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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability%20integral%20transform | In probability theory, the probability integral transform (also known as universality of the uniform) relates to the result that data values that are modeled as being random variables from any given continuous distribution can be converted to random variables having a standard uniform distribution. This holds exactly provided that the distribution being used is the true distribution of the random variables; if the distribution is one fitted to the data, the result will hold approximately in large samples.
The result is sometimes modified or extended so that the result of the transformation is a standard distribution other than the uniform distribution, such as the exponential distribution.
The transform was introduced by Ronald Fisher in his 1932 edition of the book Statistical Methods for Research Workers.
Applications
One use for the probability integral transform in statistical data analysis is to provide the basis for testing whether a set of observations can reasonably be modelled as arising from a specified distribution. Specifically, the probability integral transform is applied to construct an equivalent set of values, and a test is then made of whether a uniform distribution is appropriate for the constructed dataset. Examples of this are P–P plots and Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests.
A second use for the transformation is in the theory related to copulas which are a means of both defining and working with distributions for statistically dependent multivariate data. He |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutant | In biology, and especially in genetics, a mutant is an organism or a new genetic character arising or resulting from an instance of mutation, which is generally an alteration of the DNA sequence of the genome or chromosome of an organism. It is a characteristic that would not be observed naturally in a specimen. The term mutant is also applied to a virus with an alteration in its nucleotide sequence whose genome is in the nuclear genome. The natural occurrence of genetic mutations is integral to the process of evolution. The study of mutants is an integral part of biology; by understanding the effect that a mutation in a gene has, it is possible to establish the normal function of that gene.
Mutants arise by mutation
Mutants arise by mutations occurring in pre-existing genomes as a result of errors of DNA replication or errors of DNA repair. Errors of replication often involve translesion synthesis by a DNA polymerase when it encounters and bypasses a damaged base in the template strand. A DNA damage is an abnormal chemical structure in DNA, such as a strand break or an oxidized base, whereas a mutation, by contrast, is a change in the sequence of standard base pairs. Errors of repair occur when repair processes inaccurately replace a damaged DNA sequence. The DNA repair process microhomology-mediated end joining is particularly error-prone.
Etymology
Although not all mutations have a noticeable phenotypic effect, the common usage of the word "mutant" is generally a pejo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total%20dynamic%20head | In fluid dynamics, total dynamic head (TDH) is the work to be done by a pump, per unit weight, per unit volume of fluid. TDH is expressed as the total equivalent height that a fluid is to be pumped, taking into account friction losses in the pipe.
TDH = Static Lift + Pressure Head + Velocity Head + Friction Loss
where:
Static lift is the difference in elevation between the suction point and the discharge point.
Pressure head is the difference in pressure between the suction point and the discharge point, expressed as an equivalent height of fluid.
Velocity head represents the kinetic energy of the fluid due to its bulk motion.
Friction loss (or head loss) represents energy lost to friction as fluid flows through the pipe.
This equation can be derived from Bernoulli's Equation.
For incompressible liquids such as water, Static lift + Pressure head together equal the difference in fluid surface elevation between the suction basin and the discharge basin.
See also
Hydraulic head
Fluid dynamics
External links
On-line TDH calculator - Pump World
http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=total+dynamic+head -wolframalpha.com
Fluid mechanics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20beam%20prober | The electron beam prober (e-beam prober) is a specialized adaption of a standard scanning electron microscope (SEM) that is used for semiconductor failure analysis. While a conventional SEM may be operated in a voltage range of 10–30 keV, the e-beam Prober typically operates at 1 keV. The e-beam prober is capable of measuring voltage and timing waveforms on internal semiconductor signal structures. Waveforms may be measured on metal line, polysilicon and diffusion structures that have an electrically active, changing signal. The operation of the prober is similar to that of a sampling oscilloscope. A continuously looping, repeating test pattern must be applied to the device-under-test (DUT). E-beam probers are used primarily for front side semiconductor analysis. With the advent of flip-chip technology, many e-beam probers have been replaced with back side analysis instruments.
Theory of operation
The e-beam prober generates an SEM image by raster-scanning a focused electron beam over a selected region of the semiconductor surface. The high energy electrons in the primary beam strike the surface of the silicon, producing a number of low energy secondary electrons. The secondary electrons are guided back up through the SEM column to a detector. The varying numbers of secondary electrons reaching the detector are interpreted to produce the SEM image.
During waveform acquisition mode, the primary electron beam is focused on a single point on the device surface. As the DUT cycl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexis%20ratio | The Lexis ratio is used in statistics as a measure which seeks to evaluate differences between the statistical properties of random mechanisms where the outcome is two-valued — for example "success" or "failure", "win" or "lose". The idea is that the probability of success might vary between different sets of trials in different situations. This ratio is not much used currently having been largely replaced by the use of the chi-squared test in testing for the homogeneity of samples.
This measure compares the between-set variance of the sample proportions (evaluated for each set) with what the variance should be if there were no difference between in the true proportions of success across the different sets. Thus the measure is used to evaluate how data compares to a fixed-probability-of-success Bernoulli distribution. The term "Lexis ratio" is sometimes referred to as L or Q, where
Where is the (weighted) sample variance derived from the observed proportions of success in sets in "Lexis trials" and is the variance computed from the expected Bernoulli distribution on the basis of the overall average proportion of success. Trials where L falls significantly above or below 1 are known as supernormal and subnormal, respectively.
This ratio ( Q ) is a measure that can be used to distinguish between three types of variation in sampling for attributes: Bernoullian, Lexian and Poissonian. The Lexis ratio is sometimes also referred to as L.
Definition
Let there be k samples of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20dot%20cellular%20automaton | Quantum dot cellular automata (QDCA, sometimes referred to simply as quantum cellular automata, or QCA) are a proposed improvement on conventional computer design (CMOS), which have been devised in analogy to conventional models of cellular automata introduced by John von Neumann.
Background
Any device designed to represent data and perform computation, regardless of the physics principles it exploits and materials used to build it, must have two fundamental properties: distinguishability and conditional change of state, the latter implying the former. This means that such a device must have barriers that make it possible to distinguish between states, and that it must have the ability to control these barriers to perform conditional change of state. For example, in a digital electronic system, transistors play the role of such controllable energy barriers, making it extremely practical to perform computing with them.
Cellular automata
A cellular automaton (CA) is a discrete dynamical system consisting of a uniform (finite or infinite) grid of cells. Each cell can be in only one of a finite number of states at a discrete time. As time moves forward, the state of each cell in the grid is determined by a transformation rule that factors in its previous state and the states of the immediately adjacent cells (the cell's "neighborhood"). The most well-known example of a cellular automaton is John Horton Conway's "Game of Life", which he described in 1970.
Quantum-dot cells
Ori |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base%20homeostasis | Acid–base homeostasis is the homeostatic regulation of the pH of the body's extracellular fluid (ECF). The proper balance between the acids and bases (i.e. the pH) in the ECF is crucial for the normal physiology of the body—and for cellular metabolism. The pH of the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid need to be maintained at a constant level.
The three dimensional structures of many extracellular proteins, such as the plasma proteins and membrane proteins of the body's cells, are very sensitive to the extracellular pH. Stringent mechanisms therefore exist to maintain the pH within very narrow limits. Outside the acceptable range of pH, proteins are denatured (i.e. their 3D structure is disrupted), causing enzymes and ion channels (among others) to malfunction.
An acid–base imbalance is known as acidemia when the pH is acidic, or alkalemia when the pH is alkaline.
Lines of defense
In humans and many other animals, acid–base homeostasis is maintained by multiple mechanisms involved in three lines of defense:
Chemical: The first lines of defense are immediate, consisting of the various chemical buffers which minimize pH changes that would otherwise occur in their absence. These buffers include the bicarbonate buffer system, the phosphate buffer system, and the protein buffer system.
Respiratory component: The second line of defense is rapid consisting of the control the carbonic acid (H2CO3) concentration in the ECF by changing the rate and depth of breathing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client%20Puzzle%20Protocol | Client Puzzle Protocol (CPP) is a computer algorithm for use in Internet communication, whose goal is to make abuse of server resources infeasible. It is an implementation of a proof-of-work system (PoW).
The idea of the CPP is to require all clients connecting to a server to correctly solve a mathematical puzzle before establishing a connection, if the server is under attack. After solving the puzzle, the client would return the solution to the server, which the server would quickly verify, or reject and drop the connection. The puzzle is made simple and easily solvable but requires at least a minimal amount of computation on the client side. Legitimate users would experience just a negligible computational cost, but abuse would be deterred: those clients that try to simultaneously establish a large number of connections would be unable to do so because of the computational cost (time delay). This method holds promise in fighting some types of spam as well as other attacks like denial-of-service.
See also
Computer security
Intrusion-prevention system
Proof-of-work system
Guided tour puzzle protocol
References
External links
RSA press release about client puzzles
Client Puzzles: A Cryptographic Countermeasure Against Connection Depletion Attacks
New Client Puzzle Outsourcing Techniques for DoS Resistance
Computer network security |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%20Parcell | Andromakennethamblesorton "Kenneth" Ellen Parcell is a fictional character on the NBC comedy television series, 30 Rock, portrayed by Jack McBrayer. Originally a supporting character in the first two episodes of the series, the show's producers saw him as a breakout character.
Biography
Kenneth is a perpetually cheerful NBC page hailing from Stone Mountain, Georgia (a homage to the hometown of 30 Rock writer Donald Glover,) raised in a pig farming family by parents he has alternatively claimed were first cousins and "technically brothers." He states that he loves only two things: "everybody and television". After graduating an all-African-American high school, Kenneth studied at Kentucky Mountain Bible College, majoring in Television Studies and minoring in Bible Sexuality.
Throughout the series, Kenneth has painted a picture of a poverty-stricken, sexually deviant, inbred, criminal-class family line, declaring Parcells as a whole to be "neither wealthy nor circumcised." Furthering this point, he and his family lived in a militia camp during a period of time in his childhood and three of his nine siblings were given up for adoption. Kenneth has also alluded to his family subscribing to child marriage. During a drinking contest against a group of Teamsters, Kenneth discovers that he has unknowingly had alcohol before (which he calls "hill people milk",) and, because he has been drinking it "since [he] was a baby", he has a high tolerance, managing to keep up on his feet whil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic%20pyrophosphatase | Inorganic pyrophosphatase (or inorganic diphosphatase, PPase) is an enzyme () that catalyzes the conversion of one ion of pyrophosphate to two phosphate ions. This is a highly exergonic reaction, and therefore can be coupled to unfavorable biochemical transformations in order to drive these transformations to completion. The functionality of this enzyme plays a critical role in lipid metabolism (including lipid synthesis and degradation), calcium absorption and bone formation, and DNA synthesis, as well as other biochemical transformations.
Two types of inorganic diphosphatase, very different in terms of both amino acid sequence and structure, have been characterised to date: soluble and transmembrane proton-pumping pyrophosphatases (sPPases and H(+)-PPases, respectively). sPPases are ubiquitous proteins that hydrolyse pyrophosphate to release heat, whereas H+-PPases, so far unidentified in animal and fungal cells, couple the energy of PPi hydrolysis to proton movement across biological membranes.
Structure
Thermostable soluble pyrophosphatase had been isolated from the extremophile Thermococcus litoralis. The 3-dimensional structure was determined using x-ray crystallography, and was found to consist of two alpha-helices, as well as an antiparallel closed beta-sheet. The form of inorganic pyrophosphatase isolated from Thermococcus litoralis was found to contain a total of 174 amino acid residues and have a hexameric oligomeric organization (Image 1).
Humans possess two |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HslVU | The heat shock proteins HslV and HslU (HslVU complex; also known as ClpQ and ClpY respectively, or ClpQY) are expressed in many bacteria such as E. coli in response to cell stress. The hslV protein is a protease and the hslU protein is an ATPase; the two form a symmetric assembly of four stacked rings, consisting of an hslV dodecamer bound to an hslU hexamer, with a central pore in which the protease and ATPase active sites reside. The hslV protein degrades unneeded or damaged proteins only when in complex with the hslU protein in the ATP-bound state. HslV is thought to resemble the hypothetical ancestor of the proteasome, a large protein complex specialized for regulated degradation of unneeded proteins in eukaryotes, many archaea, and a few bacteria. HslV bears high similarity to core subunits of proteasomes.
Genetics
Both proteins are encoded on the same operon within the bacterial genome. Unlike many eukaryotic proteasomes, which have several different peptide substrate specificities, hslV has a specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin; hence it is inhibited by proteasome inhibitors that specifically target the chymotrypsin site in eukaryotic proteasomes. Although the HslVU complex is stable on its own, some evidence suggests that the complex is formed in vivo in a substrate-induced manner due to a conformational change in the hslU-substrate complex that promotes hslV binding.
HslV and hslU genes have also been identified in some eukaryotes, although these also requ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megasonic%20cleaning | Megasonic cleaning is a type of acoustic cleaning related to ultrasonic cleaning. It is a gentler cleaning mechanism that is less likely to cause damage, and is used in wafer cleaning in semiconductor manufacturing, medical implant, and industrial parts cleaning.
Similar to ultrasonic cleaning, megasonics utilizes a transducer that usually sits atop a piezoelectric substrate. The transducer creates an acoustic field at a much higher frequency (typically 0.8–2 MHz) compared to ultrasonic cleaning (20-200 kHz). As a result, the cavitation that occurs is gentler and on a much smaller scale. Megasonics are currently used mainly in the electronics industry for preparation of silicon wafers.
Megasonic cleaning compared to ultrasonic cleaning
The difference between ultrasonic and megasonic cleaning lies in the frequency that is used to generate the acoustic waves. Ultrasonic cleaning uses lower frequencies, and produces random cavitation. Megasonic cleaning uses higher frequencies, and produces controlled cavitation.
An important distinction between the two methods is that the cavitation effects in a megasonic bath are much less damaging than those found with ultrasonic frequencies. This significantly reduces or eliminates cavitation erosion and the likelihood of surface damage to the product being cleaned. Parts that would be damaged by ultrasonic frequencies or cavitation effects can often be cleaned without damage in a megasonic bath using the same solution.
With ultrasonics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%9Fak%20Airport | Uşak Airport is the main airport of the city of Uşak in the Aegean Region of Turkey.
Statistics
External links
Official website
References
Airport
Airports in Turkey
Buildings and structures in Uşak Province
Transport in Uşak Province |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20Le%C3%B3n%20S%C3%A1nchez | Luis León Sánchez Gil (born 24 November 1983) is a Spanish road bicycle racer, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam . Sánchez's major achievements include winning the overall classifications of the 2009 Paris–Nice and the 2005 Tour Down Under, as well as the one-day race Clásica de San Sebastián in 2010 and 2012. He also has four Tour de France stage victories and is a four-time winner of the Spanish National Time Trial Championships. He is a time trial specialist and has improved his climbing skills over the course of his career.
Personal life
Born in Mula, he is also known as Lulu Sánchez. León is not his surname but he carries it as a middle name as a mark of respect to his grandfather originally, but since late 2006 also as a tribute to his eldest brother, León Sánchez, who died in a motorbike accident. His younger brother, Pedro León, is a professional footballer, playing for Spanish team CF Fuenlabrada. His other brother, Antonio León Sánchez, plays indoor football. He is not related to fellow Spanish cyclist Samuel Sánchez.
Career
Early career
Sánchez rode for the team from 2004 until 2006, with his major results being overall victories in the 2005 Tour Down Under, and podium positions in the 2006 Tour Down Under, and the 2006 Vuelta a Castilla y León.
Caisse d'Epargne (2007–10)
In 2007, he moved to the team following the collapse of the team in the wake of the Operación Puerto doping case. In his first season with the team, he won the Vuelta a Mallorca, and f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClearSpeed | ClearSpeed Technology Ltd was a semiconductor company, formed in 2002 to develop enhanced SIMD processors for use in high-performance computing and embedded systems. Based in Bristol, UK, the company has been selling its processors since 2005. Its current 192-core CSX700 processor was released in 2008, but a lack of sales has forced the company to downsize and it has since delisted from the London stock exchange.
Products
The CSX700 processor consists of two processing arrays, each with 96 processing elements. The processing elements each contain a 32/64-bit floating point multiplier, a 32/64-bit floating point adder, 6 KB of SRAM, an integer arithmetic logic unit, and a 16-bit integer multiply–accumulate unit. It currently sells its CSX700 processor on a PCI Express expansion card with 2 GB of memory, called the Advance e710. The card is supplied with the ClearSpeed Software Development Kit and application libraries.
Related multi-core architectures include Ambric, PicoChip, Cell BE, Texas Memory Systems, and GPGPU stream processors such as AMD FireStream and Nvidia Tesla. ClearSpeed competes with AMD and Nvidia in the hardware acceleration market, where computationally intensive applications offload tasks to the accelerator. As of 2009, only the ClearSpeed e710 performs 64-bit arithmetic at its peak computational rate.
History
In November 2003 ClearSpeed demonstrated the CS301, with 64 processing elements running at 200 MHz, and peak 25.6 FP32 GFLOPS.
In June 2005 Clea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaluronan%20synthase | Hyaluronan synthases (HAS) are membrane-bound enzymes that use UDP-α-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and UDP-α-D-glucuronate as substrates to produce the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan at the cell surface and extrude it through the membrane into the extracellular space.
Isoforms
There are three mammalian hyaluronan synthases described to date - HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3. Each of these isoforms resides at a different chromosome location and has been cloned. Two of the main differences between the isoforms are the chain length of the hyaluronan molecules that they produce and the ease with which they can be released from the cell surface. When mammalian cells are stimulated by changes in their immediate environment (cytokines, extracellular matrix proximities), the HAS isoforms respond differently and appear to be under different control mechanisms.
During the development of the embryo, each isoform is uniquely expressed, both spatially and temporally.
HAS2 is probably the most important synthase at this time as mice lacking the ability to express HAS2 (knock-out mice) die at mid-gestation,
HAS1 or HAS3 knock-out mice show no effect on foetal development.
The isoforms of HAS also display varying physiological effects and therapeutic potentials. HAS2 is overexpressed in breast cancer cell lines and is associated with lymph node metastasis, while HAS1 and HAS3 lack any correlations with cancer development or metastasis. HAS-2 has also been proposed as a nanotherapeutic agent to combat os |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium/phosphate%20cotransporter | The sodium/phosphate cotransporter is a member of the phosphate:Na+ symporter (PNaS) family within the TOG Superfamily of transport proteins as specified in the Transporter Classification Database (TCDB).
Nomenclature
Sodium/phosphate cotransporters are also known as:
Na+-Pi cotransport proteins (NaPi-2a)
Sodium-dependent phosphate transporters
Sodium-dependent phosphate symporters
Phosphate:Na+ symporters
PNaS family
The Phosphate:Na+ Symporter (PNaS) family (TC# ) includes several closely related, functionally characterized, sodium-dependent, inorganic phosphate (Pi) transporter (NPT) proteins from mammals. Other organisms that possess PNaS family members include many in eukaryotic, bacterial and archaeal phyla. Bacterial sodium:phosphate symporters, NptA of Vibrio cholerae (TC#2.A.58.1.2) and YjbB of E. coli (TC# 2.A.58.2.1) have been functionally characterized.
The well-characterized mammalian proteins are found in renal (IIa isoform) and intestinal (IIb isoform) brush border membranes and are about 640 amino acyl residues long with 8-12 putative TMSs. The N- and C-termini both reside in the cytoplasm, and a large hydrophilic loop is localized between trans-membrane segments (TMSs) 3 and 4. While IIa isoforms are pH-dependent, IIb isoforms are pH-independent. The IIa sodium phosphate symporter isoform is a functional monomer, but it interacts with PDZ proteins which probably mediate apical sorting, parathyroid hormone-controlled endocytosis and/or lysosomal s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%E2%80%93hydrogen%20antiporter | The sodium–hydrogen antiporter or sodium–proton exchanger (Na+/H+ exchanger) is a membrane protein that transports Na+ into the cell, and H+ out of the cell (antiport).
Function
They are found in the membranes of many cells, and especially in those of the nephron of the kidney, specifically in the intercalary cells of the collecting duct and in the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule. The membrane pump is primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis of pH and sodium. Defects in Na+/H+ antiporters may result in heart or kidney failure. Angiotensin II upregulates this antiporter in the proximal convoluted tubule in order to promote Na+ reabsorption and H+ secretion. Na+/H+ exchangers are thought to be implicated in other disorders such as hypertension. In one study, transgenic mice over expressing this membrane protein were shown to have increased reabsorption and retention of sodium after increased salt intake.
In dopamine receptor signalling, the widely expressed Na+/H+ exchanger NHE-1 is activated downstream of the D2, D3, and D4 receptors.
Isoforms
There are several isoforms of the antiporter:
Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 1
Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 2
Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 3
Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 4
Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 5
Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 6
Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 7
Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 8
Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 9
Families
There are several families of sodium/proton antiporters that facilitate the exchange of so |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20response%20function | A linear response function describes the input-output relationship of a signal transducer, such as a radio turning electromagnetic waves into music or a neuron turning synaptic input into a response. Because of its many applications in information theory, physics and engineering there exist alternative names for specific linear response functions such as susceptibility, impulse response or impedance; see also transfer function. The concept of a Green's function or fundamental solution of an ordinary differential equation is closely related.
Mathematical definition
Denote the input of a system by (e.g. a force), and the response of the system by (e.g. a position). Generally, the value of will depend not only on the present value of , but also on past values. Approximately is a weighted sum of the previous values of , with the weights given by the linear response function :
The explicit term on the right-hand side is the leading order term of a Volterra expansion for the full nonlinear response. If the system in question is highly non-linear, higher order terms in the expansion, denoted by the dots, become important and the signal transducer cannot adequately be described just by its linear response function.
The complex-valued Fourier transform of the linear response function is very useful as it describes the output of the system if the input is a sine wave with frequency . The output reads
with amplitude gain and phase shift .
Example
Consider a damped harmonic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion%20in%20Austria | Religion in Austria is predominantly Christianity, adhered to by 68.2% of the country's population according to the 2021 national survey conducted by Statistics Austria. Among Christians, 80.9% were Catholics, 7.2% were Orthodox Christians (mostly belonging to the Eastern Orthodox Church), 5.6% were Protestants, while the remaining 6.2% were other Christians, belonging to other denominations of the religion or not affiliated to any denomination. In the same census, 8.3% of the Austrians declared that their religion was Islam, 1.2% declared to believe in other non-Christian religions (including Buddhism, Hindusim, Judaism and others), and 22.4% declared they did not belong to any religion, denomination or religious community.
According to church membership data, in 2021 53.9% of the population were Roman Catholics and 3.0% adhered to Protestant churches.
Austria was historically a strongly Catholic country, having been the centre of the Habsburg monarchy (1273–1918) which championed Roman Catholicism. Although in the 16th century many Austrians converted to Protestantism, Lutheranism in particular, as the Protestant Reformation (begun in 1517) was spreading across Europe, the Habsburgs enacted measures of Counter-Reformation as early as 1527 and harshly repressed Austrian Protestantism, albeit a minority of Austrians remained Protestant. A few decades after the fall of the Habsburg monarchy at the end of the World War I, and the transformation of Austria into a federal repu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity%20of%20cell%20membranes | A cell membrane defines a boundary between a cell and its environment. The primary constituent of a membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that forms in a water-based environment due to the hydrophilic nature of the lipid head and the hydrophobic nature of the two tails. In addition there are other lipids and proteins in the membrane, the latter typically in the form of isolated rafts.
Of the numerous models that have been developed to describe the deformation of cell membranes, a widely accepted model is the fluid mosaic model proposed by Singer and Nicolson in 1972. In this model, the cell membrane surface is modeled as a two-dimensional fluid-like lipid bilayer where the lipid molecules can move freely. The proteins are partially or fully embedded in the lipid bilayer. Fully embedded proteins are called integral membrane proteins because they traverse the entire thickness of the lipid bilayer. These communicate information and matter between the interior and the exterior of the cell. Proteins that are only partially embedded in the bilayer are called peripheral membrane proteins. The membrane skeleton is a network of proteins below the bilayer that links with the proteins in the lipid membrane.
Elasticity of closed lipid vesicles
The simplest component of a membrane is the lipid bilayer which has a thickness that is much smaller than the length scale of the cell. Therefore, the lipid bilayer can be represented by a two-dimensional mathematical surface. In 1973, based |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route%20nationale%2019 | The Route nationale 19 (N19) is a trunk road (nationale) in north east France. The road forms part of European route E54.
Reclassification
The RN19 has been subsequently downgraded in several sections to the RD319 and RD619.
Route
Paris - Provins - Troyes - Chaumont - Langres - Vesoul -
Belfort - Switzerland
Paris to Troyes (0 to 148 km)
The road starts as the Quai d'Ivry on the south bank of the river Seine south east of the City centre. The road crosses the river just downstream from the river Marne on the Pont d'Ivry. in a predominantly industrial area. The road then has a junction with the N6 (Paris to Lyon road at the Carrefour de la Résistance. The road then heads through the suburb of Maisons Alfort. After it crosses the A86 autoroute the road passes east of Créteil as the Avenue de Paris.
The road passes south east through Bonneuil-sur-Marne and the Foret de Gros Bois. The road crosses the N104 (Paris outer ring road) and enters an area famous for its cheese (Brie. The road passes through Brie Comte Robert now classified as the D319. Through traffic is now directed onto the N104 and then to Guigers where the two routes are re-united.
At Guigers the road crosses the N36 (Meaux to Melun) and then passes a refinery to Nangris. The road then turns east to the town of Provins. The road turns south east through the Foret de Sourdun (167 m) and then into the valley of the river Seine. The road next comes to Nogent-s-Seine and then heading east to Romilly-s- |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-induced%20voltage%20alteration | Charge-induced voltage alteration (CIVA) is a technique which uses a scanning electron microscope to locate open conductors on CMOS integrated circuits. This technique is used in semiconductor failure analysis.
Theory of operation
The scanning of an electron beam across the surface of the device may result in additional charge buildup on conductors which are disconnected from the remainder of the circuit (floating conductors). If a CMOS device is under active bias, the presence of open conductors may not prevent the circuit from operating at low clock frequencies as the result of quantum tunneling effects. By injecting charge into floating conductors that are operating in this tunneling mode, it is possible to produce additional loading which can be detected by monitoring the power supply current. These changes in supply current may be associated with the visual image of the device at the coordinates at which the change was detected. The result is a scanning electron microscope image which has an overlay of the floating conductors superimposed on it.
References
Semiconductor analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA%20Division%20I%20men%27s%20lacrosse%20records | NCAA Division I men's lacrosse records listed here are primarily records compiled by the NCAA's Director of Statistics office.
Included in this consolidation are the NCAA men's Division I individual single-season and career leaders. Official NCAA men's lacrosse records did not begin until the 1971 season and are based on information submitted to the NCAA statistics service by institutions participating in the weekly statistics rankings, which started in 1996. Career records include players who played at least three seasons (in a four-season career) or two (in a three-season career) in Division I during the era of official NCAA statistics. In statistical rankings, the rounding of percentages and/or averages may indicate ties where none exist. In these cases, the numerical order of the rankings is accurate.
Career leaders
Points
[a] Granted a fifth season of eligibility
[b] Lehigh records have Cameron with 308 career points, while NCAA record book shows Cameron with 307 career points.
[c] Zach Greer's career points mark of 353 points is not officially recognized by the NCAA. Greer was granted a fifth season of eligibility and Bryant was considered a reclassifying institution that year. The NCAA lists Greer's career points as 285, though he scored 42 goals with 26 assists for 68 points in 2009, for a total of 353 career points.
Points per game
[a] Not recognized by the NCAA
Goals
[a] Zach Greer's career goals of 248 are not officially recognized by the NCAA, becau |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legi | Legi may refer to:
Legi, a day in the Pasaran cycle of the Javanese calendar
Łęgi (disambiguation), the name of several places in Poland
N,N'-diacetyllegionaminate synthase, an enzyme
Giacomo Legi, a Baroque painter of Flemish descent who was active principally in Italy during the first half of the 17th century. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U70 | U70 may refer to:
U-70 (synchrotron), a Soviet proton synchrotron
, various vessels
Great dodecahemidodecahedron
Small nucleolar RNA SNORA70
VGV U70, a Chinese SUV
U70, a line of the Düsseldorf Stadtbahn |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota%20FCHV | The Toyota FCHV is a hybrid hydrogen fuel cell vehicle development programme of the Toyota Motor Corporation, which was leased to a limited number of drivers in the United States and Japan beginning in 2002. The Toyota FCHV and Honda FCX, which began leasing on 2 December 2002, became the world's first government-certified commercial hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Its first commercial fuel cell vehicle was developed from the FCHV-4, which was adapted from the Toyota Highlander body. "FCHV" stands for "Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle". A number of prototypes have been produced, up to the latest FCHV-adv ("advanced").
History
There are six generations of FCHVs for testing. The FCHV-1, introduced in 1996, was Toyota's first fuel cell vehicle, based on the Toyota RAV4 and equipped with a hydrogen-absorbing alloy storage unit. The FCHV-2, introduced in 1997, was equipped with a reformer to extract hydrogen from methanol. FCHV-3, 4, and 5, introduced in 2001, were based on the Toyota Highlander, and FCHV-3 and 4 were capable of generating four times more power than FCHV-1. The FCHV-4 was the first fuel cell vehicle to be tested on public roads in Japan, and driving tests continued until 2004. The Clean Hydrocarbon Fuel (CHF) reformer of the FCHV-5 was equipped with a newly developed catalyst and heat exchanger to improve acceleration and fuel economy.
As of 2008 the FCHV-adv was available for lease in Japan. The use of the vehicles by government ministries and companies is intended to pro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/103.9%20FM | The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 103.9 MHz:
Albania
BBC World Service in Tirana
Argentina
LRI319 del Rosario in Rosario, Santa Fe
Radio María in Sauce, Corrientes
Australia
ABC Classic FM in Adelaide, South Australia
Good News Radio in Ballarat, Victoria
3GCB in Latrobe Valley
3SEY Seymour, Central Victoria
Canada (Channel 280)
CBAF-FM-13 in Chéticamp, Nova Scotia
CBBP-FM in Peterborough, Ontario
CBRQ-FM in Lake Louise, Alberta (formerly VF2105)
CBRF-FM in Calgary, Alberta
CBTM-FM in Masset, British Columbia
CFCK-FM in Canoe Lake, Saskatchewan
CFFD-FM in Laforge-2, Quebec
CFIN-FM-1 in Armagh, Quebec
CFJH-FM in Burns Lake, British Columbia
CFQM-FM in Moncton, New Brunswick
CHNO-FM in Sudbury, Ontario
CHOA-FM-2 in La Sarre, Quebec
CHOK-1-FM in Sarnia, Ontario
CHVO-FM in Carbonear, Newfoundland and Labrador
CIFM-FM-3 in Merritt, British Columbia
CIME-FM in St-Jerome, Quebec
CIMS-FM in Campbellton, New Brunswick
CIRR-FM in Toronto, Ontario
CISN-FM in Edmonton, Alberta
CJAW-FM in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan
CJBC-FM-1 in Windsor, Ontario
CKOV-FM in Kelowna, British Columbia
CKDK-FM in Woodstock, Ontario
CKWE-FM in Maniwaki, Quebec
CKXX-FM in Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador
VF2015 in Chetwynd, British Columbia
VF2103 in Fort St. James, British Columbia
VF2155 in Poste Laverendrye, Quebec
VF2294 in Rainbow Lake, Alberta
VF2371 in Kemess Mine Site, British Columbia
VF2377 in Campbell Road, British Columbia
China
Be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth%20hormone%20receptor | Growth hormone receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GHR gene. GHR orthologs have been identified in most mammals.
Structure
Growth hormone receptor (GHR) is a transmembrane protein consisting of 620 amino acids. The receptor is part of the Type I cytokine receptor family of receptors. GHR exists in two forms as a full length membrane-bound receptor and as a soluble GH binding protein (GHBP). GHR contains two fibronectin type III β domains in its extracellular domain, whereas the intracellular domain contains tyrosine Kinase JAK2 binding sites for SH2 proteins. JAK2 is the primary signal transducer for growth hormone.
Function
This gene encodes a protein that is a transmembrane receptor for growth hormone. Binding of growth hormone to the receptor leads to reorientation of a pre-assembled receptor dimer dimerization (the receptor may however also exist as monomers on the cell surface ) and the activation of an intra- and intercellular signal transduction pathway leading to growth. A common alternate allele of this gene, called GHRd3, lacks exon three and has been well characterized. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Laron syndrome, also known as the growth hormone insensitivity syndrome (GHIS), a disorder characterized by short stature (proportional dwarfism). Other splice variants, including one encoding a soluble form of the protein (GHRtr), have been observed but have not been thoroughly characterized. Laron mice (that is mice genetical |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humster | A humster is a hybrid cell line made from a hamster oocyte fertilized with human sperm. This is possible due to the unique promiscuity of hamster ova, which allows them to fuse with non-hamster sperm. It always consists of single cells, and cannot form a multi-cellular being. Humsters are usually destroyed before they divide into two cells; if isolated and left alone to divide, they would still be unviable.
Humsters are routinely created mainly for two reasons:
To avoid legal issues with working with pure human embryonic stem cell lines.
To assess the viability of human sperm for in vitro fertilization
Somatic cell hybrids between humans and hamsters or mice have been used for the mapping of various traits since at least the 1970s.
See also
Hamster zona-free ovum test
Human–animal hybrid
Recombinant DNA
References
Further reading
Analysis of the first cell cycle in the cross between hamster eggs and human sperm
Cell biology
Bioethics
Mammal hybrids
Human hybrids
Intergeneric hybrids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL7 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 (CCL7) is a small cytokine that was previously called monocyte-chemotactic protein 3 (MCP3). CCL7 is a small protein that belongs to the CC chemokine family and is most closely related to CCL2 (previously called MCP1).
Genomics
In the human genome, CCL7 is encoded by the CCL7 gene which is one of the several chemokine genes clustered on chromosome 17q11.2-q12. This region contains the gene for the MCP subset of CC chemokines. The CCL7 gene has been given the locus symbol SCYA7.
The gene consists of three exons and two introns. The first exon contains a 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR), the information for the signal sequence (23 amino acids), and the mature protein's first two amino acids. The second exon encodes amino acids 3–42 of the mature proteins. The third exon is composed of the C-terminal region of the protein, a 3′-UTR containing one or more destabilizing AU-rich sequences and a polyadenylation signal.
Molecular biology
CCL7 was first characterized from osteosarcoma supernatant. CCL7 consists of 99 amino acids, which contains 23-amino acid signal peptide. The mature protein about 76 amino acids is secreted after cleavage of the signal peptide. In contrast to most chemokines, CCL7 exists in a general monomeric form, differing from the dimer formed in a highly concentrated solution.
CCL7 can exist in four different glycotypes with a molecular weight 11, 13, 17 and 18 kDa in COS cells.
CCL7 mediates effects on the immune cell type |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate%20dehydrogenase | Pyruvate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of pyruvate and a lipoamide to give the acetylated dihydrolipoamide and carbon dioxide. The conversion requires the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase is usually encountered as a component, referred to as E1, of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). PDC consists of other enzymes, referred to as E2 and E3. Collectively E1-E3 transform pyruvate, NAD+, coenzyme A into acetyl-CoA, CO2, and NADH. The conversion is crucial because acetyl-CoA may then be used in the citric acid cycle to carry out cellular respiration. To distinguish between this enzyme and the PDC, it is systematically called pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring).
Mechanism
The thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) converts to an ylide by deprotonation. The ylide attack the ketone group of pyruvate. The resulting adduct decarboxylates. The resulting 1,3-dipole reductively acetylates lipoamide-E2.
In terms of details, biochemical and structural data for E1 revealed a mechanism of activation of TPP coenzyme by forming the conserved hydrogen bond with glutamate residue (Glu59 in human E1) and by imposing a V-conformation that brings the N4’ atom of the aminopyrimidine to intramolecular hydrogen bonding with the thiazolium C2 atom. This unique combination of contacts and conformations of TPP leads to formation of the reactive C2-carbanion, eventually. After the cofactor TPP decarboxylates pyruvate, the acetyl portion becomes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propionyl-CoA%20carboxylase | Propionyl-CoA carboxylase (, PCC) catalyses the carboxylation reaction of propionyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix. PCC has been classified both as a ligase and a lyase. The enzyme is biotin-dependent. The product of the reaction is (S)-methylmalonyl CoA.
ATP + propionyl-CoA + HCO3− <=> ADP + phosphate + (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA
(S)-Methylmalonyl-CoA cannot be directly utilized by animals. It is acted upon by a racemase, yielding (R)-methylmalonyl-CoA, which is then converted into succinyl-CoA by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (one of the few metabolic enzymes which requires vitamin B12 as a cofactor). Succinyl-CoA, a Krebs cycle intermediate, is further metabolized into fumarate, then malate, and then oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate may be transported into the cytosol to form phosphoenol pyruvate and other gluconeogenic intermediates. Propionyl-CoA is therefore an important precursor to glucose.
Propionyl-CoA is the end product of odd-chain fatty acid metabolism, including most methylated fatty acids. The amino acids valine, isoleucine, and methionine are also substrates for propionyl-CoA metabolism.
Structure
Propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC) is a 750 kDa alpha(6)-beta(6)-dodecamer. (Only approximately 540 kDa is native enzyme. ) The alpha subunits are arranged as monomers, decorating the central beta-6 hexameric core. Said core is oriented as a short cylinder with a hole along its axis.
The alpha subunit of PCC contains the biotin carboxylase (BC) and biotin carboxyl carrier pro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola%20Airport | Yoshkar-Ola Airport () is an airport in Mari El Republic, Russia, located north of Yoshkar-Ola and from Moscow Domodedovo Airport (DME).
As a category 2 airport (based on an MAK classification),
it handles Tu-134, Yak-42 and smaller aircraft.
The airport is the base for Yoshkar-Ola Joint Aviation Group.
Airlines and destinations
All flights from the Airport are temporarily suspended since due to runway reconstruction.
Previously following flights were operated from the Airport:
External links
Yoshkar-Ola Airport Official Site
References
Airports built in the Soviet Union
Airports in Mari El |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyketide%20synthase | Polyketide synthases (PKSs) are a family of multi-domain enzymes or enzyme complexes that produce polyketides, a large class of secondary metabolites, in bacteria, fungi, plants, and a few animal lineages. The biosyntheses of polyketides share striking similarities with fatty acid biosynthesis.
The PKS genes for a certain polyketide are usually organized in one operon or in gene clusters. Type I and type II PKSs form either large modular protein complexes or dissociable molecular assemblies; type III PKSs exist as smaller homodimeric proteins.
Classification
PKSs can be classified into three types:
Type I PKSs are large, complex protein structures with multiple modules which in turn consist of several domains that are usually covalently connected to each other and fulfill different catalytic steps. The minimal composition of a type I PKS module consists of an acyltransferase (AT) domain, which is responsible for choosing the building block to be used, a keto synthase (KS) domain, which catalyzes the C-C bond formation and an acyl carrier protein (ACP) domain, also known as thiolation domain. The latter contains a conserved Ser residue, post-translationally modified with a phosphopantetheine at the end of which the polyketide chain is covalently bound during biosynthesis as a thioester. Moreover, multiple other optional domains can also exist within a module like ketoreductase or dehydratase domains which alter the default 1,3-dicarbonyl functionality of the installed keti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisthiosemicarbazone | In organic chemistry, a bisthiosemicarbazone is a derivative from an elimination reaction between a thiosemicarbazide and a diketone. Their structure is . A 'thiosemicarbazone' contains a sulfur atom in lieu of the ketonic oxygen in semicarbazone. Bisthiosemicarbazones are known to have antiviral, antimalarial and anticancer activity, usually mediated through binding to copper or iron in cells. They have also been identified as potential ligands for radioisotope delivery, with selectivity towards hypoxic tissues, particularly in the heart and brain. When chelated to zinc atoms some bisthiosemicarbazones may have uses as fluorescing agents in optical microscopy.
See also
Salen ligand
Ambazone
References
Functional groups
Thiocarbonyl compounds
Thiosemicarbazone |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena%20contracta | Vena contracta is the point in a fluid stream where the diameter of the stream is the least, and the fluid velocity is at its maximum, such as in the case of a stream issuing out of a nozzle (orifice). (Evangelista Torricelli, 1643). It is a place where the cross section area is minimal. The maximum contraction takes place at a section slightly downstream of the orifice, where the jet is more or less horizontal.
The effect is also observed in flow from a tank into a pipe, or a sudden contraction in pipe diameter. Streamlines will converge just downstream of the diameter change, and a region of separated flow occurs at the sharp corner of the diameter change and extends past the vena contracta.
The formation of the vena contracta can be seen in the venturimeter.
Explanation
The reason for this phenomenon is that fluid streamlines cannot abruptly change direction. In the case of both the free jet and the sudden pipe diameter change, the streamlines are unable to closely follow the sharp angle in the pipe/tank wall. The converging streamlines follow a smooth path, which results in the narrowing of the jet (or primary pipe flow).
Echocardiography
Measurement of the vena contracta is useful in echocardiography, where it describes the smallest area of the blood flow jet as it exits a heart valve. This corresponds to the effective orifice area (EOA) calculated for heart valves using the continuity equation.
Shotguns
Vena Contracta was a term used by several English shotgun buil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls%20and%20Mirrors | Walls And Mirrors is a computer science textbook, for undergraduates taking a second computer science course (typically on the subject of data structures and algorithms), originally written by Paul Helman and Robert Veroff. The book attempts to strike a balance between being too mathematically rigorous and formal, and being so informal, practical, and hands-on that computer science theory is not taught.
The "walls" of the title refer to the abstract data type (ADT) which has a wall between its public interface and private implementation. Early languages like Pascal did not build this wall very high; later languages like Modula-2 did create a much stronger wall between the two; and object-oriented languages such as C++ and Java implement walls using the class concept.
The "mirrors" of the title refer to recursion. The idea is of looking at a reflection in two mirrors placed in opposition to one another, so a repeated image is reflected smaller and smaller in them.
Editions
The first edition, which used the language Pascal, was published in 1986.
An edition that used Modula-2 was published in 1988. Modula-2 had much better support for the sort of ADT the book taught than Pascal.
Later editions from the mid-1990s and the 2000s used C++ and Java, reflecting a fundamental shift in how computer science was taught. The original authors' names have been removed from the most recent editions of the book.
Publication history
Walls and Mirrors, Intermediate Problem Solving and D |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NJA | NJA may refer to:
New Jewish Agenda, former US organization
Naval Air Facility Atsugi, Japan, IATA code
New Japan Aviation, Kagoshima, services company, ICAO code
Newman-Janis Algorithm, a method of finding solutions in general relativity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish%20Statistical%20Institute | Turkish Statistical Institute (commonly known as TurkStat; or TÜİK) is the Turkish government agency commissioned with producing official statistics on Turkey, its population, resources, economy, society, and culture. It was founded in 1926 and headquartered in Ankara. Formerly named as the State Institute of Statistics (Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü (DİE)), the institute was renamed as the Turkish Statistical Institute on November 18, 2005.
See also
List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy
References
External links
Official website of the institute
National statistical services
Statistical
Organizations established in 1926
Organizations based in Ankara |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereocilia | Stereocilia (or stereovilli or villi) are non-motile apical cell modifications. They are distinct from cilia and microvilli, but are closely related to microvilli. They form single "finger-like" projections that may be branched, with normal cell membrane characteristics. They contain actin. Stereocilia are found in the vas deferens, the epididymis, and the sensory cells of the inner ear.
Structure
Stereocilia are cylindrical and non-motile. They are much longer and thicker than microvilli, form single "finger-like" projections that may be branched, and have more of the characteristics of the cellular membrane proper. Like microvilli, they contain actin and lack an axoneme. This distinguishes them from cilia.
They do not have a Basal body at their base since they do not contain microtubules. They may or may not be covered by a glycocalyx coating. They have no fixed arrangement, different to the structure present in kinocilium.
Organs containing stereocilia
Stereocilia are found in:
the vas deferens.
the epididymis. Some consider epididymal stereocilia to be a variant of microvilli, rather than their own distinct type of structure.
the sensory (hair) cells of the inner ear.
References
External links
J.A. Illingworth, "Sensory Transducers" (Lectures, 2011), University of Leeds
Histology
Actin-based structures |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpecGram | SpecGram may refer to:
Speculative Grammarian: a satirical linguistics journal.
specgram, a time-dependent frequency analysis (spectrogram) tool in the Signal Processing Toolbox of MATLAB. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierocrypt | In cryptography, Hierocrypt-L1 and Hierocrypt-3 are block ciphers created by
Toshiba in 2000. They were submitted to the NESSIE project, but were not selected. Both
algorithms were among the cryptographic techniques recommended for Japanese government use by CRYPTREC in 2003, however, both have been dropped to "candidate" by CRYPTREC revision in 2013.
The Hierocrypt ciphers are very similar, differing mainly in block size: 64 bits for Hierocrypt-L1, 128 bits for Hierocrypt-3. Hierocrypt-L1's key size is 128 bits, while Hierocrypt-3 can use keys of 128, 192, or 256 bits. The number of rounds of encryption also varies: Hierocrypt-L1 uses 6.5 rounds, and Hierocrypt-3 uses 6.5, 7.5, or 8.5, depending on the key size.
The Hierocrypt ciphers use a nested substitution–permutation network (SPN) structure. Each round consists of parallel applications of a transformation called the XS-box, followed by a linear diffusion operation. The final half-round replaces the diffusion with a simple
post-whitening. The XS-box, which is shared by the two algorithms, is itself an SPN, consisting of a subkey XOR, an S-box lookup, a linear diffusion, another subkey XOR, and another S-box lookup. The diffusion operations use two MDS matrices, and there is a single 8×8-bit S-box. The key schedule uses the binary expansions of the square roots of some small integers as a source of "nothing up my sleeve numbers".
No analysis of the full ciphers has been announced, but certain weaknesses were discovere |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2884922%29%202003%20VS2 | is a trans-Neptunian object discovered by the Near Earth Asteroid Tracking program on 14 November 2003. Like Pluto, it is in a 2:3 orbital resonance with Neptune and is thus a plutino. Analysis of light-curve suggests that it is not a dwarf planet.
Orbit and rotation
Like Pluto, is locked in the 3:2 mean-motion resonance with Neptune, although its orbit is both less inclined and significantly less eccentric than Pluto's.
has a significant light-curve amplitude of . The most likely value of the rotation period is .
Physical characteristics
has a moderately red surface with a moderately red color indices B−V=0.93, V−R=0.59. Its geometrical albedo is about 0.13.
In 2007, its diameter was initially estimated by the Spitzer Space Telescope at . However, in 2012, this was reduced to after new Herschel Space Telescope observations. In 2019, was found to be ellipsoidal in shape based on stellar occultations that occurred in 2013 and 2014; the light curve derived from the occultations suggests that this plutino is not in hydrostatic equilibrium and hence not a dwarf planet. The dimensions of are estimated at , with a volume-equivalent diameter . has no known satellite that can be used to directly determine its mass, but assuming a density of 1 g/cm3, typical of mid size TNO's, gives a mass estimate of about 7.5 kg.
See also
Sedna, another large trans-Neptunian object discovered the same day (14 November 2003)
References
External links
Huge rock-ice body circles Sun (P |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiovox%20Snapper | The Audiovox Snapper is a 2005 cell phone made by Audiovox that was available from Virgin Mobile. It includes a color screen, a VGA camera, and Bluetooth technology.
References
audiovox snapper cdm8915 virgin mobile specs
user manual
specs per phonescoop
Mobile phones by company |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARB%20Project | The ARB Project is a free software package for the phylogenetic analysis of rRNA and other biological sequences including DNA and protein sequence. It simplifies the import and assembly of genetic sequences from any organisms with the use of an automated aligner. This editing process can be depicted into two subcategories: "Primary Structure Editor" and "Secondary Structure Editor". Comprehensively, this allows the necessary make up for developing a phylogenetic tree. The software provides the visualization of the biological sequences which gives the user a more in depth experience and interaction. This is particularly necessary when comparing phylogeny data from various organisms.
Introduction
From the authors' description,
The ARB (ARB short for the Latin arbor) program package comprises a variety of directly interacting software tools for sequence database maintenance and analysis controlled by a common graphical user interface. Although it was initially designed for ribosomal RNA data, it can be used for nucleic acid and amino acid sequence data. A central database contains processed (aligned) primary structure data. Additional descriptive data can be stored in database fields assigned to the individual sequences or linked via local or worldwide networks. A phylogenetic tree visualized in the main window can be used for data access and visualization. The package contains additional tools for data import and export, sequence alignment, primary and secondary structure edi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20der%20Waerden%20number | Van der Waerden's theorem states that for any positive integers r and k there exists a positive integer N such that if the integers {1, 2, ..., N} are colored, each with one of r different colors, then there are at least k integers in arithmetic progression all of the same color. The smallest such N is the van der Waerden number W(r, k).
Tables of Van der Waerden numbers
There are two cases in which the van der Waerden number W(r, k) is easy to compute: first, when the number of colors r is equal to 1, one has W(1, k) = k for any integer k, since one color produces only trivial colorings RRRRR...RRR (for the single color denoted R). Second, when the length k of the forced arithmetic progression is 2, one has W(r, 2) = r + 1, since one may construct a coloring that avoids arithmetic progressions of length 2 by using each color at most once, but using any color twice creates a length-2 arithmetic progression. (For example, for r = 3, the longest coloring that avoids an arithmetic progression of length 2 is RGB.) There are only seven other van der Waerden numbers that are known exactly. The table below gives exact values and bounds for values of W(r, k); values are taken from Rabung and Lotts except where otherwise noted.
{| class="wikitable"
! k\r
! 2 colors
! 3 colors
! 4 colors
! 5 colors
! 6 colors
|-
| 3
| style="text-align:right;"| 9
| style="text-align:right;"| 27
| style="text-align:right;"| 76
| style="text-align:right;"| >170
| style="text-align:right;"| >22 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSWG | KSWG (96.3 MHz) is a commercial FM radio station licensed to Wickenburg, Arizona. It is owned by Barna Broadcasting Company and airs a classic country radio format, using the moniker "Real Country 96.3." The station is considered a rimshot broadcaster because its transmitter is more than 50 miles from downtown Phoenix, Arizona. KSWG's signal is primarily heard in northwest suburbs of the Phoenix market.
The studios and offices are on West Wickenburg Way in Wickenburg. The transmitter is off South Vulture Mine Road, also in Wickenburg.
History
KFMA, KMEO and KBSZ
Today's KSWG began life in September 1992 on 93.7 MHz as modern rock station KFMA. The station was owned by Harold Shumway alongside KTIM 1250 AM, and as KFMA, it was run by former KUPD/KUKQ general manager Lloyd Melton. However, when KEDJ-FM was born months later, it pushed KFMA, with its partial-market signal, out of the format. Early in 1993 KFMA became KMEO, an easy listening music station using call letters made famous in Phoenix by KMEO-AM-FM (now KIDR and KMXP); Melton sued Shumway in Maricopa County Superior Court.
On March 24, 1995, KMEO flipped to new age music as KBSZ "The Breeze". Geoff Stirling, a new age enthusiast and Canadian-American media mogul, had an unspecified stake in the station. KBSZ also made moves to increase its coverage; it picked up use of a translator from KEDJ at 96.3 MHz, improving its signal in metro Phoenix. It also moved its main signal to 94.1 with increased power in March 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorapatite | Fluorapatite, often with the alternate spelling of fluoroapatite, is a phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3F (calcium fluorophosphate). Fluorapatite is a hard crystalline solid. Although samples can have various color (green, brown, blue, yellow, violet, or colorless), the pure mineral is colorless, as expected for a material lacking transition metals. Along with hydroxylapatite, it can be a component of tooth enamel, but for industrial use both minerals are mined in the form of phosphate rock, whose usual mineral composition is primarily fluorapatite but often with significant amounts of the other.
Fluorapatite crystallizes in a hexagonal crystal system. It is often combined as a solid solution with hydroxylapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH or Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) in biological matrices. Chlorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3Cl) is another related structure. Industrially, the mineral is an important source of both phosphoric and hydrofluoric acids.
Fluorapatite as a mineral is the most common phosphate mineral. It occurs widely as an accessory mineral in igneous rocks and in calcium rich metamorphic rocks. It commonly occurs as a detrital or diagenic mineral in sedimentary rocks and is an essential component of phosphorite ore deposits. It occurs as a residual mineral in lateritic soils.
Fluorapatite is found in the teeth of sharks and other fishes in varying concentrations. It is also present in human teeth that have been exposed to fluoride ions, for example, through water fluoridation or |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox-ATypI%20classification | In typography, the Vox-ATypI classification makes it possible to classify typefaces into general classes. Devised by Maximilien Vox in 1954, it was adopted in 1962 by the Association Typographique Internationale (ATypI) and in 1967 as a British Standard, as British Standards Classification of Typefaces (BS 2961:1967), which is a very basic interpretation and adaptation/modification of the earlier Vox-ATypI classification. On April 27, 2021, ATypI announced that they had de-adopted the system and that they were establishing a working group building towards a new, larger system incorporating the different scripts of the world.
Vox proposed a nine-type classification which tends to group typefaces according to their main characteristics, often typical of a particular century (15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th century), based on a number of formal criteria: downstroke and upstroke, forms of serifs, stroke axis, x-height, etc. Although the Vox-ATypI classification defines archetypes of typefaces, many typefaces can exhibit the characteristics of more than one class.
At the 2010 ATypI general meeting, the association voted to make a minor amendment to add Gaelic to the calligraphic group in the Vox-ATypI classification, to state that the Vox-ATypI system was seriously flawed, and to create a new working group on typeface classification.
Classicals
The classicals can be broken down into humanist, Garald, and transitional categories, and are characterized by triangular serifs, o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithine%20translocase%20deficiency | Ornithine translocase deficiency, also called hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria (HHH) syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive urea cycle disorder affecting the enzyme ornithine translocase, which causes ammonia to accumulate in the blood, a condition called hyperammonemia.
Ammonia, which is formed when proteins are broken down in the body, is toxic if the levels become too high. The nervous system is especially sensitive to the effects of excess ammonia.
Pathophysiology
Mutations in SLC25A15 cause ornithine translocase deficiency. Ornithine translocase deficiency belongs to a class of metabolic disorders referred to as urea cycle disorders. The urea cycle is a sequence of reactions that occurs in liver cells. This cycle processes excess nitrogen, generated when protein is used by the body, to make a compound called urea that is excreted by the kidneys. The SLC25A15 gene provides instructions for making a protein called a mitochondrial ornithine transporter. This protein is needed to move a molecule called ornithine within the mitochondria (the energy-producing centers in cells). Specifically, this protein transports ornithine across the inner membrane of mitochondria to the region called the mitochondrial matrix, where it participates in the urea cycle. Mutations in the SLC25A15 gene result in a mitochondrial ornithine transporter that is unstable or the wrong shape, and which cannot bring ornithine to the mitochondrial matrix. This failure of ornithine tr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudoku%20solving%20algorithms | A standard Sudoku contains 81 cells, in a 9×9 grid, and has 9 boxes, each box being the intersection of the first, middle, or last 3 rows, and the first, middle, or last 3 columns. Each cell may contain a number from one to nine, and each number can only occur once in each row, column, and box. A Sudoku starts with some cells containing numbers (clues), and the goal is to solve the remaining cells. Proper Sudokus have one solution. Players and investigators use a wide range of computer algorithms to solve Sudokus, study their properties, and make new puzzles, including Sudokus with interesting symmetries and other properties.
There are several computer algorithms that will solve 9×9 puzzles (=9) in fractions of a second, but combinatorial explosion occurs as increases, creating limits to the properties of Sudokus that can be constructed, analyzed, and solved as increases.
Techniques
Backtracking
Some hobbyists have developed computer programs that will solve Sudoku puzzles using a backtracking algorithm, which is a type of brute force search. Backtracking is a depth-first search (in contrast to a breadth-first search), because it will completely explore one branch to a possible solution before moving to another branch. Although it has been established that approximately 5.96 x 1126 final grids exist, a brute force algorithm can be a practical method to solve Sudoku puzzles.
A brute force algorithm visits the empty cells in some order, filling in digits sequentially, o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20marching%20method | The fast marching method is a numerical method created by James Sethian for solving boundary value problems of the Eikonal equation:
Typically, such a problem describes the evolution of a closed surface as a function of time with speed in the normal direction at a point on the propagating surface. The speed function is specified, and the time at which the contour crosses a point is obtained by solving the equation. Alternatively, can be thought of as the minimum amount of time it would take to reach starting from the point . The fast marching method takes advantage of this optimal control interpretation of the problem in order to build a solution outwards starting from the "known information", i.e. the boundary values.
The algorithm is similar to Dijkstra's algorithm and uses the fact that information only flows outward from the seeding area. This problem is a special case of level-set methods. More general algorithms exist but are normally slower.
Extensions to non-flat (triangulated) domains solving
for the surface and , were introduced by Ron Kimmel and James Sethian.
Algorithm
First, assume that the domain has been discretized into a mesh. We will refer to meshpoints as nodes. Each node has a corresponding value .
The algorithm works just like Dijkstra's algorithm but differs in how the nodes' values are calculated. In Dijkstra's algorithm, a node's value is calculated using a single one of the neighboring nodes. However, in solving the PDE in , betw |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR1 | PR1 may refer to:
Polskie Radio Program I, a radio channel broadcast by the Polish public broadcaster Polskie Radio
the first group of plant pathogenesis-related proteins
the first of three categories of para-rowing, also known as adaptive rowing
VR Class Pr1, a Finnish locomotive
PR-1 may refer to:
Puerto Rico Highway 1, a road connecting the city of Ponce to San Juan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR2 | PR2 may refer to:
PR2 (classification), a Paralympic rowing classification
Aircrew Survival Equipmentman 2nd Class (US Navy rating); previously designated as 'Parachute Rigger 2nd Class', hence PR2
London Buses route PR2
Personal Robot 2 open source robot project by sponsored by Willow Garage
Google PageRank
πr2, see Area of a disk
Polskie Radio Program II, a radio channel broadcast by the Polish public broadcaster Polskie Radio
VR Class Pr2, a locomotive class
PR-2 may refer to:
Puerto Rico Highway 2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementarity-determining%20region | Complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) are part of the variable chains in immunoglobulins (antibodies) and T cell receptors, generated by B-cells and T-cells respectively, where these molecules bind to their specific antigen. A set of CDRs constitutes a paratope. As the most variable parts of the molecules, CDRs are crucial to the diversity of antigen specificities generated by lymphocytes.
Location and structure
There are three CDRs (CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3), arranged non-consecutively, on the amino acid sequence of a variable domain of an antigen receptor. Since the antigen receptors are typically composed of two variable domains (on two different polypeptide chains, heavy and light chain), there are six CDRs for each antigen receptor that can collectively come into contact with the antigen. A single antibody molecule has two antigen receptors and therefore contains twelve CDRs total. There are three CDR loops per variable domain in antibodies. Sixty CDRs can be found on a pentameric IgM molecule.
Since most sequence variation associated with immunoglobulins and T cell receptors are found in the CDRs, these regions are sometimes referred to as hypervariable regions. Within the variable domain, CDR1 and CDR2 are found in the variable (V) region of a polypeptide chain, and CDR3 includes some of V, all of diversity (D, heavy chains only) and joining (J) regions. CDR3 is the most variable.
The tertiary structure of an antibody is important to analyze and design new antibodi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDR2 | CDR2 can refer to
Complementarity-determining region 2 on antibodies
CDR2 (gene), cerebellar degeneration-related protein 2, a protein expressed by ovarian cancer cells
Mitosis inducer protein kinase cdr2, Cdr2 (S. pombe), a protein in the yeast S. pombe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDR1 | CDR1 can refer to
Complementarity-determining region 1 on antibodies
CDR1 (gene), cerebellar degeneration-related protein 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance%20%28ecology%29 | In ecology, local abundance is the relative representation of a species in a particular ecosystem. It is usually measured as the number of individuals found per sample. The ratio of abundance of one species to one or multiple other species living in an ecosystem is referred to as relative species abundances. Both indicators are relevant for computing biodiversity.
A variety of sampling methods are used to measure abundance. For larger animals, these may include spotlight counts, track counts and roadkill counts, as well as presence at monitoring stations. In many plant communities the abundances of plant species are measured by plant cover, i.e. the relative area
covered by different plant species in a small plot. Abundance is in simplest terms usually measured by identifying and counting every individual of every species in a given sector. It is common for the distribution of species to be skewed so that a few species take up the bulk of individuals collected.
Relative species abundance is calculated by dividing the number of species from one group by the total number of species from all groups.
Community ecology
These measures are all a part of community ecology. Understanding patterns within a community is easy when the community has a relatively low number of species. However most communities do not have a low number of species. Measuring species abundance allows for understanding of how species are distributed within an ecosystem. For example, salt water marshes have |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash%E2%80%93Karp%20method | In numerical analysis, the Cash–Karp method is a method for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs). It was proposed by Professor Jeff R. Cash from Imperial College London and Alan H. Karp from IBM Scientific Center. The method is a member of the Runge–Kutta family of ODE solvers. More specifically, it uses six function evaluations to calculate fourth- and fifth-order accurate solutions. The difference between these solutions is then taken to be the error of the (fourth order) solution. This error estimate is very convenient for adaptive stepsize integration algorithms. Other similar integration methods are Fehlberg (RKF) and Dormand–Prince (RKDP).
The Butcher tableau is:
The first row of b coefficients gives the fifth-order accurate solution, and the second row gives the fourth-order solution.
See also
Adaptive Runge–Kutta methods
List of Runge–Kutta methods
Notes
References
J. R. Cash, A. H. Karp. "A variable order Runge-Kutta method for initial value problems with rapidly varying right-hand sides", ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software 16: 201-222, 1990. .
Numerical differential equations
Runge–Kutta methods |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20of%20Individual%20Consumption%20According%20to%20Purpose | Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose (COICOP) is a Reference Classification published by the United Nations Statistics Division that divides the purpose of individual consumption expenditures incurred by three institutional sectors, namely households, non-profit institutions serving households, and general government.
Categories in COICOP generally correspond to categories in the UN's CPC. Division 14 of COICOP corresponds to the Classification of the Purposes of Non-Profit Institutions Serving Households (COPNI); Division 15 of COICOP corresponds to the Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG).
The classification units are transactions.
COICOP has been recently revised and is now available as COICOP 2018.
Structure
Structure levels
Structure Level 1: Divisions (two-digit)
Structure Level 2: Groups (three-digit)
Structure Level 3: Classes (four-digit)
Structure Level 4: Subclasses (five-digit)
Broad structure
01 Food and non-alcoholic beverages
01.1 Food
01.2 Non-alcoholic beverages
01.3 Services for processing primary goods for food and non-alcoholic beverages
02 Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics
02.1 Alcoholic beverages
02.2 Alcohol production services
02.3 Tobacco
02.4 Narcotics
03 Clothing and footwear
03.1 Clothing
03.2 Footwear
04 Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels
04.1 Actual rentals for housing
04.2 Imputed rentals for housing
04.3 Maintenance, repair and security of the dwelling
04.4 Water supply and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive%20step%20size | In mathematics and numerical analysis, an adaptive step size is used in some methods for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations (including the special case of numerical integration) in order to control the errors of the method and to ensure stability properties such as A-stability.
Using an adaptive stepsize is of particular importance when there is a large variation in the size of the derivative.
For example, when modeling the motion of a satellite about the earth as a standard Kepler orbit, a fixed time-stepping method such as the Euler method may be sufficient.
However things are more difficult if one wishes to model the motion of a spacecraft taking into account both the Earth and the Moon as in the Three-body problem.
There, scenarios emerge where one can take large time steps when the spacecraft is far from the Earth and Moon, but if the spacecraft gets close to colliding with one of the planetary bodies, then small time steps are needed. Romberg's method and Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg are examples of a numerical integration methods which use an adaptive stepsize.
Example
For simplicity, the following example uses the simplest integration method, the Euler method; in practice, higher-order methods such as Runge–Kutta methods are preferred due to their superior convergence and stability properties.
Consider the initial value problem
where y and f may denote vectors (in which case this equation represents a system of coupled ODEs in several variabl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias%20of%20an%20estimator | In statistics, the bias of an estimator (or bias function) is the difference between this estimator's expected value and the true value of the parameter being estimated. An estimator or decision rule with zero bias is called unbiased. In statistics, "bias" is an property of an estimator. Bias is a distinct concept from consistency: consistent estimators converge in probability to the true value of the parameter, but may be biased or unbiased; see bias versus consistency for more.
All else being equal, an unbiased estimator is preferable to a biased estimator, although in practice, biased estimators (with generally small bias) are frequently used. When a biased estimator is used, bounds of the bias are calculated. A biased estimator may be used for various reasons: because an unbiased estimator does not exist without further assumptions about a population; because an estimator is difficult to compute (as in unbiased estimation of standard deviation); because a biased estimator may be unbiased with respect to different measures of central tendency; because a biased estimator gives a lower value of some loss function (particularly mean squared error) compared with unbiased estimators (notably in shrinkage estimators); or because in some cases being unbiased is too strong a condition, and the only unbiased estimators are not useful.
Bias can also be measured with respect to the median, rather than the mean (expected value), in which case one distinguishes median-unbiased from |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocin | Podocin is a protein component of the filtration slits of podocytes. Glomerular capillary endothelial cells, the glomerular basement membrane and the filtration slits function as the filtration barrier of the kidney glomerulus.
Mutations in the podocin gene NPHS2 can cause nephrotic syndrome, such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) or minimal change disease (MCD). Symptoms may develop in the first few months of life (congenital nephrotic syndrome) or later in childhood.
Structure
Podocin is a membrane protein of the band-7-stomatin family, consisting of 383 amino acids. It has a transmembrane domain forming a hairpin structure, with two cytoplasmic ends at the N- and C-terminus, the latter of which interacts with the cytosolic tail of nephrin, with CD2AP serving as an adaptor.
Function
Podocin is localized on the membranes of podocyte pedicels (foot-like long processes), where it oligomerizes in lipid rafts together with nephrin to form the filtration slits.
References
Proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golija | Golija (, ) is a mountain in southwestern Serbia, between towns of Ivanjica and Novi Pazar. It is part of the Dinaric mountain range. The mountain is heavily forested with significant biodiversity. It contains the Golija-Studenica Biosphere Reserve, the first UNESCO-MAB registered biosphere reserve in Serbia. It is also a small ski resort, with several historical monuments and monasteries. The highest peak is Jankov Kamen at .
Geography
Golija stretches in north–south direction, in an S-shape between Novi Pazar and Raška on south and Ivanjica on the north. It covers an area of about .
The highest peak is Jankov Kamen . It was named after Sibinjanin Janko, Serbian romanticized version of Hungarian medieval knight John Hunyadi. According to local myths, when he was returning to Hungary after the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448. He placed a stone on top of the mountain to mark his presence, hence the name which is Serbian for "Janko's stone". The highest peak is followed by Radulovac (), Bojevo Brdo () and Crni Vrh (). The peaks offer sightseeing to Golija's forests and pastures, as well as the peaks of nearby Kopaonik, Komovi and Prokletije mountains. On a clear day, even a distant mountains, like Durmitor in Montenegro or even Kosmaj, close to Belgrade, are visible.
There are over 100 water springs on Golija. The Moravica and Studenica rivers have their headwaters at this mountain. Studenica breaches through the mountain, in its deep valley with several shorter gorges. The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormand%E2%80%93Prince%20method | In numerical analysis, the Dormand–Prince (RKDP) method or DOPRI method, is an embedded method for solving ordinary differential equations (ODE). The method is a member of the Runge–Kutta family of ODE solvers. More specifically, it uses six function evaluations to calculate fourth- and fifth-order accurate solutions. The difference between these solutions is then taken to be the error of the (fourth-order) solution. This error estimate is very convenient for adaptive stepsize integration algorithms. Other similar integration methods are Fehlberg (RKF) and Cash–Karp (RKCK).
The Dormand–Prince method has seven stages, but it uses only six function evaluations per step because it has the "First Same As Last" (FSAL) property: the last stage is evaluated at the same point as the first stage of the next step. Dormand and Prince chose the coefficients of their method to minimize the error of the fifth-order solution. This is the main difference with the Fehlberg method, which was constructed so that the fourth-order solution has a small error. For this reason, the Dormand–Prince method is more suitable when the higher-order solution is used to continue the integration, a practice known as local extrapolation.
Butcher tableau
The Butcher tableau is:
The first row of b coefficients gives the fifth-order accurate solution, and the second row gives the fourth-order accurate solution.
Applications
, Dormand–Prince is the default method in the ode45 solver for MATLAB and GNU Octave |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-induced%20voltage%20alteration | Light-induced voltage alteration (LIVA) is a semiconductor analysis technique that uses a laser or infrared light source to induce voltage changes in a device while scanning the beam of light across its surface. The technique relies upon the generation of electron-hole pairs in the semiconductor material when exposed to photons.
Theory of operation
The device to be analyzed is biased using a constant current power supply. As the light source is scanned across the surface of the silicon, electron-hole pairs are generated. This causes subtle alterations of the operating characteristics of the device, which may result in slight changes to the power supply voltage. Any changes that are detected in the power supply voltage are noted and correlated with the position of the light source on the device. This allows the physical locations corresponding to power supply fluctuations to be mapped onto an image of the device. This provides the device analyst with specific locations at which the device may be examined for defects.
Notes
References
.
Semiconductor analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derna%20Stadium | Derna Stadium () is a multi-use stadium in Derna, Libya. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Darnes and Afriqi. The stadium has a seating capacity of 7,000 people.
The stadium sustained severe damage from floods caused by Storm Daniel in 2023.
References
Football venues in Libya
Derna, Libya |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20laser%20stimulation | Thermal laser stimulation represents a class of defect imaging techniques which employ a laser to produce a thermal variation in a semiconductor device. This technique may be used for semiconductor failure analysis. There are four techniques associated with thermal laser stimulation: optical beam induced resistance change (OBIRCH), thermally induced voltage alteration (TIVA)), external induced voltage alteration (XIVA) and Seebeck effect imaging (SEI)
Optical beam induced resistance change
Optical beam induced resistance change (OBIRCH) is an imaging technique which uses a laser beam to induce a thermal change in the device. Laser stimulation highlights differences in thermal characteristics between areas containing defects and areas which are defect-free. As the laser locally heats a defective area on a metal line which is carrying a current, the resulting resistance changes can be detected by monitoring the input current to the device. OBIRCH is useful for detecting electromigration effects resulting in open metal lines.
A constant voltage is applied to the device-under-test (DUT). An area of interest is selected on the device, and a laser beam is used to scan the area. The input current being drawn by the device is monitored for changes during this process. When a change in current is noted, the position of the laser at the time that the change occurred is marked on the image of the device.
When the laser beam strikes a location which does not contain a void, good therm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomeningocele | A pseudomeningocele is an abnormal collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that communicates with the CSF space around the brain or spinal cord. In contrast to a meningocele, in which the fluid is surrounded and confined by dura mater, in a pseudomeningocele, the fluid has no surrounding membrane, but is contained in a cavity within the soft tissues.
Pseudomeningocele may result after brain surgery, spine surgery, or brachial plexus avulsion injury.
Treatment for pseudomeningocele is conservative or may involve neurosurgical repair.
References
Pseudomeningocele - USC Neurosurgery
Neurosurgery |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slim%20till%20Dead | Slim till Dead () (Orig. Sul sun) is a 2005 Hong Kong film directed by Marco Mak and stars Anthony Wong and Cherrie Ying.
Cast
Anthony Wong
Cherrie Ying
Sheren Tang
Raymond Wong Ho-yin
Crystal Tin
Zuki Lee
Wong Jing
Jing Gangshan
External links
2005 films
2000s Cantonese-language films
2005 thriller films
Hong Kong thriller films
2000s Hong Kong films |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio%20Municipal%20de%20La%20Cisterna | Estadio Municipal de La Cisterna is a multi-use stadium in Santiago, Chile. It is currently used mostly for football matches and hosts the home matches for Palestino. The stadium currently holds 8,000 people and was built in 1988.
The highest attendance at the Municipal de La Cisterna was 11,680 for a 0-0 Primera Division league match between Palestino and Universidad de Chile on October 16, 1988
External links
Stadium images
References
Mu
Municipal de La Cisterna
Club Deportivo Palestino
Sports venues completed in 1988
1988 establishments in Chile |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miron%20Nicolescu | Miron Nicolescu (; August 27, 1903 – June 30, 1975) was a Romanian mathematician, best known for his work in real analysis and differential equations. He was President of the Romanian Academy and Vice-President of the International Mathematical Union.
Born in Giurgiu, the son of a teacher, he attended the Matei Basarab High School in Bucharest. After completing his undergraduate studies at the Faculty of Mathematics of the University of Bucharest in 1924, he went to Paris, where he enrolled at the École Normale Supérieure and the Sorbonne. In 1928, he completed his doctoral dissertation, Fonctions complexes dans le plan et dans l'espace, under the direction of Paul Montel. Upon returning to Romania, he taught at the University of Cernăuți until 1940, when he was named professor at the University of Bucharest.
In 1936, he was elected an associate member of the Romanian Academy, and, in 1953, full member. After King Michael's Coup of August 23, 1944, Nicolescu joined the Social Democratic Party, and later became a member of the Romanian Communist Party. In 1963, he became director of the Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy, a position he held until 1973. From 1966 until his death, he served as President of the Romanian Academy. Peter Freund (who met Nicolescu when he gave a lecture in Timișoara), described him as an "affable, debonair man, and a very handsome ladies' man."
Nicolescu was awarded the Legion of Honour, Commander rank, and was elected in 1972 mem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladin | Palladin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PALLD gene. Palladin is a component of actin-containing microfilaments that control cell shape, adhesion, and contraction.
Discovery
Palladin was characterised independently by two research groups, first in the lab of Carol Otey (in 2000) and then in the lab of Olli Carpén (in 2001). It is a part of the myotilin-myopalladin-palladin family and may play an important role in modulating the actin cytoskeleton. Palladin, in contrast to myotilin and myopalladin, which are expressed only in striated muscle, is expressed ubiquitously in cells of mesenchymal origin.
Palladin was named after the Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio, reflecting its localization to architectural elements of the cell.
Isoforms
In humans, it appears that seven different isoforms exist, some of which arise through alternative splicing. In mice, three major isoforms of palladin arise from a single gene. These isoforms contain between three and five copies (depending on the isoform) of an Ig-like domain and between one and two copies of a polyproline domain.
Function
Palladin's precise biological role is poorly understood, but it has been shown to play a role in cytoskeletal organization, embryonic development, cell motility, scar formation in the skin, and nerve cell development.
Disease linkage
Recently, it has been demonstrated that palladin RNA is overexpressed in patients with pancreatic neoplasia, and that palladin is both ove |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20protected%20areas%20of%20Peru | This is a list of protected areas in Peru.
Natural heritage
The Constitution of Peru of 1993 recognized the natural resources and ecosystem variety of its country as a heritage. In 1990, the National System of Natural Areas that are protected by the Government (SINANPE) was created. This entity depends on the National Service of Protected Areas by the State (SERNANP), Ministry of Environment.
Peru has 76 natural protected areas (more of 15% of the country surface area) that are preserved by the National Government: 15 national parks, 9 national sanctuaries, 4 historical sanctuaries, 17 national reserves, 3 wildlife refuges, 2 landscape reserves, 10 communal reserves, 6 protected forests, 2 hunting enclosed lands and 8 reserved zones. A map was also created containing the natural protected areas.
Peru is considered to be among 17 of the most megadiverse countries in the world. With over 1,850 species of birds, it has the world's second most diverse avian community, after Colombia.
National Parks are places where the wild flora and fauna are protected and preserved. Natural resources exploitation and human settlements are forbidden.
National System of Natural State Protected Areas
National parks
Cutervo, created in 1961 and located in Cajamarca, is the oldest Peruvian National Park. It contains many caves, including the San Andres Cave is a home of the endangered guacharo (oilbird) and golden quetzal.
Tingo Maria is located in Huanuco Region. Its principal attraction |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL8 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8 (CCL8), also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein 2 (MCP2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL8 gene.
CCL8 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. The CCL8 protein is produced as a precursor containing 109 amino acids, which is cleaved to produce mature CCL8 containing 75 amino acids. The gene for CCL8 is encoded by 3 exons and is located within a large cluster of CC chemokines on chromosome 17q11.2 in humans. MCP-2 is chemotactic for and activates many different immune cells, including mast cells, eosinophils and basophils, (that are implicated in allergic responses), and monocytes, T cells, and NK cells that are involved in the inflammatory response. CCL8 elicits its effects by binding to several different cell surface receptors called chemokine receptors. These receptors include CCR1, CCR2B, CCR3 and CCR5.
CCL8 is a CC chemokine that utilizes multiple cellular receptors to attract and activate human leukocytes. CCL8 is a potent inhibitor of HIV1 by virtue of its high-affinity binding to the receptor CCR5, one of the major co-receptors for HIV1. In addition, CCL8 attributes to the growth of metastasis in breast cancer cells. The manipulation of this chemokine activity influences the histology of tumors promoting steps of metastatic processes. CCL8 is also involved in attracting macrophages to the decidua in labor.
References
External links
Further reading
Cytokines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eotaxin | The eotaxins are a CC chemokine subfamily of eosinophil chemotactic proteins. Eotaxin is a special CC chemokine because it primarily attracts eosinophils. By being a chemoattractant for eosinophils, eotaxin has a direct relationship with inflammation. This is because eosinophils are known to promote inflammation. In order to induce stimulation, eotaxin binds with the CCR-3 receptor. The binding of eotaxin with the CCR-3 Receptor recruits eosinophils, which ultimately induces inflammation. According to early studies, the production of eotaxin can be linked to Th2 lymphocytes. Eotaxin appears to be T-cell dependent because of evidence that suggests that eosinophil recruitment is regulated by Th2 lymphocytes. The regulation occurs because of the presence of the CCR-3 Receptor on the Th2 lymphocyte. Some examples of the types of cells that have the ability of synthesizing eotaxin are lung cells, vascular endothelial cells, and macrophages.
In humans, there are three family members:
CCL11 (eotaxin-1)
CCL24 (eotaxin-2)
CCL26 (eotaxin-3)
Structure and Role
After analyzing the cDNA from guinea pig cDNA, it is determined that eotaxin is a 96 amino acid sequence. The beginning 23 amino acids are hydrophobic, while the remaining 73 are what make up the active eotaxin protein. Within the 73 amino acids present in the active eotaxin protein, there is similarity with other C-C chemokines that are categorized as “eosinophil- activating.” Some of these are human MPC-3 with a 51% simil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem%20approach | The ecosystem approach is a conceptual framework for resolving ecosystem issues. The idea is to protect and manage the environment through the use of scientific reasoning. Another point of the ecosystem approach is preserving the Earth and its inhabitants from potential harm or permanent damage to the planet itself. With the preservation and management of the planet through an ecosystem approach, the future monetary and planetary gain are the by-product of sustaining and/or increasing the capacity of that particular environment. This is possible as the ecosystem approach incorporates humans, the economy, and ecology to the solution of any given problem. The initial idea for an ecosystem approach would come to light during the second meeting (November 1995) at the Conference of the Parties (COP) it was the central topic in implementation and framework for the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), it would further elaborate on the ecosystem approach as using varies methodologies for solving complex issues.
Throughout, the use and incorporation of ecosystem approaches, two similar terms have been created in that time: ecosystem-based management and ecosystem management. The Convention on Biological Diversity has seen ecosystem-based management as a supporting topic/concept for the ecosystem approach. Similarly, ecosystem management has a minor difference with the two terms. Conceptual the differences between the three terms come from a framework structure and the different |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL11 | C-C motif chemokine 11 also known as eosinophil chemotactic protein and eotaxin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL11 gene. This gene is encoded on three exons and is located on chromosome 17.
Function
CCL11 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. CCL11 selectively recruits eosinophils by inducing their chemotaxis, and therefore, is implicated in allergic responses. The effects of CCL11 are mediated by its binding to a G-protein-linked receptor known as a chemokine receptor. Chemokine receptors for which CCL11 is a ligand include CCR2, CCR3 and CCR5. However, it has been found that eotaxin-1 (CCL11) has high degree selectivity for its receptor, such that they are inactive on neutrophils and monocytes, which do not express CCR3.
Clinical significance
Increased CCL11 levels in blood plasma are associated with aging in mice and humans. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that exposing young mice to CCL11 or the blood plasma of older mice decreases their neurogenesis and cognitive performance on behavioural tasks thought to be dependent on neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
Higher plasma concentrations of CCL11 have been found in current cannabis users compared to past users and those who had never used. CCL11 has also been found in higher concentrations in people with schizophrenia; cannabis is a known trigger of schizophrenia.
It's also a biomarker for CTE or punch-drunk syndrome.
During periods of bone inflammation, CCL11 and CCR |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science%20and%20technology%20in%20Canada | Science and technology in Canada consists of three distinct but closely related phenomena:
the diffusion of technology in Canada
scientific research in Canada
innovation, invention and industrial research in Canada
In 2019, Canada spent approximately on domestic research and development, of which over $7 billion was provided by the federal and provincial governments. In 2018, Canada spent approximately C$34.5 billion on domestic research and development, of which around $2 billion was spent directly by the federal government in-house and an additional $5.7 billion was provided by provincial and federal sources in the form of grants. This investment corresponds to about 1.57% of Canada's gross domestic product, a decline from 1.72% in 2014.
Canada was ranked 16th in the Global Innovation Index in 2022.
, the country has produced fifteen Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry, and medicine, and was ranked fourth worldwide for scientific research quality in a major 2012 survey of international scientists. It is furthermore home to the headquarters of a number of global technology firms. Canada has one of the highest levels of Internet access in the world, with over 33 million users, equivalent to around 94 percent of its total 2014 population.
Some of the most notable scientific developments in Canada include the creation of the modern alkaline battery and the polio vaccine and discoveries about the interior structure of the atomic nucleus. Other major Canadian scientific c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20notation | Line notation is a typographical notation system using ASCII characters, most often used for chemical nomenclature.
Chemistry
Cell notation for representation of an electrochemical cell
Dyson / IUPAC (1944)
Hayward (1961)
International Chemical Identifier (InChI)
Wiswesser Line Notation (WLN) (1952)
Simplified molecular input line entry specification (SMILES)
Smiles arbitrary target specification (SMARTS)
SYBYL Line Notation (SLN)
Mathematics
Mathematical markup language
Music
GUIDO music notation
Chess
Forsyth–Edwards Notation
Notation
Chemical nomenclature
Musical notation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame%20angelfish | The flame angelfish (Centropyge loricula) is a marine angelfish of the family Pomacanthidae found in tropical waters of the Pacific Ocean. Other common names include flame angel, flaming angelfish and Japanese pygmy angelfish.
Description
The flame angelfish's coloration is bright orange-red with a vertical elongated black spot and four or five bars on the sides, the posterior part of the dorsal, and anal fins, with alternating short purple-blue and black bands. Specimens from the Marquesas lack the vertical black bars. Males are generally larger and slightly more colored than females.
The life span of the flame angelfish is 5–7 years or more.
Range
It is found in various reefs of Oceania, most common in Marshall, Line and Cook Islands. The fish is also, although less commonly, found in the Hawaiian Islands. Particularly, the flame angelfish can be found on the foreslope of coral reefs and clear lagoons.
Diet
In the wild, the flame angelfish has a varied diet consisting of algae and crustaceans. There are occasional specimens that live very long lives in reef aquaria, but the majority of these fish will often die for no apparent reason when they are older. This may be easily explained as many of the Centropyge family are predominantly plankton eaters as juveniles and will switch to consuming its natural adult diet once fully grown. Sometimes, all it takes is for an underfed individual to "test" a food source. This being the case, angelfish are usually added to a well es |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig%27s%20theorem | In mathematical logic, Craig's theorem (also known as Craig's trick) states that any recursively enumerable set of well-formed formulas of a first-order language is (primitively) recursively axiomatizable. This result is not related to the well-known Craig interpolation theorem, although both results are named after the same logician, William Craig.
Recursive axiomatization
Let be an enumeration of the axioms of a recursively enumerable set T of first-order formulas. Construct another set T* consisting of
for each positive integer i. The deductive closures of T* and T are thus equivalent; the proof will show that T* is a recursive set. A decision procedure for T* lends itself according to the following informal reasoning. Each member of T* is of the form
Since each formula has finite length, it is checkable whether or not it is of the said form. If it is of the said form and consists of j conjuncts, it is in T* if the (reoccurring) conjunct is ; otherwise it is not in T*. Again, it is checkable whether the conjunct is in fact by going through the enumeration of the axioms of T and then checking symbol-for-symbol whether the expressions are identical.
Primitive recursive axiomatizations
The proof above shows that for each recursively enumerable set of axioms there is a recursive set of axioms with the same deductive closure. A set of axioms is primitive recursive if there is a primitive recursive function that decides membership in the set. To obtain a primitive recu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjit%20Narwekar | Sanjit Narwekar (born 8 May 1952) is an Indian documentary filmmaker scriptwriter and author. A 1967 alumni of Bombay Scottish High School, Mumbai, he completed his Bachelor's in Statistics (1974) and his Master's in Economics (1976) from the University of Mumbai.
Early career
He began writing in 1969 while he was still in college and has more than 2500 articles to his credit in the last 50 years. During his post graduation he worked at the National Institute of Bank Management but opted to work in journalism soon after he had completed his Masters. He worked in a wide variety of newspaper organizations and has been News Editor of Screen (1980-1991), Editor of TV & Video World (1994–95) and Executive Editor of Documentary Today (2007-2012).
Career
Narwekar has authored/edited 20 books on film history and published more than 100 books for various organizations. He has also hosted interviews/magazine programs for All India Radio and Doordarshan. He has participated in several national and international seminars and conducted workshops on various aspects of Indian cinema, both in India and abroad. He has also served on several selection committees and juries and has been a member of the Film Advisory Board of the Government of India (1992–93).
He worked briefly as scriptwriter before turning to documentary films. He is based in Mumbai, India and heads his cinema research company Cinemaink.
Awards
In 1996 he was awarded the Swarna Kamal (National Award) for the Best Book on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurgan%20Airport | Kurgan Airport () is an airport in Russia located 6 km northeast of Kurgan. It handles medium-sized airliners.
Airlines and destinations
Statistics
External links
Kurgan Airport Official Site
Kurgan Airport flight schedule
Kurgan Aviation Museum
References
Airports built in the Soviet Union
Airports in Kurgan Oblast |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-idiotypic%20vaccine | Anti-idiotypic vaccines consist of antibodies that have three-dimensional immunogenic regions, termed idiotopes, that consist of protein sequences that bind to cell receptors. Idiotopes are aggregated into idiotypes specific to their target antigen. An example of an anti-idiotype antibody is Racotumomab.
Production and use
To produce an anti-idiotypic vaccine, antibodies that bind tumor-associated antigens (TAA) are isolated and injected into mice. To the murine immune system, the TAA antibodies are antigens and cause an immunogenic reaction producing murine antibodies that can bind to the "TAA idiotype" and is said to be "anti-idiotypic". The resulting murine antibodies are harvested and used to vaccinate other mice. The resulting antibodies in the second set of mice have a three-dimensional binding site that mimics the original antibodies that bind tumor-associated antigens. These antibodies are combined with an adjuvant and given as a vaccine. The murine immune system essentially "amplifies" a small mass of TAA antibodies into a much larger mass used to vaccinate humans. Because the antibody produced using the "anti-idiotypic" process closely resembles the original epitope of the antigen, these antibodies can be used to induce immune responses from cellular to antibody-antigen for a given antigen, e. g., TAA, when administered as a vaccine to a human. They are mainly used for high risk cancer patients.
References
Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delive |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20re%20Caremark%20International%20Inc.%20Derivative%20Litigation | In re Caremark International Inc. Derivative Litigation, 698 A.2d 959 (Del. Ch. 1996), is a civil action that came before the Delaware Court of Chancery. It is an important case in United States corporate law and discusses a director's duty of care in the oversight context. It raised the question regarding compliance, "what is the board's responsibility with respect to the organization and monitoring of the enterprise to assure that the corporation functions within the law to achieve its purposes?" Chancellor Allen wrote the opinion.
Facts
The shareholders of Caremark International, Inc. brought a derivative action, alleging the directors breached their duty of care by failing to put in place adequate internal control systems. This in turn was said to enable the company's employees to commit criminal offences, resulting in substantial fines and civil penalties amounting to over $250 million.
Judgment
The settlement contract requiring stricter oversight of corporate employees was approved. Chancellor Allen noted that most company decisions do not need director supervision. "Legally, the board itself will be required only to authorize the most significant corporate acts or transactions: mergers, changes in capital structure, fundamental changes in business, appointment and compensation of the CEO, etc."
He pointed to Graham v. Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., where the company violated antitrust law, without the directors knowing what the employees had done. But the court rejected t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum%20redundancy%20feature%20selection | Minimum redundancy feature selection is an algorithm frequently used in a method to accurately identify characteristics of genes and phenotypes and narrow down their relevance and is usually described in its pairing with relevant feature selection as Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance (mRMR).
Feature selection, one of the basic problems in pattern recognition and machine learning, identifies subsets of data that are relevant to the parameters used and is normally called Maximum Relevance. These subsets often contain material which is relevant but redundant and mRMR attempts to address this problem by removing those redundant subsets. mRMR has a variety of applications in many areas such as cancer diagnosis and speech recognition.
Features can be selected in many different ways. One scheme is to select features that correlate strongest to the classification variable. This has been called maximum-relevance selection. Many heuristic algorithms can be used, such as the sequential forward, backward, or floating selections.
On the other hand, features can be selected to be mutually far away from each other while still having "high" correlation to the classification variable. This scheme, termed as Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance (mRMR) selection has been found to be more powerful than the maximum relevance selection.
As a special case, the "correlation" can be replaced by the statistical dependency between variables. Mutual information can be used to quantify the depende |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux%20method | The flux method of crystal growth is a method where the components of the desired substance are dissolved in a solvent (flux). The method is particularly suitable for crystals needing to be free from thermal strain. It takes place in a crucible made of highly stable, non-reactive material. For production of oxide crystals, metals such as platinum, tantalum, and niobium are common. Production of metallic crystals generally uses crucibles made from ceramics such as alumina, zirconia, and boron nitride. The crucibles and their contents are often isolated from the air for reaction, either by sealing them in a quartz ampoule or by using a furnace with atmosphere control. A saturated solution is prepared by keeping the constituents of the desired crystal and the flux at a temperature slightly above the saturation temperature long enough to form a complete solution. Then the crucible is cooled in order to allow the desired material to precipitate. Crystal formation can begin by spontaneous nucleation or may be encouraged by the use of a seed. As material precipitates out of the solution, the amount of solute in the flux decreases and the temperature at which the solution is saturated lowers. This process repeats itself as the furnace continues to cool until the solution reaches its melting point or the reaction is stopped artificially. In flux method synthesis, divergent crystal growth kinetics may emerge, with a small number of crystallites growing at the expense of neighbouring on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atarneus | Atarneus (; ), also known as Atarna (Ἄταρνα) and Atarneites (Ἀταρνείτης), was an ancient Greek city in the region of Aeolis, Asia Minor. It lies on the mainland opposite the island of Lesbos. It was on the road from Adramyttium to the plain of the Caicus. Its territory was called the Atarneitis.
Atarneus seems to be the genuine original name, though Atarna, or Atarnea, and Aterne may have prevailed afterwards. Stephanus of Byzantium, who only gives the name Atarna, consistently makes the ethnic name Atarneus. Herodotus tells a story of the city and its territory, both of which were named Atarneus, being given to the Chians by Cyrus the Great, for their having surrendered to him Pactyes the Lydian. Stephanus and other ancient authorities consider Atarneus to be the Tarne written of in the Iliad by Homer; but perhaps incorrectly. The territory was a good corn country. Histiaeus the Milesian was defeated by the Persians at Malene in the Atarneitis, and taken prisoner. The place was occupied at a later time by some exiles from Chios, who from this strong position sallied out and plundered Ionia. Dercylidas besieged the city for eight months and at the end the citizens of the city accepted his terms. He appointed Dracon of Pellene in charge of the city.
Atarneus flowered in the 4th century BCE, when it was the seat of government of Hermias of Atarneus, a friend of Aristotle, ruling over the area from Atarneus to Assos. The city was deserted by inhabitants in the 1st century BCE, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL20 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20) or liver activation regulated chemokine (LARC) or Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-3 (MIP3A) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. It is strongly chemotactic for lymphocytes and weakly attracts neutrophils. CCL20 is implicated in the formation and function of mucosal lymphoid tissues via chemoattraction of lymphocytes and dendritic cells towards the epithelial cells surrounding these tissues. CCL20 elicits its effects on its target cells by binding and activating the chemokine receptor CCR6.
Gene expression of CCL20 can be induced by microbial factors such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor and interferon-γ, and down-regulated by IL-10. CCL20 is expressed in several tissues with highest expression observed in peripheral blood lymphocytes, lymph nodes, liver, appendix, and fetal lung and lower levels in thymus, testis, prostate and gut. The gene for CCL20 (scya20) is located on chromosome 2 in humans.
Recent research in an animal model of multiple sclerosis known as experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) demonstrated that regional neural activation can create "gates" for pathogenic CD4+ T cells to enter the CNS by increasing CCL20 expression, especially at L5. Sensory nerve stimulation, elicited by using muscles in the leg or electrical stimulation as in Arima et al., 2012, activates sympathetic neurons whose axons run through the dorsal root ganglia containi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28417634%29%202006%20XG1 | provisional designation , is a sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, that had a low but non-zero probability of impacting Earth on 31 October 2041. The asteroid was discovered on 20 September 2006, by astronomers of the Catalina Sky Survey, using a dedicated 0.68-meter telescope at Mount Lemmon Observatory in Arizona, United States.
Description
Originally listed with a Torino Scale hazard rating of 0, this was raised to a rating of 1 on 22 December 2006 as a result of additional observations and refinement of the orbital calculations. However, on 9 January 2007 it was returned to a rating of 0. It was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 7 February 2007.
It is now known that the asteroid will not make a close approach to the Earth in 2041. On 31 October 2041, the asteroid will be from the Earth.
passed from asteroid 87 Sylvia on 20 June 1969. It is also a Mars-crosser asteroid.
Physical characteristics
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, measures 418 meters in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.154. Previously, JPL's Sentry System estimated a diameter of 670 meters with a mass of .
References
External links
Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
417634
417634
417634
417634
20061211 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavernous%20nerves | The cavernous nerves are post-ganglionic parasympathetic nerves that facilitate penile erection and clitoral erection. They arise from cell bodies in the inferior hypogastric plexus where they receive the pre-ganglionic pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4).
In the penis, there are both lesser cavernous nerves and a greater cavernous nerve.
Clinical considerations
These nerves are susceptible to injury following prostatectomy or genital surgery.
Nerve-Sparing prostatectomy was invented for surgeons to avoid injuring the nerves and causing erectile dysfunction complications. During surgery, a doctor may apply a small electrical stimulation to the nerve and measure the erectile function with a penile plethysmograph. This test aids the surgeon in identifying the nerves, which are difficult to see.
References
External links
Gray's Anatomy, 1918 edition
Parasympathetic nervous system
Human penis anatomy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20S.%20Cafiso | David S. Cafiso (born March 18, 1952) is an American biochemist and a professor of chemistry at the University of Virginia. His research focuses on membrane proteins and cell signaling, and is primarily supported by grants from the National Institute of Health.
Research
Work in Dr. Cafiso's laboratory is directed at studying membranes and peripheral and integral membrane proteins. One area of investigation involves studies on the mechanisms by which proteins become attached to membrane surfaces. Attachment is critical for cell-signaling because it controls protein–protein interactions and the access of enzymes to lipid substrates. For example, the oncogenic form of the src tyrosine kinase is not active and fails to transform cells until it becomes attached to the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane. The laboratory is currently determining the structure and electrostatic interactions made by highly positively charged protein motifs, such as those from MARCKS (the myristoylated alanine rich C-kinase substrate) with negatively charged lipid surfaces. In addition to regulating membrane attachment, these positively charged motifs function to sequester phosphatidylinositol 4,5, bisphosphate (PIP2), and regulate the activity of this phosphorylated inositol lipid within the cytoplasmic membrane. Dr. Cafiso is also interested in determining the membrane interactions made by protein domains such as C2 domains, which are found in a wide range of proteins involved in cell signaling |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLOBIO | GLOBIO is the registered name for the American, Portland, Oregon based non-profit charity called the Foundation for Global Biodiversity Education for Children. It should not be confused with the GLOBIO biodiversity model, developed by the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency.
The American charity developed internet-based and hands-on educational resources to teach children about biological and cultural diversity.
It was founded by the environmental photographer Gerry Ellis in 2001.
Web resources developed by GLOBIO previously included the child-centered online multimedia encyclopedia named Glossopedia (which is no longer available). and the Great Ape photo-journalist project named GreatApes2020.
GLOBIO is funded by Toyota USA Foundation grant and private donations. Its partners include the Wolong Nature Reserve in China, Folkmanis Puppets, and the North American Association for Environmental Education.
References
External links
GLOBIO Home page
GreatApes2020 Project home page
Environmental organizations based in the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forests%20of%20the%20Iberian%20Peninsula | The woodlands of the Iberian Peninsula are distinct ecosystems on the Iberian Peninsula (which includes Spain, Portugal, Andorra, Gibraltar and Southern France). Although the various regions are each characterized by distinct vegetation, the borders between these regions are not clearly defined, and there are some similarities across the peninsula.
Origin and characteristics
It is now known that the Mediterranean Sea went through great changes in sea level and variations in the relative positions of the continental plates of Europe and Africa. These brought changes in climate and vegetation.
The Iberian Peninsula, located on an important route between Africa and Europe, was enriched by the arrival, following the climate change, of wetland plants, thermophilic plants (those that require a great deal of heat), xerophilic plants (those that require a dry climate), orophilic (sub-alpine) plants, Boreo-alpine plants, and so on, many of which managed to remain, thanks to the diversity of environments that exist in the mountain ranges, and which allowed them to rise in elevation if the climate was too warm, or descend if it became too cold. The geological complexity of the majority of Iberian mountains, especially of the Cordillera Bética, Sistema Ibérico, and Pyrenees, also greatly increased the number of new environments to which it was possible to adapt, resulting in today's wide variety of flora.
The Eurosiberian region
The "Eurosiberian" Atlantic zone extends through north |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient%20network | In network science, a gradient network is a directed subnetwork of an undirected "substrate" network where each node has an associated scalar potential and one out-link that points to the node with the smallest (or largest) potential in its neighborhood, defined as the union of itself and its neighbors on the substrate network.
Definition
Transport takes place on a fixed network called the substrate graph. It has N nodes, and the set
of edges . Given a node i, we can define its set of neighbors in G by Si(1) = {j ∈ V | (i,j)∈ E}.
Let us also consider a scalar field, h = {h0, .., hN−1} defined on the set of nodes V, so that every node i has a scalar value hi associated to it.
Gradient ∇hi on a network: ∇hi(i, μ(i))
i.e. the directed edge from i to μ(i), where μ(i) ∈ Si(1) ∪ {i}, and hμ has the maximum value in .
Gradient network : ∇ ∇
where F is the set of gradient edges on G.
In general, the scalar field depends on time, due to the flow, external sources and sinks on the network. Therefore, the gradient network ∇ will be dynamic.
Motivation and history
The concept of a gradient network was first introduced by Toroczkai and Bassler (2004).
Generally, real-world networks (such as citation graphs, the Internet, cellular metabolic networks, the worldwide airport network), which often evolve to transport entities such as information, cars, power, water, forces, and so on, are not globally designed; instead, they evolve and grow through local changes. For example, if |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20apoptosis%20research | Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death. From its early conceptual beginnings in the 1950s, it has exploded as an area of research within the life sciences community. As well as its implication in many diseases, it is an integral part of biological development.
Early research, and the "worm people" at Cambridge
Sydney Brenner's studies on animal development began in the late 1950s in what was to become the Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) in Cambridge, UK. It was at this lab that during the 1970s and 1980s, a team led by John Sulston succeeded in tracing the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans entire embryonic cell lineage. In other words, Sulston and his team had traced where each and every cell in the roundworm's embryo came from during the division process, and where it ended up.
H. Robert Horvitz arrived from the US at the LMB in 1974, where he collaborated with Sulston. Both would share the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Brenner, and Horvitz would go back to the US in 1978 to establish his own lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Brenner's original interests were centered in genetics and in the development of the nervous system, but cell lineage and differentiation inevitably led to the study of cell fate:
One aspect of the cell lineage particularly caught my attention: in addition to the 959 cells generated during worm development and found in the adult, another 131 cells are generated but are not present in the adult. These |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersive%20partial%20differential%20equation | In mathematics, a dispersive partial differential equation or dispersive PDE is a partial differential equation that is dispersive. In this context, dispersion means that waves of different wavelength propagate at different phase velocities.
Examples
Linear equations
Euler–Bernoulli beam equation with time-dependent loading
Airy equation
Schrödinger equation
Klein–Gordon equation
Nonlinear equations
nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Korteweg–de Vries equation (or KdV equation)
Boussinesq equation (water waves)
sine–Gordon equation
See also
Dispersion (optics)
Dispersion (water waves)
Dispersionless equation
External links
The Dispersive PDE Wiki.
Partial differential equations
Nonlinear systems |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersive | Dispersive may refer to:
Dispersive partial differential equation, a partial differential equation where waves of different wavelength propagate at different phase velocities
Dispersive phase from Biological dispersal
Dispersive medium, a medium in which waves of different frequencies travel at different velocities
Dispersive adhesion, adhesion which attributes attractive forces between two materials to intermolecular interactions between molecules
Dispersive mass transfer, the spreading of mass from highly concentrated areas to less concentrated areas
Dispersive body waves, an aspect of seismic theory
Dispersive prism, an optical prism
Dispersive hypothesis, a DNA replication predictive hypothesis
Dispersive fading, in wireless communication signals
Dispersive line
Dispersive power
See also
Dispersal (disambiguation)
Dispersion (disambiguation) |
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