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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-xylulose%20reductase | Dicarbonyl/L-xylulose reductase, also known as carbonyl reductase II, is an enzyme that in human is encoded by the DCXR gene located on chromosome 17.
Structure
The DCXR gene encodes a membrane protein that is approximately 34 kDa in size and composed of 224 amino acids. The protein is highly expressed in the kidney and localizes to the cytoplasmic membrane.
Function
DCSR catalyzes the reduction of several L-xylylose as well as a number of pentoses, tetroses, trioses, alpha-dicarbonyl compounds. The enzyme is involved in carbohydrate metabolism, glucose metabolism, the uronate cycle and may play a role in the water absorption and cellular osmoregulation in the proximal renal tubules by producing xylitol.
In enzymology, an L-xylulose reductase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
xylitol + NADP+ L-xylulose + NADPH + H+
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are xylitol and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are L-xylulose, NADPH, and H+.
This enzyme belongs to the superfamily of short-chain oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is xylitol:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase (L-xylulose-forming).
Clinical significance
A deficiency is responsible for pentosuria. The insufficiency of L-xylulose reductase activity causes an inborn error of metabolism disease characterized by excessive urinary excretion of L-xylulose.
Over-expression and ectopic expression of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentosuria | Pentosuria is a condition where the sugar xylitol, a pentose, presents in the urine in unusually high concentrations. It was characterized as an inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism in 1908. It is associated with a deficiency of L-xylulose reductase, necessary for xylitol metabolism. L-Xylulose is a reducing sugar, so it may give false diagnosis of diabetes, as it is found in high concentrations in urine. However glucose metabolism is normal in people with pentosuria, and they are not diabetic. Patients of pentosuria have a low concentration of the sugar d-xyloketose. Using phenyl pentosazone crystals, phloroglucin reaction, and absorption spectrum, pentose can be traced back as the reducing substance in urine, with those that have pentosuria.
Research has shown that pentosuria appears in 3 forms. The most widely studied is essential pentosuria, where a couple of grams of L-xylusol are released into a person's system daily. L-xylulose reductase, contained in red blood cells, is composed of both a major and minor isozyme. For those diagnosed with essential pentosuria, the major isozyme appears to be the same as the minor one. Alimentary pentosuria can be acquired through fruits high in pentose. Finally, drug-induced pentosuria can be developed by those exposed to morphine, fevers, allergies, and some hormones.
Those diagnosed with Pentosuria are predominantly of Jewish root. However, it is a harmless defect, and no cure is needed.
References
External links
Urine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Roberts%20%28jockey%29 | Michael Roberts (born 17 May 1954) is a South African jockey currently a trainer in South Africa. He lives with his wife Verna and two daughters, Melanie and Carolyn. Roberts has had a successful career, winning many English and South African races multiple times. He was British flat racing Champion Jockey in 1992. His most famous equine partner was the double Eclipse Stakes winner, Mtoto.
References
External links
Michael Roberts' life and career at www.ntra.com
1954 births
Living people
South African jockeys
British jockeys
Lester Award winners
British Champion flat jockeys |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun%20dimerization%20protein | Jun dimerization protein 2 (JUNDM2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JDP2 gene. The Jun dimerization protein is a member of the AP-1 family of transcription factors.
JDP 2 was found by a Sos-recruitment system, to dimerize with c-Jun to repress AP-1-mediated activation. It was later identified by the yeast-two hybrid system to bind to activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) to repress ATF-mediated transcriptional activation. JDP2 regulates 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) response element (TRE)- and cAMP-responsive element (CRE)-dependent transcription.
The JDP2 gene is located on human chromosome 14q24.3 (46.4 kb, 75,427,715 bp to 75,474,111 bp) and mouse chromosome 12 (39 kb, 85,599,105 bp to 85,639,878 bp), which is located at about 250 kbp in the Fos-JDP2-BATF locus. Alternative splicing of JDP2 generates at least two isoforms. The protein JDP2 has 163 amino acids, belongs to the family of basic leucine zipper (bZIP), and shows high homology with the ATF3 bZIP domain. The bZIP domain includes the amino acids from position 72 to 135, the basic motif from position 74 to 96, and the leucine zipper from 100 to 128. The molecular weight of the canonical JDP2 is 18,704 Da. The histone-binding region is located from position 35 to 72 and the inhibition of the histone acetyltransferase (INHAT) region is from position 35 to 135, which is located before the DNA-binding domain.
JDP2 is expressed ubiquitously but is detected mainly in the cerebellum, brain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife%20of%20Cameroon | The wildlife of Cameroon is composed of its flora and fauna. Bordering Nigeria, it is considered one of the wettest parts of Africa and records Africa's second highest concentration of biodiversity. To preserve its wildlife, Cameroon has more than 20 protected reserves comprising national parks, zoos, forest reserves and sanctuaries. The protected areas were first created in the northern region under the colonial administration in 1932; the first two reserves established were Mozogo Gokoro Reserve and the Bénoué Reserve, which was followed by the Waza Reserve on 24 March 1934. The coverage of reserves was initially about 4 percent of the country's area, rising to 12 percent; the administration proposes to cover 30 percent of the land area.
The rich wildlife consists of 8,260 recorded plant species including 156 endemic species, 409 species of mammals of which 14 are endemic, 690 species of birds which includes 8 endemic species, 250 species of reptiles, and 200 species of amphibians. The habitats of these species include the southern region comprising tropical lowland, coastline on the Gulf of Guinea. Mangrove forests, in size, are along the coast line. Montane forests and savannahs are in the northern region of the country. Important protected areas for these species are the Mbam Djerem National Park, Benoue National Park, Korup National Park, Takamanda National Park, and the Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary. Cameroon is an important breeding area for marine and freshwater specie |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamir%27s%20secret%20sharing | Shamir's secret sharing (SSS) is an efficient secret sharing algorithm for distributing private information (the "secret") among a group so that the secret cannot be revealed unless a quorum of the group acts together to pool their knowledge. To achieve this, the secret is mathematically divided into parts (the "shares") from which the secret can be reassembled only when a sufficient number of shares are combined. SSS has the property of information-theoretic security, meaning that even if an attacker steals some shares, it is impossible for the attacker to reconstruct the secret unless they have stolen the quorum number of shares.
Shamir's secret sharing is used in some applications to share the access keys to a master secret.
High-level explanation
SSS is used to secure a secret in a distributed form, most often to secure encryption keys. The secret is split into multiple shares, which individually do not give any information about the secret.
To reconstruct a secret secured by SSS, a number of shares is needed, called the threshold. No information about the secret can be gained from any number of shares below the threshold (a property called perfect secrecy). In this sense, SSS is a generalisation of the one-time pad (which can be viewed as SSS with a two-share threshold and two shares in total).
Application example
A company needs to secure their vault. If a single person knows the code to the vault, the code might be lost or unavailable when the vault needs to be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife%20of%20the%20Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo | The wildlife of the Democratic Republic of the Congo includes its flora and fauna, comprising a large biodiversity in rainforests, seasonally flooded forests and grasslands.
The country is considered one of the 17 megadiverse nations, and is one of the most flora rich countries on the African continent. Its rainforests harbour many rare and endemic species, such as the chimpanzee and the bonobo. It is home for more than 10,000 types of plants, 600 timber species, as well as 1,000 bird species, 280 reptile species, and 400 mammal species, including the forest elephant, gorilla, forest buffalo, bongo, and okapi. Many of these wildlife species are threatened animals such as large lowland gorillas and chimpanzees.
Five of the country's national parks are listed as World Heritage Sites: the Garumba, Kahuzi-Biega, Salonga and Virunga National Parks, and Okapi Wildlife Reserve. All five sites are listed by UNESCO as World Heritage In Danger.
Several environmental issues in the DRC threaten wildlife, including overhunting for bushmeat, deforestation, mining and armed conflict. The civil war and resultant poor economic conditions have endangered much of the country's biodiversity. Many park wardens were either killed or could not afford to continue their work.
Fauna
The ecoregion is home to the endangered western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), the endangered eastern lowland gorilla (Gorilla berengei graueri), African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis), and okapi ( |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife%20of%20Guinea | The wildlife of Guinea is very diverse due to its wide variety of habitats. The southern part of the country lies within the Guinean Forests of West Africa biodiversity hotspot, while the north-east is characterized by dry savanna woodlands. Ecoregions of Guinea are the Western Guinean lowland forests, Guinean montane forests, Guinean forest–savanna mosaic, West Sudanian savanna, and Guinean mangroves.
Populations of large mammals are restricted to uninhabited distant parts of parks and reserves, and those populations are declining. Strongholds of Guinean wildlife are Pinselly Classified Forest, National Park of Upper Niger, Badiar National Park, Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve, Ziama Massif, Bossou Hills Reserve, and Diécké Classified Forest.
Fauna
Mammals
Birds
Blue-headed wood-dove
Iris glossy-starling
White-necked rockfowl
White-breasted guineafowl
Reptiles
Amphibians
Insects
Butterflies and moths
Flora
References
Biota of Guinea
Guinea
Nature conservation in Guinea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity%20of%20Ghana | The wildlife of Ghana is composed of its biodiversity of flora and fauna.
Biodiversity
Fungi
Ghana is home to a significant number of fungi species including: Aspergillus flavus; Athelia rolfsii; Auricularia auricula-judae; Curvularia; Fusarium oxysporum; Fusarium solani f.sp. pisi; Gibberella intricans; Gibberella stilboides; and Macrophomina phaseolina. The true total number of fungal species occurring in Ghana is in the thousands and given the generally accepted estimate that only about 7 percent of all fungi worldwide have so far been discovered and that the amount of available information is still very small.
Flora
The flora of Ghana is diverse with both indigenous and introduced floral species considered in Ghana's floral diversity. A total of some 3,600 species of the major regional centres of endemism represent the three major taxonomic groups. Floral diversity is more pronounced among the angiosperms represented with well over 2,974 indigenous and 253 introduced species in Ghana. Among the various vegetation types of the tropical rain forest, it is the wet evergreen forest type in the southwestern Ashanti-Kwahu Plain that exhibits the highest level of endemism and species richness in Ghana.
Flora species diversity and endemism in the savanna biomes in Ghana is very sparse and biological diversity of species in the Ghanaian savanna woodlands and gallery forests of the savannas show greater species richness than the dry savannas. Within Ghana, there are areas of hi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife%20of%20Guinea-Bissau | Guinea-Bissau is a West-African country rich in biodiversity.
Fauna
Mammals
Predators
There still is much debate about the status of many predator species in Guinea-Bissau. This is, in part, because much of the country remains unstudied, and because of the cryptic nature of many predator species. The lion, for instance, was listed as possibly extinct in Guinea-Bissau during the 2014 assessment of the lion by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. However, a picture of a lion was still recorded by a camera trap in 2016 the southeastern Boé region.
Lion (Panthera leo)
Leopard (Panthera pardus)
African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)
African golden cat (Caracal aurata)
Caracal (Caracal caracal)
Serval (Leptailurus serval)
Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta)
African wildcat (Felis lybica)
Primates
Western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus)
Herbivores
Red river hog
Warthog
Birds
Blue-headed wood-dove
Iris glossy-starling
Reptiles
Bitis rhinoceros
Marine life
The tropical marine environment of Guinea-Bissau has a high diversity of sea life, notably in and around the Bijagós Archipelago. Fishes include the African butter catfish, Malapterurus occidentalis, Parablennius sierraensis (combtooth blenny), five Synodontis catfish species including annectens, ansorgii, nigrita, schall and waterloti, the three-banded butterflyfish and Trachinus pellegrini. Turtles are also dominant especially the West African mud turtle.
Flora
Flora of Guinea-Bissau
See also
João Vieira and Po |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogentisate%201%2C2-dioxygenase | Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (homogentisic acid oxidase, homogentisate oxidase, homogentisicase) is an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of homogentisate to 4-maleylacetoacetate. Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase or HGD is involved in the catabolism of aromatic rings, more specifically in the breakdown of the amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine. HGD appears in the metabolic pathway of tyrosine and phenylalanine degradation once the molecule homogentisate is produced. Homogentisate reacts with HGD to produce maleylacetoacetate, which then is further used in the metabolic pathway. HGD requires the use of Fe2+ and O2 in order to cleave the aromatic ring of homogentisate.
Enzyme active site
The active site of Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase was determined through the crystal structure, which was captured through the work of Titus et al. Through the crystal structure the active site was found to contain the following residues; His292, His335, His365, His371, and Glu341. Homogentisate binds in the active site to Glu341, His335, and His371 via the Fe2+ atom. The His292 binds to the hydroxyl group of the aromatic ring. His365 binds to Glu341 via hydrogen bonding to stabilize the amino acid side chains.
Pathology
Homegentisate 1,2 dioxygenase is involved in a type of metabolic diseases, called alkaptonuria. This disorder is due to the inability of the body to deal with homogentisate, which when oxidized by the body will produce the compound known as the ochronotic pigment, which |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Maleylacetoacetic%20acid | 4-Maleylacetoacetate (4-maleylacetoacetatic acid) is an intermediate in the metabolism of tyrosine. It is converted to fumarylacetoacetate by the enzyme 4-maleylacetoacetate cis-trans-isomerase. Gluthathione coenzymatically helps in conversion to fumarylacetoacetic acid.
See also
Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase
Beta-keto acids
Enones
Diketones |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynein%20ATPase | Dynein ATPase (, dynein adenosine 5'-triphosphatase) is an enzyme with systematic name ATP phosphohydrolase (tubulin-translocating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
ATP + H2O ADP + phosphate
This enzyme is a multisubunit protein complex associated with microtubules.
See also
Dynein
References
External links
EC 3.6.4 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu2%2B-exporting%20ATPase | Cu2+-exporting ATPase () is an enzyme with systematic name ATP phosphohydrolase (Cu2+-exporting). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
ATP + H2O + Cu2+in ADP + phosphate + Cu2+out
This P-type ATPase undergoes covalent phosphorylation during the transport cycle.
See also
ATP7A
References
External links
EC 3.6.3 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus-end-directed%20kinesin%20ATPase | Plus-end-directed kinesin ATPase (, kinesin) is an enzyme with systematic name kinesin ATP phosphohydrolase (plus-end-directed). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
ATP + H2O ADP + phosphate
This enzyme also hydrolyses GTP.
See also
Kinesin
References
External links
EC 3.6.4 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minus-end-directed%20kinesin%20ATPase | Minus-end-directed kinesin ATPase () is an enzyme with systematic name kinesin ATP phosphohydrolase (minus-end-directed). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
ATP + H2O ADP + phosphate
This enzyme catalyses movement towards the minus end of microtubules.
See also
Kinesin
References
External links
EC 3.6.4 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubulin%20GTPase | Tubulin GTPase () is an enzyme with systematic name GTP phosphohydrolase (microtubule-releasing). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
GTP + H2O GDP + phosphate
This enzyme participates in tubulin folding and division plane formation.
See also
Tubulin
References
External links
EC 3.6.5 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEN1 | Menin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MEN1 gene. Menin is a putative tumor suppressor associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1 syndrome) and has autosomal dominant inheritance. Variations in the MEN1 gene can cause pituitary adenomas, hyperparathyroidism, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, gastrinoma, and adrenocortical cancers.
In vitro studies have shown that menin is localized to the nucleus, possesses two functional nuclear localization signals, and inhibits transcriptional activation by JunD. However, the function of this protein is not known. Two messages have been detected on northern blots but the larger message has not been characterized. Two variants of the shorter transcript have been identified where alternative splicing affects the coding sequence. Five variants where alternative splicing takes place in the 5' UTR have also been identified.
History
In 1988, researchers at Uppsala University Hospital and the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm mapped the MEN1 gene to the long arm of chromosome 11. The gene was finally cloned in 1997.
Genomics
The gene is located on long arm of chromosome 11 (11q13) between base pairs 64,570,985 and 64,578,765. It has 10 exons and encodes a 610-amino acid protein.
Over 1300 mutations have been reported to date (2010). The majority (>70%) of these are predicted to lead to truncated forms are scattered throughout the gene. Four - c.249_252delGTCT (deletion at codons 83-84), c.1546_1547insC (insert |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Allen | Crystal Allen (born 13 August 1972) is an American film and television actress.
Biography
Allen is from Alberta, Canada. She is an actress who has starred and appeared in guest star roles, including episodes of such TV series as Sex and the City, Ed, The Sopranos, Boston Legal, Star Trek: Enterprise, JAG, Desperate Housewives and others. She has also appeared in television commercials, including ads for Tic Tac Mints, Nissan and Almay.
She starred in the Hallmark Channel original movie, Falling in Love with the Girl Next Door. In 2020 she was one of the single mothers in Beware of Mom.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1972 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
American television actresses
American film actresses
Actresses from Orange County, California |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Hydroxytestosterone | 4-Hydroxytestosterone (4-OHT), also known as 4,17β-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one, is a synthetic anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) and a derivative of testosterone that was never marketed. It was first patented by G.D. Searle & Company in 1955 and is testosterone with a hydroxy group at the four position. 4-OHT has moderate anabolic, mild androgenic, and anti-aromatase properties and is similar to the steroid clostebol (4-chlorotestosterone).
See also
4-Androstene-3,6,17-trione
Androstenedione
Enestebol
Formestane
11β-Hydroxytestosterone
References
Androgens and anabolic steroids
Androstanes
Aromatase inhibitors
Exercise physiology
Drugs in sport |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate%20reductase%20%28cytochrome%29 | Nitrate reductase (cytochrome) (, respiratory nitrate reductase, benzyl viologen-nitrate reductase) is an enzyme with systematic name ferrocytochrome:nitrate oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalises the following chemical reaction
2 ferrocytochrome + 2 H+ + nitrate 2 ferricytochrome + nitrite
References
External links
EC 1.9.6 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20megaliths | This is a list of megaliths.
Armenia
Zorats Karer, Syunik, Armenia
Bulgaria
Related to quartz-bearing rocks (granite; gneiss): in the Sakar and Strandja Mountains; Sredna Gora Mountain (Buzovgrad).
Ovcharovo, Haskovo Province in Sakar
Pobit Kamak, Pazardzhik Province in the Rhodopes
Belintash, Rhodopi Region, Plovdiv District
Begliktash, Burgas District
Garlo Nuraghe, Pernik District
Tatul, Kardzhali District
Ostrusha mound, Shipka (town), Stara Zagora Province
Czech Republic
Dolní Chabry
Drahomyšl
Družec
Horoměřice
Jemníky
Kersko
Klobuky, Central Bohemia, some 25 km NW of Prague - GPS: N50°18'4.49", E13°59'4.23". Known as Kamenný pastýř (Stone shepherd), it is the tallest of Czech menhirs, over 3 m (10 ft) tall.
Klůček
Ledce
Louny (Selibice)
Libenice
Orasice
Slaný
Slavětín
Tuchlovice
Vinařice
Žatec (Březno)
France
Carnac stones, Brittany
La Noce de Pierres, Brittany
Filitosa, Corsica
Saint-Sulpice-de-Faleyrens, Gironde
Cham des Bondons, Lozère
Peyre Quillade stones, Ariège
Germany
Gollenstein, Blieskastel (6.6 m high)
Spellenstein, St. Ingbert (5 m high)
Mittelbrunn, Rhineland-Palz
Indonesia
Cipari
Gunung Padang
Lebak Cibedug
Pokekea
Pugung Raharjo
Ireland
Ardgroom
Beenalaght
Bohonagh
Drombeg
Eightercua
Glantane east
Knocknakilla
Reask
Israel
Atlit Yam drowned stone semicircle
Italy
Menhirs Valley - ozieri, Sardinia
Goni, Sardinia
Lugnacco North West Italy.
Malta
Kercem - Gozo Dawwara standing stone.
Kirkop
Qala - Gozo
Wied Gho |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxothiazol | Myxothiazol is a chemical compound produced by the myxobacterium Myxococcus fulvus. It is an inhibitor of the mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex (coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase).
Myxothiazol is a competitive inhibitor of ubiquinol, and binds at the quinol oxidation (Qo) site of the bc1 complex, blocking electron transfer to the Rieske iron-sulfur protein. Binding of myxothiazol induces a red-shift to the visible absorption spectrum of reduced haem bl. In contrast to stigmatellin, myxothiazol does not form a hydrogen bond to the Rieske iron-sulfur protein, binding instead in the 'b-proximal' region of the cytochrome b Qo site. Movement of the cytoplasmic domain of the Rieske protein is therefore unaffected by the binding of this inhibitor.
References
Enzyme inhibitors
Thiazoles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmatellin | Stigmatellin is a potent inhibitor of the quinol oxidation (Qo) site of the cytochrome bc1 complex in mitochondria and the cytochrome b6f complex of thylakoid membranes. At higher concentrations, stigmatellin also inhibits Complex I, as a "Class B" inhibitor of that enzyme.
Stigmatellin is isolated from the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantica, and contains a 5,7-dimethoxy-8-hydroxychromone aromatic headgroup with a hydrophobic alkenyl chain in position 2. Crystal structures for stigmatellin-inhibited bc1 complex from bovine, avian, yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and bacterial (Rhodobacter capsulatus, Cereibacter sphaeroides, and Paracoccus denitrificans) sources are available. Stigmatellin binds at the cytochrome b Qo site in the '(heme) bl distal' position, and associates with the Rieske iron-sulfur protein via a hydrogen bond to histidine residue 181 (His-181), a ligand to the [2Fe2S] iron-sulfur cluster of this subunit. This association raises the midpoint potential of the iron-sulfur cluster from 290 to 540 mV and restricts movement of the cytoplasmic domain of the Rieske protein.
References
Further reading
O-methylated natural phenols
Chromones |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystathionine%20beta%20synthase | Cystathionine-β-synthase, also known as CBS, is an enzyme () that in humans is encoded by the CBS gene. It catalyzes the first step of the transsulfuration pathway, from homocysteine to cystathionine:
L-serine + L-homocysteine L-cystathionine + H2O
CBS uses the cofactor pyridoxal-phosphate (PLP) and can be allosterically regulated by effectors such as the ubiquitous cofactor S-adenosyl-L-methionine (adoMet). This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, to be specific, the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds.
CBS is a multidomain enzyme composed of an N-terminal enzymatic domain and two CBS domains. The CBS gene is the most common locus for mutations associated with homocystinuria.
Nomenclature
The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-serine hydro-lyase (adding homocysteine; L-cystathionine-forming). Other names in common use include:
β-thionase,
cysteine synthase,
L-serine hydro-lyase (adding homocysteine),
methylcysteine synthase,
serine sulfhydrase, and
serine sulfhydrylase.
Methylcysteine synthase was assigned the EC number EC 4.2.1.23 in 1961. A side-reaction of CBS caused this. The EC number EC 4.2.1.23 was deleted in 1972.
Structure
The human enzyme cystathionine β-synthase is a tetramer and comprises 551 amino acids with a subunit molecular weight of 61 kDa. It displays a modular organization of three modules with the N-terminal heme domain followed by a core that contains the PLP cofactor. The cofactor is deep in the heme domain and is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Statue%20%281971%20film%29 | The Statue is a 1971 British comedy film starring David Niven, Robert Vaughn, and Virna Lisi and directed by Rodney Amateau. John Cleese and Graham Chapman appear in early career roles as the Niven character's psychiatrist and a newsreader, respectively. Niven plays a Nobel Prize-winning professor who suspects his wife, played by Lisi, of infidelity when she makes and unveils an 18-foot statue of him with private parts recognisably not his own. The film is based on the play called Chip, Chip, Chip by Alec Coppel.
Plot
Professor Alex Bolt has developed a new universal language, Unispeak, which has made him internationally famous, winning a Nobel Prize at a surprise ceremony. His wife Rhonda has made a sculpture of her husband at the behest of the US State Department, commissioned by his friend, US Ambassador to the United Kingdom, Ray Whitely, for $50,000, in order to promote Unispeak. It is intended that the sculpture be unveiled in London's Grosvenor Square.
The sculpture is an 18-foot Greco-Roman style nude statue of Alex. He is embarrassed and fears it will cause a PR disaster and jeopardise his status. The two fight over whether the statue should be exhibited at all; further, Alex becomes enraged when he realises that the only parts of the statue to not resemble himself are the genitals.
Rhonda points out that she has only seen Alex eighteen days in the past three years. Rhonda is intensely amorous for Alex, but angrily rejects his company over the statue argument. Ale |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics%20at%20the%201996%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20heptathlon | These are the official results of the Women's Heptathlon at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, United States.
Medalists
Final classification
See also
1996 Hypo-Meeting
References
External links
Official Report
Results
Heptathlon
1996
1996 in women's athletics
Women's events at the 1996 Summer Olympics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACSL6 | Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ACSL6 gene. Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases such as ACSL6, catalyze the formation of acyl-CoA from fatty acids, ATP, and CoA.
Structure
The ACSL6 gene is located on the 5th chromosome, with its specific location being 5q31.1. The gene contains 23 exons. ACSL6 encodes a 77.7 kDa protein that is composed of 697 amino acids; 10 peptides have been observed through mass spectrometry data.
References
External links
Further reading
Human proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionts%E2%80%93Wallenius%20method | Within computer science, the Zionts–Wallenius method is an interactive method used to find a best solution to a multi-criteria optimization problem.
Detail
Specifically it can help a user solve a linear programming problem having more than one (linear) objective. A user is asked to respond to comparisons between feasible solutions or to choose directions of change desired in each iteration. Providing certain mathematical assumptions hold, the method finds an optimal solution.
References
Zionts, S. and J. Wallenius, “An Interactive Programming Method for Solving the Multiple Criteria Problem,” Management Science. Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 652–663, 1976.
Optimization algorithms and methods |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnitine-acylcarnitine%20translocase | Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) is responsible for passive transport of carnitine and carnitine-fatty acid complexes and across the inner mitochondrial membrane as part of the carnitine shuttle system.
Function
Fatty acyl–carnitine can diffuse from the cytosol across the porous outer mitochondrial membrane to the intermembrane space, but must utilize CACT to cross the nonporous inner mitochondrial membrane and reach the mitochondrial matrix. CACT is a cotransporter, returning one molecule of carnitine from the matrix to the intermembrane space as one molecule of fatty acyl–carnitine moves into the matrix.
Clinical significance
A disorder is associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency. This disorder disrupts the carnitine shuttle system from moving fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane, leading to a decrease in fatty acid catabolism. The result is an accumulation of fatty acid within muscles and liver, decreased tolerance to long term exercise, inability to fast for more than a few hours, muscle weakness and wasting, and a strong acidic smell on the breath (due to protein catabolism).
Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of SLC25A20 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Slc25a20tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed: - In-depth immunolo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translocase | Translocase is a general term for a protein that assists in moving another molecule, usually across a cell membrane. These enzymes catalyze the movement of ions or molecules across membranes or their separation within membranes. The reaction is designated as a transfer from “side 1” to “side 2” because the designations “in” and “out”, which had previously been used, can be ambiguous. Translocases are the most common secretion system in Gram positive bacteria.
It is also a historical term for the protein now called elongation factor G, due to its function in moving the transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) through the ribosome.
History
The enzyme classification and nomenclature list was first approved by the International Union of Biochemistry in 1961. Six enzyme classes had been recognized based on the type of chemical reaction catalyzed, including oxidoreductases (EC 1), transferases (EC 2), hydrolases (EC 3), lyases (EC 4), isomerases (EC 5) and ligases (EC 6). However, it became apparent that none of these could describe the important group of enzymes that catalyse the movement of ions or molecules across membranes or their separation within membranes. Several of these involve the hydrolysis of ATP and had been previously classified as ATPases (EC 3.6.3.-), although the hydrolytic reaction is not their primary function. In August 2018, the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology classified these enzymes under a new enzyme class (EC) of transloca |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol-3-phosphate%20dehydrogenase | Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible redox conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (a.k.a. glycerone phosphate, outdated) to sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.
Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase serves as a major link between carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism. It is also a major contributor of electrons to the electron transport chain in the mitochondria.
Older terms for glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase include alpha glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (alphaGPDH) and glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH). However, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is not the same as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), whose substrate is an aldehyde not an alcohol.
Metabolic function
GPDH plays a major role in lipid biosynthesis. Through the reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate into glycerol 3-phosphate, GPDH allows the prompt dephosphorylation of glycerol 3-phosphate into glycerol. Additionally, GPDH is one of the enzymes involved in maintaining the redox potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Reaction
The NAD+/NADH coenzyme couple act as an electron reservoir for metabolic redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. Most of these metabolism reactions occur in the mitochondria. To regenerate NAD+ for further use, NADH pools in the cytosol must be reoxidized. Since the mitochondrial inner membrane is impermeable to both NADH and NAD+, these cannot be freely exchanged between the cytos |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write-once%20%28cache%20coherence%29 | In cache coherency protocol literature, Write-Once was the first MESI protocol defined. It has the optimization of executing write-through on the first write and a write-back on all subsequent writes, reducing the overall bus traffic in consecutive writes to the computer memory. It was first described by James R. Goodman in (1983). Cache coherence protocols are an important issue in Symmetric multiprocessing systems, where each CPU maintains a cache of the memory.
States
In this protocol, each block in the local cache is in one of these four states:
Invalid: This block has an incoherent copy of the memory.
Valid: This block has a coherent copy of the memory. The data may be possibly shared, but its content is not modified.
Reserved: The block is the only copy of the memory, but it is still coherent. No write-back is needed if the block is replaced.
Dirty: The block is the only copy of the memory and it is incoherent. This copy was written one or more times. This is the only state that generates a write-back when the block is replaced in the cache.
These states have exactly the same meanings as the four states of the MESI protocol (they are simply listed in reverse order), but this is a simplified form of it that avoids the Read for Ownership operation. Instead, all invalidation is done by writes to main memory.
For any given pair of caches, the permitted states of a given cache line are as follows (abbreviated in the order above):
Transitions
The protocol follows so |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitatory%20amino%20acid%20transporter%201 | Excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the SLC1A3 gene. EAAT1 is also often called the GLutamate ASpartate Transporter 1 (GLAST-1).
EAAT1 is predominantly expressed in the plasma membrane, allowing it to remove glutamate from the extracellular space. It has also been localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane as part of the malate-aspartate shuttle.
Mechanism
EAAT1 functions in vivo as a homotrimer. EAAT1 mediates the transport of glutamic and aspartic acid with the cotransport of three Na+ and one H+ cations and counter transport of one K+ cation. This co-transport coupling (or symport) allows the transport of glutamate into cells against a concentration gradient.
Tissue distribution
EAAT1 is expressed throughout the CNS, and is highly expressed in astrocytes and Bergmann glia in the cerebellum. In the retina, EAAT1 is expressed in Muller cells. EAAT1 is also expressed in a number of other tissues including cardiac myocytes.
Clinical significance
It is associated with type 6 episodic ataxia. EAAT1 expression may also be associated with osteoarthritis.
Pharmacology
DL-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate (TBOA) is an inhibitor of the excitatory amino acid transporters.
Selective inhibitors for EAAT1 have recently been discovered based on 25 combinations of substitutions at the 4 and 7 positions of 2-amino-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitril.
References
Further reading
External links
Solute car |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromofluoromethane | Bromofluoromethane is a mixed gaseous halomethane soluble in alcohol and very soluble in chloroform.
Its standard molar entropy, Sogas is 276.3 J/(mol K) and heat capacity, cp is 49.2 J/(mol K).
Preparation
Up to date, it has been prepared by three prevailingly ineffective methods:
From salts of fluoroacetic acid using a Hunsdiecker type of reaction.
From dibromofluoromethane by reductive debromination with a Swarts reagent.
From a dihalomethane by an halogen exchange reaction or from a halomethane by catalyzed bromination or fluorination.
The method with the highest yield is reductive debromination of dibromofluoromethane using an organotin hydride.
Uses
Bromofluoromethane is an important reagent in the manufacture of intermediates, pharmaceuticals and other chemicals. Usage of bromofluoromethane is regulated due to its ozone depletion potential (0.73). Its isotopomer CH2Br18F contains fluorine-18 (18F) and is used in radiochemistry.
References
External sources
Determination of the molecular dipole moment of bromofluoromethane
http://www.valliscor.com/bromofluoromethane
Halomethanes
Organobromides
Organofluorides |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactate%20racemase | The lactate racemase enzyme (Lar) () interconverts the D- and L-enantiomers of lactic acid. It is classified under the isomerase, racemase, epimerase, and enzyme acting on hydroxyl acids and derivatives classes of enzymes. It is found in certain halophilic archaea, such as Haloarcula marismortui, and in a few species of bacteria, such as several Lactobacillus species (which produce D- and L-lactate) including Lactobacillus sakei, Lactobacillus curvatus, and Lactobacillus plantarum, as well as in non-lactic acid bacteria such as Clostridium beijerinckii.
The gene encoding lactate racemase in L. plantarum was identified as larA and shown to be associated with a widespread maturation system involving larB, larC1, larC2, and larE. The optimal pH for its activity is 5.8-6.2 in L. sakei.
Structure and properties
The molecular weight of lactate racemase differs in the various organisms in which it has been found, ranging from 25,000 to 82,400 g/mol. The structure of the enzyme from L. plantarum was solved by Jian Hu and Robert P. Hausinger of Michigan State University and co-workers there and elsewhere. The protein contains a previously unknown covalently-linked nickel-pincer nucleotide (NPN) cofactor (pyridinium 3-thioamide-5-thiocarboxylic acid mononucleotide), where the nickel atom is bound to C4 of the pyridinium ring and two sulfur atoms. This cofactor participates in a proton-coupled hydride-transfer mechanism.
There have been a number of recent studies on NPN cofactor s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xindi%20%28instrument%29 | The xindi (; literally "new flute") is a Chinese musical instrument. A 20th-century derivative of the ancient dizi (bamboo transverse flute), the xindi is western influenced, fully chromatic, and usually lacks the dizi's distinctive di mo, or buzzing membrane.
The xindi is also known as the 11-hole di (十一孔笛). Its design is western influenced and based on the principal of equal temperament. It first appeared in the early 1930s. It was designed and produced by Ding Silin (丁西林1893-1974).
Characteristics and range
The biggest difference between the xindi and the traditional Chinese di is that there are an additional five finger-holes compared to the six found on the di. Additionally, it has three more finger-holes than the Xiāo (簫) - an eight-hole flute which, itself, has extra finger-holes compared to the di, for the right little finger and left thumb. The additional finger-holes on the xindi are for the right-hand thumb, the little finger of the left hand, and the left index finger, which has to alternate between two finger-holes. The traditional flute exhibits imperfections during modulation due to difficulties in controlling the intonation of the semitone. Thus, the purpose of the additional holes is to help correct these imperfections. Through its 11-hole design, the xindi can play every semitone in the octave perfectly, and modulation is made easier and smoother due to its ability to be played in different keys. The player only needs to use their fingers to move down the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Turkish%20football | Football was introduced to the Ottoman Empire by Englishmen living in the area. The first matches took place in Selanik, now known as Thessaloniki, in 1875. F.C. Smyrna was the first football club established in Turkey. The same men brought football from İzmir to Istanbul in 1895. The first competitive matches between İzmir and Istanbul clubs took place in 1897, 1898, 1899, and 1904. The İzmir team won every match.
Early years (1875–1958)
The first Turkish man to play the sport was a soldier on assignment in İzmir in 1898. The first teams in the Ottoman Empire consisted of Greek, Armenian and English players.
The first club made up of Turkish footballers was Black Stockings FC, in 1899. Police of the Ottoman Empire invaded the pitch, arresting as many players as they could catch. Cadi Keuy FRC, Moda FC, Elpis, and Imogene FC followed the precedent set by Black Stockings. The first competitive league was created in 1904. Based in Istanbul and titled the "Constantinople Football League", it consisted the four aforementioned clubs (Cadi Keuy FRC, Moda FC, Elpis, and Imogene FC). However, Turkish players were still prohibited to compete. In the following years, clubs such as Fenerbahçe and Galatasaray (Still-active Turkish club with the oldest football team. Despite Beşiktaş was founded in 1903, they started football activities in 1911) were founded with Turkish players. The league was also known as the Sunday League because the matches took place on Sunday.
Two teams from t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady%20of%20the%20Lions | NIN-UR.MAH.MEŠ, or the "Lady" of the Lions, was the author of two letters to the pharaoh, the King of Ancient Egypt, in the 1350–1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. Her name is a representation of the original written script characters of Babylonian 'Sumerograms' , "NIN- + UR.MAH + (plural:MEŠ)", and means, "woman–lion–plural", namely: "Lady (of the) Lions". (See: NIN for "lady"). The Amarna letters are mostly written in Akkadian cuneiform, with local words/phrases/etc due to various city-states or countries.
The name, and location of her city/city-state is unknown(?). It is today assumed to be Beit Shemesh.
Also called "Mistress of the Lionesses", she was a female "king" who ruled Beit Shemesh around 1350 BCE.
The two Amarna letters
The two letters by the 'Queen Mother', (of her unnamed location), are both minimally short and concise EA letters (26 lines and 19 lines) and are topically about the takeover of regional cities, by the attacking bands of people: the Hapiru, (EA for 'el Amarna').
EA 273: "From a queen mother"
Say to the king-(i.e. pharaoh), my lord, my god, my Sun: Message of fNIN-UR.MAH.MEŠ, your handmaid. I fall at the feet of the king, my lord, 7 times and 7 times. May the king, my lord, know that war has been waged in the land, and gone is the land of the king, my lord, by desertion to the 'Apiru. May the king, my lord, take cognizance of his land, and may the [k]ing, my lord, kn[ow] tha[t] the 'Apiru wrote to Ayyaluna and to Sarha, and the two sons o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACAT1 | Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrial, also known as acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ACAT1 (Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 1) gene.
Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 1 is an acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase enzyme.
Structure
The gene is located on chromosome 11q22.3‐q23.1, spanning approx. 27 kb and contains twelve exons interrupted by eleven introns. The region flanking the 5’ end of the gene lacks a TATA box, but contains many GC’s and also has two CAAT boxes. The gene also may have a binding site for the transcription factor Sp1, and has sequences resembling the binding sites of several other transcription factors. Additionally, there is a 101-bp DNA fragment immediately upstream from the cap site that has promoter activity.
The human ACAT1 gene produces a chimeric mRNA through trans-splicing, a process in which separate transcripts from chromosomes 1 and 7 are spliced together. The chimeric mRNA transcript uses two sections to initiate translation: AUG(1397-1399) and GGC(1274-1276). Initiation of the first codon (AUG) results in the translation of a 50-kDa ACAT1, and initiation of the other (GGC) produces another enzymatically active 56-kDa isoform respectively; the 56kDa isoform is naturally present in human cells, including human monocyte-derived macrophages.
The resulting transcript encodes ACAT1, which is a 45.1 kDa protein composed of 427 amino acids. It is also a homotetrameric protein that has nine transmembr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD137 | CD137, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, is a type 1 transmembrane protein, expressed on surfaces of leukocytes and non-immune cells. Its alternative names are tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 (TNFRSF9), 4-1BB, and induced by lymphocyte activation (ILA). It is of interest to immunologists as a co-stimulatory immune checkpoint molecule, and as a potential target in cancer immunotherapy.
Expression
CD137 is only expressed on the cell surface after T cell activation. When T cells are activated by Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs), CD137 becomes embedded in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
CD137 is a costimulatory molecule functioning to stimulate T cell proliferation, dendritic cell maturation, and promotion of B cell antibody secretion. As a T cell co-stimulator, T cell receptor (TCR) and CD28 signaling causes expression of CD137 on T cell membranes. When CD137 then reacts with the CD137 ligand, it leads to CD137 upregulation. This is a form of self regulation or positive feedback cycle. When CD137 interacts with its ligand, it leads to T cell cytokine production and T cell proliferation, among other signaling pathway responses.
Other cells that express CD137 include both immune cells (i.e. monocytes, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), and regulatory T cells) and non-immune cells (i.e. chondrocytes, neurons, astrocytes, microglia and endothelial cells).
Regulation of the immune system
CD137 and its |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canarian%20Spanish | Canarian Spanish or Canary Island Spanish (Spanish terms in descending order of frequency: , , , or ) is a variant of standard Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands by the Canary Islanders.
Canarian Spanish heavily influenced the development of Caribbean Spanish and other Latin American Spanish vernaculars because Hispanic America was originally largely settled by colonists from the Canary Islands and Andalusia; those dialects, including the standard language, were already quite close to Canarian and Andalusian speech. In the Caribbean, Canarian speech patterns were never regarded as either foreign or very different from the local accent.
The incorporation of the Canary Islands into the Crown of Castile began with Henry III (1402) and was completed under the Catholic Monarchs. The expeditions for their conquest started off mainly from ports of Andalusia, which is why the Andalusians predominated in the Canaries. There was also an important colonising contingent from Portugal in the early conquest of the Canaries, along with the Andalusians and the Castilians from mainland Spain. In earlier times, Portuguese settled alongside the Spanish in the north of Gran Canaria, but they died off or were absorbed by the Spanish. The population that inhabited the islands before the conquest, the Guanches, spoke a variety of Berber (also called Amazigh) dialects. After the conquest, the indigenous Guanche language was rapidly and almost completely eradicated in the archipelago. Only some n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13%20%26%20God | 13 & God is a collaboration between American indie hip hop duo Themselves and German indie rock band The Notwist. The group is signed both to Anticon and Alien Transistor.
History
The band's name 13 & God stems from the concept of the 12 apostles and Jesus Christ forming a group that comprises 13 mortal men as well as God. Distinguishing between Themselves and The Notwist in the context of which group is '13' and which is 'God' is thus disingenuous. In the example above, God is inherently contained within '13', creating a symbiotic relationship so strong it is unable to be severed. As 13 & God are not a Christian group, but do explore elements of philosophy, spirituality and existentialism, the name 13 & God is generally considered to be more of a reflection of those elements, as well as the concept of 'identity' itself. Alternatively, it may just be a play on words with the prematurely sexy track by Boogie Down Productions titled '13 and Good' '
They are joined live by Jordan Dalrymple who now plays Dax Pierson's parts following a 2005 Subtle tour accident which left Dax quadriplegic. As of 2010, Jordan has officially joined, and has been contributing in the studio.
In a 2009 interview with Pitchfork, Doseone was quoted as saying "in 2010 there will be a brand new shiny 13 & G record out in the world." On February 3, 2011, the second album Own Your Ghost was announced to be released on Anticon on May 17, 2011. The album is set to feature ten tracks, including "Sure As Deb |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium%28III%29%20selenide | Indium(III) selenide is a compound of indium and selenium. It has potential for use in photovoltaic devices and has been the subject of extensive research. The two most common phases, α and β, have a layered structure, while γ has a "defect wurtzite structure." In all, five polymorphs are known: α, β, γ, δ, κ. The α-β phase transition is accompanied by a change in electrical conductivity. The band gap of γ-In2Se3 is approximately 1.9 eV.
Preparation
The method of production influences the polymorph generated. For example, thin films of pure γ-In2Se3 have been produced from trimethylindium (InMe3) and hydrogen selenide via MOCVD techniques.
A conventional route entails heating the elements in a seal-tube:
See also
Gallium(III) selenide
Indium chalcogenides
Nanoparticle
General references
WebElements
Footnotes
External links
Indium Selenide Nanoparticles Used In Solar Energy Conversion.
Indium compounds
Selenides
Solar cells
Semiconductor materials |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESCR | ESCR may stand for:
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
Embryonic Stem Cell Research
Environmental Stress Crack Resistance
ES Cannet Rocheville, a French football club |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adda-danu | Adda-danu was the 'mayor' of the city/city-state of Gazru-(modern Gezer, Israel) of the Amarna letters period, 1350-1335 BC. 'Adda' is the name of the Northwest Semitic god Hadad, and Adda-danu translates as: "Hadad (is the) Judge". Adda-danu is one of the three mayors who ruled Gazru in the 20–year Amarna letters correspondence, the others being Milkilu, and Yapahu.
Adda-danu is the author of one letter, EA 292, (EA for 'el Amarna'). The letter is entitled: "Like a pot held in pledge". It is of note that some of the 382 Amarna letters contain phrases, quotes, or parables and the title refers to, The Pot of a Debt.
Amarna letter--no. 292
Adda-danu's letter to pharaoh Akhenaten
Title: "Like a pot held in pledge"
Say to the king-(pharaoh), my lord, [my] go[d], my Sun: Message of Adda-danu, your servant, the dirt at your feet. I fall at the feet of the king, my lord, my god, my Sun, 7 times and 7 times. I looked this way, and looked that way, and there was no light. Then I looked towards the king, my lord and there was light. A brick may move from under its "partner-(brick)", still I will not move from under the feet of the king, my lord. I have heard the orders that the king, my lord, wrote to his servant, "Guard your commissioner, and guard the cities of the king, your lord." I do indeed guard, and I do indeed obey the orders of the king, my lord, day and night. May the king, my lord, be informed about his servant. There being war against me from the mountains, I built: b[ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefoldin | Prefoldin (GimC) is a superfamily of proteins used in protein folding complexes. It is classified as a heterohexameric molecular chaperone in both archaea and eukarya, including humans. A prefoldin molecule works as a transfer protein in conjunction with a molecule of chaperonin to form a chaperone complex and correctly fold other nascent proteins. One of prefoldin's main uses in eukarya is the formation of molecules of actin for use in the eukaryotic cytoskeleton.
Purpose and uses
Prefoldin is one family of chaperone proteins found in the domains of eukarya and archaea. Prefoldin acts in combination with other molecules to promote protein folding in cells where there are many other competing pathways for folding. Chaperone proteins perform non-covalent assembly of other polypeptide-containing structures in vivo. They are implicated in the folding of most other proteins.
In archaea, prefoldins are believed to function in combination with group II chaperonins in de novo protein folding. In eukarya however, prefoldins have acquired a more specific function: they are used to establish correct tubular assembly for many tubular proteins, such as actin. Actin accounts for 5-10% of all protein found in eukaryotic cells, which therefore means that prefoldin is quite prevalent in the cells. Actin is made of two strings of beads wound round each other and is one of the three main parts of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. Prefoldin bonds specifically to cytosolic chaperonin prot |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEP%20carboxylase | PEP carboxylase may refer to:
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, an enzyme
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (diphosphate), an enzyme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting%20%28fixture%29 | In experimental fluid mechanics, a sting is a test fixture on which models are mounted for testing, e.g. in a wind tunnel. A sting is usually a long shaft attaching to the downstream end of the model so that it does not much disturb the flow over the model. The rear end of a sting usually
has a conical fairing blending into the (wind tunnel) model support structure.
For minimum aerodynamic interference a sting should be as long as possible and have as small a diameter as possible, within the structural safety limits. Critical length of a sting (beyond which its influence on the flow around the model is small) is mostly dependent on Reynolds number. If the flow at the rear end of a model (model base) is laminar, the critical sting length can be as much as 12-15 base diameters. If the flow at model base is turbulent, critical sting length reduces to 3-5 model base diameters. Source also suggests a sting diameter of no more than about 30% of model base diameter. However, this may not be possible in wind tunnels with high dynamic pressures because large aerodynamic loads would cause unacceptably large deflections and/or stresses in the sting. Shorter stings of larger relative diameters must be used in such cases.
A good rule-of-thumb is that, for acceptably low and test-conditions-independent aerodynamic interference in a high-Reynolds-number, high-dynamic-pressure wind tunnel, a sting should have a diameter "d" not larger than 30% to 50% of model base diameter "D" and should h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20E.%20J.%20Neugebauer | Hans E. J. Neugebauer was a German-born physicist and imaging scientist who later lived in the United States and Canada.
In his 1935 dissertation, he developed the Neugebauer equations, which have served as the basis for more accurate models for the prediction of color produced by printing.
References
20th-century German physicists
Color scientists
1905 births
1987 deaths
German emigrants to Canada |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fis | fis is an E. coli gene encoding the Fis (or FIS) protein. The regulation of this gene is more complex than most other genes in the E. coli genome, as Fis is an important protein which regulates expression of other genes. It is supposed that fis is regulated by H-NS, IHF and CRP. It also regulates its own expression (autoregulation). Fis is one of the most abundant DNA binding proteins in Escherichia coli under nutrient-rich growth conditions.
History
Fis was first discovered for its role in stimulating Gin catalyzed inversion of the G segment of phage Mu genome. Fis was originally identified as the factor for inversion stimulation of the homologous Hin and Gin site-specific DNA recombinases of Salmonella and phage Mu, respectively. This small, basic, DNA-bending protein has recently been shown to function in many other reactions including phage lambda site-specific recombination, transcriptional activation of rRNA and tRNA operons, repression of its own synthesis, and oriC-directed DNA replication. Cellular concentrations of Fis vary tremendously under different growth conditions which may have important regulatory implications for the physiological role of Fis in these different reactions.
Structure
Structurally, Fis folds into four α-helices (A–D) and a β-hairpin. Helices A and B provide the contacts between Fis monomers, facilitating dimer formation, whereas the C and D helices form a helix-turn-helix motif that is essential for DNA binding.
Properties and function |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylmalonyl%20CoA%20epimerase | Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase (, methylmalonyl-CoA racemase, methylmalonyl coenzyme A racemase, DL-methylmalonyl-CoA racemase, 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoyl-CoA 2-epimerase [incorrect]) is an enzyme involved in fatty acid catabolism that is encoded in human by the "MCEE" gene located on chromosome 2. It is routinely and incorrectly labeled as "methylmalonyl-CoA racemase". It is not a racemase because the CoA moiety has 5 other stereocenters.
Structure
The "MCEE" gene is located in the 2p13 region and contains 4 exons, and encodes for a protein that is approximately 18 kDa in size and located to the mitochondrial matrix. Several natural variants in amino acid sequences exist. The structure of the MCEE protein has been resolved by X-ray crystallography at 1.8-angstrom resolution.
Function
The MCEE gene encodes an enzyme that interconverts D- and L- methylmalonyl-CoA during the degradation of branched-chain amino acids, odd chain-length fatty acids, and other metabolites. In biochemistry terms, it catalyzes the reaction that converts (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA to the (R) form. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
(S)-methylmalonyl-CoA (R)-methylmalonyl-CoA
Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase plays an important role in the catabolism of fatty acids with odd-length carbon chains. In the catabolism of even-chain saturated fatty acids, the β-oxidation pathway breaks down fatty acyl-CoA molecules in repeated sequences of four reactions to yield one acetyl CoA per repeated seque |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CWP1 | Cell Wall Protein 1 (CWP1) is a gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae-Saccharomyces bayanus hybrid, Saccharomyces pastorianus. It is closely related to the CWP2 gene and produces a small protein associated with the budding scar, known as cwp1p.
References
Proteins
Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosylcobalamin | Adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl), also known as coenzyme B12, cobamamide, and dibencozide, is, along with methylcobalamin (MeCbl), one of the biologically active forms of vitamin B12.
Adenosylcobalamin participates as a cofactor in radical-mediated 1,2-carbon skeleton rearrangements. These processes require the formation of the deoxyadenosyl radical through homolytic dissociation of the carbon-cobalt bond. This bond is exceptionally weak, with a bond dissociation energy of 31 kcal/mol, which is further lowered in the chemical environment of an enzyme active site. An enzyme that uses adenosylcobalamin as a cofactor is methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM).
Further experimentation has also determined adenosylcobalamin's role in regulating expression of some bacterial genes. By binding to CarH, AdoCbl can modulate carotenoid genes, which confer warm colors onto various plants. Carotenoid transcription is activated by sunlight, due to the response from AdoCbl. There are other photoreceptors across different bacterial communities, aside from CarH, that also have reactive capability when bound to AdoCbl. For instance, AerR is another factor that uses AdoCbl to give off purple pigmentation. Additional examination of adenosylcobalamin-bound enzymes and the development of this cofactor over time may prove to hold regulatory function of DNA and RNA.
See also
Methylcobalamin
Hydroxocobalamin
Cyanocobalamin
Vitamin B12
Cobalamin biosynthesis
Nitric oxide
References
External links
B v |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octanoyl-CoA | Octanoyl-coenzyme A is the endpoint of beta oxidation in peroxisomes. It is produced alongside acetyl-CoA and transferred to the mitochondria to be further oxidized into acetyl-CoA.
See also
Caprylic acid, the eight-carbon saturated fatty acid known by the systematic name octanoic acid.
References
Thioesters of coenzyme A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrazine%20chlorohydrolase | Atrazine Chlorohydrolase (AtzA) is an enzyme (E.C.3.8.1.8), which catalyzes the conversion of atrazine to hydroxyatrazine. Bacterial degradation determines the environmental impact and efficacy of an herbicide or pesticide. Initially, most pesticides are highly effective and show minimal bacterial degradation; however, bacteria can rapidly evolve and gain the ability to metabolize potential nutrients in the environment. Despite a remarkable structural similarity, degradation of atrazine by bacteria capable of melamine degradation was rare; however, since its introduction as a pesticide in the United States, bacteria capable of atrazine degradation have evolved. Currently, Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP seems to be the optimal bacterial strain for atrazine degradations, which appears to be the sole nitrogen source for the bacteria.
Reaction
AtzA is an atrazine-dechlorinating enzyme with fairly restricted substrate specificity and plays a main role in the hydrolysis of atrazine to hydroxyatrazine in soils and groundwater. Atrazine Hydroxyatrazine is a hydrolase (an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a chemical bond ), which acts on halide bonds in C-halide compounds. In 1993, pseudomonas sp. strain ADP was shown to degrade atrazine to cyanuric acid via three steps, the first of which is a dechlorination.
Genetics
De Souza, Sadowsky and Wackett were able to determine the nucleotide and amino acid sequence in 1996. This enzyme is 98% identical in amino acid sequence, and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACADSB | ACADSB is a human gene that encodes short/branched chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SBCAD), an enzyme in the acyl CoA dehydrogenase family.
It can cause short/branched-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.
Structure
The human ACADSB gene is located on chromosome 10; its exact localization has been identified as 10q25-q26. The open reading frame (ORF) encodes a precursor protein that contains 431 amino acids; post-translational processing results in a mature protein with 399 amino acids. The cDNA is significantly similar to the cDNA of other members of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family; its structure is closest to that of short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The structure of the catalytic pocket has also been studied; position 104 at the bottom of the substrate-binding pocket has been identified as important in determining the length of the primary carbon chain that can be accommodated. Altering residues at positions 105 and 177 have been demonstrated to affect the rate of the dehydrogenation reactions.
Function
Short/branched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACADSB) is a member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family of enzymes that catalyze the dehydrogenation of acyl-CoA derivatives in the metabolism of fatty acids or branch chained amino acids. Substrate specificity is the primary characteristic used to define members of this gene family. The ACADSB gene product has the greatest activity towards the short branched chain acyl-CoA derivative, (S)-2-methylbutyryl-CoA, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxine%205%E2%80%B2-phosphate%20oxidase | Pyridoxine 5′-phosphate oxidase is an enzyme, encoded by the PNPO gene, that catalyzes several reactions in the vitamin B6 metabolism pathway. Pyridoxine 5′-phosphate oxidase catalyzes the final, rate-limiting step in vitamin B6 metabolism, the biosynthesis of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, the biologically active form of vitamin B6 which acts as an essential cofactor. Pyridoxine 5′-phosphate oxidase is a member of the enzyme class oxidases, or more specifically, oxidoreductases. These enzymes catalyze a simultaneous oxidation-reduction reaction. The substrate oxidase enzymes is hydroxlyated by one oxygen atom of molecular oxygen.
Concurrently, the other oxygen atom is reduced to water. Even though molecular oxygen is the electron acceptor in these enzymes' reactions, they are unique because oxygen does not appear in the oxidized product.
The active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), is critical for normal cellular function. Some cancer cells have notable differences in vitamin B6 metabolism compared to their normal counterparts. The rate-limiting enzyme in vitamin B6 synthesis is pyridoxine-5'-phosphate oxidase (PNPO; EC 1.4.3.5).[supplied by OMIM]
Structure
Pyridoxine 5′-phosphate oxidase is a homodimer, or a molecule consisting of two identical polypeptide subunits. It is hypothesized that the two monomers are held together by disulfide bonds. There are also salt-bridge interactions between the two monomers. Each subunit tightly binds one molecule of pyridoxal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncia%20%28unit%29 | The (plural: ) was a Roman unit of length, weight, and volume. It survived as the Byzantine liquid ounce (, oungía) and the origin of the English inch, ounce, and fluid ounce.
The Roman inch was equal to of a Roman foot (), which was standardized under Agrippa to about 0.97 inches or 24.6 millimeters.
The Roman ounce was of a Roman pound.
See also
Ancient Roman weights and measures
References
Units of length
Human-based units of measurement
Ancient Roman units of measurement |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIR%20synthetase%20%28FGAM%20cyclase%29 | Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine cyclo-ligase (AIR synthetase) is the fifth enzyme () in the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides. It catalyzes the reaction to form 5-aminoimidazole ribotide (AIR) from formylglycinamidine-ribonucleotide FGAM. This reaction closes the ring and produces a 5-membered imidazole ring of the purine nucleus (AIR):
ATP + 2-(formamido)-N1-(5-phospho-β-D-ribosyl)acetamidine ADP + 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-β-D-ribosyl)imidazole + phosphate +
AIR synthetase catalyzes the transfer of the oxygen of the formyl group to phosphate. It is a sequential mechanism in which ATP binds first to the enzyme and ADP is released last. This enzyme hydrolyzes ATP to activate the oxygen of the amide in order to carry out a nucleophilic attack by nitrogen. In humans and many other animals, this enzyme is contained within the trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-3 polypeptide.
Nomenclature
The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-(formamido)-N1-(5-phosphoribosyl)acetamidine cyclo-ligase (ADP-forming). Other names in common use include:
AIR synthetase,
5'-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase,
2-(formamido)-1-N-(5-phosphoribosyl)acetamidine cyclo-ligase (ADP-forming),
phosphoribosylaminoimidazole synthetase, and
phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine cyclo-ligase.
Purine Synthesis
Purines are one of the two types of nitrogenous heterocyclic bases, which are one of the three components of the nucleotides that make up nucleic acids. Synthesis can b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannose%206-phosphate%20receptor | The mannose 6-phosphate receptors (MPRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins that target enzymes to lysosomes in vertebrates.
Mannose 6-phosphate receptors bind newly synthesized lysosomal hydrolases in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and deliver them to pre-lysosomal compartments. There are two different MPRs, one of ~300kDa and a smaller, dimeric receptor of ~46kDa. The larger receptor is known as the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR), while the smaller receptor (CD-MPR) requires divalent cations to efficiently recognize lysosomal hydrolases. While divalent cations are not essential for ligand binding by the human CD-MPR, the nomenclature has been retained.
Both of these receptors bind terminal mannose 6-phosphate with similar affinity (CI-MPR = 7 μM, CD-MPR = 8 μM) and have similar signals in their cytoplasmic domains for intracellular trafficking.
History
Elizabeth Neufeld was studying patients who had multiple inclusion bodies present in their cells. Due to the large amount of inclusion bodies she named this condition I-cell disease. These inclusion bodies represented lysosomes that were filled with undigestable material. At first Neufeld thought these patients must have a lack of lysosomal enzymes. . Further study showed that all of the lysosomal enzymes were being made but they were being incorrectly targeted. Instead of being sent to the lysosome, they were being secreted. Furthermore, these mis-targeted enzymes were found to not be phosphoryl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308%20S%C3%BCper%20Lig | The 2007–08 Süper Lig season, (also known as the Turkcell Süper Lig for sponsorship reasons), was the 50th anniversary of top-flight professional football in Turkey. It was won by Galatasaray, who won their 17th championship.
Since Turkey had climbed from 15th to 14th position in the UEFA association coefficient rankings at the end of the 2006–07 season, and UEFA Champions League-bound Zenit Saint Petersburg won the 2007–08 UEFA Cup, the domestic cup winner, Kayserispor, which had qualified for the second qualifying round of the 2008–09 UEFA Cup, was promoted to the first round, filling the unused title holder spot.
The league began on 10 August 2007 with the İstanbul B.B.–Fenerbahçe match at Atatürk Olympic Stadium.
The three relegated clubs would be replaced by three promoted clubs from the Bank Asya 1. Lig. Gençlerbirliği OFTAŞ and İstanbul B.B. both earned automatic promotion, while Altay, Diyarbakırspor, Kasımpaşa and Malatyaspor played in the play-off tournament with Kasımpaşa coming out victorious, becoming the third and last club to be promoted to the Süper Lig for 2007–08.
Events
Matchday 1
The league started with a surprise result, with İstanbul B.B. defeating giants Fenerbahçe 2–0. Another important event of the first week was the record of Hakan Şükür. By scoring two goals, he managed to reach to the record of the most goals scored domestically. The Trabzonspor–Sivasspor match was suspended due to "player and fan trouble", just minutes before the referee woul |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva%20%281962%20film%29 | Eva, released in the United Kingdom as Eve, is a 1962 Italian-French co-production drama film directed by Joseph Losey and starring Jeanne Moreau, Stanley Baker, and Virna Lisi. Its screenplay is adapted from James Hadley Chase's 1945 novel Eve.
Plot summary
Tyvian Jones, a Welsh author from a working-class coal mining background, comes to Venice, rich and famous from the success of his first novel and its film adaptation by the Italian director Sergio Branco Mallone. Sergio and Tyvian compete for the affections of Sergio's assistant Francesca, who falls in love with Tyvian and gets engaged to him, but wants to keep her job with Sergio. Tyvian resents Sergio's demands on Francesca's time, but still accepts an advance from Sergio to begin writing a new novel, which Sergio hopes to film.
Francesca leaves on a business trip to Rome with Sergio, and Tyvian returns to his Venice house to find it occupied by local businessman Pieri and his "friend", the erotic call girl Eva "Eve" Olivieri. The couple broke in to take shelter after their boat's rudder failed in a storm. Initially angry, Tyvian finds himself strongly attracted to Eve and, after throwing Pieri out of the house, tries unsuccessfully to seduce her. Eve knocks him unconscious and leaves.
Tyvian tracks Eve to her penthouse apartment in Rome, where she has many clients. After pursuing her for several days, he finally succeeds in having sex with her. She indicates her primary interest is money, and warns him not to fall |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabella%20%281967%20film%29 | Arabella is an Italian comedy film in the English language, starring Virna Lisi, Terry-Thomas and James Fox. It was directed by Mauro Bolognini.
The film is a comic farce set in Italy, playing off the interaction between English and Italian stereotypes.
Cast
Virna Lisi as Arabella Danesi
James Fox as Giorgio
Margaret Rutherford as Princess Ilaria
Terry-Thomas as General Sir Horace Gordon; Duke Pietro Moretti; hotel manager; insurance manager
Giancarlo Giannini as Saverio
Milena Vukotic as Graziella
Paola Borboni as Duchess Moretti
References
External links
Arabella at the British Film Institute
1967 films
1967 comedy films
Films directed by Mauro Bolognini
Films scored by Ennio Morricone
Italian comedy films
English-language Italian films
1960s English-language films
1960s Italian films |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20donna%20del%20giorno | La donna del giorno (lit. The Woman of the Day, released in the US as The Doll That Took the Town) is a 1956 Italian drama film starring Virna Lisi, Haya Harareet and Franco Fabrizi.
It is directed by Francesco Maselli and tells the story of a struggling model who concocts a story of being raped and beaten by three strangers and soon becomes a media darling. Complications arise when the police eventually arrest three suspects.
Cast
Virna Lisi: Liliana
Antonio Cifariello: Giorgio Salustri
Haya Harareet: Anna
Serge Reggiani: Mario Grimaldi
Elisa Cegani: Miss Attenni
Franco Fabrizi: Aldo
Vittorio Sanipoli: Police commissioner
Mario Carotenuto: Director
Giuliano Montaldo: Journalist
Peter Van Wood: Himself
External links
1956 films
1950s Italian-language films
Films directed by Francesco Maselli
Italian drama films
1956 drama films
Films with screenplays by Cesare Zavattini
1950s Italian films
Italian black-and-white films |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrose%20phosphorylase | Sucrose phosphorylase () is an important enzyme in the metabolism of sucrose and regulation of other metabolic intermediates. Sucrose phosphorylase is in the class of hexosyltransferases. More specifically it has been placed in the retaining glycoside hydrolases family although it catalyzes a transglycosidation rather than hydrolysis. Sucrose phosphorylase catalyzes the conversion of sucrose to D-fructose and α-D-glucose-1-phosphate. It has been shown in multiple experiments that the enzyme catalyzes this conversion by a double displacement mechanism.
Reaction
The method by which sucrose phosphorylase converts sucrose to D-fructose and alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate has been studied in great detail. In the reaction, sucrose binds to the enzyme, at which point fructose is released by the enzyme-substrate complex. A covalent glucose-enzyme complex results, with beta-linkage between an oxygen atom in the carboxyl group of an aspartyl residue and C-1 of glucose. The covalent complex was experimentally isolated by chemical modification of the protein using NaIO4 after addition of the substrate, supporting the hypothesis that reaction catalyzed by sucrose phosphorylase proceeds through the ping-pong mechanism. In the final enzymatic step, the glycosidic bond is cleaved through reaction with a phosphate group, yielding α-D-glucose-1-phosphate.
In a separate reaction, α-D-glucose-1-phosphate is converted to glucose-6-phosphate by the action of phosphoglucomutase. Glucose-6-pho |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-bifunctional%20protein%20deficiency | D-Bifunctional protein deficiency is an autosomal recessive peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation disorder. Peroxisomal disorders are usually caused by a combination of peroxisomal assembly defects or by deficiencies of specific peroxisomal enzymes. The peroxisome is an organelle in the cell similar to the lysosome that functions to detoxify the cell. Peroxisomes contain many different enzymes, such as catalase, and their main function is to neutralize free radicals and detoxify drugs. For this reason peroxisomes are ubiquitous in the liver and kidney. D-BP deficiency is the most severe peroxisomal disorder, often resembling Zellweger syndrome.
Characteristics of the disorder include neonatal hypotonia and seizures, occurring mostly within the first month of life, as well as visual and hearing impairment. Other symptoms include severe craniofacial disfiguration, psychomotor delay, and neuronal migration defects. Most onsets of the disorder begin in the gestational weeks of development and most affected individuals die within the first two years of life.
Classification
DBP deficiency can be divided into three types:
type I, characterized by a deficiency in both the hydratase and dehydrogenase units of D-BP
type II, in which only the hydratase unit is non-functional
type III, with only a deficiency in the dehydrogenase unit
Type I deficient patients showed a large structural modification to the D-BP as a whole. Most of these individuals showed either a deletion or an insertio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des-gamma%20carboxyprothrombin | Des-gamma carboxyprothrombin (DCP), also known as protein induced by vitamin K absence/antagonist-II (PIVKA-II), is an abnormal form of the coagulation protein, prothrombin. Normally, the prothrombin precursor undergoes post-translational carboxylation (addition of a carboxylic acid group) by gamma-glutamyl carboxylase in the liver prior to secretion into plasma. DCP/PIVKA-II may be detected in people with deficiency of vitamin K (due to poor nutrition or malabsorption) and in those taking warfarin or other medication that inhibits the action of vitamin K.
Diagnostic use
Hepatocellular carcinoma
A 1984 study first described the use of DCP as a marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); it was present in 91% of HCC patients, while not being detectable in other liver diseases. The DCP level did not change with the administration of vitamin K, suggesting a defect in gamma-carboxylation activity rather than vitamin K deficiency. A number of subsequent studies have since confirmed this phenomenon.
A 2007 comparison of various HCC tumor markers found DCP the least sensitive to risk factors for HCC (such as cirrhosis), and hence the most useful in predicting HCC. It differentiates HCC from non-malignant liver diseases. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that a combined analysis of DCP and Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) can lead to a better prediction in early stages of HCC.
Despite many years of use in Japan, only did a 2003 American study reevaluate its use in an American patient serie |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKI%20protein | The SKI protein is a nuclear proto-oncogene that is associated with tumors at high cellular concentrations. SKI has been shown to interfere with normal cellular functioning by both directly impeding expression of certain genes inside the nucleus of the cell as well as disrupting signaling proteins that activate genes.
SKI negatively regulates transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) by directly interacting with Smads and repressing the transcription of TGF-beta responsive genes. This has been associated with cancer due to the large number of roles that peptide growth factors, of which TGF-beta are a subfamily, play in regulating cellular functions such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, specification, and developmental fate.
The name SKI comes from the Sloan-Kettering Institute where the protein was initially discovered.
Structure
Gene
The SKI proto-oncogene is located at a region close to the p73 tumor suppressor gene at the locus 1p36.3 locus of a gene, suggesting a similar function to the p73 gene.
Protein
The SKI protein has a 728 amino acid sequence, with multiple domains. It is expressed both inside and outside of the nucleus. It is in the same family as the SnoN protein. The different domains have different functions, with the primary domains interacting with Smad proteins. The protein has a helix-turn-helix motif, a cysteine and histidine rich area which gives rise to the zinc finger motif, a basic amino acid region, and leucine zipper. All these domai |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth%20Edna%20Kelley | Ruth Edna Kelley (April 8, 1893 – March 4, 1982) was an American librarian and writer. She is chiefly remembered for The Book of Hallowe'en (1919), the first book-length history of the holiday.
Biography
Kelley was born in Lynn, Massachusetts on April 8, 1893, the only child of Charles F. Kelley, a carpenter, and his wife Mary. She grew up in Lynn, and received a master of arts degree in literature, magna cum laude, from Radcliffe College.
The Book of Hallowe'en was Kelly's first book. Her second book, A Life of Their Own (1947), dealt with immortality and spirituality.
Kelley died in Marblehead, Massachusetts at the age of 88.
References
Further reading
Who Was Who Among North American Authors, 1921-1939. Detroit: Gale Research, 1976.
Who's Who in Library Service: A Biographical Directory of Professional Librarians of the United States and Canada. Third edition. Edited by Dorothy Ethlyn Cole. New York: Grolier Society, 1955.
External links
1893 births
1982 deaths
American librarians
American women librarians
20th-century American historians
People from Marblehead, Massachusetts
American women historians
20th-century American women writers
Historians from Massachusetts
Radcliffe College alumni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF-4 | Elongation factor 4 (EF-4) is an elongation factor that is thought to back-translocate on the ribosome during the translation of RNA to proteins. It is found near-universally in bacteria and in eukaryotic endosymbiotic organelles including the mitochondria and the plastid. Responsible for proofreading during protein synthesis, EF-4 is a recent addition to the nomenclature of bacterial elongation factors.
Prior to its recognition as an elongation factor, EF-4 was known as leader peptidase A (LepA), as it is the first cistron on the operon carrying the bacterial leader peptidase. In eukaryotes it is traditionally called GUF1 (GTPase of Unknown Function 1). It has the preliminary EC number 3.6.5.n1.
Evolutionary background
LepA has a highly conserved sequence. LepA orthologs have been found in bacteria and almost all eukaryotes. The conservation in LepA has been shown to cover the entire protein. More specifically, the amino acid identity of LepA among bacterial orthologs ranges from 55%-68%.
Two forms of LepA have been observed; one form of LepA branches with mitochondrial LepA sequences, while the second form branches with cyanobacterial orthologs. These findings demonstrate that LepA is significant for bacteria, mitochondria, and plastids. LepA is absent from archaea.
Structure
The gene encoding LepA is known to be the first cistron as part of a bicistron operon. LepA is a polypeptide of 599 amino acids with a molecular weight of 67 kDa. The amino acid sequence of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficain | Ficain also known as ficin, debricin, or higueroxyl delabarre () is a proteolytic enzyme extracted from the latex sap from the stems, leaves, and unripe fruit of the American wild fig tree Ficus insipida.
Ficain was originally called ficin, and ficin was originally a mixture of closely related cysteine endopeptidases produced from any species of the genus Ficus, before the terminology was restricted to a specific cysteine endopeptidase enzyme from a specific species.
Cysteine endopeptidases are a group of enzymes that also include the more distantly related papain derived from papaya latex, bromelase (bromelain) extracted from pineapple stem, calpain, caspases, cathepsin B, and chymopapain. Cysteine endopeptidases with similar properties known generically as ficins are present in other members of the genus Ficus, and many species appear to contain multiple types of these enzymes. Somewhat confusingly, the terms ficain and ficin are often treated as synonyms.
Ficain is in the MEROPS clan CA, family C1, subfamily C1A, peptidase C01.006.
Nomenclature
The name ficin was first used by Robbins in 1930 to describe a purified substance with anthelmintic activity isolated from any member of the fig genus. The Enzyme Commission of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) originally assigned EC 3.4.4.12 as ficin in 1961, which was transferred to 3.4.22.3 and renamed to ficain in 1972, making the two term synonymous at the time. Because the proteolytic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinidain | Actinidain (, actinidin, Actinidia anionic protease, proteinase A2 of Actinidia chinensis) is a type of cysteine protease enzyme found in fruits including kiwifruit (genus Actinidia), pineapple, mango, banana, figs, and papaya. This enzyme is part of the peptidase C1 family of papain-like proteases.
As a known allergen in kiwifruit, the enzyme is under preliminary research for its effect on tight junction proteins of intestinal epithelial cells.
Actinidain is commercially useful as a meat tenderiser and in coagulating milk for dairy products, like yogurt and cheese. The denaturation temperature of actinidain is , lower than that of similar meat tenderising enzymes bromelain from pineapple and papain from papaya.
History
Actinidain was first identified in 1959 when A.C. Arcus looked into why jellies made with kiwifruit don’t solidify. They went on to show that this phenomenon was caused by a proteolytic enzyme attacking gelatin. This enzyme would go on to be named actinidin as it was identified in a fruit in the genus Actinidia. While similar proteins have been found in other fruits, this cysteine protease is unique to the kiwifruit. A thiol group was identified to be essential for enzyme activity, which is why it was grouped with enzymes like papain and bromelain.
Function
While no clear function has been identified, the enzyme begins to accumulate in the fruit early on and is suspected to be important for fruit development. Actinidain has been found to have a detriment |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photobiotin | Photobiotin is a derivative of biotin used as a biochemical tool. It is composed of a biotin group, a linker group, and a photoactivatable aryl azide group.
The photoactivatable group provides nonspecific labeling of proteins, DNA and RNA probes or other molecules. Biotinylation of DNA and RNA with photoactivatable biotin is easier and less expensive than enzymatic methods since the DNA and RNA does not degrade. Photobiotin is most effectively activated by light at 260-475 nm.
References
Billingsley, M. and J. Polli. “Preparation, characterization and biological properties of biotinylated derivatives of calmodulin.” Biochem J. 275 Pt 3(1991): 733–743
"EZ-Link Photoactivatable Biotin." Pierce Biotechnology, Inc. Rockford, IL: June, 2003.
"Components of Avidin-Biotin Technology: A Handbook." Pierce Biotechnology, Inc. Rockford, IL: June, 2003.
"Photobiotin acetate." Sigma-Aldrich, Co. 2006.
"Photoprobe biotin", Vector Laboratories, Inc., www.vectorlabs.com.
Biotechnology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmetramadol | Desmetramadol (), also known as O-desmethyltramadol (O-DSMT), is an opioid analgesic and the main active metabolite of tramadol. Tramadol is demethylated by the liver enzyme CYP2D6 to desmetramadol in the same way as codeine, and so similarly to the variation in effects seen with codeine, individuals who have a less active form of CYP2D6 will tend to have reduced analgesic effects from tramadol. Because desmetramadol itself does not need to be metabolized to induce an analgesic effect, it can be used in individuals with low CYP2D6 activity unlike tramadol.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
(+)-Desmetramadol is a G-protein biased μ-opioid receptor full agonist. It shows comparatively far lower affinity for the δ- and κ-opioid receptors.
The two enantiomers of desmetramadol show quite distinct pharmacological profiles; both (+) and (−)-desmetramadol are inactive as serotonin reuptake inhibitors, but (−)-desmetramadol retains activity as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, and so the mix of both the parent compound and metabolites contributes significantly to the complex pharmacological profile of tramadol. While the multiple receptor targets can be beneficial in the treatment of pain (especially complex pain syndromes such as neuropathic pain), it increases the potential for drug interactions compared to other opioids, and may also contribute to side effects.
Desmetramadol is also an antagonist of the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor, at pharmacologically relevant concentrations, via |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20United%20States%20rapid%20transit%20systems | The following is a list of all heavy rail rapid transit systems in the United States. It does not include statistics for bus or light rail systems; see: List of United States light rail systems by ridership for light rail systems. All ridership figures represent unlinked passenger trips, so line transfers on multi-line systems register as separate trips. The data is provided by the American Public Transportation Association's Ridership Reports.
See also
List of metro systems
List of North American rapid transit systems by ridership
List of tram and light rail transit systems
List of suburban and commuter rail systems
List of United States light rail systems by ridership
List of North American light rail systems by ridership
List of United States commuter rail systems by ridership
List of United States local bus agencies by ridership
Notes
References
Rapid transit systems |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase%202 | Caspase 2 also known as CASP2 is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the CASP2 gene. CASP2 orthologs have been identified in nearly all mammals for which complete genome data are available. Unique orthologs are also present in birds, lizards, lissamphibians, and teleosts.
Function
Sequential activation of caspases plays a central role in the execution-phase of cell apoptosis. Caspases exist as inactive proenzymes that undergo proteolytic processing at conserved aspartic residues to produce two subunits, large and small, that dimerize to form the active enzyme. The proteolytic cleavage of this protein is induced by a variety of apoptotic stimuli.
Caspase 2 proteolytically cleaves other proteins. It belongs to a family of cysteine proteases called caspases that cleave proteins only at an amino acid following an aspartic acid residue. Within this family, caspase 2 is part of the Ich-1 subfamily. It is one of the most conserved caspases in different species of animal. Caspase 2 has a similar amino acid sequence to initiator caspases, including caspase 1, caspase 4, caspase 5, and caspase 9. It is produced as a zymogen, which contains a long pro-domain that is similar to that of caspase 9 and contains a protein interaction domain known as a CARD domain. Pro-caspase-2 contains two subunits, p19 and p12.
It has been shown to associate with several proteins involved in apoptosis using its CARD domain, including RIP-associated Ich-1/Ced-3-homologue protein with a death doma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIAP | X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), also known as inhibitor of apoptosis protein 3 (IAP3) and baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 4 (BIRC4), is a protein that stops apoptotic cell death. In humans, this protein (XIAP) is produced by a gene named XIAP gene located on the X chromosome.
XIAP is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis family of proteins (IAP). IAPs were initially identified in baculoviruses, but XIAP is one of the homologous proteins found in mammals. It is so called because it was first discovered by a 273 base pair site on the X chromosome. The protein is also called human IAP-like Protein (hILP), because it is not as well conserved as the human IAPS: hIAP-1 and hIAP-2. XIAP is the most potent human IAP protein currently identified.
Discovery
Neuronal apoptosis inhibitor protein (NAIP) was the first homolog to baculoviral IAPs that was identified in humans. With the sequencing data of NIAP, the gene sequence for a RING zinc-finger domain was discovered at site Xq24-25. Using PCR and cloning, three BIR domains and a RING finger were found on the protein, which became known as X-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein. The transcript size of Xiap is 9.0kb, with an open reading frame of 1.8kb. Xiap mRNA has been observed in all human adult and fetal tissues "except peripheral blood leukocytes". The XIAP sequences led to the discovery of other members of the IAP family.
Structure
XIAP consists of three major types of structural elements (domains |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyllase | Chlorophyllase is an essential enzyme in chlorophyll metabolism. It is a membrane proteins commonly known as chlase (EC 3.1.1.14, CLH) with systematic name chlorophyll chlorophyllidohydrolase. It catalyzes the reaction
chlorophyll + H2O = phytol + chlorophyllide
Chlorophyllase can be found in the chloroplast, thylakoid membrane and etioplast of at least higher plants such as ferns, mosses, brown and red algae and diatoms. Chlase is the catalyst for the hydrolysis of chlorophyll to produce chlorophyllide (also called Chlide) and phytol. It is also known to function in the esterification of Chlide and transesterification. The enzyme functions optimally at pH 8.5 and 50 °C.
Role of chlorophyllase in chlorophyll breakdown
Of high importance to all photosynthetic organisms is chlorophyll, and so, its synthesis and breakdown are closely regulated throughout the entire life cycle of the plant. Chlorophyll breakdown is most evident in seasonal changes as the plants lose their green color in the autumn; it is also evident in fruit ripening, leaf senescence and flowering. In this first step, chlorophyllase initiates the catabolism of chlorophyll to form chlorophyllide. Chlorophyll degradation occurs in the turnover of chlorophyll, as well as in the event of cell death caused by injuries, pathogenic attack, and other external factors.
Chlorophyllase's role is two-fold as it functions in both de-greening processes, such as autumnal coloration, and is also thought to be involved in tu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20Impedance%20Stabilization%20Network | A line impedance stabilization network (LISN) is a device used in conducted and radiated radio-frequency emission and susceptibility tests, as specified in various electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)/EMI test standards (e.g., by CISPR, International Electrotechnical Commission, CENELEC, U.S. Federal Communications Commission, MIL-STD, DO-160 Sections 20-21-22).
A LISN is a low-pass filter typically placed between an AC or DC power source and the EUT (equipment under test) to create a known impedance and to provide a radio frequency (RF) noise measurement port. It also isolates the unwanted RF signals from the power source. In addition, LISNs can be used to predict conducted emission for diagnostic and pre-compliance testing.
Functions of a LISN
Stable line impedance
The main function of a LISN is to provide a precise impedance to the power input of the EUT, in order to get repeatable measurements of the EUT noise present at the LISN measurement port. This is important because the impedance of the power source and the impedance of the EUT effectively operate as a voltage divider. The impedance of the power source varies, depending on the geometry of the supply wiring behind it.
The anticipated inductance of the power line for the intended installation of the EUT also plays a role in identifying the correct type of LISN needed for testing. For example, a connection in a building will often use 50 μH inductor, whereas in automobile measurement standards a 5 μH inductor is us |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-1%2C6-bisphosphate%20synthase | Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase is a type of enzyme called a phosphotransferase and is involved in mammalian starch and sucrose metabolism (KEGG, 2.7.1.106). It catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to glucose-1-phosphate, yielding 3-phosphoglycerate and glucose-1,6-bisphosphate.
(image courtesy of the BRENDA enzyme database)
The enzyme requires a divalent metal ion cofactor. Zinc (Zn2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Manganese (Mn2+), Calcium (Ca2+), Nickel (Ni2+), Copper (Cu2+), Cadmium (Cd2+) are all proven effective cofactors in vitro. Additionally, the enzyme appears to function optimally in a pH range from 7.3–8.7 and at a temperature of 25 °C.
Metabolic significance of the catalyzed reaction
The main product, glucose-1,6-bisphosphate, appears to have several functions:
1. Inhibition of hexokinase, an enzyme used in the first step of glycolysis.
2. Activation of phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) and pyruvate kinase, both of which are enzymes involved in activation of the glycolytic pathway.
3. It acts as a coenzyme for phosphoglucomutase in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
4. It acts as a cofactor for phosphopentomutase, which produces D-ribose-5-phosphate.
5. acts as a phosphate donor molecule for unknown nonmetabolic effector proteins.
6. It increases in concentration during skeletal muscle contraction.
7. Its dephosphorylation yields glucose-6-phosphate, which is an important precursor molecule in glycolysis and the pentose phosphate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20production%20plant | An oil production plant is a facility which processes production fluids from oil wells in order to separate out key components and prepare them for export. Typical oil well production fluids are a mixture of oil, gas and produced water. An oil production plant is distinct from an oil depot, which does not have processing facilities.
Oil production plant may be associated with onshore or offshore oil fields.
Many permanent offshore installations have full oil production facilities. Smaller platforms and subsea wells export production fluids to the nearest production facility, which may be on a nearby offshore processing installation or an onshore terminal. The produced oil may sometimes be stabilised (a form of distillation) which reduces vapour pressure and sweetens "sour" crude oil by removing hydrogen sulphide, thereby making the crude oil suitable for storage and transport. Offshore installations deliver oil and gas to onshore terminals which may further process the fluids prior to sale or delivery to oil refineries.
Onshore oil production
The configuration of onshore oil production facilities depends on the size of the oil field. For simple fields comprising a single well or a few wells, an oil storage tank may be sufficient. The tank is emptied periodically by road tanker and transferred to an oil refinery. For larger production rates a rail tanker transfer facility may be appropriate. For larger fields a full three-phase processing facility is required. Three-phase |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separator%20%28oil%20production%29 | The term separator in oilfield terminology designates a pressure vessel used for separating well fluids produced from oil and gas wells into gaseous and liquid components. A separator for petroleum production is a large vessel designed to separate production fluids into their constituent components of oil, gas and water. A separating vessel may be referred to in the following ways: Oil and gas separator, Separator, Stage separator, Trap, Knockout vessel (Knockout drum, knockout trap, water knockout, or liquid knockout), Flash chamber (flash vessel or flash trap), Expansion separator or expansion vessel, Scrubber (gas scrubber), Filter (gas filter). These separating vessels are normally used on a producing lease or platform near the wellhead, manifold, or tank battery to separate fluids produced from oil and gas wells into oil and gas or liquid and gas. An oil and gas separator generally includes the following essential components and features:
A vessel that includes (a) primary separation device and/or section, (b) secondary "gravity" settling (separating) section, (c) mist extractor to remove small liquid particles from the gas, (d) gas outlet, (e) liquid settling (separating) section to remove gas or vapor from oil (on a three-phase unit, this section also separates water from oil), (f) oil outlet, and (g) water outlet (three-phase unit).
Adequate volumetric liquid capacity to handle liquid surges (slugs) from the wells and/or flowlines.
Adequate vessel diameter and height |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britta%20Gr%C3%B6ndahl | Britta Gröndahl (1914–2002) was a Swedish writer, French language teacher, editor, translator, and anarcho-syndicalist.
Works
Här talar syndikalisterna (1973)
Parti eller fackförening? (1975)
De ideologisk motsättningarna i den spanska syndikalismen 1910-36|De ideologiska motsättningarna i den spanska syndikalismen 1910-36 (1981)
Herre i eget hus - om självförvaltning i Spanien och Portugal (1982)
Frihetlig kommunism i praktiken (1986)
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon: socialist, anarkist, federalist (1988)
Äventyrens år (1994)
References
Vahlquist, Staffan. "Britta Gröndahl, 1914–2002", in the Swedish Lexicon of Translators
Obituary by Inger Raaby, printed in Dagens nyheter on December 12, 2002, and in Arbetaren, 2002:48Dagens Nyheter
Article on the Yelah.net text archive (31/12 1994)
Lindblom, Per (2014). Anarkosyndikalismens återkomst i Spanien - SAC:s samarbete med CNT under övergången från diktatur till demokrati
Anarcho-syndicalists
1914 births
2002 deaths
Anarcha-feminists
Anarchist writers
20th-century translators
20th-century Swedish women writers
20th-century non-fiction writers
Syndicalists
Translators from Dutch
Translators from French
Translators from Spanish
Translators to Swedish
Swedish translators
Swedish trade unionists
Swedish anarchists
Swedish socialist feminists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spo11 | Spo11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPO11 gene. Spo11, in a complex with mTopVIB, creates double strand breaks to initiate meiotic recombination. Its active site contains a tyrosine which ligates and dissociates with DNA to promote break formation. One Spo11 protein is involved per strand of DNA, thus two Spo11 proteins are involved in each double stranded break event.
Genetic exchange between two DNA molecules by homologous recombination begins with a break in both strands of DNA—called a double-strand break—and recombination is started by an endonuclease enzyme that cuts the DNA molecule that "receives" the exchanged DNA. In meiosis the enzyme is SPO11, which is related to DNA topoisomerases. Topoisomerases change DNA by transiently breaking one or both strands, passing the unbroken DNA strand or strands through the break and repairing the break; the broken ends of the DNA are covalently linked to topoisomerase. SPO11 is similarly attached to the DNA when it forms double-strand breaks during meiosis.
Meiotic recombination
SPO11 is considered to play a predominant role in initiating meiotic recombination. However, recombination may also occur by alternative SPO11-independent mechanisms that can be studied experimentally using spo11 mutants.
In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the meiotic defects in recombination and chromosome disjunction of spo11 mutants are alleviated by X-irradiation. This finding indicates that X-ray induced DNA damages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC%20e500 | The PowerPC e500 is a 32-bit microprocessor core from Freescale Semiconductor. The core is compatible with the older PowerPC Book E specification as well as the Power ISA v.2.03. It has a dual issue, seven-stage pipeline with FPUs (from version 2 onwards), 32/32 KiB data and instruction L1 caches and 256, 512 or 1024 KiB L2 frontside cache. Speeds range from 533 MHz up to 1.5 GHz, and the core is designed to be highly configurable and meet the specific needs of embedded applications with features like multi-core operation interface for auxiliary application processing units (APU).
e500 powers the high-performance PowerQUICC III system on a chip (SoC) network processors and they all share a common naming scheme, MPC85xx. Freescale's new QorIQ is the evolutionary step from PowerQUICC III and will also be based on e500 cores.
Versions
There are three versions of the e500 core, namely the original e500v1, the e500v2 and the e500mc.
A 64-bit evolution of the e500mc core is called the e5500 core and was introduced in 2010, and a subsequent e6500 core added multithreading capabilities in 2012.
e500v1
Support for the SPE (Signal Processing Engine) extensions. The integer register file is extended to a width of 64-bits. The non-SPE instructions only access and write to the low 32-bits. However the SIMD SPE instructions read and write from the full 64-bits. These extensions overlap with the string and AltiVec instructions.
Support for SPESFP (Single Precision Embedded Scalar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenate%20kinase | Pantothenate kinase (, PanK; CoaA) is the first enzyme in the Coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthetic pathway. It phosphorylates pantothenate (vitamin B5) to form 4'-phosphopantothenate at the expense of a molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It is the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of CoA.
CoA is a necessary cofactor in all living organisms. It acts as the major acyl group carrier in many important cellular processes, such as the citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) and fatty acid metabolism. Consequently, pantothenate kinase is a key regulatory enzyme in the CoA biosynthetic pathway.
Types
Three distinct types of PanK has been identified - PanK-I (found in bacteria), PanK-II (mainly found in eukaryotes, but also in the Staphylococci) and PanK-III, also known as CoaX (found in bacteria). Eukaryotic PanK-II enzymes often occur as different isoforms, such as PanK1, PanK2, PanK3 and PanK4. In humans, multiple PanK isoforms are expressed by four genes. PANK1 gene encodes the PanK1α and PanK1β forms, and PANK2 and PANK3 encode PanK2 and PanK3, respectively. The four major isoforms found in mammals have different subcellular localizations. PanK1α is nuclear, while PanK1β and PanK3 are cytosolic. In mice, PanK2 is also cytosolic, while in humans, this enzyme is mitochondrial and nuclear. The tissue distribution of these isoforms also varies. In mouse models, PanK1 is the predominant species in the heart, liver and brown adipose tissue, along with the kidneys. PanK2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arginine%3Aglycine%20amidinotransferase | L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT; ) is the enzyme that catalyses the transfer of an amidino group from L-arginine to glycine. The products are L-ornithine and glycocyamine, also known as guanidinoacetate, the immediate precursor of creatine. Creatine and its phosphorylated form play a central role in the energy metabolism of muscle and nerve tissues. Creatine is in highest concentrations in the skeletal muscle, heart, spermatozoa and photoreceptor cells. Creatine helps buffer the rapid changes in ADP/ATP ratio in muscle and nerve cells during active periods. Creatine is also synthesized in other tissues, such as pancreas, kidneys, and liver, where amidinotransferase is located in the cytoplasm, including the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, of the cells that make up those tissues.
Function
L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase catalyses the first, which is also the committed step in the formation of creatine. The second step of the process, producing the actual creatine molecule, occurs solely in the cytosol, where the second enzyme, S-adenosylmethionine:guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), is found. The creatine is then transported through the bloodstream and taken up through sodium-dependent creatine transporters by cells that require creatine.
Structure
The crystal structure of AGAT was determined by Humm, Fritsche, Steinbacher, and Huber of the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry in Martinsried, Germany in 1997. X-ray examinations of the st |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIG1 | Tazarotene-induced gene-1 (TIG1) is a protein which has been implicated as a putative tumor suppressor. It is structurally similar to the protein latexin, which has also been shown to demonstrate some tumor suppression activity (Liang et al., 2007). TIG1 is thought to be a transmembrane protein, and its mechanism of tumor suppression is largely unknown.
Structure
The amino acid sequence of the protein TIG1 is as follows:
N terminus-Met-Gln-Pro-Arg-Arg-Gln-Arg-Leu-Pro-Ala-Pro-Trp-Ser-Gly-Pro-Arg-Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Thr-Ala-Pro-Leu-Leu-Ala-Leu-Leu-Leu-Leu-Leu-Ala-Pro-Val-Ala-Ala-Pro-Ala-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Pro-Asp-Asp-Pro-Gly-Gln-Pro-Gln-Asp-Ala-Gly-Val-Pro-Arg-Arg-Leu-Leu-Gln-Gln-Lys-Ala-Arg-Ala-Ala-Leu-His-Phe-Phe-Asn-Phe-Arg-Ser-Gly-Ser-Pro-Ser-Ala-Leu-Arg-Val-Leu-Ala-Glu-Val-Gln-Glu-Gly-Arg-Ala-Trp-Ile-Asn-Pro-Lys-Glu-Gly-Cys-Lys-Val-His-Val-Val-Phe-Ser-Thr-Glu-Arg-Tyr-Asn-Pro-Glu-Ser-Leu-Leu-Gln-Glu-Gly-Glu-Gly-Arg-Leu-Gly-Lys-Cys-Ser-Ala-Arg-Val-Phe-Phe-Lys-Asn-Gln-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Thr-Ile-Asn-Val-Thr-Cys-Thr-Arg-Leu-Ile-Glu-Lys-Lys-Lys-Arg-Gln-Gln-Glu-Asp-Tyr-Leu-Leu-Tyr-Lys-Gln-Met-Lys-Gln-Leu-Lys-Asn-Pro-Leu-Glu-Ile-Val-Ser-Ile-Pro-Asp-Asn-His-Gly-His-Ile-Asp-Pro-Ser-Leu-Arg-Leu-Ile-Trp-Asp-Leu-Ala-Phe-Leu-Gly-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Val-Met-Trp-Glu-Met-Thr-Thr-Gln-Val-Ser-His-Tyr-Tyr-Leu-Ala-Gln-Leu-Thr-Ser-Val-Arg-Gln-Trp-Val-Arg-Lys-Thr-C terminus.
TIG1 is a transmembrane protein which contains a hyaluronic acid binding motif. This particular motif suggests that it may increase cell-t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational%20diffusion | Rotational diffusion is the rotational movement which acts upon any object such as particles, molecules, atoms when present in a fluid, by random changes in their orientations.
Whilst the directions and intensities of these changes are statistically random, they do not arise randomly and are instead the result of interactions between particles. One example occurs in colloids, where relatively large insoluble particles are suspended in a greater amount of fluid. The changes in orientation occur from collisions between the particle and the many molecules forming the fluid surrounding the particle, which each transfer kinetic energy to the particle, and as such can be considered random due to the varied speeds and amounts of fluid molecules incident on each individual particle at any given time.
The analogue to translational diffusion which determines the particle's position in space, rotational diffusion randomises the orientation of any particle it acts on.
Anything in a solution will experience rotational diffusion, from the microscopic scale where individual atoms may have an effect on each other, to the macroscopic scale.
Applications
Rotational diffusion has multiple applications in chemistry and physics, and is heavily involved in many biology based fields. For example, protein-protein interaction is a vital step in the communication of biological signals. In order to communicate, the proteins must both come into contact with each other and be facing the appropriate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langlands%20classification | In mathematics, the Langlands classification is a description of the irreducible representations of a reductive Lie group G, suggested by Robert Langlands (1973). There are two slightly different versions of the Langlands classification. One of these describes the irreducible admissible (g,K)-modules,
for g a Lie algebra of a reductive Lie group G, with maximal compact subgroup K, in terms of tempered representations of smaller groups. The tempered representations were in turn classified by Anthony Knapp and Gregg Zuckerman. The other version of the Langlands classification divides the irreducible representations into L-packets, and classifies the L-packets in terms of certain homomorphisms of the Weil group of R or C into the Langlands dual group.
Notation
g is the Lie algebra of a real reductive Lie group G in the Harish-Chandra class.
K is a maximal compact subgroup of G, with Lie algebra k.
ω is a Cartan involution of G, fixing K.
p is the −1 eigenspace of a Cartan involution of g.
a is a maximal abelian subspace of p.
Σ is the root system of a in g.
Δ is a set of simple roots of Σ.
Classification
The Langlands classification states that the irreducible admissible representations of (g,K) are parameterized by triples
(F, σ,λ)
where
F is a subset of Δ
Q is the standard parabolic subgroup of F, with Langlands decomposition Q = MAN
σ is an irreducible tempered representation of the semisimple Lie group M (up to isomorphism)
λ is an element of Hom(aF,C) with α(Re(λ))>0 for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20symmetry | In chemistry, molecular symmetry describes the symmetry present in molecules and the classification of these molecules according to their symmetry. Molecular symmetry is a fundamental concept in chemistry, as it can be used to predict or explain many of a molecule's chemical properties, such as whether or not it has a dipole moment, as well as its allowed spectroscopic transitions. To do this it is necessary to use group theory. This involves classifying the states of the molecule using the irreducible representations
from the character table of the symmetry group of the molecule. Symmetry is useful in the study of molecular orbitals, with applications to the Hückel method, to ligand field theory, and to the Woodward-Hoffmann rules. Many university level textbooks on physical chemistry, quantum chemistry, spectroscopy and inorganic chemistry discuss symmetry. Another framework on a larger scale is the use of crystal systems to describe crystallographic symmetry in bulk materials.
There are many techniques for determining the symmetry of a given molecule, including X-ray crystallography and various forms of spectroscopy. Spectroscopic notation is based on symmetry considerations.
Point group symmetry concepts
Elements
The point group symmetry of a molecule is defined by the presence or absence of 5 types of symmetry element.
Symmetry axis: an axis around which a rotation by results in a molecule indistinguishable from the original. This is also called an n-fold |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efraim%20Racker | Efraim Racker (June 28, 1913 – September 9, 1991) was an Austrian biochemist who was responsible for identifying and purifying Factor 1 (F1), the first part of the ATP synthase enzyme to be characterised. F1 is only a part of a larger ATP synthase complex known as Complex V. It is a peripheral membrane protein attached to component Fo, which is integral to the membrane.
Early life
Efraim Racker was born to a Jewish family in 1913 in Neu Sandez, Austrian Galicia), and grew up in Vienna. His elder brother, Heinrich Racker, was to become a famous psychoanalyst. Efraim Racker was studying medicine at the University of Vienna when Hitler invaded in 1938. Racker fled to Great Britain, where he took a job in a mental hospital in Wales. His research focused on the biochemical causes for mental diseases. During the war, Racker was given the opportunity to practice medicine, but he decided to move to the United States to continue his research.
Career
In the U.S., he accepted a position as a research associate in physiology at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis from 1941 to 1942. While investigating the biochemical basis for brain diseases, he discovered that the polio virus inhibited glycolysis in the brains of mice. He eventually left his research position for a job as a physician at the Harlem Hospital in New York City. In 1944 he became an associate professor of microbiology at the New York University Medical School, where he continued his work on glycolysis.
In |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructokinase | Fructokinase (/fruc•to•ki•nase/ [-ki´nas]), also known as D-fructokinase or D-fructose (D-mannose) kinase, is an enzyme () of the liver, intestine, and kidney cortex. Fructokinase is in a family of enzymes called transferases, meaning that this enzyme transfers functional groups; it is also considered a phosphotransferase (or, frequently, a kinase) since it specifically transfers a phosphate group. Fructokinase specifically catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP, the substrate) to fructose as the initial step in its utilization. The main role of fructokinase is in carbohydrate metabolism, more specifically, sucrose and fructose metabolism. The reaction equation is as follows:
ATP + D-fructose → ADP + D-fructose 1-phosphate.
Role in plants and bacteria
Fructokinase has been characterized from various organisms such as pea (Pisum sativum) seeds, avocado (Persera americana) fruit, and maize (Zea mays) kernels, and many more.
Specifically, fructokinase may also regulate starch synthesis in conjunction with SS, sucrose synthase, which first metabolizes sink tissue in plant tissues such as in potatoes. There are also two divergent fructokinase genes that are differentially expressed and which also have different enzymatic properties such as those found in tomatoes. In tomatoes, fructokinase 1 (Frk 1) mRNA is expressed at a constant level during fruit development. However, fructokinase 2 (Frk 2) mRNA has a high expression level in young toma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical%20interference | When two probability distributions overlap, statistical interference exists. Knowledge of the distributions can be used to determine the likelihood that one parameter exceeds another, and by how much.
This technique can be used for dimensioning of mechanical parts, determining when an applied load exceeds the strength of a structure, and in many other situations. This type of analysis can also be used to estimate the probability of failure or the frequency of failure.
Dimensional interference
Mechanical parts are usually designed to fit precisely together. For example, if a shaft is designed to have a "sliding fit" in a hole, the shaft must be a little smaller than the hole. (Traditional tolerances may suggest that all dimensions fall within those intended tolerances. A process capability study of actual production, however, may reveal normal distributions with long tails.) Both the shaft and hole sizes will usually form normal distributions with some average (arithmetic mean) and standard deviation.
With two such normal distributions, a distribution of interference can be calculated. The derived distribution will also be normal, and its average will be equal to the difference between the means of the two base distributions. The variance of the derived distribution will be the sum of the variances of the two base distributions.
This derived distribution can be used to determine how often the difference in dimensions will be less than zero (i.e., the shaft cannot fi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan%20surili | The Javan surili (Presbytis comata) is a vulnerable species of Old World monkey endemic to the western half of Java, Indonesia, a biodiversity hotspot. Other common names by which it is known by include gray, grizzled or Sunda Island surili; grizzled or stripe-crested langur; Javan grizzled langur; grizzled, Java or Javan leaf monkey; langur gris.
There are two subspecies of the Javan surili:
Presbytis comata comata - Occurs in western Java
Presbytis comata fredericae - Occurs in central Java
This colobine species has a sacculated stomach to assist the breakdown in the cellulose from the leaves it feeds on. It has a small, slender face and tail, and large round stomachs. Its coloring ranges from dark gray to white. Leaf monkeys tend to be active during the day, spending up to 5 hours grooming themselves.
Distribution
The Javan surili is found in the western half of Java, Indonesia. It ranges as far east as Mt. Lawu on the border with East Java. According to a recent study, this species is mostly confined to Sundaland due to changes in the geography, sea level and vegetation that occurred during the Pleistocene era, and partly due to the type of vegetation and soil there today. The Javan surili lives in primary and secondary lowland rainforests, with an altitudnal range of 2500 meters.
Ecology
The Javan surili mostly consumes leaves, however, it will also consume flowers, fruits, and seeds. This species appears to be more folivorous than any other member of the genus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroanalytical%20methods | Electroanalytical methods are a class of techniques in analytical chemistry which study an analyte by measuring the potential (volts) and/or current (amperes) in an electrochemical cell containing the analyte. These methods can be broken down into several categories depending on which aspects of the cell are controlled and which are measured. The four main categories are potentiometry (the difference in electrode potentials is measured), amperometry (electric current is the analytical signal), coulometry (charge passed during a certain time is recorded), and voltammetry (the cell's current is measured while actively altering the cell's potential).
Potentiometry
Potentiometry passively measures the potential of a solution between two electrodes, affecting the solution very little in the process. One electrode is called the reference electrode and has a constant potential, while the other one is an indicator electrode whose potential changes with the sample's composition. Therefore, the difference in potential between the two electrodes gives an assessment of the sample's composition. In fact, since the potentiometric measurement is a non-destructive measurement, assuming that the electrode is in equilibrium with the solution, we are measuring the solution's potential.
Potentiometry usually uses indicator electrodes made selectively sensitive to the ion of interest, such as fluoride in fluoride selective electrodes, so that the potential solely depends on the activity of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinalophototroph | A retinalophototroph is one of two different types of phototrophs, and are named for retinal-binding proteins (microbial rhodopsins) they utilize for cell signaling and converting light into energy. Like all photoautotrophs, retinalophototrophs absorb photons to initiate their cellular processes. However, unlike all photoautotrophs, retinalophototrophs do not use chlorophyll or an electron transport chain to power their chemical reactions. This means retinalophototrophs are incapable of traditional carbon fixation, a fundamental photosynthetic process that transforms inorganic carbon (carbon contained in molecular compounds like carbon dioxide) into organic compounds. For this reason, experts consider them to be less efficient than their chlorophyll-using counterparts, chlorophototrophs.
Energy conversion
Retinalophototrophs achieve adequate energy conversion via a proton-motive force. In retinalophototrophs, proton-motive force is generated from rhodopsin-like proteins, primarily bacteriorhodopsin and proteorhodopsin, acting as proton pumps along a cellular membrane.
To capture photons needed for activating a protein pump, retinalophototrophs employ organic pigments known as carotenoids, namely beta-carotenoids. Beta-carotenoids present in retinalophototrophs are unusual candidates for energy conversion, but they possess high Vitamin-A activity necessary for retinaldehyde, or retinal, formation. Retinal, a chromophore molecule configured from Vitamin A, is formed when bon |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylserotonin%20O-methyltransferase | N-Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase, also known as ASMT, is an enzyme which catalyzes the final reaction in melatonin biosynthesis: converting Normelatonin to melatonin. This reaction is embedded in the more general tryptophan metabolism pathway. The enzyme also catalyzes a second reaction in tryptophan metabolism: the conversion of 5-hydroxy-indoleacetate to 5-methoxy-indoleacetate. The other enzyme which catalyzes this reaction is n-acetylserotonin-o-methyltransferase-like-protein.
In humans the ASMT enzyme is encoded by the pseudoautosomal ASMT gene. A copy exists near the endcaps of the short arms of both the X chromosome and the Y chromosome.
Structure and gene location
N-Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase is an enzyme that is coded for by genes located on the pseudoautosomal region of the X and Y chromosome, and is most abundantly found in the pineal gland and retina of humans.
The structure of N- Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase has been determined by X-ray diffraction.
Class of enzyme and function
N-Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase can be classified under three types of enzyme functional groups: transferases, one-carbon group transferrers, and methyltransferases.
It catalyzes two reactions in the tryptophan metabolism pathway, and both can be traced back to serotonin. Serotonin has many fates in this pathway, and N- Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase catalyzes reactions in two of these fates. The enzyme has been studied most for its catalysis of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahlon%20Hoagland | Mahlon Bush Hoagland (October 5, 1921 – September 18, 2009) was an American biochemist who discovered transfer RNA (tRNA), the translator of the genetic code.
Biography
Early life
Mahlon Bush Hoagland was born in Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. in 1921 to Hudson Hoagland and Anna Hoagland. Hudson was an American physiologist who was known for co-founding the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology with Gregory Pincus. He graduated from The Hill School in 1940 and attended Williams College, and in 1948 received his M.D. from Harvard Medical School with intentions of becoming a pediatric surgeon. After a bout with tuberculosis, Hoagland was forced to change career directions and became involved with research.
After graduating from Harvard Medical School he, his daughter Judith and his wife Elizabeth Stratton Hoagland lived in the home of designer Louise Kenyon and her family. Kenyon was part of the Folly Cove Designers and Hoagland worked with them in Annisquam for several years while he commuted to Boston for work.
Hoagland took a research position at Massachusetts General Hospital in the lab of Paul Zamecnik, where he researched and detailed the role of transfer RNA in forming proteins. He was working with Zamecnick and Elizabeth Keller when he discovered the initial steps of protein synthesis.
From 1953-1967 Hoagland served as an associate professor of microbiology at Harvard Medical School. In 1967, upon leaving Harvard he was appointed professor in the biochemistry |
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