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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styphnic%20acid | Styphnic acid (from Greek stryphnos "astringent"), or 2,4,6-trinitro-1,3-benzenediol, is a yellow astringent acid that forms hexagonal crystals. It is used in the manufacture of dyes, pigments, inks, medicines, and explosives such as lead styphnate. It is itself a low sensitivity explosive, similar to picric acid, but explodes upon rapid heating.
Preparation and chemistry
It may be prepared by the nitration of resorcinol with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acid.
This compound is an example of a trinitrophenol.
Like picric acid, it is a moderately strong acid, capable of displacing carbon dioxide from solutions of sodium carbonate, for example.
It may be reacted with weakly basic oxides, such as those of lead and silver, to form the corresponding salts.
The solubility of picric acid and styphnic acid in water is less than their corresponding mono- and di-nitro compounds, and far less than their non-nitrated precursor phenols, so they may be purified by fractional crystallisation.
References
Nitrophenols
Explosive chemicals
Resorcinols
Organic acids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganite | Manganite is a mineral composed of manganese oxide-hydroxide, MnO(OH), crystallizing in the monoclinic system (pseudo-orthorhombic). Crystals of manganite are prismatic and deeply striated parallel to their length; they are often grouped together in bundles. The color is dark steel-grey to iron-black, and the luster brilliant and submetallic. The streak is dark reddish brown. The hardness is 4, and the specific gravity is 4.3. There is a perfect cleavage parallel to the brachypinacoid, and less-perfect cleavage parallel to the prism faces. Twinned crystals are not infrequent.
The mineral contains 89.7% manganese sesquioxide; it dissolves in hydrochloric acid with evolution of chlorine.
Occurrence
Manganite occurs with other manganese oxides in deposits formed by circulating meteoric water in the weathering environment in clay deposits and laterites. It forms by low temperature hydrothermal action in veins in association with calcite, barite, and siderite. Often associated with pyrolusite, braunite, hausmannite and goethite.
Manganite occurs in specimens exhibiting good crystal form at Ilfeld in the Harz Mountains of Germany, where the mineral occurs with calcite and barite in veins traversing porphyry. Crystals have also been found at Ilmenau in Thuringia, Neukirch near Sélestat in Alsace (newkirkite), Granam near Towie in Aberdeenshire, and in Upton Pyne near Exeter, UK and Negaunee, Michigan, United States, and in the Pilbara of Western Australia. Good crystals have al |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downregulation%20and%20upregulation | In biochemistry, in the biological context of organisms' regulation of gene expression and production of gene products, downregulation is the process by which a cell decreases the production and quantities of its cellular components, such as RNA and proteins, in response to an external stimulus. The complementary process that involves increase in quantities of cellular components is called upregulation.
An example of downregulation is the cellular decrease in the expression of a specific receptor in response to its increased activation by a molecule, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, which reduces the cell's sensitivity to the molecule. This is an example of a locally acting (negative feedback) mechanism.
An example of upregulation is the response of liver cells exposed to such xenobiotic molecules as dioxin. In this situation, the cells increase their production of cytochrome P450 enzymes, which in turn increases degradation of these dioxin molecules.
Downregulation or upregulation of an RNA or protein may also arise by an epigenetic alteration. Such an epigenetic alteration can cause expression of the RNA or protein to no longer respond to an external stimulus. This occurs, for instance, during drug addiction or progression to cancer.
Downregulation and upregulation of receptors
All living cells have the ability to receive and process signals that originate outside their membranes, which they do by means of proteins called receptors, often located at the cell's s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEK%20293%20cells | Human embryonic kidney 293 cells, also often referred to as HEK 293, HEK-293, 293 cells, or less precisely as HEK cells, are a specific immortalised cell line derived from a spontaneously miscarried or aborted fetus or human embryonic kidney cells grown in tissue culture taken from a female fetus in 1973.
HEK 293 cells have been widely used in cell biology research for many years, because of their reliable growth and propensity for transfection. They are also used by the biotechnology industry to produce therapeutic proteins and viruses for gene therapy as well as safety testing for a vast array of chemicals.
293T (or HEK 293T) is a derivative human cell line that expresses a mutant version of the SV40 large T antigen. It is very commonly used in biological research for making proteins and producing recombinant retroviruses.
History
HEK 293 cells were generated in 1973 by transfection of cultures of normal human embryonic kidney cells with sheared adenovirus 5 DNA in Alex van der Eb's laboratory in Leiden, the Netherlands. The cells were obtained from a single, aborted or miscarried fetus, the precise origin of which is unclear. The cells were cultured by van der Eb; the transduction by adenovirus was performed by Frank Graham, a post-doc in van der Eb's lab. They were published in 1977 after Graham left Leiden for McMaster University. They are called HEK since they originated in human embryonic kidney cultures, while the number 293 came from Graham's habit of numbering |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerDNS | PowerDNS is a DNS server program, written in C++ and licensed under the GPL. It runs on most Unix derivatives. PowerDNS features a large number of different backends ranging from simple BIND style zonefiles to relational databases and load balancing/failover algorithms. A DNS recursor is provided as a separate program.
History
PowerDNS development began in 1999 and was originally a commercial proprietary product. In November 2002, the source code was made public under the open-source GPL v2 license.
Features
PowerDNS Authoritative Server (pdns_server) consists of a single core, and multiple dynamically loadable backends that run multi-threaded. The core handles all packet processing and DNS intelligence, while one or more backends deliver DNS records using arbitrary storage methods.
Zone transfers and update notifications are supported, and the processes can run unprivileged and chrooted. Various caches are maintained to speed up query processing. Run-time control is available through the pdns_control command, which allows reloading of separate zones, cache purges, zone notifications and dumps statistics in Multi Router Traffic Grapher / rrdtool format. Realtime information can also be obtained through the optional built-in web server.
There are many independent projects to create management interfaces for PowerDNS.
DNSSEC
The PowerDNS Authoritative Server supports DNSSEC as of version 3.0. While pre-signed zones can be served, it is also possible to perform online si |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falerna | Falerna () is a town and comune in the province of Catanzaro, in the Calabria region of southern Italy. It lies on the A3 motorway.
There are two sections of the city. Falerna, the oldest section, lies atop a set of cliffs. Falerna Marina is situated on the seashore and boasts a fine beach and several hotels. Castiglione Marittimo is a "frazione" of the Falerna municipality; it is a former Norman outpost.
Many of Falerna's inhabitants emigrated to the United States, in particular western Pennsylvania, and a few have returned to their home town in retirement. Older residents speak a distinct dialect of Italian known as Falernese. It is dying out as media and schools continue to standardize the Italian language throughout the nation.
References
External links
Pro Loco website (tourist association)
Cities and towns in Calabria |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency%20multiplier | In electronics, a frequency multiplier is an electronic circuit that generates an output signal and that output frequency is a harmonic (multiple) of its input frequency. Frequency multipliers consist of a nonlinear circuit that distorts the input signal and consequently generates harmonics of the input signal. A subsequent bandpass filter selects the desired harmonic frequency and removes the unwanted fundamental and other harmonics from the output.
Frequency multipliers are often used in frequency synthesizers and communications circuits. It can be more economical to develop a lower frequency signal with lower power and less expensive devices, and then use a frequency multiplier chain to generate an output frequency in the microwave or millimeter wave range. Some modulation schemes, such as frequency modulation, survive the nonlinear distortion without ill effect (but schemes such as amplitude modulation do not).
Frequency multiplication is also used in nonlinear optics. The nonlinear distortion in crystals can be used to generate harmonics of laser light.
Theory
A pure sine wave has a single frequency f
If the sine wave is applied to a linear circuit, such as a non–distortion amplifier, the output is still a sine wave (but may acquire a phase shift).
However, if the sine wave is applied to a nonlinear circuit, the resulting distortion creates harmonics; frequency components at integer multiples nf of the fundamental frequency f. The distorted signal can be describe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea%20baboon | The Guinea baboon (Papio papio) is a baboon from the Old World monkey family. Some (older) classifications list only two species in the genus Papio, this one and the hamadryas baboon. In those classifications, all other Papio species are considered subspecies of P. papio and the species is called the savanna baboon.
The Guinea baboon inhabits a small area in western Africa. Its range includes Guinea, Senegal, Gambia, southern Mauritania and western Mali. Its habitat includes dry forests, gallery forests, and adjoining bush savannas or steppes. It has reddish-brown hair, a hairless, dark-violet or black face with the typical dog-like muzzle, which is surrounded by a small mane, and a tail carried in a round arc. It also has limb modifications that allow it to walk long distances on the ground. The Guinea baboon is one of the smallest baboon species, weighing between 13 and 26 kg (28.6–57 lbs). Their life spans are generally between 20 and 50 years.
It is a diurnal and terrestrial animal, but sleeps in trees or high rocks at night, away from predators. The number of suitable sleeping trees limits the group size and the range. It lives in troops of up to 200 individuals, each with a set place in a hierarchy. Group living provides protection from predators such as the lion and various hyena species. Like all baboons, it is an omnivorous highly opportunistic feeder, eating fruits, buds, roots, bark, grasses, greens, seeds, tubers, leaves, nuts, cereals, insects, worms, birds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group%207 | Group 7 may refer to:
G7, an international group of finance minister
Group 7 element, chemical element classification
Halogens (alternative name)
Group 7 Rugby League, rugby league competition in New South Wales, Australia
Group 7 (racing), FIA classification for Can-Am sports car racing
Group Seven Children's Foundation, charitable organization |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group%205 | Group 5 may refer to:
Group 5 element, chemical element classification
Group 5 (racing), FIA classification for cars in auto racing
See also
G5 (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group%204 | Group 4 may refer to:
Group 4 element, chemical element classification
Group 4 (racing), classification for cars in auto racing and rallying
G4S, formerly Group 4 Securicor, a prominent British security company
IB Group 4 subjects, subject group for the experimental sciences in the International Baccalaureate program
Group 4 image format, Group 3 & Group 4 are digital technical standards for image compressing and sending in faxes, and in the Tagged Image File Format (TIFF)
Group of Four, the Group of Four (also known as G4) is a coalition of Brazil, Germany, India and Japan, who seek to reform membership in the United Nations Security Council
Group 4 (company), a defunct British security company
"Group Four", a song from Massive Attack's album, Mezzanine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group%203 | Group 3 may refer to:
Group 3 element, chemical element classification
Group 3 (racing), FIA classification for auto racing
Group 3, the third tier of races in worldwide Thoroughbred horse racing
Group 3 image format, Group 3 & Group 4 are digital technical standard for compressing and sending faxes
Group 3 Rugby League, a rugby competition in Australia
Group 3 Films, a British film production organisation funded by the National Film Finance Corporation
See also
C group (disambiguation)
Group C (disambiguation)
Group (disambiguation)
3 (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology%20%28sociology%29 | Homologies are "structural 'resonances'...between the different elements making up a socio-cultural whole." (Middleton 1990, p. 9)
Examples include Alan Lomax's cantometrics, which:
Distinguishes ten musical styles, dealing most fully with Eurasian and Old European styles. These are correlated with sexual permissiveness, status of women, and treatment of children as the principal formative social influences. The musical styles are at the same time symbolic or expressive of such social influences, especially in the various musical communities of Spain and Italy, and are stable, persistent. Lomax states his expectation that further study and refinement of methods of measurement will increase our understanding of the relationships of musical style and culture in a way that Western European musical notation cannot adequately accomplish.
Richard Middleton (1990, p. 9-10) argues that "such theories always end up in some kind of reductionism – 'upwards', into an idealist cultural spirit, 'downwards', into economism, sociologism or technologism, or by 'circumnavigation', in a functionalist holism." However, he "would like to hang on to the notion of homology in a qualified sense. For it seems likely that some signifying structures are more easily articulated to the interests of one group than are some others; similarly, that they are more easily articulated to the interests of one group than to those of another. This is because, owing to the existence of what Paul Willis calls the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt%20Oxenstierna | Bengt Oxenstierna may refer to:
Bengt Bengtsson Oxenstierna (1591–1643), Swedish Privy Councillor and diplomat, Governor-General of Ingria and Livonia
Bengt Gabrielsson Oxenstierna (1623–1702), President of the Royal Swedish Chancellery |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores%20Kenniebrew | Dolores "Dee Dee" Kenniebrew (born July 9, 1945) is an American singer, best known for her work with the trio The Crystals.
She was born as Dolores Kenniebrew and grew up in Brooklyn, New York. In 1960, at age 15, she was invited to sing in the girl group the Crystals. The group was formed by a band musician named Benny Wells who would soon become the group's manager. Wells was the uncle of Kenniebrew's bandmate Barbara Alston. Although she rarely sang lead on their songs (her voice was, according to her bandmate, Barbara Alston, "too high and soft"), she was the only member who stayed in the group from their formation to their disbanding. With the Crystals, she enjoyed a successful (but not very long) career in music. Their hits began to dry up after 1964 and they disbanded two years later.
In 1971, Kenniebrew and her former bandmates (Dolores "LaLa" Brooks, Mary Thomas, and Barbara Alston) reunited to tour and perform on the oldies circuit. However, in 1973, they disbanded again to devote their times to their families. According to Kenniebrew's Facebook page, in 2005 she and original Crystals Alston and Brooks performed together at the Vocal Group Hall of Fame, where girl-group postage stamps were unveiled.
Since the 1980s, she has kept the Crystals active in performing, but as a trio with two non-original members.
References
1945 births
Living people
American women singers
American sopranos
21st-century American women |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadherin | Cadherins (named for "calcium-dependent adhesion") are cell adhesion molecules important in forming adherens junctions that let cells adhere to each other. Cadherins are a class of type-1 transmembrane proteins, and they depend on calcium (Ca2+) ions to function, hence their name. Cell-cell adhesion is mediated by extracellular cadherin domains, whereas the intracellular cytoplasmic tail associates with numerous adaptors and signaling proteins, collectively referred to as the cadherin adhesome.
Background
The cadherin family is essential in maintaining cell-cell contact and regulating cytoskeletal complexes. The cadherin superfamily includes cadherins, protocadherins, desmogleins, desmocollins, and more. In structure, they share cadherin repeats, which are the extracellular Ca2+-binding domains. There are multiple classes of cadherin molecules, each designated with a prefix for tissues with which it associates. Classical cadherins maintain the tone of tissues by forming a homodimer in cis while desmosomal cadherins are heterodimeric. The intracellular portion of classical cadherins interacts with a complex of proteins that allows connection to the actin cytoskeleton. Although classical cadherins take a role in cell layer formation and structure formation, desmosomal cadherins focus on resisting cell damage. Desmosomal cadherins maintain the function of desmosomes that is to overturn the mechanical stress of the tissues. Similar to classical cadherins, desmosomal cadherins h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voigt%20profile | The Voigt profile (named after Woldemar Voigt) is a probability distribution given by a convolution of a Cauchy-Lorentz distribution and a Gaussian distribution. It is often used in analyzing data from spectroscopy or diffraction.
Definition
Without loss of generality, we can consider only centered profiles, which peak at zero. The Voigt profile is then
where x is the shift from the line center, is the centered Gaussian profile:
and is the centered Lorentzian profile:
The defining integral can be evaluated as:
where Re[w(z)] is the real part of the Faddeeva function evaluated for
In the limiting cases of and then simplifies to and , respectively.
History and applications
In spectroscopy, a Voigt profile results from the convolution of two broadening mechanisms, one of which alone would produce a Gaussian profile (usually, as a result of the Doppler broadening), and the other would produce a Lorentzian profile. Voigt profiles are common in many branches of spectroscopy and diffraction. Due to the expense of computing the Faddeeva function, the Voigt profile is sometimes approximated using a pseudo-Voigt profile.
Properties
The Voigt profile is normalized:
since it is a convolution of normalized profiles. The Lorentzian profile has no moments (other than the zeroth), and so the moment-generating function for the Cauchy distribution is not defined. It follows that the Voigt profile will not have a moment-generating function either, but the characteristic functio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopping%20time | In probability theory, in particular in the study of stochastic processes, a stopping time (also Markov time, Markov moment, optional stopping time or optional time) is a specific type of “random time”: a random variable whose value is interpreted as the time at which a given stochastic process exhibits a certain behavior of interest. A stopping time is often defined by a stopping rule, a mechanism for deciding whether to continue or stop a process on the basis of the present position and past events, and which will almost always lead to a decision to stop at some finite time.
Stopping times occur in decision theory, and the optional stopping theorem is an important result in this context. Stopping times are also frequently applied in mathematical proofs to “tame the continuum of time”, as Chung put it in his book (1982).
Definition
Discrete time
Let be a random variable, which is defined on the filtered probability space with values in . Then is called a stopping time (with respect to the filtration ), if the following condition holds:
for all
Intuitively, this condition means that the "decision" of whether to stop at time must be based only on the information present at time , not on any future information.
General case
Let be a random variable, which is defined on the filtered probability space with values in . In most cases, . Then is called a stopping time (with respect to the filtration ), if the following condition holds:
for all
As adapted process
Le |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escort%20destroyer | An escort destroyer with United States Navy hull classification symbol DDE was a destroyer (DD) modified for and assigned to a fleet escort role after World War II. These destroyers retained their original hull numbers. Later, in March 1950, the post World War II ASW destroyer (DDK) classification was merged with the DDE classification, resulting in all DDK ships being reclassified as DDE, but again retaining their original hull numbers. On 30 June 1962, the DDE classification was retired, and all DDEs were reclassified as destroyers (DD). Escort destroyers should not be confused with the cheaper, slower, less capable, and more lightly armed World War II destroyer escorts.
Concept
Following the outbreak of World War II, the Royal Navy had inadequate numbers of warships suitable for escort of trade convoys. While more modern destroyers were assigned to screen capital ships, destroyers built during World War I were modified to serve as trade convoy escorts. Four V and W-class destroyers were re-armed with modern anti-aircraft and anti-submarine weapons. Additional V & W destroyers received simpler modifications as shipyard resources became taxed by other wartime needs. The quarterdeck gun was removed to increase depth charge storage, and the after bank of torpedo tubes was replaced by a anti-aircraft gun for escort of convoys in European coastal waters. Destroyers escorting trans-Atlantic convoys also replaced the forecastle gun with hedgehog, removed all torpedo tubes to i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodonite | Rhodonite is a manganese inosilicate, with the formula (Mn, Fe, Mg, Ca)SiO3, and member of the pyroxenoid group of minerals, crystallizing in the triclinic system. It commonly occurs as cleavable to compact masses with a rose-red color (its name comes ), often tending to brown due to surface oxidation. The rose-red hue is caused by the manganese cation (Mn).
Rhodonite crystals often have a thick tabular habit, but are rare. It has a perfect, prismatic cleavage, almost at right angles. The hardness is 5.5–6.5, and the specific gravity is 3.4–3.7; luster is vitreous, being less frequently pearly on cleavage surfaces. The manganese is often partly replaced by iron, magnesium, calcium, and sometimes zinc, which may sometimes be present in considerable amounts; a greyish-brown variety containing as much as 20% of calcium oxide is called bustamite; fowlerite is a zinciferous variety containing 7% of zinc oxide.
The inosilicate (chain silicate) structure of rhodonite has a repeat unit of five silica tetrahedra. The rare polymorph pyroxmangite, formed at different conditions of pressure and temperature, has the same chemical composition but a repeat unit of seven tetrahedra.
Rhodonite has also been worked as an ornamental stone. In the iron and manganese mines at Pajsberg near Filipstad and Långban in Värmland, Sweden, small brilliant and translucent crystals (pajsbergite) and cleavage masses occur. Fowlerite occurs as large, rough crystals, somewhat resembling pink feldspar, with |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenakite | Phenakite or phenacite is a fairly rare nesosilicate mineral consisting of beryllium orthosilicate, Be2SiO4. Occasionally used as a gemstone, phenakite occurs as isolated crystals, which are rhombohedral with parallel-faced hemihedrism, and are either lenticular or prismatic in habit: the lenticular habit is determined by the development of faces of several obtuse rhombohedra and the absence of prism faces. There is no cleavage, and the fracture is conchoidal. The Mohs hardness is high, being 7.5 – 8; the specific gravity is 2.96. The crystals are sometimes perfectly colorless and transparent, but more often they are greyish or yellowish and only translucent; occasionally they are pale rose-red. In general appearance the mineral is not unlike quartz, for which indeed it has been mistaken. Its name comes from , meaning "deceiver" due to its close visual similarity to quartz, named by Nils Gustaf Nordenskiöld in 1833.
Largest phenakite
A large phenakite gemstone has been found in Sri Lanka. Found on November 18, 2021, this gemstone weighs 616.9 carats which makes it the largest of its kind. It is owned by a gem dealer from Beruwala, Sri Lanka, and reported to be worth around (US $ million).
Occurrence
Phenakite is found in high-temperature pegmatite veins and in mica-schists associated with quartz, chrysoberyl, apatite and topaz. It has long been known from the emerald and chrysoberyl mine on the Takovaya stream, near Yekaterinburg in the Urals of Russia, where large crys |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocovariance | In probability theory and statistics, given a stochastic process, the autocovariance is a function that gives the covariance of the process with itself at pairs of time points. Autocovariance is closely related to the autocorrelation of the process in question.
Auto-covariance of stochastic processes
Definition
With the usual notation for the expectation operator, if the stochastic process has the mean function , then the autocovariance is given by
where and are two instances in time.
Definition for weakly stationary process
If is a weakly stationary (WSS) process, then the following are true:
for all
and
for all
and
where is the lag time, or the amount of time by which the signal has been shifted.
The autocovariance function of a WSS process is therefore given by:
which is equivalent to
.
Normalization
It is common practice in some disciplines (e.g. statistics and time series analysis) to normalize the autocovariance function to get a time-dependent Pearson correlation coefficient. However in other disciplines (e.g. engineering) the normalization is usually dropped and the terms "autocorrelation" and "autocovariance" are used interchangeably.
The definition of the normalized auto-correlation of a stochastic process is
.
If the function is well-defined, its value must lie in the range , with 1 indicating perfect correlation and −1 indicating perfect anti-correlation.
For a WSS process, the definition is
.
where
.
Properties
Symmetry propert |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadvorna%20%28Hasidic%20dynasty%29 | Nadvorna is a Hasidic rabbinical dynasty deriving its name from the town of Nadvorna, (Nadvirna), today in Ukraine.
The most famous rebbe of the dynasty was Mordechai Leifer of Nadvorna (the son of Rabbi Yissachar Dov Ber (Bertche) Leifer of Nadvorna), whose writings form the corpus of the group's Hasidic thought. He was raised by his great-uncle, Rebbe Meir II of Premishlan.
Yissachar Dov Ber (Bertche) Leifer of Nadvorna was a son of Rabbi Yitzchak of Kalish. Since many of the rebbes of the Nadvorna Dynasty (as in other rabbinic dynasties) married relatives, many of the rebbes in this list are sons-in-law of other rebbes on the list.
There are Nadvorna congregations in Israel, Brooklyn, London, and Bloomingburg, among others.
The mode of dress of Nadvorna rebbes is unique in that they typically wear a white gartel over a colorful bekishe, and a white crocheted Jerusalem-style kippah under their shtreimel.
Rebbes are known as "Admorim" (Hebrew אדמו"ר, which is the acronym for "אדוננו מורינו ורבינו", "Adoneinu Moreinu V'Rabeinu", "Our master, our teacher, and our rabbi").
Outline of the History of the Nadvorna Dynasty
Grand Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov, founder of Hasidism
Grand Rabbi Meir the Great of Premishlan (1703–1773), disciple of the Baal Shem Tov
Grand Rabbi Uren Arye Leib of Premishlan (died 1813) disciple of Rabbi Yechiel Michl of Zlotshov; son of Rabbi Meir the GreatSee also Premishlan (Hasidic dynasty)
Grand Rabbi Yitzchak of Kalish, son of Rabbi Uren Ar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier%20current | Carrier current transmission, originally called wired wireless, employs guided low-power radio-frequency signals, which are transmitted along electrical conductors. The transmissions are picked up by receivers that are either connected to the conductors, or a short distance from them. Carrier current transmission is used to send audio and telemetry to selected locations, and also for low-power broadcasting that covers a small geographical area, such as a college campus. The most common form of carrier current uses longwave or medium wave AM radio signals that are sent through existing electrical wiring, although other conductors can be used, such as telephone lines.
Technology
Carrier current generally uses low-power transmissions. In cases where the signals are being carried over electrical wires, special preparations must be made for distant transmissions, as the signals cannot pass through standard utility transformers. Signals can bridge transformers if the utility company has installed high-pass filters, which typically has already been done when carrier current-based data systems are in operation. Signals can also be impressed onto the neutral leg of the three-phase electric power system, a practice known as "neutral loading", in order to reduce or eliminate mains hum (60 hertz in North American installations), and to extend effective transmission line distance.
For a broadcasting installation, a typical carrier current transmitter has an output in the range 5 to 30 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Purcell%20effect | The Smith–Purcell effect was the precursor of the free-electron laser (FEL). It was studied by Steve Smith, a graduate student under the guidance of Edward Purcell. In their experiment, they sent an energetic beam of electrons very closely parallel to the surface of a ruled optical diffraction grating, and thereby generated visible light. Smith showed there was negligible effect on the trajectory of the inducing electrons. Essentially, this is a form of Cherenkov radiation where the phase velocity of the light has been altered by the periodic grating. However, unlike Cherenkov radiation, there is no minimum or threshold particle velocity.
Smith–Purcell radiation is particularly attractive for applications involving non-destructive beam diagnostics (bunch-length diagnostics in accelerators for example) and especially as a viable THz radiation source, which has further broad-range uses in diverse and high-impact fields like materials sciences, biotechnology, security and communications, manufacturing and medicine. Operating at THz frequencies also allows for potentially large accelerating gradients (~10s GeV/m) to be realised. This, paired with plasma-wakefield acceleration methods under development and linear accelerator (linac) technology, could pave the way to next-generation, compact (and hence cheaper), less prone to RF breakdown (current limits for surface E fields are of the order of 10s-100 MV/m), high energy output linacs.
Background
Charged particles usually radiat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks%20of%20KwaZulu-Natal | KwaZulu-Natal is one of the most diverse provinces in South Africa in terms of its fauna and flora. Many of its wide variety of ecosystems have been preserved as parks and reserves, which are popular tourist attractions. Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife is a governmental agency that maintains the wildlife conservation areas in the province.
KwaZulu-Natal is home to some of the most popular game reserves and national parks in Africa. But, the province also extends 360 miles (580 kilometers) along the coast. This means that it offers a combination of inland game viewing, deep-sea fishing, SCUBA diving and snorkeling.
Public game parks and nature reserves
These are just some of the game parks and nature reserves in KwaZulu-Natal that are open to the public:
Royal Natal National Park
Burman Bush
iSimangaliso Wetland Park (part of the Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation Area)
Mkuze Game Reserve
Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Game Reserve – the oldest national park in Africa.
Itala Game Reserve
Phinda Resource Reserve
uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park (part of the Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area)
Oribi Gorge
Empisini Nature Reserve
Krantzkloof Nature Reserve
New Germany Nature Reserve
Wildlife
The main attraction to these parks and reserves is the wildlife species that can be found within them. These are best enjoyed on guided game drives and safaris, where a guide can provide information on the local predators, prey, fauna and flora.
South Africa is known for the Big 5, w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk%20theorem | Folk theorem may refer to:
Folk theorem (game theory), a general feasibility theorem
Ethnomathematics, the study of the relationship between mathematics and culture
Mathematical folklore, theorems that are widely known to mathematicians but cannot be traced back to an individual
Mathematics disambiguation pages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil%20Weedon | Professor Basil Charles Leicester Weedon CBE, FRS (18 July 1923 – 10 October 2003) was an organic chemist and university administrator. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, he was the first to map the structures of carotenoid pigments, including astaxanthin, rubixanthin and canthaxanthin.
Personal life
Weedon was born in Wimbledon, his father was a dentist and his mother came from a family of prosperous jewellers. His parents separated when he was nine years old and he remained living with his father, within a few years he had lost all contact with his mother and his younger sister.
During World War II, he was evacuated to a farm near Guildford. His wife, Barbara Dawe, served in the Women's Royal Navy Service during World War II, whilst working there she met Basil's cousin and later Basil. They married in 1959 and had two children, Sarah and Matthew. Weedon suffered from Parkinson's disease in his later years.
Academic life
He attended Wandsworth Grammar School in South London, then a school in Guildford, prior to studying chemistry at Imperial College, London in 1940. He was awarded his degree just two years later, aged 19. He remained at Imperial College, studying for a PhD before taking a job with ICI working on dyes in Blackley, Manchester. He returned to Imperial College in 1947 as a lecturer in organic chemistry and became a reader in 1955. In 1960 he was appointed the Chair of organic chemistry at Queen Mary College. In 1976 he became the 4th Vice-Chancell |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cc65 | cc65 is a cross development package for 6502 and 65C02 targets, including a macro assembler, a C cross compiler, linker, librarian and several other tools.
Overview
cc65 is based on a native C compiler that was originally adapted for the Atari 8-bit computers by John R. Dunning in 1989, which originated as a Small-C descendant. It has several extensions, and some of the limits of the original Small C compiler are gone.
The toolkit has largely been expanded by Ullrich von Bassewitz and other contributors. The actual cc65 compiler, a complete set of binary tools (assembler, linker, etc.) and runtime library are under a license identical to zlib's.
The compiler itself comes close to ANSI C compatibility, while C library features depend on the target platform's hardware. stdio is supported on many platforms, as is Borland-style screen handling. GEOS is also supported on the Commodore 64 and the Apple II. The library supports many of the Commodore platforms (C64, C128, C16/116/Plus/4, P500 and 600/700 family), Apple II family, Atari 8-bit family, Oric Atmos, Nintendo Entertainment System, Watara Supervision game console, Synertek Systems SYM-1 and Ohio Scientific Challenger 1P.
Officially supported host systems include Linux, Microsoft Windows, MS-DOS and OS/2, but the source code itself has been reported to work almost unmodified on many platforms beside these.
The ca65 macro assembler supports 6502, 65C02, and 65C816 processors, and can be used standalone without the C com |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic%20polyneuropathy | Alcoholic polyneuropathy is a neurological disorder in which peripheral nerves throughout the body malfunction simultaneously. It is defined by axonal degeneration in neurons of both the sensory and motor systems and initially occurs at the distal ends of the longest axons in the body. This nerve damage causes an individual to experience pain and motor weakness, first in the feet and hands and then progressing centrally. Alcoholic polyneuropathy is caused primarily by chronic alcoholism; however, vitamin deficiencies are also known to contribute to its development. This disease typically occurs in chronic alcoholics who have some sort of nutritional deficiency. Treatment may involve nutritional supplementation, pain management, and abstaining from alcohol.
Signs and symptoms
An early warning sign (prodrome) of the possibility of developing alcoholic polyneuropathy, especially in a chronic alcoholic, would be weight loss because this usually signifies a nutritional deficiency that can lead to the development of the disease.
Alcoholic polyneuropathy usually has a gradual onset over months or even years, although axonal degeneration often begins before an individual experiences any symptoms.
The disease typically involves sensory issues and motor loss, as well as painful physical perceptions, though all sensory modalities may be involved.
Symptoms that affect the sensory and motor systems seem to develop symmetrically. For example, if the right foot is affected, the left foo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caplet | Caplet may refer to:
Interest rate caps, usually forming part of a series of caps and/or floors within a derivative contract
Caplet, a smooth, coated, oval-shaped medicinal tablet in the shape of a capsule
André Caplet (1878–1925), French composer and conductor, early 20th century
VG Pocket Caplet, a portable videogame system created by Performance Designed Products and Pelican Products |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flurazepam | Flurazepam (marketed under the brand names Dalmane and Dalmadorm) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. It produces a metabolite with a long half-life, which may stay in the bloodstream for days.
Flurazepam was patented in 1968 and came into medical use the same year. Flurazepam, developed by Roche Pharmaceuticals was one of the first benzo hypnotics (sleeping pills) to be marketed.
Medical uses
Flurazepam is officially indicated for mild to moderate insomnia and as such it is used for short-term treatment of patients with mild to moderate insomnia such as difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakening, early awakenings or a combination of each. Flurazepam is a long-acting benzodiazepine and is sometimes used in patients who have difficulty in maintaining sleep, though benzodiazepines with intermediate half-lives such as loprazolam, lormetazepam, and temazepam are also indicated for patients with difficulty maintaining sleep. It is also used as an anti-anxiety medication in patients with insomniatic symptoms.
Flurazepam was temporarily unavailable in the United States when its sole producer, Mylan Pharmaceuticals, discontinued making it in January 2019. In October 2019, the FDA informed pharmacies that they could expect to be resupplied by manufacturers in early to mid December 2019. As of this date, Flurazepam is now again available in the United States.
Sid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortest%20seek%20first | Shortest seek first (or shortest seek time first) is a secondary storage scheduling algorithm to determine the motion of the disk read-and-write head in servicing read and write requests.
Description
This is an alternative to the first-come first-served (FCFS) algorithm. The drive maintains an incoming buffer of requests, and tied with each request is a cylinder number of the request. Lower cylinder numbers indicate that the cylinder is closer to the spindle, while higher numbers indicate the cylinder is farther away.
The shortest seek first algorithm determines which request is closest to the current position of the head, and then services that request next.
Analysis
The shortest seek first algorithm has the benefit of simplicity, in that overall arm movement is reduced, resulting in a lower average response time.
However, since the buffer is always getting new requests, these can skew the service time of requests that may be farthest away from the disk head's current location, if the new requests are all close to the current location; in fact, starvation may result, with the faraway requests never being able to make progress.
The elevator algorithm is one alternative for reducing arm movement and response time, and ensuring consistent servicing of requests.
References
Disk scheduling algorithms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid%20peroxidation | Lipid peroxidation is the chain of reactions of oxidative degradation of lipids. It is the process in which free radicals "steal" electrons from the lipids in cell membranes, resulting in cell damage. This process proceeds by a free radical chain reaction mechanism. It most often affects polyunsaturated fatty acids, because they contain multiple double bonds in between which lie methylene bridges (-CH2-) that possess especially reactive hydrogen atoms. As with any radical reaction, the reaction consists of three major steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. The chemical products of this oxidation are known as lipid peroxides or lipid oxidation products (LOPs).
Initiation
Initiation is the step in which a fatty acid radical is produced. The most notable initiators in living cells are reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as OH· and HOO·, which combines with a hydrogen atom to make water and a fatty acid radical.
Propagation
The fatty acid radical is not a very stable molecule, so it reacts readily with molecular oxygen, thereby creating a peroxyl-fatty acid radical. This radical is also an unstable species that reacts with another free fatty acid, producing a different fatty acid radical and a lipid peroxide, or a cyclic peroxide if it had reacted with itself. This cycle continues, as the new fatty acid radical reacts in the same way.
Termination
When a radical reacts with a non-radical, it can produce another radical, which is why the process is called a "chain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator%20algorithm | The elevator algorithm, or SCAN, is a disk-scheduling algorithm to determine the motion of the disk's arm and head in servicing read and write requests.
This algorithm is named after the behavior of a building elevator, where the elevator continues to travel in its current direction (up or down) until empty, stopping only to let individuals off or to pick up new individuals heading in the same direction.
From an implementation perspective, the drive maintains a buffer of pending read/write requests, along with the associated cylinder number of the request, in which lower cylinder numbers generally indicate that the cylinder is closer to the spindle, and higher numbers indicate the cylinder is farther away.
Description
When a new request arrives while the drive is idle, the initial arm/head movement will be in the direction of the cylinder where the data is stored, either in or out. As additional requests arrive, requests are serviced only in the current direction of arm movement until the arm reaches the edge of the disk. When this happens, the direction of the arm reverses, and the requests that were remaining in the opposite direction are serviced, and so on.
Variations
One variation of this method ensures all requests are serviced in only one direction, that is, once the head has arrived at the outer edge of the disk, it returns to the beginning and services the new requests in this one direction only (or vice versa). This is known as the "Circular Elevator Algor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larch%20Prover | The Larch Prover, or LP for short, is an interactive theorem proving system
for multi-sorted first-order logic. It was used at MIT and elsewhere during the 1990s
to reason about designs for circuits, concurrent algorithms, hardware,
and software.
Unlike most theorem provers, which attempt to find proofs automatically for
correctly stated conjectures, LP was intended to assist users in finding and correcting flaws in
conjectures—the predominant activity in the early stages of the design process. It worked efficiently
on large problems, had many important user amenities, and could be used by relatively naïve users.
Development
LP was developed by Stephen Garland and John Guttag at the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science
with assistance from James Horning and James Saxe at the DEC Systems Research Center,
as part of the Larch project on formal specifications.
It extended the REVE 2 equational term rewriting system developed by Pierre Lescanne, Randy Forgaard with assistance from David Detlefs and
Katherine Yelick. It supports proofs by equational term rewriting
(for terms with associative-commutative operators), cases, contradiction, induction, generalization, and specialization.
LP was written in the CLU programming language.
Sample LP Axiomatization
declare sorts E, S
declare variables e, e1, e2: E, x, y, z: S
declare operators
{}: -> S
{__}: E -> S
insert: E, S -> S
__ \union __: S, S -> S
__ \in __: E, S |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resorcinol | Resorcinol (or resorcin) is a phenolic compound. It is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(OH)2. It is one of three isomeric benzenediols, the 1,3-isomer (or meta-isomer). Resorcinol crystallizes from benzene as colorless needles that are readily soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, but insoluble in chloroform and carbon disulfide.
Production
Resorcinol is produced in several steps from benzene, starting with dialkylation with propylene to give 1,3-diisopropylbenzene. Oxidation and Hock rearrangement of this disubstituted arene gives acetone and resorcinol.
Resorcinol is an expensive chemical, produced in only a very few locations around the world (to date only four commercial plants are known to be operative: in the United States, Germany,China and Japan), and as such it is the determining factor in the cost of PRF adhesives.
Many additional routes exist for resorcinol. It was formerly produced by disulfonation of benzene followed by hydrolysis of the 1,3-disulfonate. This method has been discarded because it cogenerates so much sulfur-containing waste. Resorcinol can also be produced when any of a large number of resins (such as galbanum and asafoetida) are melted with potassium hydroxide, or by the distillation of Brazilwood extract. It may be synthesized by melting 3-iodophenol, phenol-3-sulfonic acid with potassium carbonate. Diazotization of 3-aminophenol or on 1,3-diaminobenzene followed by hydrolysis provides yet another route. Many ortho- and para-com |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeller%27s%20congruence | Zeller's congruence is an algorithm devised by Christian Zeller in the 19th century to calculate the day of the week for any Julian or Gregorian calendar date. It can be considered to be based on the conversion between Julian day and the calendar date.
Formula
For the Gregorian calendar, Zeller's congruence is
for the Julian calendar it is
where
h is the day of the week (0 = Saturday, 1 = Sunday, 2 = Monday, ..., 6 = Friday)
q is the day of the month
m is the month (3 = March, 4 = April, 5 = May, ..., 14 = February)
K the year of the century ().
J is the zero-based century (actually ) For example, the zero-based centuries for 1995 and 2000 are 19 and 20 respectively (not to be confused with the common ordinal century enumeration which indicates 20th for both cases).
is the floor function or integer part
mod is the modulo operation or remainder after division
In this algorithm January and February are counted as months 13 and 14 of the previous year. E.g. if it is 2 February 2010, the algorithm counts the date as the second day of the fourteenth month of 2009 (02/14/2009 in DD/MM/YYYY format)
For an ISO week date Day-of-Week d (1 = Monday to 7 = Sunday), use
Analysis
These formulas are based on the observation that the day of the week progresses in a predictable manner based upon each subpart of that date. Each term within the formula is used to calculate the offset needed to obtain the correct day of the week.
For the Gregorian calendar, the various parts |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytene%20chromosome | Polytene chromosomes are large chromosomes which have thousands of DNA strands. They provide a high level of function in certain tissues such as salivary glands of insects.
Polytene chromosomes were first reported by E.G.Balbiani in 1881. Polytene chromosomes are found in dipteran flies: the best understood are those of Drosophila, Chironomus and Rhynchosciara. They are present in another group of arthropods of the class Collembola, a protozoan group Ciliophora, mammalian trophoblasts and antipodal, and suspensor cells in plants. In insects, they are commonly found in the salivary glands when the cells are not dividing.
They are produced when repeated rounds of DNA replication without cell division forms a giant chromosome. Thus polytene chromosomes form when multiple rounds of replication produce many sister chromatids which stay fused together.
Polytene chromosomes, at interphase, are seen to have distinct thick and thin banding patterns. These patterns were originally used to help map chromosomes, identify small chromosome mutations, and in taxonomic identification. They are now used to study the function of genes in transcription.
Function
In addition to increasing the volume of the cells' nuclei and causing cell expansion, polytene cells may also have a metabolic advantage as multiple copies of genes permits a high level of gene expression. In Drosophila melanogaster, for example, the chromosomes of the larval salivary glands undergo many rounds of endoreduplication |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose%20connective%20tissue | Loose connective tissue, also known as areolar tissue, is a cellular connective tissue with thin and relatively sparse collagen fibers. They have a semi-fluid matrix with lesser proportions of fibers. Its ground substance occupies more volume than the fibers do. It has a viscous to gel-like consistency and plays an important role in the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the capillaries that course through this connective tissue as well as in the diffusion of carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes back to the vessels. Moreover, loose connective tissue is primarily located beneath the epithelia that cover the body surfaces and line the internal surfaces of the body. It is also associated with the epithelium of glands and surrounds the smallest blood vessels. This tissue is thus the initial site where pathogenic agents, such as bacteria that have breached an epithelial surface, are challenged and destroyed by cells of the immune system.
In the past, the designations areolar tissue, adipose tissue, and reticular tissue have been listed as subsets of loose connective tissue. However, they are no longer considered subsets of loose connective tissue. Loose connective tissue is a subset of connective tissue proper. Furthermore, areolar tissue is the same as loose connective tissue, adipose tissue is a subset of specialized connective tissue, and reticular tissue is the presence of reticular fibers and reticular cells together forming the stroma of hemopoietic tissue (specificall |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel%20Cell%20Bus%20Club | The Fuel Cell Bus Club comprised the participants of three demonstration projects (CUTE, ECTOS and STEP) for fuel cell buses in nine European cities and two other worldwide cities between 2001 and 2007. The Fuel Cell Bus Club became a forum to share experiences and information between cities and researchers. Other cities such as Beijing also tested buses from the consortium behind the project.
All three projects used Mercedes-Benz Citaro buses, with hydrogen fuel cells from Ballard Power Systems. When completed in 2007, all three projects were deemed a success by researchers. However, the buses were criticised by some operators for their high cost of operation compared to diesel buses, with Madrid reporting that they were around ten times as costly to fuel. Others noted the high purchase price of hydrogen buses, and the need to build dedicated hydrogen filling stations.
Projects
CUTE
From 2001, the European Union supported research project Clean Urban Transport for Europe (CUTE) began running hydrogen fuel cell powered buses in nine European cities - Amsterdam, Barcelona, Hamburg, London, Luxembourg, Madrid, Porto, Stockholm, and Stuttgart. The project was supported by a consortium of transportation operators, hydrogen infrastructure and fuel cell developers, universities and city authorities.
At the end of the project in 2006, researchers deemed the project a success. A subsequent project (HYFLEET-CUTE) ran from 2006 until 2009, using the existing hydrogen fuel cell bus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale-invariant%20feature%20transform | The scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) is a computer vision algorithm to detect, describe, and match local features in images, invented by David Lowe in 1999. Applications include object recognition, robotic mapping and navigation, image stitching, 3D modeling, gesture recognition, video tracking, individual identification of wildlife and match moving.
SIFT keypoints of objects are first extracted from a set of reference images and stored in a database. An object is recognized in a new image by individually comparing each feature from the new image to this database and finding candidate matching features based on Euclidean distance of their feature vectors. From the full set of matches, subsets of keypoints that agree on the object and its location, scale, and orientation in the new image are identified to filter out good matches. The determination of consistent clusters is performed rapidly by using an efficient hash table implementation of the generalised Hough transform. Each cluster of 3 or more features that agree on an object and its pose is then subject to further detailed model verification and subsequently outliers are discarded. Finally the probability that a particular set of features indicates the presence of an object is computed, given the accuracy of fit and number of probable false matches. Object matches that pass all these tests can be identified as correct with high confidence.
Although the SIFT algorithm was previously protected by a patent, its pa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sift%20%28disambiguation%29 | Sift refers to the straining action of a sifter or sieve.
Sift or SIFT may also refer to:
Scale-invariant feature transform, an algorithm in computer vision to detect and describe local features in images
Selected-ion flow tube, a technique used for mass spectrometry
Shanghai Institute of Foreign Trade, a public university in Shanghai, China
Summary of Information on Film and Television, a database of the British Film Institute National Library
Summer Institute for Future Teachers, a residential summer program at Eastern Connecticut State University
SIFT (software), a digital forensics appliance
See also
Sieve (disambiguation), for the word "sift"
Sifted (formerly VeriShip), an American logistics company |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary%20decomposition | In mathematics, the Lasker–Noether theorem states that every Noetherian ring is a Lasker ring, which means that every ideal can be decomposed as an intersection, called primary decomposition, of finitely many primary ideals (which are related to, but not quite the same as, powers of prime ideals). The theorem was first proven by for the special case of polynomial rings and convergent power series rings, and was proven in its full generality by .
The Lasker–Noether theorem is an extension of the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, and more generally the fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups to all Noetherian rings. The theorem plays an important role in algebraic geometry, by asserting that every algebraic set may be uniquely decomposed into a finite union of irreducible components.
It has a straightforward extension to modules stating that every submodule of a finitely generated module over a Noetherian ring is a finite intersection of primary submodules. This contains the case for rings as a special case, considering the ring as a module over itself, so that ideals are submodules. This also generalizes the primary decomposition form of the structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain, and for the special case of polynomial rings over a field, it generalizes the decomposition of an algebraic set into a finite union of (irreducible) varieties.
The first algorithm for computing primary decompositions for polynomial rings |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mefenamic%20acid | Mefenamic acid is a member of the anthranilic acid derivatives (or fenamate) class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and is used to treat mild to moderate pain.
Its name derives from its systematic name, dimethylphenylaminobenzoic acid. It was discovered and brought to market by Parke-Davis as Ponstel in the 1960s. It became generic in the 1980s and is available worldwide under many brand names such as Meftal.
Medical uses
Mefenamic acid is used to treat pain and inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, postoperative pain, acute pain including muscle and back pain, toothache and menstrual pain, as well as being prescribed for menorrhagia.
There is evidence that supports the use of mefenamic acid for perimenstrual migraine headache prophylaxis, with treatment starting two days prior to the onset of flow or one day prior to the expected onset of the headache and continuing for the duration of menstruation.
Mefenamic acid is recommended to be taken with food.
Contraindications
Mefenamic acid is contraindicated in people who have shown hypersensitivity reactions such as urticaria and asthma to this drug or to other NSAIDs (e.g. aspirin); those with peptic ulcers or chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract; those with kidney or liver disease; heart failure; after coronary artery bypass surgery; and during the third trimester of pregnancy.
Side effects
Known mild side effects of mefenamic acid include headaches, nervousness, and vomit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon%27s%20source%20coding%20theorem | In information theory, Shannon's source coding theorem (or noiseless coding theorem) establishes the statistical limits to possible data compression for data whose source is an independent identically-distributed random variable, and the operational meaning of the Shannon entropy.
Named after Claude Shannon, the source coding theorem shows that, in the limit, as the length of a stream of independent and identically-distributed random variable (i.i.d.) data tends to infinity, it is impossible to compress such data such that the code rate (average number of bits per symbol) is less than the Shannon entropy of the source, without it being virtually certain that information will be lost. However it is possible to get the code rate arbitrarily close to the Shannon entropy, with negligible probability of loss.
The source coding theorem for symbol codes places an upper and a lower bound on the minimal possible expected length of codewords as a function of the entropy of the input word (which is viewed as a random variable) and of the size of the target alphabet.
Note that, for data that exhibits more dependencies (whose source is not an i.i.d. random variable), the Kolmogorov complexity, which quantifies the minimal description length of an object, is more suitable to describe the limits of data compression. Shannon entropy takes into account only frequency regularities while Kolmogorov complexity takes into account all algorithmic regularities, so in general the latter is smalle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeroderma%20pigmentosum | Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a genetic disorder in which there is a decreased ability to repair DNA damage such as that caused by ultraviolet (UV) light. Symptoms may include a severe sunburn after only a few minutes in the sun, freckling in sun-exposed areas, dry skin and changes in skin pigmentation. Nervous system problems, such as hearing loss, poor coordination, loss of intellectual function and seizures, may also occur. Complications include a high risk of skin cancer, with about half having skin cancer by age 10 without preventative efforts, and cataracts. There may be a higher risk of other cancers such as brain cancers.
XP is autosomal recessive, with mutations in at least nine specific genes able to result in the condition. Normally, the damage to DNA which occurs in skin cells from exposure to UV light is repaired by nucleotide excision repair. In people with xeroderma pigmentosum, this damage is not repaired. As more abnormalities form in DNA, cells malfunction and eventually become cancerous or die. Diagnosis is typically suspected based on symptoms and confirmed by genetic testing.
There is no cure for XP. Treatment involves completely avoiding the sun. This includes protective clothing, sunscreen and dark sunglasses when out in the sun. Retinoid creams may help decrease the risk of skin cancer. Vitamin D supplementation is generally required. If skin cancer occurs, it is treated in the usual way. The life expectancy of those with the condition is about 30 ye |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wnt%20signaling%20pathway | The Wnt signaling pathways are a group of signal transduction pathways which begin with proteins that pass signals into a cell through cell surface receptors. The name Wnt is a portmanteau created from the names Wingless and Int-1. Wnt signaling pathways use either nearby cell-cell communication (paracrine) or same-cell communication (autocrine). They are highly evolutionarily conserved in animals, which means they are similar across animal species from fruit flies to humans.
Three Wnt signaling pathways have been characterized: the canonical Wnt pathway, the noncanonical planar cell polarity pathway, and the noncanonical Wnt/calcium pathway. All three pathways are activated by the binding of a Wnt-protein ligand to a Frizzled family receptor, which passes the biological signal to the Dishevelled protein inside the cell. The canonical Wnt pathway leads to regulation of gene transcription, and is thought to be negatively regulated in part by the SPATS1 gene. The noncanonical planar cell polarity pathway regulates the cytoskeleton that is responsible for the shape of the cell. The noncanonical Wnt/calcium pathway regulates calcium inside the cell.
Wnt signaling was first identified for its role in carcinogenesis, then for its function in embryonic development. The embryonic processes it controls include body axis patterning, cell fate specification, cell proliferation and cell migration. These processes are necessary for proper formation of important tissues including bone, h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNT | WNT or Wnt may refer to:
Windows NT
WNT (Women's National Team)
Wnt signaling pathway, a complex protein network
The Weymouth New Testament (1902), translation by Richard Francis Weymouth
ABC World News Tonight, ABC News' flagship evening news program
Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal, a Dutch dictionary, the most extensive in the world
Washington Naval Treaty, a 1922 naval arms limitation treaty
Wandsworth Town railway station, London; National Rail station code
Scientific-Technical Publishers, Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Techniczne in Poland |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemphigus | Pemphigus ( or ) is a rare group of blistering autoimmune diseases that affect the skin and mucous membranes. The name is derived from the Greek root pemphix, meaning "pustule".
In pemphigus, autoantibodies form against desmoglein, which forms the "glue" that attaches adjacent epidermal cells via attachment points called desmosomes. When autoantibodies attack desmogleins, the cells become separated from each other and the epidermis becomes detached, a phenomenon called acantholysis. This causes blisters that slough off and turn into sores. In some cases, these blisters can cover a large area of the skin.
Originally, the cause of this disease was unknown, and "pemphigus" was used to refer to any blistering disease of the skin and mucosa. In 1964, researchers found that the blood of patients with pemphigus contained antibodies to the layers of skin that separate to form the blisters. In 1971, an article investigating the autoimmune nature of this disease was published.
Types
The several types of pemphigus (pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus foliaceus, intraepidermal neutrophilic IgA dermatosis, and paraneoplastic pemphigus) vary in severity. Skin lesions caused by pemphigus can lead to fatal infections, so treatment is extremely important.
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV - ICD-10 L10.0) is the most common form of the disorder and occurs when antibodies attack desmoglein 3. Sores often originate in the mouth, making eating difficult and uncomfortable. Although PV may occur at any age, it |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate%20representation | An intermediate representation (IR) is the data structure or code used internally by a compiler or virtual machine to represent source code. An IR is designed to be conducive to further processing, such as optimization and translation. A "good" IR must be accurate – capable of representing the source code without loss of information – and independent of any particular source or target language. An IR may take one of several forms: an in-memory data structure, or a special tuple- or stack-based code readable by the program. In the latter case it is also called an intermediate language.
A canonical example is found in most modern compilers. For example, the CPython interpreter transforms the linear human-readable text representing a program into an intermediate graph structure that allows flow analysis and re-arrangement before execution. Use of an intermediate representation such as this allows compiler systems like the GNU Compiler Collection and LLVM to be used by many different source languages to generate code for many different target architectures.
Intermediate language
An intermediate language is the language of an abstract machine designed to aid in the analysis of computer programs. The term comes from their use in compilers, where the source code of a program is translated into a form more suitable for code-improving transformations before being used to generate object or machine code for a target machine. The design of an intermediate language typically differs f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oct-4 | Oct-4 (octamer-binding transcription factor 4), also known as POU5F1 (POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the POU5F1 gene. Oct-4 is a homeodomain transcription factor of the POU family. It is critically involved in the self-renewal of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. As such, it is frequently used as a marker for undifferentiated cells. Oct-4 expression must be closely regulated; too much or too little will cause differentiation of the cells.
Octamer-binding transcription factor 4, OCT-4, is a transcription factor protein that is encoded by the POU5F1 gene and is part of the POU (Pit-Oct-Unc) family. OCT-4 consists of an octamer motif, a particular DNA sequence of AGTCAAAT that binds to their target genes and activates or deactivates certain expressions. These gene expressions then lead to phenotypic changes in stem cell differentiation during the development of a mammalian embryo. It plays a vital role in determining the fates of both inner mass cells and embryonic stem cells and has the ability to maintain pluripotency throughout embryonic development. Recently, it has been noted that OCT-4 not only maintains pluripotency in embryonic cells but also has the ability to regulate cancer cell proliferation and can be found in various cancers such as pancreatic, lung, liver and testicular germ cell tumors in adult germ cells. Another defect this gene can have is dysplastic growth in epithelial tissues which are caused b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Falls | Crystal Falls may refer to:
Places in Brazil
Crystal Falls (Brazil)
Places in Canada
Crystal Falls, Ontario, a community in West Nipissing
Crystal Falls, Quebec
Places in the United States
Crystal Falls, Michigan
Crystal Falls Township, Michigan
Crystal Falls, Wyoming |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Springs | Crystal Springs or Crystal Spring may refer to:
Bodies of water
Crystal Spring (Beaver County, Utah)
Crystal Spring (Box Elder County, Utah)
Populated places
Crystal Springs, Alberta
Crystal Springs, Arkansas
Crystal Springs, California, former name of Sanitarium, California
Crystal Springs, Florida
Crystal Springs, Kansas
Crystal Springs, Mississippi
Crystal Springs, Nevada
Crystal Springs, Ohio
Crystal Springs, Saskatchewan
Crystal Springs, West Virginia
Crystal Springs Dam
Crystal Springs Reservoir, located in San Mateo County, had a former name of Crystal Springs village
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleko | The Moskvitch-2141, also known under the trade name Aleko (Russian: "АЛЕКО", derivative from the name of the automaker "Автомобильный завод имени Ленинского Комсомола", Avtomobilny zavod imeni Leninskogo Komsomola, meaning "Automotive Factory of Lenin's Komsomol"), is a Russian mid-size car that was first announced in 1985 and sold in the Soviet Union and its successor states between 1986 and 1997 by the now defunct Moskvitch Company, based in Moscow, Russia. It was replaced by the modernised M-2141-02 Svyatogor and its sedan body version, the M-2142, in 1997–2003.
The Aleko was a huge improvement over previous Moskvitch models, which were durable but old-fashioned sedans (saloons) and station wagons (estates) with rear-wheel drive and a solid rear axle, and had no common parts with them apart from the engine and some other minor details.
Features
The new car had such innovative features as front-wheel drive, a hatchback body style, MacPherson strut front suspension and torsion-crank rear suspension. It had rack-and-pinion steering and a collapsible steering column. The spare tyre was located underneath the boot and was accessible from outside, in the tradition of French cars. The wheelbase went up almost , the body got wider, the wheel size went up one inch (14 inches). The car became more spacious, comfortable and safe. For the first time in the history of Soviet and Russian car making, the car's profile was optimized for aerodynamics, with the help of Russian and, part |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scd | Scd or SCD may refer to:
In medicine
Salicylate decarboxylase, an enzyme
Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy, an eye disease
Sequential compression device, to improve blood flow
Sickle-cell disease, a blood disease
Specific Carbohydrate Diet
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, an enzyme
Sudden cardiac death
Superior canal dehiscence, of the inner ear
In engineering and information technology
System context diagram
, SCSI audio-oriented optical disk drives
Slowly changing dimension, a datawarehousing term for data that changes slowly
The Scientific Computing Division of the National Center for Atmospheric Research
Substation Configuration Description for electrical substations
Special category data, sensitive data as defined by the GDPR
Other uses
, Brazilian satellites SCD-1 and SCD-2
Sc.D., Doctor of Science degree
Scottish country dance
Senior College , now Blackrock Further Education Institute, Ireland
Service-Connected Discharge a category of discharge from the United States Army
Social communication disorder, a language disorder
Specialist Crime Directorate (Metropolitan Police), London, former branch
Sports Collectors Digest, a publication
St. Cloud station, Minnesota, U.S., Amtrak code
Strictly Come Dancing, a British TV show
Sylacauga Municipal Airport, Alabama, US, FAA identifier
Syrian Civil Defense or the White Helmets, a volunteer organisation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-to-fourteen%20modulation | Eight-to-fourteen modulation (EFM) is a data encoding technique – formally, a line code – used by compact discs (CD), laserdiscs (LD) and pre-Hi-MD MiniDiscs. EFMPlus is a related code, used in DVDs and Super Audio CDs (SACDs).
EFM and EFMPlus were both invented by Kees A. Schouhamer Immink. According to European Patent Office former President Benoît Battistelli, "Immink's invention of EFM made a decisive contribution to the digital revolution."
Technological classification
EFM belongs to the class of DC-free run-length limited (RLL) codes; these have the following two properties:
the spectrum (power density function) of the encoded sequence vanishes at the low-frequency end, and
both the minimum and maximum number of consecutive bits of the same kind are within specified bounds.
In optical recording systems, servo mechanisms accurately follow the track in three dimensions: radial, focus, and rotational speed. Everyday handling damage, such as dust, fingerprints, and tiny scratches, not only affects retrieved data, but also disrupts the servo functions. In some cases, the servos may skip tracks or get stuck. Specific sequences of pits and lands are particularly susceptible to disc defects, and disc playability can be improved if such sequences are barred from recording. The use of EFM produces a disc that is highly resilient to handling and solves the engineering challenge in a very efficient manner.
How it works
Under EFM rules, the data to be stored is first broken |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerocar%20IMP |
The Aerocar IMP (for Independently Made Plane) was an unconventional light aircraft designed by Moulton Taylor and marketed for homebuilding. The IMP and its various derivatives were developed by Taylor's Aerocar business after he had already established himself in the homebuilt market with the Coot amphibian, and at the time of the energy crisis in the United States, were designed to be economical to build and operate.
The IMP was unconventional in configuration in having a pusher propeller powered by a long driveshaft from an engine mounted midway within the fuselage of the aircraft. This provided an aerodynamic advantage over more traditional pusher arrangements by allowing greater streamlining of the fuselage – giving the IMP the appearance of an elongated teardrop. The aircraft's most visually striking feature, however, is its inverted V-tail.
Originally designed as a four-seat aircraft, the original IMP design proved to be too complex and expensive for the market that Taylor was aiming for, and although it was awarded a type certification by the FAA, development was abandoned in favour of scaled-down, single-seat version dubbed the Mini-IMP.
Specifications (IMP)
General characteristics
Crew: one pilot
Capacity: 3 passengers
Length: 22 ft 0 in (6.70 m)
Wingspan: 29 ft 0 in (8.84 m)
Height: ft in ( m)
Wing area: 112 ft2 ( 10.39 m2)
Empty: 950 lb (430 kg)
Loaded: 1550 lb (703 kg)
Maximum takeoff: lb ( kg)
Powerplant: 1x Franklin 4R, 200 hp (149 kW)
Perfo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerocar%20Mini-IMP | The Aerocar Mini-IMP (Independently Made Plane) is a light aircraft designed by Moulton Taylor and marketed for homebuilding by Aerocar International. It is a scaled-down derivative of his original Aerocar IMP design. A two-seat version called the Bullet was also built. The Mini-IMP follows the same unconventional layout as its larger predecessor, with a center mounted engine, long driveshaft to a tail propeller, and inverted-V rudder/elevators.
The aircraft is available in the form of plans for amateur construction. Following Taylor's death, the plans and licensing for the Mini-IMP have been marketed by the Mini-IMP Aircraft Company of Weatherford, Texas.
Design and development
The aircraft features a cantilever high-wing, a single-seat enclosed cockpit, fixed or retractable tricycle landing gear or conventional landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.
The aircraft is made from riveted aluminum sheet. Its span wing is mounted well behind the pilot and employs a NASA GA(PC)-1 airfoil. The engine is mounted behind the pilot's seat driving the propeller through an extension shaft. Engines used include the Volkswagen air-cooled engine four-stroke.
Taylor claimed the Mini-IMP was not an original design, but an updated version of the 1912 Edson Fessenden Gallaudet Bullet, a design that was capable of 110 mph in the earliest days of flight.
In the late 1970s inquiries were made concerning a military version of the Mini-IMP, skinned with Kevlar, armed with t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasburicase | Rasburicase (trade names Elitek in the US and Fasturtec in the EU) is a medication that helps to clear uric acid from the blood. It is a recombinant version of urate oxidase, an enzyme that metabolizes uric acid to allantoin. Urate oxidase is known to be present in many mammals but does not naturally occur in humans. Rasburicase is produced by a genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. The complementary DNA (cDNA) coding for rasburicase was cloned from a strain of Aspergillus flavus.
Rasburicase () is a tetrameric protein with identical subunits. Each subunit is made up of a single 301 amino acid polypeptide chain with a molecular mass of about 34 kDa. The drug product is a sterile, white to off-white, lyophilized powder intended for intravenous administration following reconstitution with a diluent. Elitek (rasburicase) is supplied in 3 mL and 10 mL colorless, glass vials containing rasburicase at a concentration of 1.5 mg/mL after reconstitution.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
Medical uses
Rasburicase is approved for use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (and European counterparts) for the prevention and treatment of tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) in people receiving chemotherapy for hematologic cancers such as leukemias and lymphomas. However, it is not clear if it results in important benefits such as decreased kidney problems or decreased risk of death as of 2017.
It is being investigated for treating severely hi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalarna%20Regiment | The Dalarna Regiment (), designation I 13, is a Swedish Army infantry unit that traced its origins back to the 16th century. The regiment's soldiers were originally recruited from the province of Dalarna, where it was later garrisoned. The unit was disbanded as a result of the disarmament policies set forward in the Defence Act of 2000. The regiment was re-raised as Dalarna Regiment (I 13) in 2021. The unit is based in Falun.
History
The regiment has its origins in fänikor (companies) raised in Dalarna in 1542. During 1598, some of the units participated in the War against Sigismund and in 1605 one fänika from Dalarna fought at the Battle of Kircholm. In 1615, these units—along with fänikor from the nearby provinces of Uppland and Västmanland—were organised by Gustav II Adolf into Upplands storregemente, of which 1,400 of the total 3,000 soldiers were recruited in Dalarna. Upplands storregemente consisted of three field regiments, of which the Dalregementet was one. The Dalarna Regiment was also the first Swedish regiment to be allotted, which happened as early as in 1621. Parts of this grand regiment participated in the Polish–Swedish wars during the siege of Riga in 1621 and as garrison from 1626–1629. During this period, sometime between 1623 and 1628, the grand regiment was permanently split into three smaller regiments, of which the Dalarna Regiment was one. The regiment's first commander was Axel Oxenstierna.
The regiment was shipped to Germany and arrived at Wolgast |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchip%20implant%20%28animal%29 | A microchip implant is an identifying integrated circuit placed under the skin of an animal. The chip, about the size of a large grain of rice, uses passive radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology, and is also known as a PIT (passive integrated transponder) tag. Standard pet microchips are typically 11–13 mm long (approximately inch) and 2 mm in diameter.
Externally attached microchips such as RFID ear tags are commonly used to identify farm and ranch animals, with the exception of horses. Some external microchips can be read with the same scanner used with implanted chips.
Animal shelters, animal control officers and veterinarians routinely look for microchips to return lost pets quickly to their owners, avoiding expenses for housing, food, medical care, outplacing and euthanasia. Many shelters place chips in all outplaced animals.
Microchips are also used by kennels, breeders, brokers, trainers, registries, rescue groups, humane societies, clinics, farms, stables, animal clubs and associations, researchers, and pet stores.
Usage
Since their first use in the mid-1980s, microchips have allowed innovative investigations into numerous biological traits of animals. The tiny, coded markers implanted into individual animals allow assessment of growth rates, movement patterns, and survival patterns for many species in a manner more reliable than traditional approaches of externally marking animals for identification. Microchips have also been used to confirm the iden |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonuclease | Exonucleases are enzymes that work by cleaving nucleotides one at a time from the end (exo) of a polynucleotide chain. A hydrolyzing reaction that breaks phosphodiester bonds at either the 3′ or the 5′ end occurs. Its close relative is the endonuclease, which cleaves phosphodiester bonds in the middle (endo) of a polynucleotide chain. Eukaryotes and prokaryotes have three types of exonucleases involved in the normal turnover of mRNA: 5′ to 3′ exonuclease (Xrn1), which is a dependent decapping protein; 3′ to 5′ exonuclease, an independent protein; and poly(A)-specific 3′ to 5′ exonuclease.
In both archaea and eukaryotes, one of the main routes of RNA degradation is performed by the multi-protein exosome complex, which consists largely of 3′ to 5′ exoribonucleases.
Significance to polymerase
RNA polymerase II is known to be in effect during transcriptional termination; it works with a 5' exonuclease (human gene Xrn2) to degrade the newly formed transcript downstream, leaving the polyadenylation site and simultaneously shooting the polymerase. This process involves the exonuclease's catching up to the pol II and terminating the transcription.
Pol I then synthesizes DNA nucleotides in place of the RNA primer it had just removed. DNA polymerase I also has 3' to 5' and 5' to 3' exonuclease activity, which is used in editing and proofreading DNA for errors. The 3' to 5' can only remove one mononucleotide at a time, and the 5' to 3' activity can remove mononucleotides or up to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inositol%20trisphosphate%20receptor | Inositol trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) is a membrane glycoprotein complex acting as a Ca2+ channel activated by inositol trisphosphate (InsP3). InsP3R is very diverse among organisms, and is necessary for the control of cellular and physiological processes including cell division, cell proliferation, apoptosis, fertilization, development, behavior, learning and memory. Inositol triphosphate receptor represents a dominant second messenger leading to the release of Ca2+ from intracellular store sites. There is strong evidence suggesting that the InsP3R plays an important role in the conversion of external stimuli to intracellular Ca2+ signals characterized by complex patterns relative to both space and time, such as Ca2+ waves and oscillations.
Discovery
The InsP3 receptor was first purified from rat cerebellum by neuroscientists Surachai Supattapone and Solomon Snyder at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
The cDNA of the InsP3 receptor was first cloned in the laboratory of Katsuhiko Mikoshiba. The initial sequencing was reported as an unknown protein enriched in the cerebellum called P400. The large size of this open reading frame indicated a molecular weight similar to the protein purified biochemically, and soon thereafter it was confirmed that the protein p400 was in fact the inositol trisphosphate receptor.
Distribution
The receptor has a broad tissue distribution but is especially abundant in the cerebellum. Most of the InsP3Rs are found integrated into |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrna%20Phillips | Myrna A. Phillips (born November 1942) is a politician in Manitoba, Canada. She was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1981 to 1988, and served as speaker of the assembly from 1986 to 1988.
Phillips was born in Roland, Manitoba. Before entering politics, she was active in feminist organizations such as the Equal Rights and Opportunities Commission, and in community programs such as Place for Kids Daycare. She was also a member of the Wolseley Residents's Association in central Winnipeg. Phillips worked for the provincial government from 1974 to 1981, also working for Great West Life and the Manitoba Telephone System.
She was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1981 provincial election, defeating incumbent Progressive Conservative Len Domino by 1,468 votes in the Wolseley constituency. The NDP won a majority government in this election, and Phillips served in the assembly as a backbench supporter of Howard Pawley's administration. She was easily re-elected in the 1986 election.
On May 8, 1986, Pawley appointed Phillips as speaker of the legislature. The previous speaker, Jim Walding, had become unpopular with his own party in 1984, when he allowed the opposition Progressive Conservatives to delay passage of a bill entrenching French language rights in Manitoba. The PCs boycotted house proceedings for several weeks, and Walding refused to call the house to order for a vote. Many questioned the validity of his actions. The Progressive Conservat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagi%2C%20the%20Monster%20of%20Mighty%20Nature | is a Japanese anime film that premiered on the Nippon Television network on August 19, 1984. It was written by Osamu Tezuka as a critique of the Japanese government's approval of recombinant DNA research that year. The film was streamed by Anime Sols as part of a crowdfunding campaign in 2013, and by RetroCrush in 2020.
Synopsis
Deep in the South American jungle, a 20-year-old Japanese hunter named Ryosuke (“Ryo” for short), and a local boy named Chico, stalk a monster that has been terrorizing the local countryside. Ryosuke, however, is quite familiar with this beast, and the story flashes back to his childhood.
5 years ago, 15-year-old Ryosuke Ishigami, the delinquent son of a crime reporter and a geneticist, is out with a motorcycle gang when they encounter a mysterious woman. Some of the rougher members of the gang accost her, and she turns out to be anything but normal, landing the gang with serious injuries. The gang leader returns to the woman's hideout for revenge, but the gang members are torn apart, except for Ryosuke.
The woman, named Bagi, turns out to be a "cat-woman" – a cross between a human and a mountain lion. She recognizes Ryosuke as the boy who had rescued her and raised her as a kitten when he was 6 years old. As Bagi grew and people became suspicious of the precocious "cat", who was able to walk on her hind legs and even learned to write her own name and speak, she escaped and grew to adulthood on her own for the next 9 years.
Upon their reunion, R |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRS-80%20Model%20100 | The TRS-80 Model 100 is a portable computer introduced in April 1983. It is one of the first notebook-style computers, featuring a keyboard and liquid-crystal display, in a battery-powered package roughly the size and shape of a notepad or large book.
It was made by Kyocera, and originally sold in Japan as the Kyotronic 85. Although a slow seller for Kyocera, the rights to the machine were purchased by Tandy Corporation. The computer was sold through Radio Shack stores in the United States and Canada and affiliated dealers in other countries. It became one of the company's most popular models, with over 6 million units sold worldwide. The Olivetti M-10 and the NEC PC-8201 and PC-8300 were also built on the same Kyocera platform, with some design and hardware differences. It was originally marketed as a Micro Executive Work Station (MEWS), although the term did not catch on and was eventually dropped.
Specifications
Processor: 8-bit Oki 80C85, CMOS,
Memory: 32 KB ROM; 8, 16, 24, or 32 KB static RAM. Machines with less than 32 KB can be expanded in 8 KB increments of plug-in static RAM modules. An additional 32 KB Option ROM can be installed, for a total of 64 KB of ROM (bank-switched in a 32 KB aperture), and the Standard ROM is socket-mounted (not soldered-in) so is readily replaceable.
Display: 8 lines, 40 characters LCD, twisted nematic (gray) monochrome, with 240 by 64 pixel addressable graphics. The screen is reflective, not backlit. The screen was made by Sharp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20borohydride | Sodium borohydride, also known as sodium tetrahydridoborate and sodium tetrahydroborate, is an inorganic compound with the formula (sometimes written as ). It is a white crystalline solid, usually encountered as an aqueous basic solution. Sodium borohydride is a reducing agent that finds application in papermaking and dye industries. It is also used as a reagent in organic synthesis.
The compound was discovered in the 1940s by H. I. Schlesinger, who led a team seeking volatile uranium compounds. Results of this wartime research were declassified and published in 1953.
Properties
The compound is soluble in alcohols, certain ethers, and water, although it slowly hydrolyzes.
Sodium borohydride is an odorless white to gray-white microcrystalline powder that often forms lumps. It can be purified by recrystallization from warm (50 °C) diglyme. Sodium borohydride is soluble in protic solvents such as water and lower alcohols. It also reacts with these protic solvents to produce ; however, these reactions are fairly slow. Complete decomposition of a methanol solution requires nearly 90 min at 20 °C. It decomposes in neutral or acidic aqueous solutions, but is stable at pH 14.
Structure
is a salt, consisting of the tetrahedral anion. The solid is known to exist as three polymorphs: α, β and γ. The stable phase at room temperature and pressure is α-, which is cubic and adopts an NaCl-type structure, in the Fmm space group. At a pressure of 6.3 GPa, the structure changes to the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPV | CPV may refer to:
In mathematics, science and technology
Viruses
Canine parvovirus
Cricket paralysis virus
Cryptosporidium parvum virus, a dsRNA virus of the single-celled causative agent of Cryptosporidiosis
Other uses in mathematics, science and technology
Cauchy principal value, a method for assigning values to certain improper integrals in mathematics
Composite Pressure Vessel, often gas cylinders made of composite materials
Concentrator photovoltaics, a solar power technology
Continued process verification, ongoing monitoring of all aspects of the production cycle
CP-violation, a phenomenon in physics
Transport
Air Corporate (ICAO code CPV), an Italian airline
Compassvale LRT station (LRT station abbreviation CPV), a Light Rail Transit station in Sengkang, Singapore
Other uses
CPV-TV, a defunct UK media company
Cape Verde, ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code
Child-to-parent violence, parental abuse by children
Common Procurement Vocabulary, a European Union system of codes used by member states in public procurement procedures
Communist Party of Vietnam
Cost per view, in video online advertising
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%20phase | S phase (Synthesis phase) is the phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between G1 phase and G2 phase. Since accurate duplication of the genome is critical to successful cell division, the processes that occur during S-phase are tightly regulated and widely conserved.
Regulation
Entry into S-phase is controlled by the G1 restriction point (R), which commits cells to the remainder of the cell-cycle if there is adequate nutrients and growth signaling. This transition is essentially irreversible; after passing the restriction point, the cell will progress through S-phase even if environmental conditions become unfavorable.
Accordingly, entry into S-phase is controlled by molecular pathways that facilitate a rapid, unidirectional shift in cell state. In yeast, for instance, cell growth induces accumulation of Cln3 cyclin, which complexes with the cyclin dependent kinase CDK2. The Cln3-CDK2 complex promotes transcription of S-phase genes by inactivating the transcriptional repressor Whi5. Since upregulation of S-phase genes drive further suppression of Whi5, this pathway creates a positive feedback loop that fully commits cells to S-phase gene expression.
A remarkably similar regulatory scheme exists in mammalian cells. Mitogenic signals received throughout G1-phase cause gradual accumulation of cyclin D, which complexes with CDK4/6. Active cyclin D-CDK4/6 complex induces release of E2F transcription factor, which in turn initiates expression of S-phase |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiant%20intensity | In radiometry, radiant intensity is the radiant flux emitted, reflected, transmitted or received, per unit solid angle, and spectral intensity is the radiant intensity per unit frequency or wavelength, depending on whether the spectrum is taken as a function of frequency or of wavelength. These are directional quantities. The SI unit of radiant intensity is the watt per steradian (), while that of spectral intensity in frequency is the watt per steradian per hertz () and that of spectral intensity in wavelength is the watt per steradian per metre ()—commonly the watt per steradian per nanometre (). Radiant intensity is distinct from irradiance and radiant exitance, which are often called intensity in branches of physics other than radiometry. In radio-frequency engineering, radiant intensity is sometimes called radiation intensity.
Mathematical definitions
Radiant intensity
Radiant intensity, denoted Ie,Ω ("e" for "energetic", to avoid confusion with photometric quantities, and "Ω" to indicate this is a directional quantity), is defined as
where
∂ is the partial derivative symbol;
Φe is the radiant flux emitted, reflected, transmitted or received;
Ω is the solid angle.
In general, Ie,Ω is a function of viewing angle θ and potentially azimuth angle. For the special case of a Lambertian surface, Ie,Ω follows the Lambert's cosine law Ie,Ω = I0 cos θ.
When calculating the radiant intensity emitted by a source, Ω refers to the solid angle into which the light is emitted. When |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic%20deflection%20transistor | Ballistic deflection transistors (BDTs) are electronic devices, developed since 2006, for high-speed integrated circuits, which is a set of circuits bounded on semiconductor material. They use electromagnetic forces instead of a logic gate, a device used to perform solely on specified inputs, to switch the forces of electrons. The unique design of this transistor includes individual electrons bouncing from wedge-shaped obstacles called deflectors. Initially accelerated by electric field, electrons are then guided on their respective paths by electromagnetic deflection. Electrons are therefore able to travel without being scattered by atoms or defects, thus resulting in improved speed and reduced power consumption.
Purpose
A ballistic deflection transistor would be significant in acting as both a linear amplifier and a switch for current flow on electronic devices, which could be used to maintain digital logic and memory. A transistor switching speed is greatly affected by how fast charge carriers (typically, electrons) can cross from one region to the next. For this reason, researchers want to use ballistic conduction to improve the charge-carrier traveling time. The conventional MOS transistors also dissipate a lot of heat due inelastic collisions of electrons and must switch fast in order to reduce time intervals when the heat is generated, reducing their utility in linear circuits.
Advantages
One advantage of the ballistic deflection transistor is that because such dev |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergiro%20classification%20in%20the%20Giro%20d%27Italia | The Intergiro was a competition in the annual multiple stage bicycle race the Giro d'Italia. It was first introduced in 1989. The calculation for the intergiro is similar to that of the general classification, in each stage there is a midway point that the riders pass through a point and where their time is stopped. As the race goes on, their times compiled and the person with the lowest time is the leader of the intergiro classification and wears the blue jersey.
Somewhere in the middle of the stage there was a point where the time of the riders was measured, in the same way as is done at the finish of the stage. The only difference was that the racers rode on after the intergiro point to the regular stage finish. Next to a time measurement, there were bonus seconds to earn just like in the regular stage finish. That way, riders who were in a group in front of the bunch gained time in the intergiro classification, and riders who were often in this position would have a good position in the classification.
The intergiro was a way for riders, who weren't sprinters or contenders for the GC, to fight for a jersey, and was in that way similar to a combativity award. There were racers that geared their whole Giro d'Italia to the intergiro classification, and calmly rode to the finish after the intergiro point was passed. However, the zest for the intergiro lessened over the years, to the point where there were only 2 to 3 racers contending the blue jersey during the last years. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-10-10-2 | Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotive wheel arrangements, a 2-10-10-2 is a locomotive with two leading wheels, two sets of ten driving wheels, and a pair of trailing wheels.
Other equivalent classifications are:
UIC classification: 1EE1 (also known as German classification and Swiss classification)
Italian and French classification: 150+051
Turkish classification: 56+56
Swiss classification: 5/6+5/6
The equivalent UIC classification is refined to (1′E)E1′ for Mallet locomotives. All 2-10-10-2 locomotives have been articulated locomotives of the Mallet type.
This wheel arrangement was rare. Only two classes of 2-10-10-2 locomotives have been built: the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway's 3000 class, and the Virginian Railway's class AE. The 3000 class performed poorly, so the railroad returned them to their original 2-10-2 configuration after no more than seven years of service. None survive today. The class AE locomotives were much more successful, providing between 25 and 31 years of service; some were scrapped between 1943 and 1945, and the rest were scrapped between 1947 and 1949. None were preserved.
ATSF 3000 class
In 1911 and 1912, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway modified ten 2-10-2 Baldwin-built locomotives into a new 2-10-10-2 configuration dubbed the 3000 class. They were the largest locomotives in the world from their introduction until 1914. They performed well in helper service, but could only go before losing st |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum%20entropy | Maximum entropy may refer to:
Entropy, a scientific concept as well as a measurable physical property that is most commonly associated with a state of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty.
Physics
Maximum entropy thermodynamics
Maximum entropy spectral estimation
Mathematics and statistics
Principle of maximum entropy
Maximum entropy probability distribution
Maximum entropy classifier, in regression analysis
See also
Second law of thermodynamics, establishes the concept of entropy as a physical property of a thermodynamic system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes%20shift | Stokes shift is the difference (in energy, wavenumber or frequency units) between positions of the band maxima of the absorption and emission spectra (fluorescence and Raman being two examples) of the same electronic transition. It is named after Irish physicist George Gabriel Stokes. Sometimes Stokes shifts are given in wavelength units, but this is less meaningful than energy, wavenumber or frequency units because it depends on the absorption wavelength. For instance, a 50 nm Stokes shift from absorption at 300 nm is larger in terms of energy than a 50 nm Stokes shift from absorption at 600 nm.
When a system (be it a molecule or atom) absorbs a photon, it gains energy and enters an excited state. One way for the system to relax is to emit a photon, thus losing its energy (another method would be the loss of energy as translational mode energy via vibrational-translational or electronic-translational collisional processes with other atoms or molecules). When the emitted photon has less energy than the absorbed photon, this energy difference is the Stokes shift.
The Stokes shift is primarily the result of two phenomena: vibrational relaxation or dissipation and solvent reorganization. A fluorophore is a dipole, surrounded by solvent molecules. When a fluorophore enters an excited state, its dipole moment changes, but surrounding solvent molecules cannot adjust so quickly. Only after vibrational relaxation do their dipole moments realign.
Stokes fluorescence
Stokes fluores |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra%20of%20random%20variables | The algebra of random variables in statistics, provides rules for the symbolic manipulation of random variables, while avoiding delving too deeply into the mathematically sophisticated ideas of probability theory. Its symbolism allows the treatment of sums, products, ratios and general functions of random variables, as well as dealing with operations such as finding the probability distributions and the expectations (or expected values), variances and covariances of such combinations.
In principle, the elementary algebra of random variables is equivalent to that of conventional non-random (or deterministic) variables. However, the changes occurring on the probability distribution of a random variable obtained after performing algebraic operations are not straightforward. Therefore, the behavior of the different operators of the probability distribution, such as expected values, variances, covariances, and moments, may be different from that observed for the random variable using symbolic algebra. It is possible to identify some key rules for each of those operators, resulting in different types of algebra for random variables, apart from the elementary symbolic algebra: Expectation algebra, Variance algebra, Covariance algebra, Moment algebra, etc.
Elementary symbolic algebra of random variables
Considering two random variables and , the following algebraic operations are possible:
Addition:
Subtraction:
Multiplication:
Division:
Exponentiation:
In all cases, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misuse%20of%20statistics | Statistics, when used in a misleading fashion, can trick the casual observer into believing something other than what the data shows. That is, a misuse of statistics occurs when a statistical argument asserts a falsehood. In some cases, the misuse may be accidental. In others, it is purposeful and for the gain of the perpetrator. When the statistical reason involved is false or misapplied, this constitutes a statistical fallacy.
The false statistics trap can be quite damaging for the quest for knowledge. For example, in medical science, correcting a falsehood may take decades and cost lives.
Misuses can be easy to fall into. Professional scientists, even mathematicians and professional statisticians, can be fooled by even some simple methods, even if they are careful to check everything. Scientists have been known to fool themselves with statistics due to lack of knowledge of probability theory and lack of standardization of their tests.
Definition, limitations and context
One usable definition is: "Misuse of Statistics: Using numbers in such a manner that – either by intent or through ignorance or carelessness – the conclusions are unjustified or incorrect." The "numbers" include misleading graphics discussed in other sources. The term is not commonly encountered in statistics texts and there is no single authoritative definition. It is a generalization of lying with statistics which was richly described by examples from statisticians 60 years ago.
The definition conf |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow%20sun | Yellow sun or Yellow Sun may refer to:
Yellow Sun (nuclear weapon), a British nuclear weapon
Yellow sun, a type of stellar classification
"Yellow Sun", a song by The Raconteurs from their album Broken Boy Soldiers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow%20star | Yellow star may refer to:
A yellow star in stellar classification
A yellow badge, a cloth patch that Jews were ordered to wear on their clothes
Any plant of genus Hypoxis in the family Hypoxidaceae
"Yellow Star", a song by Donovan from his album Essence to Essence
The Yellow Star: The Persecution of the Jews in Europe 1933-45, a 1980 documentary film
Yellow Star (novel), a 2006 children's novel describing life in the Lodz Ghetto during World War II
Bora Kim, also known as YellOwStaR, French professional League of Legends player
Yellow Star (film), a 1922 German silent drama film
See also
Gold Star
Honorary Order of the Yellow Star |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20star | Blue star or bluestar may refer to:
O-type star (a.k.a. blue star), a stellar classification
Animals
Linckia laevigata, a sea star from the Indian and West Pacific Oceans
Phataria unifascialis, a sea star from the East Pacific
Businesses
Blue Star (company), an Indian Air conditioning company
Blue Star Ferries, a Greek ferry company
Blue Star Infotech, Indian company
Blue Star Line, a former British shipping company
Blue Star Productions, a publishing imprint and a division of Book World, Inc
Bluestar (bus company), based in Southampton, England
Bluestar Company, a predecessor of ChemChina
Military
Operation Blue Star, a 1984 Indian military operation
Blue stars used on service flags denote a United States service member fighting in a war
Blue Star Memorial Highway, a system of highway markers honoring veterans
Blue Star Mothers Club, a non-profit military support group
Music
"Blue Star" (song), first recorded 1955
Blue Star (album), is an album by Levinhurst
Plants
Amsonia, plant species also named "bluestar"
Hubricht's Bluestar (Amsonia hubrichtii), plant
Isotoma axillaris
Others
The Blue Star (novel), a 1952 fantasy novel by Fletcher Pratt
The Blue Star (film), a 2023 Spanish-Argentine drama film
Newcastle Blue Star F.C., English association football team
Blue star, the logo of Newcastle Brown Ale
BlueStar PR, Jewish political organization
Tesla BlueStar, code name for the Tesla Model 3 electric car
Blue Star Wicca, a sect of traditionalist |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0-10-0 | Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, ten powered and coupled driving wheels on five axles and no trailing wheels. In the United Kingdom, this type is known as a Decapod, a name which is applied to types in the United States. In the United States, the type is known as ten-coupled.
Overview
The lack of leading and trailing wheels makes this wheel arrangement unstable at speed, and it is a type usually confined to fairly low-speed work, such as switching (shunting), transfer runs, slow-speed drag freight, or running over mountainous terrain.
The Russian E class was the most numerous single class of locomotive in the world, with around 11,000 manufactured.
Usage
Austria
In 1899, Karl Gölsdorf introduced his famous 180.00 class for the Austrian State Railway, an 0-10-0 for mountain regions which had a remarkably low axle load. It employed the Gölsdorf axle system and had the drive, unusually, on the fourth axle. The class existed both as simple expansion and as two-cylinder compound engines, and they later worked in Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Romania and France.
Canada
Three 0-10-0 locomotives were owned by the Canadian Pacific Railway.
China
Sixteen narrow gauge 0-10-0 locomotives, built by Baldwin Locomotive Works from 1924 to 1929, remained operational on the Yunnan-Kopei Railway until 1990.
Finland
The VR Class Vr3 0-10-0T was numbered in the range from 752 to 756 and nickname |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarl%20Waldemar%20Lindeberg | Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg (4 August 1876, Helsinki – 24 December 1932, Helsinki) was a Finnish mathematician known for work on the central limit theorem.
Life and work
Lindeberg was son of a teacher at the Helsinki Polytechnical Institute and at an early age showed mathematical talent and interest. The family was well off and later Jarl Waldemar would prefer to be a reader than a full professor. Lindeberg's career centred on the University of Helsinki. His early interests were in partial differential equations and the calculus of variations but from 1920 he worked in probability and statistics. In 1920 he published his first paper on the central limit theorem. His result was similar to that obtained earlier by Lyapunov whose work he did not then know. However, their approaches were quite different; Lindeberg's was based on a convolution argument while Lyapunov used the characteristic function. Two years later Lindeberg used his method to obtain a stronger result: the so-called Lindeberg condition. His work on probability led to him becoming involved in applied fields. He developed what we know as Kendall's τ and he found the first two moments of its sampling distribution. Lindeberg used line transect methods in forestry, and when in 1926 determining the necessary number of transects to obtain a sufficiently precise confidence interval, he seems to have rediscovered Student's t-distribution.
The Swedish mathematician Harald Cramér met Lindeberg in 1922. He later recalled this |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozlak | Bozlak is a form of Turkish folk song from Central Anatolia accompanied by the long-necked baglama (divan sazı), davul and zurna. The main subjects of the melancholic songs are separation and love. The songs begin with a very high pitched vocal and end in a low vocal. The best known players are Toklumenli Aşık Said, Muharrem Ertaş, Neşet Ertaş, Hacı Taşan and Çekiç Ali.
Bozlak, which is a form of uzun hava (long tune) in Turkish Folk Music, has been a form of music starting from Central Anatolia and an expression of the cultures of the Yoruk / Turkmen and Avshar tribes which pursue a way of life based on yaylak (summer highland pasture)- and kislak (winter pasture). In terms of meaning, the word ‘bozlak’ has the meanings of to shout, to yell, to cry out, and to burst out. The bursting out of the sorrow, desolation and the outbreak that the Turkmens and Avshars experienced in daily life to the nature caused the emergence of
the bozlak culture. Turkmens, Avshars and the Abdals who existed among these tribes have transferred the tradition of bozlak to our day.
The term ‘bozlak’ means to scream, to revolt; ‘to struggle’ and with this frame this term is used to deal with social concepts such as death, separate, and pain, and it is seen in the several parts of the country especially in the Middle Anatolia and Çukurova region, and two different style;
‘Avshar style’ and ‘Turkmen style’ is used in ‘bozlak’ thus, using two different makam (tones).
See also
Sazanda
Gakkili hav |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodograph | A hodograph is a diagram that gives a vectorial visual representation of the movement of a body or a fluid. It is the locus of one end of a variable vector, with the other end fixed. The position of any plotted data on such a diagram is proportional to the velocity of the moving particle. It is also called a velocity diagram. It appears to have been used by James Bradley, but its practical development is mainly from Sir William Rowan Hamilton, who published an account of it in the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy in 1846.
Applications
It is used in physics, astronomy, solid and fluid mechanics to plot deformation of material, motion of planets or any other data that involves the velocities of different parts of a body.
Meteorology
In meteorology, hodographs are used to plot winds from soundings of the Earth's atmosphere. It is a polar diagram where wind direction is indicated by the angle from the center axis and its strength by the distance from the center. In the figure to the right, at the bottom one finds values of wind at 4 heights above ground. They are plotted by the vectors to . One has to notice that direction are plotted as mentioned in the upper right corner.
With the hodograph and thermodynamic diagrams like the tephigram, meteorologists can calculate:
Wind shear: The lines uniting the extremities of successive vectors represent the variation in direction and value of the wind in a layer of the atmosphere. Wind shear is important information in the d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-rate%20model | A short-rate model, in the context of interest rate derivatives, is a mathematical model that describes the future evolution of interest rates by describing the future evolution of the short rate, usually written .
The short rate
Under a short rate model, the stochastic state variable is taken to be the instantaneous spot rate. The short rate, , then, is the (continuously compounded, annualized) interest rate at which an entity can borrow money for an infinitesimally short period of time from time . Specifying the current short rate does not specify the entire yield curve. However, no-arbitrage arguments show that, under some fairly relaxed technical conditions, if we model the evolution of as a stochastic process under a risk-neutral measure , then the price at time of a zero-coupon bond maturing at time with a payoff of 1 is given by
where is the natural filtration for the process. The interest rates implied by the zero coupon bonds form a yield curve, or more precisely, a zero curve. Thus, specifying a model for the short rate specifies future bond prices. This means that instantaneous forward rates are also specified by the usual formula
Short rate models are often classified as endogenous and exogenous. Endogenous short rate models are short rate models where the term structure of interest rates, or of zero-coupon bond prices , is an output of the model, so it is "inside the model" (endogenous) and is determined by the model parameters. Exogenous short rate models |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal%20transducing%20adaptor%20protein | Signal transducing adaptor proteins (STAPs) are proteins that are accessory to main proteins in a signal transduction pathway. Adaptor proteins contain a variety of protein-binding modules that link protein-binding partners together and facilitate the creation of larger signaling complexes. These proteins tend to lack any intrinsic enzymatic activity themselves, instead mediating specific protein–protein interactions that drive the formation of protein complexes. Examples of adaptor proteins include MYD88, Grb2 and SHC1.
Signaling components
Much of the specificity of signal transduction depends on the recruitment of several signalling components such as protein kinases and G-protein GTPases into short-lived active complexes in response to an activating signal such as a growth factor binding to its receptor.
Domains
Adaptor proteins usually contain several domains within their structure (e.g., Src homology 2 (SH2) and SH3 domains) that allow specific interactions with several other specific proteins. SH2 domains recognise specific amino acid sequences within proteins containing phosphotyrosine residues and SH3 domains recognise proline-rich sequences within specific peptide sequence contexts of proteins.
There are many other types of interaction domains found within adaptor and other signalling proteins that allow a rich diversity of specific and coordinated protein–protein interactions to occur within the cell during signal transduction.
Examples of adaptor proteins
Ada |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadesh%20list | The Swadesh list () is a classic compilation of tentatively universal concepts for the purposes of lexicostatistics. Translations of the Swadesh list into a set of languages allow researchers to quantify the interrelatedness of those languages. The Swadesh list is named after linguist Morris Swadesh. It is used in lexicostatistics (the quantitative assessment of the genealogical relatedness of languages) and glottochronology (the dating of language divergence). Because there are several different lists, some authors also refer to "Swadesh lists".
Versions and authors
Morris Swadesh created several versions of his list. He started with a list of 215 meanings (falsely introduced as a list of 225 meanings in the paper due to a spelling error), which he reduced to 165 words for the Salish-Spokane-Kalispel language. In 1952, he published a list of 215 meanings, of which he suggested the removal of 16 for being unclear or not universal, with one added to arrive at 200 words. In 1955, he wrote, "The only solution appears to be a drastic weeding out of the list, in the realization that quality is at least as important as quantity. Even the new list has defects, but they are relatively mild and few in number." After minor corrections, the final 100-word list was published posthumously in 1971 and 1972.
Other versions of lexicostatistical test lists were published e.g. by Robert Lees (1953), John A. Rea (1958:145f), Dell Hymes (1960:6), E. Cross (1964 with 241 concepts), W. J. Sama |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.%20C.%20Hsu | T.C. Hsu (; 17 April 1917 – 9 July 2003), was a Chinese American cell biologist. He was the 13th president of American Society for Cell Biology, and known as the Father of Mammalian Cytogenetics.
Life
Hsu was born Hsu Tao-Chiuh in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China. He did his undergraduate and postgraduate studies in the College of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University. 1948, he went to USA, and obtained PhD from the University of Texas at Austin in 1951. Hsu worked in the laboratory of Charles Pomerat at the University of Texas Medical Branch during the early 1950s.
Since the turn of the twentieth century, chromosomes prepared on microscope slides formed clumps that made it extremely difficult to distinguish them. Although the preparations made the identification of individual chromosomes difficult, by the 1920s, cytologists consistently reported a diploid number of 48 human chromosomes. In April 1952, Hsu discovered a technique—the hypotonic solution—that separated the clumped chromosomes, thereby allowing him to observe each one individually Even though he now could distinguish human chromosomes to a much greater degree than his predecessors, Hsu still reported a diploid number of 48 human chromosomes (see Figure 14 in his 1952 paper). The correct diploid chromosome number of 46 human chromosomes was first reported three years later by Joe Hin Tjio and Albert Levan
Bryan Sykes describes Hsu and the diploid chromosome number in his book, ADAM'S CURSE .
Hsu was president |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-6-6-4 | In the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotive wheel arrangement, a 2-6-6-4 is a locomotive with a two-wheel leading truck, two sets of six driving wheels, and a four-wheel trailing truck. All 2-6-6-4s are simple articulated locomotives.
Other equivalent classifications are:
UIC classification: (1'C)C2 (also known as German classification and Italian classification)
French classification: 130+032
Turkish classification: 34+35
Swiss classification: 3/4+3/5
The UIC classification is refined to (1'C)C2 for simple articulated locomotives.
The 2-6-6-4 was a fairly late development, a product of the superpower steam concept, introduced by the Lima Locomotive Works, which encouraged the use of large fireboxes supported by four-wheel trailing trucks. Such a firebox could sustain a rate of steam generation to meet any demands of the locomotive's cylinders, even at high speed. High speeds were certainly among the design goals for the 2-6-6-4; most of the type were intended for use on fast freight trains.
The first 2-6-6-4s built in the United States were for the Pittsburgh and West Virginia Railroad, and these were not high speed locomotives but rather mountain luggers. They received three in 1934 and four more in 1937 and operated the 2-6-6-4s until 1953.
The next of the type were a class of ten ordered by the Seaboard Air Line in 1935 and 1937. These were high speed freight engines and were successful. Upon dieselization the road sold the locomotives to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticality | Criticality may refer to:
Physics terms
Critical phenomena, the collective name associated with the physics of critical points
Critical point (thermodynamics), the end point of a phase equilibrium curve
Quantum critical point, a special class of continuous phase transition that takes place at absolute zero
Nuclear-physics terms
Critical mass, referring to criticality in nuclear physics, when a nuclear reactor's fissionable material can sustain a chain reaction by itself
Criticality (status), a milestone in the commissioning of a nuclear power plant
Criticality accident, an uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction
Nuclear criticality safety, the prevention of nuclear and radiation accidents resulting from an inadvertent, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction
Prompt critical, an assembly for each nuclear fission event
Other terms
Critical thinking, in education
Criticality index, in risk analysis
Criticality matrix, a representation (often graphical) of failure modes along with their probabilities and severities
Self-organized criticality, a property of (classes of) dynamical systems which have a critical point as an attractor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arming%20yeast | Arming yeast is a tool in biotechnology and biological research where a protein of interest is expressed on the surface of yeast cells. This is used in industrial settings for expression of enzymes to serve as catalysts in reactions, as well as in pharmaceutical settings for screening drug candidates. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is most commonly used as arming yeast because it is easy to grow, can be genetically manipulated, and is generally recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Mechanisms
The most common mechanism of arming yeast is to fuse a protein of interest to the extracellular domain of the yeast mating protein α-agglutinin.
Uses
Arming yeast have been used for a variety of industrial and research processes. S. cerevisiae armed with a glucoamylase from Rhizopus oryzae have been used to break down starches in the production of ethanol. Similarly, yeast expressing endoglucanase from Trichoderma reesei as well as β-glucosidase from Aspergillus aculeatus were used to break down agricultural waste into material which can be turned into ethanol.
See also
Autodisplay
References
Genetically modified organisms
Yeasts |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, the Sturm sequence of a univariate polynomial is a sequence of polynomials associated with and its derivative by a variant of Euclid's algorithm for polynomials. Sturm's theorem expresses the number of distinct real roots of located in an interval in terms of the number of changes of signs of the values of the Sturm sequence at the bounds of the interval. Applied to the interval of all the real numbers, it gives the total number of real roots of .
Whereas the fundamental theorem of algebra readily yields the overall number of complex roots, counted with multiplicity, it does not provide a procedure for calculating them. Sturm's theorem counts the number of distinct real roots and locates them in intervals. By subdividing the intervals containing some roots, it can isolate the roots into arbitrarily small intervals, each containing exactly one root. This yields the oldest real-root isolation algorithm, and arbitrary-precision root-finding algorithm for univariate polynomials.
For computing over the reals, Sturm's theorem is less efficient than other methods based on Descartes' rule of signs. However, it works on every real closed field, and, therefore, remains fundamental for the theoretical study of the computational complexity of decidability and quantifier elimination in the first order theory of real numbers.
The Sturm sequence and Sturm's theorem are named after Jacques Charles François Sturm, who discovered the theorem in 1829.
The theorem
The Stur |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C90 | C90 or C-90 may refer to:
Science and technology
Multiple myeloma and malignant plasma cell neoplasms (ICD-10 code)
Caldwell 90 (NGC 2867), a planetary nebula in the constellation Carina
C, the conventional electrical unit for the coulomb
C90 audio cassette, a blank audio cassette in the very popular 90 (2 x 45) minute length
Computing
Cray C90, a supercomputer
C90 (C version), a standardized ISO C form of the C programming language, virtually the same as the ANSI C ("C89") standard
Transportation
Beechcraft C90 King Air, an aircraft
Continental C90, an aircraft engine
Honda Super Cub, an underbone motorcycle designated C90 in a 90 cc version
Chicago terminal radar approach control, (FAA designation C90); See Air traffic control
Other uses
C90-CR (M3), a rocket launcher
Ruy Lopez chess openings (ECO code) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonotopy | In physiology, tonotopy (from Greek tono = frequency and topos = place) is the spatial arrangement of where sounds of different frequency are processed in the brain. Tones close to each other in terms of frequency are represented in topologically neighbouring regions in the brain. Tonotopic maps are a particular case of topographic organization, similar to retinotopy in the visual system.
Tonotopy in the auditory system begins at the cochlea, the small snail-like structure in the inner ear that sends information about sound to the brain. Different regions of the basilar membrane in the organ of Corti, the sound-sensitive portion of the cochlea, vibrate at different sinusoidal frequencies due to variations in thickness and width along the length of the membrane. Nerves that transmit information from different regions of the basilar membrane therefore encode frequency tonotopically. This tonotopy then projects through the vestibulocochlear nerve and associated midbrain structures to the primary auditory cortex via the auditory radiation pathway.
Throughout this radiation, organization is linear with relation to placement on the organ of Corti, in accordance to the best frequency response (that is, the frequency at which that neuron is most sensitive) of each neuron. However, binaural fusion in the superior olivary complex onward adds significant amounts of information encoded in the signal strength of each ganglion. Thus, the number of tonotopic maps varies between species an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative%20model | In statistical classification, two main approaches are called the generative approach and the discriminative approach. These compute classifiers by different approaches, differing in the degree of statistical modelling. Terminology is inconsistent, but three major types can be distinguished, following :
A generative model is a statistical model of the joint probability distribution on given observable variable X and target variable Y;
A discriminative model is a model of the conditional probability of the target Y, given an observation x; and
Classifiers computed without using a probability model are also referred to loosely as "discriminative".
The distinction between these last two classes is not consistently made; refers to these three classes as generative learning, conditional learning, and discriminative learning, but only distinguish two classes, calling them generative classifiers (joint distribution) and discriminative classifiers (conditional distribution or no distribution), not distinguishing between the latter two classes. Analogously, a classifier based on a generative model is a generative classifier, while a classifier based on a discriminative model is a discriminative classifier, though this term also refers to classifiers that are not based on a model.
Standard examples of each, all of which are linear classifiers, are:
generative classifiers:
naive Bayes classifier and
linear discriminant analysis
discriminative model:
logistic regression
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas%20Semiconductor | Dallas Semiconductor, acquired by Maxim Integrated in 2002 for $2.5 billion, then acquired by Analog Devices in 2021, was a company that designed and manufactured analog, digital, and mixed-signal semiconductors (integrated circuits, or ICs). Its specialties included communications products (including T/E and Ethernet products), microcontrollers, battery management, thermal sensing and thermal management, non-volatile random-access memory, microprocessor supervisors, delay lines, silicon oscillators, digital potentiometers, real-time clocks, temperature-compensated crystal oscillators (TCXOs), iButton, and 1-Wire products.
History
The company, based in Dallas, Texas, was founded in 1984 and purchased by Maxim Integrated Products in 2001. Both the Maxim and Dallas Semiconductor brands were actively used until 2007. Since then, the Maxim name has been used for all new products, though the Dallas Semiconductor brand has been retained for some older products, which can be identified by "DS" at the beginning of their part numbers, for example the 1-Wire communications protocol devices.
Notable products by the company included the DS80-series microcontrollers with 8051 instruction set.
As of June 2021, devices are still under active production by Maxim Integrated. In August 2021, Maxim was then acquired by Analog Devices.
References
External links
Vin Prothro (CEO & founder)
Semiconductor companies of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in Dallas
American |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLS | OLS or Ols may refer to:
Oleśnica (German: Öls), Poland
Optical landing system
Order of Luthuli in Silver, a South African honour
Ordinary least squares, a method used in regression analysis for estimating linear models
Ottawa Linux Symposium
Oulun Luistinseura, a Finnish multi-sports club
The Sims 3: Outdoor Living Stuff, the third stuff pack to The Sims 3
Nogales International Airport, Arizona, US (IATA code) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endomysium | The endomysium, meaning within the muscle, is a wispy layer of areolar connective tissue that ensheaths each individual muscle fiber, or muscle cell. It also contains capillaries and nerves. It overlies the muscle fiber's cell membrane: the sarcolemma. Endomysium is the deepest and smallest component of muscle connective tissue. This thin layer helps provide an appropriate chemical environment for the exchange of calcium, sodium, and potassium, which is essential for the excitation and subsequent contraction of a muscle fiber.
Endomysium combines with perimysium and epimysium to create the collagen fibers of tendons, providing the tissue connection between muscles and bones by indirect attachment. It connects with perimysium using intermittent perimysial junction plates.
Collagen is the major protein that composes connective tissues like endomysium. Endomysium has been shown to contain mainly type I and type III collagen components, and type IV and type V in very minor amounts. Others have found type IV and type V more common.
The term cardiac skeleton is sometimes considered synonymous with endomysium in the heart, but cardiac skeleton also refers to the combination of the endomysium and perimysium.
Clinical significance
Anti-endomysial antibodies (EMA) are present in celiac disease. They do not cause any direct symptoms to muscles, but detection of EMA is useful in the diagnosis of the disease.
See also
Connective tissue in skeletal muscle
Epimysium
Perimysium
Refere |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smaltite | Smaltite is a variety of the mineral skutterudite consisting of cobalt, iron, nickel, and arsenide. It has the chemical formula .
Smaltite crystallizes in the cubic system with the same hemihedral symmetry as pyrite; crystals have usually the form of cubes or cubo-octahedra, but are imperfectly developed and of somewhat rare occurrence. More often the mineral is found as compact or granular masses. The color is tin-white to steel-grey, with a metallic luster; the streak is greyish black. Hardness is 5.5 and the specific gravity is 6.5. The cobalt is partly replaced by iron and nickel, and as the latter increases in amount there is a passage to the isomorphous species chloanthite ().
Smaltite occurs in veins with ores of cobalt, nickel, copper and silver. The best known localities are Cobalt, Ontario and Schneeberg in Saxony, Germany. The name smaltite was given by F. S. Beudant in 1832 because the mineral was used in the preparation of smalt for producing a blue color in porcelain and glass.
Notes
References
Further reading
Mindat locality data
Cobalt minerals
Iron minerals
Nickel minerals
Arsenide minerals |
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