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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z101 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z101 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z101 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z101 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z103 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z103 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z103 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z103 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z105 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z105 (also known as snoR7) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z105 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z105 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z112 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z112 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z112 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z112 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z119 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z119 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z119 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z119 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z122 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z122 (also known as snoR72Y) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z122 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z122 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Plant snoRNA database entry for SnoR72Y
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z155 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z155 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z155 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z155 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z162 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z162 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z162 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z162 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z165 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z165 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z165 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z165 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z169 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z169 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z169 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z169 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z17 | In molecular biology, snoRNA Z17 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z17 is a member of the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. snoRNA Z17B is predicted to guide the 2'-O-ribose methylation of 18S rRNA at position U121. Two forms of this snoRNA are found in the intron of the ribosomal protein L23a gene.
References
External links
snoRNA Z17B in snoRNABase
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z173 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z173 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z173 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z173 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z175 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z175 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z175 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z175 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z178 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z178 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z178 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z178 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z182 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z182 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z182 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z182 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z185 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z185 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z185 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z185 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z188 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z188 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z188 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z188 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z194 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z194 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z194 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z194 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z199 | In molecular biology, snoRNA Z199 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z199 is a member of the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
snoZ199 is predicted to be a methylation guide for sites on 18S and 25S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Oryza sativa snoZ199 is reported to be homologous to Arabidopsis thaliana snoR13.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z206 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z206 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z206 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z206 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z221 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z221 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z221 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z221 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z223 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z223 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z223 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z223 was identified in a screen of Arabidopsis thaliana.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z242 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z242 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which function in the biogenesis of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) is a modifying RNA and usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis.
snoRNA Z242 was identified in rice Oryza sativa, and is predicted to belong to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z247 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z247 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z247 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z247 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z248 | In molecular biology, Z248 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z256 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z256 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z256 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z256 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z266 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z266 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z266 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z266 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z267 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z267 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z267 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z267 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z278 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z278 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z278 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z278 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z279 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z279 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z279 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z279 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z37 | In molecular biology, snoRNA Z37 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. Z37 acts as a methylation guide for 5.8S ribosomal RNA. This family contains a putative snoRNA found in the intron of the receptor for activated C kinase (RACK1) gene in mammals identified by the Rfam database. This family also includes human snoRNAs U96a and U96b and the apicomplexan snoRNA snr39b.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z39 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z39 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z39 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z39 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z40 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z40 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z40 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z40 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z43 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z43 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z43 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z43 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z50 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z50 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z50 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
snoRNA Z50 was originally cloned from mouse brain tissues.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spi-1%20%28PU.1%29%205%E2%80%B2%20UTR%20regulatory%20element | The Spi-1 (PU.1) 5′ UTR regulatory element is an RNA element found in the 5′ UTR of Spi-1 mRNA which is able to inhibit the translation Spi-1 transcripts by 8-fold. Spi-1 regulates myeloid gene expression during haemopoietic development. Mutations in this regulatory region of the 5′ UTR can lead to overexpression of Spi-1 which has been linked to development of leukaemia.
See also
InvR
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spot%2042%20RNA | Spot 42 (spf) RNA is a regulatory non-coding bacterial small RNA encoded by the spf (spot forty-two) gene. Spf is found in gammaproteobacteria and the majority of experimental work on Spot42 has been performed in Escherichia coli and recently in Aliivibrio salmonicida. In the cell Spot42 plays essential roles as a regulator in carbohydrate metabolism and uptake, and its expression is activated by glucose, and inhibited by the cAMP-CRP complex.
The sRNA is transcribed from a separate promoter and binds to messenger RNA targets through imperfect base pairing. The half-life of Spot42 in vivo is 12 to 13 minutes at 37 °C. When grown in media supplemented with glucose, each cell contains 100–200 Spot42 copies. The corresponding level is however reduced 3–4-fold when cells are grown in succinate or when cAMP is added to cells grown in glucose.
Discovery
Spot42 was first described in 1973 as an unstable RNA species of 109 nucleotides in Escherichia coli. It was discovered by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 2-D fingerprinting in an attempt to study the accumulation of small RNAs in E. coli during amino acid starvation. In these experiments the electrophoretic mobility of Spot42 was similar to that of 5S rRNA. In 1979 Spot42 was found to accumulate under growth in the presence of glucose (i.e., when adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) is low). During growth with a non-glucose carbon source (i.e., when cAMP concentrations are high) the Spot42 concentrations were foun |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SraB%20RNA | The SraB RNA is a small non-coding RNA discovered in E. coli during a large scale experimental screen. The 14 novel RNAs discovered were named 'sra' for small RNA, examples include SraC, SraD and SraG. This ncRNA was found to be expressed only in stationary phase. The exact function of this RNA is unknown but it has been shown to affect survival of Salmonella enterica to antibiotic administration in egg albumin. The authors suggest this may be due to SraB regulating a response to components in albumin.
See also
Escherichia coli sRNA
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicA%20RNA | The MicA RNA (also known as SraD) is a small non-coding RNA that was discovered in E. coli during a large scale screen. Expression of SraD is highly abundant in stationary phase, but low levels could be detected in exponentially growing cells as well.
Function
This RNA binds the Hfq protein and regulates levels of gene expression by an antisense mechanism. It is known to target the OmpA gene in E. coli and occludes the ribosome binding site. Under conditions of envelope stress, micA transcription is induced. MicA, RybB RNA and MicL RNA transcription is under the control of the sigma factor sigma(E). In E.coli, SraD also interacts in cis and trans with the mRNA species, luxS, ompA and phoP, respectively. This observation describes MicA to be the first known sRNA to carry out antisense regulation in both structural configurations. MicA is known to interact with the mRNA encoding the quorum sensing synthase homolog, LuxS in E.coli and both RNAs are processed by the double stranded RNA endonuclease, RNase III. Based on its conservation, this is presumably the case in close relatives and may serve as a long elusive link between envelope stress and quorum sensing.
The PhoPQ two-component system is repressed by MicA.
The RNA presumably pairs with the ribosomal binding site of phoP mRNA, thereby inhibiting translation.
This links micA to cellular processes such as Mg(2+) transport, virulence, LPS modifications and resistance to antimicrobial peptides.
In S. typhimurium MicA has |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SraG%20RNA | SraG (small RNA G) is a small non-coding RNA (ncRNA). It is the functional product of a gene which is not translated into protein.
This ncRNA was discovered in the bacteria Escherichia coli during a large scale computational screen for transcription signals and genomic features of known small RNA-encoding genes. During this screen 14 novel ncRNA genes were identified, including GlmZ, SraB, SraC and SraD.
The expression of SraG was experimentally confirmed by Northern blotting which also indicated this RNA undergoes specific cleavage processing. The function of this RNA is unknown.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArcZ%20RNA | In molecular biology the ArcZ RNA (also known as RyhA and SraH) is a small non-coding RNA (ncRNA). It is the functional product of a gene which is not translated into protein. ArcZ is an Hfq binding RNA that functions as an antisense regulator of a number of protein coding genes.
Discovery
This non-coding RNA was discovered in the bacteria Escherichia coli during a large scale computational screen for transcription signals and genomic features of known small RNA-encoding genes. During this screen 14 novel ncRNA genes were identified, including GlmZ, SraB, SraC and SraD. The expression of SraH was experimentally confirmed by Northern blotting. Its expression is highly abundant in stationary growth phase but low levels of expression can still be detected in exponentially growing cells.
Processing
Although ArcZ is initially transcribed as a transcript of ~120 nucleotides. This precursor is unstable and is processed into an abundant fragment ~58 nucleotides which represents the 3' end of the initial transcript. The stability and abundance of the shorter 3' transcript is confirmed in both Northern blotting and deep sequencing analysis.
Function
ArcZ has been shown to strongly bind the global post-transcriptional regulator protein Hfq. In Salmonella it has been shown to repress the expression of protein coding genes sdaCB (involved in serine uptake) and tpx (involved in oxidative stress) genes, and of the horizontally acquired gene methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (MCP). Bot |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlmZ%20RNA | GlmZ (formally known as SraJ) is a small non-coding RNA (ncRNA). It is the functional product of a gene which is not translated into protein.
This ncRNA was discovered in the bacteria Escherichia coli during a large scale computational screen for transcription signals and genomic features of known small RNA-encoding genes. During this screen 14 novel ncRNA genes were identified, including SraB, SraC, SraD and SraG.
The expression of SraJ was experimentally confirmed by Northern blotting. This ncRNA is expressed in early logarithmic phase, but its level decreases into stationary phase. Northern blot analysis also indicated this RNA undergoes specific cleavage processing.
The GlmZ sRNA has been shown to positively control the synthesis of GlmS mRNA. GlmZ is regulated by a related sRNA called GlmY. GlmY functions as an anti-adaptor, it binds to RapZ (RNase adaptor protein for sRNA GlmZ), this binding prevents RapZ from binding to GlmZ and targeting it for cleavage by RNase E.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SroB%20RNA | The sroB RNA (also known as MicM, rybC, or ChiX) is a non-coding RNA gene of 90 nucleotides in length. sroB is found in several Enterobacterial species but its function is unknown.
SroB is found in the intergenic region on the opposite strand to the ybaK and ybaP genes. SroB is expressed in stationary phase.
Experiments have shown that SroB is a Hfq binding sRNA.
Further evidence has shown that SroB negatively regulates the outer membrane protein YbfM by sequestering the ribosome binding site of ybfM mRNA by an antisense interaction. SroB also regulates the DpiA/DpiB two-component system.
Furthermore, SroB itself appears to be the target of a non-coding transcript from the chbBC intergenic region.
References
Further reading
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SroC%20RNA | The bacterial SroC RNA is a non-coding RNA gene of around 160 nucleotides in length. SroC is found in several enterobacterial species. This RNA interacts with the Hfq protein.
SroC acts as a ‘sponge,’ and base pairs with and regulates activity of the sRNA GcvB. This interaction triggers the degradation of GcvB by RNase E, alleviating the GcvB-mediated mRNA repression of other amino acid-related transport and metabolic genes.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SroD%20RNA | The bacterial sroD RNA gene is a non-coding RNA of 90 nucleotides in length. sroD is found in several Enterobacterial species but its function is unknown.
SroE and SroH were identified in the same bioinformatics search.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SroE%20RNA | The bacterial sroE RNA gene is a non-coding RNA molecule of 90 nucleotides in length. sroE is found in several Enterobacterial species but its function is unknown.
SroD and SroH were identified in the same bioinformatics search.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SroH%20RNA | The bacterial sroH RNA is a non-coding RNA that is 160 nucleotides in length. The function of this family is unknown. An SroH gene deletion strain was shown to be sensitive to cell wall stress.
SroE and SroD were identified in the same bioinformatics search.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SscA%20RNA | The SscA RNA (Secondary Structure Conserved A) gene was identified computationally in AT-rich hyperthermophiles using QRNA bioinformatics software. SscA is 97 nucleotides in length and is of unknown function.
The predicted distribution of SscA RNA is currently restricted to the genera pyrococcus and thermococcus (see Rfam page).
Other RNAs identified with SscA include HgcC, HgcE, HgcF and HgcG.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuhB | suhB, also known as mmgR (makes more granules regulator), is a non-coding RNA found multiple times in the Agrobacterium tumefaciens genome and related alpha-proteobacteria. Other non-coding RNAs uncovered in the same analysis include speF, ybhL, metA, and serC.
Several studies in Sinorhizobium meliloti showed that the suhB element is indeed a non-coding RNA. It was first detected by Northern blot and called Sm8RNA, then in an RNAseq study and referred to as SmelC689.
The mutant (lacking the small RNA) phenotype's cytoplasm contains a higher content of polyhydroxybutyrate (PBH) storage granules than the wild type strain. The sRNA is required to limit the PBH intracellular accumulation when the nitrogen-fixing Sinorhizobium meliloti is converting surplus carbon to nitrogen [this needs to be modified, carbon cannot be converted to nitrogen]. Further study confirmed that suhB fine-tunes the regulation of PBH storage.
Northern blot confirmed the expression of the sRNA in other rhizobia species. suhB homologues were found in most alpha-proteobacteria. The Rho-independent terminator and a single-stranded region 10-mer (UUUCCUCCCU) are completely conserved. Hence, it was proposed to define a new family of alpha-proteobacterial sRNA, alpha-r8, of which suhB is a member.
RNA binding protein Hfq binds and stabilises suhB. Expression of the mmgR gene was shown to be controlled by nitrogen (N). Further study has shown that the regulatory proteins NtrC may be required for expression |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T44%20RNA | The T44 RNA family consists of a number of bacterial RNA genes of between 135 and 170 bases in length. The t44 gene has been identified in several species of enteric bacteria but homologs have also been identified in Pseudomonas and Coxiella species. The t44 gene is found between the map and rpsB genes in all species in the full alignment apart from Shigella flexneri. The function of this RNA is unknown.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-box%20leader | Usually found in gram-positive bacteria, the T box leader sequence is an RNA element that controls gene expression through the regulation of translation by binding directly to a specific tRNA and sensing its aminoacylation state. This interaction controls expression of downstream aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase genes, amino acid biosynthesis, and uptake-related genes in a negative feedback loop. The uncharged tRNA acts as the effector for transcription antitermination of genes in the T-box leader family. The anticodon of a specific tRNA base pairs to a specifier sequence within the T-box motif, and the NCCA acceptor tail of the tRNA base pairs to a conserved bulge in the T-box antiterminator hairpin.
tRNA-mediated attenuation
Although the exact mechanism of T box leader is still unclear and currently being studied, it has recently been recognized as a member of an expanding group of RNAs that are phylogenetically conserved across many gram-positive bacteria. They are structurally complex and able to directly sense physiological signals which results in the control of downstream gene expression. This controlling of gene expression is accomplished by transcriptional attenuation—a general transcriptional regulation strategy that senses when an alteration in the rate of transcription is necessary and initiating alteration at a particular site (sometimes preceding one or more genes of an operon). The operons that encode aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, regulated by tRNA-mediated transcripti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threonine%20operon%20leader | The threonine operon leader is an RNA element. Threonine is one of at least 6 amino acid operons are known to be regulated by attenuation. In each a leader sequence of 150–200 bp is found upstream of the first gene in the operon. This leader sequence can assume two different secondary structures known as the terminator and the anti-terminator structure. In each case the leader also codes for very short peptide sequence that is rich in the end product amino acid of the operon. The terminator structure is recognised as a termination signal for RNA polymerase and the operon is not transcribed. This structure forms when the cell has an excess of the regulatory amino acid and ribosome movement over the leader transcript is not impeded. When there is a deficiency of the charged tRNA of the regulatory amino acid the ribosome translating the leader peptide stalls and the antiterminator structure can form. This allows RNA polymerase to transcribe the operon.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlmY%20RNA | The GlmY RNA (formally known as tke1) family consists of a number of bacterial RNA genes of around 167 bases in length. The GlmY RNA gene is present in Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Yersinia pestis and Salmonella species, where it is found between the yfhK and purL genes. It was originally predicted in a bioinformatic screen for novel ncRNAs in E. coli.
The GlmY sRNA has been shown to activate the synthesis of GlmS. It achieves this by influencing the action of another sRNA called GlmZ in a hierarchical fashion. GlmY functions as an anti-adaptor, it binds to RapZ (RNase adaptor protein for sRNA GlmZ), this binding prevents RapZ from binding to GlmZ and targeting it for cleavage by RNase E.
Further studies have shown that GlmY mutants are sensitive to cell envelope stress.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobamovirus%20internal%20ribosome%20entry%20site%20%28IRES%29 | The Tobamovirus internal ribosome entry site (IRES) is an element that allows cap and end-independent translation of mRNA in the host cell. The IRES achieves this by mediating the internal initiation of translation by recruiting a ribosomal 43S pre-initiation complex directly to the initiation codon and eliminates the requirement for the eukaryotic initiation factor, eIF4F.
See also
Mnt IRES
N-myc IRES
TrkB IRES
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Tobamovirus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togavirus%205%E2%80%B2%20plus%20strand%20cis-regulatory%20element | The Togavirus 5′ plus strand cis-regulatory element is an RNA element which is thought to be essential for both plus and minus strand RNA synthesis.
Genus Alphavirus belongs to the family Togaviridae. Alpha viruses contain secondary structural motifs in the 5′ UTR that allow them to avoid detection by IFIT1.
See also
Rubella virus 3′ cis-acting element
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombusvirus%203%E2%80%B2%20UTR%20region%20IV | Tombusvirus 3′ UTR is an important cis-regulatory region of the Tombus virus genome.
Tomato bushy stunt virus is the prototype member of the family Tombusviridae. The genome of this virus is positive sense single stranded RNA. Replication occurs via a negative strand RNA intermediate. In addition to viral proteins p33 and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase p92, and unknown host factors, conserved and structural regions within the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) are important for regulating genome replication. This 3′ structural element contains a pseudoknot.
Other non-coding RNA structures in Tombusvirus include the 5′ UTR and an internal replication element.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Tombusviridae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombusvirus%205%E2%80%B2%20UTR | Tombusvirus 5′ UTR is an important cis-regulatory region of the Tombus virus genome.
Tomato bushy stunt virus is the prototype member of the Tombusviridae family. The genome of this virus is positive sense single stranded RNA. Replication occurs via a negative strand RNA intermediate. In addition to viral proteins p33 and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase p92, and unknown host factors, conserved and structural regions within the 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR) are important for regulating genome replication.
2 RNA domains in the 5′ UTR have been reported, a 5′ T-shaped domain (TSD) followed by a stem-loop (SL5) and a downstream domain (DSD). TSD-DSD interactions are proposed to be involved in the mediation of viral RNA replication.
An interesting feature of Tombusvirus is its ability to support the replication of defective interfering (DI) RNAs. These sub-viral replicons are small, non-coding, deletion mutants of the viral genome that maintain cis-acting RNA elements necessary for replication
Other non-coding RNA structures in Tombusvirus include the 3′ UTR region IV and an internal replication element.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Tombusviridae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombus%20virus%20defective%20interfering%20%28DI%29%20RNA%20region%203 | Tombus virus defective interfering (DI) RNA region 3 is an important cis-regulatory region identified in the 3' UTR of Tombusvirus defective interfering particles (DI).
Defective interfering RNAs are small sub-viral replicons which are non-coding deletion mutants of the virus that maintain cis-acting RNA elements necessary for replication of the host virus. This conserved region of the 3'UTR has been found to enhance DI RNA accumulation by approximately 10-fold as well as mediating viral replication.
See also
Infectious bronchitis virus D-RNA
Red clover necrotic mosaic virus translation enhancer elements
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Tombusviridae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombusvirus%20internal%20replication%20element%20%28IRE%29 | In virology, the tombusvirus internal replication element (IRE) is a segment of RNA located within the region coding for p92 polymerase. This element is essential for viral replication; specifically, it is thought to be required at an early stage of replication, such as template recruitment and/or replicase complex assembly.
Other non-coding RNA structures in Tombusvirus include the 3' UTR region IV and 5' UTR.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPP%20riboswitch | The TPP riboswitch, also known as the THI element and Thi-box riboswitch, is a highly conserved RNA secondary structure. It serves as a riboswitch that binds thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) directly and modulates gene expression through a variety of mechanisms in archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes. TPP is the active form of thiamine (vitamin B1), an essential coenzyme synthesised by coupling of pyrimidine and thiazole moieties in bacteria. The THI element is an extension of a previously detected thiamin-regulatory element, the thi box, there is considerable variability in the predicted length and structures of the additional and facultative stem-loops represented in dark blue in the secondary structure diagram Analysis of operon structures has identified a large number of new candidate thiamin-regulated genes, mostly transporters, in various prokaryotic organisms. The x-ray crystal structure of the TPP riboswitch aptamer has been solved.
References
External links
PDB entry for the TPP riboswitch tertiary structure
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Riboswitch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TraJ%205%27%20UTR | The traJ 5' UTR is a cis acting RNA element which is involved in regulating plasmid transfer in bacteria.
In conjugating bacteria the FinOP system regulates the transfer of F-like plasmids. The FinP gene encodes an antisense RNA product that is complementary to part of the 5' UTR of the traJ mRNA. The traJ gene encodes a protein required for transcription from the major transfer promoter, pY. The FinO protein is essential for effective repression, acting by binding to FinP and protecting it from RNase E degradation.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-activation%20response%20element%20%28TAR%29 | The HIV trans-activation response (TAR) element is an RNA element which is known to be required for the trans-activation of the viral promoter and for virus replication. The TAR hairpin is a dynamic structure that acts as a binding site for the Tat protein, and this interaction stimulates the activity of the long terminal repeat promoter.
Further analysis has shown that TAR is a pre-microRNA that produces mature microRNAs from both strands of the TAR stem-loop.
These miRNAs are thought to prevent infected cells from undergoing apoptosis by downregulating the genes ERCC1, IER3, CDK9, and Bim.
Human polyomavirus 2 (JC virus) contains a TAR-homologous sequence in its late promoter that is responsive to HIV-1 derived Tat.
References
External links
miRBase page for hiv1-mir-TAR
MicroRNA
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrkB%20IRES | The TrkB internal ribosome entry site (IRES) is an RNA element which is present in the 5' UTR sequence of the mRNA. TrkB is a neurotrophin receptor which is essential for the development and maintenance of the nervous system. The internal ribosome entry site IRES element allows cap-independent translation of TrkB which may be needed for efficient translation in neuronal dendrites.
See also
Mnt IRES
N-myc IRES
Tobamovirus IRES
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnip%20crinkle%20virus%20%28TCV%29%20core%20promoter%20hairpin%20%28Pr%29 | The turnip crinkle virus (TCV) core promoter hairpin (Pr) is an RNA element located in the 3' UTR of the viral genome that is required for minus strand RNA synthesis. The picture shown is not the TCV core promoter, but an upstream hairpin that is also required for replication of the virus.
See also
Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) repressor of minus strand synthesis H5
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Tombusviridae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnip%20crinkle%20virus%20%28TCV%29%20repressor%20of%20minus%20strand%20synthesis%20H5 | The TCV hairpin 5 (H5) is an RNA element found in the turnip crinkle virus. This RNA element is composed of a stem-loop that contains a large symmetrical internal loop (LSL). H5 can repress minus-strand synthesis when the 3' side of the LSL pairs with the 4 bases at the 3'-terminus of the RNA(GCCC-OH).
See also
Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) core promoter hairpin (Pr)
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Tombusviridae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U11%20spliceosomal%20RNA | The U11 snRNA (small nuclear ribonucleic acid) is an important non-coding RNA in the minor spliceosome protein complex, which activates the alternative splicing mechanism. The minor spliceosome is associated with similar protein components as the major spliceosome. It uses U11 snRNA to recognize the 5' splice site (functionally equivalent to U1 snRNA) while U12 snRNA binds to the branchpoint to recognize the 3' splice site (functionally equivalent to U2 snRNA).
Secondary structure
U11 snRNA has a stem-loop structure with a 5' end as splice site sequence (5' ss) and contains four stem loops structures (I-IV). A structural comparison of U11 snRNA between plants, vertebrates and insects shows that it is folded into a structure with a four-way junction at the 5' site and in a stem loop structure at the 3' site.
Binding site during assembly pathway
The 5' splice site region possesses sequence complementarity with the 5' splice site of the eukaryotic U12 type pre-mRNA introns. Both the 5' splice site and the Sm binding site are highly conserved in all species. Also, stem loop III is either a possible protein binding site or a base-pairing region since it has a highly conserved nucleotide sequence 'AUCAAGA'.
Role during alternative splicing
U11 and U12 snRNPs (minor spliceosomal pathway) are functional analogs of U1 and U2 snRNPs (major spliceosomal pathway) whereas the U4 atac/U6 atac snRNPs are similar to U4/U6. Unlike the major splicing pathway, U11 and U12 snRNPs bind to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U12%20minor%20spliceosomal%20RNA | U12 minor spliceosomal RNA is formed from U12 small nuclear (snRNA), together with U4atac/U6atac, U5, and U11 snRNAs and associated proteins, forms a spliceosome that cleaves a divergent class of low-abundance pre-mRNA introns. Although the U12 sequence is very divergent from that of U2, the two are functionally analogous.
Structure
The predicted secondary structure of U12 RNA is published,. However, the alternative single hairpin in the 3' end shown here seems to better match the alignment of divergent Drosophila melanogaster and Arabidopsis thaliana sequences. The sequences U12 introns that are spliced out are collected in a biological database called the U12 intron database.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA
Spliceosome
RNA splicing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U1A%20polyadenylation%20inhibition%20element%20%28PIE%29 | The U1A polyadenylation inhibition element (PIE) is an RNA element which is responsible for the regulation of the length of the polyA tail of the U1A protein pre-mRNA. The PIE is located in the U1A mRNA 3' UTR. PIE adopts a U-shaped structure, with binding sites for a single U1A protein at each bend and when complexed with the two proteins it blocks activity of poly(A) polymerase (PAP), and inhibits its activity.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U1%20spliceosomal%20RNA | U1 spliceosomal RNA is the small nuclear RNA (snRNA) component of U1 snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein), an RNA-protein complex that combines with other snRNPs, unmodified pre-mRNA, and various other proteins to assemble a spliceosome, a large RNA-protein molecular complex upon which splicing of pre-mRNA occurs. Splicing, or the removal of introns, is a major aspect of post-transcriptional modification, and takes place only in the nucleus of eukaryotes.
Structure and function
In humans, the U1 spliceosomal RNA is 164 bases long, forms four stem-loops, and possesses a 5'-trimethylguanosine five-prime cap. Bases 3 to 10 are a conserved sequence that base-pairs with the 5' splice site of introns during RNA splicing, and bases 126 to 133 form the Sm site, around which the Sm ring is assembled. Stem-loop I binds to the U1-70K protein, stem-loop II binds to the U1 A protein, stem-loops III and IV bind to the core RNP domain, a heteroheptameric Sm ring consisting of SmB/B', SmD1/2/3, SmE, SmF, and SmG. U1 C interacts primarily through protein-protein interactions.
Experimentation has demonstrated that the binding of U1 snRNA to the 5'-splice site is necessary, but not sufficient, to begin spliceosome assembly. Following recruitment of the U2 snRNP and U5.U4/U6 tri-snRNP the spliceosome transfers the 5'-splice site from the U1 snRNA to U6 snRNA before splicing catalysis occurs.
There are significant differences in sequence and secondary structure between metazoan and yeast |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2%20spliceosomal%20RNA | U2 spliceosomal snRNAs are a species of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) molecules found in the major spliceosomal (Sm) machinery of virtually all eukaryotic organisms. In vivo, U2 snRNA along with its associated polypeptides assemble to produce the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP), an essential component of the major spliceosomal complex. The major spliceosomal-splicing pathway is occasionally referred to as U2 dependent, based on a class of Sm intron—found in mRNA primary transcripts—that are recognized exclusively by the U2 snRNP during early stages of spliceosomal assembly. In addition to U2 dependent intron recognition, U2 snRNA has been theorized to serve a catalytic role in the chemistry of pre-RNA splicing as well. Similar to ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), Sm snRNAs must mediate both RNA:RNA and RNA:protein contacts and hence have evolved specialized, highly conserved, primary and secondary structural elements to facilitate these types of interactions.
Shortly after the discovery that mRNA primary transcripts contain long, non-coding intervening sequences (introns) by Sharp and Roberts, Joan Steitz began work to characterize the biochemical mechanism of intron excision. The curious observation that a sequence found in the 5´ region of the U1 snRNA exhibited extensive base pairing complementarity with conserved sequences across 5´ splice junctions in hnRNA transcripts prompted speculation that certain snRNAs may be involved in recognizing splice site boundaries through RN |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U4%20spliceosomal%20RNA | The U4 small nuclear Ribo-Nucleic Acid (U4 snRNA) is a non-coding RNA component of the major or U2-dependent spliceosome – a eukaryotic molecular machine involved in the splicing of pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA). It forms a duplex with U6, and with each splicing round, it is displaced from the U6 snRNA (and the spliceosome) in an ATP-dependent manner, allowing U6 to re-fold and create the active site for splicing catalysis. A recycling process involving protein Brr2 releases U4 from U6, while protein Prp24 re-anneals U4 and U6. The crystal structure of a 5′ stem-loop of U4 in complex with a binding protein has been solved.
Biological role
The U4 snRNA has been shown to exist in a number of different formats including: bound to proteins as a small nuclear Ribo-Nuclear Protein snRNP, involved with the U6 snRNA in the di-snRNP, as well as involved with both the U6 snRNA and the U5 snRNA in the tri-snRNP. The different formats have been proposed to coincide with different temporal events in the activity of the penta-snRNP, or as intermediates in the step-wise model of spliceosome assembly and activity.
The U4 snRNA (and its likely analog snR14 in Yeast) has been shown not to participate directly in the specific catalytic activities of the splicing reaction, and is proposed instead to act as a regulator of the U6 snRNA. The U4 snRNA inhibits spliceosome activity during assembly by complementary base pairing between the U6 snRNA in two highly conserved stem regions. It is sugge |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U5%20spliceosomal%20RNA | U5 snRNA is a small nuclear RNA (snRNA) that participates in RNA splicing as a component of the spliceosome. It forms the U5 snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein) by associating with several proteins including Prp8 - the largest and most conserved protein in the spliceosome, Brr2 - a helicase required for spliceosome activation, Snu114, and the 7 Sm proteins. U5 snRNA forms a coaxially-stacked series of helices that project into the active site of the spliceosome. Loop 1, which caps this series of helices, forms 4-5 base pairs with the 5'-exon during the two chemical reactions of splicing. This interaction appears to be especially important during step two of splicing, exon ligation.
References
Further reading
External links
Small nuclear RNA
Spliceosome
RNA splicing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U6%20spliceosomal%20RNA | U6 snRNA is the non-coding small nuclear RNA (snRNA) component of U6 snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein), an RNA-protein complex that combines with other snRNPs, unmodified pre-mRNA, and various other proteins to assemble a spliceosome, a large RNA-protein molecular complex that catalyzes the excision of introns from pre-mRNA. Splicing, or the removal of introns, is a major aspect of post-transcriptional modification and takes place only in the nucleus of eukaryotes.
The RNA sequence of U6 is the most highly conserved across species of all five of the snRNAs involved in the spliceosome, suggesting that the function of the U6 snRNA has remained both crucial and unchanged through evolution.
It is common in vertebrate genomes to find many copies of the U6 snRNA gene or U6-derived pseudogenes. This prevalence of "back-ups" of the U6 snRNA gene in vertebrates further implies its evolutionary importance to organism viability.
The U6 snRNA gene has been isolated in many organisms, including C. elegans. Among them, baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is a commonly used model organism in the study of snRNAs.
The structure and catalytic mechanism of U6 snRNA resembles that of domain V of group II introns. The formation of the triple helix in U6 snRNA is deemed to be important in splicing activity, where its role is to bring the catalytic site to the splice site.
Role
Base-pair specificity of the U6 snRNA allows the U6 snRNP to bind tightly to the U4 snRNA and loosely to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U7%20small%20nuclear%20RNA | The U7 small nuclear RNA (U7 snRNA) is an RNA molecule and a component of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex (U7 snRNP). The U7 snRNA is required for histone pre-mRNA processing.
The 5' end of the U7 snRNA binds the HDE (histone downstream element), a conserved purine-rich region, located 15 nucleotides downstream the histone mRNA cleavage site. The binding of the HDE region by the U7 snRNA, through complementary base-pairing, is an important step for the future recruitment of cleavage factors during histone pre-mRNA processing.
See also
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Histone 3' UTR stem-loop
LSM10
References
Further reading
External links
The uRNA database
RNA splicing
Small nuclear RNA
Spliceosome |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U8%20small%20nucleolar%20RNA | In molecular biology, U8 small nucleolar RNA (also known as SNORD118) is the RNA component of a small RNA:protein complex (the U8 snoRNP) which is required for biogenesis of mature large subunit ribosomal RNAs, 5.8S and 28S rRNAs.
More specifically, U8 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA U8 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
U8 RNA genes have been identified in human, mouse, rat and the amphibian Xenopus laevis.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U98%20small%20nucleolar%20RNA | U98 small nucleolar RNA also is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a "guide" RNA.
U98 belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs which are thought to guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines, the target for this family is unknown.
The mouse homologue was cloned and is called MBII-367.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnaL2%20LINE%203%E2%80%B2%20element | The UnaL2 LINE 3′ element is an RNA element found in the UnaL2 LINE (long interspersed nuclear element) and partner SINE (short interspersed nuclear element) from eel. This conserved element is a stem-loop that is critical for their retrotransposition found in their 3′ end. The first step of retrotransposition is the recognition of their 3′ tails by UnaL2-encoded reverse transcriptase. The NMR structure of a 17-nucleotide RNA derived from the 3′ tail of UnaL2 has been determined.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPSK%20RNA | The Upstream pseudoknot (UPSK) domain is an RNA element found in the turnip yellow mosaic virus, beet virus Q, barley stripe mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus, which is thought to be needed for efficient transcription. Disruption of the pseudoknot structure gives rise to a 50% drop in transcription efficiency. This element acts in conjunction with the Tymovirus/Pomovirus tRNA-like 3' UTR element to enhance translation.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VA%20RNA | The VA (viral associated) RNA is a type of non-coding RNA found in adenovirus. It plays a role in regulating translation. There are two copies of this RNA called VAI or VA RNAI and VAII or VA RNAII. These two VA RNA genes are distinct genes in the adenovirus genome. VA RNAI is the major species with VA RNAII expressed at a lower level. Neither transcript is polyadenylated and both are transcribed by PolIII.
Function
VAI stimulates the translation of both early and late viral genes including E3 and hexon. VAII does not stimulate translation. Transient transfection assays have shown that VAI-RNA increases the stability of ribosome-bound transcripts.
VAI RNA is processed in the cell to create 22 nucleotide long RNAs that can act as siRNA or miRNA. VAI RNA functions as a decoy RNA for the double stranded RNA activated protein kinase R which would otherwise phosphorylate eukaryotic initiation factor 2.
Structure
VA RNA is composed of two stem-loops separated by a central region essential for function.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular%20endothelial%20growth%20factor%20%28VEGF%29%20IRES%20A | This family represents the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) internal ribosome entry site (IRES) A. VEGF is an endothelial cell mitogen with many crucial functions such as embryogenic development and wound healing. The 5' UTR of VEGF mRNA contains two IRES elements which are able to promote efficient translation at the AUG start codon, this family represents IRES A.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vault%20RNA | Many eukaryotic cells contain large ribonucleoprotein particles in the cytoplasm known as vaults. The vault complex comprises the major vault protein (MVP), two minor vault proteins (VPARP and TEP1), and a variety of small untranslated RNA molecules known as vault RNAs (vRNAs, vtRNAs) only found in higher eukaryotes. These molecules are transcribed by RNA polymerase III.
Given the association with the nuclear membrane and the location within the cell, vaults are thought to play roles in intracellular and nucleocytoplasmic transport processes. A study, using cryo-electron microscopy, has determined that vtRNAs are found close to the end caps of vaults. This positioning of the RNA indicates that they could interact with both the interior and exterior of the vault particle. Overall, the current belief is that the vtRNAs do not have a structural role in the vault protein, but rather play some kind of functional role. However, while there has been an expanding body of research on vtRNA, there has yet to be a solid conclusion on the exact function.
History
Vault RNA was first identified as part of the vault ribonucleoprotein complex in 1986. Since the first discovery of non-coding RNA in the mid 1960s, there had been considerable interest in the field. The fruition of this interest was apparent in the 1980s during a string of non-coding RNA discoveries, such as Ribosomal RNA, snoRNA, Xist, and vault RNA.
Early research in the 1990s looked into the specifics of vault RNA and focu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimentin%203%E2%80%B2%20UTR%20protein-binding%20region | The vimentin 3′ UTR protein-binding region is an RNA element that contains a Y shaped structure which has been shown to have protein binding activity. The same region has been implicated in the control of mRNA localisation to the perinuclear region of the cytoplasm, possibly at sites of intermediate filament assembly. The identity of the proteins involved and the localisation mechanism are not known.
References
External links
Transterm page for Vimentin Localisation Element
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay%20Shankar%20Vyas | Vijay Shankar Vyas (21 August 1931 – 12 September 2018) was a noted agricultural economist of India. He hailed from Pushkarna Brahmin community in Bikaner and authored six books. Vyas died on 12 September 2018.
Career
Vyas was the Director of IIM, Ahmedabad; IDS, Jaipur and Senior Advisor, Agriculture and Rural Development Department, the world Bank. Professor Vyas was Emeritus Professor at the Institute of Development Studies, Jaipur. He was a member of the Central Board of Directors of the Reserve Bank of India.
Education
Vyas authored / co-authored six books and published numerous articles in notable national and international journals. He was invited to deliver lectures and keynotes in many workshops and seminars in India and abroad. The contribution made him an honorary life member of the International Association of Agricultural Economists. He was elected as a Fellow of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
Awards
Vyas received the Padma Bhushan award in 2006 from the Government of India. He was honoured at the award ceremony by the President of India on Republic Day. Vyas served as Chairman and Member of Boards, at International, National and State Level.
References
External links
Vijay Shankar Vyas at realbikaner.com
1931 births
2018 deaths
Indian agricultural economists
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education
Rajasthani people
People from Bikaner
21st-century Indian economists
Scientists from Rajasthan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0uta | Šuta, ("Shuta"), was an Egyptian commissioner of the 1350–1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. The name Šuta is a hypocoristicon-(nickname/petname) for the Ancient Egyptian god Seth, (Seth being the "God of the Desert", and an 'anti-Horus' god-(duality, Horus/Seth)).
The following letters are referenced to commissioner Šuta, (EA for 'el Amarna'):
EA 234—Title: "Like Magdalu in Egypt"–Satatna of Akka/Acre, Israel letter.
EA 288—Title: "Benign neglect"–Abdi-Heba letter. See: Tjaru.
The 2 letters of commissioner: Šuta
EA 288, "Benign neglect"
Abdi-Heba's letters, to the Egyptian pharaoh, are of moderate length, and topically discuss the intrigues of the cities, that are adjacent to Jerusalem, (a region named: Upu).
Letter EA 288: (Abdi-Heba no. 4 of 6)
Say [t]o the king-(i.e. pharaoh), my lord, [my Su]n: [M]essage of 'Abdi-Heba, your servant. I fall at the feet of the king, my lord, 7 times and 7 times. Behold, the king, my lord, has placed his name at the rising of the sun and at the setting of the sun. It is, therefore, impious what they have done to me. Behold, I am not a mayor;—I am a soldier of the king, my lord. Behold, I am a friend of the king and a tribute–bearer of the king. It was neither my father nor my mother, but the strong arm of the king that [p]laced me in the house of [my] fath[er]. [... c]ame to me ... [...]. I gave over [to his char]ge 10–slaves, Šuta, the commissioner of the king, ca[me t]o me; I gave over to Šuta's charge 21–girls, [8]0–prisoners, as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s%20field%20NMR | Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in the geomagnetic field is conventionally referred to as Earth's field NMR (EFNMR). EFNMR is a special case of low field NMR.
When a sample is placed in a constant magnetic field and stimulated (perturbed) by a time-varying (e.g., pulsed or alternating) magnetic field, NMR active nuclei resonate at characteristic frequencies. Examples of such NMR active nuclei are the isotopes carbon-13 and hydrogen-1 (which in NMR is conventionally known as proton NMR). The resonant frequency of each isotope is directly proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field, and the magnetogyric or gyromagnetic ratio of that isotope. The signal strength is proportional both to the stimulating magnetic field and the number of nuclei of that isotope in the sample. Thus in the 21 tesla magnetic field that may be found in high resolution laboratory NMR spectrometers, protons resonate at 900 MHz. However, in the Earth's magnetic field the same nuclei resonate at audio frequencies of around 2 kHz and generate very weak signals.
The location of a nucleus within a complex molecule affects the 'chemical environment' (i.e. the rotating magnetic fields generated by the other nuclei) experienced by the nucleus. Thus different hydrocarbon molecules containing NMR active nuclei in different positions within the molecules produce slightly different patterns of resonant frequencies.
EFNMR signals can be affected by both magnetically noisy laboratory environments and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography%20of%20Birmingham | The demography of Birmingham, England, is analysed by the Office for National Statistics and data produced for each of the wards that make up the city, and the overall city itself, which is the largest city proper in England as well as the core of the third most populous urban area, the West Midlands conurbation.
Population
Birmingham city's total population was 977,099 in 2001. The 2005 estimate for the population of the district of Birmingham was 1,001,200. This is the first time the population has broken the 1,000,000 barrier since 1996. This was a population increase of 0.9% (8,800) from 2004, higher than the 0.6% for the United Kingdom as a whole and 0.7% for England. It is believed to have been caused as a result of increased numbers of births, increased migration and a decrease in deaths in the district. The population of Birmingham is predicted to increase, though it cannot be predicted at certainty due to fluctuations in previous years in migration. The population in Birmingham is predicted to increase by 12.2% (121,500) from 992,100 in 2003 to 1,113,600 in 2028. This is an increase of around 4,000 - 5,000 each year until 2028.
The mid-year population estimates from previous years have showed a general decrease in the population of Birmingham from 1982 to 2002, before beginning to increase again up to 2005, with the increase from 2004 to 2005 being the largest population increase recorded. Though, in total, the overall decline in the population of Birmingham has |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuregulin%201 | Neuregulin 1, or NRG1, is a gene of the epidermal growth factor family that in humans is encoded by the NRG1 gene. NRG1 is one of four proteins in the neuregulin family that act on the EGFR family of receptors. Neuregulin 1 is produced in numerous isoforms by alternative splicing, which allows it to perform a wide variety of functions. It is essential for the normal development of the nervous system and the heart.
Structure
Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) was originally identified as a 44-kD glycoprotein that interacts with the NEU/ERBB2 receptor tyrosine kinase to increase its phosphorylation on tyrosine residues. It is known that an extraordinary variety of different isoforms are produced from the NRG1 gene by alternative splicing. These isoforms include heregulins (HRGs), glial growth factors (GGFs) and sensory and motor neuron-derived factor (SMDF). They are tissue-specific and differ significantly in their structure. The HRG isoforms all contain immunoglobulin (Ig) and epidermal growth factor-like (EGF-like) domains. GGF and GGF2 isoforms contain a kringle-like sequence plus Ig and EGF-like domains; and the SMDF isoform shares only the EGF-like domain with other isoforms. The receptors for all NRG1 isoforms are the ERBB family of tyrosine kinase transmembrane receptors. Through their displayed interaction with ERBB receptors, NRG1 isoforms induce the growth and differentiation of epithelial, neuronal, glial, and other types of cells.
Function
Synaptic plasticity
Neuregulin 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosylhomocysteinase | Adenosylhomocysteinase (, S-adenosylhomocysteine synthase, S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, S-adenosylhomocysteinase, SAHase, AdoHcyase) is an enzyme that converts S-adenosylhomocysteine to homocysteine and adenosine. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H2O L-homocysteine + adenosine
The enzyme contains one tightly bound NAD+ per subunit. The mechanism involves dehydrogenative oxidation of the 3'-OH of the ribose. The resulting ketone is susceptible to α-deprotonation. The resulting carbanion eliminates thiolate. The a,b-unsaturated ketone is then hydrated, and the ketone is reduced by the NADH.
This enzyme is encoded by the AHCY gene in humans, which is believed to have a prognostic role in neuroblastoma.
References
External links
Further reading
EC 3.3.1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haidar%20Aboodi | Haeder Aboudi () (born 1986) is an Iraqi former footballer who played as a defender for Najaf FC and the Iraq national football team.
Managerial statistics
Honours
Country
2002 Arab Police Championship: Champions
2006 Asian Games Silver medallist.
External links
Profil on www.goalzz.com
1986 births
Living people
Iraqi men's footballers
Iraqi expatriate men's footballers
Al-Najaf SC players
Expatriate men's footballers in the United Arab Emirates
Iraqi expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
Amanat Baghdad SC players
Fujairah FC players
Asian Games medalists in football
Footballers at the 2006 Asian Games
UAE First Division League players
Asian Games silver medalists for Iraq
Men's association football defenders
Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
Iraq men's international footballers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylglycine | Dimethylglycine (DMG) is a derivative of the amino acid glycine with the structural formula (CH3)2NCH2COOH. It can be found in beans and liver, and has a sweet taste. It can be formed from trimethylglycine upon the loss of one of its methyl groups. It is also a byproduct of the metabolism of choline.
When DMG was first discovered, it was referred to as Vitamin B16, but, unlike true B vitamins, deficiency of DMG in the diet does not lead to any ill-effects and it is synthesized by the human body in the citric acid cycle meaning it does not meet the definition of a vitamin.
Uses
Dimethylglycine has been suggested for use as an athletic performance enhancer, immunostimulant, and a treatment for autism, epilepsy, or mitochondrial disease. There is no evidence that dimethylglycine is effective for treating mitochondrial disease. Published studies on the subject have shown little to no difference between DMG treatment and placebo in autism spectrum disorders.
Biological activity
Dimethylglycine has been found to act as an agonist of the glycine site of the NMDA receptor.
Preparation
This compound is commercially available as the free form amino acid, and as the hydrochloride salt []. DMG may be prepared by the alkylation of glycine via the Eschweiler–Clarke reaction. In this reaction, glycine is treated with aqueous formaldehyde in formic acid that serves as both solvent and reductant. Hydrochloric acid is added thereafter to give the hydrochloride salt. The free amino acid ma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystathionine%20gamma-lyase | The enzyme cystathionine γ-lyase (EC 4.4.1.1, CTH or CSE; also cystathionase; systematic name L-cystathionine cysteine-lyase (deaminating; 2-oxobutanoate-forming)) breaks down cystathionine into cysteine, 2-oxobutanoate (α-ketobutyrate), and ammonia:
L-cystathionine + H2O = L-cysteine + 2-oxobutanoate + NH3 (overall reaction)
(1a) L-cystathionine = L-cysteine + 2-aminobut-2-enoate
(1b) 2-aminobut-2-enoate = 2-iminobutanoate (spontaneous)
(1c) 2-iminobutanoate + H2O = 2-oxobutanoate + NH3 (spontaneous)
Pyridoxal phosphate is a prosthetic group of this enzyme.
Cystathionine γ-lyase also catalyses the following elimination reactions:
L-homoserine to form H2O, NH3 and 2-oxobutanoate
L-cystine, producing thiocysteine, pyruvate and NH3
L-cysteine producing pyruvate, NH3 and H2S
In some bacteria and mammals, including humans, this enzyme takes part in generating hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide is one of a few gases that was recently discovered to have a role in cell signaling in the body.
Enzyme mechanism
Cystathionase uses pyridoxal phosphate to facilitate the cleavage of the sulfur-gamma carbon bond of cystathionine, resulting in the release of cysteine. The lysine residue reforms the internal aldimine by kicking off α-iminobutyric acid. Afterwards the external ketimine is hydrolyzed, causing the formation of α-ketobutyrate.
The amino group on cystathionine is deprotonated and undergoes a nucleophilic attack of the internal aldimine. An additional deprotonation by |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-adenosylhomocysteine%20hydrolase | S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase may refer to:
Adenosylhomocysteinase, an enzyme
Adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase, an enzyme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosylmethionine%20decarboxylase | The enzyme adenosylmethionine decarboxylase () catalyzes the conversion of S-adenosyl methionine to S-adenosylmethioninamine.
Polyamines such as spermidine and spermine are essential for cellular growth under most conditions, being implicated in many cellular processes including DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) plays an essential regulatory role in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway by generating the n-propylamine residue required for the synthesis of spermidine and spermine from putrescein. Unlike many amino acid decarboxylases AdoMetDC uses a covalently bound pyruvate residue as a cofactor rather than the more common pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. These proteins can be divided into two main groups which show little sequence similarity either to each other, or to other pyruvoyl-dependent amino acid decarboxylases: class I enzymes found in bacteria and archaea, and class II enzymes found in eukaryotes. In both groups the active enzyme is generated by the post-translational autocatalytic cleavage of a precursor protein. This cleavage generates the pyruvate precursor from an internal serine residue and results in the formation of two non-identical subunits termed alpha and beta which form the active enzyme.
References
External links
Reaction: R00178
Protein families
EC 4.1.1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha%20SY99 | The Yamaha SY99 is a synthesiser combining frequency modulation synthesis (branded as Advanced FM) and sample-based synthesis (branded as Advanced Wave Memory 2) and the direct successor to Yamaha's SY77/TG77. Compared to the SY77, it has a larger keyboard at 76 keys instead of 61, a larger ROM with more in-built AWM samples, the ability to load user-specified AWM samples into on-board RAM, an upgraded effects processor (based upon the Yamaha SPX900 rather than the SPX50 or SPX90), and several other enhanced features.
Specifications
Date produced: 1991
Polyphony: 16 notes ("Elements") of AFM + 16 notes (Elements") of sample-playback (AWM2)
Voice Architecture: Each voice can have up to 2 AFM (6-operator) Elements polyphonically, or 4 AFM (6-op) Elements monophonically, plus up to 2 AWM Elements
Filter: 2 multi-stage, time-variant, with resonance and self-oscillation per Element
Sequencer: 16 tracks, ~27,000 note capacity, 99 patterns, up to 10 songs (cf. the SY77's single song only and ~16,000 notes)
Effects: 2 internal digital effects processors with 63 types of effects, derived from Yamaha's popular rack-mounted processor, SPX900
Keyboard: 76 notes with velocity and channel aftertouch, which can be zoned along with pitch-bend to affect only specific keys (unlike on the SY77)
Memory: 128 preset patches and 128 user patches, 16 preset multi-patch setups (up to 16 voices each) and 16 user multi-patches, 512kB of RAM as standard for user-loaded AWM samples or MIDI data |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satatna | Satatna, or Sitatna, and also Šutatna/Shutatna-(of a Babylonian letter of Burna-Buriash), was a 'Mayor'/Ruler of Akka, or Acco, modern Acre, Israel, during the 1350–1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence.
Satatna was the author of three letters to the Egyptian pharaoh, letters EA 233–235, (EA for 'el Amarna'). He is referenced in another minor vassal letter of Ruler: "Bayadi of Syria", and he is also referred to in EA 8, by Burna-Buriash as "..Šutatna, the son of Šaratum-(Surata) of Akka..."
A list of Satatna authored letters is as follows:
EA 233—title: "Work in progress"
EA 234—title: "Like Magdalu in Egypt". See: commissioner: Šuta.
EA 235—title: "An order for glass"
Satatna's Amarna letters
EA 233, "Work in progress"
Say to the king, [m]y [lord], the Sun from [the sky]: Message of Satatna the ruler of Akka, your servant, the servant of the king and the dirt at his feet and the ground on which he treads, I prostrate myself at the feet of the king, my lord, my god, the Sun from the sky, 7 times and 7 times, both on the stomach and on the back. He is obeying what the king, my lord, has written to his servant, and preparing everything that my lord has order[ed]. —EA 233, lines 1-20 (complete)
EA 234, "Like Magdalu in Egypt"
See: Egyptian commissioner: Šuta.
EA 235, "An order for glass"
Say to the king, my lord, my Sun, my god, the Sun from the sky: Message of Sitatna, your servant, the dirt at your feet. (I pr)ostrate myself at the feet of the king, my lord, my Sun, m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muziki%20wa%20dansi | Muziki wa dansi (in Swahili: "dance music"), or simply dansi, is a Tanzanian music genre, derivative of Congolese soukous and Congolese rumba. It is sometimes called Swahili jazz because most dansi lyrics are in Swahili, and "jazz" is an umbrella term used in Central and Eastern Africa to refer to soukous, highlife, and other dance music and big band genres. Muziki wa dansi can also be referred to as Tanzanian rumba, as "african rumba" is another name for soukous.
Muziki wa dansi began in the 1930s in the Dar es Salaam area (where most dansi bands come from),and it is still popular in Tanzania, although new generations are more likely to listen to bongo flava or other forms of pop music. Notable dansi bands include DDC Mlimani Park, International Orchestra Safari Sound, Juwata Jazz, Maquis Original, Super Matimila, and Vijana Jazz.
History
In the first decades of the 20th century, soukous bands from Belgian Congo and French Congo were getting very popular across Eastern Africa. This craze brought along dance clubs, especially in major cities like Nairobi and Dar es Salaam, where bands would play live 7 days a week. While some of these bands were actually from Zaire, local bands emerged in Kenya, Tanzania and elsewhere and began to develop their own blend of soukous. In Dar, some of the bands that pioneered the "tanzanian rumba" were Dar es Salaam Jazz Band (founded in 1932), Morogoro Jazz and Tabora Jazz. These early bands were typically big bands based on brass and drums.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed%20Al-Busafy | Ahmed Al Busafy (; born 1 September 1976) is an Omani former footballer. He played for Al-Seeb Club from 1999 to 2011 in the Omani League.
Club career statistics
International career
Ahmed was part of the first team squad of the Oman national football team till 2008. He was selected for the national team for the first time in 2002. He has represented the national team in the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification.
National team career statistics
Goals for Senior National Team
Honours
Club
With Al-Seeb
Sultan Qaboos Cup (0): Runners-up 2003, 2005
Omani Federation Cup (1): 2007
Oman Super Cup (0): Runners-up 1999, 2004
References
External links
Ahmed Al-Busafy - GOALZZ.com
Ahmed Al-Busafy - KOOORA.com
1976 births
Living people
Omani men's footballers
Oman men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Al-Seeb Club players
Oman Professional League players |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime%20scene%20cleanup | Crime scene cleanup is a term applied to cleanup of blood, bodily fluids, and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM). It is also referred to as biohazard remediation, and forensic cleanup, because crime scenes are only a portion of the situations in which biohazard cleaning is needed. Incidents which may require this type of cleanup include accidents, suicide (or attempted suicide), homicides, and decomposition after unattended death, as well as mass trauma, industrial accidents, infectious disease contamination, animal biohazard contamination (e.g. feces or blood) or regulated waste transport, treatment, and disposal.
Usage
Television productions like CSI: Crime Scene Investigation have added to the popularity of the term "crime scene cleanup". Australia, Canada and England have added it to their professional cleaning terminology. As a profession, it is growing in popularity because of media exposure and the growth of training programs worldwide.
The generic terms for crime scene cleanup include trauma cleaning, crime and trauma scene decontamination ("CTS Decon"), biohazard remediation, biohazard removal, and blood cleanup. The state of California refers to individuals who practice this profession as Valid Trauma Scene Waste Management Practitioners.
Types of cleanups
Crime scene cleanup includes blood spills following an assault, homicide or suicide, tear gas residue, and vandalism removal/cleanup. There are many different sub-segments, named primarily after add |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FluidSynth | FluidSynth, formerly named iiwusynth, is a free open source software synthesizer which converts MIDI note data into an audio signal using SoundFont technology without need for a SoundFont-compatible soundcard. FluidSynth can act as a virtual MIDI device, able to receive MIDI data from any program and transform it into audio on-the-fly. It can also read in SMF (.mid) files directly. On the output side, it can send audio data directly to an audio device for playback, or to a Raw or Wave file. It can also convert a SMF file directly to an audio file in faster-than-real-time. The combination of these features gives FluidSynth the following major use cases:
Synthesizing MIDI data from another application directly to the speakers,
Synthesizing MIDI data from another application, recording the output to an audio file,
Playing a MIDI file to the speakers,
Converting a MIDI file to a digital audio file.
The size of loaded SoundFont banks is limited by the amount of RAM available. There is a GUI for FluidSynth called Qsynth, which is also open source. Both are available in most Linux distributions, and can also be compiled for Windows. Windows binary installers are not distributed alone and are bundled with QSynth.
It features microtonal support and was used in the MicrotonalISM project of the Network for Interdisciplinary Studies in Science, Technology, and Music. A Max/MSP plugin is available from IRCAM.
The core synthesizer is written as a C library with a large application p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aar%C4%ABra | Śarīra is a generic term referring to Buddhist relics, although in common usage it usually refers to pearl or crystal-like bead-shaped objects that are apparently found among the cremated ashes of Buddhist spiritual masters. Relics of the Buddha after cremation are termed dhātu in the Mahaparinibbana Sutta. Śarīra are held to emanate or incite 'blessings' and 'grace' (Sanskrit: adhiṣṭhāna) within the mindstream and experience of those connected to them. Sarira are also believed to ward off evil in the Himalayan Buddhist tradition.
Terminology
Śarīraḥ (pronounced /ɕɐɽiːɽɐh/) means "body" in Sanskrit. When used in Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit texts to mean "relics", it is always used in the plural: śarīrāḥ. The term ringsel is a loanword from the Tibetan རིང་བསྲེལ (ring bsrel). Both of these terms are ambiguous in English; they are generally used as synonyms, although according to some interpretations, ringsels are a subset of śarīras.
Śarīra can refer to:
Dharmakāya śarīra, which are sutras as told by the Buddha. According to Ding Fubao's Dictionary of Buddhist Terms, a Dharma body śarīra is "the Sutra as told by the Buddha: That which is unchanging in what is told by the Buddha, is of the same property as the essence of the Buddha himself, hence it is called the 'dharma body śarīra'".
Remains of the Buddha or other spiritual masters, either cremated remains or other pieces, including a finger bone or a preserved body, similar to the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox incor |
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