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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole%20carboxylase | The enzyme Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase, or AIR carboxylase () is involved in nucleotide biosynthesis and in particular in purine biosynthesis. It catalyzes the conversion of 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole ("AIR") into 5'-phosphoribosyl-4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole ("CAIR") as described in the reaction:
5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide + CO2 5'-phosphoribosyl-4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole + 2 H+
In plants and fungi
Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase is a fusion protein in plants and fungi, but consists of two non-interacting proteins in bacteria, PurK and PurE.
The crystal structure of PurE indicates a unique quaternary structure that confirms the octameric nature of the enzyme.
In Escherichia coli
In the bacterium Escherichia coli the reaction is catalyzed in two steps carried out by two separate enzymes, PurK and PurE.
PurK, N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase, catalyzes the conversion of 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide ("AIR"), ATP, and bicarbonate to N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide ("N5-CAIR"), ADP, and phosphate.
PurE, N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide mutase, converts N5-CAIR to CAIR, the sixth step of de novo purine biosynthesis. In the presence of high concentrations of bicarbonate, PurE is reported able to convert AIR to CAIR directly and without ATP. Some members of this family contain two copies of this domain.
References
External links
PAICS photo
EC 4.1.1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Coates%20%28tenor%29 | John Coates (29 June 1865 – 16 August 1941) was a leading English tenor, who sang in opera and oratorio and on the concert platform. His repertoire ranged from Bach and Purcell to contemporary works, and embraced the major heldentenor roles in Richard Wagner's operas. For more than 40 years, with only a four-year interruption for military service during World War I, he overcame the limitations of a voice that was not naturally large by impressing listeners with his intense artistic expression, lively diction, musical versatility and memorable stage presence.
Coates spent some time on the European continent, toured Australia and South Africa in 1912–13 and performed in North America in the 1890s and again in 1925. He performed most often, however, in his native country and became a beloved figure at England's regional music festivals. Elgar's Dream of Gerontius was one of his specialties. After 1921, he limited his performances to the concert stage and recitals, still performing a wide-ranging repertoire, but championing English composers. A dispute with music publishers about royalties clouded his later years.
Training and career as baritone
Coates was born in Girlington, Bradford. He came from a musical family on both sides, and for many generations. He attended Bradford Grammar School, where Frederick Delius was his (slightly younger) contemporary. His early singing experience came as a chorister in a church choir (under his father's direction), where he learnt the impo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifunctional%20purine%20biosynthetic%20protein%20adenosine-3 | Trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GART gene.
This protein is a trifunctional polypeptide. It has phosphoribosylamine—glycine ligase (EC 6.3.4.13), phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.2), AIR synthetase (FGAM cyclase) (EC 6.3.3.1) activity which is required for de novo purine biosynthesis.
References
Further reading
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inosine%20monophosphate%20synthase | Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PURH is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ATIC gene.
ATIC encodes an enzyme which generates inosine monophosphate from aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide.
It has two functions:
- 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase
- IMP cyclohydrolase
References
Further reading
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folliculin | The tumor suppressor gene FLCN encodes the protein folliculin, also known as Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome protein, which functions as an inhibitor of Lactate Dehydrogenase-A and a regulator of the Warburg effect. Folliculin (FLCN) is also associated with Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome, which is an autosomal dominant inherited cancer syndrome in which affected individuals are at risk for the development of benign cutaneous tumors (folliculomas), pulmonary cysts (often associated with pneumothorax), and kidney tumors.
Gene
Structure
The FLCN gene consists of 14 exons.
Location
Cytogenetic location: The FLCN gene is located on the short (p) arm of chromosome 17 at position 11.2. (17p11.2).
Molecular location on chromosome 17: base pairs 17,056,252 to 17,081,230 (NCI Build 36.1)
Clinical significance
Germline mutations in the FLCN gene cause Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome (BHD), an autosomal dominant disease that predisposes individuals to develop benign tumors of the hair follicle called fibrofolliculomas, lung cysts, spontaneous pneumothorax, and an increased risk for kidney tumors. FLCN mutations have also been found in the germline of patients with inherited spontaneous pneumothorax and no other clinical manifestations.
In a risk assessment performed in affected and unaffected members of BHD families, the odds ratio for developing kidney tumors in a person affected with BHD was 6.9 times greater than his unaffected siblings. The odds ratio for spontaneous pneumothorax in BHD affected indi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic%20acid | 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (4-HPPA) is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine. The aromatic side chain of phenylalanine is hydroxylated by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase to form tyrosine. The conversion from tyrosine to 4-HPPA is in turn catalyzed by tyrosine aminotransferase. Additionally, 4-HPPA can be converted to homogentisic acid which is one of the precursors to ochronotic pigment.
It is an intermediary compound in the biosynthesis of scytonemin.
See also
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
References
Natural phenols
Phenols
Alpha-keto acids
Propionic acids
Hydroxy acids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine%20aminotransferase | Tyrosine aminotransferase (or tyrosine transaminase) is an enzyme present in the liver and catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate.
L-tyrosine + 2-oxoglutarate 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate + L-glutamate
In humans, the tyrosine aminotransferase protein is encoded by the TAT gene. A deficiency of the enzyme in humans can result in what is known as type II tyrosinemia, wherein there is an abundance of tyrosine as a result of tyrosine failing to undergo an aminotransferase reaction to form 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate.
Mechanism
Structures of the three main molecules involved in chemical reaction catalyzed by the tyrosine aminotransferase enzyme are shown below: the amino acid tyrosine (left), the prosthetic group pyridoxal phosphate (right), and the resulting product 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (center).
Each side of the dimer protein includes pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) bonded to the Lys280 residue of the tyrosine aminotransferase molecule. The amine group of tyrosine attacks the alpha carbon of the imine bonded to Lys280, forming a tetrahedral complex and then kicking off the LYS-ENZ. This process is known as transimination by the act of switching out the imine group bonded to PLP. The newly formed PLP-TYR molecule is then attacked by a base.
A possible candidate for the base in the mechanism could be Lys280 that was just pushed off of PLP, which sequesters the newly formed amino group of the PLP-TYR molecule. In a similar mechanism of aspartate transamina |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarylacetoacetic%20acid | Fumarylacetoacetic acid (fumarylacetoacetate) is an intermediate in the metabolism of tyrosine. It is formed through the conversion of maleylacetoacetate into fumarylacetoacetate by the enzyme maleylacetoacetate isomerase.
See also
Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase
References
Dicarboxylic acids
Beta-keto acids
Enones |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarylacetoacetate%20hydrolase | Fumarylacetoacetase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FAH gene located on chromosome 15. The FAH gene is thought to be involved in the catabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine in humans.
Function
Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) is a protein homodimer which cleaves fumarylacetoacetate at its carbon-carbon bond during a hydrolysis reaction. As a critical enzyme in phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism, 4-Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase catalyzes the final step in the catabolism of 4-fumarylacetoacetate and water into acetoacetate, fumarate, and H+ respectively. These hydrolytic reactions are essential during aromatic amino acid human metabolism. Furthermore, FAH does not share known protein sequence homologs with other nucleotides or amino acids.
Reaction mechanism
The active site of FAH contains Ca2+ which acts to bind the substrate and a Glu-His-Water catalytic triad functions where the imidaxole ring of His133 activates a nucleophilic water molecule to attack the carbon-carbon bond of fumarylactoacetate thus forming fumarate and acetoacetate. Similar to Phenylalanine-associated pathways, the reaction molecular basis is critical in mammalian metabolism, as evidenced by the observed liver enzyme activity in FAH deficiency during hereditary tyrosinemia type 1. In humans, this enzyme is mainly expressed in the liver. FAH is among the amino acid hydroxylases. Tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT), 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPD), homogentisate 1,2-diox |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosylprotein%20sulfotransferase | Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes tyrosine sulfation.
Function
Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase is the enzyme that catalyzes the sulfation reaction of protein tyrosines, a post-translational modification of proteins. It utilizes 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) as the sulfonate donor and binds proteins with target tyrosine residues to eventually form the tyrosine O-sulfate ester group and the desulfonated 3’-phosphoadenosine-5’-phosphate (PAP).
TPST and tyrosine sulfation is involved in a large number of biological and physiological processes. Tyrosine sulfation has been found to be an important part of the inflammatory process, leukocyte movement and cytosis, viral cell entrance, and other cell-cell and protein-protein interactions. Selection for specific tyrosine residues requires a generally accessible tyrosine residue, and acidic residues within +5 or -5 residues of the target tyrosine. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) has been extensively studied as a substrate for TPST and the importance of sulfation in PSGL-1 and its ability to bind its receptor. Another substrate for TPST, CC-chemokine Receptor 5 (CCR5), has generated interest because of its role as the target protein for the viral entrance of HIV into cells. The importance of CCR5's sulfation for HIV invasion has led to research on TPST and CCR5, including a characterization of the pattern of sulfation of CCR5. Beyond these two proteins, other notable protein substra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-responsive%20element-binding%20protein | The iron-responsive element-binding proteins, also known as IRE-BP, IRBP, IRP and IFR
, bind to iron-responsive elements (IREs) in the regulation of human iron metabolism.
Function
ACO1, or IRP1, is a bifunctional protein that functions as an iron-responsive element (IRE)-binding protein involved in the control of iron metabolism by binding mRNA to repress translation or degradation. It functions also as the cytoplasmic isoform of aconitase. Aconitases are iron-sulfur proteins that require a 4Fe-4S cluster for their enzymatic activity, in which they catalyze conversion of citrate to isocitrate. This structure was based on x-ray crystal diffraction. The resolution was 2.80 Å. This protein was harvested from the species Oryctolagus cuniculus, more commonly known as a rabbit. This protein has a couple of conformational changes associated with it to explain the alternative functions as either mRNA regulator or as an enzyme. This information was obtained from the RCSB protein data bank website.
IRP2 is less abundant than IRP1 in most cells. The strongest expression is in intestine and brain. Relative to IRP1, IRP2 has a 73-amino acid insertion, and this insertion mediates the IRP2 degradation in iron-replete cells. IRP2 is regulated by the F-Box FBXL5 which activate the ubiquitination and then the degradation of IRP2. IRP2 has no aconitase activity.
Iron transport
All cells use some iron, and must get it from the circulating blood. Since iron is tightly bound to transferrin, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Rothberg | Jonathan Marc Rothberg (born April 28, 1963) is an American scientist and entrepreneur. He is best known for his contributions to next-generation DNA sequencing. He works and resides in Guilford, Connecticut.
Early life
Rothberg was born in New Haven, Connecticut, to Lillian Rothberg and Henry Rothberg, a chemical engineer. Prior to Rothberg's birth, his parents founded Laticrete International, Inc. a family-owned manufacturer of products for the installation of tile and stone. As a child Jonathan went on sales calls with his father. Rothberg's family laid the foundation for his scientific career.
Education and scientific career
Rothberg earned a BS in chemical engineering with an option in biomedical engineering from Carnegie Mellon University in 1985. He then went on to earn an MS, MPhil, and PhD in biology from Yale University.
Rothberg himself holds more than 100 patents.
Business career
CuraGen
While a graduate student at Yale, he founded CuraGen, one of the first genomics companies in 1991. CuraGen went public in 1999. By the next year it had a market cap of $5 billion, bigger than that of American Airlines. Rothberg resigned as chief executive of CuraGen in 2005.
454 Life Sciences
In 2000, 454 Life Sciences was founded as a subsidiary of CuraGen; Rothberg was the CEO of CuraGen at the time. The idea for 454 Life Sciences came when Noah, his second child, was born in 1999, and had to be sent to the neonatal intensive care unit because of breathing troubles. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Wallace | Charles William Wallace (20 January 1885 – 26 January 1970) was an English footballer who played for Aston Villa, Crystal Palace and Oldham Athletic.
Playing career
Wallace was born in Sunderland and played for local club Southwick before signing with Crystal Palace for the club's inaugural season of 1905–06. He was initially signed as a reserve player, but made the transition to first team football, making 19 League appearances that season (out of 24), scoring five goals and helping Palace to win the Southern League second division title and promotion to division one. The next season, Wallace missed only one of 38 games, scoring eight goals, and in the 1907 close season moved on to Aston Villa.
Wallace made 314 League appearances for Aston Villa over 14 years but only 9 competitive seasons due to sport being interrupted by the outbreak of World War I.
Wallace was the first player to miss a penalty kick in an FA Cup Final, when he missed the target from the spot in 1913 against Sunderland at London's Crystal Palace. A penalty kick miss would not occur again in an FA Cup Final until 1988, when Liverpool player John Aldridge had his penalty saved by Wimbledon goalkeeper Dave Beasant. Villa still went on to win 1–0 in the 1913 FA Cup Final, despite Wallace's penalty miss. Villa's goal that day came from Tommy Barber courtesy of a Wallace assist from a corner kick. Wallace also played in Villa's 1920 FA Cup Final winning side.
In 1921 Wallace moved on to Oldham Athletic befor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrownBoost | BrownBoost is a boosting algorithm that may be robust to noisy datasets. BrownBoost is an adaptive version of the boost by majority algorithm. As is true for all boosting algorithms, BrownBoost is used in conjunction with other machine learning methods. BrownBoost was introduced by Yoav Freund in 2001.
Motivation
AdaBoost performs well on a variety of datasets; however, it can be shown that AdaBoost does not perform well on noisy data sets. This is a result of AdaBoost's focus on examples that are repeatedly misclassified. In contrast, BrownBoost effectively "gives up" on examples that are repeatedly misclassified. The core assumption of BrownBoost is that noisy examples will be repeatedly mislabeled by the weak hypotheses and non-noisy examples will be correctly labeled frequently enough to not be "given up on." Thus only noisy examples will be "given up on," whereas non-noisy examples will contribute to the final classifier. In turn, if the final classifier is learned from the non-noisy examples, the generalization error of the final classifier may be much better than if learned from noisy and non-noisy examples.
The user of the algorithm can set the amount of error to be tolerated in the training set. Thus, if the training set is noisy (say 10% of all examples are assumed to be mislabeled), the booster can be told to accept a 10% error rate. Since the noisy examples may be ignored, only the true examples will contribute to the learning process.
Algorithm d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20enzyme | An artificial enzyme is a synthetic organic molecule or ion that recreates one or more functions of an enzyme. It seeks to deliver catalysis at rates and selectivity observed in naturally occurring enzymes.
History
Enzyme catalysis of chemical reactions occur with high selectivity and rate. The substrate is activated in a small part of the enzyme's macromolecule called the active site. There, the binding of a substrate close to functional groups in the enzyme causes catalysis by so-called proximity effects. It is possible to create similar catalysts from small molecules by combining substrate-binding with catalytic functional groups. Classically, artificial enzymes bind substrates using receptors such as cyclodextrin, crown ethers, and calixarene.
Artificial enzymes based on amino acids or peptides have expanded the field of artificial enzymes or enzyme mimics. For instance, scaffolded histidine residues mimic certain metalloproteins and enzymes such as hemocyanin, tyrosinase, and catechol oxidase).
Artificial enzymes have been designed from scratch via a computational strategy using Rosetta. A December 2014 publication reported active enzymes made from molecules that do not occur in nature. In 2016, a book chapter entitled "Artificial Enzymes: The Next Wave" was published.
Nanozymes
Nanozymes are nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics. They have been explored for applications such as biosensing, bioimaging, tumor diagnosis and therapy, and anti-biofouling.
1990 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiparallel%20%28biochemistry%29 | In biochemistry, two biopolymers are antiparallel if they run parallel to each other but with opposite directionality (alignments). An example is the two complementary strands of a DNA double helix, which run in opposite directions alongside each other.
Nucleic acids
Nucleic acid molecules have a phosphoryl (5') end and a hydroxyl (3') end. This notation follows from organic chemistry nomenclature, and can be used to define the movement of enzymes such as DNA polymerases relative to the DNA strand in a non-arbitrary manner.
G-quadruplexes
G-quadruplexes, also known as G4 DNA are secondary structures found in nucleic acids that are rich in guanine. These structures are normally located at the telomeres (the ends of the chromosomes). The G-quadruplex can either be parallel or antiparallel depending on the loop configuration, which is a component of the structure. If all the DNA strands run in the same direction, it is termed to be a parallel quadruplex, and is known as a strand-reversal/propeller, connecting adjacent parallel strands. If one or more of the DNA strands run in opposite direction, it is termed as an anti-parallel quadruplex, and can either be in a form of a lateral/edgewise, connecting adjacent anti-parallel strands, or a diagonal, joining two diagonally opposite strands. The structure of these G-quadruplexes can be determined by a cation.
DNA replication
In DNA, the 5' carbon is located at the top of the leading strand, and the 3' carbon is located at the l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopterin | Biopterins are pterin derivatives which function as endogenous enzyme cofactors in many species of animals and in some bacteria and fungi. The prototypical compound of the class is biopterin (6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pterin), as shown in the infobox. Biopterins act as cofactors for aromatic amino acid hydroxylases (AAAH), which are involved in synthesizing a number of neurotransmitters including dopamine, norepinephrine, epinepherine, and serotonin, along with several trace amines. Nitric oxide synthesis also uses biopterin derivatives as cofactors. In humans, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is the endogenous cofactor for AAAH enzymes.
As with pterins in general, biopterins exhibit tautomerism. In other words, there are a number of forms that readily interconvert, differing by the placement of hydrogen atoms. Depictions of the chemical structure may therefore vary among sources.
Compounds
Biopterin compounds found in the animal body include BH4, the free radical BH3•, and the semi-oxidized form BH2. The fully oxidized form, i.e. "biopterin" proper, has little biological significance.
Bacteria produce several unique glycosides of biopterin (and of other pterins as well), using a specific BPt glucosyltransferase. They may have a function in UV protection.
Biosynthesis
BH4 is the principal active cofactor. BH4 synthesis occurs through two principal pathways; the de novo pathway involves three enzymatic steps and proceeds from GTP, while the salvage pathway converts sepiapterin t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20Ark | The Solar Ark (ソーラーアーク) is a Japanese ark-shaped solar photovoltaic power generation facility which offers activities to cultivate a better appreciation of solar power generation, and thereby benefitting both ecology and science. This 315-meter-wide, 37-meter-tall facility is located in Anpachi, Gifu Prefecture, in the geographical center of Japan, and can be seen from the JR Tōkaidō bullet train, which runs past on an adjacent railway. It has over 5000 panels that produce approximately 530,000 kilowatt-hours on an annual basis and a maximum system power of 630 kilowatts.
Stationed at the center of the Solar Ark is the Solar Lab, a museum of solar energy. A hands-on, outdoor light exhibition was planned for opening in 2005. The Solar Ark was an enterprise partner with the 2005 World Exhibition, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. It is one of the largest solar buildings in the world.
History
The Solar Ark was constructed by Sanyo Electric Co. Its development was accidental among other things. Initially, Sanyo Electric had intended to create the largest photovoltaic system in the world, with a 3.4 megawatt output, to mark the organisation's 50th anniversary. By 1998, designers had already been in discussions about the Solar Ark's appearance. Sanyo had planned on using cutting edge solar technology available to them at the time, using a combination of crystal silicon and thin-film amorphous silicon with 14-15% efficiency. However, during the initial planning, Sanyo had to recall seve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin%20synthase | Riboflavin synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the final reaction of riboflavin biosynthesis. It catalyzes the transfer of a four-carbon unit from one molecule of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine onto another, resulting in the synthesis of riboflavin and 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione:
(2) 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine → riboflavin + 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione
Structure
The riboflavin synthase monomer has a molecular weight of about 23 kDa. Each monomer contains two beta barrels and one α-helix at the C-terminus (residues 186-206). The monomer folds into pseudo two-fold symmetry, predicted by sequence similarity between the N-terminus barrel (residues 4-86) and the C-terminus barrel (residues 101-184). The interface between these barrels of two different subunits is the location of the active site. The enzyme from different species adopts different quaternary structures, containing up to 120 subunits.
Archeal riboflavin synthase forms as a homopentamer, whereas eubacterial, fungal and plant riboflavin synthase exists as a homotrimer. Their sequences are entirely unrelated, the archeal enzyme is paralogous to 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase. The reactions catalyzed by these two types of riboflavin synthase proceed via "enantiomeric" intermediates.
Active site
Two 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine (synthesized by lumazine synthase) molecules are hydrogen bound to each monomer as the two domains are topologically similar. The ac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo%20Curcio | Vincenzo Curcio (born c. 1960), a member of the Sicilian Mafia, is famous for escaping from his Turin prison cell by sawing through the bars of his cell with a piece of dental floss on March 17, 2000.
Biography
Curcio was convicted of one murder and arranging seven others. The jail had been built in the 1970s and was designed to withstand outside attacks rather than breakouts, and as such the bars were made of iron low in carbon which were ductile but easy to saw through. Curcio tied bedsheets together and climbed down to the ground, scaling the outer fence to gain his freedom.
On July 11, 2000, Curcio was captured in Pancalieri, in the Province of Turin.
References
Sicilian mafiosi
Sicilian mafiosi sentenced to life imprisonment
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo%20Sawilowsky | Shlomo S. Sawilowsky (1954 - 11 January 2021) was a professor of educational statistics and Distinguished Faculty Fellow at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan, where he has received teaching, mentoring, and research awards.
Academic career
Sawilowsky obtained his Ph.D. in 1985 at the University of South Florida. He was inducted into the USF chapter of the Phi Kappa Phi honor society on May 17, 1981, when he received his M.A. In 2008 Sawilowsky served as president of the American Educational Research Association Special Interest Group/Educational Statisticians. He served as an Assistant Dean in the College of Education at WSU. Along with Miodrag Lovric (Serbia) and C. R. Rao (India), he was nominated for the 2013 Nobel Peace Prize for his contributions to the International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science.
Contributions to applied statistics and social/behavioral sciences
In 2000, the AMSTAT News, a publication of the American Statistical Association, described Professor Sawilowsky's award of Distinguished Faculty Fellow "in recognition of Sawilowsky's outstanding scholarly achievements in applied statistics, psychometrics, and experimental design in education and psychology."
Applied statistics
He is the author of a statistics textbook that presents statistical methods via Monte Carlo simulation methods, editor of a volume on real data analysis published by the American Educational Research Association SIG/Educational Statisticians, and author of over a hundred |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine%20racemase | Serine racemase (SR, ) is the first racemase enzyme in human biology to be identified. This enzyme converts L-serine to its enantiomer form, D-serine. D-serine acts as a neuronal signaling molecule by activating NMDA receptors in the brain.
Since NMDA receptors Dysfunction has been suggested as one of the promising hypotheses for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, it has been shown that underexpression of this enzyme is an indicator, especially for the paranoid subtype. Treatment of schizophrenia with D-serine has been shown to play some role in ameliorating some symptoms.
In humans, the serine racemase protein is encoded by the SRR gene. Serine racemase may have evolved from L-thre-hydroxyaspartate (L-THA) eliminase and served as the precursor to aspartate racemase.
Mammalian serine racemase is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate dependent enzyme that catalyzes both the racemization of L-serine to D-serine and also the elimination of water from L-serine, generating pyruvate and ammonia through the β-elimination of L-serine. This makes serine a known bifurcating enzyme. The β-elimination pathway is thought to serve as a bleed valve that allows local stores of L-serine to be diverted away from D-serine as a means of muting the D-serine signaling pathway. The canonical tetraglycine loop that serves as a PLP phosphate binding pocket includes the active residues being F55, K56, G185, G186, G187, G188, and S313.
The enzyme is physiologically stimulated by divalent cations (e.g., magne |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowyer%E2%80%93Watson%20algorithm | In computational geometry, the Bowyer–Watson algorithm is a method for computing the Delaunay triangulation of a finite set of points in any number of dimensions. The algorithm can be also used to obtain a Voronoi diagram of the points, which is the dual graph of the Delaunay triangulation.
Description
The Bowyer–Watson algorithm is an incremental algorithm. It works by adding points, one at a time, to a valid Delaunay triangulation of a subset of the desired points. After every insertion, any triangles whose circumcircles contain the new point are deleted, leaving a star-shaped polygonal hole which is then re-triangulated using the new point. By using the connectivity of the triangulation to efficiently locate triangles to remove, the algorithm can take O(N log N) operations to triangulate N points, although special degenerate cases exist where this goes up to O(N2).
History
The algorithm is sometimes known just as the Bowyer Algorithm or the Watson Algorithm. Adrian Bowyer and David Watson devised it independently of each other at the same time, and each published a paper on it in the same issue of The Computer Journal (see below).
Pseudocode
The following pseudocode describes a basic implementation of the Bowyer-Watson algorithm. Its time complexity is . Efficiency can be improved in a number of ways. For example, the triangle connectivity can be used to locate the triangles which contain the new point in their circumcircle, without having to check all of the triangles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium%20oxysporum%20f.sp.%20albedinis | Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. albedinis is a fungal plant pathogen that causes a disease known as Bayoud disease or fusarium wilt primarily on date palm.
Genome
Fernandez et al., 1998 identify the Fot1 (F.o. transposable elements) in F.o. albedinis.
Detection
F.o. albedinis may be diagnosed by molecular tests targeting sequences found by Fernandez et al., 1998.
See also
List of date palm diseases
References
External links
USDA ARS Fungal Database
oxysporum f.sp. albedinis
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
Palm diseases
Food plant pathogens and diseases
Forma specialis taxa
Fungi described in 1930 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium%20oxysporum%20f.sp.%20citri | Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. citri is a fungus which reproduces by cell fission. It is a well known plant pathogen infecting citruses.
References
oxysporum f.sp. citri
Fungal citrus diseases
Forma specialis taxa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackenridge%20Recreation%20Complex | Brackenridge Recreation Complex is a park operated by the Lavaca-Navidad River Authority. The park is a former state park in Texas then known as Lake Texana State Park and is located near Edna in Jackson County, halfway between Houston and Corpus Christi on Lake Texana.
The park was acquired by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department under a 50-year lease agreement with the United States Bureau of Reclamation/Lavaca-Navidad River Authority in 1977. The park opened in September 1981 and was operated as a state park until the TPWD terminated its lease on August 31, 2012 when the river authority assumed management.
The majority of the park consists of mixed oak and pecan woodlands. White-tailed deer, squirrels, rabbits, nine-banded armadillos, and raccoons are numerous. There are occasional bobcat and wild turkey sightings. American alligators are also found in the park.
References
External links
Texas Parks and Wildlife: Lake Texana State Park
Protected areas of Jackson County, Texas
Protected areas established in 1981 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQO | AQO may refer to:
Llano Municipal Airport, Texas, United States (IATA code)
Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa Aircraft Operations), United States (ICAO code)
Adiabatic Quantum Optimization |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronavigation | Neuronavigation is the set of computer-assisted technologies used by neurosurgeons to guide or "navigate” within the confines of the skull or vertebral column during surgery, and used by psychiatrists to accurately target rTMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation). The set of hardware for these purposes is referred to as a neuronavigator.
Stereotactic Surgery
Neuronavigation is recognized as the next evolutionary step of stereotactic surgery, a set of techniques that dates back to the early 1900s and that gained popularity during the 1940s, particularly in Germany, France and the U.S., with the development of surgery for the treatment of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease and dystonias. In its infancy the purpose of this technology was to create a mathematical model describing a proposed coordinate system for the space within a closed structure, e.g., the skull. This "fiducial spatial coordinate system” uses fiducial markers as a reference to describe with high accuracy the position of specific structures within this arbitrarily defined space. The surgeon then refers to that data to target particular structures within the brain. This technology was boosted by the collection of data on human anatomy in “stereotactic atlases”, expanding the quantitatively defined “targets” that could be readily used in surgery. Finally, the advent of modern neuro-imaging technologies such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)—along with the ever-increasin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosaposin | Prosaposin, also known as PSAP, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the PSAP gene.
This highly conserved glycoprotein is a precursor for 4 cleavage products: saposins A, B, C, and D. Saposin is an acronym for Sphingolipid Activator PrO[S]teINs. Each domain of the precursor protein is approximately 80 amino acid residues long with nearly identical placement of cysteine residues and glycosylation sites. Saposins A-D localize primarily to the lysosomal compartment where they facilitate the catabolism of glycosphingolipids with short oligosaccharide groups. The precursor protein exists both as a secretory protein and as an integral membrane protein and has neurotrophic activities.
Saposins A–D are required for the hydrolysis of certain sphingolipids by specific lysosomal hydrolases.
Family members
Saposin A was identified as an N-terminal domain in the prosaposin cDNA prior to its isolation. It is known to stimulate the enzymatic hydrolysis of 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-glucoside, glucocerebroside, and galactocerebroside.
Saposin B was the first to be discovered and was found to be required as a heat-stable factor for hydrolysis of sulfatides by arylsulfatase A. It is known by many different names, such as, sphingolipid activator protein-1 (SAP-1), sulfatide activator protein, GM1 ganglioside activator, dispersin, and nonspecific. It has been observed that this particular saposin activates many enzymes through interaction with the substrates not the enzymes themselves.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardunia%C5%A1 | Karduniaš, also transcribed Kurduniash, Karduniash, Karaduniše,) is a Kassite term used for the kingdom centered on Babylonia and founded by the Kassite dynasty. It is used in the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence, and is also used frequently in Middle Assyrian and Neo-Assyrian texts to refer to the kingdom of Babylon. The name Karaduniyaš is mainly used in the letters written between Kadashman-Enlil I or Burna-Buriash, Kings of Babylon, and the Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt - (called: Mizri), letters EA 1-EA 11, a subcorpus of letters, (EA for 'el Amarna').
There are two additional letters in the 382–letter Amarna corpus that reference Karaduniyaš. The first is a damaged, and partial letter, EA 200, (with no author), regarding "Ahlameans", (similar to the Suteans); the title is: "About Ahlameans". The second letter is complete and undamaged, a letter from one of the sons of Labaya, namely Mutbaal - (Mut-Bahli, or Mut-Ba'lu), letter EA 255.
Two example letters of Karaduniyaš
EA 255, Mutbaal letter no. 1 of 2, title: "No destination too far"
Letter 255 by Mutbaal, about caravans, seems to imply that his location in western Jordan, (as "Mayor of Pihilu"-(modern Pella, Jordan)), was an important trade route to the east to Babylonia, or north to Mittani.
Say [t]o the king, [my] lord and my Sun: Thus Mut-Bahl[u], your servant, the dirt at your feet, the mire you tread on. I fall at the feet of the king, my lord, 7 times and 7 times. The king, my lord, sent Haaya to me to sa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel%20Hamid%20Bassiouny | Abdel Hamid Bassiouny (; born 15 December 1971) is an Egyptian footballer. He previously played in Egypt for Kafr El-Sheikh, Zamalek, Ismaily and Haras El-Hodood.
Managerial statistics
References
External links
Abdul-Hamid Bassiouny at Footballdatabase
1971 births
Living people
Zamalek SC players
Egyptian men's footballers
1999 FIFA Confederations Cup players
Ismaily SC players
Haras El Hodoud SC players
Egyptian Premier League players
Egyptian Premier League managers
Haras El Hodoud SC managers
People from Kafr El Sheikh Governorate
Men's association football forwards
Egyptian football managers
Egypt men's international footballers
Oman Professional League managers
Egyptian expatriate football managers
Mirbat SC managers
Egyptian expatriate sportspeople in Oman
Expatriate football managers in Oman
Tala'ea El Gaish SC managers
Ghazl El Mahalla SC managers
Smouha SC managers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamer%20Abdel%20Hamid | Tamer Abdel Hamid (; born 27 October 1975) is an Egyptian retired footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.
Career statistics
International
International goals
Scores and results list Egypt's goal tally first.
Honours
Zamalek
Egyptian Premier League: 2000–01, 2002–03, 2003–04
Egypt Cup: 2001–02, 2007–08
Egyptian Super Cup: 2001, 2002
CAF Champions League: 2002
CAF Super Cup: 2003
UAFA Club Cup: 2003
Saudi-Egyptian Super Cup: 2003
External links
Zamalek SC players
Egyptian men's footballers
1975 births
Living people
2004 African Cup of Nations players
People from Mansoura, Egypt
Egyptian Premier League players
Men's association football midfielders
Egypt men's international footballers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestim | Ancestim is a recombinant methionyl human stem cell factor, branded by Amgen as StemGen. It was developed by Amgen and sold to Biovitrium, now Swedish Orphan Biovitrum, in December, 2008.
It is a 166 amino acid protein produced by E. coli bacteria into which a gene has been inserted for soluble human stem cell factor. It has a monomeric molecular weight of approximately 18,500 daltons and normally exists as a noncovalently associated dimer. The protein has an amino acid sequence that is identical to the natural sequence predicted from human DNA sequence analysis, except for the addition of an N-terminal methionine retained after expression in E. coli. Because Ancestim is produced in E. coli, it is nonglycosylated. Ancestim is supplied as a sterile, white, preservative-free, lyophilised powder for reconstitution and administration as a subcutaneous (SC) injection and is indicated for use in combination with filgrastim for mobilizing peripheral hematopoietic stem cells for later transplantation in certain cancer patients.
References
Recombinant proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iteratively%20reweighted%20least%20squares | The method of iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLS) is used to solve certain optimization problems with objective functions of the form of a p-norm:
by an iterative method in which each step involves solving a weighted least squares problem of the form:
IRLS is used to find the maximum likelihood estimates of a generalized linear model, and in robust regression to find an M-estimator, as a way of mitigating the influence of outliers in an otherwise normally-distributed data set, for example, by minimizing the least absolute errors rather than the least square errors.
One of the advantages of IRLS over linear programming and convex programming is that it can be used with Gauss–Newton and Levenberg–Marquardt numerical algorithms.
Examples
L1 minimization for sparse recovery
IRLS can be used for ℓ1 minimization and smoothed ℓp minimization, p < 1, in compressed sensing problems. It has been proved that the algorithm has a linear rate of convergence for ℓ1 norm and superlinear for ℓt with t < 1, under the restricted isometry property, which is generally a sufficient condition for sparse solutions. However, in most practical situations, the restricted isometry property is not satisfied.
Lp norm linear regression
To find the parameters β = (β1, …,βk)T which minimize the Lp norm for the linear regression problem,
the IRLS algorithm at step t + 1 involves solving the weighted linear least squares problem:
where W(t) is the diagonal matrix of weights, usually with all |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-cell%20charge%20control | In-Cell Charge Control or I-C3 is a method for very rapid charging of a Nickel-metal hydride battery, patented by Rayovac. Batteries using this technology are commonly sold as "15-minute rechargeables".
The charge control consists of a pressure switch built into the cell, which disconnects the charging current when the internal cell pressure rises above a certain limit; usually to . This prevents overcharging and damage to the cell.
Sources
Battery charging |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood%E2%80%93Ljungdahl%20pathway | The Wood–Ljungdahl pathway is a set of biochemical reactions used by some bacteria. It is also known as the reductive acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) pathway. This pathway enables these organisms to use hydrogen as an electron donor, and carbon dioxide as an electron acceptor and as a building block for biosynthesis.
In this pathway carbon dioxide is reduced to carbon monoxide and formic acid or directly into a formyl group, the formyl group is reduced to a methyl group and then combined with the carbon monoxide and Coenzyme A to produce acetyl-CoA. Two specific enzymes participate on the carbon monoxide side of the pathway: CO Dehydrogenase and acetyl-CoA synthase. The former catalyzes the reduction of the CO2 and the latter combines the resulting CO with a methyl group to give acetyl-CoA.
Some anaerobic bacteria use the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway in reverse to break down acetate. For example, Sulfate reducing bacteria oxidize acetate completely to CO2 and H2 coupled with the reduction of sulfate to sulfide. When operating in the reverse direction, the acetyl-CoA synthase is sometimes called acetyl-CoA decarbonylase.
Not to be confused with the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, an evolutionarily related but biochemically distinct pathway named the Wolfe Cycle occurs exclusively in some methanogenic archaea called methanogens. In these anaerobic archaea, the Wolfe Cycle functions as a methanogenesis pathway to reduce CO2 into methane with electron donors such as hydrogen and formate. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905%E2%80%9306%20Belgian%20First%20Division | Statistics of Belgian First Division in the 1905–06 season.
Overview
It was contested by 10 teams, and Union Saint-Gilloise won the championship.
League standings
Results
See also
1905–06 in Belgian football
References
Belgian Pro League seasons
Belgian First Division, 1913-14
1905–06 in Belgian football |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906%E2%80%9307%20Belgian%20First%20Division | Statistics of Belgian First Division in the 1906–07 season.
Overview
It was contested by 10 teams, and Union Saint-Gilloise won the championship.
League standings
Results
See also
1906–07 in Belgian football
References
Belgian Pro League seasons
Belgian First Division, 1913-14
1906–07 in Belgian football |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907%E2%80%9308%20Belgian%20First%20Division | Statistics of Belgian First Division in the 1907–08 season.
Overview
It was contested by 10 teams, and Racing Club de Bruxelles won the championship.
There was no relegation, as the First Division was extended the following season from 10 clubs to 12.
League standings
Results
See also
1907–08 in Belgian football
References
Belgian Pro League seasons
Belgian First Division, 1913-14
1907–08 in Belgian football |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythium%20ultimum%20var.%20ultimum | Pythium ultimum var. ultimum is a plant pathogen infecting potato.
References
External links
Pythium Genome Database
Index Fungorum
USDA ARS Fungal Database
Water mould plant pathogens and diseases
Potato diseases
ultimum var. ultimum |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isovaleryl-CoA | Isovaleryl-coenzyme A, also known as isovaleryl-CoA, is an intermediate in the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids.
Leucine metabolism
See also
Isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase
References
Thioesters of coenzyme A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium%20funiculosum | Penicillium funiculosum is a plant pathogen infecting pineapples.
It is also used as a source of the enzymes xylanase and beta-glucanase which are a non-starch polysaccharide hydrolysing enzymes used in the pig feed Rovabio Excel.
[[file:Funicone.svg|thumb|300px|right|Funicone, Penicillium funiculosum'''s active principle]]
Hosts and symptoms
Fruitlet core rot (FCR) is the disease of a pineapple fruit, from the pathogen Penicillium funiculosum that is brown or black in color and rotted in the center. FCR is associated with multiple pathogens, such as Candida guilliermondi in addition to P. funiculosum, however, leathery pocket (LP) and interfruitlet corking (IFC) are only associated with P. funiculosum. FCR, LP and IFC were reported as separate diseases at one time, but are now known to be symptoms of the same disease, referred to as Pineapple Fruit Rot.P. funiculosum infects the flower of pineapple fruits, before the characteristic yellow fruit is formed. When P. funiculosum infects the closed pineapple flowers, early symptoms include necrosis of the anthers, which are the male parts of the flower, and pistil, the female part, and cork formation and sporulation within the ovary of the flower. This destruction of reproductive tissue prevents propagation of healthy fruit and ruins the growing crops. Later symptoms of the disease include a darkening of the septa between the locules. This discoloration can spread throughout the fruit. Extensive corking is what results in lea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcrotonyl-CoA | 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA (β-Methylcrotonyl-CoA or MC-CoA) is an intermediate in the metabolism of leucine.
It is found in mitochondria, where it is formed from isovaleryl-coenzyme A by isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase. It then reacts with CO2 to yield 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase.
Leucine metabolism
See also
Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase
References
Thioesters of coenzyme A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA | 3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA (MG-CoA), also known as β-methylglutaconyl-CoA, is an intermediate in the metabolism of leucine. It is metabolized into HMG-CoA.
Leucine metabolism
See also
Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase
Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase
References
Organophosphates
Thioesters of coenzyme A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%280%2C%2B%29-type%20amino%20acid%20transporter%201 | b(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1, also known as b(0,+)AT1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SLC7A9 gene.
Function
This gene encodes a protein that belongs to a family of light subunits of amino acid transporters. This protein plays a role in the high-affinity and sodium-independent transport of cystine and neutral and dibasic amino acids, and appears to function in the reabsorption of cystine in the kidney tubule. The protein associates with the protein coded for by SLC3A1.
Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene cause non-type I cystinuria, a disease that leads to cystine stones in the urinary system due to impaired transport of cystine and dibasic amino acids.
See also
Heterodimeric amino acid transporter
Solute carrier family
References
Solute carrier family |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral%20and%20basic%20amino%20acid%20transport%20protein%20rBAT | Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC3A1 gene.
Mutations in the SLC3A1 gene are associated with cystinuria.
See also
Heterodimeric amino acid transporter
Solute carrier family
References
Further reading
Solute carrier family |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaryl-CoA | Glutaryl-coenzyme A is an intermediate in the metabolism of lysine and tryptophan.
See also
Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase
References
Thioesters of coenzyme A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotonyl-CoA | Crotonyl-coenzyme A is an intermediate in the fermentation of butyric acid, and in the metabolism of lysine and tryptophan. It is important in the metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids.
Crotonyl-coA and reductases
Before a 2007 report by Alber and coworkers, crotonyl-coA carboxylases and reductases (CCRs) were known for reducing crotonyl-coA to butyryl-coA. A report by Alber and coworkers concluded that a specific CCR homolog was able to reduce crotonyl-coA to (2S)-ethyl malonyl-coA which was a favorable reaction. The specific CCR homolog came from the bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides.
Role of Crotonyl-coA in Transcription
Post-translational modification of histones either by acetylation or crotonylation is important for the active transcription of genes. Histone crotonylation is regulated by the concentration of crotonyl-coA which can change based on environmental cell conditions or genetic factors.
References
See also
Crotonic acid
Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase
Biomolecules
Metabolism
Thioesters of coenzyme A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA | β-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA (or 3-hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme A) is an intermediate in the fermentation of butyric acid, and in the metabolism of lysine and tryptophan. The L-3-hydroxybutyl-CoA (or (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA) enantiomer is also the second to last intermediate in beta oxidation of even-numbered, straight chain, and saturated fatty acids.
See also
Crotonyl-coenzyme A
Acetoacetyl CoA
Beta-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
References
Biomolecules
Metabolism
Thioesters of coenzyme A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotonase%20family | The crotonase family comprises mechanistically diverse proteins that share a conserved trimeric quaternary structure (sometimes a hexamer consisting of a dimer of trimers), the core of which consists of 4 turns of a (beta/beta/alpha)n superhelix.
Some enzymes in the superfamily have been shown to display dehalogenase, hydratase, and isomerase activities, while others have been implicated in carbon-carbon bond formation and cleavage as well as the hydrolysis of thioesters. However, these different enzymes share the need to stabilize an enolate anion intermediate derived from an acyl-CoA substrate. This is accomplished by two structurally conserved peptidic NH groups that provide hydrogen bonds to the carbonyl moieties of the acyl-CoA substrates and form an "oxyanion hole". The CoA thioester derivatives bind in a characteristic hooked shape and a conserved tunnel binds the pantetheine group of CoA, which links the 3'-phosphate ADP binding site to the site of reaction. Enzymes in the crotonase superfamily include:
Enoyl-CoA hydratase (crotonase; ), which catalyses the hydratation of 2-trans-enoyl-CoA into 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA.
3-2trans-enoyl-CoA isomerase (or dodecenoyl-CoA isomerise; ), which shifts the 3-double bond of the intermediates of unsaturated fatty acid oxidation to the 2-trans position.
3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (crotonase; ), a bacterial enzyme involved in the butyrate/butanol-producing pathway.
4-Chlorobenzoyl-CoA dehalogenase (), a Pseudomonas enzyme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidazol-4-one-5-propionic%20acid | Imidazol-4-one-5-propionic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of histidine. It is a colorless compound that is sensitive to light in air. The compound features an imidazolone ring.
Occurrence
It arises via the action of urocanase on urocanic acid. Hydrolysis of the heterocycle to the glutamic acid derivative is catalyzed by imidazolonepropionate hydrolase.
Microbial production of imidazol-4-one-5-propionic acid in the human gut has been shown to affect insulin signaling, which is relevant to type II diabetes.
See also
Formiminoglutamic acid
Urocanate
Urocanate hydratase
References
Carboxylic acids
Imidazolines
Lactams |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formimidoyltransferase%20cyclodeaminase | Formimidoyltransferase cyclodeaminase or formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase (symbol FTCD in humans) is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of formiminoglutamate and tetrahydrofolate into formiminotetrahydrofolate and glutamate.
Role in pathology
Mutations of the FTCD gene cause glutamate formiminotransferase deficiency.
See also
Glutamate-1-semialdehyde
References
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLS2 | Glutaminase 2 (liver, mitochondrial) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GLS2 gene.
Structure
The GLS2 gene is on the 12th chromosome in humans, with its specific location being 12q13.3. It contains 19 exons.
Function
GLS2 is a part of the glutaminase family. The protein encoded by this gene is a mitochondrial phosphate-activated glutaminase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glutamine to stoichiometric amounts of glutamate and ammonia. Originally thought to be liver-specific, this protein has been found in other tissues as well. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode different isoforms.
Clinical significance
GLS2 has interesting molecular relationships with tumor progression and cancer. Glutaminase 2 negatively regulates the PI3K/AKT signaling and shows tumor suppression activity in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Additionally, silencing of GLS and overexpression of GLS2 genes cooperate in decreasing the proliferation and viability of glioblastoma cells.
References
Further reading
Genes
Human proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Administrative%20Department%20of%20Statistics | The National Administrative Department of Statistics (), commonly referred to as DANE, is the Colombian Administrative Department responsible for the planning, compilation, analysis and dissemination of the official statistics of Colombia. DANE is responsible for conducting the National Population and Housing census every ten years, among several other studies.
DANE offers more than 100 statistical operations on industrial, economic, agricultural, population and quality of life aspects aimed at supporting decision-making in the country.
Since 2022, the director is Beatriz Piedad Urdinola Contreras.
See also
Administrative Department of Security
National Planning Department
Geographic Institute Agustín Codazzi
References
External links
Official website
Colombia
Demographics of Colombia
National Administrative Department of Statistics
Government agencies established in 1953
1953 establishments in Colombia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrios%20Capetanakis | Demetrios Capetanakis or Kapetanakis or Capetanaces (; 22 January 1912 in Smyrna – 9 March 1944 in London) was a Greek poet, essayist, and critic. For the last five years of his life (1939-1944) he lived in Britain and associated with the Bloomsbury Set, wrote some poetry in English.
Biography
Demetrios Capetanakis was born on 22 January 1912 in the port of Smyrna or Izmir (then in the Ottoman Empire, now in Turkey). His father worked in the port as a doctor. In 1922 his father died, and in the same year he came to Athens, when his mother fled the Asia Minor Catastrophe with her three children.
He was a graduate in political science and economics from Athens University, where he was taught by Panagiotis Kanellopoulos (whom he would encounter again in the Greek government in exile in London). Afterwards he became a Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Heidelberg (1934). In Germany he became interested in the ideas of Stefan George, which he ultimately rejected as a forerunner of Nazism.
In Greece he had several philosophic studies published - including one on The Struggle of the Solitary Soul and one on The Mythology of Beauty - as well as translations of poems by Holderlin (1938).
In 1939 with a scholarship from the British Council he came to Britain, to study at the University of Cambridge under Dadie Rylands.
He became a protégé of the poet Edith Sitwell. In 1941 he met the poet and publisher John Lehmann, who published Capetanakis in New Writing and became a cl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamine%20oxidase | Diamine oxidase (DAO), also known "amine oxidase, copper-containing, 1" (AOC1), formerly called histaminase, is an enzyme () involved in the metabolism, oxidation, and inactivation of histamine and other polyamines such as putrescine or spermidine. The enzyme belongs to the amine oxidase (copper-containing) (AOC) family of amine oxidase enzymes.
The enzyme is expressed in bilateria, a biological group of animals. The enzyme is encoded by the AOC1 gene. This gene is highly conserved across the bilateria group which includes mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and insects, to name a few.
Chemical activity
DAO catalyzes the oxidative deamination of polyamines, such as histamine and putrescine, to produce aminoaldehydes, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonia.
Biological role
DAO is involved in the physiology of digestion and other physiological processes, such as inflammation, immune response, and wound healing. Dysfunction of DAO has been associated with various diseases, including allergies, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. DAO also plays a role in healthy pregnancy in placental mammals.
In case of a shortage or low enzymatic activity of diamine oxidase in the human body, it may appear as an allergy or histamine intolerance.
Expression
In placental mammals, including humans, the highest levels of DAO expression are observed in the digestive tract (intestinal mucosa) and the placenta. DAO expression is also observed in kidney of various species.
DAO is also expressed in eosinophil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine%20N-methyltransferase | Histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT, HMT) is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of histamine. It is one of two enzymes involved in the metabolism of histamine in mammals, the other being diamine oxidase (DAO). HNMT catalyzes the methylation of histamine in the presence of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM-e) forming N-methylhistamine. The HNMT enzyme is present in most body tissues but is not present in serum. Histamine N-methyltransferase is encoded by a single gene, HNMT, which in humans has been mapped to chromosome 2.
Function
The function of the HNMT enzyme is histamine metabolism by ways of Nτ-methylation using SAM-e as the methyl donor, producing N-methylhistamine, which, unless excreted, can be further processed by monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) or by DAO. Methylated histamine metabolites are excreted with urine.
In mammals, histamine is metabolized by two major pathways: oxidative deamination via DAO, encoded by the AOC1 gene, and Nτ-methylation via HNMT, encoded by the HNMT gene. In the brain of mammals histamine neurotransmitter activity is controlled by Nτ-methylation since DAO is not present in the central nervous system.
As about the biologic species, the HNMT enzyme is found in vertebrates, including birds, reptiles and amphibian, but not in invertebrates and plants.
The HNMT enzyme resides in the cytosol intracellular fluid. Whereas DAO metabolizes extracellular free histamine, be it either exogenous came with food or mostly endogenous released from granules of mas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharopine%20dehydrogenase | In molecular biology, the protein domain Saccharopine dehydrogenase (SDH), also named Saccharopine reductase, is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of the amino acid lysine, via an intermediate substance called saccharopine. The Saccharopine dehydrogenase enzyme can be classified under , , , and . It has an important function in lysine metabolism and catalyses a reaction in the alpha-Aminoadipic acid pathway. This pathway is unique to fungal organisms therefore, this molecule could be useful in the search for new antibiotics. This protein family also includes saccharopine dehydrogenase and homospermidine synthase. It is found in prokaryotes, eukaryotes and archaea.
Function
Simplistically, SDH uses NAD+ as an oxidant to catalyse the reversible pyridine nucleotide dependent oxidative deamination of the substrate, Saccharopine, in order to form the products, lysine and alpha-ketoglutarate.
This can be described by the following equation:
SDH
Saccharopine ⇌ lysine + alpha-ketoglutarate
Saccharopine dehydrogenase EC catalyses the condensation to of l-alpha-aminoadipate-delta-semialdehyde (AASA) with l-glutamate to give an imine, which is reduced by NADPH to give saccharopine. In some organisms this enzyme is found as a bifunctional polypeptide with lysine ketoglutarate reductase (PF).
Homospermidine synthase proteins (EC). Homospermidine synthase (HSS) catalyses the synthesis of the polyamine homospermidine from 2 mol putrescine in an NAD+-dependent reaction.
Structu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagine%20synthetase | Asparagine synthetase (or aspartate-ammonia ligase) is a chiefly cytoplasmic enzyme that generates asparagine from aspartate. This amidation reaction is similar to that promoted by glutamine synthetase. The enzyme is ubiquitous in its distribution in mammalian organs, but basal expression is relatively low in tissues other than the exocrine pancreas.
Above average presence of asparagine synthetase in certain leukemia strains has been linked to be a significant contributing factor of chemotherapy resistance, particularly to the chemotherapy drug, L-asparaginase.
Structure
Escherichia coli derived asparagine synthetase is a dimeric protein with each subunit folding into two distinct domains. The N-terminal region consists of two layers of six-stranded antiparallel β-sheets between which is the active site responsible for the hydrolysis of glutamine. The C-terminal domain consists of a five-stranded parallel β-sheet flanked on either side by α-helices. This domain is responsible for the binding of both Mg2+ATP and aspartate. These two active sites are connected by a tunnel lined primarily with backbone atoms and hydrophobic, nonpolar amino acid residues.
Structural characterization of asparagine synthetase from mammalian sources have been difficult due to the low abundance and instability of the enzyme during purification procedures.
Mechanism
Using information from Escherichia coli derived asparagine synthetase, some basic mechanisms of the enzyme have been understood. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapahu | Yapahu was a mayor/ruler of the city/city-state of Gazru (modern Gezer) of the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. Two other mayors of Gazru during the Amarna letters period, were Adda-danu and Milkilu.
Yapahu is the author of five Amarna letters to the pharaoh of Egypt, EA 297-300, and EA 378, (EA for 'el Amarna').
2 examples of Yapahu's letters
EA 297, title: "The sweet breath of the king"
"Say to the king-(i.e. pharaoh), my lord, my god, my Sun: Message of Yapahu, your servant, the dirt at your feet, I fall at the feet of the king, my lord, my god, my Sun, 7 times and 7 times. Whatsoever the king, my lord, has said to me, I have listened to with the greatest care. Moreover, I have become like a (bronze)–pot: sí-ri given in pledge, because of the Suteans. I have, however, just heard the sweet breath of the king. It has come forth to me, and my heart is very content." -EA 297, lines 1-21 (complete)
Adda-danu, another mayor of Gazru, had the same topic of a: Pot of a Debt. See letter: EA 292: Adda-danu, (title: Like a Pot held in Pledge).
EA 299, title: "A plea for help"
(1-11) "To the king, my lord, my god, the Sun, the Sun [f]rom the sky: Message of Yapahu, the ruler of Gazru (Gezer), your servant, the dirt at your feet, the groom of your horses. Truly, I fall at the feet of the king, my lord, my god, my Sun, the Sun from the sky, 7 times and 7 times, on the stomach and on the back.
(12-14) I have listened to the words of the messenger of the king, my lord, ve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCN | DCN may refer to:
Daily Cargo News, an Australian monthly shipping magazine
Decorin, a protein encoded by the DCN gene
Deputy Chief of Navy, Australia
Dorsal cochlear nucleus, a structure on the brainstem
Dynamic circuit network, a computer network technology
Data Communication Network, for network management in Radio access networks
Naval Group, French shipbuilder formerly known as Direction des Constructions Navales (DCN)
RAAF Base Curtin, IATA airport code "DCN" |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-warm%20front | A pseudo-warm front is a boundary between the in-flow region and the forward-flank downdraft of a supercell. It can either be stationary or move in a northeasterly direction. If it were stationary it would technically be a pseudo-stationary front.
See also
Pseudo-cold front
Warm front
References
Weather fronts |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amr%20Ghoneim | Amr Ghoneim (Arabic:عمرو غنيم) is a former tennis player
Rankings
Career High ATP ranking - Singles: 261 (30-Oct-00)
Career High Stanford ATP Doubles Ranking: 320 (13-Nov-00)
Davis Cup Statistics
He has the all-time Egyptian records for Davis cup ties played: 29
He has the all-time Egyptian records for Davis cup years played: 13
External links
Egyptian male tennis players
Egyptian tennis coaches
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
African Games medalists in tennis
African Games silver medalists for Egypt
African Games bronze medalists for Egypt
Competitors at the 1991 All-Africa Games
Competitors at the 1995 All-Africa Games |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix%20Suns%20all-time%20roster | The following is a list of players, both past and current, who have appeared in at least one regular season or playoff game for the Phoenix Suns NBA franchise.
All statistics and awards listed were during the player's tenure with the Suns only. All statistics are accurate as of the end of the 2022–23 season.
Players
A to B
|-
|align="left"| || align="center"|F/C || align="left"|Baylor || align="center"|1 || align="center"| || 10 || 123 || 25 || 8 || 17 || 12.3 || 2.5 || 0.8 || 1.7 || align=center|
|-
|align="left" bgcolor="#FFCC00"|+ (#33) || align="center"|F/C || align="left"|Oklahoma || align="center" bgcolor="#CFECEC"|13 || align="center"|– || bgcolor="#CFECEC"|988 || bgcolor="#CFECEC"|27,203 || bgcolor="#CFECEC"|6,937 || 4,012 || 13,910 || 27.5 || 7.0 || 4.1 || 14.1 || align=center|
|-
|align="left"| || align="center"|G/F || align="left"|Syracuse || align="center"|1 || align="center"| || 62 || 711 || 106 || 45 || 359 || 11.5 || 1.7 || 0.7 || 5.8 || align=center|
|-
|align="left"| || align="center"|G || align="left"|BYU || align="center"|3 || align="center"|– || 222 || 5,092 || 454 || 650 || 2,124 || 22.9 || 2.0 || 2.9 || 9.6 || align=center|
|-
|align="left"| || align="center"|G || align="left"|Creighton || align="center"|1 || align="center"| || 15 || 47 || 10 || 6 || 9 || 3.1 || 0.7 || 0.4 || 0.6 || align=center|
|-
|align="left"| || align="center"|F/C || align="left"|UNLV || align="center"|2 || align="center"|– || 155 || 2,212 || 616 || 59 || 692 || 14.3 || 4.0 || |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20probe | In the field of chemical biology, a chemical probe is a small molecule that is used to study and manipulate a biological system such as a cell or an organism by reversibly binding to and altering the function of a biological target (most commonly a protein) within that system. Probes ideally have a high affinity and binding selectivity for one protein target as well as high efficacy. By changing the phenotype of the cell, a molecular probe can be used to determine the function of the protein with which it interacts.
See also
Chemical Probes Portal
References
Chemical biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL%2068RS | ALGOL 68RS is the second ALGOL 68 compiler written by I. F. Currie and J. D. Morrison, at the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (RSRE).
Unlike the earlier ALGOL 68-R, it was designed to be portable, and implemented the language of the Revised Report.
Versions of ALGOL 68RS were written for the ICL 2900 Series, Multics, and VAX running VMS.
Subsequently, parts of this compiler were released into the public domain, as a translator from ALGOL 68 to C, as part of the public release of the hardware description language ELLA, also by the RSRE.
History
Although the ALGOL 68-R compiler, written by I.F. Currie, J.D. Morrison, and S.G. Bond, was a great success, it suffered from two major problems: it had been written for the nearly obsolete ICL 1900 computer, and it implemented an out-of-date version of the language as it was released before the Revised Report on ALGOL 68 was available.
RSRE needed a newer compiler for various internal projects, so the team of Currie and Morrison wrote a new compiler designed for cross-platform software portability between machines. The compiler dealt with the parsing of ALGOL 68, producing a high level intermediate language known as stream language that is then compiled to machine code by a translator. The compiler needed to know only the sizes of the various object machine data types and the character encoding (set) available.
The compiler was written in ALGOL 68, bootstrapped initially using the ALGOL 68-R compiler.
A team of two programm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YbhL%20leader | The YbhL leader is a putative structured RNA element that is found upstream of the uncharacterized YbhL membrane protein in alpha-proteobacteria.
Other non-coding RNAs uncovered in the same analysis include: speF, suhB, metA and serC.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast%20U1%20spliceosomal%20RNA | U1 is a small nuclear RNA (snRNA) component of the spliceosome and is involved in pre-mRNA splicing.
In the splicing process the 5' end of the U1 snRNA forms complementary base pairing with the 5' splice junction of the intron to be excised, thus defining the 5' donor site of an intron.
There are significant differences in sequence and secondary structure between metazoan and yeast U1 snRNAs, the latter being much longer (568 nucleotides as compared to 164 nucleotides in human). Nevertheless, secondary structure predictions suggest that all U1 snRNAs share a 'common core' consisting of helices I, II, the proximal region of III, and IV. The secondary structure model shows the structure prediction for the larger yeast sequences.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA
Spliceosome
RNA splicing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YkkC-yxkD%20leader | The ykkC/yxkD leader is a conserved RNA structure found upstream of the ykkC and yxkD genes in Bacillus subtilis and related genes in other bacteria. The function of this family is unclear for many years although it has been suggested that it may function to switch on efflux pumps and detoxification systems in response to harmful environmental molecules. The Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis sequence AE013027 overlaps with that of purine riboswitch suggesting that the two riboswitches may work in conjunction to regulate the upstream gene which codes for TTE0584 (Q8RC62), a member of the permease family.
Nelson et al. showed that this riboswitch senses and responds to guanidine and it was renamed Guanidine-I riboswitch. Furthermore, they demonstrated that bacteria are capable of endogenously producing guanidine and the riboswitch controls genes whose products are involved in modification or pumping out guanidine as a toxic compound from bacteria. Crystal structures of the riboswitch bound to the ligand have also been determined.
The mini-ykkC RNA motif is a putative cis-regulatory element that apparently regulates similar genes to those regulated by the Guanidine-I riboswitch (ykkC/yxkD leader). However, the mini-ykkC RNA motif is simpler in structure and has fewer highly conserved nucleotide positions than the ykkC-yxkD leader. Despite this each of its two stem-loop structures directly bind free guanidine. Therefore, mini-ykkC RNA motif represents a distinct class of gua |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YkoK%20leader | The Ykok leader or M-box is a Mg2+-sensing RNA structure that controls the expression of Magnesium ion transport proteins in bacteria. It is a distinct structure to the Magnesium responsive RNA element.
The Ykok leader was originally described as a conserved sequence with potential riboswitch function found upstream of the B. subtilis ykoK gene and genes with related functions in other bacteria. Examples of the conserved M-box RNA structure occur upstream of each of the three major families of Mg2+ transporters (CorA, MgtE and MgtA/MgtB) in various bacterial species.
The molecular structure of the M-box example upstream of the B. subtilis ykoK gene includes six bound Mg2+ ions. Biochemical studies indicate that this M-Box RNA compacts in the presence of Mg2+ and other divalent ions. This folding process appears to disrupt an antiterminator structure, and thereby allow a transcription terminator structure to form. As expected from this model, B. subtilis cells repress expression of a downstream reporter gene when grown in the presence of Mg2+. Therefore, the M-box appears to function as a genetic "off" switch that is important for maintaining Mg2+ homeostasis in bacteria.
References
External links
Protein Data Bank: M-Box Structure
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Riboswitch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YlbH%20leader | This family is a putative regulatory RNA structure that is found upstream of the ylbH gene in B. subtilis and related low GC Gram-positive bacteria.
See also
Leader sequence
Riboswitch
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YybP-ykoY%20leader | The yybP-ykoY leader RNA element was originally discovered in E. coli during a large scale screen and was named SraF. This family was later found to exist upstream of related families of protein genes in many bacteria, including the yybP and ykoY genes in B. subtilis. The specific functions of these proteins are unknown, but this structured RNA element may be involved in their genetic regulation as a riboswitch.
The yybP-ykoY element was later proposed to be manganese-responsive after another associated family of genes, YebN/MntP, was shown to encode Mn2+ efflux pumps in several bacteria. Genetic data and a crystal structure confirmed that yybp-ykoY is a manganese riboswitch that directly binds Mn2+
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z12%20small%20nucleolar%20RNA | In molecular biology, Z12 small nucleolar RNA is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
Z12 snoRNA belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z18%20small%20nucleolar%20RNA | Z18 small nucleolar RNA (also known as SNORD74 and U74) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
Z18 snoRNA belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
See also
Z6 small nucleolar RNA
Z12 small nucleolar RNA
Z30 small nucleolar RNA
References
External links
snoRNABase page for U74
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z30%20small%20nucleolar%20RNA | In molecular biology, Z30 small nucleolar RNA, also known as SNORD7, is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
Z30 snoRNA belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
References
External links
SNORD7 entry at snoRNAbase
SNORD7 at HGNC
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA64/SNORA10%20family | In molecular biology, small nucleolar RNA SNORA10 and small nuclear RNA SNORA64 are homologous members of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA). This family of ncRNAs involved in the maturation of ribosomal RNA.
snoRNA in this family act as guides in the modification of uridines to pseudouridines. This family includes the human snoRNAs U64 and ACA10 and mouse MBI-29.
References
External links
Link to the snoRNAbase entry for SNORA10
Link to the snoRNAbase entry for SNORA64
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORA70 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA SNORA70 (also known as U70) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a "guide RNA".
ACA70 was originally cloned from HeLa cells and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure, has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein. snoRNA ACA70 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U1692 of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Pseudouridylation is the (isomerisation of the nucleoside uridine) to the different isomeric form pseudouridine.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional%20change%20model | The conditional change model in statistics is the analytic procedure in which change scores are regressed on baseline values, together with the explanatory variables of interest (often including indicators of treatment groups). The method has some substantial advantages over the usual two-sample t-test recommended in textbooks.
References
Regression models |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Jacob%20Paperna | Abraham Jacob Paperna (; 30 August 1840 – 18 February 1919) was a Russian Jewish educator and author.
Early life and education
Abraham Jacob Paperna was born in 1840 in Kapyl, Minsk Governorate (today part of Belarus). He received a fair education, including the study of the Bible with Moses Mendelssohn's translation, Hebrew grammar, Talmud, and secular literature. In 1863 he entered the rabbinical school of Zhitomir, where he studied until 1865; he was then transferred to the rabbinical school of Vilna, from which he graduated in 1867.
Career and later life
In 1868 he was appointed teacher at the government Jewish school at Zakroczym, Warsaw Governorate, and in 1870 he became principal of the government Jewish school of Płock, Suwałki Governorate. He was also instructor in Judaism at the gymnasium in the latter town.
Paperna was intimately connected with the Russian Haskalah movement in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, and contributed various books and articles to Russian as well as to Hebrew literature. His first Hebrew poem, Emet ve-Emunah, appeared in Ha-Karmel in 1863; Paperna was a steady contributor to that periodical as well as to Ha-Melitz. Critical articles by him, entitled Kankan ḥadash male’ yashan (in Ha-Karmel, 1867, and printed separately in Vilna), attracted wide attention in the circles of the Maskilim. In these articles Paperna, influenced probably by the Russian critic Dmitry Pisarev, adopted modern realistic methods of criticism. He argued |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20active%20synagogues%20in%20Poland | Before the Nazi German invasion of Poland in 1939, almost every Polish town had a synagogue or a Jewish house of prayer of some kind. The 1939 statistics recorded the total of 1,415 Jewish communities in the country just before the outbreak of war, each composed of at least 100 members (Gruber, 1995). Every one of them owned at least one synagogue and a Jewish cemetery nearby. Approximately 9.8% of all believers in Poland were Jewish (according to 1931 census).
The list of actives synagogues in Poland cannot possibly include the hundreds of synagogue buildings which still stand today in about 250 cities and towns across the country – seventy years after the Holocaust in Poland which claimed the lives of over 90% of Polish Jewry. Devoid of their original hosts, many synagogue buildings house libraries and smaller museums as in Kraków, Łańcut, Włodawa, Tykocin, Zamość, Radzanów, but many more serve as apartment buildings, shops, gyms and whatever else community needs require. This isn't necessarily bad however, because the synagogues which remain empty are usually worse off due to lack of maintenance.
Active synagogues in Poland
The Union of Jewish Religious Communities in Poland (ZGWŻ) with branches in nine metropolitan centres helps the descendants of the Holocaust survivors in the process of recovery and restoration of synagogue buildings once owned by the Jewish Kehilla (קהלה), and nationalized in Communist Poland. The list of active and rededicated synagogues in the coun |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karger%27s%20algorithm | In computer science and graph theory, Karger's algorithm is a randomized algorithm to compute a minimum cut of a connected graph. It was invented by David Karger and first published in 1993.
The idea of the algorithm is based on the concept of contraction of an edge in an undirected graph . Informally speaking, the contraction of an edge merges the nodes and into one, reducing the total number of nodes of the graph by one. All other edges connecting either or are "reattached" to the merged node, effectively producing a multigraph. Karger's basic algorithm iteratively contracts randomly chosen edges until only two nodes remain; those nodes represent a cut in the original graph. By iterating this basic algorithm a sufficient number of times, a minimum cut can be found with high probability.
The global minimum cut problem
A cut in an undirected graph is a partition of the vertices into two non-empty, disjoint sets . The cutset of a cut consists of the edges between the two parts. The size (or weight) of a cut in an unweighted graph is the cardinality of the cutset, i.e., the number of edges between the two parts,
There are ways of choosing for each vertex whether it belongs to or to , but two of these choices make or empty and do not give rise to cuts. Among the remaining choices, swapping the roles of and does not change the cut, so each cut is counted twice; therefore, there are distinct cuts.
The minimum cut problem is to find a cut of smallest size amo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicistronic%20message | Multicistronic message is an archaic term for Polycistronic. Monocistronic, bicistronic and tricistronic are also used to describe mRNA with single, double and triple coding areas (exons).
Note that the base word cistron is no longer used in genetics, and has been replaced by intron and exon in eukaryotic mRNA. However, the mRNA found in bacteria is mainly polycistronic. This means that a single bacterial mRNA strand can be translated into several different proteins. This will occur if spacers separate the different proteins, and each spacer has to have a Shine-Dalgarno sequence located upstream of the start codon.
RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo%20Antonio%20Paderna | Paolo Antonio Paderna (1649–1708) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period. Born in Bologna, he was a pupil of the painter Guercino, then of Carlo Cignani.
References
1649 births
1708 deaths
17th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
18th-century Italian painters
Painters from Bologna
Italian Baroque painters
18th-century Italian male artists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Trounson | Alan Osborne Trounson (born 16 February 1946) is an Australian embryologist with expertise in stem cell research. Trounson was the President of the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine between 2007 and 2014, a former Professor of Stem Cell Sciences and the Director of the Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories at Monash University, and retains the title of emeritus professor.
Trounson's areas of interest include cloning, stem cells, biotechnology, cloning for agricultural industry, gene storage and in-vitro fertilisation.
Background and early career
Trounson graduated from the University of New South Wales in 1971 with a Master of Science in Wool and Pastoral Sciences. In 1974 he was awarded his PhD in animal embryology by the University of Sydney. Between 1971 and 1976 Trounson was the Dalgety Research Fellow at the Australian Research Council Institute of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry at Cambridge University. Returning to Australia in 1977, he was appointed Senior Research Fellow at Monash University.
Career
Trounson introduced two world-first procedures which greatly improved the success rate of in-vitro fertilisation (IVF). They were the use of a fertility drug to induce multiple ova and the freezing of embryos for future use. These procedures enabled more than 300,000 women worldwide to conceive successfully.
Trounson made headlines in 1980 with the first IVF birth in Australia and afterwards set up the Monash team of Carl Wood, Trounson, John L |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferneferuaten | Ankhkheperure-Merit-Neferkheperure/Waenre/Aten Neferneferuaten () was a name used to refer to a female pharaoh who reigned toward the end of the Amarna Period during the Eighteenth Dynasty. Her gender is confirmed by feminine traces occasionally found in the name and by the epithet Akhet-en-hyes ("Effective for her husband"), incorporated into one version of her nomen (birth name) cartouche. She is distinguished from the king Smenkhkare who used the same throne name, Ankhkheperure, by the presence of epithets in both cartouches. She is suggested to have been either Meritaten or, more likely, Nefertiti. If this person is Nefertiti ruling as sole pharaoh, it has been theorized by Egyptologist and archaeologist Dr. Zahi Hawass that her reign was marked by the fall of Amarna and relocation of the capital back to the traditional city of Thebes.
General chronology
There is no broad consensus as to the succession order of Smenkhkare and Neferneferuaten. The period from the 13th year of Akhenaten's reign to the ascension of Tutankhaten is very murky. The reigns of Smenkhkare and Neferneferuaten were very brief and left little monumental or inscriptional evidence to draw a clear picture of political events. Adding to this, Neferneferuaten shares her prenomen (throne name) with Smenkhkare, and her nomen (birth name) with Nefertiti/Neferneferuaten Nefertiti making identification very difficult at times. With little dated evidence to fix their reigns with any certainty, the order depen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel%20Horspool | R. Nigel Horspool is a retired professor of computer science, formerly of the University of Victoria. He invented the Boyer–Moore–Horspool algorithm, a fast string search algorithm adapted from the Boyer–Moore string-search algorithm. Horspool is co-inventor of dynamic Markov compression and was associate editor and then editor-at-large of the journal Software: Practice and Experience from 2007 to 2017. He is the author of C Programming in the Berkeley UNIX Environment.
Nigel Horspool is British by birth, but is now a citizen of Canada.
After a public school education at Monmouth School, he studied at Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he received a BA in natural science, but specializing in theoretical physics, in 1969.
After two years employment as an assembly language programmer on a partially successful air traffic control system project, he went to the University of Toronto for an MSc followed by a PhD in computer science.
This was followed by seven years as an assistant professor and then an associate professor at McGill University.
In 1983, he made a permanent move to the University of Victoria. As of July 2016, he retired from the university but retains the title of professor emeritus.
References
Canadian computer scientists
British computer scientists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious%20hematopoietic%20necrosis%20virus | Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), is a negative-sense single-stranded, bullet-shaped RNA virus that is a member of the Rhabdoviridae family, and from the genus Novirhabdovirus. It causes the disease known as infectious hematopoietic necrosis in salmonid fish such as trout and salmon. The disease may be referred to by a number of other names such as Chinook salmon disease, Coleman disease, Columbia River sockeye disease, Cultus Lake virus disease, Oregon sockeye disease, Sacramento River Chinook disease and sockeye salmon viral disease. IHNV is commonly found in the Pacific Coast of Canada and the United States, and has also been found in Europe and Japan. The first reported epidemics of IHNV occurred in the United States at the Washington and the Oregon fish hatcheries during the 1950s.
IHNV is transmitted following shedding of the virus in the feces, urine, sexual fluids, and external mucus and by direct contact or close contact with the surrounding water. The virus gains entry into fish at the base of the fins.
The disease is listed as a nonexotic disease of the EU and is therefore watched closely by the European Community Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases. To keep track of the distribution of different IHNV genotypes, a database called Fishpathogens.eu has been created to store data on different fish pathogens (including IHNV) and their sequences.
Classification
IHNV is the causal agent of infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) disease of fish and is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreans%20in%20Germany | Koreans in Germany numbered 31,248 individuals , according to the statistics of South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Though they are now only the 14th-largest Korean diaspora community worldwide, they remain the second-largest in Western Europe, behind the rapidly growing community of Koreans in the United Kingdom. As of 2010, Germany has been hosting the second-largest number of Koreans residing in Western Europe, if one excludes Korean sojourners (students and general sojourners).
The largest community of Koreans is situated in the Frankfurt-Rhine Main Area, with 5,300 residents. This area also contains German and European headquarters of large Korean companies such as Kia Motors, Hyundai, Samsung Electronics, LG International, SK Group, Nexen Tire.
History
South Koreans
Some students, nurses, and industrial trainees from South Korea had already been in West Germany in the late 1950s. However, mass migration did not begin until the 1960s, when West Germany invited nurses and miners from South Korea to come as Gastarbeiter; their recruitment of labourers specifically from South Korea was driven not just by economic necessity, but also by a desire to demonstrate support for a country that, like Germany, had been divided by ideology. The first group of miners arrived on 16 December 1963, under a programme paid for largely by the South Korean government; German enterprises were not responsible for travel costs, but only for wages and language training. They |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LFE | The word LFE may refer to:
Low-frequency effects, a channel used in surround sound
Lambda Phi Epsilon, a nationally recognized Asian-interest fraternity based in the United States
Leicester Forest East, a settlement community to the west of Leicester, UK
Lisp Flavoured Erlang, a dialect of Erlang with Lisp-like syntax
Laminar Flow Element, a device used to smooth and help measure mass air flow. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20S.%20Richardson | Jane Shelby Richardson (born January 25, 1941) is an American biophysicist best known for developing the Richardson diagram, or ribbon diagram, a method of representing the 3D structure of proteins. Ribbon diagrams have become a standard representation of protein structures that has facilitated further investigation of protein structure and function globally. With interests in astronomy, math, physics, botany, and philosophy, Richardson took an unconventional route to establishing a science career. Today Richardson is a professor in biochemistry at Duke University.
Biography
Richardson was born on January 25, 1941, and grew up in Teaneck, New Jersey. Her father was an electrical engineer and her mother was an English teacher. Her parents encouraged an interest in science and she was a member of local astronomy clubs as early as elementary school. She attended Teaneck High School and in 1958 won third place in the Westinghouse Science Talent Search, the most prestigious science fair in the United States, with calculations of the satellite Sputnik's orbit from her own observations.
She continued her education intending to study mathematics, astronomy and physics at Swarthmore College. However, Richardson instead graduated Phi Beta Kappa with a bachelor's degree in philosophy and a minor in physics in 1962 before she pursued graduate work in philosophy at Harvard University. Meanwhile, she was able to enroll in plant taxonomy and evolution courses at Harvard that would later c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20M.%20Lesk | Arthur Mallay Lesk, is a protein science researcher, who is a professor of biochemistry and molecular biology at the Pennsylvania State University in University Park.
Education
Lesk received a bachelor's degree, magna cum laude, from Harvard University in 1961. He received his doctoral degree from Princeton University in 1966. He also received a master's degree from the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom in 1999.
Research
Lesk has made significant contributions to the study of protein evolution. He and Cyrus Chothia, working at the Medical Research Council (UK) Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, United Kingdom, discovered the relationship between changes in amino-acid sequence and changes in protein structure by analyzing the mechanism of evolution in protein families. This discovery has provided the quantitative basis for the most successful and widely used method of structure prediction, known as homology modelling.
Lesk and Chothia also studied the conformations of antigen-binding sites of immunoglobulins. They discovered the “canonical-structure model” for the conformation of the complementarity-determining regions of antibodies, and they applied this model to the analysis of antibody-germ-line genes, including the prediction of the structure of the corresponding proteins. This work has supported the “humanization” of antibodies for therapy in the treatment of cancer. “This approach to cancer therapy is based on the observation of H. Waldmann that |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbon%20diagram | Ribbon diagrams, also known as Richardson diagrams, are 3D schematic representations of protein structure and are one of the most common methods of protein depiction used today. The ribbon depicts the general course and organisation of the protein backbone in 3D and serves as a visual framework for hanging details of the entire atomic structure, such as the balls for the oxygen atoms attached to myoglobin's active site in the adjacent figure. Ribbon diagrams are generated by interpolating a smooth curve through the polypeptide backbone. α-helices are shown as coiled ribbons or thick tubes, β-strands as arrows, and non-repetitive coils or loops as lines or thin tubes. The direction of the polypeptide chain is shown locally by the arrows, and may be indicated overall by a colour ramp along the length of the ribbon.
Ribbon diagrams are simple yet powerful, expressing the visual basics of a molecular structure (twist, fold and unfold). This method has successfully portrayed the overall organization of protein structures, reflecting their three-dimensional nature and allowing better understanding of these complex objects both by expert structural biologists and by other scientists, students, and the general public.
History
The first ribbon diagrams, hand-drawn by Jane S. Richardson in 1980 (influenced by earlier individual illustrations), were the first schematics of 3D protein structure to be produced systematically. They were created to illustrate a classification of protein |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCOLN1 | Mucolipin-1 also known as TRPML1 (transient receptor potential cation channel, mucolipin subfamily, member 1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MCOLN1 gene. It is a member of the small family of the TRPML channels, a subgroup of the large protein family of TRP ion channels.
TRPML1 is a 65 kDa protein associated with mucolipidosis type IV. Its predicted structure includes six transmembrane domains, a transient receptor potential (TRP) cation-channel domain, and an internal channel pore. TRPML1 is believed to channel iron ions across the endosome/lysosome membrane into the cell and so its malfunction causes cellular iron deficiency. It is important in lysosome function and plays a part in processes such as vesicular trafficking, exocytosis and autophagy.
Ligands
Agonists
ML-SA1
MK6-83
See also
transient receptor potential cation channel, mucolipin subfamily, member 2 (MCOLN2)
transient receptor potential cation channel, mucolipin subfamily, member 3 (MCOLN3)
mucolipidosis type IV
TRPML
References
External links
GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Mucolipidosis IV |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate%20transferase | N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase is a transferase enzyme.
Function
It is made up of two alpha (α), two betas (β), and two gammas (γ) subunits. GNPTAB produces the alpha and beta subunits, GNPTG produces the gamma subunit. GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase functions to prepare newly made enzymes for lysosome transportation (lysosomal hydrolases to the lysosome). Lysosomes, a part of an animal cell, helps break down large molecules into smaller ones that can be reused. GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase phosphorylates carbon 6 of one or more mannosyl residues of N linked glycoproteins being processed in Golgi Apparatus . UDP-GLcNAc provides the phosphate in a reaction catalysed by this enzyme. M6P acts as an indicator of whether a hydrolase should be transported to the lysosome or not. Once a hydrolase indicates an M6P, it can be transported to a lysosome. Surprisingly some lysosomal enzymes are only tagged at a rate of 5% or lower.
Clinical significance
It is associated with the following conditions:
mucolipidosis II alpha/beta (I-cell disease) - GNPTAB
mucolipidosis III alpha/beta (pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy) - GNPTAB
mucolipidosis III gamma - GNPTG
stuttering (Kang et al., 2010)
In melanocytic cells, GNPTG gene expression may be regulated by MITF.
References
Kang, C., Riazuddin, S., Mundorff, J., Krasnewich, D., Friedman, P., Mullikin, J.C., and Drayna, D. (2010). Mutations in the Lysosomal Enzyme–Targeting Pathway and Persistent Stuttering. New England Journal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunolabeling | Immunolabeling is a biochemical process that enables the detection and localization of an antigen to a particular site within a cell, tissue, or organ. Antigens are organic molecules, usually proteins, capable of binding to an antibody. These antigens can be visualized using a combination of antigen-specific antibody as well as a means of detection, called a tag, that is covalently linked to the antibody. If the immunolabeling process is meant to reveal information about a cell or its substructures, the process is called immunocytochemistry. Immunolabeling of larger structures is called immunohistochemistry.
There are two complex steps in the manufacture of antibody for immunolabeling. The first is producing the antibody that binds specifically to the antigen of interest and the second is fusing the tag to the antibody. Since it is impractical to fuse a tag to every conceivable antigen-specific antibody, most immunolabeling processes use an indirect method of detection. This indirect method employs a primary antibody that is antigen-specific and a secondary antibody fused to a tag that specifically binds the primary antibody. This indirect approach permits mass production of secondary antibody that can be bought off the shelf. Pursuant to this indirect method, the primary antibody is added to the test system. The primary antibody seeks out and binds to the target antigen. The tagged secondary antibody, designed to attach exclusively to the primary antibody, is su |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPC1 | Niemann-Pick disease, type C1 (NPC1) is a membrane protein that mediates intracellular cholesterol trafficking in mammals. In humans the protein is encoded by the NPC1 gene (chromosome location 18q11).
Function
NPC1 was identified as the gene that when mutated, results in Niemann-Pick disease, type C. Niemann-Pick disease, type C is a rare neurovisceral lipid storage disorder resulting from autosomal recessively inherited loss-of-function mutations in either NPC1 or NPC2. This disrupts intracellular lipid transport, leading to the accumulation of lipid products in the late endosomes and lysosomes. Approximately 95% of NPC patients are found to have mutations in the NPC1 gene.
NPC1 encodes a putative integral membrane protein containing sequence motifs consistent with a role in intracellular transport of cholesterol and sphingosine to post-lysosomal destinations.
Clinical significance
Obesity
Mutations in the NPC1 gene have been strongly linked with obesity. A genome-wide association study identified NPC1 mutations as a risk factor in childhood obesity and adult morbid obesity, and 1,416 age-matched normal weight controls. Mutations in NPC1 were also correlated with ordinary weight gain in the population. Previous studies in mice have suggested that the NPC1 gene has a role in controlling appetite, as mice with a non-functioning NPC1 gene suffer late-onset weight loss and have poor food intake. NPC1 gene variant could account for around 10 per cent of all childhood o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epididymal%20secretory%20protein%20E1 | The epididymal secretory protein E1, also known as NPC2( Niemann-Pick intracellular cholesterol transporter 2), is one of two main lysosomal transport proteins that assist in the regulation of cellular cholesterol by exportation of LDL-derived cholesterol from lysosomes. Lysosomes have digestive enzymes that allow it to break down LDL particles to LDL-derived cholesterol once the LDL particle is engulfed into the cell via receptor mediated endocytosis.
NPC2(or, alternatively, epididymal secretory protein E1) works cooperatively with the NPC1 protein to facilitate the exportation of LDL-derived cholesterol out of the lysosome to regulate the concentrations of lipids and cholesterol in the body. Epididymal secretory protein E1 is a protein associated with Niemann-Pick disease, type C, which is one of the 3 types of the Niemann-Pick diseases(Type A,B, and C). This disease can lead to an over accumulation of cholesterol and lipids in different types of tissues, including the brain. It is caused by a mutation in the NPC2 gene that impairs the bodies ability to transport lipids or cholesterol intracellularly.
Structure
The epididymal secretory protein E1 is a small soluble glycoprotein consisting of 132 amino acids that is found in a large variety of cells.
Function
Lysosomal secretion of cholesterol is one part of the regulation of cholesterol in the body. LDL particles are low density lipoproteins that carry cholesterol to cells. LDL particles are engulfed into cells by re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramidase | Ceramidase (, acylsphingosine deacylase, glycosphingolipid ceramide deacylase) is an enzyme which cleaves fatty acids from ceramide, producing sphingosine (SPH) which in turn is phosphorylated by a sphingosine kinase to form sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P).
Function
Ceramide, SPH, and S1P are bioactive lipids that mediate cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, adhesion, and migration. Presently, 7 human ceramidases encoded by 7 distinct genes have been cloned:
acid ceramidase (ASAH1) – cell survival
neutral ceramidase (ASAH2, ASAH2B, ASAH2C) – protective against inflammatory cytokines
alkaline ceramidase 1 (ACER1) – mediating cell differentiation by controlling the generation of SPH and S1P
alkaline ceramidase 2 (ACER2) – important for cell proliferation and survival
alkaline ceramidase 3 (ACER3)
Clinical significance
A deficiency in ASAH1 is associated with Farber disease.
Human neutral ceramidase (nCDase) is an enzyme that plays a critical role in colon cancer and there are currently no potent or clinically effective inhibitors for nCDase reported to date. Inhibitors of nCDase were identified via a high-throughput screening effort of large chemical libraries at Scripps Research. Multiple rounds of chemical optimization ensued with improved potency in terms of IC50 and selectivity over counterscreen assays. The crystal structure of nCDase has been solved and these leads are now being pursued in crystal docking studies and in vitro drug metabolism and ph |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic%20multifocal%20Langerhans%20cell%20histiocytosis | Chronic multifocal Langerhans cell histiocytosis, previously known as Hand–Schüller–Christian disease, is a type of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), which can affect multiple organs. The condition is traditionally associated with a combination of three features; bulging eyes, breakdown of bone (lytic bone lesions often in the skull), and diabetes insipidus (excessive thirst and passing urine), although around 75% of cases do not have all three features. Other features may include a fever and weight loss, and depending on the organs involved there may be rashes, asymmetry of the face, ear infections, signs in the mouth and the appearance of advanced gum disease. Features relating to lung and liver disease may occur.
It is due to a genetic mutation in the MAPKinase pathway that occurs during early development. The diagnosis may be suspected based on symptoms and MRI and confirmed by tissue biopsy. Blood tests may show anaemia, and less commonly a low white blood cell count and low platelet count.
Treatment may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and certain medicines.
Hand–Schüller–Christian disease was named for the American pediatrician Alfred Hand Jr., the Austrian neuroradiologist Arthur Schüller, and the American internist Henry Asbury Christian, who described it in 1893, 1915 and 1919, respectively. Before the Histiocyte Society classified histiocytoses in the 1980s, the condition was also known as "Histiocytosis X", where "X" denoted the then unknown |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jansen%20%28surname%29 | Jansen is a Dutch/Flemish and Low German patronymic surname meaning son of Jan, a common derivative of Johannes. It is equivalent to the English surname Johnson. The near homonyms "Jensen" and "Jansson" are its Danish, Norwegian and Swedish counterparts.
Jansen is a very common surname in the Dutch-language area. Jansen is one of the most common names in the Netherlands and the most common when combined with variant spelling Janssen. In Belgium, the variant Janssens is the second most common name.
People named Jansen
Ada Jansen (born 1942), Dutch politician
Adam Jansen, American archivist
Alandson Jansen da Silva (born 1988), Belgian-Brazilian footballer
Alexandre Jansen Da Silva (born 1987), Belgian-Brazilian footballer
Alf-Inge Jansen (born 1939), Norwegian political scientist and politician
Amund Grøndahl Jansen (born 1994), Norwegian cyclist
Anco Jansen (born 1989), Dutch football forward
Angela Jansen (born 1929), American artist
Annemiek Padt-Jansen (1921–2007), Dutch harpist and Labour Party politician
Arne Jansen (born 1975), German jazz guitarist
Astrid Jansen (born 1950s), Dutch figure skater
Barend Coenraad Petrus Jansen (1884–1962), Dutch chemist and biochemist
Bernt Jansen (table tennis) (born 1949), German table tennis player
Birger Jansen (1948–2016), Norwegian ice hockey player and sailor
Cas Jansen (born 1977), Dutch actor
Catherine Jansen (born 1950), American photographer
Chris Jansen (born 1966), Dutch politician
Cisita Joity Jansen (born 1990), Indone |
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