT-CA
Television channels and stations established in 1980
1980 establishments in Michigan
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2003
2003 disestablishments in Michigan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupted%20gene | An interrupted gene (also called a split gene) is a gene that contains expressed regions of DNA called exons, split with unexpressed regions called introns (also called intervening regions). Exons provide instructions for coding proteins, which create mRNA necessary for the synthesis of proteins. Introns are removed by recognition of the donor site (5' end) and the splice acceptor site (3' end). The architecture of the interrupted gene allows for the process of alternative splicing, where various mRNA products can be produced from a single gene. The function of introns are still not fully understood and are called noncoding or junk DNA.
Discovery
Interrupted genes were independently discovered by Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A. Sharp in 1977, for which they shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Their discovery implied the existence of then-unknown machinery for splicing out introns and assembling genes; namely, the spliceosome. Unlike prokaryotic genomes, eukaryotic genomes were largely complex and inconsistent. It was soon accepted that 94% of human genes are interrupted, and 50% of hereditary diseases are involved in splicing intron errors out of interrupted genes. The best known example of a disease caused by a splicing error is Beta-thalassemia, in which extra intronic material is erroneously spliced into the gene for making hemoglobin.
Prokaryotes
Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryotes have a less complex genome. The structure of prokaryotic genomes contai |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%20II%20cytokine%20receptor | Type II cytokine receptors, also commonly known as class II cytokine receptors, are transmembrane proteins that are expressed on the surface of certain cells. They bind and respond to a select group of cytokines including interferon type I, interferon type II, interferon type III. and members of the interleukin-10 family These receptors are characterized by the lack of a WSXWS motif which differentiates them from type I cytokine receptors.
Structure
Typically type II cytokine receptors are heterodimers or multimers with a high and a low affinity component. These receptors are related predominantly by sequence similarities in their extracellular portions that are composed of tandem Ig-like domains. The structures for the extracellular domains of the receptors for interferon types, I, II, and III are all known.
Type II cytokine receptors are tyrosine-kinase-linked receptors. The intracellular domain of type II cytokine receptors is typically associated with a tyrosine kinase belonging to the Janus kinase (JAK family). Binding of the receptor typically leads to activation of the canonical JAK/STAT signaling pathway.
Types
Type II cytokine receptors include those that bind interferons and those that bind members of the interleukin-10 family (interleukin-10, interleukin-20, interleukin-22, and interleukin-28). Expression of specific receptor varieties is highly variable across tissue types with some receptors being ubiquitously expressed and some receptors only expressed in s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna%20Anderson | Edna Viola Anderson (née Falkner; 9 November 1922 – 7 July 2019) was a Canadian politician who served as a Member of the House of Commons of Canada from 1988 to 1993.
The career businesswoman was elected in the 1988 federal election at the Simcoe Centre electoral district for the Progressive Conservative party. She served in the 34th Canadian Parliament. She did not seek another term in Parliament and ended her federal political career as of the 1993 federal election. Anderson died on 7 July 2019 at the age of 96.
She was the granddaughter of James Dew Chaplin.
References
1922 births
2019 deaths
Businesspeople from St. Catharines
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Politicians from St. Catharines
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Women members of the House of Commons of Canada
Women in Ontario politics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20home%20sales | New home sales is an economic indicator which records sales of newly constructed residences in the United States of America.
The United States Census Bureau publishes new home sales statistics monthly on their website. Statistics are reported as unadjusted monthly rates and seasonally adjusted annual rates.
Economic significance
Because new home sales trigger consumption, they have significant market impact upon release. New home sales also serve as a good indicator of economic turning points due to its consumer income sensitivity. Generally, when economic conditions slow down, new home sales serves as an early indicator of such a depression.
Limitations
Several cautions apply when interpreting new home sales statistics:
Statistics exclude any new houses that were not built for immediate sale. For example, in the situation where a purchaser commissions a builder to build a house on a lot that the purchaser already owns, this housing unit would not be included in the statistics. Other construction statistics, such as Permits, starts and completions, do include virtually all new residential construction.
Sales are reported as of the month that a customer signs a sales contract or the builder accepts a deposit. The house can be in any stage of construction.
Sales are not reduced to account for sales contracts which are subsequently cancelled by the customer or the builder. However, in those situations where a cancellation occurs, the house is not re-counted upon a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20model | In applied probability theory, the Simon model is a class of stochastic models that results in a power-law distribution function. It was proposed by Herbert A. Simon to account for the wide range of empirical distributions following a power-law. It models the dynamics of a system of elements with associated counters (e.g., words and their frequencies in texts, or nodes in a network and their connectivity ). In this model the dynamics of the system is based on constant growth via addition of new elements (new instances of words) as well as incrementing the counters (new occurrences of a word) at a rate proportional to their current values.
Description
To model this type of network growth as described above, Bornholdt and Ebel considered a network with nodes, and each node with connectivities , . These nodes
form classes of nodes with identical connectivity .
Repeat the following steps:
(i) With probability add a new node and attach a link to it from an arbitrarily chosen node.
(ii) With probability add one link from an arbitrary node to a node of class chosen with a probability proportional to .
For this stochastic process, Simon found a stationary solution exhibiting power-law scaling, , with exponent
Properties
(i) Barabási-Albert (BA) model can be mapped to the subclass of Simon's model, when using the simpler probability for a node being
connected to another node with connectivity (same as the preferential attachment at BA model). In other words, the Sim |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean%20absolute%20error | In statistics, mean absolute error (MAE) is a measure of errors between paired observations expressing the same phenomenon. Examples of Y versus X include comparisons of predicted versus observed, subsequent time versus initial time, and one technique of measurement versus an alternative technique of measurement. MAE is calculated as the sum of absolute errors divided by the sample size:It is thus an arithmetic average of the absolute errors , where is the prediction and the true value. Alternative formulations may include relative frequencies as weight factors. The mean absolute error uses the same scale as the data being measured. This is known as a scale-dependent accuracy measure and therefore cannot be used to make comparisons between predicted values that use different scales. The mean absolute error is a common measure of forecast error in time series analysis, sometimes used in confusion with the more standard definition of mean absolute deviation. The same confusion exists more generally.
Quantity disagreement and allocation disagreement
In remote sensing the MAE is sometimes expressed as the sum of two components: quantity disagreement and allocation disagreement. Quantity disagreement is the absolute value of the mean error:Allocation disagreement is MAE minus quantity disagreement.
It is also possible to identify the types of difference by looking at an plot. Quantity difference exists when the average of the X values does not equal the average of the Y valu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoprotein%20130 | Glycoprotein 130 (also known as gp130, IL6ST, IL6R-beta or CD130) is a transmembrane protein which is the founding member of the class of tall cytokine receptors. It forms one subunit of the type I cytokine receptor within the IL-6 receptor family. It is often referred to as the common gp130 subunit, and is important for signal transduction following cytokine engagement. As with other type I cytokine receptors, gp130 possesses a WSXWS amino acid motif that ensures correct protein folding and ligand binding. It interacts with Janus kinases to elicit an intracellular signal following receptor interaction with its ligand. Structurally, gp130 is composed of five fibronectin type-III domains and one immunoglobulin-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain in its extracellular portion.
Characteristics
The members of the IL-6 receptor family all complex with gp130 for signal transduction. For example, IL-6 binds to the IL-6 Receptor. The complex of these two proteins then associates with gp130. This complex of 3 proteins then homodimerizes to form a hexameric complex which can produce downstream signals. There are many other proteins which associate with gp130, such as cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), oncostatin M (OSM), and IL-11. There are also several other proteins which have structural similarity to gp130 and contain the WSXWS motif and preserved cysteine residues. Members of this group include LIF-R, OSM-R, and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoyl-CoA%20hydratase | Enoyl-CoA hydratase (ECH) or crotonase is an enzyme that hydrates the double bond between the second and third carbons on 2-trans/cis-enoyl-CoA:
ECH is essential to metabolizing fatty acids in beta oxidation to produce both acetyl CoA and energy in the form of ATP.
ECH of rats is a hexameric protein (this trait is not universal, but human enzyme is also hexameric), which leads to the efficiency of this enzyme as it has 6 active sites. This enzyme has been discovered to be highly efficient, and allows people to metabolize fatty acids into energy very quickly. In fact this enzyme is so efficient that the rate for short chain fatty acids is equivalent to that of diffusion-controlled reactions.
Metabolism
Fatty acid metabolism
ECH catalyzes the second step (hydratation) in the breakdown of fatty acids (β-oxidation). Fatty acid metabolism is how human bodies turn fats into energy. Fats in foods are generally in the form of triglycerols. These must be broken down in order for the fats to pass into human bodies. When that happens, three fatty acids are released.
Leucine metabolism
Mechanism
ECH is used in β-oxidation to add a hydroxyl group and a proton to the unsaturated β-carbon on a fatty-acyl CoA. ECH functions by providing two glutamate residues as catalytic acid and base. The two amino acids hold a water molecule in place, allowing it to attack in a syn addition to an α-β unsaturated acyl-CoA at the β-carbon. The α-carbon then grabs another proton, which completes the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20fluid%20mechanics%20journals | This is a list of scientific journals related to the field of fluid mechanics.
See also
List of scientific journals
List of physics journals
List of materials science journals
Fluid mechanics
Fluid mechanics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving%20shock | In fluid dynamics, a moving shock is a shock wave that is travelling through a fluid (often gaseous) medium with a velocity relative to the velocity of the fluid already making up the medium. As such, the normal shock relations require modification to calculate the properties before and after the moving shock. A knowledge of moving shocks is important for studying the phenomena surrounding detonation, among other applications.
Theory
To derive the theoretical equations for a moving shock, one may start by denoting the region in front of the shock as subscript 1, with the subscript 2 defining the region behind the shock. This is shown in the figure, with the shock wave propagating to the right.
The velocity of the gas is denoted by u, pressure by p, and the local speed of sound by a.
The speed of the shock wave relative to the gas is W, making the total velocity equal to u1 + W.
Next, suppose a reference frame is then fixed to the shock so it appears stationary as the gas in regions 1 and 2 move with a velocity relative to it. Redefining region 1 as x and region 2 as y leads to the following shock-relative velocities:
With these shock-relative velocities, the properties of the regions before and after the shock can be defined below introducing the temperature as T, the density as ρ, and the Mach number as M:
Introducing the heat capacity ratio as γ, the speed of sound, density, and pressure ratios can be derived:
One must keep in mind that the above equations are |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate%20dielectric | A gate dielectric is a dielectric used between the gate and substrate of a field-effect transistor (such as a MOSFET). In state-of-the-art processes, the gate dielectric is subject to many constraints, including:
Electrically clean interface to the substrate (low density of quantum states for electrons)
High capacitance, to increase the FET transconductance
High thickness, to avoid dielectric breakdown and leakage by quantum tunneling.
The capacitance and thickness constraints are almost directly opposed to each other. For silicon-substrate FETs, the gate dielectric is almost always silicon dioxide (called "gate oxide"), since thermal oxide has a very clean interface. However, the semiconductor industry is interested in finding alternative materials with higher dielectric constants, which would allow higher capacitance with the same thickness.
History
The earliest gate dielectric used in a field-effect transistor was silicon dioxide (SiO2). The silicon and silicondioxide surface passivation process was developed by Egyptian engineer Mohamed M. Atalla at Bell Labs during the late 1950s, and then used in the first MOSFETs (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors). Silicon dioxide remains the standard gate dielectric in MOSFET technology.
See also
QBD (electronics)
References
Dielectrics
Semiconductor structures
Arab inventions
Egyptian inventions
Field-effect transistors
MOSFETs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchid%20Cellmark | Orchid Cellmark Ltd is a UK based DNA and forensic testing company with a history of UK and US ownership.
Cellmark was established in 1987 by ICI having licensed the DNA Fingerprinting technology developed Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester and received a Queen's Award for Technological Achievement in 1990. The company was established to develop and provide specialist DNA testing services and now delivers a range of accredited DNA and forensic services for relationship testing and criminal investigation. Cellmark was the first private paternity testing company in the UK and participated in the consultation process which led to the establishment of the Department of Health's voluntary code of practice on genetic paternity testing in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The company undertakes DNA paternity testing on behalf of the CSA and provides accredited DNA relationship testing to support immigration and Visa applications.
When ICI demerged in 1993, Cellmark became part of Zeneca and then part of AstraZeneca in 1998. Cellmark was acquired by Orchid BioSciences Inc in 2001. Based in Princeton, New Jersey Orchid BioSciences Inc subsequently changed its name to Orchid Cellmark Inc and operated DNA laboratories in Germantown, Dallas and Nashville, Tennessee. Cellmark was registered in the UK as Orchid Cellmark Ltd in 2005.
In December 2011, Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (LabCorp) completed the acquisition of Orchid Cellmark Inc. In 2015 the company |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover%20High%20School%20%28Pennsylvania%29 | Hanover Senior High School is located at 401 Moul Ave, Hanover, Pennsylvania. It is part of the Hanover Public School District. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2018–2019, the school reported an enrollment of 481 pupils in grades 9th through 12th. The school employed 35.56 full-time-equivalent teachers, yielding a student–teacher ratio of 13.53:1.The school's colors are orange and black, and the mascot is the Nighthawk.
Extracurriculars
The high school's students have access to a variety of clubs, activities and an extensive sports program.
Sports
The District funds:
Boys
Baseball - AA
Basketball- AA
Football - AA
Golf - AA
Soccer - A
Tennis - AA
Track and Field - AA
Wrestling - AA
Girls
Basketball - AA
Field Hockey - AA
Soccer (Fall) - A
Softball - AA
Girls' Tennis - AA
Track and Field - AA
Volleyball - AA
Middle School Sports
Boys
Basketball
Cross Country
Football
Soccer
Track and Field
Wrestling
Girls
Basketball
Cross Country
Field Hockey
Soccer
Track and Field
Volleyball
References
Public high schools in Pennsylvania
Hanover, Pennsylvania
Schools in York County, Pennsylvania |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirefly | Wirefly is a cell phone plans and smartphone comparison website. Before being relaunched in May 2014, Wirefly was an online retailer of wireless services and devices operated by parent company Simplexity. Wirefly was headquartered in Reston, Virginia and maintained technology and operations centers in Largo, Maryland. Wirefly also operated a YouTube channel, which provides video reviews and comparisons of hot products.
History
Simplexity assumed control of Wirefly.com in November 2007, after purchasing the assets of InPhonic in 2006. Inphonic had filed a voluntary petition for reorganization under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. The filings were made in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware, and NASDAQ later delisted the company's stock. Many of Inphonic's assets, including its electronic commerce operations and its Wirefly.com website, were subsequently sold to private investors who used those assets to launch the company Simplexity in January 2008. On March 12, 2014, Wirefly closed down, and is in Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Wirefly was relaunched in May 2014.
As of April 2014, the Simplexity assets (excluding the Wirefly.com domain name) have been approved for sale to Wal-Mart for approximately US$10 million.
Reception
Wirefly has received a number of Internet awards, including Forbes magazine's "Best of the Web" for 2004 and Keynote Systems' "Best In Overall Customer Experience" in 2005.
Wirefly's video reviews and comparisons of hot products on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20capacity%20rate | The heat capacity rate is heat transfer terminology used in thermodynamics and different forms of engineering denoting the quantity of heat a flowing fluid of a certain mass flow rate is able to absorb or release per unit temperature change per unit time. It is typically denoted as C, listed from empirical data experimentally determined in various reference works, and is typically stated as a comparison between a hot and a cold fluid, Ch and Cc either graphically, or as a linearized equation. It is an important quantity in heat exchanger technology common to either heating or cooling systems and needs, and the solution of many real world problems such as the design of disparate items as different as a microprocessor and an internal combustion engine.
Basis
A hot fluid's heat capacity rate can be much greater than, equal to, or much less than the heat capacity rate of the same fluid when cold. In practice, it is most important in specifying heat-exchanger systems, wherein one fluid usually of dissimilar nature is used to cool another fluid such as the hot gases or steam cooled in a power plant by a heat sink from a water source—a case of dissimilar fluids, or for specifying the minimal cooling needs of heat transfer across boundaries, such as in air cooling.
As the ability of a fluid to resist change in temperature itself changes as heat transfer occurs changing its net average instantaneous temperature, it is a quantity of interest in designs which have to compensate for th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types%20of%20restaurant | Restaurants fall into several industry classifications, based upon menu style, preparation methods and pricing, as well as the means by which the food is served to the customer. This article mainly describes the situation in the US, while categorisation differs widely around the world.
Origin of categories
Historically, restaurant referred only to places that provided tables where one ate while seated, typically served by a waiter. Following the rise of fast food and take-out restaurants, a retronym for the older "standard" restaurant was created, sit-down restaurant. Most commonly, "sit-down restaurant" refers to a casual-dining restaurant with table service, rather than a fast food restaurant or a diner, where one orders food at a counter. Sit-down restaurants are often further categorized, in North America, as "family-style" or "formal".
In British English, the term restaurant almost always means an eating establishment with table service, so the "sit down" qualification is not usually necessary. Fast food and takeaway (take-out) outlets with counter service are not normally referred to as restaurants. Outside North America, the terms fast casual dining restaurants, family style, and casual dining are not used and distinctions among different kinds of restaurants are often not the same. In France, for example, some restaurants are called "bistros" to indicate a level of casualness or trendiness, though some "bistros" are quite formal in the kind of food they serve and c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHLC-FM | CHLC-FM is a Class B FM station broadcasting on the frequency of 97.1 MHz using an omnidirectional antenna. The station has a hot adult contemporary format.
CHLC-FM operates a rebroadcaster in Forestville, namely CFRP-FM which broadcasts on 100.5 MHz using a directional antenna with an average effective radiated power of 3,374 watts and a peak effective radiated power of 6,000 watts (class A).
Both stations were previously on the AM band. CHLC was on 580 kHz until 1996, and CFRP was on 620 kHz until 2005.
References
External links
www.chlc.com - FM 97,1 et FM 100,5
Hlc
Hlc
Hlc
Baie-Comeau
Year of establishment missing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative%20Human%20Linkage%20Center | CHLC (or Cooperative Human Linkage Center) was a National Institutes of Health project to map a large number of human genome markers, prior to the completion of the Human Genome Project. The project was stopped in 1999.
National Institutes of Health
Genetic mapping |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20Helderberg | Radio Helderberg is a community radio station situated in the Helderberg basin area of the Western Cape, South Africa. They broadcast on FM at a frequency of 93.6 MHz and the only one located in Somerset West area.
History
Radio Helderberg went on air at 06h00 on 1 July 1995, broadcasting on the frequency of 95.9FM from Southey Vines, Somerset WestThe first announcer on air was Martin Bailie, previously a breakfast DJ on a national commercial radio station, 5FM. He now presents an afternoon show on BBC Radio Cornwall. Other presenters making up the first day's schedule were Keren Bracey, Andre Michael & Nik Blundell. The value of this fledgling community radio station was first illustrated during a fire at the nearby AECI chemical plant in 1995, when clouds of poisonous gas enveloped Somerset West and Macassar. The volunteer presenters continued to broadcast throughout the night, becoming the central drop-off point for food and clothing donations, and providing hints and tips to panicked listeners.
Initially broadcasting for 15 hours a day, the station broadcasts a wide range of MOR music, interviews and community notices in three languagesEnglish, Afrikaans and Xhosa, live 24 hours a day.
In September 1996 the station relocated to premises in the Somerset Mall from where the volunteer presenters and a full-time staff of six kept the station going. Radio Helderberg has grown from a charitable association to a business, flourishing on advertising income only.
At the end of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-conductance%20mechanosensitive%20channel | Large conductance mechanosensitive ion channels (MscLs) (TC# 1.A.22) are a family of pore-forming membrane proteins that are responsible for translating stresses at the cell membrane into an electrophysiological response. MscL has a relatively large conductance, 3 nS, making it permeable to ions, water, and small proteins when opened. MscL acts as stretch-activated osmotic release valve in response to osmotic shock.
History
MscL was first discovered on the surface of giant Escherichia coli spheroplasts using patch-clamp technique. Subsequently, the Escherichia coli MscL (Ec-MscL) gene was cloned in 1994. Following the cloning of MscL, the crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis MscL (Tb-MscL), was obtained in its closed conformation. In addition, the crystal structure of Staphylococcus aureus MscL (Sa-MscL) and Ec-MscL have been determined using X-ray crystallography and molecular model respectively. However, some evidence suggests that the Sa-MscL structure is not physiological, and is due to the detergent used in crystallization.
Structure
Similar to other ion channels, MscLs are organized as symmetric oligomers with the permeation pathway formed by the packing of subunits around the axis of rotational symmetry. Unlike MscS, which is heptameric, MscL is likely pentameric; although the Sa-MscL appears to be a tetramer in a crystal structure, this may be an artifact. MscL contains two transmembrane helices that are packed in an up-down/nearest neighbor topology. Th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solving%20quadratic%20equations%20with%20continued%20fractions | In mathematics, a quadratic equation is a polynomial equation of the second degree. The general form is
where a ≠ 0.
The quadratic equation on a number can be solved using the well-known quadratic formula, which can be derived by completing the square. That formula always gives the roots of the quadratic equation, but the solutions are expressed in a form that often involves a quadratic irrational number, which is an algebraic fraction that can be evaluated as a decimal fraction only by applying an additional root extraction algorithm.
If the roots are real, there is an alternative technique that obtains a rational approximation to one of the roots by manipulating the equation directly. The method works in many cases, and long ago it stimulated further development of the analytical theory of continued fractions.
Simple example
Here is a simple example to illustrate the solution of a quadratic equation using continued fractions. We begin with the equation
and manipulate it directly. Subtracting one from both sides we obtain
This is easily factored into
from which we obtain
and finally
Now comes the crucial step. We substitute this expression for x back into itself, recursively, to obtain
But now we can make the same recursive substitution again, and again, and again, pushing the unknown quantity x as far down and to the right as we please, and obtaining in the limit the infinite continued fraction
By applying the fundamental recurrence formulas we may easily comput |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenlundshallen | Rosenlundshallen was Sweden's first ice hockey arena and was located in Jönköping.
The arena was HV71's home arena until 2000 when it was replaced by Husqvarna Garden. It opened in 1958 and held 4,500 people during sport events.
References
External links
Pictures of arena
Indoor arenas in Sweden
Indoor ice hockey venues in Sweden
HV71
Defunct indoor arenas
Former ice hockey venues in Sweden
Sports venues in Jönköping
Sports venues completed in 1958
1958 establishments in Sweden |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C2%20domain | A C2 domain is a protein structural domain involved in targeting proteins to cell membranes. The typical version (PKC-C2) has a beta-sandwich composed of 8 β-strands that co-ordinates two or three calcium ions, which bind in a cavity formed by the first and final loops of the domain, on the membrane binding face. Many other C2 domain families don't have calcium binding activity.
Coupling with other domains
C2 domains are frequently found coupled to enzymatic domains; for example, the C2 domain in PTEN, brings the phosphatase domain into contact with the plasma membrane, where it can dephosphorylate its substrate, phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3), without removing it from the membrane - which would be energetically very costly. PTEN consists of two domains, a protein tyrosine phosphatase domain and a C2 domain. This domain pair constitutes a superdomain, a heritable unit that is found in various proteins in fungi, plants and animals. In addition, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase), an enzyme that phosphorylates phosphoinositides on the 3-hydroxyl group of the inositol ring, also uses a C2 domain to bind to the membrane (e.g. 1e8w PDB entry).
Evolution
The C2 domain is currently only known from eukaryotes and the prokaryote Clostridium perfringens where it is part of the alpha-toxin. Over 17 distinct clades of C2 domains have been identified. Most C2 families can be traced back to basal eukaryotic species indicating an early diversification before |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FYVE%20domain | In molecular biology the FYVE zinc finger domain is named after the four cysteine-rich proteins: Fab 1 (yeast orthologue of PIKfyve), YOTB, Vac 1 (vesicle transport protein), and EEA1, in which it has been found. FYVE domains bind phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, in a way dependent on its metal ion coordination and basic amino acids. The FYVE domain inserts into cell membranes in a pH-dependent manner. The FYVE domain has been connected to vacuolar protein sorting and endosome function.
Structure
The FYVE domain is composed of two small beta hairpins (or zinc knuckles) followed by an alpha helix. The FYVE finger binds two zinc ions. The FYVE finger has eight potential zinc coordinating cysteine positions and is characterized by having basic amino acids around the cysteines. Many members of this family also include two histidines in a sequence motif:
The FYVE finger is structurally similar to the RING domain and the PHD finger.
Examples
The following is a list of human proteins containing this domain:
ANKFY1, EEA1, FGD1, FGD2, FGD3, FGD4, FGD5, FGD6, FYCO1, HGS, MTMR3, MTMR4, PIKFYVE, PLEKHF1, PLEKHF2
RUFY1, RUFY2, RUFY3, RUFY4, WDFY1, WDFY2, WDFY3, ZFYVE1, ZFYVE9, ZFYVE16, ZFYVE19, ZFYVE20, ZFYVE21, ZFYVE26, ZFYVE27, ZFYVE28
References
Further reading
Protein domains
Peripheral membrane proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Show%20%28eMC%20album%29 | The Show is the debut studio album by American hip hop supergroup eMC. It was released on March 25, 2008 via M3 Records/Traffic Entertainment Group. Production was handled by Frequency, J!, Quincy Tones, Ayatollah, The ARE, Koolade, Marco Polo and Nicolay, with DJ Rob, Filthy Rich and Masta Ace serving as executive producers. Beside members Masta Ace, Punchline, Wordsworth and Strick, it features guest appearances from Adi, Ladybug Mecca, Little Brother, Money Harm and Sean Price.
Background
While it was originally rumored that Ace had retired from music after the release of his acclaimed 2004 concept album A Long Hot Summer, the following year the veteran had formed the new collective with his protégé, Milwaukee rapper Strick, and revered underground lyricists Punch & Words. The four had previously collaborated on numerous albums and tracks, and toured extensively as a collective.
Like Ace's previous albums, A Long Hot Summer and Disposable Arts, The Show is a thematic concept album that tells a story. The album's story follows a day in the life of eMC doing a show on the road.
Singles
The first official eMC track, the Ayatollah-produced "Four Brothers", was released in 2006. A music video for the song was released online on December 10, 2006, however, this track was not included on the album. Music videos were released for "What It Stand For" and "Leak It Out" as well.
Track listing
Personnel
eMC
Duval "Masta Ace" – vocals, mixing, executive producer
Vinson "Wordswort |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussman%20anomaly | The Sussman anomaly is a problem in artificial intelligence, first described by Gerald Sussman, that illustrates a weakness of noninterleaved planning algorithms, which were prominent in the early 1970s. Most modern planning systems are not restricted to noninterleaved planning and thus can handle this anomaly. While the significance/value of the problem is now a historical one, it is still useful for explaining why planning is non-trivial. In the problem, three blocks (labeled A, B, and C) rest on a table. The agent must stack the blocks such that A is atop B, which in turn is atop C. However, it may only move one block at a time. The problem starts with B on the table, C atop A, and A on the table:
However, noninterleaved planners typically separate the goal (stack A atop B atop C) into subgoals, such as:
get A atop B
get B atop C
Suppose the planner starts by pursuing Goal 1. The straightforward solution is to move C out of the way, then move A atop B. But while this sequence accomplishes Goal 1, the agent cannot now pursue Goal 2 without undoing Goal 1, since both A and B must be moved atop C:
If instead the planner starts with Goal 2, the most efficient solution is to move B. But again, the planner cannot pursue Goal 1 without undoing Goal 2:
The problem was first identified by Sussman as a part of his PhD research. Sussman (and his supervisor, Marvin Minsky) believed that intelligence requires a list of exceptions or tricks, and developed a modular planning sys |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulent%20Karoo | The Succulent Karoo is a ecoregion defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature to include regions of desert in South Africa and Namibia, and a biodiversity hotspot. The geographic area chosen by the WWF for what they call 'Succulent Karoo' does not correspond to the actual Karoo.
Geography
The Succulent Karoo stretches along the coastal strip of southwestern Namibia and South Africa's Northern Cape Province, where the cold Benguela Current offshore creates frequent fogs. The ecoregion extends inland into the uplands of South Africa's Western Cape Province. It is bounded on the south by the Mediterranean climate fynbos, on the east by the Nama Karoo, which has more extreme temperatures and variable rainfall, and on the north by the Namib Desert.
Flora
The Succulent Karoo is notable for the world's richest flora of succulent plants, and harbours about one-third of the world’s approximately 10,000 succulent species. 40% of its succulent plants are endemic. The region is extraordinarily rich in geophytes, harbouring approximately 630 species.
Fauna
The ecoregion is a centre of diversity and endemism for reptiles and many invertebrates. Of the ecoregion’s 50 scorpion species, 22 are endemic. Monkey beetles, largely endemic to southern Africa, are concentrated in the Succulent Karoo and are important pollinators of the flora. So, too, are the Hymenoptera and masarine wasps, and colletid, fideliid, and melittid bees.
Approximately 15 amphibians are found in this ecoregion, includ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog%20forestry | Analog forestry is an approach to ecosystem restoration that considers the process of forest formation and the functioning of forest services to be critical in establishing a sustainable ecosystem characterised by a high biodiversity to biomass ratio. Analogue forestry uses a synthesis of traditional and scientific knowledge to optimize the productive potential of the restoration design rather than maximise the production of one crop, and maximise ecosystem services by increasing the volumetric mass of the photosynthetic component.
Analogue forestry draws design input not only from traditional models but also from the natural forest successional dynamics. When an ecosystem is designed to be analogous to the indigenous climax state, the efficiency and dynamics of the natural processes can be replicated. These quasi-natural forests are designed to mimic the structural and functional aspects of indigenous forests and are referred to as analog forests. In addition to their ecological characteristics, analog forests are also designed to provide economic benefits. However, it is not until all the ecological requirements of the location are satisfied that economic values of species are considered. Therefore, an analog forest may comprise natural and exotic species in any proportion, the contribution to structure and function being the overriding factor that determines its use.
The theoretical underpinnings began in 1978 in San Diego and Guatemala. It was first implemented in Sri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28E%29-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl%20pyrophosphate | (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP or HMB-PP) is an intermediate of the MEP pathway (non-mevalonate pathway) of isoprenoid biosynthesis. The enzyme HMB-PP synthase (GcpE, IspG) catalyzes the conversion of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP) into HMB-PP. HMB-PP is then converted further to isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) by HMB-PP reductase (LytB, IspH).
HMB-PP is an essential metabolite in most pathogenic bacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well as in malaria parasites, but is absent from the human host.
HMB-PP is the physiological activator ("phosphoantigen") for human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, the major γδ T cell population in peripheral blood. With a bioactivity of 0.1 nM it is 10,000-10,000,000 times more potent than any other natural compound, such as IPP or alkyl amines. HMB-PP functions in this capacity by binding the B30.2 domain of BTN3A1.
References
External links
Biomolecules
Metabolism
Organophosphates
Hemiterpenes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis%20male%20players%20statistics | Since 1990, the biggest events in men's tennis have been the four Grand Slam tournaments, the ATP Finals and the ATP Masters tournaments, in addition to the Grand Slam Cup between 1990–99. From 1983 to 1990, men's tennis had a very strong tradition and clear hierarchy of tournaments: the Grand Slam tournaments, including Wimbledon, the US Open, the French Open, and the Australian Open; the season-ending Masters Grand Prix; and the Davis Cup. Before 1983, however, and in particular before the start of the Open Era in 1968, the hierarchy of professional tournaments changed virtually every year. For example, in 1934, the U.S. Pro was a high-class tournament with all the best players, but just two years later, the same tournament was ordinary because only professional teachers (no leading touring pros) entered the event.
Professional tennis before the Open Era
Before the start of the Open Era and in addition to numerous small tournaments and head-to-head tours between the leading professionals, there were a few major professional tournaments that stood out during different periods:
Some survived sporadically because of financial collapses and others temporarily stood out when other important tournaments were not held:
Bristol Cup (held on the Côte d'Azur (French Riviera) at Cannes or Menton or Beaulieu) from 1920 to 1932.
Queen's Club Pro (in the 1927 and 1928).
International Pro Championship of Britain in Southport in the 1930s.
World Pro Championships in Berlin in the 1930s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloid%20cyst | A colloid cyst is a non-malignant tumor in the brain. It consists of a gelatinous material contained within a membrane of epithelial tissue. It is almost always found just posterior to the foramen of Monro in the anterior aspect of the third ventricle, originating from the roof of the ventricle. Because of its location, it can cause obstructive hydrocephalus and increased intracranial pressure. Colloid cysts represent 0.5–1.0% of intracranial tumors.
Symptoms can include headache, vertigo, memory deficits, diplopia, behavioral disturbances, and in extreme cases, sudden death. Intermittency of symptoms is characteristic of this lesion. Untreated pressure caused by these cysts can result in brain herniation. Colloid cyst symptoms have been associated with four variables: cyst size, cyst imaging characteristics, ventricular size, and patient age. Their developmental origin is unclear, though they may be of endodermal origin, which would explain the mucin-producing, ciliated cell type. These cysts can be surgically resected, and opinion is divided about the advisability of this.
Symptoms
Patients with third-ventricular colloid cysts become symptomatic when the tumor enlarges rapidly, causing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obstruction, ventriculomegaly, and increased intracranial pressure. Some cysts enlarge more gradually, however, allowing the patient to accommodate the enlarging mass without disruption of CSF flow, and the patient remains asymptomatic. In these cases, if the cyst |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20W.%20Alton%20Jones%20Cell%20Science%20Center | The W. Alton Jones Cell Science Center (1971–1995) was a non-profit research and education center on 10 Old Barn Road in Lake Placid, New York. The Center was established by a gift of of land and $3 million to the Tissue Culture Association from the W. Alton Jones Foundation through efforts of Nettie Marie Jones, widow of W. Alton Jones, who was former chairman of the Board of Cities Service Company (see Citgo). The original tax-free gift was accompanied by the institutional charter that use of the facility would be restricted forever to non-profit activities related to research and education on the biology of cells.
Cell Culture Research and Education Center 1971-1982
The Cell Center was largely the vision of cell culture pioneer Dr. George Otto Gey, director of the Finney-Howell Cancer Research Laboratory at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, a founder and first President of The Tissue Culture Association (now the Society for In Vitro Biology). Dr. Gey was introduced to Nettie Marie Jones, widow of W. Alton Jones, through her daughter Patricia Jones, an employee or acquaintance at Johns Hopkins. A highlight of the W. Alton Jones Cell Science Center building was the George and Margaret Gey Library. The objective was to provide a center in the peaceful setting of the Adirondack Mountains where experts in the fields of genetics, immunology, virology, insect physiology and other invertebrates unified by common interest in the art and science of culturing cells outside the body could |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runge%E2%80%93Kutta%E2%80%93Fehlberg%20method | In mathematics, the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method (or Fehlberg method) is an algorithm in numerical analysis for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations. It was developed by the German mathematician Erwin Fehlberg and is based on the large class of Runge–Kutta methods.
The novelty of Fehlberg's method is that it is an embedded method from the Runge–Kutta family, meaning that identical function evaluations are used in conjunction with each other to create methods of varying order and similar error constants. The method presented in Fehlberg's 1969 paper has been dubbed the RKF45 method, and is a method of order O(h4) with an error estimator of order O(h5). By performing one extra calculation, the error in the solution can be estimated and controlled by using the higher-order embedded method that allows for an adaptive stepsize to be determined automatically.
Butcher tableau for Fehlberg's 4(5) method
Any Runge–Kutta method is uniquely identified by its Butcher tableau. The embedded pair proposed by Fehlberg
The first row of coefficients at the bottom of the table gives the fifth-order accurate method, and the second row gives the fourth-order accurate method.
Implementing an RK4(5) Algorithm
The coefficients found by Fehlberg for Formula 1 (derivation with his parameter α2=1/3) are given in the table below, using array indexing of base 1 instead of base 0 to be compatible with most computer languages:
The coefficients in the below table do not work.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20neurogenetic%20modeling | Computational neurogenetic modeling (CNGM) is concerned with the study and development of dynamic neuronal models for modeling brain functions with respect to genes and dynamic interactions between genes. These include neural network models and their integration with gene network models. This area brings together knowledge from various scientific disciplines, such as computer and information science, neuroscience and cognitive science, genetics and molecular biology, as well as engineering.
Levels of processing
Molecular kinetics
Models of the kinetics of proteins and ion channels associated with neuron activity represent the lowest level of modeling in a computational neurogenetic model. The altered activity of proteins in some diseases, such as the amyloid beta protein in Alzheimer's disease, must be modeled at the molecular level to accurately predict the effect on cognition. Ion channels, which are vital to the propagation of action potentials, are another molecule that may be modeled to more accurately reflect biological processes. For instance, to accurately model synaptic plasticity (the strengthening or weakening of synapses) and memory, it is necessary to model the activity of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR). The speed at which the NMDA receptor lets Calcium ions into the cell in response to Glutamate is an important determinant of Long-term potentiation via the insertion of AMPA receptors (AMPAR) into the plasma membrane at the synapse of the postsynaptic cell (the cel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaumann%20body | In pathology, Schaumann bodies are calcium and protein inclusions inside of Langhans giant cells as part of a granuloma.
Many conditions can cause Schaumann bodies, including:
Sarcoidosis,
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and
Berylliosis.
uncommonly, Crohn's disease and tuberculosis.
Etymology
These inclusions were named after Swedish dermatologist Jörgen Nilsen Schaumann.
See also
Asteroid body
References
Anatomical pathology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure%E2%80%93volume%20diagram | A pressure–volume diagram (or PV diagram, or volume–pressure loop) is used to describe corresponding changes in volume and pressure in a system. They are commonly used in thermodynamics, cardiovascular physiology, and respiratory physiology.
PV diagrams, originally called indicator diagrams, were developed in the 18th century as tools for understanding the efficiency of steam engines.
Description
A PV diagram plots the change in pressure P with respect to volume V for some process or processes. Typically in thermodynamics, the set of processes forms a cycle, so that upon completion of the cycle there has been no net change in state of the system; i.e. the device returns to the starting pressure and volume.
The figure shows the features of an idealized PV diagram. It shows a series of numbered states (1 through 4). The path between each state consists of some process (A through D) which alters the pressure or volume of the system (or both).
A key feature of the diagram is that the amount of energy expended or received by the system as work can be measured because the net work is represented by the area enclosed by the four lines.
In the figure, the processes 1-2-3 produce a work output, but processes from 3-4-1 require a smaller energy input to return to the starting position / state; so the net work is the difference between the two.
This figure is highly idealized, in so far as all the lines are straight and the corners are right angles. A diagram showing the changes i |
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