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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IL-1 | IL-1 may refer to:
Interleukin 1, a protein
Illinois's 1st congressional district
Illinois Route 1
Building 1 of Infinite Loop (street), the headquarters of Apple Inc.
Ilyushin Il-1, a Soviet fighter prototype |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lite-On | Lite-On (also known as LiteOn and LiteON) is a Taiwanese company that primarily manufactures consumer electronics, including LEDs, semiconductors, computer chassis, monitors, motherboards, optical disc drives, and other electronic components. The Lite-On group also consists of some non-electronic companies like a finance arm and a cultural company.
History
Lite-On was started in 1975 by several Taiwanese Texas Instruments ex-employees. The original line of business was optical products (LEDs). They then branched out into computer power supplies by starting the Power Conversion Division. Other divisions were soon to follow.
In 1983 Lite-On Electronics issued initial public offering as the first technology company listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange with Stock Code 2301.
In 2003 Lite-ON appoint Dragon Group as their sole distributor in Indonesia.
In 2006 Lite-On IT Corporation acquired BenQ Corporation's Optical Disk Drive Business to become one of the top 3 ODD manufacturers in the world.
In March 2007, Lite-On IT Corporation formed a joint venture with Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. for their optical disc drive division as Philips & Lite-On Digital Solutions Corporation (PLDS).
Kioxia (formerly Toshiba Memory) announced on August 30, 2019, that it signed a definitive agreement to acquire Lite-On's SSD business for . The transaction closed in 2020.
See also
List of companies of Taiwan
References
External links
Components, trading, and service site (US)
P |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless%20device%20radiation%20and%20health | The antennas contained in mobile phones, including smartphones, emit radiofrequency (RF) radiation (non-ionizing "radio waves" such as microwaves); the parts of the head or body nearest to the antenna can absorb this energy and convert it to heat. Since at least the 1990s, scientists have researched whether the now-ubiquitous radiation associated with mobile phone antennas or cell phone towers is affecting human health. Mobile phone networks use various bands of RF radiation, some of which overlap with the microwave range. Other digital wireless systems, such as data communication networks, produce similar radiation.
In response to public concern, the World Health Organization (WHO) established the International EMF (Electric and Magnetic Fields) Project in 1996 to assess the scientific evidence of possible health effects of EMF in the frequency range from 0 to 300 GHz. They have stated that although extensive research has been conducted into possible health effects of exposure to many parts of the frequency spectrum, all reviews conducted so far have indicated that, as long as exposures are below the limits recommended in the ICNIRP (1998) EMF guidelines, which cover the full frequency range from 0–300 GHz, such exposures do not produce any known adverse health effect. In 2011, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), an agency of the WHO, classified wireless radiation as Group 2B – possibly carcinogenic. That means that there "could be some risk" of carcinogenic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%20in%20rail%20transport |
Events
January events
January 1 – The classification and renumbering of all the rolling stock of the three constituent railways that formed South African Railways in 1910 is implemented.
January 3 – Canadian Pacific Railway leases the Dominion Atlantic Railway in Nova Scotia.
January 22 – Florida East Coast Railway opens the Key West Extension in Florida.
February events
February 1 – Stamford Brook station opens serving District Railway and London and South Western Railway trains.
February 7 – Official opening ceremonies are held for the Usambara Railway in German East Africa.
February 11 – Togura Station, in Chikuma, Nagano, Japan, opens.
February 27 – Pacific Great Eastern Railway (predecessor of the British Columbia Railway) is incorporated to build a line from Vancouver north to a connection with the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway at Prince George, British Columbia.
March events
March 17 – First section of Italian Libya Railways ( gauge) opens from Tripoli.
April events
April 15 – Metre gauge electrified section of Tramways de Nice et du Littoral opens from Menton to Sospel in the Alpes-Maritimes of France.
June events
June 1 – The first streetcars cross the new Lechmere Viaduct and run on the Causeway Street Elevated line in revenue service in Boston.
June 2 – Chicago, Lake Shore and South Bend Railroad, predecessor of the Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad, begins "one-car" passenger service directly to the Chicago Loop.
August events
Augu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotmesis | Neurotmesis (in Greek tmesis signifies "to cut") is part of Seddon's classification scheme used to classify nerve damage. It is the most serious nerve injury in the scheme. In this type of injury, both the nerve and the nerve sheath are disrupted. While partial recovery may occur, complete recovery is impossible.
Symptoms
Symptoms of neurotmesis include but are not limited to pain, dysesthesias (uncomfortable sensations), and complete loss of sensory and motor function of the affected nerve.
Anatomy
Neurotmesis occurs in the peripheral nervous system and most often in the upper-limb (arms), accounting for 73.5% of all peripheral nerve injury cases. Of these cases, the ulnar nerve was most often injured. Peripheral nerves are structured so that the axons are surrounded by most often a myelinated sheath and then an endoneurium. A perineurium surrounds that and the outermost layer is considered the epineurium. When injury occurs, "local vascular trauma leads to hemorrhage and edema (swelling), which results in vigorous inflammatory response resulting in scarring of the injured segment. In most cases, due to the extreme nature of the injury, there is typically complete loss of function.
Mechanisms
Trauma is the most frequent cause of peripheral nerve lesions. There are two classifications of trauma which include civilian trauma and military trauma. Civilian trauma is most commonly caused by motor vehicle accidents but also by lacerations caused by glass, knives, fans, saw bla |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGR1 | EGR-1 (Early growth response protein 1) also known as ZNF268 (zinc finger protein 268) or NGFI-A (nerve growth factor-induced protein A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EGR1 gene.
EGR-1 is a mammalian transcription factor. It was also named Krox-24, TIS8, and ZENK. It was originally discovered in mice.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the EGR family of Cys2His2-type zinc finger proteins. It is a nuclear protein and functions as a transcriptional regulator. The products of target genes it activates are required for differentiation and mitogenesis. Studies suggest this is a tumor suppressor gene.
It has a distinct pattern of expression in the brain, and its induction has been shown to be associated with neuronal activity. Several studies suggest it has a role in neuronal plasticity.
EGR-1 is an important transcription factor in memory formation. It has an essential role in brain neuron epigenetic reprogramming. EGR-1 recruits the TET1 protein that initiates a pathway of DNA demethylation. Removing DNA methylation marks allows the activation of downstream genes. EGR-1, together with TET1, is employed in programming the distribution of methylation sites on brain DNA during brain development, in learning and in long-term neuronal plasticity. EGR-1 has also been found to regulate the expression of VAMP2 (a protein important for synaptic exocytosis).
Beside its function in the nervous system, there is significant evidence that EGR-1 along |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20mechanics | Soil mechanics is a branch of soil physics and applied mechanics that describes the behavior of soils. It differs from fluid mechanics and solid mechanics in the sense that soils consist of a heterogeneous mixture of fluids (usually air and water) and particles (usually clay, silt, sand, and gravel) but soil may also contain organic solids and other matter. Along with rock mechanics, soil mechanics provides the theoretical basis for analysis in geotechnical engineering, a subdiscipline of civil engineering, and engineering geology, a subdiscipline of geology. Soil mechanics is used to analyze the deformations of and flow of fluids within natural and man-made structures that are supported on or made of soil, or structures that are buried in soils. Example applications are building and bridge foundations, retaining walls, dams, and buried pipeline systems. Principles of soil mechanics are also used in related disciplines such as geophysical engineering, coastal engineering, agricultural engineering, hydrology and soil physics.
This article describes the genesis and composition of soil, the distinction between pore water pressure and inter-granular effective stress, capillary action of fluids in the soil pore spaces, soil classification, seepage and permeability, time dependent change of volume due to squeezing water out of tiny pore spaces, also known as consolidation, shear strength and stiffness of soils. The shear strength of soils is primarily derived from friction between |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Stigler | Stephen Mack Stigler (born August 10, 1941) is the Ernest DeWitt Burton Distinguished Service Professor at the Department of Statistics of the University of Chicago. He has authored several books on the history of statistics; he is the son of the economist George Stigler.
Stigler is also known for Stigler's law of eponymy which states that no scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer – whose first formulation he credits to sociologist Robert K. Merton.
Biography
Stigler was born in Minneapolis. He received his Ph.D. in 1967 from the University of California, Berkeley. His dissertation was on linear functions of order statistics, and his advisor was Lucien Le Cam. His research has focused on statistical theory of robust estimators and the history of statistics.
Stigler taught at University of Wisconsin–Madison until 1979 when he joined the University of Chicago. In 2006, he was elected to membership of the American Philosophical Society, and is a past president (1994) of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics.
His father was the economist George Stigler, who was a close friend of Milton Friedman.
Bibliography
Books
As editor
Selected articles
———
———
———
———
——— Stigler, S. M. (1980). Stigler's law of eponymy. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, 39: 147–58 (Merton Festschrift Volume, F. Gieryn (ed))
———
———
See also
Chicago school of economics
George Stigler
List of examples of Stigler's law
Milton Fried |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLP | CLP may stand for:
Biology
CLP protease family, a family of proteolytic enzymes
Endopeptidase Clp, an enzyme complex
ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit, a catalytic subunit of the Clp complex (encoded by the CLPP gene in humans)
Businesses
CLP Group, formerly China Light and Power
Connecticut Light and Power Company
Computing, mathematics, and technology
Cell Loss Priority
COIN-OR Linear Program Solver
Communication Linking Protocol
Congruence lattice problem
Constraint Logic Programming
Constraint logic programming (Real)
Control Language Programming, an IBM programming language used on the System/38, AS/400, and successors
Convergent Linux Platform
Political parties
Canadian Labour Party, former
Communist Labor Party of America, predecessors of the Communist Party USA
Constituency Labour Party, a sub-division of the British Labour Party representing a single UK constituency
Country Liberal Party, Northern Territory, Australia
Certifications
Certificate in Legal Practice (Malaysia)
Certified Landscape Professional
Transport
Clapham High Street railway station, London, National Rail station code CLP
Clarks Point Airport, Alaska, IATA airport code CLP
Other uses
AOL Community Leader Program
CLP Regulation on classification, labelling and packaging of chemicals, EU
Chilean peso, the currency of Chile by ISO 4217 code
Cleft lip and palate
Cloppenburg (district), Germany
Copa de la Liga Profesional, an Argentine football competit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Rail%20Class%2080 | Class 80 was the TOPS classification allocated by British Rail to the prototype 25 kV AC electric locomotive. This locomotive was built by Metropolitan-Vickers, initially as a prototype gas turbine-electric locomotive, numbered 18100. British Rail allocated the number E1000 (and later E2001) to the locomotive following its conversion from gas turbine propulsion.
Conversion
Its new electric propulsion meant it was rated at , giving a maximum speed of and weighing . In addition, it was also converted from Co-Co to A1A-A1A wheel arrangement when the centre traction motor from each bogie was removed. The new traction motor rating (with four motors) was about the same as the original rating (with six motors). This suggests that new traction motors were fitted.
The conversion of the locomotive began in January 1958 when the locomotive was moved from storage at Dukinfield Works to the Bowesfield Works at Stockton-on-Tees. The work involved the removal of the gas turbine unit, main generator, fuel tank, air filters, the centre traction motor from each bogie and all of the ancillary equipment used for the gas turbine unit.
Once the locomotive had been stripped, the new electrical equipment was installed which included the transformer, the Stone-Faiveley pantograph (for which a section of the roof had to be lowered), a Brown Boveri air blast circuit breaker and the Hackbridge-Hewittic mercury arc rectifier units.
The cabs of the locomotive were converted from Western Region ri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemonium%21%20%28video%20game%29 | Pandemonium! is a 1996 platform video game developed by Toys for Bob and published by Crystal Dynamics for the PlayStation, Sega Saturn, Microsoft Windows, N-Gage, mobile and iOS. Pandemonium! features Fargus, a joker, and Nikki, a sorceress, who unwittingly casts a spell that destroys the town. The goal of the game is to reach the Wishing Engine, where they can wish the town back to normal. For each level, the player can choose which character to be. Each has a special move – Fargus can deliver a special spinning attack, and Nikki can double jump. The game consists of a great variety of unique gameplay objects, such as watermelons, clouds, spider webs and logs. A sequel, Pandemonium 2 (Miracle Jumpers in Japan), was released in 1997 for PlayStation and Microsoft Windows.
Gameplay
Pandemonium! employs 2.5D gameplay; while the game renders polygons in a typical 3D fashion, gameplay is 2D. The area of gameplay is as a two-dimensional surface twisting and bending in a three-dimensional world. Occasionally, this surface will overlap itself. There are segments where the path branches, allowing the player to choose their course.
Enemies are generally defeated through the usual platform jumping method of bouncing on the enemy's head. There are power-ups located in each level, with varying effects. One is a freeze ray which turns enemies into ice, while another is a shrink ray which reduces the size of enemies to the point where the player character can step on them.
Plot
In th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus%20Copernicus%20University%20Polar%20Station | The Nicolaus Copernicus University Polar Station (Stacja Polarna Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika na Spitsbergenie) is a Polish research station in north-western Spitsbergen.
It is located in the northern part of the Kaffiøyra close to Aavatsmarkbreen and has operated since 1975. It was opened by the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń and named after Nicolaus Copernicus.
The station has been used by 13 expeditions and 70 people. In its 30-year existence the station has been visited by about 300 people.
The Nicolaus Copernicus University Polar Station is the second northernmost Polish scientific institution.
See also
List of research stations in the Arctic
References
Polar
Universities and colleges in Poland
Spitsbergen
Research stations in Svalbard |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic%20oscillation | The Antarctic oscillation (AAO, to distinguish it from the Arctic oscillation or AO), also known as the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), is a low-frequency mode of atmospheric variability of the southern hemisphere that is defined as a belt of strong westerly winds or low pressure surrounding Antarctica which moves north or south as its mode of variability.
It is a climate driver for Australia, influencing the country's weather conditions – It is associated with storms and cold fronts that move from west to east that bring precipitation to southern Australia.
Phases and impacts
Both positive and negative SAM events tends to last for approximately ten days to two weeks, though the timeframe between a positive and a negative event is random. It is usually in the span of a week to a few months, with a negative SAM being more common in the cool months and a positive SAM being more prolonged in the warmer months. Winds associated with the Southern Annular Mode cause oceanic upwelling of warm circumpolar deep water along the Antarctic continental shelf, which has been linked to ice shelf basal melt, representing a possible wind-driven mechanism that could destabilize large portions of the Antarctic ice sheet.
Positive
In its positive phase, the westerly wind belt that drives the Antarctic Circumpolar Current intensifies and contracts towards Antarctica. In winter, a positive phase increases rainfall (including East coast lows) in south-eastern Australia (above Victoria) due to hig |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyer | Boyer () is a French surname. In rarer cases, it can be a corruption or deliberate alteration of other names.
Origins and statistics
Boyer is found traditionally along the Mediterranean (Provence, Languedoc), the Rhône valley, Auvergne, Limousin, Périgord and more generally in the Southwest of France. It is also found in the north of the country. There are two variant spellings: Boyé (southwest) and Bouyer (Loire-Atlantique, Charente-Maritime).
, Boyer ranks 55th in the most common surnames in France. For the period 1891–1990 it ranked 34th.
Like many other surnames, it used to be a nickname describing somebody's job: "bullock driver", "cowherd", that is to say Bouvier in common French. It derives mainly from the Occitan buòu "ox", with the suffix -iar / -ier, frenchified phonetically or, further north, sometimes from a variant form in dialectal French bô, bou "ox" corresponding to common French bœuf with the suffix -ier. In French, the modern spelling -oyer avoids confusion between -oi-er and -oier .
In rarer cases, it can be a corruption or deliberate alteration of several other names :
In England, it may come from bowyer, meaning "bow maker" or "bow seller."
In Turkish, the name may come from "boy-er", "boy" meaning "size" or "stature" and "er" meaning "man" or "soldier."
It can also be a corruption or deliberate alteration of German names like Bayer or Bauer.
People with the surname
Abel Boyer (1667–1729), French-English lexicographer and journalist
Alexis de |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belair%2C%20South%20Australia | Belair is a suburb in the south eastern foothills of Adelaide, South Australia at the base of the Mount Lofty Ranges.
Name
Before European settlement, the Kaurna people called the area of modern-day Belair "piraldi". One early European name for the area was Sleep's Hill, named after Samuel Sleep, a shepherd who came to South Australia in the 1830s.
The origin of the modern name "Belair" is uncertain. Gustav Ludewigs, who subdivided the area, may have named the suburb after Bel Air, Martinique, being his wife Maria's birthplace. Another theory is that it was named in 1849 after Eugene Bellairs, a Government surveyor who lived in the area.
History
The area was used by the Kaurna and Peramangk people for seasonal hunting and gathering. The trees provided gum resin for food and bark for shelter construction, and possums and bandicoots were hunted for food and for their skins to be used in cloaks.
Government Farm
The first known European settler in Belair was a squatter named Nicholas Foott. Although he did not own any land, the colonial government allowed him to stay in the area and improve the land until the land was required by the government. Foott built a house on the land some time between 1836 and 1840. In July 1840, Governor George Gawler decided to establish a farm in the area named Government Farm, and Foott was asked to leave. From 1858 to 1860, Old Government House was built on the farm as the summer residence for the Governor of South Australia, which it remained |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu%20Flamini | Mathieu Pierre Flamini (born 7 March 1984) is a French former professional footballer and biochemical entrepreneur. A midfielder, he played for French side Marseille, English sides Arsenal and Crystal Palace, Italian side Milan and Spanish side Getafe. At international level, he was capped by the France national team on three occasions.
Flamini is a co-founder of GF Biochemicals, the first company in the world able to mass-produce levulinic acid.
Club career
Marseille
Born in Marseille, Flamini was a youth team player for his local professional club Marseille. He made his debut for the senior team on 20 December 2003 in the 1–0 victory over Toulouse. He impressed the team as a hardworking midfield player and played 14 times for the club. However, it was his performances in Marseille’s UEFA Cup campaign that brought him to the attention of the football world, including the 2–0 semi-final victory over Newcastle United. He then started in the Final in Gothenburg, a match Spanish club Valencia won 2–0. Due to his age, however, Marseille was later unable to offer him a long-term professional contract.
Arsenal
On 23 July 2004, Flamini signed a professional contract for English club Arsenal, rejecting Marseille's long-term senior contract offer to which he had already verbally agreed. Soon after the incident, then-Marseille manager José Anigo stated, "This is a beautiful treason. He used me." Arsenal were eventually ordered by The Dispute Resolution Chamber of FIFA to pay Marsei |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500%20kHz | From early in the 20th century, the radio frequency of 500 kilohertz (500 kHz) was an international calling and distress frequency for Morse code maritime communication. For much of its early history, this frequency was referred to by its equivalent wavelength, 600 meters, or, using the earlier frequency unit name, 500 kilocycles (per second) or 500 kc.
Maritime authorities of many nations, including the Maritime and Coastguard Agency and the United States Coast Guard, once maintained 24 hour watches on this frequency, staffed by skilled radio operators. Many SOS calls and medical emergencies at sea were handled via this frequency. However, as the use of Morse code over radio is now obsolete in commercial shipping, 500 kHz is obsolete as a Morse distress frequency. Beginning in the late 1990s, most nations ended monitoring of transmissions on 500 kHz and emergency traffic on 500 kHz has been replaced by the Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS).
Current status
The 500 kHz frequency has now been allocated to the maritime Navigational Data or NAVDAT broadcast system.
The nearby frequencies of 518 kHz and 490 kHz are used for the NAVTEX component of GMDSS. Proposals to allocate frequencies at or near 500 kHz to amateur radio use resulted in the international allocation of 472–479 kHz to the 630-meter amateur radio band, now implemented in many countries.
Initial adoption
International standards for the use of 500 kHz first appeared in the first International Radi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%20Kleinberg | Jon Michael Kleinberg (born 1971) is an American computer scientist and the Tisch University Professor of Computer Science and Information Science at Cornell University known for his work in algorithms and networks. He is a recipient of the Nevanlinna Prize by the International Mathematical Union.
Early life and education
Jon Kleinberg was born in 1971 in Boston, Massachusetts to a mathematics professor father and a computer consultant mother. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in computer science from Cornell University in 1993 and a PhD from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1996. He is the older brother of fellow Cornell computer scientist Robert Kleinberg.
Career
Since 1996 Kleinberg has been a professor in the Department of Computer Science at Cornell, as well as a visiting scientist at IBM's Almaden Research Center. His work has been supported by an NSF Career Award, an ONR Young Investigator Award, a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship, a Packard Foundation Fellowship, a Sloan Foundation Fellowship, and grants from Google, Yahoo!, and the NSF. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2011, he was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences. In 2013 he became a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.
Research
Kleinberg is best known for his work on networks. One of his best-known contributions is the HITS algorithm, developed while he was at IBM. HITS is an algorithm for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexanderson%20alternator | An Alexanderson alternator is a rotating machine invented by Ernst Alexanderson in 1904 for the generation of high-frequency alternating current for use as a radio transmitter. It was one of the first devices capable of generating the continuous radio waves needed for transmission of amplitude modulated signals by radio. It was used from about 1910 in a few "superpower" longwave radiotelegraphy stations to transmit transoceanic message traffic by Morse code to similar stations all over the world.
Although superseded in the early 1920s by the development of vacuum-tube transmitters, the Alexanderson alternator continued to be used until World War II. It is on the list of IEEE Milestones as a key achievement in electrical engineering.
History
Prior developments
After radio waves were discovered in 1887, the first generation of radio transmitters, the spark gap transmitters, produced strings of damped waves, pulses of radio waves which died out to zero quickly. By the 1890s it was realized that damped waves had disadvantages; their energy was spread over a broad frequency band so transmitters on different frequencies interfered with each other, and they could not be modulated with an audio signal to transmit sound. Efforts were made to invent transmitters that would produce continuous waves -- a sinusoidal alternating current at a single frequency.
In an 1891 lecture, Frederick Thomas Trouton pointed out that, if an electrical alternator were run at a great enough cyc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20syzygy%20theorem | In mathematics, Hilbert's syzygy theorem is one of the three fundamental theorems about polynomial rings over fields, first proved by David Hilbert in 1890, which were introduced for solving important open questions in invariant theory, and are at the basis of modern algebraic geometry. The two other theorems are Hilbert's basis theorem that asserts that all ideals of polynomial rings over a field are finitely generated, and Hilbert's Nullstellensatz, which establishes a bijective correspondence between affine algebraic varieties and prime ideals of polynomial rings.
Hilbert's syzygy theorem concerns the relations, or syzygies in Hilbert's terminology, between the generators of an ideal, or, more generally, a module. As the relations form a module, one may consider the relations between the relations; the theorem asserts that, if one continues in this way, starting with a module over a polynomial ring in indeterminates over a field, one eventually finds a zero module of relations, after at most steps.
Hilbert's syzygy theorem is now considered to be an early result of homological algebra. It is the starting point of the use of homological methods in commutative algebra and algebraic geometry.
History
The syzygy theorem first appeared in Hilbert's seminal paper "Über die Theorie der algebraischen Formen" (1890). The paper is split into five parts: part I proves Hilbert's basis theorem over a field, while part II proves it over the integers. Part III contains the syzygy t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20Science%20Laboratory | The Fluid Science Laboratory is a European (ESA's) science payload designed for use in Columbus built by Alenia Spazio, OHB-System and Verhaert Design and Development. It is a multi-user facility for conducting fluid physics research in microgravity conditions. It can be operated in fully or in semi-automatic mode and can be controlled on board by the ISS astronauts, or from the ground in the so-called telescience mode.
The major objective of performing fluid science experiments in space is to study dynamic phenomena in the absence of gravitational forces. Under microgravity such forces are almost entirely eliminated thereby significantly reducing gravity-driven convection, sedimentation and stratification and fluid static pressure, allowing the study of fluid dynamic effects normally masked by gravity. These effects include diffusion-controlled heat and mass transfer.
The absence of gravity-driven convection eliminates the negative effects of density gradients (inhomogeneous mass distribution) that arise in processes involving heat treatment, phase transitions, diffusive transport or chemical reaction. Convection in terrestrial processes is a strong perturbing factor, the effects of which are seldom predictable with great accuracy and which dominate heat and mass transfer in fluids.
The ability to accurately control such processes remains limited, and their full understanding requires further fundamental research by conducting well-defined model experiments for developin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAVTEX | NAVTEX (NAVigational TEleX), sometimes styled Navtex or NavTex, is an international automated medium frequency direct-printing service for delivery of navigational and meteorological warnings and forecasts, as well as urgent maritime safety information (MSI) to ships.
NAVTEX was developed to provide a low-cost, simple, and automated means of receiving this information aboard ships at sea within approximately 370 km (200 nautical miles) off-shore.
There are no user fees associated with receiving NAVTEX broadcasts, as the transmissions are typically transmitted from the National Weather Authority (Italy) or Navy or Coast Guard (as in the US) or national navigation authority (Canada).
Where the messages contain weather forecasts, an abbreviated format very similar to the shipping forecast is used.
NAVTEX is a component of the International Maritime Organization/International Hydrographic Organization Worldwide Navigation Warning Service (WWNWS). NAVTEX is also a major element of the Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS). SOLAS Convention mandated certain classes of vessels must carry NAVTEX, beginning August 1, 1993.
Technical information
NAVTEX transmissions are also called narrow-band direct printing (NBDP). The transmissions are layered on top of SITOR collective B-mode. SITOR-B is a forward error correcting (FEC) broadcast that uses the CCIR 476 character set. NAVTEX messages are transmitted at 100 baud using FSK modulation with a frequency shift of 170 Hz.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prickle | Prickle may refer to:
Thorns, spines, and prickles, a sharp, needle-like structures
Prickle cell of the skin
Prickle (protein), a planar cell polarity protein
The collective noun for a pack of porcupines
Prickle (Gumby character), a character on The Gumby Show |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-learning | Q-learning is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm to learn the value of an action in a particular state. It does not require a model of the environment (hence "model-free"), and it can handle problems with stochastic transitions and rewards without requiring adaptations.
For any finite Markov decision process, Q-learning finds an optimal policy in the sense of maximizing the expected value of the total reward over any and all successive steps, starting from the current state. Q-learning can identify an optimal action-selection policy for any given finite Markov decision process, given infinite exploration time and a partly-random policy. "Q" refers to the function that the algorithm computes – the expected rewards for an action taken in a given state.
Reinforcement learning
Reinforcement learning involves an agent, a set of states , and a set of actions per state. By performing an action , the agent transitions from state to state. Executing an action in a specific state provides the agent with a reward (a numerical score).
The goal of the agent is to maximize its total reward. It does this by adding the maximum reward attainable from future states to the reward for achieving its current state, effectively influencing the current action by the potential future reward. This potential reward is a weighted sum of expected values of the rewards of all future steps starting from the current state.
As an example, consider the process of boarding a train, in which t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarzynski%20equality | The Jarzynski equality (JE) is an equation in statistical mechanics that relates free energy differences between two states and the irreversible work along an ensemble of trajectories joining the same states. It is named after the physicist Christopher Jarzynski (then at the University of Washington and Los Alamos National Laboratory, currently at the University of Maryland) who derived it in 1996. Fundamentally, the Jarzynski equality points to the fact that the fluctuations in the work satisfy certain constraints separately from the average value of the work that occurs in some process.
Overview
In thermodynamics, the free energy difference between two states A and B is connected to the work W done on the system through the inequality:
,
with equality holding only in the case of a quasistatic process, i.e. when one takes the system from A to B infinitely slowly (such that all intermediate states are in thermodynamic equilibrium). In contrast to the thermodynamic statement above, the JE remains valid no matter how fast the process happens. The JE states:
Here k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature of the system in the equilibrium state A or, equivalently, the temperature of the heat reservoir with which the system was thermalized before the process took place.
The over-line indicates an average over all possible realizations of an external process that takes the system from the equilibrium state A to a new, generally nonequilibrium state under the s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLton | MLton is an open-source whole-program optimizing compiler for Standard ML. MLton development began in 1997, and continues with a worldwide community of developers and users, who have helped to port MLton to a number of platforms. MLton was a participating organization in the 2013 Google Summer of Code.
MLton aims to produce fast executables, and to encourage rapid prototyping and modular programming by eliminating inefficiencies often associated with high-level features. It also aims to facilitate large-scale programming through the MLBasis system, simplifying modularity and management of namespaces. As a whole-program compiler, it is notable for lacking an interactive top-level, common amongst Standard ML environments.
MLton includes several libraries in addition to the basis including ML Language Processing Tools with an implementation of ANTLR, and MLRISC with code generators for reduced instruction set CPUs. It also implements features that aid in porting code from SML/NJ, one of the more popular SML implementations, including support for SML/NJ's compilation manager.
See also
References
External links
MLton webpage
ML programming language family |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%20coil | A Maxwell coil is a device for producing a large volume of almost constant (or constant-gradient) magnetic field. It is named in honour of the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell.
A Maxwell coil is an improvement of a Helmholtz coil: in operation it provides an even more uniform magnetic field (than a Helmholtz coil), but at the expense of more material and complexity.
Description
A constant-field Maxwell coil set consists of three coils oriented on the surface of a virtual sphere. According to Maxwell's original 1873 design: each of the outer coils should be of radius , and distance from the plane of the central coil of radius .
Maxwell specified the number of windings as 64 for the central coil and 49 for the outer coils. Though Maxwell did not specifically state that current for the coils came from the same source, his work was specifically describing the construction of a sensitive galvanometer designed to detect a single current source. It follows that the ampere-turns for each of the smaller coils must be exactly of the turns of the larger.
Gradient-field Maxwell coil
A gradient-field Maxwell coil is essentially the same geometry of the 3-coil configuration above, with the central coil removed to leave only the smaller two coils. If the current in one of the coils is reversed, a uniform-gradient magnetic field is produced near the centre of the two coils. Maxwell describes the use of the 2-coil configuration for the generation of a uniform force on a smal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPE | SPE may refer to:
Science and technology
A monomer used to make polysulfobetaines, or occasionally the resulting polymer itself
Serum protein electrophoresis
Solar particle event,generating very high energy protons
Solid phase extraction, from a mixture
Solid-phase epitaxy, from amorphous to crystalline
The Sound Pattern of English, a 1968 book by Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle
SpE, abbreviation for Sporadic E propagation
Spe (planet), 14 Andromedae b
Stanford prison experiment, in psychology
Synchronous payload envelope, in synchronous optical networking
Computer science
Synergistic Processing Element in the Cell microprocessor
Signal-Processing Engine, for example in the PowerPC e500
Single-Pair Ethernet
Organizations
Sauber Petronas Engineering, car engine manufacturer
Societas Privata Europaea, a Europe-wide type of limited company
Sony Pictures Entertainment, a US company
SPE, later Luminus (company)
Special Police Establishment, later Central Bureau of Investigation, India
Special purpose entity, for a specific purpose
Professional societies
Society for Photographic Education
Society of Petroleum Engineers
SPE Certified Petroleum Professional, a designation
Society of Plastics Engineers
Society of Professional Engineers UK
Other
US supervisory patent examiner
SPE Certified, a food standard
Société Parisienne d'Édition (S.P.É.), a French publisher
See also
Spes (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivopontocerebellar%20atrophy | Olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) is the degeneration of neurons in specific areas of the brain – the cerebellum, pons, and inferior olivary nucleus. OPCA is present in several neurodegenerative syndromes, including inherited and non-inherited forms of ataxia (such as the hereditary spinocerebellar ataxia known as Machado–Joseph disease) and multiple system atrophy (MSA), with which it is primarily associated.
OPCA may also be found in the brains of individuals with prion disorders and inherited metabolic diseases. The characteristic areas of brain damage that indicate OPCA can be seen by imaging the brain using CT scans or MRI studies.
The term was originally coined by Joseph Jules Dejerine and André Thomas.
Signs and symptoms
OPCA is characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, leading to clumsiness in body movements, veering from midline when walking, wide-based stance, and falls without signs of paralysis or weakness. Clinical presentation can vary greatly between patients, but mostly affects speech, balance and walking. Other possible neurological problems include spasmodic dysphonia, hypertonia, hyperreflexia, rigidity, dysarthria, dysphagia and neck dystonic posture.
Cause
Olivopontocerebellar atrophy is hereditary, but has an unknown genetic basis. There are two forms:
A few non-hereditary diseases formerly categorized as olivopontocerebellar atrophy have been reclassified as forms of multiple system atrophy as well as to four hereditary types, that have |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson%27s%20algorithm | Johnson's algorithm is a way to find the shortest paths between all pairs of vertices in an edge-weighted directed graph. It allows some of the edge weights to be negative numbers, but no negative-weight cycles may exist. It works by using the Bellman–Ford algorithm to compute a transformation of the input graph that removes all negative weights, allowing Dijkstra's algorithm to be used on the transformed graph. It is named after Donald B. Johnson, who first published the technique in 1977.
A similar reweighting technique is also used in Suurballe's algorithm for finding two disjoint paths of minimum total length between the same two vertices in a graph with non-negative edge weights.
Algorithm description
Johnson's algorithm consists of the following steps:
First, a new node is added to the graph, connected by zero-weight edges to each of the other nodes.
Second, the Bellman–Ford algorithm is used, starting from the new vertex , to find for each vertex the minimum weight of a path from to . If this step detects a negative cycle, the algorithm is terminated.
Next the edges of the original graph are reweighted using the values computed by the Bellman–Ford algorithm: an edge from to , having length , is given the new length .
Finally, is removed, and Dijkstra's algorithm is used to find the shortest paths from each node to every other vertex in the reweighted graph. The distance in the original graph is then computed for each distance ( , ), by adding to the distance |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bittern%20%28disambiguation%29 | Bittern is a classification of wading birds in the heron family.
Bittern may also refer to:
Places
Bittern, Victoria, a town in Australia
Bittern railway station, on the Stony Point line
Bittern Lake, a village in Alberta, Canada
Bittern Line a railway in Norfolk, England
Vehicles
LNER Class A4 4464 Bittern, a preserved British steam locomotive
Boulton Paul Bittern, a British fighter aircraft design of the 1920s
HMS Bittern, the name of seven ships of the Royal Navy
USS Bittern, several ships in the United States Navy
Bittern-class sloop a three-ship class of long-range escort vessels used in the Second World War by the Royal Navy
Other
Bittern (salt), a waste product of solar salt operations rich in magnesium sulfate
Operation Bittern, a British military operation in World War II
See also
Bitterne, a suburb of Southampton, England
Bitter (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orna%20Lin | Orna Lin () (born 1956) is the owner of a private law firm, Orna Lin & Co. and a leading labor lawyer in Israel.
Biography
Orna Lin is the daughter of former Israeli Knesset member Amnon Lin and granddaughter of Haifa's first Jewish mayor, Abba Hushi. She is a graduate of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Legal career
Lin has been a member of the Israeli Bar since 1981. She was a partner at M. Seligman & Co., one of the largest law firms in Israel. In 1999-2003, she headed the Tel Aviv Bar Association, the first woman to serve in this position.
She is chairperson of the Israel Bar Association Council, also the first woman to hold this post. She lectures in Labor Law at Tel Aviv University.
See also
Women of Israel
References
External links
Orna Lin & Co.
Orna Lin
Israeli jurists
Academic staff of Tel Aviv University
Living people
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
1956 births |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myeloperoxidase%20deficiency | Myeloperoxidase deficiency is a disorder featuring lack in either the quantity or the function of myeloperoxidase–an iron-containing protein expressed primarily in neutrophil granules. There are two types of myeloperoxidase deficiency: primary/inherited and secondary/acquired. Lack of functional myeloperoxidase leads to less efficient killing of intracellular pathogens, particularly Candida albicans, as well as less efficient production and release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) from the neutrophils to trap and kill extracellular pathogens. Despite these characteristics, more than 95% of individuals with myeloperoxidase deficiency experience no symptoms in their lifetime. For those who do experience symptoms, the most common symptom is frequent infections by Candida albicans. Individuals with myeloperoxidase deficiency also experience higher rates of chronic inflammatory conditions. Myeloperoxidase deficiency is diagnosed using flow cytometry or cytochemical stains. There is no treatment for myeloperoxidase deficiency itself. Rather, in the rare cases that individuals experience symptoms, these infections should be treated.
Pathophysiology
The innate immune system responds quickly to infection, with neutrophils (a type of white blood cells) being the first responders. Neutrophils enter the site of infection and begin to phagocytose (take up) pathogens. Once engulfed, the neutrophils must then degrade the captured pathogens–a process known as intracellular killing. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myeloperoxidase | Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a peroxidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MPO gene on chromosome 17. MPO is most abundantly expressed in neutrophil granulocytes (a subtype of white blood cells), and produces hypohalous acids to carry out their antimicrobial activity, including hypochlorous acid, the sodium salt of which is the chemical in bleach. It is a lysosomal protein stored in azurophilic granules of the neutrophil and released into the extracellular space during degranulation. Neutrophil myeloperoxidase has a heme pigment, which causes its green color in secretions rich in neutrophils, such as mucus and sputum. The green color contributed to its outdated name verdoperoxidase.
EC number
The EC number of myeloperoxidase (MPO) is 1.11.2.2. The first digit, 1, places the enzyme into a class the class which catalyzes oxidoreductase reactions. The second digit, 11, classifies the enzyme as a peroxidase. The final digits, 2 and 2 identify specifically myeloperoxidase.
Reaction pathway
The major reaction myeloperoxidase catalyzes is the conversion of hydrogen peroxide and chloride ions into hypochlorous acid. To achieve this, myeloperoxidase uses hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor (for breakdown) and chloride ions as substrates. This all occurs within a neutrophil cell, which is important for innate immune function. The first part of the reaction pathway is when the heme group of the myeloperoxidase is converted to an activated heme called Compound I when hydroge |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic%20Vector%20Excitation%20Coding | Harmonic Vector Excitation Coding, abbreviated as HVXC is a speech coding algorithm specified in MPEG-4 Part 3 (MPEG-4 Audio) standard for very low bit rate speech coding. HVXC supports bit rates of 2 and 4 kbit/s in the fixed and variable bit rate mode and sampling frequency of 8 kHz. It also operates at lower bitrates, such as 1.2 - 1.7 kbit/s, using a variable bit rate technique. The total algorithmic delay for the encoder and decoder is 36 ms.
It was published as subpart 2 of ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999 (MPEG-4 Audio) in 1999. An extended version of HVXC was published in MPEG-4 Audio Version 2 (ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999/Amd 1:2000).
MPEG-4 Natural Speech Coding Tool Set uses two algorithms: HVXC and CELP (Code Excited Linear Prediction). HVXC is used at a low bit rate of 2 or 4 kbit/s. Higher bitrates than 4 kbit/s in addition to 3.85 kbit/s are covered by CELP.
Technology
Linear Predictive Coding
HVXC uses Linear predictive coding (LPC) with block-wise adaptation every 20ms. The LPC parameters are transformed into Line spectral pair (LSP) coefficients, which are jointly quantized. The LPC residual signal is classified as either voiced or unvoiced. In the case of voiced speech, the residual is coded in a parametric representation (operating as a vocoder), while in the case of unvoiced speech, the residual waveform is quantized (thus operating as a hybrid speech codec).
Voiced (Harmonic) Residual Coding
In voiced segments, the residual signal is represented by two parameters: the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold%20Blood | Cold blood may refer to:
sang froid, ruthlessness, see Conscience
a classification for draft or pack horses, see horse breed
Coldblood a Marvel Comics villain
"Cold Blood" (Doctor Who), an episode of the British TV series Doctor Who
Cold Blood (TV series), a UK crime drama series
Music
Cold Blood (band), an American rock/jazz/soul band formed in 1968
Cold Blood (album), their debut album
"Cold Blood" (Yo Gotti song), a song by rapper Yo Gotti featuring J. Cole
"Cold Blood", song by Geraldine Hunt 1972
"Cold Blood", song by Kix from Blow My Fuse 1988
"Cold Blood", song by Peter Tosh from Wanted Dread & Alive 1981
See also
Cold-blooded (disambiguation)
In Cold Blood (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1bor%20A.%20Somorjai | Gabor A. Somorjai (born May 4, 1935) is a professor of chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, and is a leading researcher in the field of surface chemistry and catalysis, especially the catalytic effects of metal surfaces on gas-phase reactions ("heterogeneous catalysis"). For his contributions to the field, Somorjai won the Wolf Prize in Chemistry in 1998, the Linus Pauling Award in 2000, the National Medal of Science in 2002, the Priestley Medal in 2008, the 2010 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Basic Science and the NAS Award in Chemical Sciences in 2013. In April 2015, Somorjai was awarded the American Chemical Society's William H. Nichols Medal.
Early history
Somorjai was born in Budapest in 1935 to Jewish parents. He was saved from the Nazis when his mother sought the assistance of Raoul Wallenberg in 1944 who issued Swedish passports to Somorjai's mother, himself and his sister saving them from the Nazi death camps. While Somorjai's father ended up in the camp system, he was fortunate to survive but many of Somorjai's extended family ended up in the camp system.
He was studying chemical engineering at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics in 1956. As a participant in the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, Somorjai left Hungary to go to the US after the Soviet invasion. Along with other Hungarian immigrants, Somorjai enrolled in graduate study at Berkeley and obtained his doctorate in 1960. He joined IBM's research staff in Yorktown |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allowed%20cell%20rate | The allowed cell rate is the rate in cells per second at which a source device may send data in ATM networks. It is bounded by the minimum cell rate and the peak cell rate.
References
ITU-T recommendations
Temporal rates |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20bile%20duct%20stone | Common bile duct stone, also known as choledocholithiasis, is the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct (CBD) (thus choledocho- + lithiasis). This condition can cause jaundice and liver cell damage. Treatments include choledocholithotomy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).
Signs and symptoms
Murphy's sign is commonly negative on physical examination in choledocholithiasis, helping to distinguish it from cholecystitis. Jaundice of the skin or eyes is an important physical finding in biliary obstruction. Jaundice and/or clay-colored stool may raise suspicion of choledocholithiasis or even gallstone pancreatitis. If the above symptoms coincide with fever and chills, the diagnosis of ascending cholangitis may also be considered.
More than 70% of people with gallstones are asymptomatic and are diagnosed incidentally during ultrasound. Studies have shown that 10% of those with gallstones will develop symptoms within 5 years of diagnosis, and 20% within 20 years.
Causes
While stones can frequently pass through the common bile duct into the duodenum, some stones may be too large to pass through the common bile duct and may cause an obstruction. One risk factor for this is duodenal diverticulum.
Pathophysiology
This obstruction may lead to jaundice, elevation in alkaline phosphatase, increase in conjugated bilirubin in the blood and increase in cholesterol in the blood. It can also cause acute pancreatitis and ascending cholangitis.
Diagnosis
Cho |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoarthritis | Monoarthritis is inflammation (arthritis) of one joint at a time. It is usually caused by trauma, infection, or crystalline arthritis.
Causes
Septic arthritis
Septic arthritis is due to a bacterial infection to the joint. It requires urgent joint washout in the operating room followed by intravenous antibiotic therapy for large joints. Small joints or children can be treated with repeated aspirations and intravenous antibiotics.
Gout
In gout, the acute inflammatory arthritis is caused by excess uric acid caused by either overproduction or under-excretion. Before the age of menopause, women have a lower incidence than males, but the rates are equal above this age. Gout can cause mono- or polyarthritis, but usually results in monoarthritis first.
Pseudogout
When monoarthritis is caused by pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease, CPPD), the inflammation usually lasts days to weeks, and involves the knees in half of all attacks. Like gout, attacks can occur spontaneously or with physical trauma or metabolic stress. Patients may feel well in between pseudogout attacks, and 5% present with pseudo-rheumatoid symptoms.
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease commonly involving the knees and hips. It results from erosion of the cartilage protecting the bones from rubbing together. Osteoarthritis is, in fact, a polyarthritis, but it starts initially in one joint before the involvement of other joints, hence, mimicking monoarthritis.
Psoriatic arthrit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penetrating%20oil | Penetrating oil, also known as penetrating fluid, is a low-viscosity oil. It can be used to free rusted mechanical parts (such as nuts and bolts) so that they can be removed, because it can penetrate into the narrow space between the threads of two parts. It can also be used as a cleaner; however, it should not be used as a general-purpose lubricant or a corrosion stopper. Using penetrating fluids as general-purpose lubricants is not advisable, because such oils are relatively volatile. As a result, much of the penetrating oil will evaporate in a short amount of time, leaving little residual lubricant.
Other uses include removing chewing gum and adhesive stickers, and lessening friction on metal-stringed musical instruments.
External links
How to make penetrating oil, by Rob Goodier on "Engineering for change".
oils |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haugh%20unit | The Haugh unit is a measure of egg protein quality based on the height of its egg white (albumen). The test was introduced by Raymond Haugh in 1937 and is an important industry measure of egg quality next to other measures such as shell thickness and strength.
An egg is weighed, then broken onto a flat surface (breakout method), and a micrometer used to determine the height of the thick albumen (egg white) that immediately surrounds the yolk. The height, correlated with the weight, determines the Haugh unit, or HU, rating. The higher the number, the better the quality of the egg (fresher, higher quality eggs have thicker whites). Although the measurement determines the protein content and freshness of the egg, it does not measure other important nutrient contents such as the micronutrient or vitamins present in the egg.
Formula
The formula for calculating the Haugh unit is:
Where:
HU = Haugh unit
h = observed height of the albumen in millimeters
w = weight of egg in grams
Haugh Index :
AA : 72 or more
A : 71 - 60
B : 59 - 31
C : 30 or less
Below are the USDA's terms describing egg white and its corresponding Haugh unit:
(a) Clear. A white that is free from discolorations or from any foreign bodies floating in it. (Prominent chalazas should not be confused with foreign bodies such as spots or blood clots.)
(b) Firm (AA quality). A white that is sufficiently thick or viscous to prevent the yolk outline from being more than slightly defined or indistinctly indicated w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulla%20J%C3%BCr%C3%9F | Ulla Erna Frieda Jürß (born 2 August 1923) was a female Nazi and a concentration camp guard. It is unclear in her file when Jürß became a camp guard (estimated between 1942 and 1944).
Jürß was born in Rabenhorst, Germany. She went to Ravensbrück concentration camp where she was trained as an Aufseherin and served in several capacities. She was later promoted to the rank of Blockführerin, and had over 600 women under her control. She was reportedly a brutal block overseer in the camp. In October 1944 she was relieved from duty and went back home.
She was not tracked down until 1966, and until then, lived quietly in East Germany. That year, she was charged with crimes against humanity. An East German court found her and two other former guards, Ilse Göritz and Frida Wötzel, and sentenced them to life imprisonment. Jürß was released in May 1991. After her release, she filed a petition for rehabilitation and compensation for the time she spent in prison. The petition was denied. It is not known whether Jürß is still alive.
References
1923 births
Female guards in Nazi concentration camps
People from Poznań County
Possibly living people
Ravensbrück concentration camp personnel
German people convicted of crimes against humanity
German prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by East Germany
Nazis convicted of war crimes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sully%20Erna | Salvatore Paul Erna Jr. (born February 7, 1968) is an American singer, musician, and songwriter, best known as the vocalist and rhythm guitarist for rock band Godsmack. He is also a harmonica player, drummer, and percussionist, performing these on albums and at live shows. He was ranked 47th in the Top 100 Heavy Metal Vocalists by Hit Parader.
Early life
Sully Erna was born in Lawrence, Massachusetts. He began playing drums at the age of three. His father, Salvatore Erna Sr., was a trumpet player from Sicily and would rehearse in the basement where Sully would watch. His great-uncle was a famous composer in Sicily. At the age of 11, Erna discovered that it was easier for him to listen to something and play it than read sheet music. He stopped taking lessons and practiced at home, rehearsing to records by Aerosmith, Led Zeppelin, Motörhead, and Rush.
Musical career
At 14, Dave Vose became Erna's new instructor. He signed his first record deal in 1993 with a band called Strip Mind. Their debut album What's in Your Mouth sold fewer than 50,000 units. Some of the band members (mainly the singer) and Erna didn't get along, and Erna was booted out. They split-up shortly after.
In Godsmack concerts, Erna plays the bongos and a large drum set, staging a drumming duel known as "Batalla de los Tambores" with drummer Shannon Larkin. This battle has become a staple of the band's live show. He is also a harmonica player as present on the Godsmack song "Shine Down".
In 2010, Erna rel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHF%20radio | VHF radio can refer to several communications services in the very high frequency (VHF) range, including:
Airband aircraft radio
Amateur radio in the 6-, 2- and 1-1/4-meter bands
FM radio broadcasts
Marine VHF radio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish%20Dhawan | Satish Dhawan (25 September 1920 – 3 January 2002) was an Indian mathematician and aerospace engineer, widely regarded as the father of experimental fluid dynamics research in India. Born in Srinagar, Dhawan was educated in India and further on in United States. Dhawan was one of the most eminent researchers in the field of turbulence and boundary layers, leading the successful and indigenous development of the Indian space programme. He succeeded M. G. K. Menon, as the third chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in 1972.
Education
Dhawan was a graduate of what is now called Punjab Engineering College in the city of Chandigarh in India, the [Mughalpura Technical College] in Lahore, Pakistan, undivided India, where he completed a Bachelor of Science in physics and mathematics, a bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering and a Master of Arts in English literature. In 1947, he completed a Master of Science degree in aerospace engineering from the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, and an aeronautical engineering degree from the California Institute of Technology followed by a double PhD in mathematics and aerospace engineering under the supervision of his advisor Hans W. Liepmann in 1951.
Leadership in space research
In 1972, Dhawan became chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and secretary to the Government of India at the Department of Space.
APJ Abdul Kalam explained that in 1979 when he was the director of a Satellite Launch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence%20theorem | In group theory, the correspondence theorem (also the lattice theorem, and variously and ambiguously the third and fourth isomorphism theorem) states that if is a normal subgroup of a group , then there exists a bijection from the set of all subgroups of containing , onto the set of all subgroups of the quotient group . Loosely speaking, the structure of the subgroups of is exactly the same as the structure of the subgroups of containing , with collapsed to the identity element.
Specifically, if
G is a group,
, a normal subgroup of G,
, the set of all subgroups A of G that contain N, and
, the set of all subgroups of G/N,
then there is a bijective map such that
for all
One further has that if A and B are in then
if and only if ;
if then , where is the index of A in B (the number of cosets bA of A in B);
where is the subgroup of generated by
, and
is a normal subgroup of if and only if is a normal subgroup of .
This list is far from exhaustive. In fact, most properties of subgroups are preserved in their images under the bijection onto subgroups of a quotient group.
More generally, there is a monotone Galois connection between the lattice of subgroups of (not necessarily containing ) and the lattice of subgroups of : the lower adjoint of a subgroup of is given by and the upper adjoint of a subgroup of is a given by . The associated closure operator on subgroups of is ; the associated kernel operator on subgroups of is the ide |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate%20of%20fire | Rate of fire is the frequency at which a specific weapon can fire or launch its projectiles. This can be influenced by several factors, including operator training level, mechanical limitations, ammunition availability, and weapon condition. In modern weaponry, it is usually measured in rounds per minute (RPM or round/min) or rounds per second (RPS or round/s).
There are three different measurements for the rate of fire: cyclic, sustained, and rapid. Cyclic is the maximum rate of fire given only mechanical function, not taking into account degradation of function due to heat, wear, or ammunition constraints. Sustained is the maximum efficient rate of fire given the time taken to load the weapon and keep it cool enough to operate. Finally, rapid is the maximum reasonable rate of fire in an emergency when the rate of fire need not be upheld for long periods.
Overview
For manually operated weapons such as bolt-action rifles or artillery pieces, the rate of fire is governed primarily by the training of the operator or crew, within some mechanical limitations. Rate of fire may also be affected by ergonomic factors. For rifles, ease-of-use features such as the design of the bolt or magazine release can affect the rate of fire.
For artillery pieces, a gun on a towed mount can usually achieve a higher rate of fire than the same weapon mounted within the cramped confines of a tank or self-propelled gun. This is because the crew operating in the open can move more freely and can sta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proca%20action | In physics, specifically field theory and particle physics, the Proca action describes a massive spin-1 field of mass m in Minkowski spacetime. The corresponding equation is a relativistic wave equation called the Proca equation. The Proca action and equation are named after Romanian physicist Alexandru Proca.
The Proca equation is involved in the Standard Model and describes there the three massive vector bosons, i.e. the Z and W bosons.
This article uses the (+−−−) metric signature and tensor index notation in the language of 4-vectors.
Lagrangian density
The field involved is a complex 4-potential , where is a kind of generalized electric potential and is a generalized magnetic potential. The field transforms like a complex four-vector.
The Lagrangian density is given by:
where is the speed of light in vacuum, is the reduced Planck constant, and is the 4-gradient.
Equation
The Euler–Lagrange equation of motion for this case, also called the Proca equation, is:
which is equivalent to the conjunction of
with (in the massive case)
which may be called a generalized Lorenz gauge condition. For non-zero sources, with all fundamental constants included, the field equation is:
When , the source free equations reduce to Maxwell's equations without charge or current, and the above reduces to Maxwell's charge equation. This Proca field equation is closely related to the Klein–Gordon equation, because it is second order in space and time.
In the vector calculus not |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20candies | Candy, known also as sweets and confectionery, has a long history as a familiar food treat that is available in many varieties. Candy varieties are influenced by the size of the sugar crystals, aeration, sugar concentrations, colour and the types of sugar used.
Simple sugar or sucrose is turned into candy by dissolving it in water, concentrating this solution through cooking and allowing the mass either to form a mutable solid or to recrystallize. Maple sugar candy has been made in this way for thousands of years, with concentration taking place from both freezing and heating.
Other sugars, sugar substitutes, and corn syrup are also used. Jelly candies, such as gumdrops and gummies, use stabilizers including starch, pectin or gelatin. Another type of candy is cotton candy, which is made from spun sugar.
In their Thanksgiving Address, Native peoples of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy give special thanks to the Sugar Maple tree as the leader of all trees "to recognize its gift of sugar when the People need it most". In traditional times, maple sugar candy reduced from sap was an important food source in the lean times of winter in North America.
Africa
South Africa
Asia
Bangladesh
China
Chinese candies and sweets, called táng (糖) are usually made with cane sugar, malt sugar, and honey.
Indonesia
Japan
Korea
Philippines
Europe
Typically, European candies are toffees, nougats and rock candies.
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Denmark
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Gum |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna%20Schmidt | Edna Schmidt (August 8, 1969June 24, 2021) was a journalist who was a news anchor for Noticiero Univision Edición Nocturna. She was of Puerto Rican descent, and covered the September 11 attacks in New York City, the panic caused by the anthrax threat, and the execution of Oklahoma bomber Timothy McVeigh.
Early life and education
Schmidt's parents moved from Puerto Rico to Manhattan, New York City, where she was born. After receiving her primary and secondary education, Schmidt enrolled in college, where she majored in journalism.
Career
Schmidt moved to Puerto Rico, where she started her career as a newscaster for WSJN-TV (Channel 24). In 1992, she went to Chicago, where she was offered a job at WGBO-TV (Channel 66) a local Spanish language station.
Telefutura (2002-09)
She lived in Chicago for 10 years before she was offered the position of anchorwoman in Telefutura, a division of Univision Communications, Inc., the leading Spanish-language media company in the U.S.
In April 2002, Schmidt accepted the offer and together with her husband moved to Miami, Florida where Telefutura has its headquarters. Schmidt was the inaugural anchor of "Noticias al Minuto" (Latest Minute News) until 2009, when she was promoted to Noticiero Univision: Fin de Semana. Among the notable events that Schmidt has covered are the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001, the panic caused by the Anthrax threat, and the execution of Oklahoma bomber Timothy McVeigh.
Univision (2009-201 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft%20emergency%20frequency | The aircraft emergency frequency (also known in the USA as Guard) is a frequency used on the aircraft band reserved for emergency communications for aircraft in distress. The frequencies are 121.5 MHz for civilian, also known as International Air Distress (IAD) or VHF Guard, and 243.0 MHz—the second harmonic of VHF guard—for military use, also known as Military Air Distress (MAD) or UHF Guard. Earlier emergency locator transmitters (ELTs) used the guard frequencies to transmit, but an additional frequency of 406 MHz is used by a more modern emergency locator transmitter.
History
The choice of 121.5 MHz was made by ICAO in conjunction with ARINC and the ITU.
Monitoring
In the United States, the emergency frequency is monitored by most air traffic control towers, FSS services, national air traffic control centers, military air defense and other flight and emergency services, as well as by many commercial aircraft. The notice to airmen FDC 4/4386 requires "…all aircraft operating in United States National Airspace, if capable, shall maintain a listening watch on VHF GUARD 121.5 or UHF 243.0."
In the UK, 121.5 MHz is monitored by the Royal Air Force Distress and Diversion cells (known as "D&D") at the London Terminal Control Centre and the Shanwick Oceanic Control, from a nationwide network of antennas. Depending on the aircraft's altitude and location, the personnel in the centres may be able to use triangulation to determine its exact position which can be useful to the pi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher%20Education%20Statistics%20Agency | The Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) was the official agency for the collection, analysis and dissemination of quantitative information about higher education in the United Kingdom. HESA became a directorate of Jisc after a merger in 2022.
HESA was set up by agreement between the relevant government departments, the higher education funding councils and the universities and colleges in 1993, following the White Paper "Higher Education: a new framework", which called for more coherence in HE statistics, and the 1992 Higher and Further Education Acts, which established an integrated higher education system throughout the United Kingdom. In 2018 HESA became the Designated Data Body for higher education in England under the Higher Education and Research Act 2017, with designation passing to Jisc after the 2022 merger.
Data Collections
HESA collected data from all publicly funded higher education institutions (HEIs) in the UK as well as a small number of private providers. The annual data collection streams were:
Student data collection information about students, courses and qualifications at HEIs
AP Student data collection information about students, courses and qualifications at Alternative Providers of higher education
Staff data collection information about staff employed by HEIs
Finance record income and expenditure of HEIs
Graduate Outcomes survey of graduate activities 15 months after leaving higher education
Aggregate offshore record count of students st |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shine%E2%80%93Dalgarno%20sequence | The Shine–Dalgarno (SD) sequence is a ribosomal binding site in bacterial and archaeal messenger RNA, generally located around 8 bases upstream of the start codon AUG. The RNA sequence helps recruit the ribosome to the messenger RNA (mRNA) to initiate protein synthesis by aligning the ribosome with the start codon. Once recruited, tRNA may add amino acids in sequence as dictated by the codons, moving downstream from the translational start site.
The Shine–Dalgarno sequence is common in bacteria, but rarer in archaea. It is also present in some chloroplast and mitochondrial transcripts. The six-base consensus sequence is AGGAGG; in Escherichia coli, for example, the sequence is AGGAGGU, while the shorter dominates in E. coli virus T4 early genes.
The Shine–Dalgarno sequence was proposed by Australian scientists John Shine and Lynn Dalgarno in 1973.
Recognition
Translation start sites
Using a method developed by Hunt, Shine and Dalgarno showed that the nucleotide tract at the 3' end of E. coli 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) (that is, the end where translation begins) is pyrimidine-rich and has the specific sequence . They proposed that these ribosomal nucleotides recognize the complementary purine-rich sequence , which is found upstream of the start codon AUG in a number of mRNAs found in viruses that affect E. coli. Many studies have confirmed that base pairing between the Shine–Dalgarno sequence in mRNA and the 3' end of 16S rRNA is of prime importance for initiation of tran |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washburn%27s%20equation | In physics, Washburn's equation describes capillary flow in a bundle of parallel cylindrical tubes; it is extended with some issues also to imbibition into porous materials. The equation is named after Edward Wight Washburn; also known as Lucas–Washburn equation, considering that Richard Lucas wrote a similar paper three years earlier, or the Bell-Cameron-Lucas-Washburn equation, considering J.M. Bell and F.K. Cameron's discovery of the form of the equation in 1906.
Derivation
In its most general form the Lucas Washburn equation describes the penetration length () of a liquid into a capillary pore or tube with time as , where is a simplified diffusion coefficient. This relationship, which holds true for a variety of situations, captures the essence of Lucas and Washburn's equation and shows that capillary penetration and fluid transport through porous structures exhibit diffusive behaviour akin to that which occurs in numerous physical and chemical systems. The diffusion coefficient is governed by the geometry of the capillary as well as the properties of the penetrating fluid.
A liquid having a dynamic viscosity and surface tension will penetrate a distance into the capillary whose pore radius is following the relationship:
Where is the contact angle between the penetrating liquid and the solid (tube wall).
Washburn's equation is also used commonly to determine the contact angle of a liquid to a powder using a force tensiometer.
In the case of porous materials |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive | Digestive may refer to:
Biology
Digestion, biological process of metabolism
Food and drink
Digestif, small beverage at the end of a meal
Digestive biscuit, a British semi-sweet biscuit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feroxyhyte | Feroxyhyte is an oxide/hydroxide of iron, δ-Fe3+O(OH). Feroxyhyte crystallizes in the hexagonal system. It forms as brown rounded to concretionary masses. Feroxyhyte is opaque, magnetic, has a yellow streak, and has a relative density of 4.2.
It occurs in manganese-iron nodules on the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean floors. It is also found in the Baltic, White, and Kara Seas. Forms under high pressure conditions and reverts to goethite on exposure to surface conditions. It also occurs as cement and coatings on clasts in poorly drained soils and sediments, formed by the rapid oxidation of iron(II) oxide compounds.
It was first described in 1976 for an occurrence in soils at its type locality: Kolomyya, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, Ukraine.
References
Hydroxide minerals
Iron(III) minerals
Hexagonal minerals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Spearman | Charles Edward Spearman, FRS (10 September 1863 – 17 September 1945) was an English psychologist known for work in statistics, as a pioneer of factor analysis, and for Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. He also did seminal work on models for human intelligence, including his theory that disparate cognitive test scores reflect a single general intelligence factor and coining the term g factor.
Biography
Spearman had an unusual background for a psychologist. In his childhood he was ambitious to follow an academic career. He first joined the army as a regular officer of engineers in August 1883, and was promoted to captain on 8 July 1893, serving in the Munster Fusiliers. After 15 years he resigned in 1897 to study for a PhD in experimental psychology. In Britain, psychology was generally seen as a branch of philosophy and Spearman chose to study in Leipzig under Wilhelm Wundt, because it was a center of the "new psychology"—one that used the scientific method instead of metaphysical speculation. As Wundt was often absent due to his multiple duties and popularity, Spearman largely worked with Felix Krueger and Wilhelm Wirth, both of whom he admired. He started in 1897, and after some interruption (he was recalled to the army during the Second Boer war, and served as a Deputy Assistant Adjutant General from February 1900) he obtained his degree in 1906. He had already published his seminal paper on the factor analysis of intelligence (1904). Spearman met and impressed the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMPATT%20diode | An IMPATT diode (impact ionization avalanche transit-time diode) is a form of high-power semiconductor diode used in high-frequency microwave electronics devices. They have negative resistance and are used as oscillators and amplifiers at microwave frequencies. They operate at frequencies of about 3 and 100 GHz, or higher. The main advantage is their high-power capability; single IMPATT diodes can produce continuous microwave outputs of up to 3 kilowatts, and pulsed outputs of much higher power. These diodes are used in a variety of applications from low-power radar systems to proximity alarms. A major drawback of IMPATT diodes is the high level of phase noise they generate. This results from the statistical nature of the avalanche process.
Device structure
The IMPATT diode family includes many different junctions and metal semiconductor devices. The first IMPATT oscillation was obtained from a simple silicon p–n junction diode biased into a reverse avalanche break down and mounted in a microwave cavity. Because of the strong dependence of the ionization coefficient on the electric field, most of the electron–hole pairs are generated in the high field region. The generated electron immediately moves into the N region, while the generated holes drift across the P region. The time required for the hole to reach the contact constitutes the transit time delay.
The original proposal for a microwave device of the IMPATT type was made by Read. The Read diode consists of two regio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunn%20diode | A Gunn diode, also known as a transferred electron device (TED), is a form of diode, a two-terminal semiconductor electronic component, with negative resistance, used in high-frequency electronics. It is based on the "Gunn effect" discovered in 1962 by physicist J. B. Gunn. Its largest use is in electronic oscillators to generate microwaves, in applications such as radar speed guns, microwave relay data link transmitters, and automatic door openers.
Its internal construction is unlike other diodes in that it consists only of N-doped semiconductor material, whereas most diodes consist of both P and N-doped regions. It, therefore, conducts in both directions and cannot rectify alternating current like other diodes, which is why some sources do not use the term diode but prefer TED. In the Gunn diode, three regions exist: two are heavily N-doped on each terminal, with a thin layer of lightly n-doped material between them. When a voltage is applied to the device, the electrical gradient will be largest across the thin middle layer. If the voltage increases, the layer's current will first increase. Still, eventually, at higher field values, the conductive properties of the middle layer are altered, increasing its resistivity and causing the current to fall. This means a Gunn diode has a region of negative differential resistance in its current–voltage characteristic curve, in which an increase of applied voltage causes a decrease in current. This property allows it to amplify, fu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20phase | In signal processing, linear phase is a property of a filter where the phase response of the filter is a linear function of frequency. The result is that all frequency components of the input signal are shifted in time (usually delayed) by the same constant amount (the slope of the linear function), which is referred to as the group delay. Consequently, there is no phase distortion due to the time delay of frequencies relative to one another.
For discrete-time signals, perfect linear phase is easily achieved with a finite impulse response (FIR) filter by having coefficients which are symmetric or anti-symmetric. Approximations can be achieved with infinite impulse response (IIR) designs, which are more computationally efficient. Several techniques are:
a Bessel transfer function which has a maximally flat group delay approximation function
a phase equalizer
Definition
A filter is called a linear phase filter if the phase component of the frequency response is a linear function of frequency. For a continuous-time application, the frequency response of the filter is the Fourier transform of the filter's impulse response, and a linear phase version has the form:
where:
A(ω) is a real-valued function.
is the group delay.
For a discrete-time application, the discrete-time Fourier transform of the linear phase impulse response has the form:
where:
A(ω) is a real-valued function with 2π periodicity.
k is an integer, and k/2 is the group delay in units of samples.
is a Fo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive%20Lotka%E2%80%93Volterra%20equations | The competitive Lotka–Volterra equations are a simple model of the population dynamics of species competing for some common resource. They can be further generalised to the Generalized Lotka–Volterra equation to include trophic interactions.
Overview
The form is similar to the Lotka–Volterra equations for predation in that the equation for each species has one term for self-interaction and one term for the interaction with other species. In the equations for predation, the base population model is exponential. For the competition equations, the logistic equation is the basis.
The logistic population model, when used by ecologists often takes the following form:
Here is the size of the population at a given time, is inherent per-capita growth rate, and is the carrying capacity.
Two species
Given two populations, and , with logistic dynamics, the Lotka–Volterra formulation adds an additional term to account for the species' interactions. Thus the competitive Lotka–Volterra equations are:
Here, represents the effect species 2 has on the population of species 1 and represents the effect species 1 has on the population of species 2. These values do not have to be equal. Because this is the competitive version of the model, all interactions must be harmful (competition) and therefore all α-values are positive. Also, note that each species can have its own growth rate and carrying capacity. A complete classification of this dynamics, even for all sign patterns of a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenism | Atenism, also known as the Aten religion, the Amarna religion, and the Amarna heresy, was a religion in ancient Egypt. It was founded by Akhenaten, a pharaoh who ruled the New Kingdom under the Eighteenth Dynasty. The religion is described as monotheistic or monolatristic, although some Egyptologists argue that it was actually henotheistic. Atenism was centred on the cult of Aten, a god depicted as the disc of the Sun. Aten was originally an aspect of Ra, Egypt's traditional solar deity, though he was later asserted by Akhenaten as being the superior of all deities. In the 14th century BC, Atenism was Egypt's state religion for around 20 years, and Akhenaten met the worship of other gods with persecution; he closed many traditional temples, instead commissioning the construction of Atenist temples, and also suppressed religious traditionalists. However, subsequent pharaohs toppled the movement in the aftermath of Akhenaten's death, thereby restoring Egyptian civilization's traditional polytheistic religion. Large-scale efforts were then undertaken to remove from Egypt and Egyptian records any presence or mention of Akhenaten, Atenist temples, and Atenist assertions of a uniquely supreme god.
History of Aten before Akhenaten
The word Aten (), meaning "circle," "disc," and later "sun disc," is first found in the 24th century BC Abusir Papyri, discovered in the mortuary temple of the Fifth Dynasty pharaoh Neferirkare Kakai. Aten, the god of Atenism, first appears as a god in te |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aliasing%20filter | An anti-aliasing filter (AAF) is a filter used before a signal sampler to restrict the bandwidth of a signal to satisfy the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem over the band of interest. Since the theorem states that unambiguous reconstruction of the signal from its samples is possible when the power of frequencies above the Nyquist frequency is zero, a brick wall filter is an idealized but impractical AAF. A practical AAF makes a trade off between reduced bandwidth and increased aliasing. A practical anti-aliasing filter will typically permit some aliasing to occur or attenuate or otherwise distort some in-band frequencies close to the Nyquist limit. For this reason, many practical systems sample higher than would be theoretically required by a perfect AAF in order to ensure that all frequencies of interest can be reconstructed, a practice called oversampling.
Optical applications
In the case of optical image sampling, as by image sensors in digital cameras, the anti-aliasing filter is also known as an optical low-pass filter (OLPF), blur filter, or AA filter. The mathematics of sampling in two spatial dimensions is similar to the mathematics of time-domain sampling, but the filter implementation technologies are different.
The typical implementation in digital cameras is two layers of birefringent material such as lithium niobate, which spreads each optical point into a cluster of four points. The choice of spot separation for such a filter involves a tradeoff among sharp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20field%20theory | A classical field theory is a physical theory that predicts how one or more physical fields interact with matter through field equations, without considering effects of quantization; theories that incorporate quantum mechanics are called quantum field theories. In most contexts, 'classical field theory' is specifically intended to describe electromagnetism and gravitation, two of the fundamental forces of nature.
A physical field can be thought of as the assignment of a physical quantity at each point of space and time. For example, in a weather forecast, the wind velocity during a day over a country is described by assigning a vector to each point in space. Each vector represents the direction of the movement of air at that point, so the set of all wind vectors in an area at a given point in time constitutes a vector field. As the day progresses, the directions in which the vectors point change as the directions of the wind change.
The first field theories, Newtonian gravitation and Maxwell's equations of electromagnetic fields were developed in classical physics before the advent of relativity theory in 1905, and had to be revised to be consistent with that theory. Consequently, classical field theories are usually categorized as non-relativistic and relativistic. Modern field theories are usually expressed using the mathematics of tensor calculus. A more recent alternative mathematical formalism describes classical fields as sections of mathematical objects called fiber |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPM | DPM may refer to:
Science and technology
Damp-proof membrane, a membrane material applied to prevent moisture transmission
Defects per million opportunities in manufacturing
Diesel particulate matter, an occupational hazard due to diesel exhaust
Di(propylene glycol) methyl ether, chemical compound
Discrete particle method, any of a family of numerical methods
Disintegrations per minute, a measure of the activity of the source of radioactivity
Disappearing Positive Methodology, state-sponsored subversion of drug testing processes in Russian doping programme
Computing
Data position measurement
Digital Postmarks
System Center Data Protection Manager, by Microsoft
Business
Direct part marking, a barcode methodology used in many industries
Diversified Project Management
Profession
Deputy Prime Minister
Diploma in Psychological Medicine
Doctor of Podiatric Medicine
Doctor of Project Management
Doctor of Plant Medicine
Doctor of Pastoral Music, in Doctor of Musical Arts
Other uses
DPM. a variant of the Soviet Degtyaryov machine gun
Detroit People Mover, an automated people mover system
Democratic Party of Macedonians (Demokratska partija Makedonaca), a political party in Serbia
Disappearing Positive Methodology, in the McLaren Report
Direct part marking, permanently marking parts with product information
Disruptive Pattern Material, a camouflage pattern used by the British Armed Forces and others
German Tank Museum, (German: )
Daniel Patrick Moynihan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Schultze | Max Johann Sigismund Schultze (25 March 1825 – 16 January 1874) was a German microscopic anatomist noted for his work on cell theory.
Biography
Schultze was born in Freiburg im Breisgau (Baden). He studied medicine at Greifswald and Berlin, and was appointed an associate professor of anatomy at Halle in 1854. Five years later he became a full professor of anatomy and histology and director of the Anatomical Institute at the University of Bonn. He died in Bonn on 16 January 1874; his successor at the anatomical institute being Adolph von La Valette-St. George. He was the older brother of obstetrician Bernhard Sigmund Schultze (1827–1919).
He founded, in 1865, and edited the important "Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie", to which he contributed many papers, and he advanced the subject generally, by refining on its technical methods. His works included:
Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Turbellarien (1851).
Uber den Organismus der Polythalamien (1854).
Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Landplanarien (1857).
Zur Kenntnis der elektrischen Organe der Fische (1858).
Ein heizbarer Objecttisch und seine Verwendung bei Untersuchungen des Blutes, (In 1865 Schultze provided the first accurate description of the platelet).
Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Retina (1866).
His name is especially known for his work on cell theory. Uniting Félix Dujardin's conception of animal sarcode with Hugo von Mohl's of vegetable protoplasma, he pointed out their identity, and included them under the common na |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoboNexus | RoboNexus was a robotics event in the United States held from 2004 to 2005. Over 10,000 attended RoboNexus in 2004.
RoboNexus showcased advances in robotics for both industry representatives and the general public. Notable exhibitors included the company iRobot, creators of Roomba, and NASA.
Robotics Trends also produces an annual RoboBusiness conference.
Events
2005 - San Jose Convention Center, San Jose, California
External links
Robotics events
Robotics in the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogo%2C%20Arkansas | Nogo is a small unincorporated community in Smyrna Township, Pope County, Arkansas, United States. It is part of the Russellville Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Nogo is situated in the Boston Mountains, 11 miles northwest of Kincannon Mountain and 28 miles northeast of Russellville on Arkansas Highway 27 at , within the Ozark National Forest.
The elevation is 1,720 feet above sea level.
References
Unincorporated communities in Pope County, Arkansas
Unincorporated communities in Arkansas
Russellville, Arkansas micropolitan area |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Gold%20Bug%20Variations | The Gold Bug Variations is a novel by American writer Richard Powers, first released in 1991.
Plot introduction
The novel intertwines the discovery of the chemical structure of DNA with the musicality of Johann Sebastian Bach's harpsichord composition the Goldberg Variations. A similar theme is explored by Douglas Hofstadter in his 1979 book Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid. The title also alludes to Edgar Allan Poe's 1843 short story "The Gold-Bug", which is also incorporated in the plot of the novel.
The plot hinges on two love affairs: the first set in the 1950s, between two scientists intent on discovering the mysteries of DNA; the second in the 1980s, between two lovers who befriend the scientist featured in the novel's flashbacks.
Awards
The Gold Bug Variations has received the following awards:
Time magazine Book of the Year, 1991
Publishers Weekly Best Books of 1991
Vrij Nederland Best Books of 1991
New York Times Notable Book, 1991
De Morgen Best Book of 1991 (named in 1999, in a compilation of the best books each year over the last half century)
Finalist, National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction, 1991
References
External links
Bibliography of editions of Gold Bug Variations.
Listing of reviews and writings about Gold Bug Variations.
1991 American novels
Novels by Richard Powers
Postmodern novels |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OBP | OBP may stand for:
Office of Border Patrol, part of US border control
Object-based programming
Odorant-binding protein, olfaction; proteins
Old Bold Pilots Association
One Bad Pig, a Christian punk band from Austin, Texas
On-base percentage, a baseball statistic
One Bennett Park, a skyscraper under construction in Chicago's Streeterville neighborhood
One Bayfront Plaza, a proposed skyscraper in Downtown Miami
OpenBoot, also known as "Open Firmware", the low-level firmware in Sun Microsystems, Inc. machines
Orange-bellied parrot, a critically endangered bird species from Australia
Osaka Business Park, a business district in Osaka, Japan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urokinase | Urokinase, also known as urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), is a serine protease present in humans and other animals. The human urokinase protein was discovered, but not named, by McFarlane and Pilling in 1947. Urokinase was originally isolated from human urine, and it is also present in the blood and in the extracellular matrix of many tissues. The primary physiological substrate of this enzyme is plasminogen, which is an inactive form (zymogen) of the serine protease plasmin. Activation of plasmin triggers a proteolytic cascade that, depending on the physiological environment, participates in thrombolysis or extracellular matrix degradation. This cascade had been involved in vascular diseases and cancer progression.
Urokinase is encoded in humans by the PLAU gene, which stands for "plasminogen activator, urokinase". The same symbol represents the gene in other animal species.
Function
The PLAU gene encodes a serine protease () involved in degradation of the extracellular matrix and possibly tumor cell migration and proliferation. A specific polymorphism in this gene may be associated with late-onset Alzheimer disease and also with decreased affinity for fibrin-binding. The protein encoded by this gene converts plasminogen to plasmin by specific cleavage of an Arg-Val bond in plasminogen. This gene's proprotein is cleaved at a Lys-Ile bond by plasmin to form a two-chain derivative in which a single disulfide bond connects the amino-terminal A-chain to the catalyt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20free%20lunch%20theorem | In mathematical folklore, the "no free lunch" (NFL) theorem (sometimes pluralized) of David Wolpert and William Macready, alludes to the saying "no such thing as a free lunch", that is, there are no easy shortcuts to success. It appeared in the 1997 "No Free Lunch Theorems for Optimization". Wolpert had previously derived no free lunch theorems for machine learning (statistical inference).
In 2005, Wolpert and Macready themselves indicated that the first theorem in their paper "state[s] that any two optimization algorithms are equivalent when their performance is averaged across all possible problems".
The "no free lunch" (NFL) theorem is an easily stated and easily understood consequence of theorems Wolpert and Macready actually prove. It is weaker than the proven theorems, and thus does not encapsulate them. Various investigators have extended the work of Wolpert and Macready substantively. In terms of how the NFL theorem is used in the context of the research area, the no free lunch in search and optimization is a field that is dedicated for purposes of mathematically analyzing data for statistical identity, particularly search and optimization.
While some scholars argue that NFL conveys important insight, others argue that NFL is of little relevance to machine learning research.
Example
Posit a toy universe that exists for exactly two days and on each day contains exactly one object, a square or a triangle. The universe has exactly four possible histories:
(square, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20free%20lunch%20in%20search%20and%20optimization | In computational complexity and optimization the no free lunch theorem is a result that states that for certain types of mathematical problems, the computational cost of finding a solution, averaged over all problems in the class, is the same for any solution method. The name alludes to the saying "no such thing as a free lunch", that is, no method offers a "short cut". This is under the assumption that the search space is a probability density function. It does not apply to the case where the search space has underlying structure (e.g., is a differentiable function) that can be exploited more efficiently (e.g., Newton's method in optimization) than random search or even has closed-form solutions (e.g., the extrema of a quadratic polynomial) that can be determined without search at all. For such probabilistic assumptions, the outputs of all procedures solving a particular type of problem are statistically identical. A colourful way of describing such a circumstance, introduced by David Wolpert and William G. Macready in connection with the problems of search
and optimization,
is to say that there is no free lunch. Wolpert had previously derived no free lunch theorems for machine learning (statistical inference).
Before Wolpert's article was published, Cullen Schaffer independently proved a restricted version of one of Wolpert's theorems and used it to critique the current state of machine learning research on the problem of induction.
In the "no free lunch" metaphor, each |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajinomoto | is a Japanese multinational food and biotechnology corporation which produces seasonings, interlayer insulating materials for semiconductor packages for use in personal computers, cooking oils, frozen foods, beverages, sweeteners, amino acids, and pharmaceuticals. is the trade name for the company's original monosodium glutamate (MSG) product, the first of its kind, since 1909. The corporation's head office is located in Chūō, Tokyo. Ajinomoto operates in 36 countries worldwide and employs an estimated 34,198 people. Its yearly revenue in 2022 is around ¥1.36 trillion JPY or $10 billion USD.
History
1907–1944: Origins and expansion
Ajinomoto Co., Inc. was created in 1908 as a subsidiary of Suzuki Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., which was founded in May 1907 by Saburosuke Suzuki II and Kikunae Ikeda. Ajinomoto was created to let Ikeda, a professor at Tokyo Imperial University, sell monosodium glutamate (MSG) seasoning made from wheat that he invented and patented. He created the seasoning after discovering that MSG was the source of a flavor that he called umami. In April 1909, Ajinomoto presented Ikeda's seasoning under the brand name "AJI-NO-MOTO" at a new product exhibition event in Tokyo, and began selling the product the next month. Ajinomoto primarily marketed the seasoning to housewives by using their trademark, a housewife in an apron, in newspaper advertisements, on signboards, and on-ground stamps.
Output gradually increased from 4.7 tons in 1910 to 23.3 tons in 1913 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume%20%28disambiguation%29 | Volume is the quantity of space an object occupies in a 3D space.
Volume may also refer to:
Physics
Volume (thermodynamics)
Computing
Volume (computing), a storage area with a single filesystem, typically resident on a single partition of a hard disk
Volume (video game), a 2015 video game by Mike Bithell
Volumetric datasets (3D discretely sampled data, typically a 3D scalar field), which can be visualized with:
Volume rendering
Volume mesh
Isosurface
The Volume, the soundstage in the StageCraft on-set virtual production visual effects technology
Publishing
Volume (bibliography), a physical book; the term is typically used to identify a single book that is part of a larger collection, but may also refer to a codex
Volume (magazine), a 1990s UK music magazine
Volume Magazine, quarterly architecture magazine
Volume! The French Journal of Popular Music Studies, an academic journal
Music
Volume may refer to a sound level assessment, such as:
Amplitude
Loudness
Dynamics (music)
The Volumes, a 1960s American musical group
Volumes, an American progressive metalcore band
Other uses
Volume (finance), the number of shares or contracts traded in a security or an entire market during a given period of time
Volume (film), a 2012 short film directed by Mahalia Belo
See also
"Twenty volumes", a non-scientific description of the concentration of a solution of hydrogen peroxide
Volume form, used in mathematics
Volume One (disambiguation)
Volume Two (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-homologous%20end%20joining | Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is a pathway that repairs double-strand breaks in DNA. It is called "non-homologous" because the break ends are directly ligated without the need for a homologous template, in contrast to homology directed repair (HDR), which requires a homologous sequence to guide repair. NHEJ is active in both non-dividing and proliferating cells, while HDR is not readily accessible in non-dividing cells. The term "non-homologous end joining" was coined in 1996 by Moore and Haber.
NHEJ is typically guided by short homologous DNA sequences called microhomologies. These microhomologies are often present in single-stranded overhangs on the ends of double-strand breaks. When the overhangs are perfectly compatible, NHEJ usually repairs the break accurately. Imprecise repair leading to loss of nucleotides can also occur, but is much more common when the overhangs are not compatible. Inappropriate NHEJ can lead to translocations and telomere fusion, hallmarks of tumor cells.
NHEJ implementations are understood to have been existent throughout nearly all biological systems and it is the predominant double-strand break repair pathway in mammalian cells. In budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), however, homologous recombination dominates when the organism is grown under common laboratory conditions.
When the NHEJ pathway is inactivated, double-strand breaks can be repaired by a more error-prone pathway called microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ). In th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internexin | Internexin, alpha-internexin, is a Class IV intermediate filament approximately 66 KDa. The protein was originally purified from rat optic nerve and spinal cord. The protein copurifies with other neurofilament subunits, as it was originally discovered, however in some mature neurons it can be the only neurofilament expressed. The protein is present in developing neuroblasts and in the central nervous system of adults. The protein is a major component of the intermediate filament network in small interneurons and cerebellar granule cells, where it is present in the parallel fibers.
Structure
Alpha-internexin has a homologous central rod domain of approximately 310 amino acid residues that form a highly conserved alpha helical region. The central rod domain is responsible for coiled-coil structure and is flanked by an amino terminal head region and a carboxy terminal tail. This rod domain is also involved in the 10 nm filament assembly structure. The head and tail regions contain segments that are highly homologous to the NF-M’s structure. The head region is highly basic and contains many serine and threonine polymers while the tail region has distinct sequence motifs like a glutamate rich region. The alpha domain is composed of heptad repeats of hydrophobic residues that aid the formation of a coiled coil structure. The structure of Alpha-internexin is highly conserved between rats, mice and humans.
Alpha-internexin can form homopolymers, unlike the heteropolymer the neurof |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmin | Desmin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DES gene. Desmin is a muscle-specific, type III intermediate filament that integrates the sarcolemma, Z disk, and nuclear membrane in sarcomeres and regulates sarcomere architecture.
Structure
Desmin is a 53.5 kD protein composed of 470 amino acids, encoded by the human DES gene located on the long arm of chromosome 2. There are three major domains to the desmin protein: a conserved alpha helix rod, a variable non alpha helix head, and a carboxy-terminal tail. Desmin, as all intermediate filaments, shows no polarity when assembled. The rod domain consists of 308 amino acids with parallel alpha helical coiled coil dimers and three linkers to disrupt it. The rod domain connects to the head domain. The head domain 84 amino acids with many arginine, serine, and aromatic residues is important in filament assembly and dimer-dimer interactions. The tail domain is responsible for the integration of filaments and interaction with proteins and organelles. Desmin is only expressed in vertebrates, however homologous proteins are found in many organisms. Desmin is a subunit of intermediate filaments in cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle and smooth muscle tissue. In cardiac muscle, desmin is present in Z-discs and intercalated discs. Desmin has been shown to interact with desmoplakin and αB-crystallin.
Function
Desmin was first described in 1976, first purified in 1977, the gene was cloned in 1989, and the first knockout mouse was cre |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimentin | Vimentin is a structural protein that in humans is encoded by the VIM gene. Its name comes from the Latin vimentum which refers to an array of flexible rods.
Vimentin is a type III intermediate filament (IF) protein that is expressed in mesenchymal cells. IF proteins are found in all animal cells as well as bacteria. Intermediate filaments, along with tubulin-based microtubules and actin-based microfilaments, comprises the cytoskeleton. All IF proteins are expressed in a highly developmentally-regulated fashion; vimentin is the major cytoskeletal component of mesenchymal cells. Because of this, vimentin is often used as a marker of mesenchymally-derived cells or cells undergoing an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during both normal development and metastatic progression.
Structure
The assembly of the fibrous vimentin filament that forms the cytoskeleton follows a gradual sequence .The vimentin monomer has a central α-helical domain, capped on each end by non-helical amino (head) and carboxyl (tail) domains. Two monomers are likely co-translationally expressed in a way that facilitates their interaction forming a coiled-coil dimer, which is the basic subunit of vimentin assembly. A pair of coiled-coil dimers connect in an antiparallel fashion to form a tetramer. Eight tetramers join to form what is known as the unit-length filament (ULF), ULFs then stick to each other and elongate followed by compaction to form the fibrous proteins.
The α-helical sequences con |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripherin | Peripherin is a type III intermediate filament protein expressed mainly in neurons of the peripheral nervous system. It is also found in neurons of the central nervous system that have projections toward peripheral structures, such as spinal motor neurons. Its size, structure, and sequence/location of protein motifs is similar to other type III intermediate filament proteins such as desmin, vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Like these proteins, peripherin can self-assemble to form homopolymeric filamentous networks (networks formed from peripherin protein dimers), but it can also heteropolymerize with neurofilaments in several neuronal types. This protein in humans is encoded by the PRPH gene. Peripherin is thought to play a role in neurite elongation during development and axonal regeneration after injury, but its exact function is unknown. It is also associated with some of the major neuropathologies that characterize amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but despite extensive research into how neurofilaments and peripherin contribute to ALS, their role in this disease is still unidentified.
History
Peripherin, first named such in 1984, was also known as 57 kDa neuronal intermediate filament prior to 1990. In 1987, a second distinct peripherally located retinal rod protein was also given the name peripherin. To distinguish between the two, this second protein is referred to peripherin 2 or peripherin/RDS (retinal degeneration slow) for its location and role in re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GFAP | GFAP may refer to:
Glial fibrillary acidic protein
General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, also known as the Dayton Agreement |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glial%20fibrillary%20acidic%20protein | Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is a protein that is encoded by the GFAP gene in humans. It is a type III intermediate filament (IF) protein that is expressed by numerous cell types of the central nervous system (CNS), including astrocytes and ependymal cells during development. GFAP has also been found to be expressed in glomeruli and peritubular fibroblasts taken from rat kidneys, Leydig cells of the testis in both hamsters and humans, human keratinocytes, human osteocytes and chondrocytes and stellate cells of the pancreas and liver in rats.
GFAP is closely related to the other three non-epithelial type III IF family members, vimentin, desmin and peripherin, which are all involved in the structure and function of the cell's cytoskeleton. GFAP is thought to help to maintain astrocyte mechanical strength as well as the shape of cells, but its exact function remains poorly understood, despite the number of studies using it as a cell marker. The protein was named and first isolated and characterized by Lawrence F. Eng in 1969. In humans, it is located on the long arm of chromosome 17.
Structure
Type III intermediate filaments contain three domains, named the head, rod and tail domains. The specific DNA sequence for the rod domain may differ between different type III intermediate filaments, but the structure of the protein is highly conserved. This rod domain coils around that of another filament to form a dimer, with the N-terminal and C-terminal of each filament al |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofilament | Neurofilaments (NF) are classed as type IV intermediate filaments found in the cytoplasm of neurons. They are protein polymers measuring 10 nm in diameter and many micrometers in length. Together with microtubules (~25 nm) and microfilaments (7 nm), they form the neuronal cytoskeleton. They are believed to function primarily to provide structural support for axons and to regulate axon diameter, which influences nerve conduction velocity. The proteins that form neurofilaments are members of the intermediate filament protein family, which is divided into six types based on their gene organization and protein structure. Types I and II are the keratins which are expressed in epithelia. Type III contains the proteins vimentin, desmin, peripherin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Type IV consists of the neurofilament proteins NF-L, NF-M, NF-H and α-internexin. Type V consists of the nuclear lamins, and type VI consists of the protein nestin. The type IV intermediate filament genes all share two unique introns not found in other intermediate filament gene sequences, suggesting a common evolutionary origin from one primitive type IV gene.
Any proteinaceous filament that extends in the cytoplasm of a nerve cell is also termed a neurofibril. This name is used in the neurofibrillary tangles of some neurodegenerative diseases.
Neurofilament proteins
The protein composition of neurofilaments varies widely across different animal phyla. Most is known about mammalian neurofi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestin | Nestin may refer to:
Neštin, a village in Srem, Vojvodina, Serbia.
Nestin (protein), a type VI intermediate filament (IF) protein.
Neštin-class river minesweeper, a class of minesweeper built in service with Serbia and Hungary. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pralatrexate | Pralatrexate, sold under the brand name Folotyn, is a medication used for the treatment of relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL).
Pralatrexate was approved for medical use in the United States in September 2009, as the first treatment for Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma (PTCL), an often aggressive type of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.
Medical uses
Pralatrexate is indicated for the treatment of people with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL).
Mechanism
Pralatrexate is a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor.
Discovery
Research on this class of drugs began in the 1950s at SRI International, where scientists were focused on developing new chemotherapies and antifolates that would be effective against tumor cells.
In the late 1970s, researchers at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center discovered that cancerous cells take in natural folate through a protein identified as plasma membrane transporter (now referred to as "reduced folate carrier type 1" or "RFC-1"). Further research showed that when normal cells evolve into cancerous cells they often overproduce RFC-1 to ensure they get enough folate.
A subsequent scientific collaboration was ultimately formed among SRI International, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and the Southern Research Institute with the intention of developing an antifolate with greater therapeutic selectivity – an agent that could be more effectively internalized into tumors (transported into the cells through RFC-1) a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanespimycin | Tanespimycin (17-N-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, 17-AAG) is a derivative of the antibiotic geldanamycin that is being studied in the treatment of cancer, specifically in younger patients with certain types of leukemia or solid tumors, especially kidney tumors.
It works by inhibiting Hsp90, which is expressed in those tumors.
It belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.
Clinical trials
Bristol-Myers Squibb conducted Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials. However, in 2010 the company halted development of tanespimycin, during late-stage clinical trials as a potential treatment for multiple myeloma. While no definitive explanation was given, it has been suggested that Bristol-Myers Squibb halted development over concerns of the financial feasibility of tanespimycin development given the 2014 expiry of the patent on this compound, and the relative expense of manufacture.
References
External links
National Cancer Institutie Bulletin on Phase 2 trials against Von Hippel-Lindau disease
Safety sheet for 17AAG
Antibiotics
Experimental cancer drugs
1,4-Benzoquinones
Carbamates
Lactams
Ethers
Secondary alcohols
Ansamycins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL%20Plus-Minus%20Award | The NHL Plus-Minus Award was a trophy awarded annually by the National Hockey League to the ice hockey "player, having played a minimum of 60 games, who leads the league in plus-minus statistics." It was sponsored by a commercial business, and it had been known under five different names. First given for performance during the season, Wayne Gretzky won the award the most times, with three. Gretzky also led the league once prior to the inception of the award. Bobby Orr has led the NHL the most times in plus-minus, with six, all prior to the inception of the award. The award was discontinued after being awarded to Pavel Datsyuk following the season.
History
The plus/minus statistic was first established during the 1967–68 NHL season. This statistic reflects a player's ability to contribute offensively and defensively. The award was first given at the end of the season. From to , it was known as the Emery Edge Award. During , there was no formal name for the Award. From to , it was known as the Alka-Seltzer Plus Award. From to , it was known as the Bud Ice Plus-Minus Award. Finally, from to , it was known as the Bud Light Plus-Minus Award.
Three-time winner Wayne Gretzky won the award the most times out of any player, and is one of only three repeat winners, joined by two-time winners John LeClair and Chris Pronger. Gretzky recorded the highest single-season result, +100, of all Award winners. The Award was won by players on the Edmonton Oilers and Detroit Red Wings fou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idarubicin | Idarubicin or 4-demethoxydaunorubicin is an anthracycline antileukemic drug. It inserts itself into DNA and prevents DNA unwinding by interfering with the enzyme topoisomerase II. It is an analog of daunorubicin, but the absence of a methoxy group increases its fat solubility and cellular uptake.
Similar to other anthracyclines, it also induces histone eviction from chromatin.
It belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.
It is currently combined with cytosine arabinoside as a first line treatment of acute myeloid leukemia.
It is used for treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis.
It is distributed under the trade names Zavedos (UK) and Idamycin (USA).
Side effects
Diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea and vomiting are common among patients treated with idarubicin.
References
External links
Idarubicin bound to proteins in the PDB
Anthracyclines
Pfizer brands
Topoisomerase inhibitors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Nitroquinoline%201-oxide | 4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide (also known as 4-NQO, 4NQO, 4Nqo, NQO and NQNO) is a quinoline derivative and a tumorigenic compound used in the assessment of the efficacy of diets, drugs, and procedures in the prevention and treatment of cancer in animal models. It induces DNA lesions usually corrected by nucleotide excision repair.
General
4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) is a quinoline, a carcinogenic and mutagenic chemical. Quinolines, like 4NQO, possess a heterocyclic aromatic structure and the same basic chemical formula of C9H7N. 4NQO may naturally occur in the environment but is typically manufactured for research purposes. 4NQO is known to mimic the biological effects of ultraviolet light on various organisms. Both 4NQO and its reduced metabolite 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide (4HAQO) bind covalently to cellular macromolecules such as nucleic acids and proteins.
4NQO has been shown to trap topoisomerase I cleavage complexes. It may also induce DNA damage through the production of reactive oxygen species thought to arise from enzymatic reduction of its nitro group, although its exact mechanism is unknown. 4NQO’s reactive oxygen species may serve as a byproduct of DNA damage or signaling molecule from damage. In response to damage from 4NQO, cells attempt to repair and initiate a transcriptional response to detoxify the cell from 4NQO and its metabolites.
Technical
DNA damage by 4NQO is a potent model. 4NQO induces DNA lesions usually corrected by nucleotide excision repai |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelarabine | Nelarabine, sold under the brand names Arranon (US) and Atriance (EU), is a chemotherapy medication used for the treatment of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL).
Nelarabine is a prodrug of arabinosylguanine nucleotide triphosphate (araGTP), a type of purine nucleoside analog, which causes inhibition of DNA synthesis and cytotoxicity. Pre-clinical studies suggest that T-cells are particularly sensitive to nelarabine. In October 2005, it was approved by the FDA for acute lymphoblastic leukemia and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma that has not responded to or has relapsed following treatment with at least two chemotherapy regimens. It was later approved in the European Union in October 2005. It is available as a generic medication.
References
External links
Purine antagonists
Nucleosides
Purines
Arabinosides
Hydroxymethyl compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine%20aminopeptidase | Membrane alanyl aminopeptidase () also known as alanyl aminopeptidase (AAP) or aminopeptidase N (AP-N) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ANPEP gene.
Function
Aminopeptidase N is located in the small-intestinal and renal microvillar membrane, and also in other plasma membranes. In the small intestine aminopeptidase N plays a role in the final digestion of peptides generated from hydrolysis of proteins by gastric and pancreatic proteases. Its function in proximal tubular epithelial cells and other cell types is less clear. The large extracellular carboxyterminal domain contains a pentapeptide consensus sequence characteristic of members of the zinc-binding metalloproteinase superfamily. Sequence comparisons with known enzymes of this class showed that CD13 and aminopeptidase N are identical. The latter enzyme was thought to be involved in the metabolism of regulatory peptides by diverse cell types, including small intestinal and renal tubular epithelial cells, macrophages, granulocytes, and synaptic membranes from the CNS. Defects in this gene appear to be a cause of various types of leukemia or lymphoma.
AAP is also used by some viruses as a receptor to which these viruses bind to and then enter cells. It is a receptor for human coronavirus 229E, feline coronavirus serotype II (FCoV-II), TGEV, PEDV, canine coronavirus genotype II (CCoV-II) as well as several Deltacoronaviruses.
References
Further reading
External links
The MEROPS online database for peptid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem%20valuation | Ecosystem valuation is an economic process which assigns a value (either monetary, biophysical, or other) to an ecosystem and/or its ecosystem services. By quantifying, for example, the human welfare benefits of a forest to reduce flooding and erosion while sequestering carbon, providing habitat for endangered species, and absorbing harmful chemicals, such monetization ideally provides a tool for policy-makers and conservationists to evaluate management impacts and compare a cost-benefit analysis of potential policies. However, such valuations are estimates, and involve the inherent quantitative uncertainty and philosophical debate of evaluating a range non-market costs and benefits.
History and Economic Model
History
Cost-benefit analyses and the generation of market value have existed within the economic literature for centuries. However, in 1997, Robert Costanza, Distinguished University Professor of sustainability at Portland State University, Oregon, was the first to estimate the worldwide worth of ecosystem services—bringing new attention to the field of ecosystem valuation. He and his colleagues calculated that such services were worth $33 trillion annually ($44 trillion present dollars).
Despite Costanza's fanfare, the World Bank, three decades later, that "the benefits provided by natural ecosystems are both widely recognized and poorly understood.”
Citing the importance of such knowledge to informed policy-making, in 2007, Environmental Ministers from the G8 + |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone%20deacetylase | Histone deacetylases (, HDAC) are a class of enzymes that remove acetyl groups (O=C-CH3) from an ε-N-acetyl lysine amino acid on both histone and non-histone proteins. HDACs allow histones to wrap the DNA more tightly. This is important because DNA is wrapped around histones, and DNA expression is regulated by acetylation and de-acetylation. HDAC's action is opposite to that of histone acetyltransferase. HDAC proteins are now also called lysine deacetylases (KDAC), to describe their function rather than their target, which also includes non-histone proteins. In general, they suppress gene expression.
HDAC super family
Together with the acetylpolyamine amidohydrolases and the acetoin utilization proteins, the histone deacetylases form an ancient protein superfamily known as the histone deacetylase superfamily.
Classes of HDACs in higher eukaryotes
HDACs, are classified in four classes depending on sequence homology to the yeast original enzymes and domain organization:
HDAC (except class III) contain zinc and are known as Zn2+-dependent histone deacetylases. They feature a classical arginase fold and are structurally and mechanistically distinct from sirtuins (class III), which fold into a Rossmann architecture and are NAD+ dependent.
Subtypes
HDAC proteins are grouped into four classes (see above) based on function and DNA sequence similarity. Class I, II and IV are considered "classical" HDACs whose activities are inhibited by trichostatin A (TSA) and have a zinc dep |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite-dimensional%20optimization | In certain optimization problems the unknown optimal solution might not be a number or a vector, but rather a continuous quantity, for example a function or the shape of a body. Such a problem is an infinite-dimensional optimization problem, because, a continuous quantity cannot be determined by a finite number of certain degrees of freedom.
Examples
Find the shortest path between two points in a plane. The variables in this problem are the curves connecting the two points. The optimal solution is of course the line segment joining the points, if the metric defined on the plane is the Euclidean metric.
Given two cities in a country with many hills and valleys, find the shortest road going from one city to the other. This problem is a generalization of the above, and the solution is not as obvious.
Given two circles which will serve as top and bottom for a cup of given height, find the shape of the side wall of the cup so that the side wall has minimal area. The intuition would suggest that the cup must have conical or cylindrical shape, which is false. The actual minimum surface is the catenoid.
Find the shape of a bridge capable of sustaining given amount of traffic using the smallest amount of material.
Find the shape of an airplane which bounces away most of the radio waves from an enemy radar.
Infinite-dimensional optimization problems can be more challenging than finite-dimensional ones. Typically one needs to employ methods from partial differential equations t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranpirnase | Ranpirnase is a ribonuclease enzyme found in the oocytes of the Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens). Ranpirnase is a member of the pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) protein superfamily and degrades RNA substrates with a sequence preference for uracil and guanine nucleotides. Along with amphinase, another leopard frog ribonuclease, Ranpirnase has been studied as a potential cancer and antiviral treatment due to its unusual mechanism of cytotoxicity tested against transformed cells and antiviral activity.
Ranpirnase was originally discovered by scientists at TamirBio, a biotechnology company (formerly Alfacell Corporation), where it was tested in preclinical assays and in clinical trials under the name Pannon or Onconase, and TMR004. The mechanism of action of ranpirnase has been attributed to the RNA interference pathway, potentially through cleaving siRNA molecules; to cleavage of transfer RNA; and to interference with the NF-κB pathway. Currently (as of March 2020) Ranpirnase is in clinical trials as a potential antiviral.
EC number
The EC system, or enzyme classification system was created to both standardize enzyme names, as well as allow for association of enzyme reaction type and function. The EC number for Ranpirnase is EC 4.6.1.18, but was previously EC 3.1.27.5. This means that ranpirnase is in class 4, subclass 6, sub-subclass 1, and serial #18. Class 4 are considered lyases, while subclass 4.6.1 further classifies the enzyme as a phosphorus-oxygen lyase. Ult |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creamed%20honey | Creamed honey is honey that has been processed to control crystallization. Also known as honey fondant, or set honey it has a smooth, spreadable consistency and lighter color than liquid honey of the same floral type. A method for producing creamed honey was first patented in 1935, and other methods have since been devised.
Description
Creamed honey contains a large number of small crystals, which prevent the formation of larger crystals that can occur in unprocessed honey. The processing also produces a honey with a smooth spreadable consistency. Because it is the glucose that crystallizes in the honey, and because glucose crystals are naturally pure white, creamed honey is always lighter-colored than liquid honey of the same floral type.
Creamed honey stays in its creamy consistency indefinitely if stored at approximately .
Production methods
Creamed honey was developed by Elton J. Dyce in the early 1930s. In the key production step, microscopic seed crystals are added to liquid honey. Then paddles intermittently stir the honey mixture while it is kept between ; creaming completes in 2-3 days. Dyce used the high heat of pasteurization to ensure that his honey source did not already contain crystals too large for the process, but modern techniques instead use fresh raw, liquid honey at a ratio of 1:10 or larger. The latter yields a batch of creamed honey in approximately 80 hours.
References
Honey dishes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor%20Torghelle | Sándor Torghelle (; born 5 May 1982) is a Hungarian former professional footballer who played as a forward. During his career, he played for Honvéd, Marcali, Crystal Palace, Panathinaikos, PAOK, Carl Zeiss Jena, FC Augsburg, Fortuna Düsseldorf, Videoton, and Vasas. He played 42 games for the Hungary national team between 2004 and 2010.
Club career
Crystal Palace
After developing in Hungary and playing for Budapest Honvéd, Marcali VFC and MTK Hungária, Torghelle signed for Crystal Palace, in August 2004 for a fee of roughly £750,000. He caught their eyes after scoring both goals for Hungary national team in their shock international friendly 2–0 victory over Germany in Kaiserslautern before UEFA Euro 2004. He wore the number 10 shirt, that of a first-choice striker, but found it hard to gain a regular place in the Crystal Palace starting eleven with Andy Johnson often playing as a lone striker. He scored only one goal in a League Cup match against Charlton, but the referee sent him off late in the game for diving.
After 12 months at Palace, Torghelle was first stripped of his first-team squad number (given number 30, while 10 went to new signing Jon Macken), and shortly after was loaned out to Panathinaikos in Greece for the 2005–06 season. In the deal, there was no clause for re-calling him, so he spent the whole season in Greece. However, he failed to impress, and Panathinaikos chose not to make the deal permanent.
PAOK
Torghelle was transferred to PAOK in Greece and han |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last%20universal%20common%20ancestor | The last universal common ancestor (LUCA) is mostly hypothesized to have been a common ancestral cell from which the three domains of life, the Bacteria, the Archaea, and the Eukarya originated. It is suggested to have been a "cellular organism that had a lipid bilayer and used DNA, RNA, and protein". The LUCA has also been defined as "a hypothetical organism ancestral to all three domains". In general, the LUCA is considered the point or stage at which the three domains of life diverged from precursing forms of life (about 3.5 - 3.8 billion years ago). The nature of this point or stage of divergence remains a topic of research.
All earlier forms of life precursing this divergence and, of course, all extant terrestrial organisms are generally thought to share common ancestry. On the basis of a formal statistical test, this theory of a universal common ancestry (UCA) is supported versus competing multiple-ancestry hypotheses.
The genesis of viruses, before or after the LUCA as well as the diversity of extant viruses and their hosts are subjects of investigation.
While no specific fossil evidence of the LUCA exists, the detailed biochemical similarity of all current life (divided into the three domains) makes it plausible. Its characteristics can be inferred from shared features of modern genomes. These genes describe a complex life form with many co-adapted features, including transcription and translation mechanisms to convert information from DNA to mRNA to proteins. Th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive%20equalizer | An adaptive equalizer is an equalizer that automatically adapts to time-varying properties of the communication channel. It is frequently used with coherent modulations such as phase-shift keying, mitigating the effects of multipath propagation and Doppler spreading.
Adaptive equalizers are a subclass of adaptive filters. The central idea is altering the filter's coefficients to optimize a filter characteristic. For example, in case of linear discrete-time filters, the following equation can be used:
where is the vector of the filter's coefficients, is the received signal covariance matrix and is the cross-correlation vector between the tap-input vector and the desired response. In practice, the last quantities are not known and, if necessary, must be estimated during the equalization procedure either explicitly or implicitly.
Many adaptation strategies exist. They include, e.g.:
Least mean squares filter (LMS) Note that the receiver does not have access to the transmitted signal when it is not in training mode. If the probability that the equalizer makes a mistake is sufficiently small, the symbol decisions made by the equalizer may be substituted for .
Stochastic gradient descent (SG)
Recursive least squares filter (RLS)
A well-known example is the decision feedback equalizer, a filter that uses feedback of detected symbols in addition to conventional equalization of future symbols. Some systems use predefined training sequences to provide reference points fo |
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