source stringlengths 32 209 | text stringlengths 18 1.5k |
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr%20Kuchma | Alexander Kuchma (; born 9 December 1980) is a former Kazakh football defender.
Career
In December 2014, Kuchma left FC Taraz.
Career statistics
International goals
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
Kazakhstani men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Kazakhstan men's international footballers
FC Taraz players
FC Zhenis players
FC Kairat players
Ruch Chorzów players
FC Tobol players
FC Ordabasy players
FC Okzhetpes players
FC Irtysh Pavlodar players
SG Sonnenhof Großaspach players
Kazakhstan Premier League players
Kazakhstani expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Poland
Kazakhstani expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Kazakhstani people of Ukrainian descent
Sportspeople from Taraz |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphenal | Alphenal (Alphenal, Efrodal, Prophenal, Sanudorm), also known as 5-allyl-5-phenylbarbituric acid, is a barbiturate derivative developed in the 1920s. It has primarily anticonvulsant properties, and was used occasionally for the treatment of epilepsy or convulsions, although not as commonly, as better known barbiturates such as phenobarbital.
LD50: Mouse (Oral): 280 mg/kg
References
Barbiturates
Hypnotics
Allyl compounds
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Phenyl compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butallylonal | Butallylonal is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1920s. It has sedative properties, and was used primarily as an anaesthetic in veterinary medicine. Butallylonal is considered similar in effects to pentobarbital but is longer in action, being considered an intermediate-acting barbiturate rather than short-acting.
References
Barbiturates
Organobromides
Alkene derivatives
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20bombings%20during%20the%20Iraq%20War | Since the 2003 invasion of Iraq, bombings have killed thousands of people, mostly civilians. Suicide bombings have been used as a tactic in other armed struggles, but their frequency and lethality in Iraq is unprecedented. During the invasion, the United States and United Kingdom dropped 29,199 bombs. The article does not list these, but concentrates on the smaller number of insurgent bombings during the post-invasion phase of the Iraqi conflict (2003–present).
The main perpetrators of insurgent bombings have been Salafi jihadist organisations such as Al-Qaeda in Iraq, Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna, and the Islamic State. Their main targets were Shia civilians, and to a lesser extent, Multi-National Force – Iraq forces.
Perpetrators
A 2005 Human Rights Watch report analysed the insurgency in Iraq and highlighted, "The groups that are most responsible for the abuse, namely al-Qaeda in Iraq and its allies, Ansar al-Sunna and the Islamic State of Iraq, have all targeted civilians for abductions and executions. The first two groups have repeatedly boasted about massive car bombs and suicide bombs in mosques, markets, bus stations and other civilian areas. Such acts are war crimes and in some cases may constitute crimes against humanity, which are defined as serious crimes committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack against a civilian population."
Analysis
A 2008 RAND Research brief on counterinsurgency in Iraq: 2003 - 2006 depicts a chart that shows in June and July 2004, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action%20of%2012%20March%201672 | The action of 12 March 1672 was a naval battle in the Third Anglo-Dutch War between a squadron commanded by Sir Robert Holmes and Sir Frescheville Holles against the Smyrna convoy, which was protected by 5 warships under De Haaze and Cornelis Evertsen. The Battle took place before the official start of the Third Anglo-Dutch War, but now there was no turning back and England declared war on the Dutch Republic on March 17, 1672.
The Battle
Holmes with a squadron of 5 ships cruising about the Isle of Wight, met with the Dutch Smyrna fleet, consisting of about 50 sail.
When the English fleet closed in with the Smyrna convoy, Holmes ordered Captain De Haaze to come aboard his ship. De Haaze refused, and English ship the "Saint Michael" reacted to this refusal with a broadside after which De Haaze's ship replied in kind, and the engagement became general. At a certain point during the battle Haaze was killed, but his crew kept resisting. Holmes maintained the engagement until sunset, but failed to capture a single ship while his squadron had suffered severe damage. With dawn the action resumed. Four English warships which had hung back the day before now joined the battle. After another whole day of fighting, Evertsen managed to extract 62 merchantmen from danger. The Dutch during the engagement had lost 1 warship and only lost 4 merchantmen of which only 2 were of any value. The English ships had suffered severe damage with one ship disabled.
The Gloucester'''s prize the Klein |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann%27s%20entropy%20formula | In statistical mechanics, Boltzmann's equation (also known as the Boltzmann–Planck equation) is a probability equation relating the entropy , also written as , of an ideal gas to the multiplicity (commonly denoted as or ), the number of real microstates corresponding to the gas's macrostate:
where is the Boltzmann constant (also written as simply ) and equal to 1.380649 × 10−23 J/K, and is the natural logarithm function (also written as , as in the image above).
In short, the Boltzmann formula shows the relationship between entropy and the number of ways the atoms or molecules of a certain kind of thermodynamic system can be arranged.
History
The equation was originally formulated by Ludwig Boltzmann between 1872 and 1875, but later put into its current form by Max Planck in about 1900. To quote Planck, "the logarithmic connection between entropy and probability was first stated by L. Boltzmann in his kinetic theory of gases".
A 'microstate' is a state specified in terms of the constituent particles of a body of matter or radiation that has been specified as a macrostate in terms of such variables as internal energy and pressure. A macrostate is experimentally observable, with at least a finite extent in spacetime. A microstate can be instantaneous, or can be a trajectory composed of a temporal progression of instantaneous microstates. In experimental practice, such are scarcely observable. The present account concerns instantaneous microstates.
The value of was |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-DNA | A-DNA is one of the possible double helical structures which DNA can adopt. A-DNA is thought to be one of three biologically active double helical structures along with B-DNA and Z-DNA. It is a right-handed double helix fairly similar to the more common B-DNA form, but with a shorter, more compact helical structure whose base pairs are not perpendicular to the helix-axis as in B-DNA. It was discovered by Rosalind Franklin, who also named the A and B forms. She showed that DNA is driven into the A form when under dehydrating conditions. Such conditions are commonly used to form crystals, and many DNA crystal structures are in the A form. The same helical conformation occurs in double-stranded RNAs, and in DNA-RNA hybrid double helices.
Structure
Like the more common B-DNA, A-DNA is a right-handed double helix with major and minor grooves. However, as shown in the comparison table below, there is a slight increase in the number of base pairs (bp) per turn. This results in a smaller twist angle, and smaller rise per base pair, so that A-DNA is 20-25% shorter than B-DNA. The major groove of A-DNA is deep and narrow, while the minor groove is wide and shallow. A-DNA is broader and more compressed along its axis than B-DNA.
The identifiable characteristic of A-DNA X-ray crystallography is the hole in the center. A-DNA has a C3'-endo pucker, which refers to the C3' carbon in the furanose ring being below the sugar plane.
Comparison geometries of the most common DNA forms
A/B in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerna%20%28Danube%29 | The Cerna () is a river in Romania, a left tributary of the river Danube. The Cerna has its source on the south-east side of the Godeanu Mountains and flows into the Danube near the town Orșova. The upper reach of the river is sometimes called Cernișoara. With a length of and its basin of , it carves an erosive tectonic valley with numerous gorges, quite deep sometimes. There is a man-made lake on it (Tierna), just before it crosses the Băile Herculane spa, to perpetuate the old toponimic od Dierna. The upper course of the Cerna is part of the Domogled-Valea Cernei National Park. The Cerna flows through the villages and towns Cerna-Sat, Țațu, Băile Herculane, Pecinișca, Bârza, Topleț, Coramnic and Orșova.
Tributaries
The following rivers are tributaries of the river Cerna (from source to mouth):
Left: Arsaca, Jelerău, Valea Mare
Right: Șturu, Măneasa, Valea Cărbunelui, Valea lui Iovan, Balmez, Naiba, Olanul, Craiova, Iauna, Topenia, Iuta, Prisăcina, Belareca, Jardașița Mare, Sacherștița
References
Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Gorj County
Rivers of Caraș-Severin County
Rivers of Mehedinți County |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape%20of%20a%20probability%20distribution | In statistics, the concept of the shape of a probability distribution arises in questions of finding an appropriate distribution to use to model the statistical properties of a population, given a sample from that population. The shape of a distribution may be considered either descriptively, using terms such as "J-shaped", or numerically, using quantitative measures such as skewness and kurtosis.
Considerations of the shape of a distribution arise in statistical data analysis, where simple quantitative descriptive statistics and plotting techniques such as histograms can lead on to the selection of a particular family of distributions for modelling purposes.
Descriptions of shape
The shape of a distribution will fall somewhere in a continuum where a flat distribution might be considered central and where types of departure from this include: mounded (or unimodal), U-shaped, J-shaped, reverse-J shaped and multi-modal. A bimodal distribution would have two high points rather than one. The shape of a distribution is sometimes characterised by the behaviours of the tails (as in a long or short tail). For example, a flat distribution can be said either to have no tails, or to have short tails. A normal distribution is usually regarded as having short tails, while an exponential distribution has exponential tails and a Pareto distribution has long tails.
See also
Shape parameter
List of probability distributions
Notes
References
Yule, G.U., Kendall, M.G. (1950) An Introduct |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish%20Golf%20Tour | The Swedish Golf Tour, currently titled as the MoreGolf Mastercard Tour for sponsorship reasons, is a developmental professional golf which was formerly operated by Svenska Golftourerna AB, as well as being owned equally by the Swedish Golf Federation and the PGA of Sweden. Since 2018 it has been operated by the Swedish Golf Federation.
The tour is designed to help Swedish golfers to reach the standard of play needed to qualify for the European Tour or the Challenge Tour.
The events on the SGT are included in the Nordic Golf League, which is one of four European Tour-recognised third-tier tours, and is run in collaboration by the national golf associations of Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. The four third-level tours carry Official World Golf Ranking points.
Each year, usually in October, a 2-stage qualifying school tournament is held, which gives players an opportunity to qualify for the SGT.
The developing tour to the SGT is the Future Series, with a minimum prize fund of SKr 50,000 per tournament 2020. The Future Series Ranking, gives players the opportunity to qualify for the SGT.
The Swedish Golf Tour for women was established in 1986 and is run by the same organization.
History
The history of the men's Swedish Golf Tour is closely linked to the history of professional golf in Sweden. Until the late 1960s, the main, and usually only, professional tournament in Sweden was the Dunlop Cup, played 1932–1968. From 1958, the Penfold Cup was added as a yearly profe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledinegg%20instability | In fluid dynamics, the Ledinegg instability occurs in two-phase flow, especially in a boiler tube, when the boiling boundary is within the tube. For a given mass flux J through the tube, the pressure drop per unit length (which typically varies as the square of the mass flux and inversely as the density, i.e., as ) is much less when the flow is wholly of liquid than when the flow is wholly of steam. Thus, as the boiling boundary moves up the tube, the total pressure drop falls, potentially increasing the flow in an unstable manner. Boiler tubes normally overcome this (which is effectively a 'negative resistance' regime) by incorporating a narrow orifice at the entry, to give a stabilising pressure drop on entry.
References
Ruspini, Two-phase flow instabilities: A review, IJHMT, 71, 2013
System Instabilities https://web.archive.org/web/20060721232210/http://caltechbook.library.caltech.edu/51/01/chap15.pdf
http://authors.library.caltech.edu/25021/1/chap15.pdf
Fluid dynamics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyclonal%20B%20cell%20response | Polyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes, by multiple clones of B cell.
In the course of normal immune response, parts of pathogens (e.g. bacteria) are recognized by the immune system as foreign (non-self), and eliminated or effectively neutralized to reduce their potential damage. Such a recognizable substance is called an antigen. The immune system may respond in multiple ways to an antigen; a key feature of this response is the production of antibodies by B cells (or B lymphocytes) involving an arm of the immune system known as humoral immunity. The antibodies are soluble and do not require direct cell-to-cell contact between the pathogen and the B-cell to function.
Antigens can be large and complex substances, and any single antibody can only bind to a small, specific area on the antigen. Consequently, an effective immune response often involves the production of many different antibodies by many different B cells against the same antigen. Hence the term "polyclonal", which derives from the words poly, meaning many, and clones from Greek klōn, meaning sprout or twig; a clone is a group of cells arising from a common "mother" cell. The antibodies thus produced in a polyclonal response are known as polyclonal antibodies. The heterogeneous polyclonal antibodies are distinct from monoclonal ant |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidelay%20block%20frequency%20domain%20adaptive%20filter | The multidelay block frequency domain adaptive filter (MDF) algorithm is a block-based frequency domain implementation of the (normalised) Least mean squares filter (LMS) algorithm.
Introduction
The MDF algorithm is based on the fact that convolutions may be efficiently computed in the frequency domain (thanks to the fast Fourier transform). However, the algorithm differs from the fast LMS algorithm in that block size it uses may be smaller than the filter length. If both are equal, then MDF reduces to the FLMS algorithm.
The advantages of MDF over the (N)LMS algorithm are:
Lower algorithmic complexity
Partial de-correlation of the input (which 'may' lead to faster convergence)
Variable definitions
Let be the length of the processing blocks, be the number of blocks and denote the 2Nx2N Fourier transform matrix. The variables are defined as:
With normalisation matrices and :
In practice, when multiplying a column vector by , we take the inverse FFT of , set the first values in the result to zero and then take the FFT. This is meant to remove the effects of the circular convolution.
Algorithm description
For each block, the MDF algorithm is computed as:
It is worth noting that, while the algorithm is more easily expressed in matrix form, the actual implementation requires no matrix multiplications. For instance the normalisation matrix computation reduces to an element-wise vector multiplication because is block-diagonal. The same go |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L0 | L0 may refer to:
Haplogroup L0 (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
L0 norm, a norm in mathematics
L0 Series, a high-speed maglev train operated by the Japanese railway company JR Central
See also
Level 0 (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Sherley | James Sherley is a biological engineer and the founder of Asymmetrex, an adult stem cell research center. He has also conducted research at the Boston Biomedical Research Institute and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Sherley filed a suit against the government in Sherley v. Sebelius, resulting in a protracted legal battle attempting to ban the government from funding any research relating to embryonic stem cells.
Early life and education
Sherley's education includes a B.S. from Harvard University and an M.D. and a Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. He was a postdoctoral fellow with Arnold J. Levine, at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 1988 to 1991.
From 1991 to 1998 he was associate member, division of medical science, molecular oncology group, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was a professor in biological engineering division at Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1998 to 2007.
Career
His awards include a 1993 Pew Scholar award and recipient of a 2006 NIH Director's Pioneer Award.
In December 2006, Sherley announced he would protest MIT's decision to not grant him tenure by going on a hunger strike. He ended the strike 12 days later. He subsequently asserted that he would continue to show up for work on July 1, 2007, despite no longer having a job at MIT on that date. Twenty senior faculty members who participated in evaluation of his tenure case issued a public statement s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Industrial%20and%20Management%20Optimization | The Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization (JIMO) is an international journal published by American Institute of Mathematical Sciences and sponsored by Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Curtin University of Technology, and Department of Mathematics, Zhejiang University. This journal illustrates original research papers on the non-trivial interplay between numerical optimization methods and problems in industry or management. The objective of this journal is to develop new optimization ideas so as to solve industrial and management problems by the use of appropriate, advanced optimization techniques.
Its impact factor has been frequently ranked by SCImago as in the top quartile of business and international management journals.
References
External links
Home page
Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization
Academic journals established in 2005 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOMLAB | The TOMLAB Optimization Environment is a modeling platform for solving applied optimization problems in MATLAB.
Description
TOMLAB is a general purpose development and modeling environment in MATLAB for research, teaching and practical solution of optimization problems. It enables a wider range of problems to be solved in MATLAB and provides many additional solvers.
Optimization problems supported
TOMLAB handles a wide range of problem types, among them:
Linear programming
Quadratic programming
Nonlinear programming
Mixed-integer programming
Mixed-integer quadratic programming with or without convex quadratic constraints
Mixed-integer nonlinear programming
Linear and nonlinear least squares with L1, L2 and infinity norm
Exponential data fitting
Global optimization
Semi-definite programming problem with bilinear matrix inequalities
Constrained goal attainment
Geometric programming
Genetic programming
Costly or expensive black-box global optimization
Nonlinear complementarity problems
Additional features
TOMLAB supports more areas than general optimization, for example:
Optimal control with PROPT using Gauss and Chebyshev collocation.
Automatic differentiation with MAD
Interface to AMPL
Further details
TOMLAB supports solvers like CPLEX, SNOPT, KNITRO and MIDACO. Each such solver can be called to solve one single model formulation. The supported solvers are appropriate for many problems, including linear programming, integer programming, and global opti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRR | LRR may refer to:
Laminated root rot, a root disease in conifers
Leucine-rich repeat, a type of protein domain
LoadingReadyRun, a Canadian comedy troupe
Long Range Radar
Long River Review, a literary magazine of the University of Connecticut
Low rolling resistance tires, a type of tires designed for fuel efficiency
Light Reaction Regiment, the Philippine Army counter-terrorist unit modeled after the U.S. Army Delta Force and British SAS
Loose Round Robin, Warp Scheduling
See also
LR (disambiguation)
LRRR (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adarna | Adarna may refer to:
People with the surname
Ellen Adarna (born 1988), Filipino actress
Other uses
Adarna (TV series), a Filipino TV series
Adarna House, a Filipino book publishing company
The Adarna, an American rock band from Seattle, Washington
See also
Ibong Adarna (mythology), a legendary bird of the Philippines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminopathy | Laminopathies (lamino- + -opathy) are a group of rare genetic disorders caused by mutations in genes encoding proteins of the nuclear lamina. They are included in the more generic term nuclear envelopathies that was coined in 2000 for diseases associated with defects of the nuclear envelope. Since the first reports of laminopathies in the late 1990s, increased research efforts have started to uncover the vital role of nuclear envelope proteins in cell and tissue integrity in animals.
Symptoms and signs
Laminopathies and other nuclear envelopathies have a large variety of clinical symptoms including skeletal and/or cardiac muscular dystrophy, lipodystrophy and diabetes, dysplasia, dermo- or neuropathy, leukodystrophy, and progeria (premature aging). Most of these symptoms develop after birth, typically during childhood or adolescence. Some laminopathies however may lead to an early death, and mutations of lamin B1 (LMNB1 gene) may be lethal before or at birth.
Genetics
Patients with classical laminopathy have mutations in the gene coding for lamin A/C (LMNA gene).
Mutations in the gene coding for lamin B2 (LMNB2 gene) have been linked to Barraquer-Simons syndrome and duplication in the gene coding for lamin B1 (LMNB1 gene) cause autosomal dominant leukodystrophy.
Mutations implicated in other nuclear envelopathies were found in genes coding for lamin-binding proteins such as lamin B receptor (LBR gene), emerin (EMD gene) and LEM domain-containing protein 3 (LEMD3 gene) and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atransferrinemia | Atransferrinemia is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder in which there is an absence of transferrin, a plasma protein that transports iron through the blood.
Atransferrinemia is characterized by anemia and hemosiderosis in the heart and liver. The iron damage to the heart can lead to heart failure. The anemia is typically microcytic and hypochromic (the red blood cells are abnormally small and pale). Atransferrinemia was first described in 1961 and is extremely rare, with only ten documented cases worldwide.
Symptoms and signs
The presentation of this disorder entails anemia, arthritis, hepatic anomalies, and recurrent infections are clinical signs of the disease. Iron overload occurs mainly in the liver, heart, pancreas, thyroid, and kidney.
Genetics
In terms of genetics of atransferrinemia researchers have identified mutations in the TF gene as a probable cause of this genetic disorder in affected people.
Transferrin is a serum transport protein that transports iron to the reticuloendothelial system for utilization and erythropoiesis, since there is no transferrin in atransferrinemia, serum free iron cannot reach reticuloendothelial cells and there is microcytic anemia. Also, this excess iron deposits itself in the heart, liver and joints, and causes damage. Ferritin, the storage form of iron gets secreted more into the bloodstream so as to bind with the excessive free iron and hence serum ferritin levels rise in this condition
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of atransf |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ghost%20towns%20in%20Oklahoma | This is an incomplete list of ghost towns in Oklahoma, United States of America, including abandoned sites.
Classification
Ghost towns can include sites in various states of disrepair and abandonment. Some sites no longer have any trace of civilization and have reverted to pasture land or empty fields. Other sites are unpopulated but still have standing buildings. Some sites may even have a small population, but there are far fewer citizens than in its grander historic past.
Barren site
Sites no longer in existence
Sites that have been destroyed
Covered with water
Reverted to pasture
May have a few difficult to find foundations/footings at most
Neglected site
Only rubble left
Roofless building ruins
Buildings or houses still standing, but majority are roofless
Abandoned site
Building or houses still standing
Buildings and houses all abandoned
No population, except caretaker
Site no longer in existence except for one or two buildings, for example old church, grocery store
Many of these communities played important roles in the history, settlement, and growth of the state. Platted town sites organized by railroads, speculators, or the government during the opening of Oklahoma, many times, failed to prosper after initial settlement. Other communities grew up around rural schools, post offices, or general stores, and faded away when the attracting facilities closed. Several important Indian settlements developed around frontier forts, trading posts, Indian ag |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHD%20finger | The PHD finger was discovered in 1993 as a Cys4-His-Cys3 motif in the plant homeodomain (hence PHD) proteins HAT3.1 in Arabidopsis and maize ZmHox1a.
The PHD zinc finger motif resembles the metal binding RING domain (Cys3-His-Cys4) and FYVE domain. It occurs as a single finger, but often in clusters of two or three, and it also occurs together with other domains, such as the chromodomain and the bromodomain.
Role in epigenetics
The PHD finger, approximately 50-80 amino acids in length, is found in more than 100 human proteins. Several of the proteins it occurs in are found in the nucleus, and are involved in chromatin-mediated gene regulation. The PHD finger occurs in proteins such as the transcriptional co-activators p300 and CBP, Polycomb-like protein (Pcl), Trithorax-group proteins like ASH1L, ASH2L and MLL, the autoimmune regulator (AIRE), Mi-2 complex (part of histone deacetylase complex), the co-repressor TIF1, the JARID1-family of demethylases and many more.
Structure
The NMR structure of the PHD finger from human WSTF (Williams Syndrome Transcription Factor) shows that the conserved cysteines and histidine coordinate two Zn2+ ions. In general, the PHD finger adopts a globular fold, consisting of a two-stranded beta-sheet and an alpha-helix. The region consisting of these secondary structures and the residues involved in coordinating the zinc-ions are very conserved among species. The loop regions I and II are variable and could contribute functional specificity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malinipuri | Malinipuri, also called Malini, is a city mentioned in the Sanskrit epic, the Bhagavad Gita. The city was given to Karna, a warrior and tragic hero of the epic, by Jarasandha, king of Magadha. Karna had sought out weapons instructions but was denied due to his mixed-caste background. He had helped Duryodhana abduct the princess of Kalinga and fought off all the other kings while doing so, including Jarasandha. After this, Jarasandha wanted to test Karna's strength and challenged him to a wrestling match. Karna "ruptured the seam" that held together Jarasandha's body, defeating him, and was given the city of Malini. After this he became "king of the Angas"; it is presumed that Duryodhana elevated Karna to the Anga throne following the wrestling incident.
References
Ancient Indian cities |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajapura%20%28Kamboja%29 | Rajapura or Rajapuram was the capital of the ancient Kamboja Kingdom mentioned in the Mahabharata. Karna led a war expedition against the Kamboja and some other tribes of the Uttarapatha a little time before the Kurukshetra war i.e. Karana Rajapuram gatva Kamboja Nirjitastvaya. The Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang who travelled to India in the 7th century refers to Hoshepulo(曷羅闍補羅, roughly hat-la-tsia-pu-la in 7th century Chinese) which has been identified as Rajapura of Sanskrit tradition by Watters and others.
See also
Kambojas
Mahajanapadas
History of India
History of Hinduism
References
Ancient Indian cities |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Germany | Renewable energy in Germany is mainly based on wind and biomass, plus solar and hydro. Germany had the world's largest photovoltaic installed capacity until 2014, and as of 2021 it has over 58 GW. It is also the world's third country by installed total wind power capacity, 64 GW in 2021 (59 GW in 2018) and second for offshore wind, with over 7 GW. Germany has been called "the world's first major renewable energy economy".
The share of renewable electricity rose from just 3.4% of gross electricity consumption in 1990, provided by conventional hydro, to exceed 10% by 2005 thanks to additional biomass and wind, and reaching 42.1% of consumption in 2019.
As with most countries, the transition to renewable energy in the transport and heating and cooling sectors has been considerably slower.
According to official figures, around 370,000 people were employed in the renewable energy sector in 2010, particularly in small and medium-sized companies. This is over twice the number of jobs in 2004 (160,500). About two-thirds of these jobs are attributed to the Renewable Energy Sources Act.
Germany's federal government is working to increase renewable energy commercialization, with a particular focus on offshore wind farms.
A major challenge is the development of sufficient network capacities for transmitting the power generated in the North Sea to the large industrial consumers in southern parts of the country. Germany's energy transition, the Energiewende, designates a significant ch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preprotachykinin | Preprotachykinins are precursor proteins that are modified into tachykinin peptides. Via alternative splicing and post-translational modifications, preprotachykinins produce multiple peptide neurotransmitters.
There are two human preprotachykinins:
preprotachykinin-1 (also PPT-1, PPT-I, or PPT-A), which produces substance P and neurokinin A (also called "substance K"), and the derived neuropeptide K and neurokinin gamma.
preprotachykinin-2 (also PPT-2, PPT-II, or PPT-B), which produces neurokinin B.
References
Neuropeptides
Precursor proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Data%20Seal | In cryptography, New Data Seal (NDS) is a block cipher that was designed at IBM in 1975, based on the Lucifer algorithm that became DES.
The cipher uses a block size of 128 bits, and a very large key size of 2048 bits. Like DES it has a 16-round Feistel network structure. The round function uses two fixed 4×4-bit S-boxes, chosen to be non-affine. The key is also treated as an 8×8-bit lookup table, using the first bit of each of the 8 bytes of the half-block as input. The nth bit of the output of this table determines whether or not the two nibbles of the nth byte are swapped after S-box substitution. All rounds use the same table. Each round function ends with a fixed permutation of all 64 bits, preventing the cipher from being broken down and analyzed as a system of simpler independent subciphers.
In 1977, Edna Grossman and Bryant Tuckerman cryptanalyzed NDS using the first known slide attack. This method uses no more than 4096 chosen plaintexts; in their best trial they recovered the key with only 556 chosen plaintexts.
References
Broken block ciphers
Feistel ciphers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specificity%20constant | In the field of biochemistry, the specificity constant (also called kinetic efficiency or ), is a measure of how efficiently an enzyme converts substrates into products. A comparison of specificity constants can also be used as a measure of the preference of an enzyme for different substrates (i.e., substrate specificity). The higher the specificity constant, the more the enzyme "prefers" that substrate.
The following equation, known as the Michaelis–Menten model, is used to describe the kinetics of enzymes:
{E} + S <=>[k_f][k_r] ES ->[k_{cat}] {E} + P
where E, S, ES, and P represent enzyme, substrate, enzyme–substrate complex, and product, respectively. The symbols , , and denote the rate constants for the "forward" binding and "reverse" unbinding of substrate, and for the "catalytic" conversion of substrate into product, respectively.
The Michaelis constant in turn is defined as follows:
The Michaelis constant is equal to the substrate concentration at which the enzyme converts substrates into products at half its maximal rate and hence is related to the affinity of the substrate for the enzyme. The catalytic constant () is the rate of product formation when the enzyme is saturated with substrate and therefore reflects the enzyme's maximum rate. The rate of product formation is dependent on both how well the enzyme binds substrate and how fast the enzyme converts substrate into product once substrate is bound. For a kinetically perfect enzyme, every encounter betwe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title%2013%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Code | Title 13 of the United States Code outlines the role of the United States Census in the United States Code.
Chapters
: Administration
: Collection and Publication of Statistics
: Censuses
: Offenses and Penalties
: Collection and Publication of Foreign Commerce and Trade Statistics
: Exchange of Census Information
References
External links
U.S. Code Title 13, via United States Government Printing Office
U.S. Code Title 13, via Cornell University
13 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Francisco%20Baykeeper | San Francisco Baykeeper is a nonprofit environmental advocacy organization that works to protect, preserve, and enhance the health of the ecosystems and communities that depend upon the San Francisco Bay. Since 1989, Baykeeper has stood guard over the waters of the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary and its watershed. These waters, in addition to their recreational value and biological productivity, also provide drinking water for more than 23 million people and serve as the cornerstone of California's economy. Beginning in the high reaches of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains, the Bay-Delta watershed encompasses the entire Bay Area and the Great Central Valley of California. This vast watershed includes virtually all of the state's remaining coastal wetlands and provides rare and fragile habitat for marine mammals, migrating birds, and California's few remaining endangered salmon runs.
Baykeeper was founded by Michael Herz on the principle that California's waterways are common property, owned by all who use and enjoy them. Baykeeper works to rehabilitate natural environments and promote new strategies and policies to protect the water quality of the Bay-Delta Estuary.
Baykeeper currently operates local chapters for the San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. It was founded in 1989 as the fourth "waterkeeper" organization in the nation and the first on the West Coast of the United States.
External links
San Francisco Baykeeper
Baykeeper in the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden%20Powell%20%28malacologist%29 | Arthur William Baden Powell (4 April 1901 – 1 July 1987) was a New Zealand malacologist, naturalist and palaeontologist, a major influence in the study and classification of New Zealand molluscs through much of the 20th century. He was known to his friends and family by his third name, "Baden".
Biography
Early life
The name Baden had been a given name in a Powell family since 1731, when Susannah Powell née Thistlethwayte (1696–1762) gave to her child (1731–1792) the maiden name of her mother, Susannah Baden (1663–1692). The name Baden, particularly when associated with the surname Powell, became famous in 1900–1901, the year Arthur William Baden Powell was born, because of the siege of Mafeking, the most famous British action in the Second Boer War, which turned the British commander of the besieged, Robert Baden-Powell, into a national hero. Throughout the British Empire, babies were named after him. No family connection has yet been established between Arthur William Baden Powell and Robert Baden-Powell.
Powell was born at Wellington, New Zealand, on 4 April 1901, to driver Arthur Powell, and his wife, Minnie Sablofski. His schooling was in Auckland, and he trained in printing at the Elam School of Fine Arts. This training, and his interest in conchology, set him on his life's work.
Career
From 1916 until 1929, Powell was the honorary conchologist at the Auckland War Memorial Museum. Powell started writing scientific papers on mollusca in 1921, and became one of th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADAM17 | A disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17), also called TACE (tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme), is a 70-kDa enzyme that belongs to the ADAM protein family of disintegrins and metalloproteases.
Chemical characteristics
ADAM17 is an 824-amino acid polypeptide.
Function
ADAM17 is understood to be involved in the processing of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) at the surface of the cell, and from within the intracellular membranes of the trans-Golgi network. This process, which is also known as 'shedding', involves the cleavage and release of a soluble ectodomain from membrane-bound pro-proteins (such as pro-TNF-α), and is of known physiological importance. ADAM17 was the first 'sheddase' to be identified, and is also understood to play a role in the release of a diverse variety of membrane-anchored cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, receptors, ligands, and enzymes.
Cloning of the TNF-α gene revealed it to encode a 26 kDa type II transmembrane pro-polypeptide that becomes inserted into the cell membrane during its maturation. At the cell surface, pro-TNF-α is biologically active, and is able to induce immune responses via juxtacrine intercellular signaling. However, pro-TNF-α can undergo a proteolytic cleavage at its Ala76-Val77 amide bond, which releases a soluble 17kDa extracellular domain (ectodomain) from the pro-TNF-α molecule. This soluble ectodomain is the cytokine commonly known as TNF-α, which is of pivotal importance in paracrine signaling. This p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfect%20induction | The imperfect induction is the process of inferring from a sample of a group to what is characteristic of the whole group.
References
Sampling (statistics)
Inductive reasoning |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPIFA1 | BPI fold containing family A, member 1 (BPIFA1), also known as Palate, lung, and nasal epithelium clone (PLUNC), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BPIFA1 gene. It was also formerly known as "Secretory protein in upper respiratory tracts" (SPURT). The BPIFA1 gene sequence predicts 4 transcripts (splice variants); 3 mRNA variants have been well characterized. The resulting BPIFA1 is a secreted protein, expressed at very high levels in mucosa of the airways (olfactory and respiratory and epithelium) and salivary glands; at high levels in oropharyneal epithelium, including tongue and tonsils; and at moderate levels many other tissue types and glands including pituitary, testis, lung, bladder, blood, prostate, pancreas, levels in the digestive tract (tongue, stomach, intestinal epithelium) and pancreas. The protein can be detected on the apical side of epithelial cells and in airway surface liquid, nasal mucus, and sputum.
Superfamily
BPIFA1 is a member of a BPI fold protein superfamily defined by the presence of the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein fold (BPI fold) which is formed by two similar domains in a "boomerang" shape. This superfamily is also known as the BPI/LBP/PLUNC family or the BPI/LPB/CETP family. The BPI fold creates apolar binding pockets that can interact with hydrophobic and amphipathic molecules, such as the acyl carbon chains of lipopolysaccharide found on Gram-negative bacteria, but members of this family may have many other functi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedlander%E2%80%93Iwaniec%20theorem | In analytic number theory the Friedlander–Iwaniec theorem states that there are infinitely many prime numbers of the form . The first few such primes are
2, 5, 17, 37, 41, 97, 101, 137, 181, 197, 241, 257, 277, 281, 337, 401, 457, 577, 617, 641, 661, 677, 757, 769, 821, 857, 881, 977, … .
The difficulty in this statement lies in the very sparse nature of this sequence: the number of integers of the form less than is roughly of the order .
History
The theorem was proved in 1997 by John Friedlander and Henryk Iwaniec. Iwaniec was awarded the 2001 Ostrowski Prize in part for his contributions to this work.
Refinements
The theorem was refined by D.R. Heath-Brown and Xiannan Li in 2017. In particular, they proved that the polynomial represents infinitely many primes when the variable is also required to be prime. Namely, if is the prime numbers less than in the form then
where
Special case
When , the Friedlander–Iwaniec primes have the form , forming the set
2, 5, 17, 37, 101, 197, 257, 401, 577, 677, 1297, 1601, 2917, 3137, 4357, 5477, 7057, 8101, 8837, 12101, 13457, 14401, 15377, … .
It is conjectured (one of Landau's problems) that this set is infinite. However, this is not implied by the Friedlander–Iwaniec theorem.
References
Further reading
.
Additive number theory
Theorems in analytic number theory
Theorems about prime numbers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froude%E2%80%93Krylov%20force | In fluid dynamics, the Froude–Krylov force—sometimes also called the Froude–Kriloff force—is a hydrodynamical force named after William Froude and Alexei Krylov. The Froude–Krylov force is the force introduced by the unsteady pressure field generated by undisturbed waves. The Froude–Krylov force does, together with the diffraction force, make up the total non-viscous forces acting on a floating body in regular waves. The diffraction force is due to the floating body disturbing the waves.
Formulas
The Froude–Krylov force can be calculated from:
where
is the Froude–Krylov force,
is the wetted surface of the floating body,
is the pressure in the undisturbed waves and
the body's normal vector pointing into the water.
In the simplest case the formula may be expressed as the product of the wetted surface area (A) of the floating body, and the dynamic pressure acting from the waves on the body:
The dynamic pressure, , close to the surface, is given by:
where
is the sea water density (approx. 1030 kg/m3)
is the acceleration due to the earth's gravity (9.81 m/s2)
is the wave height from crest to trough.
See also
Response Amplitude Operator
References
Shipbuilding
Naval architecture
Fluid dynamics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calf-intestinal%20alkaline%20phosphatase | Calf-intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIAP/CIP) is a type of alkaline phosphatase that catalyzes the removal of phosphate groups from the 5' end of DNA strands and phosphomonoesters from RNA. This enzyme is frequently used in DNA sub-cloning, as DNA fragments that lack the 5' phosphate groups cannot ligate. This prevents recircularization of the linearized DNA vector and improves the yield of the vector containing the appropriate insert.
Applications
Calf-intestinal alkaline phosphatase can serve as an effective tool for removing uranium from groundwater and soil that can pose major health risks. Furthermore, the toxicity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was mitigated by calf-intestinal alkaline phosphatase in mice and piglets, which indicates that it could be a promising new therapeutic agent for treating diseases associated with LPS.
References
Enzymes
Genetics techniques |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances%20Allen | Frances Elizabeth Allen (August 4, 1932August 4, 2020) was an American computer scientist and pioneer in the field of optimizing compilers. Allen was the first woman to become an IBM Fellow, and in 2006 became the first woman to win the Turing Award. Her achievements include seminal work in compilers, program optimization, and parallelization. She worked for IBM from 1957 to 2002 and subsequently was a Fellow Emerita.
Early life and education
Allen grew up on a farm in Peru, New York, near Lake Champlain, as the oldest of six children. Her father was a farmer, and her mother an elementary schoolteacher. Her early elementary education took place in a one-room school house a mile away from her home, and she later attended a local high school.
She graduated from The New York State College for Teachers (now part of the University at Albany, SUNY) with a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics in 1954 and began teaching school in Peru, New York. After two years, she enrolled at the University of Michigan and earned a Master of Science degree in mathematics in 1957.
Career and research
Deeply in debt with student loans, she joined IBM Research in Poughkeepsie, New York, as a programmer in 1957, where she taught incoming employees the basics of Fortran. She planned to return to teaching once her student loans had been paid, but ended up staying with IBM for her entire 45-year career. In 1959, Allen was assigned to the Harvest project for code breaking with the National Securit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylethanolamine%20N-methyltransferase | Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) is an enzyme found primarily in the adrenal medulla that converts norepinephrine (noradrenaline) to epinephrine (adrenaline). It is also expressed in small groups of neurons in the human brain and in selected populations of cardiomyocytes.
Structure
PNMT is a protein whose encoding gene is found on chromosome 17 in humans. It consists of 4 exons and is a 30 kDa protein. It shares many properties found among the other methyltransferases. It is closest in sequence to glycine-N-methyl transferase (GNMT). It also shares many structural properties like the shape of the folding lip with catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), though it shares less sequence identity. Several features of the structure like this folding lip suggest that PNMT is a recent adaptation to the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme family, evolving later than COMT, but before other methyltransferases like GNMT.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) is a required cofactor. The active site binding region for the cofactor SAM contains a rich number of pi bonds from phenylalanine and tyrosine residues in the active site help to keep it in its binding pocket through pi stacking. Among all known PNMT variants in nature there are 7 crucial aromatic residues conserved in the active site.
The residue Glutamine 185 is necessary in binding the catecholamine substrate. The replacement of this residue another reduces the catalytic efficiency of PNMT by tenfold up to three hundredfold. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J48 | J48 may refer to:
Gyroelongated pentagonal birotunda
, a paddle steamer of the Royal Navy
Pratt & Whitney J48, a turbojet engine
J48, an implementation of the C4.5 algorithm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson%27s%20theorem | Jackson's theorem may refer to:
Jackson networks, in queueing theory (after James R. Jackson)
Jackson's inequality, in analysis (after Dunham Jackson) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymeric%20liquid%20crystal | Polymeric liquid crystals are similar to monomeric liquid crystals used in displays. Both have dielectric anitroscopy, or the ability to change directions and absorb or transmit light depending on electric fields. Polymeric liquid crystals form long head-to-tail or side chain polymers, which are woven in thick mats and therefore have high viscosities. The high viscosities allow the polymeric liquid crystals to be used in complex structures, but they are harder to align, limiting their usefulness. The polymerics align in microdomains facing all different directions, which ruins the optical effect. One solution to this is to mix in a small amount of photo-curing polymer, which when spin-coated onto a surface can be hardened. Basically, the polymeric liquid crystal and photocurer are aligned in one direction, and then the photo curer is cured, "freezing" the polymeric in one direction.
References
External links
Polymeric Liquid Crystal
Liquid crystals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint%20%28computational%20chemistry%29 | In computational chemistry, a constraint algorithm is a method for satisfying the Newtonian motion of a rigid body which consists of mass points. A restraint algorithm is used to ensure that the distance between mass points is maintained. The general steps involved are: (i) choose novel unconstrained coordinates (internal coordinates), (ii) introduce explicit constraint forces, (iii) minimize constraint forces implicitly by the technique of Lagrange multipliers or projection methods.
Constraint algorithms are often applied to molecular dynamics simulations. Although such simulations are sometimes performed using internal coordinates that automatically satisfy the bond-length, bond-angle and torsion-angle constraints, simulations may also be performed using explicit or implicit constraint forces for these three constraints. However, explicit constraint forces give rise to inefficiency; more computational power is required to get a trajectory of a given length. Therefore, internal coordinates and implicit-force constraint solvers are generally preferred.
Constraint algorithms achieve computational efficiency by neglecting motion along some degrees of freedom. For instance, in atomistic molecular dynamics, typically the length of covalent bonds to hydrogen are constrained; however, constraint algorithms should not be used if vibrations along these degrees of freedom are important for the phenomenon being studied.
Mathematical background
The motion of a set of N particles ca |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhc | The York Haskell Compiler (Yhc) is a no longer maintained open source bytecode compiler for the functional programming language Haskell; it primarily targets the Haskell '98 standard. It is one of the four main Haskell compilers (behind GHC, Hugs and nhc98).
Yhc is based on the nhc98 Haskell compiler, and is intended eventually to be a more portable, cleaner, better performing rewrite of nhc98 with more and better features. In particular, Yhc features integrated support for Hat, the Haskell tracer. The Yhc project uses Darcs for version control. It was originally developed at the Department of Computer Science at the University of York in the UK.
References
External links
Yhc page on the haskell.org wiki
Yhc home page
Free compilers and interpreters
Free Haskell implementations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff%20Erna | Jeff Erna is an American drummer, from Boston, Massachusetts, most notable for being the original drummer for the punk bands Dropkick Murphys and Street Dogs.
Career
Erna began his professional career in the Boston garage band Jared, which produced its single "Space Traveler" in 1980. He was the original drummer for the punk/new wave band The Blackjacks and drummed for the Boston based rock band The Outlets.
In 1996, Erna, The Outlets' guitarist Rick Barton, singer Mike McColgan, and bassist Ken Casey formed the Dropkick Murphys. Erna would appear on the band's earliest 7" records, compilation appearances and their Boys on the Docks EP before leaving the band in 1997 shortly before the recording of their debut album, Do or Die. Erna was replaced by their current drummer Matt Kelly.
In 2002, Erna along with Mike McColgan formed the punk band Street Dogs. Erna recorded the band's debut album, 2003's Savin Hill, and appeared in the music video for the album's title track before leaving the band that same year.
Erna has also been the drummer for a reformed Nervous Eaters, one of Boston's first punk/new wave bands.
Discography
Jared
Space Traveler 7" (1980)
The Boston Bootleg varulven records
The Blackjacks
Basic Blackjacks (1984)
Mr. Beautiful Presents All Hard (compilation) (1985)
Rock Turns To Stone (compilation) (1988)
Dress in black (1985)
Dropkick Murphys
Dropkick Murphys / Ducky Boys 7" (1996)
I've Got My Friends-Boston/San Francisco Split CD
Runt of the Litt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromodomain | A chromodomain (chromatin organization modifier) is a protein structural domain of about 40–50 amino acid residues commonly found in proteins associated with the remodeling and manipulation of chromatin. The domain is highly conserved among both plants and animals, and is represented in a large number of different proteins in many genomes, such as that of the mouse. Some chromodomain-containing genes have multiple alternative splicing isoforms that omit the chromodomain entirely. In mammals, chromodomain-containing proteins are responsible for aspects of gene regulation related to chromatin remodeling and formation of heterochromatin regions. Chromodomain-containing proteins also bind methylated histones and appear in the RNA-induced transcriptional silencing complex. In histone modifications, chromodomains are very conserved. They function by identifying and binding to methylated lysine residues that exist on the surface of chromatin proteins and thereby regulate gene transcription.
See also
Bromodomain
Chromo shadow domain
References
External links
Chromatin Remodeling: Chromodomains at cellsignal.com
Protein domains |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycksele%20Airport | Lycksele Airport is a regional airport in Lycksele, northern Sweden.
Airlines and destinations
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Lycksele Airport:
Statistics
See also
List of the largest airports in the Nordic countries
References
Airports in Sweden
Buildings and structures in Västerbotten County |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveg%20Airport | Sveg Airport is an airport in Sveg, Sweden .
Airlines and destinations
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Sveg Airport:
Statistics
See also
List of the largest airports in the Nordic countries
References
Airports in Sweden |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsby%20Airport | Torsby Airport is an airport in Torsby, Sweden .
Airlines and destinations
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Torsby Airport:
Statistics
See also
List of the largest airports in the Nordic countries
References
External links
Airports in Sweden |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman%20Airport | Batman Airport is an airport in Batman, Turkey .
Airlines and destinations
Traffic statistics
References
External links
Airport Profile
Airports in Turkey
Buildings and structures in Batman Province
Transport in Batman Province |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzincan%20Airport | Erzincan Yıldırım Akbulut Airport is an airport located in Erzincan, Turkey.
Airlines and destinations
Traffic Statistics
(*)Source: DHMI.gov.tr
References
External links
Airports in Turkey
Buildings and structures in Erzincan Province
Transport in Erzincan Province |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C5%9F%20Airport | Muş "Sultan Alparslan" Airport is an airport in Muş, Turkey.
Airlines and destinations
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Muş Airport:
Traffic Statistics
(*)Source: DHMI.gov.tr
References
External links
Airports in Turkey
Muş
Buildings and structures in Muş Province
Transport in Muş Province |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles%20Cooper%20letter%20bomb%20campaign | In the United Kingdom, a series of seven letter bombs were sent during January and February 2007 to various companies and agencies, all related in some way to DNA testing and road transport. Police said that some of the letters were hand written and some typed. All seven letter bombs were sent in A5 Jiffy-style envelopes. On 19 February 2007, Miles Cooper was arrested, and appeared in court on 23 February charged with 12 offences relating to the case. On 27 September, he was found guilty of all 12 charges.
Locations and injuries
On 18 January a device was sent to the Forensic Science Service in Chelmsley Wood, West Midlands. On the same day, another device was sent to Orchid Cellmark in Abingdon near Oxford, and another to a company, LGC Forensics, located at Culham Science Centre, near Abingdon. These three incidents were believed to be the work of animal rights extremists. On the back of one of those envelopes, sent to one of the firms in Abingdon, was the name of Barry Horne, an animal rights activist who died in 2001 while serving an 18-year jail sentence for a firebombing campaign in Bristol.
On 3 February a device was sent to a private house in Folkestone, Kent. It was addressed to the "Senior Manager" of a dissolved security company that used to be run from the address. The man, Mike Wingfield, 53, suffered minor injuries to his hands, face and stomach.
On 5 February, a device was sent to the Capita centre in Victoria, London, that deals with the congestion charge |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2N3904 | The 2N3904 is a common NPN bipolar junction transistor used for general-purpose low-power amplifying or switching applications. It is designed for low current and power, medium voltage, and can operate at moderately high speeds. It is complementary to the 2N3906 PNP transistor. Both types were registered by Motorola Semiconductor in the mid-1960s.
Device packaging and specifications
The construction of the 2N3904 and 2N3906 in the 1960s represented a significant performance and cost improvement, with the plastic TO-92 case replacing metal cans. This transistor is a low-cost device, widely available and sufficiently robust to be of use by experimenters and electronics hobbyists. When looking at the flat side with the leads pointed downward, the three wires emerging from the bottom are connected to, from left to right, the emitter, the base and the collector. Some manufacturers mark "EBC" on the molded part, but all are required to have those connections for a part which is a "2N3904".
It is a 200 mA, 40 V, 625 mW transistor with a transition frequency of 300 MHz, with a minimum beta, or current gain, of 100 at a collector current of 10 mA.
Related parts
Electrically similar devices, such as the MMBT3904, are available in a variety of small through-hole and surface-mount packages, including TO-92, SOT-23, and SOT-223, with package-dependent thermal ratings from 625 milliwatts to 1 watt.
The complementary PNP transistor is 2N3906.
Part numbers
The 2N3904 (NPN) and 2N3906 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2N2222 | The 2N2222 is a common NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT) used for general purpose low-power amplifying or switching applications. It is designed for low to medium current, low power, medium voltage, and can operate at moderately high speeds. It was originally made in the TO-18 metal can as shown in the picture.
The 2N2222 is considered a very common transistor, and is used as an exemplar of an NPN transistor. It is frequently used as a small-signal transistor, and it remains a small general purpose transistor of enduring popularity.
The 2N2222 was part of a family of devices described by Motorola at a 1962 IRE convention. Since then it has been made by many semiconductor companies, for example, Texas Instruments.
Specifications
The JEDEC registration of a device number ensures particular rated values will be met by all parts offered under that number. JEDEC registered parameters include outline dimensions, small-signal current gain, transition frequency, maximum values for voltage withstand, current rating, power dissipation and temperature rating, and others, measured under standard test conditions. Other part numbers will have different parameters. The exact specifications depend on the manufacturer, case type, and variation. Therefore, it is important to refer to the datasheet for the exact part number and manufacturer.
All variations have a beta or current gain (hfe) of at least 100 in optimal conditions. It is used in a variety of analog amplification and switc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2N2907 | The 2N2907 is a commonly available PNP bipolar junction transistor used for general purpose low-power amplifying or switching applications. It is designed for low to medium current, low power, medium voltage, and can operate at moderately high speeds. This transistor was made by several manufacturers; Texas Instruments released a data sheet for their version of this part dated March 1973. An "A" suffix indicates a slightly higher breakdown voltage. These transistors have an enduring popularity with electronics hobbyists.
Specifications
It is a 0.6-ampere, 60-volt, 400-milliwatt transistor. Its transition frequency (where the current gain drops to one) under specified test conditions is 200 Megahertz. At low frequencies, the current gain (beta) is at least 100. The 2N2907 is used in a variety of analog amplification and switching applications.
Part numbers
The 2N2907 (PNP) and 2N2222 (NPN) are complementary transistor pairs. Other types of transistors with different properties and connections have different part numbers. The prefix of each part number varies for each physical package type.
Important: Pin arrangements for plastic 2N2907 and PN2907 are different; Collector and Emitter are swapped with respect to the flat side of the package.
See also
2N3904
2N3906
2N3055
BC108
BC548
KT315
References
Further reading
Historical Databooks
Small-Signal Semiconductors Data Book, 1218 pages, 1987, Motorola.
Semiconductor Data Book, 916 pages, 1965, Motorola.
Transist |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovery%20swap | In finance, recovery swaps, recovery locks, or recovery default swaps (RDS) are derivative contracts related to credit default swaps, and reference a bond issuance as its underlying. They are designed to provide a hedge against the uncertainty of recovery in default.
The International Swaps and Derivatives Association does not keep records on the size of the recovery swap market because there has not yet been sufficient member demand.
Terms
A recovery swap is an agreement between two parties to swap a real recovery rate (whenever it is ascertained) with a fixed recovery rate that can be locked in today. The parties are speculating on whether a company that is no longer liquid will pay out more or less than a certain percentage for each bond. The reference price is set to the fixed recovery rate rather than 100, chosen such that the RDS prices at zero on issue. Since the swap is issued at a price of zero, if the reference entity does not default in the term of the swap, then the swap expires with no cashflows having taken place.
Because the swap only has value (to either counterparty) during a default, the main market in RDS involves bonds that pose a high risk of default, when the reference entity (company) is in financial difficulty.
Connection to fixed recovery CDS
A related instrument is a fixed recovery CDS. In theory an RDS protection (receive fixed recovery) can be approximated by buying protection with fixed CDS (binary CDS) and selling the ordinary CDS (writing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2N3906 | The 2N3906 is a commonly used PNP bipolar junction transistor intended for general purpose low-power amplifying or switching applications. It is designed for low electric current and power and medium voltage, and can operate at moderately high speeds. It is complementary to the 2N3904 NPN transistor. Both types were registered by Motorola Semiconductor in the mid-1960s.
Device packaging and specifications
The 2N3906 is manufactured in a plastic TO-92 case. When looking at the flat side with the leads pointed downward, the three leads emerging from the case are, from left to right, the emitter, base, and collector leads.
The 2N3906 is specified by a collector current of 200 mA, collector-base and collector-emitter voltages of 40 V, for power dissipation of 300 mW. Its transition frequency Ft is 250 MHz, with a beta of at least 100.
Part numbers
The 2N3904 (NPN) and 2N3906 (PNP) are complementary transistor pairs. These transistors are available in package styles TO-92, SOT23, SOT223 with different prefixes.
See also
2N2222, 2N2907
2N3055
BC108
BC548
KT315
References
Further reading
Small-Signal Semiconductors Data Book, 1218 pages, 1987, Motorola.
Transistor and Diode Data Book, 1236 pages, 1973, Texas Instruments.
JEDEC standards
Commercial transistors
Bipolar transistors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callose | Callose is a plant polysaccharide. Its production is due to the glucan synthase-like gene (GLS) in various places within a plant. It is produced to act as a temporary cell wall in response to stimuli such as stress or damage. Callose is composed of glucose residues linked together through β-1,3-linkages, and is termed a β-glucan. It is thought to be manufactured at the cell wall by callose synthases and is degraded by β-1,3-glucanases. Callose is very important for the permeability of plasmodesmata (Pd) in plants; the plant's permeability is regulated by plasmodesmata callose (PDC). PDC is made by callose synthases and broken down by β-1,3-glucanases (BGs). The amount of callose that is built up at the plasmodesmatal neck, which is brought about by the interference of callose synthases (CalSs) and β-1,3-glucanases, determines the conductivity of the plasmodesmata.
Formation and function
Callose is laid down at plasmodesmata, at the cell plate during cytokinesis, and during pollen development. Endothecium contains a substance callose, which makes it thicker. Callose is produced in response to wounding, infection by pathogens, aluminium, and abscisic acid. When there is wounding in the plant tissue, it is fixed by the deposition of callose at the plasmodesmata and cell wall; this process happens within minutes after damage. Even though callose is not a constitutional component of the plant's cell wall, it is related to the plant's defense mechanism. Deposits often appear on th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting%20in%20Serbia | The Scout movement in Serbia is served by several independent organizations:
Savez Izviđača Srbije, member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement
Okruzna Organizacija Skauta-Sverna Bačka, belonging to the World Federation of Independent Scouts (WFIS)
Vajdasági Magyar Cserkészszövetség, Hungarian Scouts in Vojvodina linked to Magyar Cserkészszövetség
See also
Scouting and Guiding in Kosovo
External links
Vajdasági Magyar Cserkészszövetség |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%20Sisters%20Springs%20%28Florida%29 | Three Sisters Springs are located on the Crystal River, in Citrus County, Florida, United States, at . They are in a natural inlet on the east side of Kings Bay. They contain three spring areas that contain many sand boils and vents. The land surrounding the springs is privately owned property and there is no landfall or boat tie-up permitted; the only access to the springs is blocked by concrete posts to stop the boats from entering. Only kayaks, canoes, and swimmers are permitted in the area. Three Sisters Springs is also home to many manatees and is one of the Crystal River's sanctuaries.
Three Sisters springs is also accessible by land. The property around Three Sisters was acquired in 2010 and is open to the public from November 15 through March 31.
In adherence to the mission of protecting and preserving the manatee and its habitat, the areas around the springs have been designated as manatee sanctuaries and are closed to vessels from November 15 through March 31. However, swimmers are able to enter the spring from the water during this time with possible periodic discretionary closures due to manatee behavior. Visitors can view the manatees in their natural setting from land by use of the observation boardwalk overlooking the spring. Many dive shops and marinas in the city of Crystal River offer manatee tours and cater to the needs of divers and snorkelers.
See also
Homosassa Springs Wildlife State Park
References
Bodies of water of Citrus County, Florida
Springs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-range%20hopping | Variable-range hopping is a model used to describe carrier transport in a disordered semiconductor or in amorphous solid by hopping in an extended temperature range. It has a characteristic temperature dependence of
where is the conductivity and is a parameter dependent on the model under consideration.
Mott variable-range hopping
The Mott variable-range hopping describes low-temperature conduction in strongly disordered systems with localized charge-carrier states and has a characteristic temperature dependence of
for three-dimensional conductance (with = 1/4), and is generalized to d-dimensions
.
Hopping conduction at low temperatures is of great interest because of the savings the semiconductor industry could achieve if they were able to replace single-crystal devices with glass layers.
Derivation
The original Mott paper introduced a simplifying assumption that the hopping energy depends inversely on the cube of the hopping distance (in the three-dimensional case). Later it was shown that this assumption was unnecessary, and this proof is followed here. In the original paper, the hopping probability at a given temperature was seen to depend on two parameters, R the spatial separation of the sites, and W, their energy separation. Apsley and Hughes noted that in a truly amorphous system, these variables are random and independent and so can be combined into a single parameter, the range between two sites, which determines the probability of hopping between them. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title%2029%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Code | Title 29 of the United States Code is a code that outlines labor regulations in the United States.
Code Chapters
Title 29 has 35 chapters:
: Labor Statistics
: Women's Bureau
. Children's Bureau (Transferred)
. National Trade Unions (Repealed)
. Vocational Rehabilitation of Persons Injured in Industry
. Employment Stabilization (Omitted or Repealed)
. Federal Employment Service
. Apprentice Labor
. Labor Disputes; Mediation and Injunctive Relief
. Jurisdiction of Courts in Matters Affecting Employer and Employee
: Labor-Management Relations
. Fair Labor Standards
. Portal-To-Portal Pay
. Disclosure of Welfare and Pension Plans (Repealed)
. Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Procedure
. Department of Labor
. Exemplary Rehabilitation Certificates (Repealed)
. Age Discrimination in Employment
. Occupational Safety and Health
. Vocational Rehabilitation and Other Rehabilitation Services
. Comprehensive Employment and Training Programs (Repealed)
. Employee Retirement Income Security Program
. Job Training Partnership (Repealed, Transferred, or Omitted)
. Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection
. Helen Keller National Center for Youths and Adults Who Are Deaf-Blind
. Employee Polygraph Protection
. Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification
. Technology Related Assistance for Individuals With Disabilities (Repealed)
. Displaced Homemakers Self-Sufficiency Assistance (Repealed)
. National Center for the Workpl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%20Empires%20%28series%29 | Ancient Empires is a fantasy turn-based tactics game series developed by Macrospace for cell phones. The first game Ancient Empires was published by Macrospace on March 4, 2004; its immediate sequel Ancient Empires II was published by Sorrent on June 17, 2005.
Gameplay
The games are played on a 2D landscape filled with grass, trees, mountains, rivers, etc. The player(s) and the computer control armies separated into squads. All squads have the same number of "hitpoints" (10 in the first game, 100 in the second). Most units can only attack targets in adjacent cells in main compass directions (north, south, east, and west). Several are able to attack at range and diagonally. Combat consists of one unit attacking another, then the target retaliates (adjacent main directions only). Having a castle on the level allows the player to purchase additional units from it. The first game requires the player's king to be in the castle for this to happen. This restriction has been removed in the sequel. The standard victory condition for the first game is to kill the enemy king, who is usually found at the castle, making him doubly difficult to kill. In the second game, the kings (called commanders) take a more active role in the gameplay, as they are not required to stay at the castle. Commanders are now able to be purchased at the castle after they are killed (their price depends on the number of times they have died). Units gain experience in attacking enemies. Units with low |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SXAL/MBAL | In cryptography, SXAL (substitution xor algorithm, sometimes called SXAL8) is a block cipher designed in 1993 by Yokohama-based Laurel Intelligent Systems. It is normally used in a special mode of operation called MBAL (multi-block algorithm). SXAL/MBAL has been used for encryption in a number of Japanese PC cards and smart cards.
SXAL is an 8-round substitution–permutation network with block size and key size of 64 bits each. All operations are byte-oriented. The algorithm uses a single 8×8-bit S-box K, designed so that both K(X) and X XOR K(X) are injective functions. In each round, the bytes of the block are first permuted. Then each byte is XORed with a key byte and an earlier ciphertext byte, processed through the S-box, and XORed with the previous plaintext byte.
The key schedule is rather complex, processing the key with SXAL itself, beginning with a null key and using permuted intermediate results as later keys.
MBAL
MBAL is an encryption algorithm built using SXAL that can be applied to messages any number of bytes in length (at least 8). It uses two 64-bit extended keys for key whitening on the first 64 bits. The algorithm consists of 9 steps:
Pre-whitening
Fm: An expanded version of SXAL applied to the entire message
SXAL the block consisting of the first 4 and last 4 bytes
Reverse the byte order of the entire message
Fm
Reverse
SXAL the ends
Fm
Post-whitening
MBAL has been shown to be susceptible to both differential cryptanalysis and linear cryptanal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20free%20and%20open-source%20software | In the 1950s and 1960s, computer operating software and compilers were delivered as a part of hardware purchases without separate fees. At the time, source code, the human-readable form of software, was generally distributed with the software providing the ability to fix bugs or add new functions. Universities were early adopters of computing technology. Many of the modifications developed by universities were openly shared, in keeping with the academic principles of sharing knowledge, and organizations sprung up to facilitate sharing. As large-scale operating systems matured, fewer organizations allowed modifications to the operating software, and eventually such operating systems were closed to modification. However, utilities and other added-function applications are still shared and new organizations have been formed to promote the sharing of software.
Sharing techniques before software
The concept of free sharing of technological information existed long before computers. For example, in the early years of automobile development, one enterprise owned the rights to a 2-cycle gasoline engine patent originally filed by George B. Selden. By controlling this patent, they were able to monopolize the industry and force car manufacturers to adhere to their demands, or risk a lawsuit. In 1911, independent automaker Henry Ford won a challenge to the Selden patent. The result was that the Selden patent became virtually worthless and a new association (which would eventually becom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schild%20equation | In pharmacology, Schild regression analysis, based upon the Schild equation, both named for Heinz Otto Schild, are tools for studying the effects of agonists and antagonists on the response caused by the receptor or on ligand-receptor binding.
Concept
Dose-response curves can be constructed to describe response or ligand-receptor complex formation as a function of the ligand concentration. Antagonists make it harder to form these complexes by inhibiting interactions of the ligand with its receptor. This is seen as a change in the dose response curve: typically a rightward shift or a lowered maximum. A reversible competitive antagonist should cause a rightward shift in the dose response curve, such that the new curve is parallel to the old one and the maximum is unchanged. This is because reversible competitive antagonists are surmountable antagonists. The magnitude of the rightward shift can be quantified with the dose ratio, r. The dose ratio r is the ratio of the dose of agonist required for half maximal response with the antagonist present divided by the agonist required for half maximal response without antagonist ("control"). In other words, the ratio of the EC50s of the inhibited and un-inhibited curves. Thus, r represents both the strength of an antagonist and the concentration of the antagonist that was applied. An equation derived from the Gaddum equation can be used to relate r to , as follows:
where
r is the dose ratio
is the concentration of the antagonist
i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20power%20in%20Australia | Solar power is a fast-growing industry in Australia. As of June 2023, Australia's over 3.52 million solar PV installations had a combined capacity of 32,095 MW photovoltaic (PV) solar power, of which at least 4,389 MW were installed in the preceding 12 months. In 2019, 59 solar PV projects with a combined capacity of 2,881 MW were either under construction, constructed or due to start construction having reached financial closure. Solar accounted for 12.4% (or 28.6 TWh) of Australia's total electrical energy production in 2021.
The sudden rise in solar PV installations in Australia since 2018 dramatically propelled the country from being considered a relative laggard to a strong leader by mid-2019. Australia has the highest per capita solar capacity, now at more than 1kW per capita.
The installed PV capacity in Australia increased 10-fold between 2009 and 2011, and quadrupled between 2011 and 2016.
The first commercial-scale PV power plant, the 1 MW Uterne Solar Power Station, was opened in 2011.
Greenough River Solar Farm opened in 2012 with a capacity of 10 MW.
The price of photovoltaics has been decreasing and, in January 2013, was less than half the cost of using grid electricity in Australia. Using solar to supply all the energy needed would use less than 0.1% of land.
Over 90% of solar panels in Australia are made in China.
Installations by type
The largest share of solar PV installations in 2018 was from grid-connected distributed sources totalling 8,030 MW. T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD19 | B-lymphocyte antigen CD19, also known as CD19 molecule (Cluster of Differentiation 19), B-Lymphocyte Surface Antigen B4, T-Cell Surface Antigen Leu-12 and CVID3 is a transmembrane protein that in humans is encoded by the gene CD19. In humans, CD19 is expressed in all B lineage cells. Contrary to some early doubts, human plasma cells do express CD19, as confirmed by others. CD19 plays two major roles in human B cells: on the one hand, it acts as an adaptor protein to recruit cytoplasmic signaling proteins to the membrane; on the other, it works within the CD19/CD21 complex to decrease the threshold for B cell receptor signaling pathways. Due to its presence on all B cells, it is a biomarker for B lymphocyte development, lymphoma diagnosis and can be utilized as a target for leukemia immunotherapies.
Structure
In humans, CD19 is encoded by the 7.41 kilobase CD19 gene located on the short arm of chromosome 16. It contains at least fifteen exons, four that encode extracellular domain and nine that encode cytoplasmic domains, with a total of 556 amino acids. Experiments show that there are multiple mRNA transcripts; however, only two have been isolated in vivo.
CD19 is a 95 kd Type I transmembrane glycoprotein in the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) with two extracellular C2-set Ig-like domains and a relatively large, 240 amino acid, cytoplasmic tail that is highly conserved among mammalian species. The extracellular C2-type Ig-like domains are divided by a potential disulfid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jari%20Tolsa | Jari Juha Tolsa (born April 20, 1981) is a Swedish professional ice hockey left winger who plays for Varberg Vipers in the Swedish Division 2.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
External links
1981 births
Detroit Red Wings draft picks
Espoo Blues players
Frölunda HC players
Living people
Modo Hockey players
Swedish people of Finnish descent
Swedish ice hockey left wingers
Ice hockey people from Gothenburg |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome%20combing | Chromosome combing (also known as molecular combing or DNA combing) is a technique used to produce an array of uniformly stretched DNA that is then highly suitable for nucleic acid hybridization studies such as fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) which benefit from the uniformity of stretching, the easy access to the hybridisation target sequences, and the resolution offered by the large distance between two probes, which is due to the stretching of the DNA by a factor of 1.5 times the crystallographic length of DNA.
DNA in solution (i.e. with a randomly-coiled structure) is stretched by retracting the meniscus of the solution at a constant rate (typically 300 µm/s). The ends of DNA strands, which are thought to be frayed (i.e. open and exposing polar groups) bind to ionisable groups coating a silanized glass plate at a pH below the pKa of the ionizable groups (ensuring they are charged enough to interact with the ends of DNA). The rest of the DNA, which is mostly dsDNA, cannot form these interactions (aside from a few ‘touch down’ segments along the length of the DNA strand) so is available for hybridisation to probes. As the meniscus retracts, surface retention creates a force that acts on DNA to retain it in the liquid phase; however this force is inferior to the strength of the DNA’s attachment; the result is that the DNA is stretched as it enters the air phase; as the force acts in the locality of the air/liquid phase, it is invariant to different lengths or confor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20novo%20protein%20structure%20prediction | In computational biology, de novo protein structure prediction refers to an algorithmic process by which protein tertiary structure is predicted from its amino acid primary sequence. The problem itself has occupied leading scientists for decades while still remaining unsolved. According to Science, the problem remains one of the top 125 outstanding issues in modern science. At present, some of the most successful methods have a reasonable probability of predicting the folds of small, single-domain proteins within 1.5 angstroms over the entire structure.
De novo methods tend to require vast computational resources, and have thus only been carried out for relatively small proteins. De novo protein structure modeling is distinguished from Template-based modeling (TBM) by the fact that no solved homologue to the protein of interest is used, making efforts to predict protein structure from amino acid sequence exceedingly difficult. Prediction of protein structure de novo for larger proteins will require better algorithms and larger computational resources such as those afforded by either powerful supercomputers (such as Blue Gene or MDGRAPE-3) or distributed computing projects (such as Folding@home, Rosetta@home, the Human Proteome Folding Project, or Nutritious Rice for the World). Although computational barriers are vast, the potential benefits of structural genomics (by predicted or experimental methods) to fields such as medicine and drug design make de novo structure predict |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical%20of%20a%20module | In mathematics, in the theory of modules, the radical of a module is a component in the theory of structure and classification. It is a generalization of the Jacobson radical for rings. In many ways, it is the dual notion to that of the socle soc(M) of M.
Definition
Let R be a ring and M a left R-module. A submodule N of M is called maximal or cosimple if the quotient M/N is a simple module. The radical of the module M is the intersection of all maximal submodules of M,
Equivalently,
These definitions have direct dual analogues for soc(M).
Properties
In addition to the fact rad(M) is the sum of superfluous submodules, in a Noetherian module rad(M) itself is a superfluous submodule.
A ring for which rad(M) = {0} for every right R-module M is called a right V-ring.
For any module M, rad(M/rad(M)) is zero.
M is a finitely generated module if and only if the cosocle M/rad(M) is finitely generated and rad(M) is a superfluous submodule of M.
See also
Socle (mathematics)
Jacobson radical
References
Module theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune%27s%20algorithm | Fortune's algorithm is a sweep line algorithm for generating a Voronoi diagram from a set of points in a plane using O(n log n) time and O(n) space. It was originally published by Steven Fortune in 1986 in his paper "A sweepline algorithm for Voronoi diagrams."
Algorithm description
The algorithm maintains both a sweep line and a beach line, which both move through the plane as the algorithm progresses. The sweep line is a straight line, which we may by convention assume to be vertical and moving left to right across the plane. At any time during the algorithm, the input points left of the sweep line will have been incorporated into the Voronoi diagram, while the points right of the sweep line will not have been considered yet. The beach line is not a straight line, but a complicated, piecewise curve to the left of the sweep line, composed of pieces of parabolas; it divides the portion of the plane within which the Voronoi diagram can be known, regardless of what other points might be right of the sweep line, from the rest of the plane. For each point left of the sweep line, one can define a parabola of points equidistant from that point and from the sweep line; the beach line is the boundary of the union of these parabolas. As the sweep line progresses, the vertices of the beach line, at which two parabolas cross, trace out the edges of the Voronoi diagram. The beach line progresses by keeping each parabola base exactly half way between the points initially swept over with |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-4 | CD-4 or CD4 may refer to:
CD4, a cell surface molecule present on leukocytes
CD4+ cells, a type of T cell
Color Developing Agent 4, a developing agent for color film
Compatible Discrete 4, a quadraphonic phonograph record format developed by JVC
Ford CD4 platform |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli%20equation | In quantum mechanics, the Pauli equation or Schrödinger–Pauli equation is the formulation of the Schrödinger equation for spin-½ particles, which takes into account the interaction of the particle's spin with an external electromagnetic field. It is the non-relativistic limit of the Dirac equation and can be used where particles are moving at speeds much less than the speed of light, so that relativistic effects can be neglected. It was formulated by Wolfgang Pauli in 1927.
Equation
For a particle of mass and electric charge , in an electromagnetic field described by the magnetic vector potential and the electric scalar potential , the Pauli equation reads:
Here are the Pauli operators collected into a vector for convenience, and is the momentum operator in position representation. The state of the system, (written in Dirac notation), can be considered as a two-component spinor wavefunction, or a column vector (after choice of basis):
.
The Hamiltonian operator is a 2 × 2 matrix because of the Pauli operators.
Substitution into the Schrödinger equation gives the Pauli equation. This Hamiltonian is similar to the classical Hamiltonian for a charged particle interacting with an electromagnetic field. See Lorentz force for details of this classical case. The kinetic energy term for a free particle in the absence of an electromagnetic field is just where is the kinetic momentum, while in the presence of an electromagnetic field it involves the minimal coupling , w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxyfluorescein%20succinimidyl%20ester | Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) is a fluorescent cell staining dye. CFSE is cell permeable and covalently couples, via its succinimidyl group, to intracellular molecules, notably, to intracellular lysine residues and other amine sources. Due to this covalent coupling reaction, fluorescent CFSE can be retained within cells for extremely long periods. Also, due to this stable linkage, once incorporated within cells, the dye is not transferred to adjacent cells.
CFSE is commonly confused with carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFDA-SE), although they are not strictly the same molecule; CFDA-SE, due to its acetate groups, is highly cell permeable, while CFSE is much less so. As CFDA-SE, which is non-fluorescent, enters the cytoplasm of cells, intracellular esterases remove the acetate groups and convert the molecule to the fluorescent ester.
CFSE was originally developed as a fluorescent dye that could be used to stably label lymphocytes and track their migration within animals for many months. Subsequent studies revealed that the dye can be used to monitor lymphocyte proliferation, both in vitro and in vivo, due to the progressive halving of CFSE fluorescence within daughter cells following each cell division. The only limitation is that CFSE at high concentrations can be toxic for cells. However, when CFSE labelling is performed optimally, approximately 7-8 cell divisions can be identified before the CFSE fluorescence is too low to be distinguished |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenging%20behaviour | Challenging behaviour, also known
as behaviours which challenge, is defined as "culturally abnormal behaviour(s) of such intensity, frequency or duration that the physical safety of the person or others is placed in serious jeopardy, or behaviour which is likely to seriously limit or deny access to the use of ordinary community facilities". "Ordinarily we would expect the person to have shown the pattern of behaviour that presents such a challenge to services for a considerable period of time. Severely challenging behaviour is not a transient phenomenon."
Challenging behaviour is most often, though not exclusively exhibited by individuals with learning developmental disabilities, individuals with dementia or other mental health needs, such as strokes or acquired brain injuries, individuals with psychosis and by children, although such behaviours can be displayed by any person.
Types
Common types of challenging behaviour include self-injurious behaviour (such as hitting, headbutting, biting, scratching), aggressive behaviour (such as hitting others, headbutting, shouting, swearing, screaming, scratching others, spitting, biting, punching, hair pulling, kicking), inappropriate sexualised behaviour (such as public masturbation or groping), behaviour directed at property (such as throwing objects and stealing) and stereotyped behaviours (such as repetitive rocking or echolalia).
Misuse
The term "challenging behaviour" has become subject to widespread misuse, most often as a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim%20Social%20Democratic%20Party | The Muslim Social Democratic Party, usually referred to as Hummet () ("Endeavor"), was a political party in South Caucasus. In 1920, it merged with "Adalat" () ("Justice") communist cell in Baku, forming the first Communist Party of Azerbaijan.
"Old" Hummet (1904 - 1920)
At the end of 1904, the Baku committee of the Russian Social Democratic Party created the Hummet in order to attract Muslim workers. Prominent Hummet politicians included Mammed Amin Rasulzade (until 1913), Meshadi Azizbekov, Prokopius Dzhaparidze, Sultan Medjid Efendiev, Zeynal Zeynalov and Nariman Narimanov. A series of arrests in 1911 weakened the activities of the party, but after the February Revolution, the Hummet renewed its operations.
From 1918 to 1920 the Hummet was represented in the parliament of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.
On February 20, 1920, it merged with the Adalat Party, the Ahrar Party of Iran and Baku Bolsheviks to establish the Azerbaijan Communist Party.
Some sources report that pro-Bolshevik Muslims from the Hummet party participated in the March Events, massacres by the Shaumyan-led Bolshevik Baku Soviet and Dashnak militia against Azerbaijanis in Baku, in a bid to suppress the Musavat party and to gain control of Baku. Other sources, on the contrary, report that Hummet party members were very critical of the conduct of the events. This is confirmed by the words of Sultan Majid Efendiyev who wrote:
The Dashnaks, who for handsome pay protected the capitalists, Taghiev, Nag |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurna | Qurna may refer to;
Kurna, three village areas near the Theban Hills in Egypt
al-Qurnah, a city in Iraq
Battle of Qurna, fought in, Qurna, Iraq
Lake Kournas, a village and a lake in Crete, Greece
West Qurna Field, an oil field near Qurna, Iraq |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n%E2%80%93Howarth%20equation | In isotropic turbulence the Kármán–Howarth equation (after Theodore von Kármán and Leslie Howarth 1938), which is derived from the Navier–Stokes equations, is used to describe the evolution of non-dimensional longitudinal autocorrelation.
Mathematical description
Consider a two-point velocity correlation tensor for homogeneous turbulence
For isotropic turbulence, this correlation tensor can be expressed in terms of two scalar functions, using the invariant theory of full rotation group, first derived by Howard P. Robertson in 1940,
where is the root mean square turbulent velocity and are turbulent velocity in all three directions. Here, is the longitudinal correlation and is the lateral correlation of velocity at two different points. From continuity equation, we have
Thus uniquely determines the two-point correlation function. Theodore von Kármán and Leslie Howarth derived the evolution equation for from Navier–Stokes equation as
where uniquely determines the triple correlation tensor
Loitsianskii's invariant
L.G. Loitsianskii derived an integral invariant for the decay of the turbulence by taking the fourth moment of the Kármán–Howarth equation in 1939, i.e.,
If decays faster than as and also in this limit, if we assume that vanishes, we have the quantity,
which is invariant. Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz showed that this invariant is equivalent to conservation of angular momentum. However, Ian Proudman and W.H. Reid showed that this invariant does n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20Postsecondary%20Education%20Data%20System | The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) is a system of interrelated surveys conducted annually by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), a part of the Institute for Education Sciences within the United States Department of Education. IPEDS consists of twelve interrelated survey components that are collected over three collection periods (fall, winter, and spring) each year as described in the Data Collection and Dissemination Cycle. The completion of all IPEDS surveys is mandatory for all institutions that participate in, or are applicants for participation in, any federal financial assistance program authorized by Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended.
The IPEDS program department of NCES was created in 1992 and began collecting data in 1993.
Data collected in IPEDS
IPEDS collects data on postsecondary education in the United States in the following areas: institutional characteristics, institutional prices, admissions, enrollment, student financial aid, degrees and certificates conferred, student persistence and success (retention rates, graduation rates, and outcome measures), institutional human resources, fiscal resources, and academic libraries.
Institutional characteristics
Institutional characteristics data are the foundation of the entire IPEDS system. These include basic institutional contact information, tuition and fees, room and board charges, control or affiliation, type of calendar system, levels of awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ao%20Bing | Ao Bing () is a character in the classic Chinese novel Investiture of the Gods (Fengshen Yanyi). He is a dragon prince and the third son of the East Sea Dragon King Ao Guang of the Crystal Palace. He has two brothers named Ao Jia and Ao Yi. Both of them are older than him. Ao Bing was originally revered as a rain god who would bestow the rain at his command upon any individual in need, but, as time passed, his father became corrupt, and soon the people were living in fear of the stormy malevolence of Ao Guang and his three sons. After the divine child-hero Nezha had slain the yaksha Li Gen and been seen creating tremors that threatened to destroy the Crystal Palace of the Dragon King, Ao Bing set out (with his father's consent) to confront Nezha, riding upon a great green beast and accompanied by his father's troops.
Ao Bing duly confronted Nezha and met with a most uncouth reception, prompting him to bellow in rage "You self-righteous cur! Li Gen was sent to us by the Jade Emperor of Heaven himself and yet, in your madness and insolence, you killed him without remorse. Defend yourself, you dog!" Hero and dragon prince wasted no more breath in words, but flung themselves instead into furious combat, Ao Bing wielding his mighty silver spear and Nezha his death-dealing magic scarf. After the exchange of many bitter blows, Nezha was finally able to overcome his adversary by unleashing a blazing fireball at him from his magic scarf and then trampling his head underfoot before h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous%20membrane | The vitreous membrane (or hyaloid membrane or vitreous cortex) is a layer of collagen separating the vitreous humour from the rest of the eye. At least two parts have been identified anatomically. The posterior hyaloid membrane separates the rear of the vitreous from the retina. It is a false anatomical membrane. The anterior hyaloid membrane separates the front of the vitreous from the lens. Bernal et al. describe it "as a delicate structure in the form of a thin layer that runs from the pars plana to the posterior lens, where it shares its attachment with the posterior zonule via Weigert's ligament, also known as Egger's line".
References
External links
Image at ivy-rose.co.uk
Human eye anatomy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20OV39 | British NVC community OV39 (Asplenium trichomanes - Asplenium ruta-muraria community) is one of the open habitat communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of six communities of crevice, scree and spoil vegetation.
This community is widely distributed in areas of suitable habitat, especially in the west of Britain.
There are two subcommunities.
Community composition
Four constant species are found in this community:
Wall-rue (Asplenium ruta-muraria)
Maidenhair spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes)
Silky wall feather-moss (Homalothecium sericeum)
Wall scalewort (Porella platyphylla)
Two rare species are associated with the community:
Hutchinsia (Hornungia petraea)
Nottingham catchfly (Silene nutans)
Distribution
This community require a lime-rich substrate and its natural habitat is crevices in limestone bedrock, especially in western Britain, where the more humid conditions are favourable to the weathering of suitable rocks. Elsewhere it is also found widely on artificial substrates, such as on buildings and walls built using limestone and on walls dressed with lime mortar.
Subcommunities
There are two subcommunities:
the Trichostomum crispulum - Tortula intermedia subcommunity
the Sedum acre - Arenaria serpyllifolia subcommunity
The Trichostomum crispulum - Tortula intermedia subcommunity is dominated by ferns and bryophytes, and flowering plants are scarce.
The Sedum acre - Arenaria serpyllifolia subcommunity typically co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassinolide | Brassinolide is a plant hormone. The first isolated brassinosteroid, it was discovered when it was shown that pollen from rapeseed (Brassica napus) could promote stem elongation and cell division. The biologically active component was isolated and named brassinolide.
Biosynthesis
The production of brassinolide begins with a closely related sterol called campesterol, which is found in the cell membrane. Initially, it is reduced by an enzyme called DET2. This is followed by a series of oxidation reactions, facilitated by cytochrome P-450 enzymes, which add hydroxyl groups to the molecule. The most biologically significant of these reactions is the C6 oxidation, where a ketone is formed at the C6 carbon position. This single reaction increases the biological activity of the molecule by a factor of 200. Depending on when this C6 oxidation occurs, it is referred to as either the early or late C6 oxidation pathway. Both of these synthetic pathways have been observed in Arabidopsis seedlings. It appears that the late C6 oxidation pathway predominates when the seedlings are exposed to light, while the early pathway is active in the absence of light. If the plant cannot perform C6 oxidation, it results in the "Dwarf phenotype," characterized by severe growth deficits.
Finally, in Arabidopsis, the Baeyer-Villiger lactonization process occurs through the action of the two homologous enzymes CYP85A1 and CYP85A2, leading to the formation of brassinolide. Alternatively, there is a sug |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20OV20 | British NVC community OV20 (Poa annua - Sagina procumbens community) is one of the open habitat communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of six communities characteristic of gateways, tracksides and courtyards.
This community is widely distributed in the lowlands and upland fringes of Britain.
There are two subcommunities.
Community composition
Two constant species are found in this community:
Annual meadow-grass (Poa annua)
Procumbent pearlwort (Sagina procumbens)
No rare species are associated with the community.
Distribution
This community is widely distributed in the lowlands and upland fringes of Britain. It is found in urban and suburban habitats, occupying crevices between paving slabs and brickwork on streets and pavements, and in courtyards, and also occurs in rural areas, around farms and domestic buildings, wherever there is heavy trampling.
This is the British equivalent of the Papaveri-Sileneetum noctiflori syntaxon, first described by Diemont, Sissingh and Westhoff (1940) from the Netherlands but which is found widely throughout Europe.
Subcommunities
There are two subcommunities:
the so-called typical subcommunity
the Lolium perenne - Chamomilla suaveolens subcommunity
References
OV20 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20SD19 | NVC community SD19 (Phleum arenarium - Arenaria serpyllifolia dune annual community) is one of the 16 sand-dune communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of six communities associated with foredunes and mobile dunes.
It is a widespread coastal community. There are no subcommunities.
Community composition
The community has five constant species:
Marram (Ammophila arenaria)
Thyme-leaved Sandwort (Arenaria serpyllifolia)
Sand Sedge (Carex arenaria)
Red Fescue (Festuca rubra)
Sand Cat's-tail (Phleum arenarium)
Two rare species, Early Sand-grass (Mibora minima) and Dune Fescue (Vulpia membranacea), are associated with this community.
Distribution
This community is widespread but scarce on British coastlines; it is more common in England and Wales than in Scotland, where it has to date only been found at a single site in the southwest.
References
Rodwell, J. S. (2000) British Plant Communities Volume 5 - Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats (hardback), (paperback)
SD19 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectodomain | An ectodomain is the domain of a membrane protein that extends into the extracellular space (the space outside a cell). Ectodomains are usually the parts of proteins that initiate contact with surfaces, which leads to signal transduction. A notable example of an ectodomain is the S protein, commonly known as the spike protein, of the viral particle responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The ectodomain region of the spike protein (S) is essential for attachment and eventual entry of the viral protein into the host cell.
Ectodomains play a crucial part in the signaling pathways of viruses. Recent findings have indicated that certain antibodies including the anti-receptor binding domain (anti-RBD) or anti-spike ectodomain (anti-ECD) IgG titers can act as virus neutralization titers (VN titers) which can be identified in individuals with diseases, dyspnea and hospitalizations. In perspective of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) these specific ectodomains may detect antibody efficacy against SARS-Cov-2, in which VN titers can classify eligible plasma donors. Protective measures against diseases and respiratory conditions can further be advanced through ongoing research on ectodomains. Ectodomain's play a crucial part in the signaling pathways of viruses. In perspective of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) these specific ectodomains may detect antibody efficacy against SARS-Cov-2, in which VN titers can classify eligible |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northridge%20High%20School%20%28Indiana%29 | Northridge High School is a secondary school in Middlebury, Indiana, serving grades 9-12 for the Middlebury Community Schools.
Statistics
In the 2020-21 school year, total enrollment is at 1,412 students.
In the 2020-21 school year the ethnicity breakdown is:
White - 83.9%
Hispanic - 11.1%
Asian - 1.3%
Black - 0.8%
American-Indian - 0.2%
Multi-racial - 2.5%
Athletics
Northridge High School is part of the Indiana High School Athletic Association, which is a voluntary, non-profit organization available for any school in the state of Indiana accredited by the Indiana Department of Education. Northridge competes in boys basketball, football, baseball, wrestling, cross-country, track, swimming, tennis, golf, and soccer. Women can participate in basketball, volleyball, swimming, cross-country, track, soccer, tennis, softball, cheerleading, and golf.
1988 IHSAA State Champions: Softball
2004 IHSAA State Champions: Boys Cross Country
Notable alumni
Eric Carpenter, soccer player
Jordon Hodges, actor
Joanna King, member of the Indiana House of Representatives
See also
List of high schools in Indiana
References
External links
http://www.mcsin-k12.org
Public high schools in Indiana
Schools in Elkhart County, Indiana
Educational institutions established in 1969
1969 establishments in Indiana |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamoto%20no%20Shitag%C5%8D | was a mid Heian waka poet, scholar and nobleman. He was also a male-line descendant of Emperor Saga. He was the original compiler of the Wamyō Ruijushō, the first Japanese dictionary organized into semantic headings. He was designated as one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals for his distinguished poetic accomplishments. In addition to the Wamyō Ruijushō, his remaining works include a poetry collection known as the . Some scholars claim that he is the author of the Taketori Monogatari (Tale of the Bamboo Cutter). Ziro Uraki also posits him as a possible author of Utsuho Monogatari (Tale of the Hollow Tree) in the foreword to his English translation of that work.
As one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber he assisted in the compilation of the waka anthology Gosen Wakashū. He also compiled kun'yomi readings for texts from the revered Man'yōshū anthology.
External links
E-text of his poems in Japanese
Online text of the Wamyō Ruijushō
911 births
983 deaths
Minamoto clan
Nobility from Kyoto
Japanese nobility
Nobility from Japan
Deified Japanese people
Deified men
Imperial House of Japan
Japanese lexicographers
10th-century Japanese poets |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umran%20Inan | Umran Savaş İnan (; born December 28, 1950) is a Turkish scientist at Koç University and Stanford University in the field of geophysics and very low frequency radio science. İnan was the president of Koç University between 2009 and 2021.
Life and career
İnan received his B.Sc. degree in 1972 and M.Sc. in 1973 from the Middle East Technical University (METU). He conducted his doctoral research during four years at Stanford University, receiving a Ph.D. in 1977 in electrical engineering under the tutelage of Robert Helliwell. İnan later joined the staff of Stanford as research affiliate and in 1982 was appointed as assistant professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering. He subsequently became associate professor in 1985 and then full professor at Stanford since 1992.
In 1997, he was appointed director of Space, Telecommunications and Radio Science Laboratories (STAR) connected to Stanford and continued his duty here until September 2009. During his academic career at Stanford he worked in areas geophysics, near-space, ionospheric and atmospheric physics, radiation belts, electromagnetic wave-particle interaction, and very low frequency radioscience. Inan has had about 50 PhD students so far.
He had been the president of Koç University between 2009 and 2021. Currently, the research group at Stanford University is conducting observations from over 50 different spots on seven continents and also from a variety of world-orbiting satellites. He became professor emeritus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Futures%20Association | The National Futures Association (NFA) is the self-regulatory organization (SRO) for the U.S. derivatives industry, including on-exchange traded futures, retail off-exchange foreign currency (forex) and OTC derivatives (swaps). NFA is headquartered in Chicago and maintains an office in New York City. NFA is a non-profit, independent regulatory organization. NFA does not operate any markets and is not a trade association. NFA is financed from membership dues and assessment fees, and membership is mandatory for many market participants.
History
The National Futures Association (NFA) was created by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) in September 1981 and began regulatory operations in 1982.
Responsibilities
NFA chief responsibilities include registering firms and individuals who want to do business in the derivatives industry, monitoring trades, taking disciplinary actions against members who don't follow the rules, creating rules and best practices, providing member education through workshops, webinars and conferences, mediating member and customer disputes, and providing investor education and protection.
Member News and Notices
One of the NFA's main functions is to provide up-to-date information to all member, subscribers, investors and the regulators. The NFA News section provides links to the latest NFA enforcement actions, press releases, notices to members, updated rule submissions, testimonies and more.
Governance
The NFA is governed by a board of dir |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes%E2%80%93Hut%20simulation | The Barnes–Hut simulation (named after Josh Barnes and Piet Hut) is an approximation algorithm for performing an n-body simulation. It is notable for having order O(n log n) compared to a direct-sum algorithm which would be O(n2).
The simulation volume is usually divided up into cubic cells via an octree (in a three-dimensional space), so that only particles from nearby cells need to be treated individually, and particles in distant cells can be treated as a single large particle centered at the cell's center of mass (or as a low-order multipole expansion). This can dramatically reduce the number of particle pair interactions that must be computed.
Some of the most demanding high-performance computing projects do computational astrophysics using the Barnes–Hut treecode algorithm,
such as DEGIMA.
Algorithm
The Barnes–Hut tree
In a three-dimensional n-body simulation, the Barnes–Hut algorithm recursively divides the n bodies into groups by storing them in an octree (or a quad-tree in a 2D simulation). Each node in this tree represents a region of the three-dimensional space.
The topmost node represents the whole space, and its eight children represent the eight octants of the space. The space is recursively subdivided into octants until each subdivision contains 0 or 1 bodies (some regions do not have bodies in all of their octants).
There are two types of nodes in the octree: internal and external nodes. An external node has no children and is either empty or represents |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Lucas%20theorem | In complex analysis, a branch of mathematics, the Gauss–Lucas theorem gives a geometric relation between the roots of a polynomial and the roots of its derivative . The set of roots of a real or complex polynomial is a set of points in the complex plane. The theorem states that the roots of all lie within the convex hull of the roots of , that is the smallest convex polygon containing the roots of . When has a single root then this convex hull is a single point and when the roots lie on a line then the convex hull is a segment of this line. The Gauss–Lucas theorem, named after Carl Friedrich Gauss and Félix Lucas, is similar in spirit to Rolle's theorem.
Formal statement
If is a (nonconstant) polynomial with complex coefficients, all zeros of belong to the convex hull of the set of zeros of .
Special cases
It is easy to see that if is a second degree polynomial, the zero of is the average of the roots of . In that case, the convex hull is the line segment with the two roots as endpoints and it is clear that the average of the roots is the middle point of the segment.
For a third degree complex polynomial (cubic function) with three distinct zeros, Marden's theorem states that the zeros of are the foci of the Steiner inellipse which is the unique ellipse tangent to the midpoints of the triangle formed by the zeros of .
For a fourth degree complex polynomial (quartic function) with four distinct zeros forming a concave quadrilateral, one of the zeros of lies wit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDKL5 | CDKL5 is a gene that provides instructions for making a protein called cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 also known as serine/threonine kinase 9 (STK9) that is essential for normal brain development. Mutations in the gene can cause deficiencies in the protein. The gene regulates neuronal morphology through cytoplasmic signaling and controlling gene expression. The CDKL5 protein acts as a kinase, which is an enzyme that changes the activity of other proteins by adding a cluster of oxygen and phosphorus atoms (a phosphate group) at specific positions. Researchers are currently working to determine which proteins are targeted by the CDKL5 protein.
The CDKL5 protein acts as a kinase, which is an enzyme that modulates the activity of other proteins by adding a phosphate group to specific positions. The CDKL5 protein regulates neuronal morphology through cytoplasmic signaling and by controlling gene expression, playing a crucial role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system.
Studies have shown that the CDKL5 protein interacts with various signaling pathways and plays a role in controlling neurotransmitter release, synaptic plasticity, and cell survival. The CDKL5 protein has also been shown to regulate the activity of genes involved in neuronal development and the formation of synaptic connections.
Researchers are actively working to better understand the role of the CDKL5 protein in brain development and the underlying mechanisms of CDKL5 disorders. Further studies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix%20Prize | The Netflix Prize was an open competition for the best collaborative filtering algorithm to predict user ratings for films, based on previous ratings without any other information about the users or films, i.e. without the users being identified except by numbers assigned for the contest.
The competition was held by Netflix, a video streaming service, and was open to anyone who is neither connected with Netflix (current and former employees, agents, close relatives of Netflix employees, etc.) nor a resident of certain blocked countries (such as Cuba or North Korea). On September 21, 2009, the grand prize of was given to the BellKor's Pragmatic Chaos team which bested Netflix's own algorithm for predicting ratings by 10.06%.
Problem and data sets
Netflix provided a training data set of 100,480,507 ratings that 480,189 users gave to 17,770 movies. Each training rating is a quadruplet of the form <user, movie, date of grade, grade>. The user and movie fields are integer IDs, while grades are from 1 to 5 (integer) stars.
The qualifying data set contains over 2,817,131 triplets of the form <user, movie, date of grade>, with grades known only to the jury. A participating team's algorithm must predict grades on the entire qualifying set, but they are informed of the score for only half of the data: a quiz set of 1,408,342 ratings. The other half is the test set of 1,408,789, and performance on this is used by the jury to determine potential prize winners. Only the judges know w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopentobarbital | Cyclopentobarbital sodium (Cyclopal, Dormisan) is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1940s. It has sedative and anticonvulsant properties, and was used primarily as an anaesthetic in veterinary medicine. Cyclopal is considered similar in effects to phenobarbital but lasts almost three times as long, and is considered a long-acting barbiturate with a fairly slow onset of action.
See also
Barbiturate
References
Allyl compounds
General anesthetics
Barbiturates
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Cyclopentenes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexethal | Hexethal (Ortal) is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1940s. It has sedative, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsant properties, and was used primarily as an anaesthetic in veterinary medicine.
Hexethal is considered similar in effects to pentobarbital, with a very fast onset of action but short duration of effects.
References
Barbiturates
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.