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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aman%2C%20Aman | Aman, Aman is the fourth studio album of Montenegrin singer Šako Polumenta, which was released in 1999.
Track listing
The album contains eight songs plus four bonus tracks.
Aman, Aman
Crna ptica
Ne zaboravi ko si i šta si
Nekad si moja bila
Sviđaš mi se, sviđaš
Video te nisam dugo
Rodi mi sinove
Dete ulice
U ljubavi svi su grešni (bonus)
Pod sjajem ružičastih zvezda (bonus)
Moje ruke tvoje traže (bonus)
Nekad si ljubav, nekad greh (bonus)
1999 albums
Šako Polumenta albums
Grand Production albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase%2012 | Caspase 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CASP12 gene. The protein belongs to a family of enzymes called caspases which cleave their substrates at C-terminal aspartic acid residues. It is closely related to caspase 1 and other members of the caspase family, known as inflammatory caspases, which process and activate inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 and interleukin 18.
Gene
It is found on chromosome 11 in humans in a locus with other inflammatory caspases.
CASP12 orthologs have been identified in numerous mammals for which complete genome data are available.
Clinical significance
The CASP12 gene is subject to polymorphism, which can generate a full-length caspase protein (Csp12L) or an inactive truncated form (Csp12S). The functional form appears to be confined to people of African descent and is linked with susceptibility to sepsis; people carrying the functional gene have decreased responses to bacterial molecules such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
A study in May 2009 by McGill University Health Centre has suggested that estrogen may serve to block the production of caspase-12, resulting in a stronger inflammatory reaction to bacterial pathogens. The trials were carried out on laboratory mice which had been implanted with the human caspase-12 gene.
The inactive truncated form (Csp12S) of the CASP12 gene was spread and nearly fixed in non-African populations due to positive selection beginning perhaps 60–100 thousand years ago. Its selective |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20classification%3A%20making%20a%20hash%20of%20it%3F | Drug classification: making a hash of it? is a 2006 report written by the UK Science and Technology Select Committee and submitted to the British House of Commons. The report suggested that the current system of recreational drug classification in the UK was arbitrary and unscientific, suggesting a more scientific measure of harm be used for classifying drugs. The report also strongly criticised the decision to place fresh psychedelic mushrooms in Class A, the same category as cocaine and heroin.
Report
Authors
UK Science and Technology Select Committee
Background
Drug classification: making a hash of it? formed part of a major inquiry, launched in November 2005, into the Government's handling of scientific advice, risk and evidence in policy-making. The report was the second of three reports into different areas of policy: the first report ("Watching the Directives: Scientific Advice on the EU Physical Agents (Electromagnetic Fields) Directive") examined the EU Physical Agents (Electromagnetic Fields) Directive; the third ("Identity Card Technologies: Scientific Advice, Risk and Evidence") examined the government's ID cards proposal.
Context
A legal loophole meant that fresh magic mushrooms were not treated as controlled drugs, providing that they had not been 'prepared' (dried, packaged, cooked, etc.). The government made them a controlled substance by means of a clarification to the law, rather than as a reclassification decision, and there was thus no obligation to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0anac | Šanac () is a village north of the town of Kruševac. It is situated along the left bank of the river Zapadna Morava. The name Šanac is derived from the Serbian word for trench () after the trenches built on the hill above the village to defend against the Ottomans. Until the Second Serbian Uprising in 1815, the village was part of Ottoman Serbia.
References
Kruševac
Populated places in Rasina District |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter%20Nimtz | Günter Nimtz (born 22 September 1936) is a German physicist, working at the 2nd Physics Institute at the University of Cologne in Germany. He has investigated narrow-gap semiconductors and liquid crystals. His claims show that particles may travel faster than the speed of light when undergoing quantum tunneling.
Academic career
Günter Nimtz studied Electrical Engineering in Mannheim and Physics at the University of Heidelberg. He graduated from the University of Vienna and became a professor of physics at the University of Cologne in 1983. During 1977 he was a research associate for teaching and researching at McGill University, Montreal/Canada. He achieved emeritus status in 2001. During 2004 he was Visiting Professor at the University of Shanghai and of the Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications. From 2001 to 2008 he was teaching and doing fundamental research at the University of Koblenz-Landau.
Industrial research and development
In 1993 Günter Nimtz and Achim Enders invented a novel absorber for electromagnetic anechoic chambers.
It is based on a 10 nanometer -thick metal film placed on an incombustible pyramidal carrier. At the Merck Company in Darmstadt Nimtz designed an apparatus for the production of ceramic aerosols.
Experiments related to superluminal quantum tunneling
Nimtz and his coauthors have been investigating superliminal quantum tunneling since 1992. Their experiment involved microwaves either being sent across two space-separated prisms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Biodiversity%20Network | The National Biodiversity Network (UK) (NBN) is a collaborative venture set up in 2000 in the United Kingdom committed to making biodiversity information available through various media, including on the internet via the NBN Atlas—the data search website of the NBN.
Description
It is estimated that up to 60,000 people routinely record biodiversity information in the UK and Ireland. Most of this effort is voluntary and is organised through about 2,000 national societies and recording schemes. The UK government through its agencies also collects biodiversity data and one of the principal elements for the collation and interpretation of this data is the network of Local Environmental Records Centres.
In 2012, it had been listed in the top 1,000 UK charities that raised most donations.
NBN Trust
The NBN Trust—the organisation facilitating the building of the Network—supports agreed standards for the collection, collation and exchange of biodiversity data and encourages improved access. The present partnership consists of over 200 public and voluntary organisations and individual members.
The NBN Atlas currently holds over 230 million species records from over 900 different datasets (September 2020). Data on the NBN Atlas can be accessed by anyone interested in UK, Northern Ireland and Isle of Man wildlife and can be searched at many different levels, as it allows the viewing of distribution maps and the downloading of data by using a variety of interactive tools. The maps ca |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20Purcell | Nicholas Purcell may refer to:
Nicholas Purcell of Loughmoe (1651–1722), Privy Councillor
Nicholas Purcell (classicist), professor of ancient history
Nicholas Purcell (MP) (died 1559), English politician |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach%20reflection | Mach reflection is a supersonic fluid dynamics effect, named for Ernst Mach, and is a shock wave reflection pattern involving three shocks.
Introduction
Mach reflection can exist in steady, pseudo-steady and unsteady flows. When a shock wave, which is moving with a constant velocity, propagates over a solid wedge, the flow generated by the shock impinges
on the wedge thus generating a second reflected shock, which ensures that the velocity of
the flow is parallel to the wedge surface. Viewed in the frame of the reflection point, this
flow is locally steady, and the flow is referred to as pseudosteady. When
the angle between the wedge and the primary shock is sufficiently large, a single reflected
shock is not able to turn the flow to a direction parallel to the wall and a transition to Mach
reflection occurs.
In a steady flow situation, if a wedge is placed into a steady supersonic flow in such
a way that its oblique attached shock impinges on a flat wall parallel to the free stream,
the shock turns the flow toward the wall and a reflected shock is required to turn the flow
back to a direction parallel to the wall. When the shock angle exceeds a certain value, the
deflection achievable by a single reflected shock is insufficient to turn the flow back to a
direction parallel to the wall and transition to Mach reflection is observed.
Mach reflection consists of three shocks, namely the incident shock, the reflected shock and a Mach stem, as well as a slip plane. The point |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archard%20equation | The Archard wear equation is a simple model used to describe sliding wear and is based on the theory of asperity contact. The Archard equation was developed much later than (sometimes also known as energy dissipative hypothesis), though both came to the same physical conclusions, that the volume of the removed debris due to wear is proportional to the work done by friction forces. Theodor Reye's model became popular in Europe and it is still taught in university courses of applied mechanics. Until recently, Reye's theory of 1860 has, however, been totally ignored in English and American literature where subsequent works by Ragnar Holm and John Frederick Archard are usually cited. In 1960, and Mikhail Alekseevich Babichev published a similar model as well. In modern literature, the relation is therefore also known as Reye–Archard–Khrushchov wear law. In 2022, the steady-state Archard wear equation was extended into the running-in regime using the bearing ratio curve representing the initial surface topography.
Equation
where:
Q is the total volume of wear debris produced
K is a dimensionless constant
W is the total normal load
L is the sliding distance
H is the hardness of the softest contacting surfaces
Note that is proportional to the work done by the friction forces as described by Reye's hypothesis.
Also, K is obtained from experimental results and depends on several parameters. Among them are surface quality, chemical affinity between the material of two su |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystatin%20C | Cystatin C or cystatin 3 (formerly gamma trace, post-gamma-globulin, or neuroendocrine basic polypeptide), a protein encoded by the CST3 gene, is mainly used as a biomarker of kidney function. Recently, it has been studied for its role in predicting new-onset or deteriorating cardiovascular disease. It also seems to play a role in brain disorders involving amyloid (a specific type of protein deposition), such as Alzheimer's disease.
In humans, all cells with a nucleus (cell core containing the DNA) produce cystatin C as a chain of 120 amino acids. It is found in virtually all tissues and body fluids. It is a potent inhibitor of lysosomal proteinases (enzymes from a special subunit of the cell that break down proteins) and probably one of the most important extracellular inhibitors of cysteine proteases (it prevents the breakdown of proteins outside the cell by a specific type of protein degrading enzymes). Cystatin C belongs to the type 2 cystatin gene family.
Role in medicine
Kidney function
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), a marker of kidney health, is most accurately measured by injecting compounds such as inulin, radioisotopes such as 51chromium-EDTA, 125I-iothalamate, 99mTc-DTPA or radiocontrast agents such as iohexol, but these techniques are complicated, costly, time-consuming and have potential side-effects.
Creatinine is the most widely used biomarker of kidney function. It is inaccurate at detecting mild renal impairment, and levels can vary with muscle mass but |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicoid%203%E2%80%B2-UTR%20regulatory%20element | The bicoid 3′-UTR regulatory element is an mRNA regulatory element that controls the gene expression of the bicoid protein in fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster.
The structured RNA element consists of four domains (denoted as II, III, IV and V) in the 3′UTR of the mRNA. It is essential for the correct transport and localisation of bicoid mRNA during oocyte and embryo differentiation, which has been studied most thoroughly in the development of Drosophila melanogaster (fruitfly) larvae.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Animal developmental biology
Drosophila melanogaster genetics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Stott | Christopher Bryan Robert "Chris" Stott (born July 1969) is a Manx-born American space entrepreneur. He is best known for co-founding the regulatory and orbital frequency services company, ManSat, Odyssey Moon, and the International Institute of Space Commerce.
ManSat was covered in Forbes magazine in 2001. In 2010 he was named Celton Isle of Man Business Man of the Year.
Christopher Stott was born in July 1969, in Douglas, Isle of Man. He is married to Nicole P. Stott, an American astronaut. They have one son. They live near St. Petersburg, Florida.
Education
Educated at Millfield School in Somerset, England, Chris Stott attended the University of Kent, Canterbury, where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts Degree, with Honours, in American Studies, Politics and Government. After matriculation from Canterbury, Stott received a Diploma from the University of California, San Diego, where he studied International Relations and Marine Policy (at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography). Stott also holds a master's degree in Space Studies from the International Space University (ISU).
Career
Early in his career, Stott worked extensively in British and American politics as an office manager in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and as an Intern in the US Senate and as a political aide on two US Presidential Campaigns. Stott also served as Special Projects Director with Life Education International, a children's health education and drug prevention program and United Nations Non-Go |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfolene | Sulfolene, or butadiene sulfone is a cyclic organic chemical with a sulfone functional group. It is a white, odorless, crystalline, indefinitely storable solid, which dissolves in water and many organic solvents. The compound is used as a source of butadiene.
Production
Sulfolene is formed by the cheletropic reaction between butadiene and sulfur dioxide. The reaction is typically conducted in an autoclave. Small amounts of hydroquinone or pyrogallol are added to inhibit polymerization of the diene. The reaction proceeds at room temperature over the course of days. At 130 °C, only 30 minutes are required. An analogous procedure gives the isoprene-derived sulfone.
Reactions
Acid-base reactivity
The compound is unaffected by acids. It can even be recrystallized from conc. HNO3.
The protons in the 2- and 5-positions rapidly exchange with deuterium oxide under alkaline conditions. Sodium cyanide catalyzes this reaction.
Isomerization to 2-sulfolene
In the presence of base or cyanide, 3-sulfolene isomerizes to a mixture of 2-sulfolene and 3-sulfolene.
At 50 °C an equilibrium mixture is obtained containing 42% 3-sulfolene and 58% 2-sulfolene. The thermodynamically more stable 2-sulfolene can be isolated from the mixture of isomers as pure substance in the form of white plates (m.p. 48-49 °C) by heating for several days at 100 °C, because of the thermal decomposition of the 3-sulfolene at temperatures above 80 °C.
Hydrogenation
Catalytic hydrogenation yields sulfolane, a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20White%20%28preacher%29 | Rev. George White (March 12, 1802 – April 30, 1887) was an Episcopalian preacher, amateur historian, and archaeologist in Georgia, United States. In 1849 he published Statistics of the State of Georgia: Including an Account of Its Natural, Civil, and Ecclesiastical History Together with a Particular Description of Each County, Notices of the Manners and Customs of Its Aboriginal Tribes, and a Correct Map of the State. His book entitled Historical Collections of Georgia: Containing the Most Interesting Facts, Traditions, Biographical Sketches, Etc., Relating to Its History and Antiquities, from Its First Settlement to the Present Time, has been widely referenced by scholars working with Georgia history since its publication in 1854.
References
Coulter, E. Merton (1936) "What the South Has Done About Its History," Journal of Southern History 2(1):3-28.
1802 births
1887 deaths
19th-century American Episcopalians
American archaeologists
American Episcopal priests
19th-century American historians
19th-century American male writers
People from Georgia (U.S. state)
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
19th-century American clergy
American male non-fiction writers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-box | An E-box (enhancer box) is a DNA response element found in some eukaryotes that acts as a protein-binding site and has been found to regulate gene expression in neurons, muscles, and other tissues. Its specific DNA sequence, CANNTG (where N can be any nucleotide), with a palindromic canonical sequence of CACGTG, is recognized and bound by transcription factors to initiate gene transcription. Once the transcription factors bind to the promoters through the E-box, other enzymes can bind to the promoter and facilitate transcription from DNA to mRNA.
Discovery
The E-box was discovered in a collaboration between Susumu Tonegawa's and Walter Gilbert's laboratories in 1985 as a control element in immunoglobulin heavy-chain enhancer. They found that a region of 140 base pairs in the tissue-specific transcriptional enhancer element was sufficient for different levels of transcription enhancement in different tissues and sequences. They suggested that proteins made by specific tissues acted on these enhancers to activate sets of genes during cell differentiation.
In 1989, David Baltimore's lab discovered the first two E-box binding proteins, E12 and E47. These immunoglobulin enhancers could bind as heterodimers to proteins through bHLH domains. In 1990, another E-protein, ITF-2A (later renamed E2-2Alt) was discovered that can bind to immunoglobulin light chain enhancers. Two years later, the third E-box binding protein, HEB, was discovered by screening a cDNA library from HeLa cells. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trizol | TRIzol is a widely used chemical solution used in the extraction of DNA, RNA, and proteins from cells. The solution was initially used and published by Piotr Chomczyński and Nicoletta Sacchi in 1987.
TRIzol is the brand name of guanidinium thiocyanate from the Ambion part of Life Technologies, and Tri-Reagent is the brand name from MRC, which was founded by Chomczynski.
Uses in extraction
The correct name of the method is guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. The use of TRIzol can result in DNA yields comparable to other extraction methods, and it leads to >50% bigger RNA yield. An alternative method for RNA extraction is phenol extraction and TCA/acetone precipitation. Chloroform should be exchanged with 1-bromo-3-chloropropane when using the new generation TRI Reagent.
DNA and RNA from TRIzol and TRI reagent can also be extracted using the Direct-zol Miniprep kit by Zymo Research. This method eliminates the use of Chloroform and 1-bromo-3-chloropropane completely, bypassing phase-separation and precipitation steps.
TRIzol is light-sensitive and is often stored in a dark-colored, glass container covered in foil. It is stored at room temperature.
When used, it resembles cough syrup, bright pink. The smell of the phenol is extremely strong. TRIzol works by maintaining RNA integrity during tissue homogenization, while at the same time disrupting and breaking down cells and cell components.
Hazards
Vigilant caution should be taken while using TRIzol (due t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl%20with%20Green%20Eyes | Girl with Green Eyes is a 1964 British romantic drama film directed by Desmond Davis and starring Peter Finch, Rita Tushingham, Lynn Redgrave and Julian Glover. Adapted by Edna O'Brien from her novel The Lonely Girl, the film tells the story of a young, naive country girl's romance with a sophisticated older man. As the film is in black and white the green eyes are never seen.
The film studies the blossoming relationship between a young girl and a man twice her age, but with her controlling much of the relationship.
Plot
Kate Brady, a young girl just out of convent school, moves from her family home in the rural Irish countryside to Dublin, where she works in a grocery shop and rooms with her friend and schoolmate, Baba Brennan. The girls go dancing at clubs and date young men they meet, but the down-to-earth Baba is more socially adept than shy, romantic Kate. On a ride to the countryside with one of Baba's boyfriends, the girls meet Eugene Gaillard, a sophisticated middle-aged author.
Kate is attracted to him, and when she happens to see him again in a Dublin bookshop, uncharacteristically approaches him and strikes up a conversation. A friendship, and later a romantic relationship, develops between Kate and Eugene despite their age difference. Although clearly in love, and happy to join him in bed, she is unable to have sex. The repeated inability to have sex with Eugene starts to take its toll. The relationship worsens on her discovery that he is married with a child, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Oak%20Energy | Blue Oak Energy is an American full-service photovoltaic system design, engineering and consulting firm. The company engineers commercial and utility solar photovoltaic (PV) energy systems in the United States and abroad.
The company engineered and constructed the Google campus in Mountain View, California, the San Francisco International Airport, and the 37MW Long Island Solar Farm, and has designed solar installations for Whole Foods, Staples, Walmart, the US Navy, and the State of California.
History
In 2003, Tobin Booth established Blue Oak Energy in Davis, California.
In 2006, the firm was selected to engineer the campus-wide distributed generation solar facility at the Google headquarters in Mountain View, California.
In 2008, Blue Oak Energy began delivering commercial rooftop solar projects for REI retail stores and warehouse facilities throughout the United States.
In late 2011, the firm partnered with Baker Electric Solar to complete the design and construction oversight for a 1.5MW project for the U.S. Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center in Twentynine Palms, California. Blue Oak Energy designed hardware for the solar panel mounting involved in the project.
In December 2012, Blue Oak Energy constructed Arizona's largest rooftop solar array (4.2MW) at a First Solar facility.
By 2013, the firm engineered and constructed a 4.4MW utility scale solar farm located in Shasta County, California.
In 2014, Blue Oak Energy engineered and constructed the 2.6MW Putah C |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%20Deutschland%20Tour | These are the results for the 2004 edition of the Deutschland Tour cycling race, which was won by Germany's Patrik Sinkewitz.
Final classification
Stages
31-05-2004: Karlsruhe-Karlsruhe, 23 km
01-06-2004: Bad Urach-Wangen im Allgäu, 180 km
02-06-2004: Wangen im Allgäu-St. Anton am Arlberg, 170 km
03-06-2004: Bad Tölz-Landshut, 190 km
04-06-2004: Kelheim-Kulmbach, 192 km
05-06-2004: Kulmbach-Oberwiesenthal, 180 km
06-06-2004: Chemnitz-Leipzig, 170 km
External links
Race website
Wielersite Results
2004
2004 in road cycling
2004 in German sport
May 2004 sports events in Germany
June 2004 sports events in Germany |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introselect | In computer science, introselect (short for "introspective selection") is a selection algorithm that is a hybrid of quickselect and median of medians which has fast average performance and optimal worst-case performance. Introselect is related to the introsort sorting algorithm: these are analogous refinements of the basic quickselect and quicksort algorithms, in that they both start with the quick algorithm, which has good average performance and low overhead, but fall back to an optimal worst-case algorithm (with higher overhead) if the quick algorithm does not progress rapidly enough. Both algorithms were introduced by David Musser in , with the purpose of providing generic algorithms for the C++ Standard Library that have both fast average performance and optimal worst-case performance, thus allowing the performance requirements to be tightened.
However, in most C++ Standard Library implementations, a different "introselect" algorithm is used, which combines quickselect and heapselect, and has a worst-case running time of O(n log n). The C++ draft standard, as of 2022, does not have requirements on the worst-case performance, therefore allowing such choice.
Algorithms
Introsort achieves practical performance comparable to quicksort while preserving O(n log n) worst-case behavior by creating a hybrid of quicksort and heapsort. Introsort starts with quicksort, so it achieves performance similar to quicksort if quicksort works, and falls back to heapsort (which has optima |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20A.%20Wolff | Peter Adalbert Wolff (November 15, 1923 – September 5, 2013) was an American physicist who is considered a pioneer in semiconductor research. He earned his PhD in physics at UC Berkeley with Robert Serber as thesis advisor in 1951 and began his career at the Bell Telephone Laboratories the following year. Thereafter Wolff joined the physics department of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1970, becoming head of the condensed matter and atomic physics division. Together with P. M. Platzman, he coauthored the textbook Waves and Interactions in Solid State Plasmas (1973). In 1976 he moved on to the directorship of the Research Laboratory of Electronics and then of the Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory in 1981. Wolff left the director's chair in 1987 and retired from his faculty position in 1989 to become a fellow of the newly created NEC Research Institute at Princeton University. In 1994 he returned to MIT as the leader of the physics/industry forum for the physics department and remained a professor emeritus there until his death.
References
1923 births
2013 deaths
20th-century American physicists
21st-century American physicists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
Scientists at Bell Labs
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Princeton University fellows |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20relation | In linear algebra, a linear relation, or simply relation, between elements of a vector space or a module is a linear equation that has these elements as a solution.
More precisely, if are elements of a (left) module over a ring (the case of a vector space over a field is a special case), a relation between is a sequence of elements of such that
The relations between form a module. One is generally interested in the case where is a generating set of a finitely generated module , in which case the module of the relations is often called a syzygy module of . The syzygy module depends on the choice of a generating set, but it is unique up to the direct sum with a free module. That is, if and are syzygy modules corresponding to two generating sets of the same module, then they are stably isomorphic, which means that there exist two free modules and such that and are isomorphic.
Higher order syzygy modules are defined recursively: a first syzygy module of a module is simply its syzygy module. For , a th syzygy module of is a syzygy module of a -th syzygy module. Hilbert's syzygy theorem states that, if is a polynomial ring in indeterminates over a field, then every th syzygy module is free. The case is the fact that every finite dimensional vector space has a basis, and the case is the fact that is a principal ideal domain and that every submodule of a finitely generated free module is also free.
The construction of higher order syzygy modules is genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule%20184 | Rule 184 is a one-dimensional binary cellular automaton rule, notable for solving the majority problem as well as for its ability to simultaneously describe several, seemingly quite different, particle systems:
Rule 184 can be used as a simple model for traffic flow in a single lane of a highway, and forms the basis for many cellular automaton models of traffic flow with greater sophistication. In this model, particles (representing vehicles) move in a single direction, stopping and starting depending on the cars in front of them. The number of particles remains unchanged throughout the simulation. Because of this application, Rule 184 is sometimes called the "traffic rule".
Rule 184 also models a form of deposition of particles onto an irregular surface, in which each local minimum of the surface is filled with a particle in each step. At each step of the simulation, the number of particles increases. Once placed, a particle never moves.
Rule 184 can be understood in terms of ballistic annihilation, a system of particles moving both leftwards and rightwards through a one-dimensional medium. When two such particles collide, they annihilate each other, so that at each step the number of particles remains unchanged or decreases.
The apparent contradiction between these descriptions is resolved by different ways of associating features of the automaton's state with particles.
The name of Rule 184 is a Wolfram code that defines the evolution of its states. The earliest resea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrin%20beta%203 | Integrin beta-3 (β3) or CD61 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGB3 gene. CD61 is a cluster of differentiation found on thrombocytes.
Structure and function
The ITGB3 protein product is the integrin beta chain beta 3. Integrins are integral cell-surface proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. A given chain may combine with multiple partners resulting in different integrins. Integrin beta 3 is found along with the alpha IIb chain in platelets. Integrins are known to participate in cell adhesion as well as cell-surface-mediated signaling.
Role in endometriosis
Defectively expressed β3 integrin subunit has been correlated with presence of endometriosis, and has been suggested as a putative marker of this condition.
Interactions
CD61 has been shown to interact with PTK2, ITGB3BP, TLN1 and CIB1.
See also
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
References
Further reading
External links
ITGB3 Info with links in the Cell Migration Gateway
Integrins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphomycetes | Hyphomycetes are a form classification of fungi, part of what has often been referred to as fungi imperfecti, Deuteromycota, or anamorphic fungi. Hyphomycetes lack closed fruit bodies, and are often referred to as moulds (or molds). Most hyphomycetes are now assigned to the Ascomycota, on the basis of genetic connections made by life-cycle studies or by phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences; many remain unassigned phylogenetically.
Although no longer considered a phylogenetically defined taxon, the prevalence of hyphomycete forms in nature, the built environment, and laboratories means that identification of members this group remains of practical importance.
Taxonomic and nomenclatural history
Because asexual forms of fungi usually occur separately from their sexual forms, when microscopic fungi began to be studied in the early 19th century, it was often unknown when two morphologically different forms were actually part of one species. The tendency for some organisms to apparently only have asexual forms, or for their sexual forms to be discovered long after the asexual forms, meant that an independent taxonomy was developed for asexual fungi. Near the beginning of the 20th century, when it became clearer that many asexual and sexual forms were related, the concept of 'form taxa' was developed. The independent taxonomy of asexual forms was regarded as artificial, not representative of evolutionary relationships, and intended to be practical for identification purposes. T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0atiya | Šatiya, also Satiya, or Shatiya was the ruler-'mayor' of Enišasi, during the Amarna letters period of 1350–1335 BC. In the entire correspondence of 382–letters, his name is only referenced in his own letter to the Ancient Egyptian pharaoh, EA 187, (EA for 'el Amarna'). Šatiya's city/city-state of Enišasi is only referenced in one other letter, authored by another mayor of Enišasi, Abdi-Riša.
Šatiya's letter no. 187
Šatiya's single letter to pharaoh, is a moderately short letter, entitled: "A daughter sent to the Pharaoh". As 5 lines of the body of the letter are missing, (a lacuna), the main subject is lost, except for the final sentence concerning Šatiya's daughter.
The letter, title: "A daughter sent to the Pharaoh"
Sa[y to the kin]g, my lord, [my god, my Sun: Mess]age of Šatiya, the ruler of [ Enišasi ], your [ser]vant, the dirt und[er the f]eet of the king, my lord. I [fa]ll [a]t the feet of the king, [my] lord, my god, my Sun, 7 times and 7 times.
As I am the loya[l] servant of the king, my lord, my god, [my Sun], in this place, and Enišasi is a city of the king, my lord, [my] god, my [Sun], I am guarding [the pl]ace of the king, [m]y lo[rd, my god, my Sun, where I am]. ......' ...And I herew[ith s]end my daughter to the [pa]lace, [t]o the king, my lord, m[y] god, my Sun. —EA 187, lines 1-22 (16-21 lost-lacuna)
See also
Abdi-Riša, mayor of Enišasi
Enišasi
Amarna letters–localities and their rulers
References
Moran, William L. The Amarna Letters.'' Johns Hopkins Un |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eni%C5%A1asi | Enišasi, was a city, or city-state located in the Beqaa Valley-(called Amqu, or Amka) of Lebanon, during the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. Of the 382–Amarna letters, Enišasi is only referenced in two letters. Enišasi was located near Hašabu, (Tell Hašbe), and Hasi, (Tell Hizzin?), southwest of Baalbek.
Two 'mayors', or rulers of Enišasi were Šatiya and Abdi-Riša, who each authored a letter to the Egyptian pharaoh, EA 187- (title: A daughter sent to the Pharaoh), and EA 363- (title: A joint report on Amqu–(4)). (EA is for 'el Amarna'.)
See also
Abdi-Riša, mayor
Šatiya, mayor
Amarna letters
Amarna letters–localities and their rulers
References
Moran, William L. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. (softcover, )
Amarna letters locations
Phoenician cities |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzpatrick%20scale | The Fitzpatrick scale (also Fitzpatrick skin typing test; or Fitzpatrick phototyping scale) is a numerical classification schema for human skin color. It was developed in 1975 by American dermatologist Thomas B. Fitzpatrick as a way to estimate the response of different types of skin to ultraviolet (UV) light. It was initially developed on the basis of skin color to measure the correct dose of UVA for PUVA therapy, and when the initial testing based only on hair and eye color resulted in too high UVA doses for some, it was altered to be based on the patient's reports of how their skin responds to the sun; it was also extended to a wider range of skin types. The Fitzpatrick scale remains a recognized tool for dermatological research into human skin pigmentation.
The following list shows the six categories of the Fitzpatrick scale in relation to the 36 categories of the older von Luschan scale (in parentheses):
Type I (scores 0–6) always burns, never tans (palest; freckles)
Type II (scores 7–13) usually burns, tans minimally (light colored but darker than fair)
Type III (scores 14–20) sometimes mild burn, tans uniformly (golden honey or olive)
Type IV (scores 21–27) burns minimally, always tans well (moderate brown)
Type V (scores 28–34) very rarely burns, tans very easily (dark brown)
Type VI (scores 35–36) never burns (deeply pigmented dark brown to darkest brown)
Emoji modifiers
The Fitzpatrick scale is also the basis of skin color in emoji, with five modifiers a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acratocnus | Acratocnus is an extinct genus of ground sloths that were found on Cuba, Hispaniola (today the Dominican Republic and Haiti), and Puerto Rico.
Classification
Like all of the Antillean sloths, Acratocnus was formerly thought on the basis of morphological evidence to be a member of the family Megalonychidae, which was also thought to include Choloepus, the two-toed tree sloths. Recent molecular evidence has clarified that Caribbean sloths represent a separate basal branch of the sloth radiation, now placed in the family Megalocnidae.
Location
Fossils of Acratocnus were found on the islands of Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Hispaniola, where they inhabited the montane forests of the highlands. The Puerto Rican ground sloth, Acratocnus odontrigonus is known from several poorly documented cave excavations in northwestern Puerto Rico. The various species are regarded as being semi-arboreal because of their (relatively speaking) small size and their large hooked claws.
Size
The various species of Acratocnus ranged in weight from , and were thus much larger than living tree sloths (genera Choloepus and Bradypus), which do not exceed .
Extinction
As with many sloth fossils, these species of sloth have not been radiometrically dated. It is suggested that the Puerto Rican and Hispaniolan Acratocnus species survived into the late Pleistocene but disappeared by the mid-Holocene. The related Cuban ground sloth, Megalocnus rodens, survived until at least c. 6600 BP, and the latest survival |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol%20Parc%20Hotel | The Carol Parc Hotel in Bucharest, Romania, is a five star hotel near historical Carol Park. Opened in 2007, it contains one of the largest Murano crystal chandeliers in the world, stretching over four stories tall. Several celebrities have stayed there, including foreign dignitaries, singer Beyoncé Knowles, Deep Purple, Angela Gheorghiu, and Enrique Iglesias.
Located in the heart of Bucharest, on Aleea Suter Str. near the historical Carol Park, the hotel is located on one of the city's highest geographic locations, Filaret Hill (named after a late 18th-century metropolitan bishop of the region). The cul-de-sac is named after Suter, a German architect who helped in the planning of the park and parts of the neighborhood, including the symmetrically built Suter street. Aleea is Romanian for "alley."
Press coverage and awards
Newsweek included the hotel in its "Best of Romania" article, later following up with an exclusive in which the "extravagant services" are detailed.
Peter Imre, a Romanian restaurant critic, compared the hotel and its POEM Restaurant to the luxurious venues of the Interbellum Era, saying that "Sitting here, you expect King Carol and Queen Elisabeta to enter at any time.".<ref>Peter Imre, "La restaurant cu Peter Imre: Poemul din Parcul Carol", Ziarul Financiar', September 7, 2007</ref>
The building also received an award for "Best Renovation/Restoration Project in 2007" from the Romanian Architects Association.
History
The hotel comprises two build |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden%2048-215 | The Holden 48-215 is a mid-size sedan which was produced by the Australian automaker Holden between November 1948 and October 1953. A coupe utility derivative, coded as the 50-2106 and marketed as the Holden Coupe Utility, was produced from January 1951.
The 48-215 was the first model from General Motors in Australia to bear the Holden name. In mainstream parlance, the official name of "Holden 48-215" was eschewed in favour of the shortened "Holden" designation. Following the replacement of the first Holden, the 48-215 gained the unofficial nickname of Holden FX. This designation was first used in the Drawing Office at GM-H in 1952 as an unofficial means of distinguishing between early 48-215 vehicles with front suspension using lever-action shock absorbers, and those with the new telescopic shock absorber front suspension introduced in 1953 - the term "FX" was pencilled onto a parts list for the new suspension components. The title "FX" later came into use in used car advertisements to describe models with the later suspension, first being used by Melbourne dealer Reg Smith Motors in two advertisements in the 10 February 1960 issue of The Age. Use of the term "FX" gradually spread to cover all 48-215 and 50-2106 vehicles, although the term has never been used by Holden in any official manner.
The design was originally conceived in the United States by Chevrolet, but was not used because it was deemed too small for the U.S. market as it developed after the war. Instead the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahma%C5%A1%C5%A1i | Tahmašši, or Takhmašši, and also known by his hypocoristicon or pet name: Tahmaya, or Atahmaya was an Egyptian official to pharaoh in the 1350 BC Amarna letters correspondence. His name comes from: 'Ptah-mes', meaning Ptah-Born, or "Born of Ptah".
Tahmašši's name is used in 4 Amarna letters as follows-(EA for 'el Amarna'):
EA 265–Tahmaya, Tahmaya
EA 303–Tahmašši
EA 316–Tahmaya
EA 364–Atahmaya—See Ayyab of Aštartu-(Tell-Ashtara)
The letters
EA 265: "A gift acknowledged"
Letter two of three letters by Tagi of Ginti, (Gintikirmil).
"To the king, my lord: Message of Tagi, your servant. I fall at the feet of the king, my lord. My own man I sent along with [ ... ] to see the face of the king, my lord. [And] the king, my lord, [s]ent a present to me in the care of Tahmaya, and Tahmaya gave (me) a gold goblet and 1[2 se]ts of linen garments. For the information [of the kin]g, my lord. -EA 265, lines 1-15 (~complete)
EA 303: "Careful listening"
Letter three of five letters by Šubandu, a mayor in Palestine.
"To the king, my lord, my god, my Sun, the Sun from the sky: Message of Šubandu, your servant, and the dirt at your feet, the groom of your horses. I prostrate myself, on the stomach and on the back, at the feet of the king, my lord, the Sun from the sky, 7 times and 7 times. I have heard [a]ll the words of the king, my [lord], the Sun from the [s]ky, and I am indeed [g]uarding the place [of the kin]g where I am. I have listened [t]o Tahmašši [ve]ry carefully. -EA 303, lines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20and%20molecular%20biology | Cell and molecular biology are related fields of biology that are often combined.
Cell biology
Molecular biology
Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (disambiguation)
GRE Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Test
International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology
American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology
Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology
Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology of the Cell
Molecular Biology of the Cell (textbook)
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MStar | MStar Semiconductor, Inc. () was a Taiwanese fabless semiconductor company specializing in mixed-mode integrated circuit technologies, based in Hsinchu Hsien. MStar made hardware for multimedia and wireless communications, in the form of display ICs and mixed-mode (i.e. combining analog and digital functions) ASIC/IPs, in addition to chip sets for GSM mobile handsets. MStar employed approx. 1300 in more than 10 branches worldwide. The company's revenue was around US$1067 million in 2010. The growth has been substantial, their revenue in 2005 was US$175 million. MStar is listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange under the code 3697.
MStar was often referred as "Little-M" or "Morning Star" in Chinese community, as a contrary part of the bigger semiconductor company "Big-M", a.k.a. MediaTek.
MStar was a spin-off (2-1 stock split) from System General Technology in May 2002, where the power IC product line stayed in System General Technology while the employees with the display and RFID product lines transferred to the new spin-off. After the spin-off, System General Technology regretted the decision, and a 1-2 stock swap was taken to exchange the two companies back to their corresponding shareholders. Chairman and CEO of MStar was Wayne Liang (梁公偉), while Dr. Steve Yang (楊偉毅) was the executive vice president and co-founder.
In 2004, after being involved in a court case where in a ruling by the International Trade Commission (ITC), MStar Semiconductor were found guilty over infringin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum%20entropy%20spectral%20estimation | Maximum entropy spectral estimation is a method of spectral density estimation. The goal is to improve the spectral quality based on the principle of maximum entropy. The method is based on choosing the spectrum which corresponds to the most random or the most unpredictable time series whose autocorrelation function agrees with the known values. This assumption, which corresponds to the concept of maximum entropy as used in both statistical mechanics and information theory, is maximally non-committal with regard to the unknown values of the autocorrelation function of the time series. It is simply the application of maximum entropy modeling to any type of spectrum and is used in all fields where data is presented in spectral form. The usefulness of the technique varies based on the source of the spectral data since it is dependent on the amount of assumed knowledge about the spectrum that can be applied to the model.
In maximum entropy modeling, probability distributions are created on the basis of that which is known, leading to a type of statistical inference about the missing information which is called the maximum entropy estimate. For example, in spectral analysis the expected peak shape is often known, but in a noisy spectrum the center of the peak may not be clear. In such a case, inputting the known information allows the maximum entropy model to derive a better estimate of the center of the peak, thus improving spectral accuracy.
Method description
In the periodogr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative%20oxidase | The alternative oxidase (AOX) is an enzyme that forms part of the electron transport chain in mitochondria of different organisms. Proteins homologous to the mitochondrial oxidase and the related plastid terminal oxidase have also been identified in bacterial genomes.
The oxidase provides an alternative route for electrons passing through the electron transport chain to reduce oxygen. However, as several proton-pumping steps are bypassed in this alternative pathway, activation of the oxidase reduces ATP generation. This enzyme was first identified as a distinct oxidase pathway from cytochrome c oxidase as the alternative oxidase is resistant to inhibition by the poison cyanide.
Function
This metabolic pathway leading to the alternative oxidase diverges from the cytochrome-linked electron transport chain at the ubiquinone pool. Alternative pathway respiration only produces proton translocation at Complex 1 (NADH dehydrogenase) and so has a lower ATP yield than the full pathway. The expression of the alternative oxidase gene AOX is influenced by stresses such as cold, reactive oxygen species and infection by pathogens, as well as other factors that reduce electron flow through the cytochrome pathway of respiration. Although the benefit conferred by this activity remains uncertain, it may enhance an organism's ability to resist these stresses by maintaining the oxidized state of the upstream electron-transport components, thereby reducing the level of oxidative stress induced |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curraghs | The Curraghs or Ballaugh Curraghs are a wetland in Ballaugh parish in the north-west of the Isle of Man. The area has a rich and varied biodiversity and is also the location of the Curraghs Wildlife Park, a zoo and nature reserve that incorporates the wetlands.
History
During the last ice age the area was covered in sheets of ice. When this ice retreated, a depression was left at the bottom of the northern hills and the wetlands were formed in this basin.
Over the years the land has been used to graze animals and grow hay, one of the few exploitable crops suited to the conditions of the wetlands. The Curraghs has also been a valuable resource for humans, as well as providing aesthetic appeal; the area is rich in peat, which was used as a fuel in the island's homes. The nearby village of Kirk Michael was a great consumer of the peat in the Curraghs.
It was the exploitation of peat that made the land slightly drier than it is today. When the practice of peat cutting was discontinued, the ditches in the area filled with water and bogs were formed.
In the 1930s, the Manx government intended to make a profit by growing New Zealand flax on the Curraghs. This plan failed, but in the 1950s the government pressed ahead with another plan to drain the Curraghs, so that the area could be extensively farmed. However, with the land 15 m above sea level, it was decided that it was not economically viable to drain the wetlands.
In 1963, much of the area came under the control of the Ma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Oxalocrotonate%20tautomerase | 4-Oxalocrotonate tautomerase (EC 5.3.2.6) or 4-OT is an enzyme that converts 2-hydroxymuconate to the αβ-unsaturated ketone, 2-oxo-3-hexenedioate. This enzyme forms part of a bacterial metabolic pathway that oxidatively catabolizes toluene, o-xylene, 3-ethyltoluene, and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene into intermediates of the citric acid cycle. With a monomer size of just 62 amino acid residues, the 4-Oxalocrotonate tautomerase is one of the smallest enzyme subunits known. However, in solution, the enzyme forms a hexamer of six identical subunits, so the active site may be formed by amino acid residues from several subunits. This enzyme is also unusual in that it uses a proline residue at the amino terminus as an active site residue.
References
EC 5.3.2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20rate | In the mathematical theory of probability, the entropy rate or source information rate of a stochastic process is, informally, the time density of the average information in a stochastic process. For stochastic processes with a countable index, the entropy rate is the limit of the joint entropy of members of the process divided by , as tends to infinity:
when the limit exists. An alternative, related quantity is:
For strongly stationary stochastic processes, . The entropy rate can be thought of as a general property of stochastic sources; this is the asymptotic equipartition property. The entropy rate may be used to estimate the complexity of stochastic processes. It is used in diverse applications ranging from characterizing the complexity of languages, blind source separation, through to optimizing quantizers and data compression algorithms. For example, a maximum entropy rate criterion may be used for feature selection in machine learning.
Entropy rates for Markov chains
Since a stochastic process defined by a Markov chain that is irreducible, aperiodic
and positive recurrent has a stationary distribution, the entropy rate is independent of the initial distribution.
For example, for such a Markov chain defined on a countable number of states, given the transition matrix , is given by:
where is the asymptotic distribution of the chain.
A simple consequence of this definition is that an i.i.d. stochastic process has an entropy rate that is the same as the entr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ttgrottorna | Köttgrottorna is a Swedish punk band which is sometime labeled as punk rock or just rock. They have been around for a long time and are mostly appreciated by fans of the Swedish punk scene, and ironically mostly hated by other fans of the Swedish punks cene.
Discography
1986 - Blodsdans
1987 - Halvdöd
1991 - Hungrig
1993 - Sex, Politik & Fåglar
1993 - Köttrea 1983-93 (compilation)
1994 - Sanningens Morgon
1997 - Tinnitus
1999 - Soft Metal
2005 - Far åt helvete (2CD)
2005 - Vi snor om vi vill
2006 - Drängen
Fun facts
Backyard Babies have opened up for Köttgrottorna
Members
Stefan "Mongo" Enger - Bass & vocals
Hans-Peter "Happy" Törnblom - drums
Janne Olsson - Guitar & backing vocals
Lars "Guld-Lars" Jonsson - Guitar
Tidigare medlemmar
Thomas "Valen" Wahlström - Vocals & Guitar 83-84
Jörgen Ohlsson - Vocals & Guitar 84-87
Swedish punk rock groups |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor%20activity-modifying%20protein | Receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) are a class of protein that interact with and modulate the activities of several Class B G protein-coupled receptors including the receptors for secretin, calcitonin (CT), glucagon, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). There are three distinct types of RAMPs in mammals (though more in fish), designated RAMP1, RAMP2, and RAMP3, each encoded by a separate gene.
Function
Currently, the function of RAMPs is divided into classes of activities. When associated with the Calcitonin receptor (CTR) or Calcitonin receptor-like (CALCRL) (below), RAMPs can change the selectivity of the receptor for a specific hormone. In the cases of the other receptors mentioned, however, there is no evidence that they can do this, but instead function to regulate trafficking of receptors from the ER / golgi to the membrane. These functions appear to be ones where there is redundancy, as neither RAMP1 nor RAMP3 knockout mice (KO) have grossly abnormal phenotypes. The likelihood is that the phenotype of RAMP2 KO mice is more connected with the abolition of most adrenomedullin (AM) signalling than effects on trafficking of other receptors, as those mice are almost identical to AM KO mice and mice lacking the Calcitonin-like receptor which are unable to form either AM1 or AM-2 adrenomedullin receptors (CLR/RAMP2 and CLR/RAMP3 respectively).
Types
Association of RAMPs with either the CT or CALCRL proteins forms 6 different receptors from the calciton |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMP1 | Receptor activity modifying protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAMP1 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the RAMP family of single-transmembrane-domain proteins, called receptor (calcitonin) activity modifying proteins (RAMPs). RAMPs are type I transmembrane proteins with an extracellular N terminus and a cytoplasmic C terminus. RAMPs are required to transport calcitonin-receptor-like receptor (CALCRL) to the plasma membrane. CALCRL, a receptor with seven transmembrane domains, can function as either a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor or an adrenomedullin receptor, depending on which members of the RAMP family are expressed. In combination with the RAMP1 protein, CALCRL functions as the CGRP receptor. The RAMP1 protein is involved in the terminal glycosylation, maturation, and presentation of the CGRP receptor to the cell surface. The RAMP1 protein can also interact with the calcitonin receptor (CT) protein, where heteromerisation of RAMP1 with CT converts CT from a calcitonin receptor to the amylin receptor AMY1
See also
Receptor activity-modifying protein
References
Further reading
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMP2 | Receptor activity modifying protein 2, also known as RAMP2, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the RAMP2 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the RAMP family of single-transmembrane-domain proteins, called receptor (calcitonin) activity modifying proteins (RAMPs). RAMPs are type I transmembrane proteins with an extracellular N-terminus and a cytoplasmic C-terminus. RAMPs are required to transport calcitonin-receptor-like receptor (CRLR) to the plasma membrane. CRLR, a receptor with seven transmembrane domains, can function as either a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor or an adrenomedullin receptor, depending on which members of the RAMP family are expressed. In the presence of this (RAMP2) protein, CRLR functions as an adrenomedullin receptor. The RAMP2 protein is involved in core glycosylation and transportation of adrenomedullin receptor to the cell surface.
References
Further reading
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMP3 | Receptor activity modifying protein 3, also known as RAMP3, is a human gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the RAMP family of single-transmembrane-domain proteins, called receptor (calcitonin) activity modifying proteins (RAMPs). RAMPs are type I transmembrane proteins with an extracellular N terminus and a cytoplasmic C terminus. RAMPs are required to transport calcitonin-receptor-like receptor (CRLR) to the plasma membrane. CRLR, a receptor with seven transmembrane domains, can function as either a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor or an adrenomedullin receptor, depending on which members of the RAMP family are expressed. In humans and other mammals, there are 3 RAMPS, while in fish there are more, with sub-variants. In the presence of this (RAMP3) protein, CRLR functions as an adrenomedullin receptor with low affinity for CGRP.
References
Further reading
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birida%C5%A1wa | Biridašwa (Sanskrit: "Prītāśva," "whose horse is dear" (Mayrhofer II 182)) was a mayor of Aštartu, (Tell-Ashtara), south of Damascus, (named Dimasqu/Dimašqu), during the time of the Amarna letters correspondence, about 1350–1335 BC. A second mayor of Aštartu, Ayyab, existed in this short 15–20 year time period.
History
Though Biridašwa did not communicate with the Egyptian pharaoh directly in any of the Amarna letters, he, along with the mayors of Busruna and Halunnu were involved with the intrigues of city/city-state takeovers, in the region of Damascus. The region around Dimašqu was named Upu, or Apu, a name going back to at least pharaoh Thutmose III's time, (1479-1425 BC).
Biridašwa of EA letters 196, and EA 197
Biryawaza the king of Dimašqu wrote 4 letters addressed to pharaoh, and letters 3 and 4 are about Biridašwa.
Letter no. 197: title: "Biryawaza's plight"
Biryawaza letter no. 4 of 4:
"[... ...he] said t[o me when] your servant was in A[dura, ...They gave] his horses and hi[s] chariots to the 'Apiru, and they did not [give them] to the king, my lord. And who am I? My (only) purpose is to be a servant. Everything belongs to the king. Biridašwa saw this deed and moved Yanuamma to rebellion against me. Having barred the city gate against me, he took chariots from Aštartu but gave both of them to the 'Apiru and did not give both of them to the king, my lord. When the king of Busruna and the king of Halunnu saw (i.e. saw this), they waged war with Biridašwa against |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhizzi | Ruhizzi, was a city, or city-state located in northern Canaan or southern Amurru territories, in the foothills of Mount Hermon during the time of the Amarna letters correspondence. During the 15-20 year Amarna letters of 1350-1335 BC, Arsawuya was the 'mayor' of Ruhizzi and corresponded with the Egyptian pharaoh.
According to EA 53, (EA for 'el Amarna'), a letter concerning a warring Etakkama, Ruhizzi was associated with the problems of Upu in the region to the south at Damascus, (named Dimašqu), and in the region of Amqu, (the Beqaa), in the northwest.
Ruhizzi is located near Kadesh-(Qidšu), and east of the Anti-Lebanon.
See also
Arsawuya, mayor of Ruhizzi
Amarna letters
References
Moran, William L. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. (softcover, )
External links
Ruhizzi as recorded in Thutmose III Egypt
Amarna letters locations
Aramean cities
Former populated places in Syria |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase%2013 | Caspase 13 or ERICE ("evolutionarily related interleukin-1β converting enzyme") is a protein that was identified in cattle. It belongs to a family of enzymes called caspases that cleave their substrates at C-terminal aspartic acid residues. Although this enzyme was originally reported as a human caspase that could be activated by caspase 8, later studies confirmed the gene identified for caspase 13 came from bovine origin, and is the likely orthologue of human caspase 4.
References
External links
The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: C14.017
EC 3.4.22
Caspases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reanap | Reanap, also Reanapa (cuneiform: ri-a-na-pa) was an ancient Egyptian commissioner, of the 1350–1335 BC Amarna letters, written from a 15–20 year time period. Of the 382 El-Amarna letters correspondence, Reanapa is referenced in three:
EA 292–Titled: Like a pot held in pledge, see Adda-danu.
EA 315–Titled: "Like a command of the Sun"
EA 326–Titled: "A new commissioner"
Two short letters
The topic of two short letters, EA 315, and 326 is Reanapa, and no intrigues of other cities/city-states, or individuals, are involved. The prostration formula to the pharaoh, and subservience to the king's authority can be seen.
EA 315, by Pu-Ba'lu of Yursa
Letter no. 2 of 3 by Pu-Ba'lu:
[To the kin]g, my lord, my god, the Sun from the sky: Message of Pu-Ba'lu, the ruler of Yursa, the dirt at your feet. I indeed prostrate myself at the feet of the king, my lord, 7 times and 7 times, on the back and on the sto[ma]ch.
I am indeed guard[ing] the city of the king, [my] lo[rd], and the place of the king, my lord, the Sun fr[om the sk]y. Whatever the king, my lord, has commanded—I am indeed observing, day and night, the order of the king, my lord.
As to [R]eanapa, the commissioner [of the kin]g, (my) lord, what the king, my lord, commanded ( i.e. through him), [is mig]hty like the command of the Sun in the sky. [Wh]o is the dog that would not [ob]serve the orders of the king, my lord, [the Sun] f[ro]m the sky?
EA 326, by Yidya of Ašqaluna
Letter no. 7 of 7 by Yidya:
To the king, my lord, my |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etakkama | Etakkama, as a common name, but also, Aitukama, Atak(k)ama, Etak(k)ama, and Itak(k)ama is the name for the 'mayor' (king) of Qidšu, (Kadesh) of the 1350–1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. (Qidšu is also referenced as: Qinšu, also Kissa). Etakkama is referenced in 11 of the 382 EA letters, (EA for 'el Amarna'), and especially, a series of 4 identical letters concerning: Amqu, the region of the Beqaa in Lebanon. Those 4 letters concern the intrigues of city/city-state takeovers, along with troops from Hatti, and the claim of: Etakkama's troops from 'Kinsa' -(Qidšu-Kissa)-Kadesh) and are titled: "A joint report on Amqu (1-4)".
Etakkama was the author of one letter, EA 189.
Letter no. 189, title: "Etakkama of Qadesh"
To the king, my lord: Message of Etakkama, your servant. I fall at the feet of my lord, my Sun, 7 times plus 7. My lord, I am your servant, but the wicked Biryawaza has gone on defaming me in your sight, my lord, and when he was defaming me in your sight, then he took my entire paternal estate along with the land of Qidšu, and sent my cities up in flames. But, I assure you, the commissioners of the king, my lord, and his magnates know my loyalty, since I said to the magnate Puhuru, "May the magnate Puhuru know that [...]" ...
Reverse
[...]
...Biryawaza. Thus do I serve you along w[it]h all my brothers, and wherever there is war against the king, I go, together with my troops, together with my chariots, and together with all my brothers. Since Biryawaza had all |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice%20type | A voice type is a group of voices with similar vocal ranges, capable of singing in a similar tessitura, and with similar vocal transition points (passaggi). Voice classification is most strongly associated with European classical music, though it, and the terms it utilizes, are used in other styles of music as well.
A singer will choose a repertoire that suits their voice. Some singers such as Enrico Caruso, Rosa Ponselle, Joan Sutherland, Maria Callas, Jessye Norman, Ewa Podleś, and Plácido Domingo have voices that allow them to sing roles from a wide variety of types; some singers such as Shirley Verrett and Grace Bumbry change type and even voice part over their careers; and some singers such as Leonie Rysanek have voices that lower with age, causing them to cycle through types over their careers. Some roles are hard to classify, having very unusual vocal requirements; Mozart wrote many of his roles for specific singers who often had remarkable voices, and some of Verdi's early works make extreme demands on their singers.
Number of voice types
Many different voice types are used in vocal pedagogy in a variety of voice classification systems. Most of these types, however, are grouped into seven or eight major voice categories that are, for the most part, acknowledged across the major voice classification systems. Women are typically divided into three groups: soprano, mezzo-soprano, and contralto. Men are usually divided into four groups: countertenor, tenor, baritone, an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Professor%27s%20Beloved%20Equation%20%28film%29 | is a Japanese film released January 21, 2006 and directed by Takashi Koizumi. It is based on the novel The Housekeeper and the Professor.
Background
In contrast to the original work, which is told from the perspective of the narrator, the film is shown from the perspective of a 29-year-old Root as he recounts his memories of the professor to a group of new pupils. Though there are a few differences between the film and the original work (for example, the movie touches on the relationship between the professor and the widow while the book does not give much detail), the film is generally faithful to the original.
Cast
Akira Terao as Professor
Eri Fukatsu as Kyoko
Takanari Saito as Root
Hidetaka Yoshioka as Teacher (Root after age 19)
Ruriko Asaoka as the widow
Staff
Original story by: Yōko Ogawa (Published by Shinchosha)
Directed by: Takashi Koizumi
Written by: Takashi Koizumi
Produced by: Miyako Araki, Tsutomu Sakurai
Cinematography: Hiroyuki Kitazawa, Masaharu Ueda
Artwork: Ken Sakei
Sound: Benitani Sen'ichi
Lighting: Hideaki Yamakawa
Wardrobe: Kazuko Kurosawa
Music by: Takashi Kako
Distributed by: Asmik Ace Entertainment
References
External links
2006 films
2006 drama films
Japanese drama films
Films about mathematics
Films about educators
2000s Japanese-language films
Films based on Japanese novels
Films directed by Takashi Koizumi
2000s Japanese films |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20retrieval | Phase retrieval is the process of algorithmically finding solutions to the phase problem. Given a complex signal , of amplitude , and phase :
where x is an M-dimensional spatial coordinate and k is an M-dimensional spatial frequency coordinate. Phase retrieval consists of finding the phase that satisfies a set of constraints for a measured amplitude. Important applications of phase retrieval include X-ray crystallography, transmission electron microscopy and coherent diffractive imaging, for which . Uniqueness theorems for both 1-D and 2-D cases of the phase retrieval problem, including the phaseless 1-D inverse scattering problem, were proven by Klibanov and his collaborators (see References).
Problem formulation
Here we consider 1-D discrete Fourier transform (DFT) phase retrieval problem. The DFT of a complex signal is given by
,
and the oversampled DFT of is given by
,
where .
Since the DFT operator is bijective, this is equivalent to recovering the phase . It is common recovering a signal from its autocorrelation sequence instead of its Fourier magnitude. That is, denote by the vector after padding with zeros. The autocorrelation sequence of is then defined as
,
and the DFT of , denoted by , satisfies .
Methods
Error reduction algorithm
The error reduction is a generalization of the Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm. It solves for from measurements of by iterating a four-step process. For the th iteration the steps are as follows:
Step (1): , , and a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20statistics | Medical statistics deals with applications of statistics to medicine and the health sciences, including epidemiology, public health, forensic medicine, and clinical research. Medical statistics has been a recognized branch of statistics in the United Kingdom for more than 40 years but the term has not come into general use in North America, where the wider term 'biostatistics' is more commonly used. However, "biostatistics" more commonly connotes all applications of statistics to biology. Medical statistics is a subdiscipline of statistics. "It is the science of summarizing, collecting, presenting and interpreting data in medical practice, and using them to estimate the magnitude of associations and test hypotheses. It has a central role in medical investigations. It not only provides a way of organizing information on a wider and more formal basis than relying on the exchange of anecdotes and personal experience, but also takes into account the intrinsic variation inherent in most biological processes."
Pharmaceutical statistics
Pharmaceutical statistics is the application of statistics to matters concerning the pharmaceutical industry. This can be from issues of design of experiments, to analysis of drug trials, to issues of commercialization of a medicine.
There are many professional bodies concerned with this field including:
European Federation of Statisticians in the Pharmaceutical Industry (EFSPI)
Statisticians In The Pharmaceutical Industry (PSI)
There are also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysophospholipid%20receptor | The lysophospholipid receptor (LPL-R) group are members of the G protein-coupled receptor family of integral membrane proteins that are important for lipid signaling. In humans, there are eleven LPL receptors, each encoded by a separate gene. These LPL receptor genes are also sometimes referred to as "Edg" (an acronym for endothelial differentiation gene).
Ligands
The ligands for LPL-R group are the lysophospholipid extracellular signaling molecules, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P).
Origin of name
The term lysophospholipid (LPL) refers to any phospholipid that is missing one of its two O-acyl chains. Thus, LPLs have a free alcohol in either the sn-1 or the sn-2 position. The prefix 'lyso-' comes from the fact that lysophospholipids were originally found to be hemolytic, however it is now used to refer generally to phospholipids missing an acyl chain. LPLs are usually the result of phospholipase A-type enzymatic activity on regular phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidic acid, although they can also be generated by the acylation of glycerophospholipids or the phosphorylation of monoacylglycerols. Some LPLs serve important signaling functions such as lysophosphatidic acid.
Function
LPL receptor ligands bind to and activate their cognate receptors located in the cell membrane. Depending on which ligand, receptor, and cell type is involved, the activated receptor can have a range of effects on the cell. These include |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box%E2%80%93Behnken%20design | In statistics, Box–Behnken designs are experimental designs for response surface methodology, devised by George E. P. Box and Donald Behnken in 1960, to achieve the following goals:
Each factor, or independent variable, is placed at one of three equally spaced values, usually coded as −1, 0, +1. (At least three levels are needed for the following goal.)
The design should be sufficient to fit a quadratic model, that is, one containing squared terms, products of two factors, linear terms and an intercept.
The ratio of the number of experimental points to the number of coefficients in the quadratic model should be reasonable (in fact, their designs kept in the range of 1.5 to 2.6).
The estimation variance should more or less depend only on the distance from the centre (this is achieved exactly for the designs with 4 and 7 factors), and should not vary too much inside the smallest (hyper)cube containing the experimental points. (See "rotatability" in "Comparisons of response surface designs".)
Box-Behnken design is still considered to be more proficient and most powerful than other designs such as the three-level full factorial design, central composite design (CCD) and Doehlert design, despite its poor coverage of the corner of nonlinear design space.
The design with 7 factors was found first while looking for a design having the desired property concerning estimation variance, and then similar designs were found for other numbers of factors.
Each design can be thought o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsawuya | Arsawuya was a 'mayor' of Ruhizzi, located east of Qidšu-(Kadesh), and farther east beyond the Anti-Lebanon mountain range, during the 1350–1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. He is referenced in five letters, two letters of which he wrote to the Egyptian pharaoh, letters EA 191, and 192, (EA for 'el Amarna').
Arsawuya's second letter
The complete topic of Arsawuya's second letter is missing because of a multi-sentence lacuna.
EA 191, "Preparations for war"
To the king, my lord: Message of Arsawuya, the ruler of Ruhizza. I fall at the feet of the king, my lord. The king, my lord, wrote to me to make preparations before the arrival of the archers of the king, my lord, and before the arrival of his many commissioners.
And could I think of not serving the king, my lord?
May I join up with the archers of the king and his commissioners so that, having everything prepared, I might follow them wherever they are at war against the king, my lord, and we capture them (and) give his enemies into the hand of the king, our lord. —EA 191, lines 1-21 (complete)
EA 192, "Message received"
[Sa]y [t]o the king, my lord, both Sun and my god: Message of [A]rsawuya, the loyal servant [o]f the king, my lord, [and the di]rt at the feet of the king, my lord. I fall at the feet of the king, my lord, both Sun and my god, 7 times and 7 times.
[I have] heard the words [of the king], my lord and my god, [and here]with [...] ...[the king], (my) lord. And the king, [m]y lord, must [not] neglect his |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naziba | Naziba, was a small 'city', or 'city-state' south of Dimašqu-(Damascus), in the 1350–1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. The town of Naziba was located near Amarna letters Qanu, now named Qanawat, and biblical Kenath.
Naziba, is part of a 6-letter series of letters, written by the same scribe, all entitled: "Ready for marching orders (1-6)". The letters are mostly identical, with only the city's Ruler and the location changing; they are letters EA 201-EA 206, (EA for 'el Amarna').
EA 206, for the "ruler of Naziba"
Say to the king, my lord: Message of the ruler of Naziba, your servant. I fall at the feet of the king, my lord, 7 times plus 7 times. You hav[e wr]it[ten] to make preparations before the arrival of the archers, and I am herewith, along with my troops and my chariots, at the disposition of the archers. —EA 206, lines 1-17 (complete)
List of the 6-letter series
EA 201-marching orders (1)—for Artamanya of Siribašani
EA 202-marching orders (2)—for Amawaše of Bašan(?)
EA 203-marching orders (3)—for 'Abdi-Milki of Šashimi
EA 204-marching orders (4)—for the ruler of Qanu, called Qanawat
EA 205-marching orders (5)—for the ruler of Tubu (town)
EA 206-marching orders (6)—for the ruler of Naziba
Additional by scribe: EA 195—title: "Waiting for the Pharaoh's words" – by Biryawaza of Dimašqu (Damascus)
See also
Tubu (town), for the "ruler of Tubu"
Qanawat-(Qanu)
Amarna letters–localities and their rulers
References
Moran, William L. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins U |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SREBP%20cleavage-activating%20protein | Sterol regulatory element-binding protein cleavage-activating protein, also known as SREBP cleavage-activating protein or SCAP, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SCAP gene.
SCAP contains a sterol-sensing domain (SSD) and seven WD domains. In cholesterol-depleted cells, this protein binds to sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) and mediates their transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. The SREBPs are then proteolytically cleaved and stimulate sterol biosynthesis.
Function
SCAP is a regulatory protein that is required for the proteolytic cleavage of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP). SCAP is an integral membrane protein located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). One of the cytosolic regions of SCAP contains a hexapeptide amino acid sequence, MELADL, that functions to detect cellular cholesterol. When cholesterol is present, SCAP undergoes a conformational change that prevents it from activating SREBP and cholesterol synthesis does not occur.
Structure
Scap has 8 transmembrane domains and both the N-terminal and C-terminal face the cytoplasm. Also, it binds SREBP by a series of consecutive WD repeats on its C-terminus.
References
Further reading |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower%20motor%20neuron%20lesion | A lower motor neuron lesion is a lesion which affects nerve fibers traveling from the lower motor neuron(s) in the anterior horn/anterior grey column of the spinal cord, or in the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves, to the relevant muscle(s).
One major characteristic used to identify a lower motor neuron lesion is flaccid paralysis – paralysis accompanied by loss of muscle tone. This is in contrast to an upper motor neuron lesion, which often presents with spastic paralysis – paralysis accompanied by severe hypertonia.
Signs and symptoms
Muscle paresis or paralysis
Fibrillations
Fasciculations – caused by increased receptor concentration on muscles to compensate for lack of innervation.
Hypotonia or atonia – Tone is not velocity dependent.
Hyporeflexia - Along with deep reflexes even cutaneous reflexes are also decreased or absent.
Strength – weakness is limited to segmental or focal pattern, Root innervated pattern
The extensor plantar reflex (Babinski sign) is usually absent. Muscle paresis/paralysis, hypotonia/atonia, and hyporeflexia/areflexia are usually seen immediately following an insult. Muscle wasting, fasciculations and fibrillations are typically signs of end-stage muscle denervation and are seen over a longer time period. Another feature is the segmentation of symptoms – only muscles innervated by the damaged nerves will be symptomatic.
Causes
The most common causes of lower motor neuron injuries are trauma to peripheral nerves that serve the axons, an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20oldest%20and%20youngest%20Academy%20Award%20winners%20and%20nominees | This is a list of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees in the award categories Acting and Directing.
This list is based on "statistics valid through the nomination announcement for the 2015 (88th Academy Awards), announced on January 14, 2016", as documented in The Official Academy Awards Database.
At the 90th Academy Awards, James Ivory became the oldest-ever Oscar winner in any category, at age 89, after receiving the award for Best Adapted Screenplay for his work on Call Me by Your Name. At the 93rd Academy Awards, Ann Roth became the oldest-ever woman to win an Oscar in any category, at age 89, after receiving the award for Best Costume Design for her work on Ma Rainey's Black Bottom.
At the 95th Academy Awards, John Williams became the oldest Oscar nominee in any category, at age 90, after receiving his 53rd Oscar nomination for Best Original Score for his work on The Fabelmans.
There are only three people in Oscar history who have won two Oscars by the age of 30 or younger:
Luise Rainer for The Great Ziegfeld and The Good Earth
Jodie Foster for The Accused and The Silence of the Lambs
Hilary Swank for Boys Don't Cry and Million Dollar Baby
all in the Best Actress in a Leading Role category.
Superlatives
Among the oldest and youngest winners and nominees of Academy Awards in standard competitive categories, the following superlatives emerge:
Best Director
Oldest winners
Source: "Academy Award Statistics: Directing: Oldest/Youngest Directin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiren%20Roy | Hiren Roy (1920–1992) was for many years considered to be the best sitar maker in India. Many great musicians, including Nikhil Banerjee, Vilayat Khan, Annapurna Devi, and Ravi Shankar, have sworn by his creations.
Early life
Born in Bengal, India (in the part of the province which later became Bangladesh) in 1920, Roy went to Kolkata at the age of 12 to learn the art of sitar playing. However, he didn't have money enough to buy his own instrument and pay for his lessons, so he took a job in the instrument shop of Yogesh Chandra Chakraborty. He started making his own sitars and soon found that local musicians praised his work.
Career
Roy started his own shop in 1942 and spent his whole life researching the various aspects of sound, design, and composition as they impacted the sitar. His brief studies in different styles of playing gave him not only a craftsman's eye for the making of a sitar, but also a player's ear for its sound, and he quickly developed original avenues in terms of look and tonal quality. For instance, he made the tabli (wooden cover on top of the gourd) and the Dandi (the neck) strong enough to withstand heavier strokes and tapings on thicker strings, thus making it more appropriate for meend (bending), an essential element of Hindustani classical music.
Honors
For his lifetime achievements, Roy was honoured in 1971 by the cultural forum called "Nikkon" in Kolkata. In the 1980s, he was selected by Vishwabharati University as a member of their interview |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahura | Pahura, and also spelled Pihur/Pihuru, Pihura, and Pihuru/Pihure was a commissioner of the 1350 BC Amarna letters correspondence. Pahura's name means in Egyptian, ' the Syrian ' , and he was commissioner to the Egyptian pharaoh.
Pahura is referenced in 9-letters of the Amarna letters corpus. Two damaged partial letters are only topically identified by Pahura's name, with no other references: letters EA 207 and 208, (EA for 'el Amarna').
An example letter (with commissioner Pihura)
The largest sub-corpus of Amarna letters is from the Rib-Haddi corpus: namely Rib-Hadda of Gubla-(Byblos). EA 132, entitled: "The hope for peace" shows some of the intrigues of the 68-letter Rib-Haddi corpus of letters.
EA 132, "The hope for peace"
Letter no. 61 of 68 by Rib-Haddi.
[S]ay [to] the king, my lord, m[y] Sun: Message of Rib-Hadda, your [ser]vant. May the Lady of Gubla grant power to the king, my lord. I fall at the feet of my lord 7 times and 7 times. Moreover, give thought to Gubla, your loyal city. Earlier, 'Abdi-Aširta attacked me, and I wrote to your father, (i.e. Amenhotep III), "Send the royal archers, and the entire land will be taken in a day." Did he not take fo[r himself' 'Abdi-Aširt[a], together with his possessions? Now Aziru has gathered a[ll] the 'Apiru and has said to them, "If Gubla is not ... [...]" [L]ook, Yanhamu being with you, a[sk him] if I did not say to him, "If you make an alliance ... [...] with the sons of 'Abdi-Aširta, they will take you prisoner." He list |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric%20bacterium | Asymmetric bacteria are bacteria that undergo "non-symmetrical" life cycles. This especially includes those that differentiate temporally, such as prosthecate bacteria.
History
Cell division asymmetries have appeared alongside the evolution of complex developmental processes. While bacteria were historically considered symmetric simple cells, this idea has been overturned by novel technology and observation techniques. However, asymmetric bacteria remain difficult to detect. Asymmetrical growth aids in determining the age of bacteria, because it gives rise to an old pole, or region of inert cell wall material found at the ends of a rod-shaped bacterial cell. Following the "old pole" of the cell wall material allows an observer to create a bacterial lineage.
Types of asymmetry
Bacteria exhibit three different types of asymmetry: conditional asymmetry, reproductive asymmetry, and morphological asymmetry.
Conditional asymmetry is well defined in the case of endospore formation, which is triggered by stressful environmental conditions such as increased heat, pH change, and nutrient depletion. This type of asymmetry is usually seen in Bacilli and Clostridia.
Reproductive asymmetry is classically linked to bacterial budding, where a mother cell concentrates cell wall material to one area and a daughter cell begins to bud from that thickening. Cell growth which gives rise to reproductive asymmetry occurs in three phases: stalk elongation, daughter cell elongation, and septum f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integro-differential%20equation | In mathematics, an integro-differential equation is an equation that involves both integrals and derivatives of a function.
General first order linear equations
The general first-order, linear (only with respect to the term involving derivative) integro-differential equation is of the form
As is typical with differential equations, obtaining a closed-form solution can often be difficult. In the relatively few cases where a solution can be found, it is often by some kind of integral transform, where the problem is first transformed into an algebraic setting. In such situations, the solution of the problem may be derived by applying the inverse transform to the solution of this algebraic equation.
Example
Consider the following second-order problem,
where
is the Heaviside step function. The Laplace transform is defined by,
Upon taking term-by-term Laplace transforms, and utilising the rules for derivatives and integrals, the integro-differential equation is converted into the following algebraic equation,
Thus,
.
Inverting the Laplace transform using contour integral methods then gives
.
Alternatively, one can complete the square and use a table of Laplace transforms ("exponentially decaying sine wave") or recall from memory to proceed:
.
Applications
Integro-differential equations model many situations from science and engineering, such as in circuit analysis. By Kirchhoff's second law, the net voltage drop across a closed loop equals the voltage impress |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhomboclase | Rhomboclase is an acidic iron sulfate mineral with a formula reported as H5Fe3+O2(SO4)2·2(H2O) or HFe(SO4)2·4(H2O). It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system and typically occurs as tabular crystals with a rhombic outline. It occurs as transparent colorless, blue, green, yellow or grey crystals with a vitreous to pearly luster.
Rhomboclase forms within the oxidizing environment of pyrite rich ore deposits and is reported as a post mine mineral of arid regions.
It was first described in 1888 for an occurrence in Slovakia and was named from Latin, rhombus, rhomb, and Greek klasis, to break, for its crystal form and perfect basal cleavage.
References
Sulfate minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20G.%20Donnan | Frederick George Donnan CBE FRS FRSE (6 September 1870 – 16 December 1956) was a British-Irish physical chemist who is known for his work on membrane equilibria, and commemorated in the Donnan equilibrium describing ionic transport in cells. He spent most of his career at University College London.
Life
Donnan was born in Colombo, Ceylon, the son of William Donnan, a Belfast merchant, and his wife, Jane Ross Turnley Liggate. He spent his early life in Ulster. He was blind in one eye as the result of a childhood accident, and is often shown in profile. He studied at Queen's College, Belfast gaining a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1894, then at the University of Leipzig with Wilhelm Ostwald, resulting in a PhD in 1896, followed by research with J. H. van't Hoff. Donnan then became a research student at University College London, joining the academic staff in 1901.
In 1903 he became a lecturer on organic chemistry at the Royal College of Science, Dublin, followed a chair in physical chemistry at the University of Liverpool in 1906. In 1913 he returned to University College London, where he remained until his retirement, serving as Head of Department from 1928 to 1937.
He died in Canterbury on 16 December 1956. He was unmarried and had no children.
Work
During the First World War, Donnan was a consultant to the Ministry of Munitions, and worked with chemical engineer K. B. Quinan on plants for the fixation of nitrogen, for compounds essential for the manufacture of munitions. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WVFN | WVFN (730 AM) is a radio station licensed to East Lansing, Michigan, broadcasting a sports format known as "The Game". It broadcasts on AM frequency 730 kHz and is under the ownership of Townsquare Media. 730 AM is a Mexican and Canadian clear-channel frequency.
As WVIC, AM 730 was a Top 40 music station in Lansing for many years (see also: WMMQ, current sister station and former simulcast partner).
WVFN is an affiliate of the Detroit Tigers baseball and Grand Valley State Laker football radio networks.
WVFN began broadcasting as WVIC in 1965 with a Middle-of-the-Road (MOR) format, as sister station WVIC-FM programmed a Beautiful Music format. WVIC and WVIC-FM adopted a full-time Top 40 format in 1968, competing with cross-town rivals WJIM and WILS. WVIC and WVIC-FM would simulcast the Top 40 format full-time for most of the 1970s, eventually leading WVIC-FM to beat out its AM competitors with the advantage of a 24-hour FM stereo signal. WVIC, during this time, was licensed to operate from 6:00 am to local sunset, and aired a promotional announcement at nightly sign-off, encouraging listeners to tune to WVIC-FM. WVIC made a partial break in their simulcast with WVIC-FM in 1979, airing an Urban Contemporary format during the midday, while continuing to simulcast WVIC-FM for the remainder of the broadcast day.
WVIC and WVIC-FM were purchased by Goodrich Broadcasting in August 1981, and WVIC was reprogrammed with Al Hamm's Music of Your Life format, featuring Big Band music |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DWC | DWC may refer to:
Al Maktoum International Airport, United Arab Emirates (IATA code)
Daniel Webster College, a former college in Nashua, New Hampshire, US
Darwin Core, biodiversity data standards
Deep water culture, of hydroponics
Diamond wire cutting
Douglas World Cruiser, a 1923 aircraft
Subarctic climate (Köppen classification) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static%20light%20scattering | Static light scattering is a technique in physical chemistry that measures the intensity of the scattered light to obtain the average molecular weight Mw of a macromolecule like a polymer or a protein in solution. Measurement of the scattering intensity at many angles allows calculation of the root mean square radius, also called the radius of gyration Rg. By measuring the scattering intensity for many samples of various concentrations, the second virial coefficient, A2, can be calculated.
Static light scattering is also commonly utilized to determine the size of particle suspensions in the sub-μm and supra-μm ranges, via the Lorenz-Mie (see Mie scattering) and Fraunhofer diffraction formalisms, respectively.
For static light scattering experiments, a high-intensity monochromatic light, usually a laser, is launched into a solution containing the macromolecules. One or many detectors are used to measure the scattering intensity at one or many angles. The angular dependence is required to obtain accurate measurements of both molar mass and size for all macromolecules of radius above 1–2% of the incident wavelength. Hence simultaneous measurements at several angles relative to the direction of the incident light, known as multi-angle light scattering (MALS) or multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS), are generally regarded as the standard implementation of static light scattering. Additional details on the history and theory of MALS may be found in multi-angle light scatter |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20tail | White tail or whitetail may refer to:
Places
Whitetail, Montana
Whitetail Ski Resort
Animals
Mammals
White-tailed deer
White-tailed jackrabbit
Fish
Centropyge flavicauda or whitetail angelfish, an angelfish from the Indo-pacific Ocean
Whitetail dascyllus or white-tailed damselfish, a common aquarium fish
Whitetail dogfish, a sleeper shark from the Indian Ocean
Sufflamen albicaudatum or whitetail trigger, a triggerfish from the Indian Ocean
Birds
White-tailed eagle
White-tailed kite
Other animals
Bothrops leucurus or whitetail lancehead, a Brazilian pit viper
Two North American dragonflies in the genus Ladona:
Common whitetail
Desert whitetail
White-tailed spider
Other uses
An aerospace manufacturing term for an aircraft or rocket that has been built but not yet sold.
Animal common name disambiguation pages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shweta%20Tiwari | Shweta Tiwari (born 4 October 1980) is an Indian actress who primarily works in Hindi television. She is best known for playing Prerna Sharma in Ekta Kapoor's soap opera Kasautii Zindagii Kay. In 2010, she participated in Bigg Boss and emerged as the winner, thus becoming the first female winner of the series. Other reality shows to her credit include Nach Baliye, Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa and Khatron Ke Khiladi.
Tiwari has also worked in television shows like Parvarrish as Sweety, Begusarai as Bindiya and Mere Dad Ki Dulhan as Guneet Sikka. She was last seen playing the titular lead Aparajita in Zee TV's Main Hoon Aparajita.
Personal life
Tiwari was born on 4 October 1980 in Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Tiwari married actor Raja Chaudhary in 1998 and they have a daughter (Palak Tiwari), born on 8 October 2000. She filed for a divorce in 2007 after nine years of marriage. Tiwari reported she suffered a troubled relationship characterised by Raja's alcoholism and domestic violence. She complained that he used to beat her up daily. He used to turn up on the sets of her shows and misbehave with her.
Tiwari and actor Abhinav Kohli married on 13 July 2013 after dating for three years. On 27 November 2016, Tiwari gave birth to their son Reyansh Kohli. Reports of problems in their marriage first emerged in 2017. In August 2019, she filed a complaint of domestic violence against Kohli alleging harassment by him towards her and her daughter. Kohli was taken into police custody. Tiw |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/89.9%20TheLight | 89.9 TheLight (call sign 3TSC) is a Christian community radio station in Melbourne, Australia attracting more than a million listeners per month. It broadcasts on the FM band with the frequency of 89.9, on DAB+ digital radio and streams online via website and mobile app. Studios are located at 333 Mitcham Road, in Mitcham with FM transmitter on Mount Dandenong
History
The station's beginnings can be traced to 1977, when Melbourne Christian Radio was founded. It conducted test broadcasts in 1980, 1981, and 1982 as 3MCR before purchasing air time on commercial station 3DB.
89.9 TheLight is run by Positive Media Inc, which was formerly called Triple Seven Communications and 89.9 LightFM and Light Melbourne Inc. They conducted a three-month temporary broadcast in late 2001 and was informed in December of that year that they were successful for one of the four community licences available from the Australian Broadcasting Authority, now the Australian Communications and Media Authority. 89.9 TheLight began full-time permanent broadcasting on Sunday 1 December 2002.
In January 2017 it was announced that 89.9 TheLight reaches over a million people a month.
Initiatives
LightNews
89.9 TheLight has its own dedicated news service that provides hourly updates throughout the day, and every half an hour during the breakfast (6am-9am) program. Previously, 89.9 TheLight had broadcast the Macquarie National News program every hour.
Nine News simulcast
An exclusive simulcast of Nine News |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18F-EF5 | EF5 is a nitroimidazole derivative used in oncology research. Due to its similarity in chemical structure to etanidazole, EF5 binds in cells displaying hypoxia.
Non-labeled EF5 has been extensively used in immunohistochemical studies for several years and its hypoxia specificity has been comprehensively evaluated The 18F-radiolabeled derivative of EF5 is being studied for its possibility to be used in positron emission tomography (PET) to detect low levels of oxygen in brain tumors and several other malignant tumors. This can help show how a tumor will respond to treatment.
Targeting tumor hypoxia in cancer treatment aims to overcome radiotherapy resistance of hypoxic tumors. Thus, a major clinical implication for 18F-EF5-PET imaging is expected to be guiding of radiotherapy dose modulation. Clinical studies on 18F-EF5-PET/CT imaging have indicated clinically acceptable biodistribution and dosimetric profile, and in head and neck cancer also favorable imaging characteristics, prognostic value and repeatability. A recent 18F-EF5-PET/MR study showed promising potential in detecting tumor hypoxia in cervical cancer. However, 18F-EF5-PET/CT is not feasible in imaging of ovarian cancer due to physiological intra-abdominal 18F-EF5-accumulation. Further studies evaluating the clinical use of 18F-EF5 PET imaging in head and neck cancer are ongoing.
References
Nitroimidazoles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equipossibility | Equipossibility is a philosophical concept in possibility theory that is a precursor to the notion of equiprobability in probability theory. It is used to distinguish what can occur in a probability experiment. For example, it is the difference between viewing the possible results of rolling a six sided dice as {1,2,3,4,5,6} rather than {6, not 6}. The former (equipossible) set contains equally possible alternatives, while the latter does not because there are five times as many alternatives inherent in 'not 6' as in 6. This is true even if the die is biased so that 6 and 'not 6' are equally likely to occur (equiprobability).
The Principle of Indifference of Laplace states that equipossible alternatives may be accorded equal probabilities if nothing more is known about the underlying probability distribution. However, it is a matter of contention whether the concept of equipossibility, also called equispecificity (from equispecific), can truly be distinguished from the concept of equiprobability.
In Bayesian inference, one definition of equipossibility is "a transformation group which leaves invariant one's state of knowledge". Equiprobability is then defined by normalizing the Haar measure of this symmetry group. This is known as the principle of transformation groups.
References
External links
Book Chapter by Henry E. Kyburg Jr. on equipossibility, with the 6/not-6 example above
Quotes on equipossibility in classical probability
Probability interpretations
Possibilit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film%20temperature | In fluid thermodynamics, the film temperature () is an approximation of the temperature of a fluid inside a convection boundary layer. It is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the temperature at the surface of the solid boundary wall () and the free-stream temperature ():
The film temperature is often used as the temperature at which fluid properties are calculated when using the Prandtl number, Nusselt number, Reynolds number or Grashof number to calculate a heat transfer coefficient, because it is a reasonable first approximation to the temperature within the convection boundary layer.
Somewhat confusing terminology may be encountered in relation to boilers and heat exchangers, where the same term is used to refer to the limit (hot) temperature of a fluid in contact with a hot surface.
References
Fluid dynamics
Heat transfer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equiprobability | Equiprobability is a property for a collection of events that each have the same probability of occurring. In statistics and probability theory it is applied in the discrete uniform distribution and the equidistribution theorem for rational numbers. If there are events under consideration, the probability of each occurring is
In philosophy it corresponds to a concept that allows one to assign equal probabilities to outcomes when they are judged to be equipossible or to be "equally likely" in some sense. The best-known formulation of the rule is Laplace's principle of indifference (or principle of insufficient reason), which states that, when "we have no other information than" that exactly mutually exclusive events can occur, we are justified in assigning each the probability This subjective assignment of probabilities is especially justified for situations such as rolling dice and lotteries since these experiments carry a symmetry structure, and one's state of knowledge must clearly be invariant under this symmetry.
A similar argument could lead to the seemingly absurd conclusion that the sun is as likely to rise as to not rise tomorrow morning. However, the conclusion that the sun is equally likely to rise as it is to not rise is only absurd when additional information is known, such as the laws of gravity and the sun's history. Similar applications of the concept are effectively instances of circular reasoning, with "equally likely" events being assigned equal probab |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisse%20Papyrus | The Prisse Papyrus is an ancient Egyptian papyrus datable to the Middle Kingdom and is now in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris.
Inhabitants of Kurna originally found the papyrus inside the rishi coffin of pharaoh Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef of the 17th Dynasty, whose tomb was probably located in Dra' Abu el-Naga' near Thebes.
The papyrus document contains the last two pages of the Instructions of Kagemni, who purportedly served under pharaoh Sneferu of the 4th Dynasty, and is a compilation of moral maxims and admonitions on the practice of virtue (sebayt). The conclusion of the Instructions of Kagemni is followed by the only complete surviving copy of the Instruction of Ptahhotep.
See also
List of ancient Egyptian papyri
References
Literature
The Instruction addressed to Kagemni in M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Volume I, 1973, pp.59ff.
The Instruction of Ptahhotep in M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Volume I, 1973, pp. 61ff.
"Papyrus Prisse" by Franz Joseph Lauth retrieved 10:53 24/9/11
papyrus "Prisse" JW Bone (1887) retrieved 11:34GMT 24/9/11
text written-Isaac Meyer retrieved 13:36GMT 25.9.11
External links
Teaching of Ptahhotep, University College London
Papyri from ancient Egypt
Bibliothèque nationale de France collections
1847 archaeological discoveries |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen%20Titensor | Glen Weston Titensor (born February 21, 1958) is a former American football offensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys. He played college football at Brigham Young University.
Early years
Titensor attended Bolsa Grande High School and was a three-year starter at tackle on both offense and defense for the football, receiving All-County honors as a junior. He was injured in the first game of his senior year and missed the entire season. He also practiced track & field.
He received a football scholarship from UCLA, where he played at nose guard and defensive tackle backing up All-American Manu Tuiasosopo for two years. He transferred at the end of his sophomore season to Brigham Young University and sat out the 1978 season.
He was named the starter at left defensive tackle as a junior, before moving to defensive end, where he received All-WAC and honorable-mention All-American honors.
As a senior, he registered 41 tackles (5 for loss), 13 sacks (led the team) and 38 quarterback hurries. He finished his college career with 88 tackles (12 for loss), 17 sacks, 57 quarterback hurries and 3 forced fumbles.
Professional career
Titensor was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the third round (81st overall) of the 1981 NFL Draft as a defensive end. The Cowboys offense needed help and like Blaine Nye, John Fitzgerald, Pat Donovan and Kurt Petersen before him, he was switched to the offensive line to play tackle as a rookie. During the season he was |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingosine%20kinase%201 | Sphingosine kinase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SPHK1 gene.
Sphingosine kinase 1 phosphorylates sphingosine to sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). SK1 is normally a cytosolic protein but is recruited to membranes rich in phosphatidate (PA), a product of phospholipase D (PLD).
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a novel lipid messenger with both intracellular and extracellular functions. Intracellularly, it regulates proliferation and survival, and extracellularly, it is a ligand for EDG1. Various stimuli increase cellular levels of S1P by activation of sphingosine kinase (SPHK), the enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of sphingosine. Competitive inhibitors of SPHK block formation of S1P and selectively inhibit cellular proliferation induced by a variety of factors, including platelet-derived growth factor and serum.
Interactions
SPHK1 has been shown to interact with TRAF2.
References
Further reading
External links
EC 2.7.1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angioimmunoblastic%20T-cell%20lymphoma | Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL, sometimes misspelled AILT, formerly known as "angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia") is a mature T-cell lymphoma of blood or lymph vessel immunoblasts characterized by a polymorphous lymph node infiltrate showing a marked increase in follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and high endothelial venules (HEVs) and systemic involvement.
Signs and symptoms
Patients with AITL usually present at an advanced stage and show systemic involvement. The clinical findings typically include a pruritic skin rash and possibly edema, ascites, pleural effusions, and arthritis.
Sites of involvement
Due to the systemic nature of AITL, neoplastic cells can be found in lymph nodes, liver, spleen, skin, and bone marrow.
Causes
AITL was originally thought to be a premalignant condition, termed angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy, and this atypical reactive lymphadenopathy carried a risk for transformation into a lymphoma. It is postulated that the originating cell for AITL is a mature (post-thymic) CD4+ T-cell that arises de novo, or that the disease has a premalignant subtype. The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is observed in the majority of cases, being identified in the reactive (i.e. non-malignant) B-cells that comprise part of the polymorphous infiltrate of AITL. These EBV+ B cells have numerous non-malignant crippling mutations, often proliferate excessively, and in some cases may transform into EBV+ B cell lymphomas. The other cell types in th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Script%20typeface | Script typefaces are based on the varied and often fluid stroke created by handwriting. They are generally used for display or trade printing, rather than for extended body text in the Latin alphabet. Some Greek alphabet typefaces, especially historically, have been a closer simulation of handwriting.
Styles
Script typefaces are organized into highly regular formal types similar to cursive writing and looser, more casual scripts.
Formal scripts
A majority of formal scripts are based upon the letterforms of seventeenth and eighteenth century writing-masters like George Bickham, George Shelley and George Snell. The letters in their original form are generated by a quill or metal nib of a pen. Both are able to create fine and thick strokes. Typefaces based upon their style of writing appear late in the eighteenth century and early nineteenth century. Contemporary revivals of formal script faces can be seen in Kuenstler Script and Matthew Carter's typeface Snell Roundhand. These typefaces are frequently used for invitations and diplomas to effect an elevated and elegant feeling. They may use typographic ligatures to have letters connect.
Casual scripts
Casual scripts show a less formal, more active hand. The strokes may vary in width but often appear to have been created by wet brush rather than a pen nib. They appeared in the early twentieth century, and with the advent of photocomposition in the early 1950s, their number rapidly increased. They were popularly used in adve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl-MMDA-2 | N-Methyl-2-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine (methyl-MMDA-2; 6-methoxy-MDMA) is a psychedelic drug of the amphetamine class. It is the N-methylated derivative of MMDA-2, and it is also an analog of MDMA and 6-methyl-MDA.
Methyl-MMDA-2 was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and was described in his book PiHKAL. He states that it is essentially inactive at a dose of 70 mg, and he did not try any higher; however, Methyl-MMDA-2 is still likely to be active, perhaps in the 125-250 mg range. This reduction in hallucinogenic activity relative to MMDA-2 parallels that of MDA and MDMA, indicating that with phenethylamines, N-methylation substantially reduces 5-HT2A receptor affinity.
See also
MMDA-2
MDMA
6-Methyl-MDA
References
External links
Erowid - PiHKAL entry for Methyl-MMDA-2
Isomerdesign - PiHKAL entry for Methyl-MMDA-2
Methamphetamines
Benzodioxoles
Serotonin receptor agonists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20temperature | In atmospheric thermodynamics, the virtual temperature () of a moist air parcel is the temperature at which a theoretical dry air parcel would have a total pressure and density equal to the moist parcel of air.
The virtual temperature of unsaturated moist air is always greater than the absolute air temperature, however, as the existence of suspended cloud droplets reduces the virtual temperature.
The virtual temperature effect is also known as the vapor buoyancy effect. It has been described to increase Earth's thermal emission by warming the tropical atmosphere.
Introduction
Description
In atmospheric thermodynamic processes, it is often useful to assume air parcels behave approximately adiabatically, and approximately ideally. The specific gas constant for the standardized mass of one kilogram of a particular gas is variable, and described mathematically as
where is the molar gas constant, and is the apparent molar mass of gas in kilograms per mole. The apparent molar mass of a theoretical moist parcel in Earth's atmosphere can be defined in components of water vapor and dry air as
with being partial pressure of water, dry air pressure, and and representing the molar masses of water vapor and dry air respectively. The total pressure is described by Dalton's law of partial pressures:
Purpose
Rather than carry out these calculations, it is convenient to scale another quantity within the ideal gas law to equate the pressure and density of a dry parcel to a m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hose%20%28disambiguation%29 | A hose is a flexible hollow tube designed to carry fluids from one location to another.
Hose may also refer to:
Places
Hose, Leicestershire, England
Hose Mountains, a mountain range in central Sarawak, Malaysia
Other uses
Hose (surname)
The Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange
HOSE, a term used for playing a mixed game of poker consisting of four different poker games
Hose (band), "artcore" band from the 1980s
Hose (album), an album by Hose
Hose (clothing)
Boothose
Pantyhose
See also
Ho (disambiguation)
Hoser (disambiguation)
Rubber hose (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/ALE-55%20Fiber-Optic%20Towed%20Decoy | The AN/ALE-55 Fiber-Optic Towed Decoy, or ALE-55, is an RF (Radio Frequency) countermeasure under development by BAE Systems Electronic Solutions for the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet.
Overview
The ALE-55 is an RF countermeasure designed to protect an aircraft from radar guided missiles. It consists of an aircraft-towed decoy and onboard electronics. It works together with the aircraft's electronic warfare system to provide radar jamming. In addition, it can also be used in a backup mode as a signal repeater, which allows it to lure incoming missiles away from their actual target. It is currently in use with the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, but can be adapted to a wide variety of platforms with minimal modification.
Defensive Techniques
The ALE-55 provides three layers of defensive jamming against a radar-based threat: preventing radars from tracking, breaking radar locks, and acting as a target for incoming missiles.
Suppression
The system detects a threat radar in its acquisition mode and tries to prevent it from locking by using jamming techniques. The onboard electronic warfare package analyzes the threat, while the towed decoy emits the jamming signals to confuse the tracking radar.
Deflection
In the case that a radar obtains a lock on the aircraft or decoy system, the electronics on board the aircraft analyze the emissions and then determine the optimum jamming technique to break the radar lock. The jamming is done by the decoy. The ALE-55 also possesses the useful abi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%20protein | Ci protein, short for Cubitus interruptus, is a zinc finger containing transcription factor involved in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. In the absence of a signal to the Hedgehog signaling pathway, the Ci protein is cleaved and destroyed in proteasomes. It isn't, however, completely destroyed; part of the protein survives and acts as a repressor in the nucleus, keeping genes responsive to the Hedgehog signal silent.
Degradation of Ci
The degradation of Ci protein depends on a large multiprotein complex, which contains a serine/threonine kinase of unknown function, an anchoring protein that binds to microtubules (to keep the Ci protein out of the nucleus) and an adaptor protein. When the Hedgehog signaling pathway is turned on, the Ci proteolysis is suppressed and the unprocessed CI protein enters the nucleus, where it activates the transcription of its target genes. Ci undergoes complete or partial degradation in the cells, the detailed molecular mechanism is poorly understood. It has been reported that an AAA ATPase Ter94 complex and K11/K48 ubiquitin chains are involved in the selection of Ci degradation.
Target genes
The Wingless protein in Drosophila, which is crucial to the embryogenesis of the fruit fly, and acts through the Wnt signaling pathway.
The Patched receptor protein of the Hedgehog signaling pathway, which production acts as a negative feedback, since the resulting increase in Patched protein on the cell surface inhibits the Hedgehog pathway.
References
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance%20Tipper | Constance Tipper (born Constance Fligg Elam; 16 February 1894 – 14 December 1995) was an English metallurgist and crystallographer. She investigated brittle fracture and the ductile-brittle transition of metals used in the construction of warships, and was the first female full-time faculty member at Cambridge University Department of Engineering.
Early life and career
Constance Fligg Elam was born in New Barnet, Hertfordshire, the daughter of surgeon William Henry Elam, and Lydia Coombes. She was educated at Saint Felix School, Southwold before studying engineering at Newnham College, Cambridge (1912). Tipper achieved a third class in Part I of the Natural Science Tripos.
In 1915 she joined the Metallurgical Department of the National Physical Laboratory in Teddington, but moved in 1916 to the Royal School of Mines, where in 1917 she was appointed research assistant to Sir Harold Carpenter and, in 1921, elected to the Frecheville Research Fellowship. Also in 1917 she was elected a member of the Institute of Materials. It was subsequently arranged that she should work at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge. In 1923, under the name C. F. Elam she received the Royal Society's Bakerian Medal with G. I. Taylor. Unfortunately, the Royal Society had not realized that she was a woman and their dinner club did not allow women attendees.
In 1924 she was appointed to the first Research Fellowship in Metallurgy given by the Worshipful Company of Armourers and Braziers. In 1927, Elam |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piecewise%20linear%20continuation | Simplicial continuation, or piecewise linear continuation (Allgower and Georg), is a one-parameter continuation method which is well suited to small to medium embedding spaces. The algorithm has been generalized to compute higher-dimensional manifolds by (Allgower and Gnutzman) and (Allgower and Schmidt).
The algorithm for drawing contours is a simplicial continuation algorithm, and since it is easy to visualize, it serves as a good introduction to the algorithm.
Contour plotting
The contour plotting problem is to find the zeros (contours) of ( a smooth scalar valued function) in the square ,
The square is divided into small triangles, usually by introducing points at the corners of a regular square mesh , , making a table of the values of at each corner , and then dividing each square into two triangles. The value of at the corners of the triangle defines a unique Piecewise Linear interpolant to over each triangle. One way of writing this interpolant on the triangle with corners
is as the set of equations
The first four equations can be solved for (this maps the original triangle to a right unit triangle), then the remaining equation gives the interpolated value of . Over the whole mesh of triangles, this piecewise linear interpolant is continuous.
The contour of the interpolant on an individual triangle is a line segment (it is an interval on the intersection of two planes). The equation for the line can be found, however the points where the line |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiDNA | Signal interfering DNA (siDNA) is a class of short modified double stranded DNA molecules, 8–64 base pairs in length. siDNA molecules are capable of inhibiting DNA repair activities by interfering with multiple repair pathways. These molecules are known to act by mimicking DNA breaks and interfering with recognition and repair of DNA damage induced on chromosomes by irradiation or genotoxic products.
Dbait
Dbait is a specific siDNA molecule that has been shown to mimic signalling of double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) in vivo. Currently, Dbait is the only type of siDNA molecule having been reviewed.
Mechanism of Action of Dbait
The siDNA family, led by Dbait, consists of 32 base pairs deoxyribonucleotide forming an intramolecular double helix, which mimicks DNA double-strand break lesions. In the event of a double-stranded break in the genome, the cell most commonly repairs the damaged segment via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). NHEJ involves the ligation of the damaged segments without using a homologous strand as a template, and can lead to frameshift mutations and failure of the cell to properly halt the cell division cycle, which could lead to the cancerization of the cell. Dbait functions primarily by targeting the NHEJ pathway, with the cell detecting the presence of siDNA molecules as double stranded breaks (DSBs). Dbait triggers baited activation of signalling enzymes involved in NHEJ-mediated genome repair to initiate the appropriate cellular response. Dbait is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum-free%20set | In additive combinatorics and number theory, a subset A of an abelian group G is said to be sum-free if the sumset A + A is disjoint from A. In other words, A is sum-free if the equation has no solution with .
For example, the set of odd numbers is a sum-free subset of the integers, and the set {N + 1, ..., 2N } forms a large sum-free subset of the set {1, ..., 2N }. Fermat's Last Theorem is the statement that, for a given integer n > 2, the set of all nonzero nth powers of the integers is a sum-free set.
Some basic questions that have been asked about sum-free sets are:
How many sum-free subsets of {1, ..., N } are there, for an integer N? Ben Green has shown that the answer is , as predicted by the Cameron–Erdős conjecture.
How many sum-free sets does an abelian group G contain?
What is the size of the largest sum-free set that an abelian group G contains?
A sum-free set is said to be maximal if it is not a proper subset of another sum-free set.
Let be defined by is the largest number such that any subset of with size n has a sum-free subset of size k. The function is subadditive, and by the Fekete subadditivity lemma, exists. Erdős proved that , and conjectured that equality holds. This was proved by Eberhard, Green, and Manners.
See also
Erdős–Szemerédi theorem
Sum-free sequence
References
Sumsets
Additive combinatorics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1roly%20Schaffer | Károly Schaffer (September 7, 1864, Vienna – October 16, 1939, Budapest) was a Hungarian anatomist and neurologist. He was born in Vienna. The axon projection from CA3 to CA1 neurons in hippocampus, Schaffer collateral, is named after him.
He was involved in the early studies of Tay–Sachs disease.
Authored Books
Über das morphologische Wesen und die Histopathologie der hereditär-systematischen Nervenkrankheiten (Berlin, 1926)
Az elmebetegségek és kapcsolatos idegbetegségek kórtana (Pathology of mental diseases and their related nervous disorders. Budapest, 1927)
Anatomische Wesenbestimmung der hereditär-organischen Nerven-Geisteskrankheiten (With Dezsö Miskolczy. Szeged, 1936)
Histopathologie des Neurons (Budapest-Leipzig, 1938)
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155841/http://www.kereso.hu/yrk/Ryrgenwm/13218 (in Hungarian)
Hungarian anatomists
Austrian anatomists
Hungarian histologists
Austrian histologists
Hungarian neurologists
Austrian neurologists
Scientists from Vienna
1864 births
1939 deaths
Scientists from Austria-Hungary |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20Turkish%20motorcycle%20Grand%20Prix | The 2007 Turkish motorcycle Grand Prix was the third round of the 2007 MotoGP championship. It took place on the weekend of 20–22 April 2007 at the Istanbul Park circuit.
MotoGP classification
250cc classification
125cc classification
Championship standings after the race (MotoGP)
Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round three has concluded.
Riders' Championship standings
Constructors' Championship standings
Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.
References
Turkish motorcycle Grand Prix
Turkish
Motorcycle
April 2007 sports events in Turkey |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury%20probe | The mercury probe is an electrical probing device to make rapid, non-destructive contact to a sample for electrical characterization. Its primary application is semiconductor measurements where otherwise time-consuming metallizations or photolithographic processing are required to make contact to a sample. These processing steps usually take hours and have to be avoided where possible to reduce device processing times.
The mercury probe applies mercury contacts of well-defined areas to a flat sample. The nature of the mercury-sample contacts and the instrumentation connected to the mercury probe define the application. If the mercury-sample contact is ohmic (non-rectifying) then current-voltage instrumentation can be used to measure resistance, leakage currents, or current-voltage characteristics. Resistance can be measured on bulk samples or on thin films. The thin films can be composed of any material that does not react with mercury. Metals, semiconductors, oxides, and chemical coatings have all been measured successfully.
Applications
The mercury probe is a versatile tool for investigation of parameters of conducting, insulating and semiconductor materials.
One of the first successful mercury probe applications was the characterization of epitaxial layers grown on silicon. It is critical to device performance to monitor the doping level and thickness of an epitaxial layer. Prior to the mercury probe, a sample had to undergo a metallization process, which coul |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20methods%20%28crystallography%29 | In crystallography, direct methods are a family of methods for estimating the phases of the Fourier transform of the scattering density from the corresponding magnitudes. The methods generally exploit constraints or statistical correlations between the phases of different Fourier components that result from the fact that the scattering density must be a positive real number.
In two dimensions, it is relatively easy to solve the phase problem directly, but not so in three dimensions. The key step was taken by Hauptman and Karle, who developed a practical method to employ the Sayre equation for which they were awarded the 1985 Nobel prize in Chemistry. The Nobel Prize citation was "for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures."
At present, direct methods are the preferred method for phasing crystals of small molecules having up to 1000 atoms in the asymmetric unit. However, they are generally not feasible by themselves for larger molecules such as proteins.
Several software packages implement direct methods.
See also
Direct methods (electron microscopy)
Phase problem
X-ray crystallography
References
Crystallography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20fingerprinting | Protein fingerprinting can refer to any of the several methods for identifying or differentiating proteins:
Peptide mass fingerprinting, a method developed in 1993 that uses protein mass spectrometry following SDS-PAGE
Older techniques using two-dimensional chromatography and/or protein electrophoresis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral%20parrot | A feral parrot is a parrot that has adapted to life in an ecosystem to which it is not native. The birds are often descended from pets that have escaped or been deliberately released. Many species of parrots are highly social, and like to gather in large flocks. Not all feral parrots are able to adapt to life outside of captivity, although having a pre-existing nearby parrot colony can assist with the adaptation process.
Feral parrots may affect native biodiversity, human economy and wellness. They are present in many countries, including in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa, and in the Middle East.
Parrots living in non-native environments
Rainbow lorikeet
Feral colonies of rainbow lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus) have been established in Perth, Western Australia and in Auckland, New Zealand.
Eastern rosella
The eastern rosella (Platycercus eximius) has become naturalized in the North Island of New Zealand.
Rose-ringed parakeet
Native to India, Sri Lanka and parts of Africa, sizeable populations of naturalized rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri) exist around the world. They can be found in England, the Netherlands, Belgium and along the river Rhine in Germany. The largest UK roost of these is thought to be in Esher, Surrey, numbering several thousand. Feral rose-ringed parakeets also occur in the United States, South Africa, Egypt (resident, breeding all over Giza territory in June), Israel (with many seasonally present in Yarkon P |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythium%20aphanidermatum | Pythium aphanidermatum is a soil borne plant pathogen. Pythium is a genus in the class Oomycetes, which are also known as water molds. Oomycetes are not true fungi, as their cell walls are made of cellulose instead of chitin, they are diploid in their vegetative state, and they form coenocytic hyphae (lacking crosswalls). Also, they reproduce asexually with motile biflagelette zoospores that require water to move towards and infect a host. Sexually, they reproduce with structures called antheridia, oogonia, and oospores.
Hosts
Pythium aphanidermatum has a wide host range, and can have an economic impact on the cultivation of soybeans, beets, peppers, chrysanthemum, cucurbits, cotton and turf-grasses, however, because P. aphanidermatum requires warmer temperatures, it is often seen in greenhouses and has a large impact in poinsettia production. It is a major cause of root rot in papaya production in subtropical areas. While this is almost exclusively a plant pathogen, there is one documented case of P. aphanidermatum infecting a human being injured in the Afghanistan conflict.
Symptoms
Pythium aphanidermatum is responsible for pre- and post-emergence damping off. Pre-emergence damping off is when the seed is infected prior to germination. This can result in poor or no germination, and is observable as a browning or rotting of the seed. Post-emergence damping off takes place after germination and results in a thinning, water-soaked stem near the plant collar, which e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whewell%20equation | The Whewell equation of a plane curve is an equation that relates the tangential angle () with arclength (), where the tangential angle is the angle between the tangent to the curve and the -axis, and the arc length is the distance along the curve from a fixed point. These quantities do not depend on the coordinate system used except for the choice of the direction of the -axis, so this is an intrinsic equation of the curve, or, less precisely, the intrinsic equation. If a curve is obtained from another by translation then their Whewell equations will be the same.
When the relation is a function, so that tangential angle is given as a function of arclength, certain properties become easy to manipulate. In particular, the derivative of the tangential angle with respect to arclength is equal to the curvature. Thus, taking the derivative of the Whewell equation yields a Cesàro equation for the same curve.
The concept is named after William Whewell, who introduced it in 1849, in a paper in the Cambridge Philosophical Transactions. In his conception, the angle used is the deviation from the direction of the curve at some fixed starting point, and this convention is sometimes used by other authors as well. This is equivalent to the definition given here by the addition of a constant to the angle or by rotating the curve.
Properties
If the curve is given parametrically in terms of the arc length , then is determined by
which implies
Parametric equations for the curve can be ob |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade%20effect%20%28ecology%29 | An ecological cascade effect is a series of secondary extinctions that are triggered by the primary extinction of a key species in an ecosystem. Secondary extinctions are likely to occur when the threatened species are: dependent on a few specific food sources, mutualistic (dependent on the key species in some way), or forced to coexist with an invasive species that is introduced to the ecosystem. Species introductions to a foreign ecosystem can often devastate entire communities, and even entire ecosystems. These exotic species monopolize the ecosystem's resources, and since they have no natural predators to decrease their growth, they are able to increase indefinitely. Olsen et al. showed that exotic species have caused lake and estuary ecosystems to go through cascade effects due to loss of algae, crayfish, mollusks, fish, amphibians, and birds. However, the principal cause of cascade effects is the loss of top predators as the key species. As a result of this loss, a dramatic increase (ecological release) of prey species occurs. The prey is then able to overexploit its own food resources, until the population numbers decrease in abundance, which can lead to extinction. When the prey's food resources disappear, they starve and may go extinct as well. If the prey species is herbivorous, then their initial release and exploitation of the plants may result in a loss of plant biodiversity in the area. If other organisms in the ecosystem also depend upon these plants as food |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ces%C3%A0ro%20equation | In geometry, the Cesàro equation of a plane curve is an equation relating the curvature () at a point of the curve to the arc length () from the start of the curve to the given point. It may also be given as an equation relating the radius of curvature () to arc length. (These are equivalent because .) Two congruent curves will have the same Cesàro equation. Cesàro equations are named after Ernesto Cesàro.
Examples
Some curves have a particularly simple representation by a Cesàro equation. Some examples are:
Line: .
Circle: , where is the radius.
Logarithmic spiral: , where is a constant.
Circle involute: , where is a constant.
Cornu spiral: , where is a constant.
Catenary: .
Related parameterizations
The Cesàro equation of a curve is related to its Whewell equation in the following way: if the Whewell equation is then the Cesàro equation is .
References
External links
Curvature Curves at 2dcurves.com.
Curves |
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