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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roumoules%20radio%20transmitter | The Roumoules transmitter is the main broadcasting facility for longwave and mediumwave broadcasting of Radio Monte Carlo near Roumoules, France and is owned by Monaco Media Diffusion. The 1000 and 2000kW transmitters installed are among the most powerful in the world and can be received well at nighttime throughout Europe.
Longwave transmitter
The longwave transmitter at Roumoules, which was inaugurated in 1974, transmits at 216 kHz (until 1988: 218 kHz) with a transmission power of 1400 kW (until 1976: 2000 kW). It consists of two 1000 kW transmitters switched in parallel, which are however run with 700 kW output power. A third 1000 kW unit has been available since 1983. Although this unit is only used as backup unit, it is possible to switch all three units in parallel, which would allow an operation with a transmission power of 3000 kW. Since 31 March 2020 the transmitter has ceased transmitting the French programme of Radio Monte Carlo but remains available for contract use.
The longwave transmitter uses a directional aerial with a maximum strength pointing northwest (azimuth: 309°). It consists of three -high guyed masts, which are insulated against ground and ground-fed. As a backup a -high guyed, ground-fed lattice steel mast radiator is available on the site, which only allows an omnidirectional radiation pattern.
The grounding system of the long wave transmitter is very large. The total length of all wires of the grounding system is , covering an area of . Becau |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey%20Wilkinson | Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson FRS (14 July 1921 – 26 September 1996) was a Nobel laureate English chemist who pioneered inorganic chemistry and homogeneous transition metal catalysis.
Education and early life
Wilkinson was born at Springside, Todmorden, in the West Riding of Yorkshire. His father, Henry Wilkinson, was a master house painter and decorator; his mother, Ruth, worked in a local cotton mill. One of his uncles, an organist and choirmaster, had married into a family that owned a small chemical company making Epsom and Glauber's salts for the pharmaceutical industry; this is where he first developed an interest in chemistry.
He was educated at the local council primary school and, after winning a County Scholarship in 1932, went to Todmorden Grammar School. His physics teacher there, Luke Sutcliffe, had also taught Sir John Cockcroft, who received a Nobel Prize for "splitting the atom". In 1939 he obtained a Royal Scholarship for study at Imperial College London, from where he graduated in 1941, with his PhD awarded in 1946 entitled "Some physico-chemical observations of hydrolysis in the homogeneous vapour phase".
Career and research
In 1942 Professor Friedrich Paneth was recruiting young chemists for the nuclear energy project. Wilkinson joined and was sent out to Canada, where he stayed in Montreal and later Chalk River Laboratories until he could leave in 1946. For the next four years he worked with Professor Glenn T. Seaborg at University of California, Berkeley, mo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic%20stress%20technique | The osmotic stress technique is a method for measuring the effect of water on biological molecules, particularly enzymes. Just as the properties of molecules can depend on the presence of salts, pH, and temperature, they can depend significantly on the amount of water present. In the osmotic stress technique, flexible neutral polymers such as polyethylene glycol and dextran are added to the solution containing the molecule of interest, replacing a significant part of the water. The amount of water replaced is characterized by the chemical activity of water.
See also
Osmotic shock
References
Tables containing osmotic pressure data for use in the osmotic stress technique
Biochemistry methods |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ing%C3%B8y%20radio%20transmitter | The Ingøy radio transmitter was a longwave transmitter of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation with a frequency of 153 kHz and a power of 100 kW. It is located about south of the village of Ingøy on the island of Ingøya in Måsøy Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. The current transmitter commenced service in 2000 transmitting the NRK P1 radio station and uses as antenna a guyed mast, which is grounded and fed over the guys with the radio power to be radiated. The mast is the tallest structure in Norway and Scandinavia. There was also a previous, unrelated transmitter at Ingøya which was built in 1911 and was mainly used to communicate with mining companies operating in Svalbard until the German occupation of Norway in 1940, after which it was taken over by the Luftwaffe. That transmitter was bombed by the Germans on 6 June 1940 and by the British on 22 August 1944.
Transmissions from the Ingøy radio transmitter ended on 2 December 2019 at 00:06 CET.
See also
List of masts
List of tallest structures in Norway
References
External links
photos
diagrams
longwave
data
2000 establishments in Norway
Former radio masts and towers
Transmitter sites in Norway
Måsøy
Norkring
Towers completed in 2000 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20of%20crystallization | In chemistry, water(s) of crystallization or water(s) of hydration are water molecules that are present inside crystals. Water is often incorporated in the formation of crystals from aqueous solutions. In some contexts, water of crystallization is the total mass of water in a substance at a given temperature and is mostly present in a definite (stoichiometric) ratio. Classically, "water of crystallization" refers to water that is found in the crystalline framework of a metal complex or a salt, which is not directly bonded to the metal cation.
Upon crystallization from water, or water-containing solvents, many compounds incorporate water molecules in their crystalline frameworks. Water of crystallization can generally be removed by heating a sample but the crystalline properties are often lost.
Compared to inorganic salts, proteins crystallize with large amounts of water in the crystal lattice. A water content of 50% is not uncommon for proteins.
Applications
Knowledge of hydration is essential for calculating the masses for many compounds. The reactivity of many salt-like solids is sensitive to the presence of water.
The hydration and dehydration of salts is central to the use of phase-change materials for energy storage.
Position in the crystal structure
A salt with associated water of crystallization is known as a hydrate. The structure of hydrates can be quite elaborate, because of the existence of hydrogen bonds that define polymeric structures.
Historically, the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPLEX | IBM ILOG CPLEX Optimization Studio (often informally referred to simply as CPLEX) is an optimization software package.
History
The CPLEX Optimizer was named for the simplex method implemented in the C programming language, although today it also supports other types of mathematical optimization and offers interfaces other than C. It was originally developed by Robert E. Bixby and sold commercially from 1988 by CPLEX Optimization Inc. This was acquired by ILOG in 1997 and ILOG was subsequently acquired by IBM in January 2009. CPLEX continues to be actively developed by IBM.
Features
The IBM ILOG CPLEX Optimizer solves integer programming problems, very large linear programming problems using either primal or dual variants of the simplex method or the barrier interior point method, convex and non-convex quadratic programming problems, and convex quadratically constrained problems (solved via second-order cone programming, or SOCP).
The CPLEX Optimizer has a modeling layer called Concert that provides interfaces to the C++, C#, and Java languages. There is a Python language interface based on the C interface. Finally, a stand-alone Interactive Optimizer executable is provided for debugging and other purposes.
The CPLEX Optimizer is accessible through independent modeling systems such as AIMMS, AMPL, GAMS, OptimJ and TOMLAB. In addition to that AMPL provides an interface to the CPLEX CP Optimizer.
The full IBM ILOG CPLEX Optimization Studio consists of the CPLEX Optimi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelion%20Software | Perihelion Software Limited was a United Kingdom company founded in 1986 by Dr. Tim King along with a number of colleagues who had all worked together at MetaComCo on AmigaOS and written compilers for both the Amiga and the Atari ST.
Perihelion Software produced an operating system for the INMOS Transputer called HeliOS. This was a system that looked like Unix but which could pass messages to processes running on either the same processor or another one. This was used in the Atari Transputer Workstation, among other places.
Later HeliOS was ported to other processors including the ARM architecture.
Perihelion Software also produced an in-memory database system called Polyhedra. The group responsible for this product was set up as a subsidiary, Perihelion Technology Limited (PTL), which did a management buyout in 1994. PTL later changed its name to Polyhedra plc in 1995, and in 2001 was acquired by a Swedish company called ENEA.
References
External links
Dr. Tim King's Homepage
Software companies of the United Kingdom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycation | Glycation (non-enzymatic glycosylation) is the covalent attachment of a sugar to a protein, lipid or nucleic acid molecule. Typical sugars that participate in glycation are glucose, fructose, and their derivatives. Glycation is the non-enzymatic process responsible for many (e.g. micro and macrovascular) complications in diabetes mellitus and is implicated in some diseases and in aging. Glycation end products are believed to play a causative role in the vascular complications of diabetes mellitus.
In contrast with glycation, glycosylation is the enzyme-mediated ATP-dependent attachment of sugars to protein or lipid. Glycosylation occurs at defined sites on the target molecule. It is a common form of post-translational modification of proteins and is required for the functioning of the mature protein.
Biochemistry
Glycations occur mainly in the bloodstream to a small proportion of the absorbed simple sugars: glucose, fructose, and galactose. It appears that fructose has approximately ten times the glycation activity of glucose, the primary body fuel. Glycation can occur through Amadori reactions, Schiff base reactions, and Maillard reactions; which lead to advanced glycation end products (AGEs).
Biomedical implications
Red blood cells have a consistent lifespan of 120 days and are accessible for measurement of glycated hemoglobin. Measurement of HbA1c—the predominant form of glycated hemoglobin—enables medium-term blood sugar control to be monitored in diabetes.
Some gl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20effects%20of%20biodiversity | The diversity of species and genes in ecological communities affects the functioning of these communities. These ecological effects of biodiversity in turn are affected by both climate change through enhanced greenhouse gases, aerosols and loss of land cover, and biological diversity, causing a rapid loss of biodiversity and extinctions of species and local populations. The current rate of extinction is sometimes considered a mass extinction, with current species extinction rates on the order of 100 to 1000 times as high as in the past.
The two main areas where the effect of biodiversity on ecosystem function have been studied are the relationship between diversity and productivity, and the relationship between diversity and community stability. More biologically diverse communities appear to be more productive (in terms of biomass production) than are less diverse communities, and they appear to be more stable in the face of perturbations.
Also animals that inhabit an area may alter the surviving conditions by factors assimilated by climate.
Definitions
In order to understand the effects that changes in biodiversity will have on ecosystem functioning, it is important to define some terms. Biodiversity is not easily defined, but may be thought of as the number and/or evenness of genes, species, and ecosystems in a region. This definition includes genetic diversity, or the diversity of genes within a species, species diversity, or the diversity of species within a habitat o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maude%20system | The Maude system is an implementation of rewriting logic. It is similar in its general approach to Joseph Goguen's OBJ3 implementation of equational logic, but based on rewriting logic rather than order-sorted equational logic, and with a heavy emphasis on powerful metaprogramming based on reflection.
Maude is free software, and tutorials are available online. It was originally developed at SRI International, but is now developed by a diverse collaboration of researchers.
Introduction
Maude sets out to solve a different set of problems than ordinary imperative languages like C, Java or Perl. It is a formal reasoning tool, which can help us verify that things are "as they should", and show us why they are not if this is the case. In other words, Maude lets us define formally what we mean by some concept in a very abstract manner (not concerning ourselves with how the structure is internally represented and so on), but we can describe what is thought to be the equal concerning our theory (equations) and what state changes it can go through (rewrite rules).
Maude modules (rewrite theories) consist of a term-language plus sets of equations and rewrite-rules. Terms in a rewrite theory are constructed using operators (functions taking 0 or more arguments of some sort, which return a term of a specific sort). Operators taking 0 arguments are considered constants, and one constructs their term-language by these simple constructs. Maude lets the user specify whether or not operato |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast%20Region%2C%20Brazil | The Northeast Region of Brazil (; ) is one of the five official and political regions of the country according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Of Brazil's twenty-six states, it comprises nine: Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe and Bahia, along with the Fernando de Noronha archipelago (formerly a separate territory, now part of Pernambuco).
Chiefly known as Nordeste ("Northeast") in Brazil, this region was the first to be colonized by the Portuguese and other European peoples, playing a crucial role in the country's history. Nordeste'''s dialects and rich culture, including its folklore, cuisines, music and literature, became the most easily distinguishable across the country. To this day, Nordeste is known for its history and culture, as well as for its natural environment and its hot weather.Nordeste stretches from the Atlantic seaboard in the northeast and southeast, northwest and west to the Amazon Basin and south through the Espinhaço highlands in southern Bahia. It encloses the São Francisco River and drainage basin, which were instrumental in the exploration, settlement and economic development of the region. The region lies entirely within the earth's tropical zone and encompasses Caatinga, Atlantic Forest and part of the Cerrado ecoregions. The climate is hot and semi-arid, varying from xeric in Caatinga, to mesic in Cerrado and hydric in the Atlantic Forest.
The Northeast Region represents 18% |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our%20Private%20World | Our Private World is a 1965 American serial. It was the only primetime spin-off from a daytime soap (As the World Turns, the number-one daytime soap opera at the time). Created by Irna Phillips and William J. Bell, it premiered on May 5, 1965, and aired Wednesdays and Fridays over the summer; the multiple-episode-per-week format was inspired by ABC's hit show Peyton Place. The final episode aired on September 10 of the same year. Our Private World starred Eileen Fulton as Lisa Miller Hughes, the same heroine she had played on As the World Turns, and Nicolas Coster. A total of 38 half-hour episodes were produced. Also in the cast were film star Geraldine Fitzgerald and stage actress Julienne Marie.
The storyline started on As the World Turns, with Lisa boarding a train to Chicago and the announcer (Dan McCullough) encouraging the audience to watch the spin-off. Upon arriving, Lisa took a job in the admitting room of the local hospital and met her wealthy future husband John Eldredge (Coster, who decades later also played Lisa's seventh husband, Eduardo Grimaldi). A few months after the demise of the series, Fulton returned to As the World Turns.
Nearly three decades later, As the World Turns writers resurrected remnants of Lisa's Our Private World storyline, when a previously unmentioned son whom Lisa had while in Chicago (presumably during the period between the end of Our Private World and Fulton's return to As the World Turns in early 1966) resurfaced and made contact |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostowski%20collapse%20lemma | In mathematical logic, the Mostowski collapse lemma, also known as the Shepherdson–Mostowski collapse, is a theorem of set theory introduced by and .
Statement
Suppose that R is a binary relation on a class X such that
R is set-like: R−1[x] = {y : y R x} is a set for every x,
R is well-founded: every nonempty subset S of X contains an R-minimal element (i.e. an element x ∈ S such that R−1[x] ∩ S is empty),
R is extensional: R−1[x] ≠ R−1[y] for every distinct elements x and y of X
The Mostowski collapse lemma states that for every such R there exists a unique transitive class (possibly proper) whose structure under the membership relation is isomorphic to (X, R), and the isomorphism is unique. The isomorphism maps each element x of X to the set of images of elements y of X such that y R x (Jech 2003:69).
Generalizations
Every well-founded set-like relation can be embedded into a well-founded set-like extensional relation. This implies the following variant of the Mostowski collapse lemma: every well-founded set-like relation is isomorphic to set-membership on a (non-unique, and not necessarily transitive) class.
A mapping F such that F(x) = {F(y) : y R x} for all x in X can be defined for any well-founded set-like relation R on X by well-founded recursion. It provides a homomorphism of R onto a (non-unique, in general) transitive class. The homomorphism F is an isomorphism if and only if R is extensional.
The well-foundedness assumption of the Mostowski lemma can be allev |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Unraveling%20%28Rise%20Against%20album%29 | The Unraveling is the debut studio album by American punk rock band Rise Against, released on April 24, 2001 by Fat Wreck Chords. Following the release of the extended play Transistor Revolt in 2000, the band signed with Fat Wreck Chords and began working on the album at Sonic Iguana Studios with producer Mass Giorgini. Musically, The Unraveling is rooted in melodic hardcore, which later came to be the band’s signature style; conversely, its lyrics differ from their more politically-driven later work, focusing more on personal relationships and issues.
Although it failed to peak within any record charts, The Unraveling received positive reviews from music critics. After its release, guitarist Dan Wleklinski left the band due to personal differences with lead vocalist Tim McIlrath, and was eventually replaced with Todd Mohney. In 2005, Fat Wreck Chords reissued The Unraveling to coincide with Rise Against's fifth anniversary.
Background and recording
Rise Against was formed in 1999 after the dissolution of the Chicago punk rock band 88 Fingers Louie. Bassist Joe Principe and guitarist Dan Wleklinski were still interested in making music, and decided to start a new band. The two recruited drummer Toni Tintari, guitarist Kevin White, and lead vocalist Tim McIlrath, the former lead vocalist of the punk band Baxter. They called themselves Transistor Revolt, and released the extended play Transistor Revolt in 2000. Transistor Revolt garnered the attention of Fat Mike, the co-foun |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planar%20process | The planar process is a manufacturing process used in the semiconductor industry to build individual components of a transistor, and in turn, connect those transistors together. It is the primary process by which silicon integrated circuit chips are built, and it is the most commonly used method of producing junctions during the manufacture of semiconductor devices. The process utilizes the surface passivation and thermal oxidation methods.
The planar process was developed at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1959.
The planar process proved to be one of the most important single advances in semiconductor technology.
Overview
The key concept is to view a circuit in its two-dimensional projection (a plane), thus allowing the use of photographic processing concepts such as film negatives to mask the projection of light exposed chemicals. This allows the use of a series of exposures on a substrate (silicon) to create silicon oxide (insulators) or doped regions (conductors). Together with the use of metallization, and the concepts of p–n junction isolation and surface passivation, it is possible to create circuits on a single silicon crystal slice (a wafer) from a monocrystalline silicon boule.
The process involves the basic procedures of silicon dioxide (SiO2) oxidation, SiO2 etching and heat diffusion. The final steps involves oxidizing the entire wafer with an SiO2 layer, etching contact vias to the transistors, and depositing a covering metal layer over the oxide, thus connecting |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riluzole | Riluzole is a medication used to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other motor neuron diseases. Riluzole delays the onset of ventilator-dependence or tracheostomy in some people and may increase survival by two to three months. Riluzole is available in tablet and liquid form.
Medical use
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Riluzole was approved in the United States for the treatment of ALS by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1995. A Cochrane Library review states a 9% gain in the probability of surviving one year.
Adverse effects
Very common (>10% frequency): nausea; weakness; decreased lung function
Common (1–10% frequency): headache; dizziness; drowsiness; vomiting; abdominal pain; increased aminotransferases
Uncommon (0.1-1% frequency): pancreatitis; interstitial lung disease
Rare (<0.1% frequency): neutropenia; allergic reaction (including angiooedema, anaphylactoid reaction)
Overdose
Symptoms of overdose include: neurological and psychiatric symptoms, acute toxic encephalopathy with stupor, coma and methemoglobinemia. Severe methemoglobinemia may be rapidly reversible after treatment with methylene blue.
Contraindications
Contraindications for riluzole include: known prior hypersensitivity to riluzole or any of the excipients inside the preparations, liver disease, pregnancy or lactation.
Interactions
CYP1A2 substrates, inhibitors and inducers would probably interact with riluzole, due its dependency on this cytochrome for metabolism.
Mechanis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel%20cell%20vehicle | A fuel cell vehicle (FCV) or fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) is an electric vehicle that uses a fuel cell, sometimes in combination with a small battery or supercapacitor, to power its onboard electric motor. Fuel cells in vehicles generate electricity generally using oxygen from the air and compressed hydrogen. Most fuel cell vehicles are classified as zero-emissions vehicles that emit only water and heat. As compared with internal combustion vehicles, hydrogen vehicles centralize pollutants at the site of the hydrogen production, where hydrogen is typically derived from reformed natural gas. Transporting and storing hydrogen may also create pollutants. Fuel cells have been used in various kinds of vehicles including forklifts, especially in indoor applications where their clean emissions are important to air quality, and in space applications. Fuel cells are being developed and tested in trucks, buses, boats, ships, motorcycles and bicycles, among other kinds of vehicles.
The first road vehicle powered by a fuel cell was the Chevrolet Electrovan, introduced by General Motors in 1966. The Toyota FCHV and Honda FCX, which began leasing on December 2, 2002, became the world's first government-certified commercial fuel cell vehicles, and the Honda FCX Clarity, which began leasing in 2008, was the world's first fuel cell vehicle designed for mass production rather than adapting an existing model. In 2013, Hyundai Motors began production of the Hyundai ix35 FCEV, claimed to b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Amick | Richard "Red" Amick (January 19, 1929 – May 16, 1995) was an American racecar driver.
Indy 500 overview
Born in Kansas City, Missouri, Amick died in Crystal River, Florida. He drove in the USAC Championship Car series, racing in the 1958-1960 seasons with five starts, including the 1959 and 1960 Indianapolis 500 races. He finished in the top ten once, with his best Indy finish in 11th in 1960.
Indy 500 results
Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)
External links
1929 births
1995 deaths
Champ Car drivers
Indianapolis 500 drivers
Racing drivers from Kansas City, Missouri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocholinesterase | Pseudocholinesterase may refer to:
Butyrylcholinesterase, an enzyme
Aryl-acylamidase, an enzyme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Rail%20regional%20multiple%20unit%20numbering | Southern Region units are excluded from this page, as they perpetuated the four-digit numbering series commenced by the Southern Railway - see SR Multiple Unit Numbering and Classification.
Prior to the introduction of TOPS, electric multiple unit numbers were allocated by British Rail regions in their own series. Diesel multiple units did not carry unit numbers at first, but the Scottish and Western Regions later adopted their own series for these units, whilst elsewhere individual depots allocated unit numbers, often prefixed by their two-letter TOPS depot code (e.g. TS for Tyseley).
When TOPS numbers were applied to multiple units, the unit numbers were prefixed by the class number to make the new six-digit unit numbers. These regional series have been perpetuated since TOPS because it eases the description of individual units and avoids potential confusion if there is only one unit with a particular identifier working in a certain area.
Diesel Multiple Units
London Midland Region
There was no regional number series for DMUs: individual depots had their own series, prefixed by their two-letter TOPS depot code. The table below shows the series used by Tyseley depot (in the Western Region until 9 September 1963).
Scottish Region
The table below shows the broad arrangement of numbers, though a couple of Class 104 units took numbers in the 3xx series. Class 107 units were later renumbered twice, first to 7xx following introduction of the Class 156 with 4xx unit numbers in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph%20rewriting | In computer science, graph transformation, or graph rewriting, concerns the technique of creating a new graph out of an original graph algorithmically. It has numerous applications, ranging from software engineering (software construction and also software verification) to layout algorithms and picture generation.
Graph transformations can be used as a computation abstraction. The basic idea is that if the state of a computation can be represented as a graph, further steps in that computation can then be represented as transformation rules on that graph. Such rules consist of an original graph, which is to be matched to a subgraph in the complete state, and a replacing graph, which will replace the matched subgraph.
Formally, a graph rewriting system usually consists of a set of graph rewrite rules of the form , with being called pattern graph (or left-hand side) and being called replacement graph (or right-hand side of the rule). A graph rewrite rule is applied to the host graph by searching for an occurrence of the pattern graph (pattern matching, thus solving the subgraph isomorphism problem) and by replacing the found occurrence by an instance of the replacement graph. Rewrite rules can be further regulated in the case of labeled graphs, such as in string-regulated graph grammars.
Sometimes graph grammar is used as a synonym for graph rewriting system, especially in the context of formal languages; the different wording is used to emphasize the goal of constructions, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20Jones%20and%20the%20Kingdom%20of%20the%20Crystal%20Skull | Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull is a 2008 American action adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg from a screenplay by David Koepp, based on a story by George Lucas and Jeff Nathanson. It is the fourth installment in the Indiana Jones film series and a sequel to Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989). Set in 1957, it pits Indiana Jones (Harrison Ford) against Soviet KGB agents led by Irina Spalko (Cate Blanchett) searching for a telepathic crystal skull located in Peru.
Jones is aided by his former lover, Marion Ravenwood (Karen Allen), and their son, Mutt Williams (Shia LaBeouf). Ray Winstone, John Hurt, and Jim Broadbent are also part of the supporting cast.
Jeb Stuart, Jeffrey Boam, Frank Darabont, Lucas, and Nathanson wrote drafts before Koepp's script satisfied the producers. The filmmakers intended to pay tribute to the science fiction B movies in the 1950s. Shooting began on June 18, 2007, at various locations in New Mexico, New Haven, Connecticut, Hawaii, and Fresno, California, as well as on sound stages in Los Angeles. To maintain aesthetic continuity with the previous films, the crew relied on traditional stunt work instead of computer-generated stunt doubles, and cinematographer Janusz Kamiński studied Douglas Slocombe's style from the previous films.
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull had its premiere at the 61st Cannes Film Festival on May 18, 2008, and was released in the United States on May 22, by Paramount Picture |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced%20metric | In mathematics and theoretical physics, the induced metric is the metric tensor defined on a submanifold that is induced from the metric tensor on a manifold into which the submanifold is embedded, through the pullback. It may be determined using the following formula (using the Einstein summation convention), which is the component form of the pullback operation:
Here , describe the indices of coordinates of the submanifold while the functions encode the embedding into the higher-dimensional manifold whose tangent indices are denoted , .
Example – Curve in 3D
Let
be a map from the domain of the curve with parameter into the Euclidean manifold . Here are constants.
Then there is a metric given on as
.
and we compute
Therefore
See also
First fundamental form
References
Differential geometry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler%E2%80%93DeWitt%20equation | The Wheeler–DeWitt equation for theoretical physics and applied mathematics, is a field equation attributed to John Archibald Wheeler and Bryce DeWitt. The equation attempts to mathematically combine the ideas of quantum mechanics and general relativity, a step towards a theory of quantum gravity.
In this approach, time plays a role different from what it does in non-relativistic quantum mechanics, leading to the so-called 'problem of time'. More specifically, the equation describes the quantum version of the Hamiltonian constraint using metric variables. Its commutation relations with the diffeomorphism constraints generate the Bergman–Komar "group" (which is the diffeomorphism group on-shell).
Motivation and background
In canonical gravity, spacetime is foliated into spacelike submanifolds. The three-metric (i.e., metric on the hypersurface) is and given by
In that equation the Latin indices run over the values 1, 2, 3 and the Greek indices run over the values 1, 2, 3, 4. The three-metric is the field, and we denote its conjugate momenta as . The Hamiltonian is a constraint (characteristic of most relativistic systems)
where and is the Wheeler–DeWitt metric. In index-free notation, the Wheeler–DeWitt metric on the space of positive definite quadratic forms g in three dimensions is
Quantization "puts hats" on the momenta and field variables; that is, the functions of numbers in the classical case become operators that modify the state function in the quantum case. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draculin | Draculin (named after Count Dracula) is a glycoprotein found in the saliva of vampire bats. It is a single-chain polypeptide protein composed of 708 amino acids, weighing about 88.5 kDa when reduced and 83 kDa when non-reduced, and selectively inhibits FIXa and FXa. It functions as an anticoagulant, inhibiting coagulation factors IX (IXa) and X (Xa) by establishing rapid equilibrium with factor Xa, and is the first natural polypeptide which has been described to show immediate anti-IXa and anti-Xa properties. In addition, Draculin inhibits the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, preventing fibrinogen from converting to fibrin. These two processes inhibit blood coagulation thus keeping the blood of the bitten victim from clotting while the bat is drinking. The activation of factor X is a common point between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. Activated factor X (FXa) is the sole enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of prothrombine into thrombin, which is vital in the coagulation cascade. Draculin is a member of the Lactoferrin family of proteins that functions as an antibacterial protein in other mammals, but has been co-opted in bat evolution to function as an anticoagulant.
Draculin is a noncompetitive, tight-binding inhibitor of FXa. The inhibition upon contact with the blood of the victim is immediate. Draculin forms equimolar complexes with factor FXa. The formation of draculin-factor Xa is a two-stage process. The first reversible stage is char |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen%20Lonsdale | Dame Kathleen Lonsdale ( Yardley; 28 January 1903 – 1 April 1971) was an Irish pacifist, prison reformer and crystallographer. She proved, in 1929, that the benzene ring is flat by using X-ray diffraction methods to elucidate the structure of hexamethylbenzene. She was the first to use Fourier spectral methods while solving the structure of hexachlorobenzene in 1931. During her career she attained several firsts for female scientists, including being one of the first two women elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1945 (along with Marjory Stephenson), first woman tenured professor at University College London, first woman president of the International Union of Crystallography, and first woman president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.
Early life and education
She was born Kathleen Yardley at Newbridge, County Kildare, Ireland, the tenth child of Harry Yardley, the town postmaster, and Jessie Cameron. Kathleen's family was not wealthy, and her father was an alcoholic. As the Irish unrest became more severe Kathleen's mother divorced her father and took the rest of the family to England. Her family moved to Seven Kings, Essex, England, when she was five years old. Kathleen attended Downshall Elementary school from 1908 to 1914. She studied at Ilford County High School for Girls, then transferred to Ilford County High School for Boys to study mathematics and science, because the girls' school did not offer these subjects. Kathleen had the hi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent%27s%20method | In numerical analysis, Brent's method is a hybrid root-finding algorithm combining the bisection method, the secant method and inverse quadratic interpolation. It has the reliability of bisection but it can be as quick as some of the less-reliable methods. The algorithm tries to use the potentially fast-converging secant method or inverse quadratic interpolation if possible, but it falls back to the more robust bisection method if necessary. Brent's method is due to Richard Brent and builds on an earlier algorithm by Theodorus Dekker. Consequently, the method is also known as the Brent–Dekker method.
Modern improvements on Brent's method include Chandrupatla's method, which is simpler and faster for functions that are flat around their roots; Ridders' method, which performs exponential interpolations instead of quadratic providing a simpler closed formula for the iterations; and the ITP method which is a hybrid between regula-falsi and bisection that achieves optimal worst-case and asymptotic guarantees.
Dekker's method
The idea to combine the bisection method with the secant method goes back to .
Suppose that we want to solve the equation f(x) = 0. As with the bisection method, we need to initialize Dekker's method with two points, say a0 and b0, such that f(a0) and f(b0) have opposite signs. If f is continuous on [a0, b0], the intermediate value theorem guarantees the existence of a solution between a0 and b0.
Three points are involved in every iteration:
bk is the c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic | Synaptic may refer to:
Synapse, part of the nervous system
Synaptic (software), a Linux graphical package management program
Synaptics, a semiconductor manufacturer
Synaptics (Mouse on Mars EP), 2017
See also
Synapse (disambiguation)
Synapsis, the pairing of two homologous chromosomes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical%20differentiation | In numerical analysis, numerical differentiation algorithms estimate the derivative of a mathematical function or function subroutine using values of the function and perhaps other knowledge about the function.
Finite differences
The simplest method is to use finite difference approximations.
A simple two-point estimation is to compute the slope of a nearby secant line through the points and . Choosing a small number , represents a small change in , and it can be either positive or negative. The slope of this line is
This expression is Newton's difference quotient (also known as a first-order divided difference).
The slope of this secant line differs from the slope of the tangent line by an amount that is approximately proportional to . As approaches zero, the slope of the secant line approaches the slope of the tangent line. Therefore, the true derivative of at is the limit of the value of the difference quotient as the secant lines get closer and closer to being a tangent line:
Since immediately substituting 0 for results in indeterminate form, calculating the derivative directly can be unintuitive.
Equivalently, the slope could be estimated by employing positions and .
Another two-point formula is to compute the slope of a nearby secant line through the points and . The slope of this line is
This formula is known as the symmetric difference quotient. In this case the first-order errors cancel, so the slope of these secant lines differ from the slope of t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth%20curve | Growth curve can refer to:
Growth curve (statistics), an empirical model of the evolution of a quantity over time.
Growth curve (biology), a statistical growth curve used to model a biological quantity.
Curve of growth (astronomy), the relation between the equivalent width and the optical depth. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa%20Romeo%20Arna | The Alfa Romeo Arna (an acronym for "Alfa Romeo Nissan Autoveicoli", meaning "Alfa Romeo[-]Nissan motor vehicles", but also a female Italian name) (Type 920) is a hatchback produced by the Italian manufacturer Alfa Romeo Nissan Autoveicoli S.p.A. between 1983 and 1987. The company was founded on 9 October 1980, as a 50:50 joint venture between the Italian Alfa Romeo S.p.A. and the Japanese Nissan Motor Company.
History
On 9 October 1980, Takashi Ishihara of Nissan and Alfa Romeo President Ettore Massacesi signed a memorandum in Tokyo for increased cooperation between their two firms, and revealed their intent to create a joint production venture called AR.N.A. S.p.A. (Alfa Romeo Nissan Autoveicoli). Italian Prime Minister Francesco Cossiga endorsed the deal, despite political and auto industry opposition, because he hoped to bolster the fortunes of the state owned manufacturer, which had a cult following but was losing money.
The immediate priority of Alfa management, including Massacesi and managing director Corrado Innocenti was to field a competitor in the increasingly lucrative family hatchback market sector where the compact Volkswagen Golf and Lancia Delta were proving successful, and they hoped an alliance with Nissan would bring a competitive model to market faster and more cheaply.
During that period, European countries were engaging in protectionism to guard their domestic car industries, with France even banning the import of Japanese made vehicles. Working with |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shockley%20Semiconductor%20Laboratory | Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, later known as Shockley Transistor Corporation, was a pioneering semiconductor developer founded by William Shockley, and funded by Beckman Instruments, Inc., in 1955. It was the first high technology company in what came to be known as Silicon Valley to work on silicon-based semiconductor devices.
In 1957, the eight leading scientists resigned and became the core of what became Fairchild Semiconductor. Shockley Semiconductor never recovered from this departure, and was purchased by Clevite in 1960, then sold to ITT in 1968, and shortly after, officially closed.
The building remained, but was repurposed as a retail store. By 2015 plans were made to demolish the site to develop a new building complex. By 2017 the site was redeveloped with new signage marking it as the "Real Birthplace of Silicon Valley."
Shockley's return to California
William Shockley received his undergraduate degree from Caltech and moved east to complete his PhD at MIT with a focus on physics. He graduated in 1936 and immediately went to work at Bell Labs. Through the 1930s and '40s he worked on electron devices, and increasingly with semiconductor materials, pioneering the field of solid state electronics. This led to the 1947 creation of the first transistor, in partnership with John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and others. Through the early 1950s a series of events led to Shockley becoming increasingly upset with Bell's management, and especially what he saw as a sli |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borabenzene | Borabenzene is a hypothetical organoboron compound with the formula C5H5B. Unlike the related but highly stable benzene molecule, borabenzene would be electron-deficient. Related derivatives are the boratabenzene anions, including the parent [C5H5BH]−.
Adducts
Adducts of borabenzene with Lewis bases are isolatable. Since borabenzene is unavailable, these adducts require indirect methods. 4-Silyl-1-methoxyboracyclohexadiene is used as a precursor to the borabenzene:
+ → + MeOSiMe3
The pyridine adduct is structurally related to biphenyl. It is a yellow whereas biphenyl is colorless, indicating distinct electronic structures. The pyridine ligand is tightly bound: no exchange is observed with free pyridine, even at elevated temperatures.
The borabenzene-pyridine adduct behaves like a diene, not an analog of biphenyl, and will undergo Diels-Alder reactions.
See also
6-membered aromatic rings with one carbon replaced by another group: silabenzene, germabenzene, stannabenzene, pyridine, phosphorine, arsabenzene, stibabenzene, bismabenzene, pyrylium, thiopyrylium, selenopyrylium, telluropyrylium
Borazine
References
Boron heterocycles
Six-membered rings
Hypothetical chemical compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boratabenzene | Boratabenzene is the heteroaromatic anion with the formula [C5H5BH]−. Derivatives of boratabenzene are ligands akin to cyclopentadienyl anion. sandwich or half-sandwich type complexes of many transition metals have been reported. Electronically related heterocycles are adducts of borabenzene. The adduct C5H5B·pyridine exhibits properties of boratabenzene anion, i.e., it has the character C5H5B−-N+C5H5.
See also
borabenzene, silabenzene, germabenzene, stannabenzene, pyridine, phosphorine, arsabenzene, bismabenzene, pyrylium, thiopyrylium, selenopyrylium, telluropyrylium
Borazine
References
Boron heterocycles
Six-membered rings |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasor | In physics and engineering, a phasor (a portmanteau of phase vector) is a complex number representing a sinusoidal function whose amplitude (), angular frequency (), and initial phase () are time-invariant. It is related to a more general concept called analytic representation, which decomposes a sinusoid into the product of a complex constant and a factor depending on time and frequency. The complex constant, which depends on amplitude and phase, is known as a phasor, or complex amplitude, and (in older texts) sinor or even complexor.
A common situation in electrical networks powered by time varying current is the existence of multiple sinusoids all with the same frequency, but different amplitudes and phases. The only difference in their analytic representations is the complex amplitude (phasor). A linear combination of such functions can be represented as a linear combination of phasors (known as phasor arithmetic or phasor algebra) and the time/frequency dependent factor that they all have in common.
The origin of the term phasor rightfully suggests that a (diagrammatic) calculus somewhat similar to that possible for vectors is possible for phasors as well. An important additional feature of the phasor transform is that differentiation and integration of sinusoidal signals (having constant amplitude, period and phase) corresponds to simple algebraic operations on the phasors; the phasor transform thus allows the analysis (calculation) of the AC steady state of RLC cir |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vals%C3%B6rarna | Valsörarna (in Swedish) or Valassaaret (in Finnish) is a small archipelago in Korsholm, Finland, located in the Kvarken region of the Gulf of Bothnia. The islands are the last you see when going by boat or ferry from Vaasa, Finland to Umeå, Sweden. The archipelago is detached from Korsholm's main Replot-Björkö archipelago. They are uninhabited and there is no road access. However, they are an important bird sanctuary, frequented by birdwatchers and ornithologists. They are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List along with the High Coast of Sweden and the archipelago of Kvarken, for exhibiting the effects of land rise due to post-glacial rebound.
History
The name
The name Valsörarna is of Swedish origin. It is believed that the name was derived from the stone-clad shores and the moraine which resembles a whale. The Finnish name Valassaaret is believed to have been derived from the Swedish word.
An old route between Finland and Sweden
The Valsörarna is the shortest route to the Swedish island Holmsö only away. During winter, the waters of Kvarken are completely iced and it was possible to walk over to the neighbouring country that way. Today, this is not possible because of active ferry traffic and lanes that are kept open by icebreakers for commercial shipping.
This fact was used during the Finnish War by Russian general Barclay de Tolly who used this route in November 1809 when marching over to Umeå. The march to Sweden with about 3700 soldiers was successful but fa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZDS | ZDS may refer to:
Zenith Data Systems, a computer manufacturer in the 1980s
Za dom spremni, a Croatian nationalist salute
9,9'-Dicis-zeta-carotene desaturase, an enzyme
Zheng Design Services, a professional architectural practice by architect Leslie Zheng
Zaaza Design Studio, ZDS is a professional 360 advertising agency specialized in graphic design, motion graphic, web design & 3D modeling |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Rafael%20Department | San Rafael is one of the departments of Mendoza Province, Argentina. The seat of the department is in the city of San Rafael.
Statistics
Geographical location: 34° 15´ to 36° southern latitude and 70° 10´ to 66° 55´ eastern longitude.
Area: 31,235 km² (20.82% of the provincial area)
Extension: 204 km from north to south. 298 km from east to west
Altitude: 750 m above sea level.
Neighboring departments
North: San Carlos Department, Santa Rosa Department, Mendoza and La Paz Department, Mendoza
East: San Luis Province and General Alvear Department
South: La Pampa Province and Malargüe Department
West: Chile.
Administration
The department is subdivided in 18 districts: Ciudad, El Cerrito, Cuadro Nacional, Las Malvinas District, El Sosneado (added in 2005, it used to belong to Cuadro Benegas, but then it was added as a district), Las Paredes, La Llave, Cuadro Benegas, Cuadro Nacional, Cañada Seca, Goudge, Jaime Prats, Monte Comán, Rama Caída, Real del Padre, Punta del Agua, Villa Atuel and Villa 25 de Mayo.
External links
Site of San Rafael government (In Spanish)
Guide to the city of San Rafael (In Spanish)
Departments of Mendoza Province
States and territories established in 1805
Wine regions of Argentina
1805 establishments in the Spanish Empire |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical-external-cavity%20surface-emitting-laser | A vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting-laser (VECSEL) is a small semiconductor laser similar to a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). VECSELs are used primarily as near infrared devices in laser cooling and spectroscopy, but have also been explored for applications such as telecommunications.
Comparisons with VCSELs
Unlike a VCSEL, in which two high-reflecting mirrors are incorporated into the laser structure to form the optical cavity, in a VECSEL one of the two mirrors is external to the diode structure. As a result, the cavity includes a free-space region. A typical distance from the diode to the external mirror would be 1 cm. Several workers demonstrated optically pumped VECSELs, and they continue to be developed for many applications including very high power diode laser sources for use in industrial machining (cutting, punching, etc.) because of their unusually high power (see below) and efficiency when pumped by multi-mode diode laser bars. These lasers are in the process of challenging conventional high power lasers such as solid state (e.g., Nd:YAG) and carbon dioxide lasers for machining operations.
However, electrically pumped VECSELs (another matter entirely), were the brainchild of Aram Mooradian, an engineer known for fundamental contributions to diode laser linewidth studies, who worked for many years at MIT Lincoln Laboratory in Lexington, Massachusetts. Mooradian formed a company, Novalux, Inc., which was the first to demonstrate VECS |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diverticulum | In medicine or biology, a diverticulum is an outpouching of a hollow (or a fluid-filled) structure in the body. Depending upon which layers of the structure are involved, diverticula are described as being either true or false.
In medicine, the term usually implies the structure is not normally present, but in embryology, the term is used for some normal structures arising from others, as for instance the thyroid diverticulum, which arises from the tongue.
The word comes from Latin dīverticulum, "bypath" or "byway".
Classification
Diverticula are described as being true or false depending upon the layers involved:
False diverticula (also known as "pseudodiverticula") do not involve muscular layers or adventitia. False diverticula, in the gastrointestinal tract for instance, involve only the submucosa and mucosa.
True diverticula involve all layers of the structure, including muscularis propria and adventitia, such as Meckel's diverticulum.
Embryology
The kidneys are originally diverticula in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs.
The lungs are originally diverticula forming off of the ventral foregut.
The thymus appears in the form of two flask-shape diverticula, which arise from the third branchial pouch (pharyngeal pouch) of the endoderm.
The thyroid gland develops as a diverticulum arising from a point on the tongue, demarcated as the foramen cecum.
Human pathology
Gastrointestinal tract diverticula
Esophageal diverticula may occur in one of three |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost%20function | Cost function
In economics, the cost curve, expressing production costs in terms of the amount produced.
In mathematical optimization, the loss function, a function to be minimized. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-gated%20ion%20channel | Voltage-gated ion channels are a class of transmembrane proteins that form ion channels that are activated by changes in the electrical membrane potential near the channel. The membrane potential alters the conformation of the channel proteins, regulating their opening and closing. Cell membranes are generally impermeable to ions, thus they must diffuse through the membrane through transmembrane protein channels. They have a crucial role in excitable cells such as neuronal and muscle tissues, allowing a rapid and co-ordinated depolarization in response to triggering voltage change. Found along the axon and at the synapse, voltage-gated ion channels directionally propagate electrical signals. Voltage-gated ion-channels are usually ion-specific, and channels specific to sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and chloride (Cl−) ions have been identified. The opening and closing of the channels are triggered by changing ion concentration, and hence charge gradient, between the sides of the cell membrane.
Structure
Voltage-gated ion channels are generally composed of several subunits arranged in such a way that there is a central pore through which ions can travel down their electrochemical gradients. The channels tend to be ion-specific, although similarly sized and charged ions may sometimes travel through them. The functionality of voltage-gated ion channels is attributed to its three main discrete units: the voltage sensor, the pore or conducting pathway, and the gate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit106.9%20Newcastle | Hit106.9 (call sign: 2XXX) is a commercial FM radio station broadcasting in Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, on a frequency of 106.9 MHz, and is part of Southern Cross Austereo's Hit Network.
History
Hit106.9's history can be traced back to Singleton radio station 2SI, owned by Alex Mather (VK2JZ) and the Singleton Argus newspaper which never went to air. The licence was obtained by Hunter River Broadcasters Pty Ltd and changed to 2HR. The station launched on 30 August 1937. Shareholders included the Singleton Argus and the Robinson Family. Three years later, the station was moved to Maitland, with transmitter at Lochinvar.
In those days, 2HR operated on 680 kHz with 300 watts of power, and was affiliated with the Macquarie Broadcasting Network. Programs were originated locally between 6:30 am and 6:30 pm, before taking the Macquarie feed at 6:30 pm.
In the 1950s, 2HR was relocated to Newcastle, with its transmitter located in Bolwarra. Station manager Ken Robinson was a former Australian Army officer, and his identification number had the letters NX. Therefore, the station was given the callsign 2NX, and a new frequency at 1360 kHz .
In 1971, 2NX's owners Hunter Broadcasters were purchased by the Catholic Broadcasting Company, owned by the Catholic Church. 2NX programming still was relayed to 2NM overnight during this time, and was identified as 2NXNM.
In the early 1990s, the Catholic Church sold 2NX to Radio Newcastle, which was later taken over by Austereo, and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrogliosis | Astrogliosis (also known as astrocytosis or referred to as reactive astrogliosis) is an abnormal increase in the number of astrocytes due to the destruction of nearby neurons from central nervous system (CNS) trauma, infection, ischemia, stroke, autoimmune responses or neurodegenerative disease. In healthy neural tissue, astrocytes play critical roles in energy provision, regulation of blood flow, homeostasis of extracellular fluid, homeostasis of ions and transmitters, regulation of synapse function and synaptic remodeling. Astrogliosis changes the molecular expression and morphology of astrocytes, in response to infection for example, in severe cases causing glial scar formation that may inhibit axon regeneration.
Causes
Reactive astrogliosis is a spectrum of changes in astrocytes that occur in response to all forms of CNS injury and disease. Changes due to reactive astrogliosis vary with the severity of the CNS insult along a graduated continuum of progressive alterations in molecular expression, progressive cellular hypertrophy, proliferation and scar formation.
Insults to neurons in the central nervous system caused by infection, trauma, ischemia, stroke, recurring seizures, autoimmune responses, or other neurodegenerative diseases may cause reactive astrocytes.
When the astrogliosis is pathological itself, instead of a normal response to a pathological problem, it is referred to as astrocytopathy.
Functions and effects
Reactive astrocytes may benefit or harm surro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposase | A transposase is any of a class of enzymes capable of binding to the end of a transposon and catalysing its movement to another part of a genome, typically by a cut-and-paste mechanism or a replicative mechanism, in a process known as transposition. The word "transposase" was first coined by the individuals who cloned the enzyme required for transposition of the Tn3 transposon. The existence of transposons was postulated in the late 1940s by Barbara McClintock, who was studying the inheritance of maize, but the actual molecular basis for transposition was described by later groups. McClintock discovered that some segments of chromosomes changed their position, jumping between different loci or from one chromosome to another. The repositioning of these transposons (which coded for color) allowed other genes for pigment to be expressed. Transposition in maize causes changes in color; however, in other organisms, such as bacteria, it can cause antibiotic resistance. Transposition is also important in creating genetic diversity within species and generating adaptability to changing living conditions.
Transposases are classified under EC number EC 2.7.7. Genes encoding transposases are widespread in the genomes of most organisms and are the most abundant genes known. During the course of human evolution, as much as 40% of the human genome has moved around via methods such as transposition of transposons.
Transposase Tn5
Transposase (Tnp) Tn5 is a member of the RNase superfamily |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARINE | CARINE (Computer Aided Reasoning Engine) is a first-order classical logic automated theorem prover. It was initially built for the study of the enhancement effects of the strategies delayed clause-construction (DCC) and attribute sequences (ATS) in a depth-first search based algorithm. CARINE's main search algorithm is semi-linear resolution (SLR) which is based on an iteratively-deepening depth-first search (also known as depth-first iterative-deepening (DFID)) and used in theorem provers like THEO. SLR employs DCC to achieve a high inference rate, and ATS to reduce the search space.
Delayed Clause Construction (DCC)
Delayed Clause Construction is a stalling strategy that enhances a theorem prover's performance by reducing the work to construct clauses to a minimum. Instead of constructing every conclusion (clause) of an applied inference rule, the information to construct such clause is temporarily stored until the theorem prover decides to either discard the clause or construct it. If the theorem prover decides to keep the clause, it will be constructed and stored in memory, otherwise the information to construct the clause is erased. Storing the information from which an inferred clause can be constructed require almost no additional CPU operations. However, constructing a clause may consume a lot of time. Some theorem provers spend 30%–40% of their total execution time constructing and deleting clauses. With DCC this wasted time can be salvaged.
DCC is useful when too |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeside%20Packers | Lakeside Packers is a beef producer based in Brooks, Alberta. It is owned by JBS Canada, a subsidiary of JBS S.A., a Brazilian protein company.
History
BSE Aid
As of June 2004, Lakeside Packers had received roughly $33 million Canadian dollars in financial aid from the Government of Alberta since a cow with bovine spongiform encephalopathy was found on an Alberta farm in May 2003.
2005 labour dispute
Lakeside Packers was unionized under the United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW) as of the early 1980s, and members were local Alberta residents who strongly supported their union local. But then there was a strike that began in 1984 and lasted about 18 months. It is not said how the union came to be decertified in that time.
Workers at the plant later certified the UFCW Local 401 as their bargaining agent. Following a round of talks in 2005 the workers voted in favour of strike action, eventually settling after 3 weeks of job action.
A minority of workers voted against unionization of the plant. Most workers were happy with plant staff and managers and known UFCW 401 was looking out for their own interests. During the talks in 2005, Lakeside staff were falsely informed by UFCW 401 about improvements to conditions to the work force. After the strike action, most members in favour of UFCW 401 quit immediately from working at the plant. Main complaint for quitting was the new work conditions and lack of pay.
Sale to XL Foods
As of March 2009, Lakeside Farm Industries, Lt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20core%20theorem | In mathematics, the Scott core theorem is a theorem about the finite presentability of fundamental groups of 3-manifolds due to G. Peter Scott, . The precise statement is as follows:
Given a 3-manifold (not necessarily compact) with finitely generated fundamental group, there is a compact three-dimensional submanifold, called the compact core or Scott core, such that its inclusion map induces an isomorphism on fundamental groups. In particular, this means a finitely generated 3-manifold group is finitely presentable.
A simplified proof is given in , and a stronger uniqueness statement is proven in .
References
3-manifolds
Theorems in group theory
Theorems in topology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTI | BTI or Bti may refer to:
Acronyms
Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti), a bacterium
Barisan Tani Indonesia
Baron Tornado Index of tornado probability
Before the Impact, an American TV series
Beverage Testing Institute
Bicycle Technologies International, Santa Fe, New Mexico, US
Boston Theological Institute
Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, US
Branch Target Identification, an AMD technology for mitigating computer security exploits;
Branch Target Injection or Spectre variant 2, a security vulnerability
Breaking the Impasse, an Israel-Palestinian group
Breed Technologies, Inc., now known as Joyson Safety Systems
Btrieve Technologies, Inc.
Because the Internet, the second studio album by American singer Childish Gambino
Codes and symbols
Barter Island LRRS Airport, Alaska, US, IATA airport code
British American Tobacco PLC, NYSE symbol
The ICAO designator of the Latvian flag carrier, AirBaltic. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof%20assistant | In computer science and mathematical logic, a proof assistant or interactive theorem prover is a software tool to assist with the development of formal proofs by human-machine collaboration. This involves some sort of interactive proof editor, or other interface, with which a human can guide the search for proofs, the details of which are stored in, and some steps provided by, a computer.
A recent effort within this field is making these tools use artificial intelligence to automate the formalization of ordinary mathematics.
System comparison
ACL2 – a programming language, a first-order logical theory, and a theorem prover (with both interactive and automatic modes) in the Boyer–Moore tradition.
Coq – Allows the expression of mathematical assertions, mechanically checks proofs of these assertions, helps to find formal proofs, and extracts a certified program from the constructive proof of its formal specification.
HOL theorem provers – A family of tools ultimately derived from the LCF theorem prover. In these systems the logical core is a library of their programming language. Theorems represent new elements of the language and can only be introduced via "strategies" which guarantee logical correctness. Strategy composition gives users the ability to produce significant proofs with relatively few interactions with the system. Members of the family include:
HOL4 – The "primary descendant", still under active development. Support for both Moscow ML and Poly/ML. Has |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R18 | R18, or R-18, may refer to:
Media content ratings
R18 (British Board of Film Classification)
R18+ issued by the Australian Classification Board
R18 issued by the New Zealand Classification Office
R18+ issued by Eirin in Japan
R-18 issued by the Philippine Movie and Television Review and Classification Board
Other uses
R18 (drone), a Ukrainian unmanned combat aerial vehicle
Audi R18, a Le Mans prototype racing car
BMW R18, a cruiser motorcycle made by BMW during the COVID-19 pandemic
R18: In use, may form flammable/explosive vapour-air mixture, a risk phrase
R18.com, a Japanese English-language adult website created by Hokuto Corporation
R-18 regional road (Montenegro)
Renault 18, a French automobile
Rubik R-18 Kánya, a Hungarian light aircraft
, a submarine of the United States Navy
See also
18 rating |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat%20fragmentation | Habitat fragmentation describes the emergence of discontinuities (fragmentation) in an organism's preferred environment (habitat), causing population fragmentation and ecosystem decay. Causes of habitat fragmentation include geological processes that slowly alter the layout of the physical environment (suspected of being one of the major causes of speciation), and human activity such as land conversion, which can alter the environment much faster and causes the extinction of many species. More specifically, habitat fragmentation is a process by which large and contiguous habitats get divided into smaller, isolated patches of habitats.
Definition
The term habitat fragmentation includes five discrete phenomena:
Reduction in the total area of the habitat
Decrease of the interior: edge ratio
Isolation of one habitat fragment from other areas of habitat
Breaking up of one patch of habitat into several smaller patches
Decrease in the average size of each patch of habitat
"fragmentation ... not only causes loss of the amount of habitat but by creating small, isolated patches it also changes the properties of the remaining habitat" (van den Berg et al. 2001). Habitat fragmentation is the landscape level of the phenomenon, and patch level process. Thus meaning, it covers; the patch areas, edge effects, and patch shape complexity.
In scientific literature, there is some debate whether the term "habitat fragmentation" applies in cases of habitat loss, or whether the term primar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice%20Herzog | Maurice André Raymond Herzog (15 January 191913 December 2012) was a French mountaineer and administrator who was born in Lyon, France. He led the 1950 French Annapurna expedition that first climbed a peak over 8000m, Annapurna, in 1950, and reached the summit with Louis Lachenal. Upon his return, he wrote a best-selling book about the expedition, Annapurna.
Ascent of Annapurna I: a historic exploit
On 3 June 1950, Herzog and Louis Lachenal became the first climbers in modern history to climb a peak over 8000m when, on the 1950 French Annapurna expedition, they summited the Himalayan mountain Annapurna I, the 10th-highest mountain in the world. The ascent was all the more remarkable because the peak was explored, reconnoitered and climbed all within one season; and was climbed without the use of supplemental oxygen. It is also the only 8000 meter summit that was reached at the first attempt. Herzog was awarded the 1950 Gold Medal of the Société de Géographie.
The event caused a huge sensation that was only matched when Everest was summited in 1953 by Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay.
The two-week retreat from the peak proved very challenging. Both climbers had opted for light boots for the summit dash. This, combined with Herzog losing his gloves near the summit and a night spent bivouacked in a crevasse on the descent with one sleeping bag for four climbers (Lachenal, Gaston Rébuffat, Lionel Terray, and Herzog) resulted in severe frostbite, with consequent gangrene re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splash%20%28fluid%20mechanics%29 | In fluid mechanics, a splash is a sudden disturbance to the otherwise quiescent free surface of a liquid (usually water). The disturbance is typically caused by a solid object suddenly hitting the surface, although splashes can occur in which moving liquid supplies the energy. This use of the word is onomatopoeic; in the past, the term "plash" has also been used.
Splash also happens when a liquid droplet impacts on a liquid or a solid surface; in this case, a symmetric corona (resembling a coronet) is usually formed as shown in Harold Edgerton's famous milk splash photography, as milk is opaque. Historically, Worthington (1908) was the first one who systematically investigated the splash dynamics using photographs.
Splashes are characterized by transient ballistic flow, and are governed by the Reynolds number and the Weber number. In the image of a brick splashing into water, one can identify freely moving airborne water droplets, a phenomenon typical of high Reynolds number flows; the intricate non-spherical shapes of the droplets show that the Weber number is high. Also seen are entrained air bubbles in the body of the water, and an expanding ring of disturbance propagating away from the impact site.
Sand is said to splash if hit sufficiently hard (see dry quicksand) and sometimes the impact of a meteorite is referred to as splashing, if small bits of ejecta are formed.
Physicist Lei Xu and coworkers at the University of Chicago discovered that the splash due to t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20codecs | The following is a list of compression formats and related codecs.
Audio compression formats
Non-compression
Linear pulse-code modulation (LPCM, generally only described as PCM) is the format for uncompressed audio in media files and it is also the standard for CD-DA; note that in computers, LPCM is usually stored in container formats such as WAV, AIFF, or AU, or as raw audio format, although not technically necessary.
FFmpeg
Pulse-density modulation (PDM)
Direct Stream Digital (DSD) is standard for Super Audio CD
foobar2000 Super Audio CD Decoder (based on MPEG-4 DST reference decoder)
FFmpeg (based on dsd2pcm)
Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM)
Lossless compression
Actively used
Most popular
Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC)
libFLAC
FFmpeg
Apple Lossless Audio Codec (ALAC)
Apple QuickTime
libalac
FFmpeg
Apple Music
Monkey's Audio (APE)
Monkey's Audio SDK
FFmpeg (decoder only)
OptimFROG (OFR)
Tom's verlustfreier Audiokompressor (TAK)
TAK SDK
FFmpeg (decoder only)
WavPack (WV)
libwavpack
FFmpeg
True Audio (TTA)
libtta
FFmpeg
Windows Media Audio Lossless (WMAL)
Windows Media Encoder
FFmpeg (decoder only)
Other
DTS-HD Master Audio, also known as DTS++ and DCA XLL
libdca (decoder only)
FFmpeg (decoder only)
Dolby TrueHD Standard for DVD-Audio in Blu-ray (mathematically based on MLP)
FFmpeg
Meridian Lossless Packing (MLP), also known as Packed PCM (PPCM) Standard for DVD-Audio in DVD
FFmpeg
MPEG-4 Audio Lossless Coding (MPEG-4 ALS)
SSC, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent%20mutation | Silent mutations are mutations in DNA that do not have an observable effect on the organism's phenotype. They are a specific type of neutral mutation. The phrase silent mutation is often used interchangeably with the phrase synonymous mutation; however, synonymous mutations are not always silent, nor vice versa. Synonymous mutations can affect transcription, splicing, mRNA transport, and translation, any of which could alter phenotype, rendering the synonymous mutation non-silent. The substrate specificity of the tRNA to the rare codon can affect the timing of translation, and in turn the co-translational folding of the protein. This is reflected in the codon usage bias that is observed in many species. Mutations that cause the altered codon to produce an amino acid with similar functionality (e.g. a mutation producing leucine instead of isoleucine) are often classified as silent; if the properties of the amino acid are conserved, this mutation does not usually significantly affect protein function.
Genetic code
The genetic code translates mRNA nucleotide sequences to amino acid sequences. Genetic information is coded using this process with groups of three nucleotides along the mRNA which are commonly known as codons. The set of three nucleotides almost always produce the same amino acid with a few exceptions like UGA which typically serves as the stop codon but can also encode tryptophan in mammalian mitochondria. Most amino acids are specified by multiple codons demonst |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysoprase | Chrysoprase, chrysophrase or chrysoprasus is a gemstone variety of chalcedony (a cryptocrystalline form of silica) that contains small quantities of nickel. Its color is normally apple-green, but varies to deep green. The darker varieties of chrysoprase are also referred to as prase. (However, the term prase is also used to describe chlorite-included quartz, and to a certain extent is a color-descriptor, rather than a rigorously defined mineral variety.)
Chrysoprase is cryptocrystalline, which means that it is composed of crystals so fine that they cannot be seen as distinct particles under normal magnification. This sets it apart from rock crystal, amethyst, citrine, and the other varieties of crystalline quartz. Other members of the cryptocrystalline silica family include agate, carnelian, and onyx. Unlike many non-transparent silica minerals, it is the color of chrysoprase, rather than any pattern of markings, that makes it desirable. The word chrysoprase comes from the Greek chrysos meaning 'gold' and prasinon, meaning 'green'.
Unlike emerald which owes its green color to the presence of chromium, the color of chrysoprase is due to trace amounts of nickel compounds in the form of very small inclusions. The nickel reportedly occurs as different silicates, like kerolite or pimelite (not NiO mineral, bunsenite, as was reported before). Chrysoprase results from the deep weathering or lateritization of nickeliferous serpentinites or other ultramafic ophiolite rocks. In the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouton%27s%20rule | In thermodynamics, Trouton's rule states that the entropy of vaporization is almost the same value, about 85–88 J/(K·mol), for various kinds of liquids at their boiling points. The entropy of vaporization is defined as the ratio between the enthalpy of vaporization and the boiling temperature. It is named after Frederick Thomas Trouton.
It is expressed as a function of the gas constant :
A similar way of stating this (Trouton's ratio) is that the latent heat is connected to boiling point roughly as
Trouton’s rule can be explained by using Boltzmann's definition of entropy to the relative change in free volume (that is, space available for movement) between the liquid and vapour phases. It is valid for many liquids; for instance, the entropy of vaporization of toluene is 87.30 J/(K·mol), that of benzene is 89.45 J/(K·mol), and that of chloroform is 87.92 J/(K·mol). Because of its convenience, the rule is used to estimate the enthalpy of vaporization of liquids whose boiling points are known.
The rule, however, has some exceptions. For example, the entropies of vaporization of water, ethanol, formic acid and hydrogen fluoride are far from the predicted values. The entropy of vaporization of at its boiling point has the extraordinarily high value of 136.9 J/(K·mol). The characteristic of those liquids to which Trouton’s rule cannot be applied is their special interaction between molecules, such as hydrogen bonding. The entropy of vaporization of water and ethanol show |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myringotomy | A myringotomy is a surgical procedure in which an incision is created in the eardrum (tympanic membrane) to relieve pressure caused by excessive buildup of fluid, or to drain pus from the middle ear. A tympanostomy tube may be inserted through the eardrum to keep the middle ear aerated for a prolonged time and to prevent reaccumulation of fluid. Without the insertion of a tube, the incision usually heals spontaneously within two to three weeks. Depending on the type, the tube is either naturally extruded in 6 to 12 months or removed during a minor procedure.
Those requiring myringotomy usually have an obstructed or dysfunctional eustachian tube that is unable to perform drainage or ventilation in its usual fashion. Before the invention of antibiotics, myringotomy without tube placement was also used as a major treatment of severe acute otitis media (middle ear infection).
Nomenclature
The words myringotomy, tympanotomy, tympanostomy, and tympanocentesis overlap in meaning. The first two are always synonymous, and the third is often used synonymously. The core idea with each is cutting a hole in the eardrum to allow fluid to pass through it. Sometimes a distinction is drawn between myringotomy/tympanotomy and tympanostomy, in parallel with the general distinction between an -otomy (cutting) and an -ostomy (creating a stoma with some degree of permanence or semipermanence). In this distinction, only a tympanostomy involves tympanostomy tubes and creates a semipermanent stoma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylamine | Methylamine is an organic compound with a formula of . This colorless gas is a derivative of ammonia, but with one hydrogen atom being replaced by a methyl group. It is the simplest primary amine.
Methylamine is sold as a solution in methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, or water, or as the anhydrous gas in pressurized metal containers. Industrially, methylamine is transported in its anhydrous form in pressurized railcars and tank trailers. It has a strong odor similar to rotten fish. Methylamine is used as a building block for the synthesis of numerous other commercially available compounds.
Industrial production
Methylamine is prepared commercially by the reaction of ammonia with methanol in the presence of an aluminosilicate catalyst. Dimethylamine and trimethylamine are co-produced; the reaction kinetics and reactant ratios determine the ratio of the three products. The product most favored by the reaction kinetics is trimethylamine.
In this way, an estimated 115,000 tons were produced in 2005.
Laboratory methods
Methylamine was first prepared in 1849 by Charles-Adolphe Wurtz via the hydrolysis of methyl isocyanate and related compounds. An example of this process includes the use of the Hofmann rearrangement, to yield methylamine from acetamide and bromine gas.
In the laboratory, methylamine hydrochloride is readily prepared by various other methods. One method entails treating formaldehyde with ammonium chloride.
The colorless hydrochloride salt can be converted to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavkov%20u%20Brna | Slavkov u Brna (; ) is a town in Vyškov District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 7,200 inhabitants. The town gave its name to the Battle of Austerlitz, which took place several kilometres west of the town. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.
Etymology
The German name Austerlitz is derived from Latin Nova sedes (i.e. "new settlement"), which has gradually evolved over history through the names Novosedeliz (1237), Nausedlicz (1322), Neusserlicz (1343), Nausterlitz (1460) and Austerlitz (1611). The Czech name Slavkov is derived from Slávek (colloquial name of Bohuslav), who probably owned a manor house here. The Czech name was first documented in 1361. In 1918, Slavkov was renamed Slavkov u Brna ("Slavkov near Brno") to distinguish from other places with the same name.
Geography
Slavkov u Brna is located about east of Brno. It is situated on the border of three geomorphological regions: the northeastern part of the municipal territory lies in the Litenčice Hills, the northwestern part lies in the Dyje–Svratka Valley, and the southern part extends into the Ždánice Forest. The highest point is the hill Urban at above sea level. The Litava River flows through the town.
History
At the end of the 12th century, Margrave Vladislaus III gave the area to the Teutonic Order. The first written mention of Slavkov is from 1237 in a deed of Wenceslaus I. It was originally a market village with a f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign%20exchange%20option | In finance, a foreign exchange option (commonly shortened to just FX option or currency option) is a derivative financial instrument that gives the right but not the obligation to exchange money denominated in one currency into another currency at a pre-agreed exchange rate on a specified date. See Foreign exchange derivative.
The foreign exchange options market is the deepest, largest and most liquid market for options of any kind. Most trading is over the counter (OTC) and is lightly regulated, but a fraction is traded on exchanges like the International Securities Exchange, Philadelphia Stock Exchange, or the Chicago Mercantile Exchange for options on futures contracts. The global market for exchange-traded currency options was notionally valued by the Bank for International Settlements at $158.3 trillion in 2005.
Example
For example, a GBPUSD
contract could give the owner the right to sell £1,000,000 and buy $2,000,000 on December 31. In this case the pre-agreed exchange rate, or strike price, is 2.0000 USD per GBP (or GBP/USD 2.00 as it is typically quoted) and the notional amounts (notionals) are £1,000,000 and $2,000,000.
This type of contract is both a call on dollars and a put on sterling, and is typically called a GBPUSD put, as it is a put on the exchange rate; although it could equally be called a USDGBP call.
If the rate is lower than 2.0000 on December 31 (say 1.9000), meaning that the dollar is stronger and the pound is weaker, then the option is exercised, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel | Mel, Mels or MEL may refer to:
Biology
Mouse erythroleukemia cell line (MEL)
National Herbarium of Victoria, a herbarium with the Index Herbariorum code MEL
People
Mel (given name), the abbreviated version of several given names (including a list of people with the name)
Mel (surname)
Manuel Zelaya, former president of Honduras, nicknamed "Mel"
Places
Mel, Veneto, an ex-comune in Italy
Mel Moraine, a moraine in Antarctica
Melbourne Airport (IATA airport code)
Mels, a municipality in Switzerland
Métropole Européenne de Lille (MEL), the intercommunality of Lille in France
Technology and engineering
Maya Embedded Language, a scripting language used in the 3D graphics program Maya
Michigan eLibrary, an online service of the Library of Michigan
Ford MEL engine, a "Mercury-Edsel-Lincoln" engine series
Minimum equipment list, a categorized list of instruments and equipment on an aircraft
Miscellaneous electric load, the electricity use of appliances, electronics and other small electric devices in buildings
Arts and entertainment
Mel (film), a 1998 film with Ernest Borgnine
Mel (album), a 1979 album by Maria Bethânia
Portal Stories: Mel, a mod of the video game Portal 2
Other uses
Mel languages, spoken in western Africa
Mel scale, a scale for measuring auditory pitches as perceived by the human ear
Midland Expressway Ltd, operator of the UK M6 Toll road
Musical Electronics Library, a lending library of homemade electronic musical devices in New Zealand
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europium%28III%29%20chloride | Europium(III) chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula EuCl3. The anhydrous compound is a yellow solid. Being hygroscopic it rapidly absorbs water to form a white crystalline hexahydrate, EuCl3·6H2O, which is colourless. The compound is used in research.
Preparation
Treating Eu2O3 with aqueous HCl produces hydrated europium chloride (EuCl3·6H2O). This salt cannot be rendered anhydrous by heating. Instead one obtains an oxychloride.
Anhydrous EuCl3 is often prepared by the "ammonium chloride route," starting from either Eu2O3 or hydrated europium chloride (EuCl3·6H2O) by heating carefully to 230 °C. These methods produce (NH4)2[EuCl5]:
10 NH4Cl + Eu2O3 → 2 (NH4)2[EuCl5] + 6 NH3 + 3 H2O
EuCl3·6H2O + 2 NH4Cl → (NH4)2[EuCl5] + 6 H2O
The pentachloride decomposes thermally according to the following equation:
(NH4)2[EuCl5] → 2 NH4Cl + EuCl3
The thermolysis reaction proceeds via the intermediary of (NH4)[Eu2Cl7].
Reactions
Europium(III) chloride is a precursor to other europium compounds. It can be converted to the corresponding metal bis(trimethylsilyl)amide via salt metathesis with lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide. The reaction is performed in THF and requires a period at reflux.
EuCl3 + 3 LiN(SiMe3)2 → Eu(N(SiMe3)2)3 + 3 LiCl
Eu(N(SiMe3)2)3 is a starting material for the more complicated coordination complexes.
Reduction with hydrogen gas with heating gives EuCl2. The latter has been used to prepare organometallic compounds of europium(II), su |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine%20deaminase | Adenosine deaminase (also known as adenosine aminohydrolase, or ADA) is an enzyme () involved in purine metabolism. It is needed for the breakdown of adenosine from food and for the turnover of nucleic acids in tissues.
Its primary function in humans is the development and maintenance of the immune system. However, the full physiological role of ADA is not yet completely understood.
Structure
ADA exists in both small form (as a monomer) and large form (as a dimer-complex). In the monomer form, the enzyme is a polypeptide chain, folded into eight strands of parallel α/β barrels, which surround a central deep pocket that is the active site. In addition to the eight central β-barrels and eight peripheral α-helices, ADA also contains five additional helices: residues 19-76 fold into three helices, located between β1 and α1 folds; and two antiparallel carboxy-terminal helices are located across the amino-terminal of the β-barrel.
The ADA active site contains a zinc ion, which is located in the deepest recess of the active site and coordinated by five atoms from His15, His17, His214, Asp295, and the substrate. Zinc is the only cofactor necessary for activity.
The substrate, adenosine, is stabilized and bound to the active site by nine hydrogen bonds. The carboxyl group of Glu217, roughly coplanar with the substrate purine ring, is in position to form a hydrogen bond with N1 of the substrate. The carboxyl group of Asp296, also coplanar with the substrate purine ring, forms hyd |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community%20areas%20in%20Chicago | The city of Chicago is divided into 77 community areas for statistical and planning purposes. Census data and other statistics are tied to the areas, which serve as the basis for a variety of urban planning initiatives on both the local and regional levels. The areas' boundaries do not generally change, allowing comparisons of statistics across time. The areas are distinct from but related to the more numerous neighborhoods of Chicago; an area often corresponds to a neighborhood or encompasses several neighborhoods, but the areas do not always correspond to popular conceptions of the neighborhoods due to a number of factors including historical evolution and choices made by the creators of the areas. , Near North Side is the most populous of the areas with over 105,000 residents, while Burnside is the least populous with just over 2,500. Other geographical divisions of Chicago exist, such as the "sides" created by the branches of the Chicago River, the wards of the Chicago City Council, and the parishes of the Roman Catholic Church.
The Social Science Research Committee at the University of Chicago defined the community areas in the 1920s based on neighborhoods or groups of related neighborhoods within the city. In this effort it was led by sociologists Robert E. Park and Ernest Burgess, who believed that physical contingencies created areas that would inevitably form a common identity. Except for the addition of two areas (O'Hare from land annexed by the city in 1956 and Ed |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20Crystal%20Stair | No Crystal Stair is a 1997 novel by Canadian author Mairuth Sarsfield.
The title is a reference to the line "Life for me ain't been no crystal stair" in Langston Hughes's poem "Mother to Son".
Plot summary
No Crystal Stair is a coming-of-age story set in the Little Burgundy district of Montreal during the 1940s.
Widow Marion Willow works at two jobs to raise her three daughters properly. Fighting racism and sexism, Marion schools her girls in manners, English poetry and the need for an education; her elegant neighbour and rival (both women are in love with railway porter Edmund Thompson) teaches the children the ways of the street and their black cultural heritage.
Major themes
Two themes in the novel run through No Crystal Stair: passing as white and surviving as black. Sarsfield recounts a story about the desire to survive, all the while depicting the cosmopolitan Montreal of the 1940s, a city inhabited by jazz musicians, socialites, artists and gangsters.
Reception
No Crystal Stair was one of the selected novels in the 2005 edition of Canada Reads, where it was defended by Olympic fencer Sherraine MacKay.
The book received reviews from publications including Herizons, School Library Journal, Quill & Quire, and New York Amsterdam News.
The book was the subject of articles in the journals Canadian Review of American Studies and Essays on Canadian Writing.
1997 Canadian novels
Canadian historical novels
Novels set in Montreal
Black Canadian literature
Novels set in t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoothed-particle%20hydrodynamics | Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a computational method used for simulating the mechanics of continuum media, such as solid mechanics and fluid flows. It was developed by Gingold and Monaghan and Lucy in 1977, initially for astrophysical problems. It has been used in many fields of research, including astrophysics, ballistics, volcanology, and oceanography. It is a meshfree Lagrangian method (where the co-ordinates move with the fluid), and the resolution of the method can easily be adjusted with respect to variables such as density.
Method
Advantages
By construction, SPH is a meshfree method, which makes it ideally suited to simulate problems dominated by complex boundary dynamics, like free surface flows, or large boundary displacement.
The lack of a mesh significantly simplifies the model implementation and its parallelization, even for many-core architectures.
SPH can be easily extended to a wide variety of fields, and hybridized with some other models, as discussed in Modelling Physics.
As discussed in section on weakly compressible SPH, the method has great conservation features.
The computational cost of SPH simulations per number of particles is significantly less than the cost of grid-based simulations per number of cells when the metric of interest is related to fluid density (e.g., the probability density function of density fluctuations). This is the case because in SPH the resolution is put where the matter is.
Limitations
Setting boundary |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B6dite | Blödite or bloedite is a hydrated sodium magnesium sulfate mineral with formula: Na2Mg(SO4)2·4H2O. The mineral is clear to yellow in color often darkened by inclusions and forms monoclinic crystals.
Blödite was first described in 1821 for an occurrence in a salt deposit in Ischler Salzberg, Bad Ischl, Gmunden, Austria and named for German mineralogist and chemist Karl August Blöde (1773–1820).
It is found worldwide in evaporitic sedimentary environments such as the Great Salt Lake, Utah.
See also
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people
References
Sodium minerals
Magnesium minerals
Sulfate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
Evaporite |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark%20testing | Spark testing is a method of determining the general classification of ferrous materials. It normally entails taking a piece of metal, usually scrap, and applying it to a grinding wheel in order to observe the sparks emitted. These sparks can be compared to a chart or to sparks from a known test sample to determine the classification. Spark testing also can be used to sort ferrous materials, establishing the difference from one another by noting whether the spark is the same or different.
Spark testing is used because it is quick, easy, and inexpensive. Moreover, test samples do not have to be prepared in any way, so, often, a piece of scrap is used. The main disadvantage to spark testing is its inability to identify a material positively; if positive identification is required, chemical analysis must be used. The spark comparison method also damages the material being tested, at least slightly.
Spark testing most often is used in tool rooms, machine shops, heat treating shops, and foundries.
Process
A bench grinder is usually used to create the sparks, but sometimes this is not convenient, so a portable grinder is used. In either case, the grinding wheel must have adequate surface velocity, at least 23 m/s (4500 surface feet per minute (sfpm)), but should be between 38 and 58 m/s (7500–11,500 sfpm). The wheel should be coarse and hard, therefore aluminium oxide or carborundum often are employed. The test area should be in an area where there is no bright light shining di |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection%20algorithm | The intersection algorithm is an agreement algorithm used to select sources for estimating accurate time from a number of noisy time sources. It forms part of the modern Network Time Protocol. It is a modified form of Marzullo's algorithm.
While Marzullo's algorithm will return the smallest interval consistent with the largest number of sources, the returned interval does not necessarily include the center point (calculated offset) of all the sources in the intersection. The intersection algorithm returns an interval that includes that returned by Marzullo's algorithm but may be larger since it will include the center points. This larger interval allows using additional statistical data to select a point within the interval, reducing the jitter in repeated execution.
Method
Given M intervals of the form c ± r (which means [c−r,c+r]), the algorithm seeks to find an interval with M−f sources. The value f is referred to as the number of falsetickers, those sources which are in error (the actual value is outside the confidence band). The best estimate is that which assumes the fewest falsetickers, f. The results will be considered valid if f < M/2, otherwise the algorithm will return failure instead of an interval.
The intersection algorithm begins by creating a table of tuples <offset, type>. For each interval there are three entries: the lower endpoint, the midpoint and the upper endpoint, labelled with types −1, 0 and +1 respectively. Thus the interval c ± r results in the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20Dewey%20and%20Library%20of%20Congress%20subject%20classification | This is a conversion chart showing how the Dewey Decimal and Library of Congress Classification systems organize resources by concept, in part for the purpose of assigning call numbers. These two systems account for over 95% of the classification in United States libraries, and are used widely around the world.
The chart includes all ninety-nine second level (two-digit) DDC classes (040 is not assigned), and should include all second level (two-digit) LCC classes. Where a class in one system maps to several classes in other system, it will be listed multiple times (e.g. DDC class 551).
Additional information on these classification plans is available at:
Dewey Decimal Classification—high level categories, with links to lower level categories
Library of Congress Classification—high level categories
Chart
See also
Books in the United States
References
Map Dewey Decimal vs. Library of Congress
Map Library of Congress vs. Dewey Decimal
Library of Congress Classification Outline
Cataloging Distribution Service – Source of Library of Congress Classification schedules
Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class A (PDF)
Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class B (PDF)
Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class C (PDF)
Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class D (PDF)
Library of Congress Classification Outline – Classes E and F (PDF)
Library of Congress Classification Outline – Class G (PDF)
Library of Congress Classification Outli |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallization | Crystallization is the process by which solid forms, where the atoms or molecules are highly organized into a structure known as a crystal. Some ways by which crystals form are precipitating from a solution, freezing, or more rarely deposition directly from a gas. Attributes of the resulting crystal depend largely on factors such as temperature, air pressure, and in the case of liquid crystals, time of fluid evaporation.
Crystallization occurs in two major steps. The first is nucleation, the appearance of a crystalline phase from either a supercooled liquid or a supersaturated solvent. The second step is known as crystal growth, which is the increase in the size of particles and leads to a crystal state. An important feature of this step is that loose particles form layers at the crystal's surface and lodge themselves into open inconsistencies such as pores, cracks, etc.
The majority of minerals and organic molecules crystallize easily, and the resulting crystals are generally of good quality, i.e. without visible defects. However, larger biochemical particles, like proteins, are often difficult to crystallize. The ease with which molecules will crystallize strongly depends on the intensity of either atomic forces (in the case of mineral substances), intermolecular forces (organic and biochemical substances) or intramolecular forces (biochemical substances).
Crystallization is also a chemical solid–liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the li |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPI | IPI or ipi may refer to:
Science and technology
International Prognostic Index, a medical tool used in oncology to predict the outcome of lymphoma patients
International Protein Index, a database covering information about the proteomes of humans, mice and other animals
Integrated Pulmonary Index, a single value that describes the patient's respiratory status
Inter-processor interrupt, a mechanism used between processors to maintain a sort of synchronization
Intelligent Peripheral Interface, a technology for connecting storage devices to computers
Organizations
Illinois Policy Institute, a libertarian think tank based in Illinois
Image Permanence Institute, an organization dedicated to scientific research in the preservation of recorded information
Imperial Pacific International, a former food manufacturer and gambling holding company
Indian Political Intelligence, the latter name of the former intelligence organisation Indian Political Intelligence Office
Institute for Private Investors, a private membership organization that provides peer-to-peer networking and investor education
Institute of Photogrammetry and GeoInformation, a research institute, part of the consortium of institutes operating under the aegis of Leibniz University situated in Hannover, Germany
International Peace Institute, a research and policy development institution
International Press Institute, a journalism organization
Inter-parliamentary institution, a type of parliamentary assembly
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisinopril | Lisinopril is a medication belonging to the drug class of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and is used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, and heart attacks. For high blood pressure it is usually a first-line treatment. It is also used to prevent kidney problems in people with diabetes mellitus. Lisinopril is taken by mouth. Full effect may take up to four weeks to occur.
Common side effects include headache, dizziness, feeling tired, cough, nausea, and rash. Serious side effects may include low blood pressure, liver problems, high blood potassium, and angioedema. Use is not recommended during the entire duration of pregnancy as it may harm the baby. Lisinopril works by inhibiting the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system.
Lisinopril was patented in 1978 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1987. It is available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the fourth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 88million prescriptions. In July 2016, an oral solution formulation of lisinopril was approved for use in the United States.
Medical uses
Lisinopril is typically used for the treatment of high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy and after acute myocardial infarction (heart attack). Lisinopril is part of the ACE inhibitors drug class. Lisinopril is indicated for the treatment of hypertension, adjunctive therapy for heart failure, and acute myocardial infarction.
Contraindic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda%20787B | The Mazda 787 and its derivative 787B are Group C sports prototype racing cars that were developed by Japanese automobile manufacturer Mazda for use in the World Sportscar Championship, All Japan Sports Prototype Championship, and the 24 Hours of Le Mans from 1990 to 1991. Designed to combine a mixture of the Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA) Group C regulations with the International Motor Sports Association (IMSA) GTP regulations, the 787s were the last Wankel rotary-powered racing cars to compete in the World and Japanese championships, using Mazda's R26B engine.
Although the 787 and 787B lacked the single lap pace of World Championship competitors such as Mercedes-Benz, Jaguar, and Porsche, as well as Japanese Championship competitors Nissan and Toyota, the 787s had reliability that allowed them to contend for their respective championships. The reliability of the cars eventually paid off in 1991 when a 787B driven by Johnny Herbert, Volker Weidler, and Bertrand Gachot went on to victory in the 1991 24 Hours of Le Mans. As of 2023, this remains the only victory by a car not using a reciprocating engine design. It was the first victory by a Japanese manufacturer, and the only such victory until Toyota won the 2018 24 Hours of Le Mans.
A total of two 787s were built in 1990, while three newer specification 787Bs were built in 1991.
Development
The initial design of the 787 was an evolution of the 767 and 767B designs that had been used by Mazda in 1988 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9%E2%80%93Hopf%20theorem | In mathematics, the Poincaré–Hopf theorem (also known as the Poincaré–Hopf index formula, Poincaré–Hopf index theorem, or Hopf index theorem) is an important theorem that is used in differential topology. It is named after Henri Poincaré and Heinz Hopf.
The Poincaré–Hopf theorem is often
illustrated by the special case of the hairy ball theorem, which simply states that there is no smooth vector field on an even-dimensional n-sphere having no sources or sinks.
Formal statement
Let be a differentiable manifold, of dimension , and a vector field on . Suppose that is an isolated zero of , and fix some local coordinates near . Pick a closed ball centered at , so that is the only zero of in . Then the index of at , , can be defined as the degree of the map from the boundary of to the -sphere given by .
Theorem. Let be a compact differentiable manifold. Let be a vector field on with isolated zeroes. If has boundary, then we insist that be pointing in the outward normal direction along the boundary. Then we have the formula
where the sum of the indices is over all the isolated zeroes of and is the Euler characteristic of . A particularly useful corollary is when there is a non-vanishing vector field implying Euler characteristic 0.
The theorem was proven for two dimensions by Henri Poincaré and later generalized to higher dimensions by Heinz Hopf.
Significance
The Euler characteristic of a closed surface is a purely topological concept, whereas the index o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrotonic%20potential | In physiology, electrotonus refers to the passive spread of charge inside a neuron and between cardiac muscle cells or smooth muscle cells. Passive means that voltage-dependent changes in membrane conductance do not contribute. Neurons and other excitable cells produce two types of electrical potential:
Electrotonic potential (or graded potential), a non-propagated local potential, resulting from a local change in ionic conductance (e.g. synaptic or sensory that engenders a local current). When it spreads along a stretch of membrane, it becomes exponentially smaller (decrement).
Action potential, a propagated impulse.
Electrotonic potentials represent changes to the neuron's membrane potential that do not lead to the generation of new current by action potentials. However, all action potentials are begun by electrotonic potentials depolarizing the membrane above the threshold potential which converts the electrotonic potential into an action potential. Neurons which are small in relation to their length, such as some neurons in the brain, have only electrotonic potentials (starburst amacrine cells in the retina are believed to have these properties); longer neurons utilize electrotonic potentials to trigger the action potential.
Electrotonic potentials have an amplitude that is usually 5-20 mV and they can last from 1 ms up to several seconds long. In order to quantify the behavior of electrotonic potentials there are two constants that are commonly used: the membrane tim |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxos%20%28disambiguation%29 | Paxos or Paxi is a Greek island in the Ionian sea.
Paxos may also refer to:
Paxos (computer science), a family of algorithms
Paxos Trust Company, an American financial institution and technology company
See also
Paxo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian%20advisory%20rating%20system | The Brazilian Advisory Rating (, abbreviated ClassInd) is a content rating system for the classification of movies, games and television programs. The ClassInd rating system is controlled by the Advisory Rating Coordination (Coordenação de Classificação Indicativa) of the Department of Justice Policies (Departamento de Políticas de Justiça). It is established on the National Secretariat of Justice (Secretaria Nacional de Justiça) of the Ministry of Justice.
Staff
The staff consists of about 30 people, including raters and the administrative staff, having passed public service exams, with various academic backgrounds. These content rating analysts undergo continuous training, and never affix a rating individually. All works are watched by at least two analysts separately and if there is no consensus, the analysis group is broadened.
Analyses and criteria
The criteria that guide the public policy of the content rating are supported under 3 broad themes—sex, drugs, and violence—content considered inappropriate to the upbringing of children and adolescents. The analysis is made counterbalancing the frequency, relevance, context, intensity and importance to the plot of scenes, dialogues and images containing violence, drug use and sex/nudity. This margin of subjectivity ensures flexibilities that are critical to the process and the rating result. The analyses consist of three steps: factual description, thematic description and age grading. When the process is finished, it is su |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions%20of%20Brazil | Brazil is geopolitically divided into five regions (also called macroregions), by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, which are formed by the federative units of Brazil. Although officially recognized, the division is merely academic, considering geographic, social and economic factors, among others, and has no political effects other than orientating Federal-level government programs. Under the state level, they are further divided into intermediate regions and even further into immediate regions.
The five regions
North Region
Area: 3,689,637.9 km2 (45.27%)
Population: 17,707,783 (4,6 people/km2; 6.2%; 2016)
GDP: R$ 308 billion / US$94,8 billion (2016; 4.7%) (5th)
Climate: Equatorial
States: Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, Tocantins
Largest Cities: Manaus (2,094,391); Belém (1,446,042); Porto Velho (511,219); Ananindeua (510,834); Macapá (465,495); Rio Branco (377,057); Boa Vista (326,419); Santarém (294,447); Palmas (279 856).
Economy: Iron, Copper, Gold, Bauxite, Manganese, Açaí, Pineapple, Energy production, electronic manufacturing, tourism.
Transport: Mainly rivers (which are abundant in the region). Highways are scarce and present mainly in the east. Airplanes are commonly used in small remote communities and sometimes in the larger cities.
Vegetation: Almost the entire region is covered by Amazon Rainforest, except the state of Tocantins, which has savanna-like vegetation (cerrado). Most of the native vegetation still rema |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop%20Tacit%20Blue | The Northrop Tacit Blue was a technology demonstrator aircraft created to demonstrate that a low-observable stealth surveillance aircraft with a low-probability-of-intercept radar (LPIR) and other sensors could operate close to the forward line of battle with a high degree of survivability.
Development
Unveiled by the U.S. Air Force on 30 April 1996, the Tacit Blue Technology Demonstration Program was designed to prove that such an aircraft could continuously monitor the ground situation deep behind the battlefield and provide targeting information in real time to a ground command center.
In December 1976, DARPA and the U.S. Air Force initiated the Battlefield Surveillance Aircraft-Experimental (BSAX) program, which was part of a larger Air Force program called Pave Mover. The BSAX program's goal was to develop an efficient stealth reconnaissance aircraft with a low probability of intercept radar and other sensors that could operate close to the forward line of battle with a high degree of survivability.
Tacit Blue represented the "black" component in the larger "Assault Breaker" program, which intended to validate the concept of massed standoff attacks on advancing armored formations using smart munitions. The Pave Mover radar demonstrators provided the non-stealth portion of the program's targeting system, whereas Tacit Blue was intended to demonstrate a similar but stealth capability, while validating a number of innovative stealth technology advances.
The radar sensor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDNA | WDNA is the callsign of a class C2 listener supported public radio station operating on 88.9 MHz in Miami, Florida, licensed in 1977 by the FCC to the Bascomb Memorial Broadcasting Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. WDNA is the market's first public radio station not run by any government agency. It is affiliated with Public Radio International. The format is a mix of straight-ahead jazz, Latin jazz, world music, and talk. BBC World Service newscasts are heard atop each hour.
See also
List of jazz radio stations in the United States
List of community radio stations in the United States
External links
Jazz with Bob Parlocha
DNA
Community radio stations in the United States
Jazz radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1977
1977 establishments in Florida |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor%20IX | Factor IX (or Christmas factor) () is one of the serine proteases of the coagulation system; it belongs to peptidase family S1. Deficiency of this protein causes haemophilia B. It was discovered in 1952 after a young boy named Stephen Christmas was found to be lacking this exact factor, leading to haemophilia.
Coagulation factor IX is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
Physiology
Factor IX is produced as a zymogen, an inactive precursor. It is processed to remove the signal peptide, glycosylated and then cleaved by factor XIa (of the contact pathway) or factor VIIa (of the tissue factor pathway) to produce a two-chain form, where the chains are linked by a disulfide bridge. When activated into factor IXa, in the presence of Ca2+, membrane phospholipids, and a Factor VIII cofactor, it hydrolyses one arginine-isoleucine bond in factor X to form factor Xa.
Factor IX is inhibited by antithrombin.
Factor IX expression increases with age in humans and mice. In mouse models, mutations within the promoter region of factor IX have an age-dependent phenotype.
Domain architecture
Factors VII, IX, and X all play key roles in blood coagulation and also share a common domain architecture. The factor IX protein is composed of four protein domains: the Gla domain, two tandem copies of the EGF domain and a C-terminal trypsin-like peptidase domain which carries out the catalytic cleavage.
The N-terminal EGF domain has been shown to at least in part be r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site-directed%20spin%20labeling | Site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) is a technique for investigating the structure and local dynamics of proteins using electron spin resonance. The theory of SDSL is based on the specific reaction of spin labels with amino acids. A spin label's built-in protein structure can be detected by EPR spectroscopy. SDSL is also a useful tool in examinations of the protein folding process.
Spin labeling
Site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) was pioneered in the laboratory of Dr. W.L. Hubbell. In SDSL, sites for attachment of spin labels are introduced into recombinantly expressed proteins by site-directed mutagenesis. Functional groups contained within the spin label determine their specificity. At neutral pH, protein thiol groups specifically react with the functional groups methanethiosulfonate, maleimide, and iodoacetamide, creating a covalent bond with the amino acid Cys.
Spin labels are a unique molecular reporter, in that they are paramagnetic (contain an unpaired electron). Spin labels were first synthesized in the laboratory of H. M. McConnell in 1965. Since then, a variety of nitroxide spin labels have enjoyed widespread use for the study of macromolecular structure and dynamics because of their stability and simple EPR signal.
The nitroxyl radical (N-O) is usually incorporated into a heterocyclic ring (e.g. pyrrolidine), and the unpaired electron is predominantly localized to the N-O bond. Once incorporated into the protein, a spin label's motions are dictated by i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Louis%20Lions | Pierre-Louis Lions (; born 11 August 1956) is a French mathematician. He is known for a number of contributions to the fields of partial differential equations and the calculus of variations. He was a recipient of the 1994 Fields Medal and the 1991 Prize of the Philip Morris tobacco and cigarette company.
Biography
Lions entered the École normale supérieure in 1975, and received his doctorate from the University of Pierre and Marie Curie in 1979. He holds the position of Professor of Partial differential equations and their applications at the Collège de France in Paris as well as a position at École Polytechnique. Since 2014, he has also been a visiting professor at the University of Chicago.
In 1979, Lions married Lila Laurenti, with whom he has one son. Lions' parents were Andrée Olivier and the renowned mathematician Jacques-Louis Lions, at the time a professor at the University of Nancy, and from 1991 through 1994 the President of the International Mathematical Union.
Awards and honors
In 1994, while working at the Paris Dauphine University, Lions received the International Mathematical Union's prestigious Fields Medal. He was cited for his contributions to viscosity solutions, the Boltzmann equation, and the calculus of variations. He has also received the French Academy of Science's Prix Paul Doistau–Émile Blutet (in 1986) and Ampère Prize (in 1992).
He was an invited professor at the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (2000). He is a doctor honoris causa o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20American%20composers | This is a list of American composers, alphabetically sorted by surname. It is by no means complete. It is not limited by classifications such as genre or time periodhowever, it includes only music composers of significant fame, notability or importance. Some further composers are included in :Category:American composers.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
Ken Ueno (born 1970)
Chinary Ung (born 1942)
V
W
Y
Z
See also
Chronological list of American classical composers
List of American Northwest composers
References
American
Composers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxy%20group | In organic chemistry, a methoxy group is the functional group consisting of a methyl group bound to oxygen. This alkoxy group has the formula .
On a benzene ring, the Hammett equation classifies a methoxy substituent at the para position as an electron-donating group, but as an electron-withdrawing group if at the meta position. At the ortho position, steric effects are likely to cause a significant alteration in the Hammett equation prediction which otherwise follows the same trend as that of the para position.
Occurrence
The simplest of methoxy compounds are methanol and dimethyl ether. Other methoxy ethers include anisole and vanillin. Many metal alkoxides contain methoxy groups, such as tetramethyl orthosilicate and titanium methoxide. Esters with a methoxy group can be referred to as methyl esters, and the —COOCH3 substituent is called a methoxycarbonyl.
Biosynthesis
In nature, methoxy groups are found on nucleosides that have been subjected to 2′-O-methylation, for example in variations of the 5′-cap structure known as cap-1 and cap-2. They are also common substituents in O-methylated flavonoids, whose formation is catalyzed by O-methyltransferases that act on phenols, such as catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT). Many natural products in plants, such as lignins, are generated via catalysis by caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase.
Methoxylation
Organic methoxides are often produced by methylation of alkoxides. Some aryl methoxides can be synthesized by metal-catalyzed m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s%20theorem | In the mathematical field of graph theory, Kirchhoff's theorem or Kirchhoff's matrix tree theorem named after Gustav Kirchhoff is a theorem about the number of spanning trees in a graph, showing that this number can be computed in polynomial time from the determinant of a submatrix of the Laplacian matrix of the graph; specifically, the number is equal to any cofactor of the Laplacian matrix. Kirchhoff's theorem is a generalization of Cayley's formula which provides the number of spanning trees in a complete graph.
Kirchhoff's theorem relies on the notion of the Laplacian matrix of a graph, which is equal to the difference between the graph's degree matrix (a diagonal matrix with vertex degrees on the diagonals) and its adjacency matrix (a (0,1)-matrix with 1's at places corresponding to entries where the vertices are adjacent and 0's otherwise).
For a given connected graph G with n labeled vertices, let λ1, λ2, ..., λn−1 be the non-zero eigenvalues of its Laplacian matrix. Then the number of spanning trees of G is
An English translation of Kirchhoff's original 1847 paper was made by J. B. O'Toole and published in 1958.
An example using the matrix-tree theorem
First, construct the Laplacian matrix Q for the example diamond graph G (see image on the right):
Next, construct a matrix Q* by deleting any row and any column from Q. For example, deleting row 1 and column 1 yields
Finally, take the determinant of Q* to obtain t(G), which is 8 for the diamond graph. (No |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvits%C3%B8y%20Tower | Kvitsøy Tower is the name for the aerial tower of the 1200 kilowatt transmitter of the broadcasting company of Norway for the frequency 1314 kHz, which was built in 1981/82. Kvitsøy-Tower was a 117.5 metres high, free standing centre-fed half-wave antenna constructed of a grounded steel framework. Horizontal crossbars are located at its top and at a height of 67.5 metres above ground to support the cables for a medium wave aerial, which are strung parallel to the tower. The vertical cables hanging from the lower crossbar are fixed to the ground with anchors.
The Norwegian public broadcaster NRK switched off the Kvitsøy transmitter at 22:00 UTC on Friday June 30, 2006. For years, the station had been heard fairly reliably at night by DX'ers along the Atlantic Coast of North America making it one of the easiest European stations to hear. The mast was demolished on 31 May 2012.
See also
List of towers
References
External links
Drawings of Kvitsoy Kringkastar at SkyscraperPage.com
Pages by designer of the antenna Bernd Waniewski
RADIO NORWAY INTERNATIONAL 1938-2003 (In Norwegian)
Bernt Erfjord: Norske Kringkastingssendere(Vintage Norwegian AM Transmitters)(In Norwegian)
Oversikt over Norske Kringkastere utarbeidet ved samarbeid mellom DX-Listeners' Club (DXLC) og Just N. Qvigstad (In Norwegian)
Former radio masts and towers
Transmitter sites in Norway
1982 establishments in Norway
Kvitsøy
Norkring |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five%20prime%20untranslated%20region | The 5′ untranslated region (also known as 5′ UTR, leader sequence, transcript leader, or leader RNA) is the region of a messenger RNA (mRNA) that is directly upstream from the initiation codon. This region is important for the regulation of translation of a transcript by differing mechanisms in viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes. While called untranslated, the 5′ UTR or a portion of it is sometimes translated into a protein product. This product can then regulate the translation of the main coding sequence of the mRNA. In many organisms, however, the 5′ UTR is completely untranslated, instead forming a complex secondary structure to regulate translation.
The 5′ UTR has been found to interact with proteins relating to metabolism, and within the 5′ UTR. In addition, this region has been involved in transcription regulation, such as the sex-lethal gene in Drosophila. Regulatory elements within 5′ UTRs have also been linked to mRNA export.
General structure
Length
The 5′ UTR begins at the transcription start site and ends one nucleotide (nt) before the initiation sequence (usually AUG) of the coding region. In prokaryotes, the length of the 5′ UTR tends to be 3–10 nucleotides long, while in eukaryotes it tends to be anywhere from 100 to several thousand nucleotides long. For example, the ste11 transcript in Schizosaccharomyces pombe has a 2273 nucleotide 5′ UTR while the lac operon in Escherichia coli only has seven nucleotides in its 5′ UTR. The differing sizes are likely |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape%20optimization | Shape optimization is part of the field of optimal control theory. The typical problem is to find the shape which is optimal in that it minimizes a certain cost functional while satisfying given constraints. In many cases, the functional being solved depends on the solution of a given partial differential equation defined on the variable domain.
Topology optimization is, in addition, concerned with the number of connected components/boundaries belonging to the domain. Such methods are needed since typically shape optimization methods work in a subset of allowable shapes which have fixed topological properties, such as having a fixed number of holes in them. Topological optimization techniques can then help work around the limitations of pure shape optimization.
Definition
Mathematically, shape optimization can be posed as the problem of finding a bounded set , minimizing a functional
,
possibly subject to a constraint of the form
Usually we are interested in sets which are Lipschitz or C1 boundary and consist of finitely many components, which is a way of saying that we would like to find a rather pleasing shape as a solution, not some jumble of rough bits and pieces. Sometimes additional constraints need to be imposed to that end to ensure well-posedness of the problem and uniqueness of the solution.
Shape optimization is an infinite-dimensional optimization problem. Furthermore, the space of allowable shapes over which the optimization is performed does not admit a v |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temuco%20Catholic%20University | Temuco Catholic University () is a university in Chile. It is a derivative university part of the Chilean Traditional Universities.
Temuco
Catholic universities and colleges in Chile
Educational institutions established in 1991
1991 establishments in Chile
Temuco
Education in Araucanía Region |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo%20Prat%20University | Universidad Arturo Prat is a university in Chile. It is a derivative university part of the Chilean Traditional Universities.
The university was created in 1981 from the former campus of the University of Chile in Iquique. It also has campuses in Arica, Calama, Santiago and Victoria
External links
Official Web Site
Universidad Arturo Prat Indicators, Research and Statistics
Universities in Chile
Universities in Los Ríos Region
Universities and colleges established in 1984
1984 establishments in Chile |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%20University%20of%20the%20Maule | Catholic University of Maule (, UCM) is a university in Maule, Chile. It is a derivative university part of the Chilean Traditional Universities.
This university was created in 1991, in what was the former Talca campus of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile.
It also has a campus in Curico.
External links
Official site
Catholic universities and colleges in Chile
Forestry education
Curicó
1991 establishments in Chile |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Antofagasta | The University of Antofagasta (also referred to as UA) is a public research university located in Antofagasta, Chile. It is a derivative university part of the Chilean Traditional Universities.
History
The university was formed in 1981 via the fusion of two regional campuses of the nationwide state universities Universidad de Chile and Universidad Tecnica del Estado.
The University was founded as an extension of the mining education imparted in the region since the nineteenth century.
Its objectives have been to create, promote and divulge the region's scientific, technological, cultural and artistical advancements.
External links
Official website
Educational institutions established in 1981
Buildings and structures in Antofagasta
Antofagasta
Universities in Antofagasta Region
1981 establishments in Chile |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Los%20Lagos | The University of Los Lagos () is a university in Chile. It is a derivative university part of the Chilean Traditional Universities. It currently operates various campuses: the main campus in Osorno, and others in Ancud, Castro and Puerto Montt.
External links
Official Site
Universities in Chile
Universities in Los Ríos Region
Universities in Los Lagos Region |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20La%20Frontera | University of the Frontier () or UFRO is a public university in Temuco, Araucanía Region, Chile. It is a derivative university and part of the Chilean Traditional Universities. UFRO boasts a student body with a variety of abilities and from a variety of backgrounds, many of them are Mapuche descent.
Facilities
The university owns a property called Rucamanque, that is used for research, environmental education, and conservation. Rucamanque holds old-growth and second-growth forest.
Notable alumni
Pedro Cayuqueo, Mapuche activist and journalist
Gloria Dünkler, writer and recipient of the 2016 Pablo Neruda Award
Natividad Llanquileo, attorney, Mapuche activist, and member of the Chilean Constitutional Convention (2021-present)
Elisa Loncón, academic, Mapuche activist, and President of the Chilean Constitutional Convention (2021-2022)
Andrea Parra, member of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile (2018-present) and former Governor of the Malleco Province (2014-2016)
References
La Frontera
Education in Araucanía Region
Educational institutions established in 1981
Forestry education
1981 establishments in Chile
Buildings and structures in Araucanía Region
Temuco |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Tarapac%C3%A1 | University of Tarapacá () is a university in Arica, Chile. It is a derivative university part of the Chilean Traditional Universities. The university publishes Revista Chungará a journal on anthropology and archaeology.
External links
Universidad de Tarapacá official web site in spanish |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pool%20%28cue%20sports%29 | Pool is a classification of cue sports played on a table with six pockets along the , into which balls are shot. Each specific pool game has its own name; some of the better-known include eight-ball, blackball, nine-ball, ten-ball, seven-ball, straight pool, one-pocket, and bank pool. Eight-ball is the most frequently played discipline of pool, and is often thought of as synonymous with "pool".
The generic term pocket billiards is sometimes also used, and favored by some pool-industry bodies, but is technically a broader classification, including games such as snooker, Russian pyramid, and kaisa, which are not referred to as pool games.
There are also hybrid games combining aspects of both pool and carom billiards, such as American four-ball billiards, bottle pool, cowboy pool, and English billiards.
Etymology
The etymology of "pool" is uncertain. The Oxford English Dictionary speculates that "pool" and other games with collective stakes is derived from the French poule (literally translated "hen"), in which the poule is the collected prize, originating from jeu de la poule, a game that is thought to have been played during the Middle Ages. Supposedly, participants would put an equal amount of money into a pot and throw stones at a live chicken, and the person who successfully hit the chicken first would win the pooled money. Alternatively the term could derive from the verb to pool in the sense of combining objects or stakes. The oldest use of the word "pool" to describe |
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