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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probarbital | Probarbital (trade names Ipral, Vasalgin) is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1920s. It has sedative, hypnotic and anticonvulsant properties.
References
Anticonvulsants
Barbiturates
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Sedatives |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxibarbital | Proxibarbital (Ipronal) is a barbiturate derivative synthesized in 1956. It has anti-anxiety properties and is, in contrast to most barbiturates, almost without hypnotic action.
It was also used in the treatment of migraine headaches in a similar manner to butalbital.
Valofane isomerises to Proxibarbal in vivo.
References
Barbiturates
Antimigraine drugs
Allyl compounds
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupe%20Peko | Siitupe Marcus "Tupe" Peko, (born September 19, 1978) is a former American Football offensive guard. Peko attended La Serna High School and first played at the collegiate level at Cerritos College before transferring to Michigan State University. He played in the National Football League (NFL) for 4 years, at first primarily as a backup and started in 11 games including playoffs before injuries plagued Peko. He was drafted in the seventh round of the 2001 NFL Draft. He has played for the New York Jets, Indianapolis Colts, and Green Bay Packers. Peko is married to Valerie Peko and has 3 sons. Currently Peko works as a police officer with the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department.
He is the older brother of Arizona Cardinals defensive tackle Domata Peko. He is also a cousin of football player Fou Fonoti.
References
External links
Just Sports Stats
Tupe Peko at NFL.com
Tupe Peko at NFL Players.com
1978 births
Living people
American football offensive guards
Amsterdam Admirals players
Cerritos Falcons football players
Indianapolis Colts players
Michigan State Spartans football players
Sportspeople from Whittier, California
Players of American football from Los Angeles County, California
American sportspeople of Samoan descent
Las Vegas Gladiators players
Utah Blaze players |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted%20matroid | In combinatorics, a branch of mathematics, a weighted matroid is a matroid endowed with function with respect to which one can perform a greedy algorithm.
A weight function for a matroid assigns a strictly positive weight to each element of . We extend the function to subsets of by summation; is the sum of over in . A matroid with an associated weight function is called a weighted matroid.
Spanning forest algorithms
As a simple example, say we wish to find the maximum spanning forest of a graph. That is, given a graph and a weight for each edge, find a forest containing every vertex and maximizing the total weight of the edges in the tree. This problem arises in some clustering applications. If we look at the definition of the forest matroid above, we see that the maximum spanning forest is simply the independent set with largest total weight — such a set must span the graph, for otherwise we can add edges without creating cycles. But how do we find it?
Finding a basis
There is a simple algorithm for finding a basis:
Initially let be the empty set.
For each in
if is independent, then set to .
The result is clearly an independent set. It is a maximal independent set because if is not independent for some subset of , then is not independent either (the contrapositive follows from the hereditary property). Thus if we pass up an element, we'll never have an opportunity to use it later. We will generalize this algorithm to solve a harder problem.
Extension t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situated%20robotics | In artificial intelligence and cognitive science, the term situated refers to an agent which is embedded in an environment. In this used, the term is used to refer to robots, but some researchers argue that software agents can also be situated if:
they exist in a dynamic (rapidly changing) environment, which
they can manipulate or change through their actions, and which
they can sense or perceive.
Being situated is generally considered to be part of being embodied, but it is useful to take both perspectives. The situated perspective emphasizes the environment and the agent's interactions with it. These interactions define an agent's embodiment.
See also
Robot general heading
Cognitive agents
Scruffies - people who tend to worry about whether their agent is situated.
References
Hendriks-Jansen, Horst (1996) Catching Ourselves in the Act: Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution, and Human Thought. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Robotics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20W.%20Liepmann | Hans Wolfgang Liepmann (July 3, 1914 – June 24, 2009) was an American fluid dynamicist,
aerospace scientist and emeritus Theodore von Kármán Professor of Aeronautics at the California Institute of Technology.
He is known for his numerous contributions in fluid mechanics covering a wide range of problem areas, such as flow instability and turbulence, gas kinetics, viscous compressible fluids and liquid helium flows.
Academic history
Hans Liepmann received a Dr.Ing.h.c. from the University of Aachen and a Ph.D. from the University of Zurich in 1938.
On July 31, 1939 Liepmann arrived in New York, to join Theodore von Kármán at Caltech as a Research Fellow in Aeronautics. He became Assistant Professor of Aeronautics in 1945, Associate Professor in 1946 and Professor from 1949 to 1974. From 1974 to 1976 he was Professor of Aeronautics and Applied Physics, from 1976 to 1983 Charles Lee Powell Professor of Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics and 1984-85 von Kármán Professor of Aeronautics. From 1972 to 1985 Liepmann was Director of the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory and Executive Officer for Aeronautics from 1976 to 1985.
He retired in 1985, but remained the emeritus von Kármán Professor at Caltech.
Liepmann received several awards, a selection:
1968: Ludwig-Prandtl-Ring from Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt
1980: Fluid Dynamics Prize by the American Physical Society
1985: Otto Laporte Award by the American Physical Society
1986: National Medal of Science
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstancin-Jeziorna | Konstancin-Jeziorna is a town in Piaseczno County, Masovian Voivodeship, Poland, with 17,566 inhabitants (as of March 2011, according to GUS). It is located about south of downtown Warsaw and is a part of the metropolitan area of that city.
The town was created in 1969 through combining neighbouring towns: holiday resort Skolimów-Konstancin and industrial Jeziorna with a number of villages.
The town, a 19th-century health spa, sits on the administrative border of the capital city, Warsaw. The town is known for its historic villas as well as newly built mansions, a shopping center in a restored 19th-century mill and is the home of the American School of Warsaw.
Konstancin-Jeziorna also has a sports team which specializes in football/soccer named Kosa Konstancin created by former professional footballer Roman Kosecki.
Klarysew
There is a district in the town called Klarysew. In the years 1867–1954, it was a settlement in the commune of Jeziorna in the Warsaw poviat. On October 20, 1933, Klarysew formed a cluster within the boundaries of the Jeziorna commune, consisting of the Klarysew settlement and the Bielawa pod Górami settlement.
During World War II the district became part of the General Government, in the Warsaw district. In 1943, Klarysew had 1,353 inhabitants.
From July 1, 1952 it was part of Piaseczno County. Due to the reorganization of the rural administration in the autumn of 1954, Klarysew became part of the Jeziorna Królewska community, together with Gawroń |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%20protein-coupled%20receptor%20kinase%202 | G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADRBK1 gene. GRK2 was initially called Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (βARK or βARK1), and is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase subfamily of the Ser/Thr protein kinases that is most highly similar to GRK3(βARK2).
Functions
G protein-coupled receptor kinases phosphorylate activated G protein-coupled receptors, which promotes the binding of an arrestin protein to the receptor. Arrestin binding to phosphorylated, active receptor prevents receptor stimulation of heterotrimeric G protein transducer proteins, blocking their cellular signaling and resulting in receptor desensitization. Arrestin binding also directs receptors to specific cellular internalization pathways, removing the receptors from the cell surface and also preventing additional activation. Arrestin binding to phosphorylated, active receptor also enables receptor signaling through arrestin partner proteins. Thus the GRK/arrestin system serves as a complex signaling switch for G protein-coupled receptors.
GRK2 and the closely related GRK3 phosphorylate receptors at sites that encourage arrestin-mediated receptor desensitization, internalization and trafficking rather than arrestin-mediated signaling (in contrast to GRK5 and GRK6, which have the opposite effect). This difference is one basis for pharmacological biased agonism (also called functional selectivity), where a drug binding to a receptor may bias tha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-cell%20honeycomb | In four-dimensional Euclidean geometry, the 16-cell honeycomb is one of the three regular space-filling tessellations (or honeycombs), represented by Schläfli symbol {3,3,4,3}, and constructed by a 4-dimensional packing of 16-cell facets, three around every face.
Its dual is the 24-cell honeycomb. Its vertex figure is a 24-cell. The vertex arrangement is called the B4, D4, or F4 lattice.
Alternate names
Hexadecachoric tetracomb/honeycomb
Demitesseractic tetracomb/honeycomb
Coordinates
Vertices can be placed at all integer coordinates (i,j,k,l), such that the sum of the coordinates is even.
D4 lattice
The vertex arrangement of the 16-cell honeycomb is called the D4 lattice or F4 lattice. The vertices of this lattice are the centers of the 3-spheres in the densest known packing of equal spheres in 4-space; its kissing number is 24, which is also the same as the kissing number in R4, as proved by Oleg Musin in 2003.
The related D lattice (also called D) can be constructed by the union of two D4 lattices, and is identical to the C4 lattice:
∪ = =
The kissing number for D is 23 = 8, (2n – 1 for n < 8, 240 for n = 8, and 2n(n – 1) for n > 8).
The related D lattice (also called D and C) can be constructed by the union of all four D4 lattices, but it is identical to the D4 lattice: It is also the 4-dimensional body centered cubic, the union of two 4-cube honeycombs in dual positions.
∪ ∪ ∪ = = ∪ .
The kissing number of the D lattice (and D4 lattice) is 24 and i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acan | Acan or ACAN may refer to:
Acan (god), a Maya deity
Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names
ACAN (gene), a gene coding for the aggrecan protein
ACAN-EFE, a news agency
See also
Akan (disambiguation)
Achan (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement%20control%20protein | Complement control protein are proteins that interact with components of the complement system.
The complement system is tightly regulated by a network of proteins known as "regulators of complement activation (RCA)" that help distinguish target cells as "self" or "non-self." A subset of this family of proteins, complement control proteins (CCP), are characterized by domains of conserved repeats that direct interaction with components of the complement system. These "Sushi" domains have been used to identify other putative members of the CCP family. There are many other RCA proteins that do not fall into this family.
Most CCPs prevent activation of the complement system on the surface of host cells and protect host tissues against damage caused by autoimmunity. Because of this, these proteins play important roles in autoimmune disorders and cancers.
Members
Most of the well-studied proteins within this family can be categorized in two classes:
Membrane-bound complement regulators
Membrane Cofactor Protein, MCP (CD46)
Decay Accelerating Factor, DAF (CD55)
Protectin (CD59)
Complement C3b/C4b Receptor 1, CR1 (CD35)
Complement Regulator of the Immunoglobulin Superfamily, CRIg
Soluble complement regulators
Factor H
C4-Binding Protein (C4bp)
Other proteins with characteristic CCP domains have been identified including members of the sushi domain containing (SUSD) protein family and Human CUB and sushi multiple domains family (CSMD).
Mechanisms of protection
Eve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting%20and%20Guiding%20in%20Sweden | Scouting and Guiding in Sweden is represented by one organisation Scouterna as a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement and World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts. It was formed in 2012 as the successor to Svenska Scoutrådet (The Swedish Guide and Scout Council, SSR) which consisted of five different associations.
Scouting in Sweden was founded in 1916 by Ebbe Liberath and Guiding followed in 1910. The Swedish Boy Scouts were among the charter members of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1922. The Girl Guides were among the founders of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts in 1928.
Swedish Scouting has close relations to the Swedish royal family. King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden is the most prominent member of the Scouterna and the Honorary President of the World Scout Foundation- All his children are members of the movement.
The Swedish Scout motto is: "Var redo!" - "Alltid redo!" (Be Prepared! - Always prepared!)
Svenska Scoutrådet
The Svenska Scoutrådet was formed in 1961 and consisted of five associations, some of them with a number of affiliates:
Svenska Scoutförbundet (The Swedish Guide and Scout Association, SSF) was Sweden's largest Scouting organization with 55,500 members. Their approach to Scouting is interreligious.
Svenska Missionskyrkans Ungdom Scout (SMU), commonly known as "SMU Scout" is the Guide and Scout organization of the Mission Covenant Youth of Sweden and was Sweden's second biggest Scouting org |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20exponential%20family | In probability and statistics, a natural exponential family (NEF) is a class of probability distributions that is a special case of an exponential family (EF).
Definition
Univariate case
The natural exponential families (NEF) are a subset of the exponential families. A NEF is an exponential family in which the natural parameter η and the natural statistic T(x) are both the identity. A distribution in an exponential family with parameter θ can be written with probability density function (PDF)
where and are known functions.
A distribution in a natural exponential family with parameter θ can thus be written with PDF
[Note that slightly different notation is used by the originator of the NEF, Carl Morris. Morris uses ω instead of η and ψ instead of A.]
General multivariate case
Suppose that , then a natural exponential family of order p has density or mass function of the form:
where in this case the parameter
Moment and cumulant generating functions
A member of a natural exponential family has moment generating function (MGF) of the form
The cumulant generating function is by definition the logarithm of the MGF, so it is
Examples
The five most important univariate cases are:
normal distribution with known variance
Poisson distribution
gamma distribution with known shape parameter α (or k depending on notation set used)
binomial distribution with known number of trials, n
negative binomial distribution with known
These five examples – Poisson, binomial |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Morris%20%28statistician%29 | Carl Neracher Morris was a professor in the Statistics Department of Harvard University and spent several years as a researcher for the RAND Corporation working on the RAND Health Insurance Experiment.
Early life
Carl Morris had received his BS in Aeronautical Engineering from the California Institute of Technology in 1960 and then attended Indiana University until 1962. He obtained his Ph.D. in statistics from Stanford University under advisor Charles Stein in 1966.
Since 1990, Morris has been at Harvard Statistics Department and Harvard Medical School Department of Health Care Policy. He served as the chair of the Harvard Statistics Department from 1994 to 2000.
Morris has also been a professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz, Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School, Stanford University, and the University of Texas at Austin where he served as Director of the Center for Statistical Sciences.
Morris is a Fellow of the American Statistical Association, Institute of Mathematical Statistics, and Royal Statistical Society, and an elected member of ISI. Morris was an editor of both the Theory and Methods, the Journal of the American Statistical Association (1983–1985) and Statistical Science (1989–1991).
Morris is best known for his work on natural exponential families with quadratic variance functions (NEF-QVF), a theory which classifies the most common statistical distributions. Morris is also well known for his work in sports statistics.
References
MathSciNe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrosinase | Myrosinase (, thioglucoside glucohydrolase, sinigrinase, and sinigrase) is a family of enzymes involved in plant defense against herbivores, specifically the mustard oil bomb. The three-dimensional structure has been elucidated and is available in the PDB (see links in the infobox).
A member of the glycoside hydrolase family, myrosinase possesses several similarities with the more ubiquitous O-glycosidases. However, myrosinase is the only known enzyme found in nature that can cleave a thio-linked glucose. Its known biological function is to catalyze the hydrolysis of a class of compounds called glucosinolates.
Myrosinase activity
Myrosinase is regarded as a defense-related enzyme and is capable of hydrolyzing glucosinolates into various compounds, some of which are toxic.
Mechanism
Myrosinase catalyzes the chemical reaction
a thioglucoside + H2O a sugar + a thiol
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are thioglucoside and H2O, whereas its two products are sugar and thiol.
In the presence of water, myrosinase cleaves off the glucose group from a glucosinolate. The remaining molecule then quickly converts to a thiocyanate, an isothiocyanate, or a nitrile; these are the active substances that serve as defense for the plant. The hydrolysis of glucosinolates by myrosinase can yield a variety of products, depending on various physiological conditions such as pH and the presence of certain cofactors. All known reactions have been observed to share the same initial steps. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paley%E2%80%93Zygmund%20inequality | In mathematics, the Paley–Zygmund inequality bounds the
probability that a positive random variable is small, in terms of
its first two moments. The inequality was
proved by Raymond Paley and Antoni Zygmund.
Theorem: If Z ≥ 0 is a random variable with
finite variance, and if , then
Proof: First,
The first addend is at most , while the second is at most by the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality. The desired inequality then follows. ∎
Related inequalities
The Paley–Zygmund inequality can be written as
This can be improved. By the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality,
which, after rearranging, implies that
This inequality is sharp; equality is achieved if Z almost surely equals a positive constant.
In turn, this implies another convenient form (known as Cantelli's inequality) which is
where and .
This follows from the substitution valid when .
A strengthened form of the Paley-Zygmund inequality states that if Z is a non-negative random variable then
for every .
This inequality follows by applying the usual Paley-Zygmund inequality to the conditional distribution of Z given that it is positive and noting that the various factors of cancel.
Both this inequality and the usual Paley-Zygmund inequality also admit versions: If Z is a non-negative random variable and then
for every . This follows by the same proof as above but using Hölder's inequality in place of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality.
See also
Cantelli's inequality
Second moment method
Concentration inequality – a summa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyltransferase | Acetyltransferase (or transacetylase) is a type of transferase enzyme that transfers an acetyl group, a process called acetylation.
Examples include:
Histone acetyltransferases including CBP histone acetyltransferase
Choline acetyltransferase
Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
Serotonin N-acetyltransferase
NatA Acetyltransferase
NatB acetyltransferase
See also
Acyltransferase
Acetylation
External links
Transferases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piwi | Piwi (or PIWI) genes were identified as regulatory proteins responsible for stem cell and germ cell differentiation. Piwi is an abbreviation of P-element Induced WImpy testis in Drosophila. Piwi proteins are highly conserved RNA-binding proteins and are present in both plants and animals. Piwi proteins belong to the Argonaute/Piwi family and have been classified as nuclear proteins. Studies on Drosophila have also indicated that Piwi proteins have no slicer activity conferred by the presence of the Piwi domain. In addition, Piwi associates with heterochromatin protein 1, an epigenetic modifier, and piRNA-complementary sequences. These are indications of the role Piwi plays in epigenetic regulation. Piwi proteins are also thought to control the biogenesis of piRNA as many Piwi-like proteins contain slicer activity which would allow Piwi proteins to process precursor piRNA into mature piRNA.
Protein structure and function
The structure of several Piwi and Argonaute proteins (Ago) have been solved. Piwi proteins are RNA-binding proteins with 2 or 3 domains: The N-terminal PAZ domain binds the 3'-end of the guide RNA; the middle MID domain binds the 5'-phosphate of RNA; and the C-terminal PIWI domain acts as an RNase H endonuclease that can cleave RNA. The small RNA partners of Ago proteins are microRNAs (miRNAs). Ago proteins utilize miRNAs to silence genes post-transcriptionally or use small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in both transcription and post-transcription silencing mech |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spongin | Spongin, a modified type of collagen protein, forms the fibrous skeleton of most organisms among the phylum Porifera, the sponges. It is secreted by sponge cells known as spongocytes.
Spongin gives a sponge its flexibility. True spongin is found only in members of the class Demospongiae.
Research directions
Use in the removal of phenolic compounds from wastewater
Researchers have found spongin to be useful in the photocatalytic degradation and removal of bisphenols (such as BPA) in wastewater. A heterogeneous catalyst consisting of a spongin scaffold for iron phthalocyanine (SFe) in conjunction with peroxide and UV radiation has been shown to remove phenolic wastes more quickly and efficiently than conventional methods. Other research using spongin scaffolds for the immobilization of Trametes versicolor Laccase has shown similar results in phenol degradation.
References
Marine biology
Collagens |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra%20Postel | Sandra Postel is the founding director of the Global Water Policy Project. She is a world expert on fresh water and related ecosystems. From 2009-2015, she served as Freshwater Fellow of the National Geographic Society. She is the author of scores of articles and several books on global freshwater issues, including Last Oasis, which appears in eight languages, and most recently Replenish: The Virtuous Cycle of Water and Prosperity. She is the recipient of four honorary doctor of science degrees. From 1988 to 1994 she served as the Vice President for Research at the Worldwatch Institute. Postel has taught water policy courses at Tufts University and Mount Holyoke College. In 2002, Scientific American magazine named her as one of their "Scientific American 50" to recognize her contribution to science and technology. Postel's work aims to build a more water-secure world for all earthly beings. In 2021, Postel was awarded the Stockholm Water Prize, often described as the Nobel Prize for water.
Overview
After graduate school, Postel worked as a natural resources consultant with a private firm in Menlo Park, California. In 1983 she joined the Worldwatch Institute, where she assumed the global water portfolio. From 1988 to 1994 she served as Vice President for Research. She left the Worldwatch Institute in 1994, moved to Massachusetts, and founded the Global Water Policy Project, which continues to serve as the umbrella for Postel's research, writing, speaking and consulting. In |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939%E2%80%9340%20Serie%20A | The 1939–40 Serie A season was won by Ambrosiana-Inter.
Teams
Fiorentina and Venezia had been promoted from Serie B.
Final classification
Results
Top goalscorers
References and sources
Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio - La Storia 1898-2004, Panini Edizioni, Modena, September 2005
External links
- All results on RSSSF Website.
Serie A seasons
Italy
1939–40 in Italian football leagues |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream%20thrust%20averaging | In fluid dynamics, stream thrust averaging is a process used to convert three-dimensional flow through a duct into one-dimensional uniform flow. It makes the assumptions that the flow is mixed adiabatically and without friction. However, due to the mixing process, there is a net increase in the entropy of the system. Although there is an increase in entropy, the stream thrust averaged values are more representative of the flow than a simple average as a simple average would violate the second Law of Thermodynamics.
Equations for a perfect gas
Stream thrust:
Mass flow:
Stagnation enthalpy:
Solutions
Solving for yields two solutions. They must both be analyzed to determine which is the physical solution. One will usually be a subsonic root and the other a supersonic root. If it is not clear which value of velocity is correct, the second law of thermodynamics may be applied.
Second law of thermodynamics:
The values and are unknown and may be dropped from the formulation. The value of entropy is not necessary, only that the value is positive.
One possible unreal solution for the stream thrust averaged velocity yields a negative entropy. Another method of determining the proper solution is to take a simple average of the velocity and determining which value is closer to the stream thrust averaged velocity.
References
Equations of fluid dynamics
Fluid dynamics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smits | Smits is a Dutch surname that is considered a variant of the more common Smit surname. The name is an old plural of Smid (blacksmith), though the plural in modern Dutch would be Smeden.
Frequency of occurrence in general populations
Information for surname frequency in the Netherlands is limited by the end of comprehensive census taking in 1971. The most recent readily available information is based on the 1947 census, for which both raw census data and surname frequency data have been made available to the general public. In 1947 there were 15,151 recorded people with the surname Smits, while the general census provides a figure of 9,519,000 as the 1947 population. Working with this data the frequency of the Smits surname in the Netherlands in 1947 can be calculated to be ~0.159% or ~1,590 of every 1,000,000 people, which is ½ the frequency of the surname Smit, of which Smits is a variant. In 2007 there were 23,205 carriers of this surname in The Netherlands and 3,888 in Belgium.
Notable people sharing the Smits surname
Alexander Smits (born 1948), Australian-American engineer
Andreas Smits (1870–1948), Dutch physical chemist
Anita Smits (born 1967), Dutch archer
Bart Smits (born 1972), Dutch heavy metal singer
Eva Smits (1906–1992), Dutch freestyle swimmer
George Smits (1944–1997), Belgian inventor of experimental musical instruments
Glenn Smits (born 1990), Dutch tennis player
Gregory Smits (born 1960), American historian and Japanologist
Hans Smits (born |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Rothenberg | Susan Charna Rothenberg (January 20, 1945 – May 18, 2020) was an American contemporary painter, printmaker, sculptor, and draughtswoman. She became known as an artist through her iconic images of the horse, which synthesized the opposing forces of abstraction and representation.
Early life and education
Rothenberg was born in Buffalo, New York, on January 20, 1945, the daughter of Adele (Cohen), a president of the Buffalo Red Cross, and Leonard Rothenberg, who owned a supermarket chain.
In 1965, she graduated from Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. In 1967, she went to Washington, D.C., and studied at George Washington University and the Corcoran Museum School.
In 1969, she moved to New York, where she became a member of a dedicated community of artists. Through large acrylic paintings featuring emblematic, life-sized images of horses, largely monochromatic, she established her reputation in the New York art world in the early 1970s.
Career
Rothenberg's first solo exhibition in New York in 1975 was at the 112 Greene Street Gallery. Consisting of three large-scale paintings of horses, it was heralded for introducing imagery into minimalist abstraction, while bringing a new sensitivity to figuration. Critic Peter Schjeldahl called the show "a eureka," stating that "the large format of the pictures was a gesture of ambition," and that "the mere reference to something really existing was astonishing."
From the mid-1970s on Rothenber |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20engineering | Virtual engineering (VE) is defined as integrating geometric models and related engineering tools such as analysis, simulation, optimization, and decision making tools, etc., within a computer-generated environment that facilitates multidisciplinary collaborative product development. Virtual engineering shares many characteristics with software engineering, such as the ability to obtain many different results through different implementations.
Description
The concept
A virtual engineering environment provides a user-centered, first-person perspective that enables users to interact with an engineered system naturally and provides users with a wide range of accessible tools. This requires an engineering model that includes the geometry, physics, and any quantitative or qualitative data from the real system. The user should be able to walk through the operating system and observe how it works and how it responds to changes in design, operation, or any other engineering modification. Interaction within the virtual environment should provide an easily understood interface, appropriate to the user's technical background and expertise, that enables the user to explore and discover unexpected but critical details about the system's behavior. Similarly, engineering tools and software should fit naturally into the environment and allow the user to maintain her or his focus on the engineering problem at hand. A key aim of virtual engineering is to engage the human capacity for comple |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeluros | Aeluros Inc was a semiconductor company developing integrated circuits for wireline communications - for Ethernet operating at 10 Gigabits per second. The company was founded in 2001, and produced physical layer ICs used in 10GE line cards and optical modules (such as XENPAK, SFP, XFP).
Aeluros was the first to produce a XAUI transceiver dissipating less than 1 Watt of power, a transceiver that can drive directly a 10 Gbit/s VCSEL, and a transceiver with integrated Electronic Dispersion Compensation for 10GE using Multi-mode optical fiber.
Aeluros merged with NetLogic Microsystems in October 2007 in a deal exceeding $70M. Netlogic Microsystems was subsequently acquired by Broadcom in February 2012 for $3.7B.
External links
Official website
Technology description
References
Manufacturing companies established in 2001
Electronics companies of the United States
Companies based in Mountain View, California
Companies established in 2001
2001 establishments in California |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20aluminoferrite | Calcium aluminoferrite () is a dark brown crystalline phase commonly found in cements. In the cement industry it is termed tetra-calcium aluminoferrite or ferrite. In cement chemist notation (CCN), it is abbreviated as meaning in the oxide notation. It also exists in nature as the rare mineral brownmillerite.
Properties of the pure phase
In the absence of elements other than calcium, aluminium, iron and oxygen, calcium aluminoferrite forms a solid solution series of formula for all values of x in the range 0–0.7.
Compositions with x > 0.7 do not exist at ordinary pressures (see dicalcium aluminate). The crystal is orthorhombic, and is normally lath-like. Its density varies from 4026 kg·m−3 (x = 0) to 3614 kg⋅m−3 (x = 0.7). All compositions melt incongruently in the range 1400−1450 °C. They are ferromagnetic, progressively more so as iron content increases. These phases are easily prepared from the oxides.
Phases in Portland cement clinker
In Portland cement clinker, calcium aluminoferrite () occurs as an "interstitial phase", crystallizing from the melt as the reaction end-product of the flux components ( and ) added in the raw materials to lower the high melting point of the oxide mix CaO-. Its presence in clinker is solely due to the need to obtain liquid at the peak kiln processing temperature (1400−1450 °C), facilitating the formation of the desired silicate phases. Apart from this benefit, its effects on cement properties are little more than those of a diluent. Its |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersingular%20K3%20surface | In algebraic geometry, a supersingular K3 surface is a K3 surface over a field k of characteristic p > 0 such that the slopes of Frobenius on the crystalline cohomology H2(X,W(k)) are all equal to 1. These have also been called Artin supersingular K3 surfaces. Supersingular K3 surfaces can be considered the most special and interesting of all K3 surfaces.
Definitions and main results
More generally, a smooth projective variety X over a field of characteristic p > 0 is called supersingular if all slopes of Frobenius on the crystalline cohomology Ha(X,W(k)) are equal to a/2, for all a. In particular, this gives the standard notion
of a supersingular abelian variety. For a variety X over a finite field Fq, it is equivalent to say that the eigenvalues of Frobenius on the l-adic cohomology Ha(X,Ql) are equal to qa/2 times roots of unity. It follows that any variety in positive characteristic whose l-adic cohomology is generated by algebraic cycles is supersingular.
A K3 surface whose l-adic cohomology is generated by algebraic cycles is sometimes called a Shioda supersingular K3 surface. Since the second Betti number of a K3 surface is always 22, this property means that the surface has 22 independent elements in its Picard group (ρ = 22). From what we have said, a K3 surface with Picard number 22 must be supersingular.
Conversely, the Tate conjecture would imply that every supersingular K3 surface over an algebraically closed field has Picard number 22. This is now known in e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Walsh | Thomas, Tom, or Tommy Walsh may refer to:
Sportspeople
Association football (soccer)
Tot Walsh (Thomas Walsh, 1900–1950), English association footballer for Bolton, Bristol City and Crystal Palace
Tom Walsh (footballer) (born 1996), Scottish association footballer
Gaelic football
Tommy Walsh (Kerry footballer) (born 1988), Kerry Gaelic footballer and Australian rules footballer
Tommy Walsh (Wicklow Gaelic footballer), Wicklow Gaelic footballer
Hurling
Tom Walsh (Dunnamaggin hurler), former Kilkenny hurler
Tom Walsh (Thomastown hurler) (born 1944), former Kilkenny hurler
Tommy Walsh (hurler, born 1983), Irish hurler for Kilkenny and Tullaroan
Tommy Walsh (hurler, born 1998), Irish hurler for Kilkenny and Tullaroan
Rugby
Tom Walsh (rugby league), rugby league footballer of the 1900s and 1910s for Hunslet
Tom Walsh (rugby league, Castleford), rugby league footballer of the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s for Castleford
Others
Tom Walsh (American football) (born 1949), former Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders offensive coordinator and college head coach
Thomas Walsh (skier) (born 1995), American para-alpine skier
Tom Walsh (baseball) (1886–1963), American baseball player
Tom Walsh (shot putter) (born 1992), New Zealand shot putter
Tom Walsh (squash player) (born 1999), English professional squash player
Politicians
Thomas Walsh (Irish politician) (1901–1956), Fianna Fáil politician and Minister for Agriculture
Thomas Walsh (Massachusetts politician) (born 1960), Mas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calexcitin | Calexcitin is a calcium-binding protein first isolated from the sea snail Hermissenda crassicornis. It is upregulated following Pavlovian conditioning.
Calexcitin has four EF-hand motifs that possess different functions while the fourth one is nonfunctional. Calexcitin has the tendency to regulate K+ channels. In addition, Calexcitin also shows a sign of GTP binding protein in which that binds to Ca2+.
Calexcitin is neuronal-specific and becomes phosphorylated and upregulated in learning of association.
EF-hand motifs
Calexcitin which has four EF-hand motifs. The first three function in the binding metal ions which are from EF-1 to EF-3. EF-1 and EF-2 contain the proclivity into binding with Mg2+ and Ca2+. However, the EF-3 has a tendency into binding with Ca2+. The fourth EF-hand does not function due to the lack of metal-binding residues.
Functions
Calexcitin directly regulate the K+ channels. Due to the fact that "Calexcitin is also a high affinity substrate for protein kinase C. Application of calexcitin to the inner surface of inside-out patches of human fibroblast membranes, in the presence of Ca2+ and the absence of endogenous Ca2+/calmodulin kinase type II or protein kinase C activity, reduced the mean open time and mean open probability of 115 ± 6 pS K+ channels". Also, calexcitin is very great at making the membrane to be more excitable due to "When microinjected into molluscan neurons or rabbit cerebellar Purkinje cell dendrites". In addition, calexcitin ac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurogranin | Neurogranin is a calmodulin-binding protein expressed primarily in the brain, particularly in dendritic spines, and participating in the protein kinase C signaling pathway. Neurogranin is the main postsynaptic protein regulating the availability of calmodulin, binding to it in the absence of calcium. Phosphorylation by protein kinase C lowers its binding ability. NRGN gene expression is controlled by thyroid hormones. Human neurogranin consists of 78 amino acids.
One study tells of potential link of neurogranin gene to the heightened risk of schizophrenia in males, another study gives evidence of lowered neurogranin immunoreactivity in the brains of people suffering from schizophrenia.
Neurogranin concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is further discussed as marker for synaptic dysfunction in age-related neurodegeneration. It has also been shown to be specifically increased in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Especially the ratio of CSF neurogranin trunc P75 and the beta-secretase BACE1 is suggested as potential marker for cognitive deterioration in the progress of Alzheimer's disease.
Prior to its identification in the bovine and rat brain in 1991, neurogranin was known as a putative protein kinase C-phosphorylated protein named p17. Human neurogranin was cloned in 1997 and turned out to be 96% identical to the rat protein.
References
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy%20Valley%2C%20Oak%20Ridge%2C%20Tennessee | Happy Valley was a construction camp of trailer homes and hutments at the Clinton Engineer Works of the Manhattan Project in the 1940s. It was located near the K-25 gaseous diffusion plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, to lessen travelling time for the seventeen thousand construction men working there.
The Happy Valley settlement was dismantled in the early 1950s.
References
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Former populated places in Tennessee
Manhattan Project sites |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symporter | A symporter is an integral membrane protein that is involved in the transport of two (or more) different molecules across the cell membrane in the same direction. The symporter works in the plasma membrane and molecules are transported across the cell membrane at the same time, and is, therefore, a type of cotransporter. The transporter is called a symporter, because the molecules will travel in the same direction in relation to each other. This is in contrast to the antiport transporter. Typically, the ion(s) will move down the electrochemical gradient, allowing the other molecule(s) to move against the concentration gradient. The movement of the ion(s) across the membrane is facilitated diffusion, and is coupled with the active transport of the molecule(s). In symport, two molecule move in a 'similar direction' at the 'same time'. For example, the movement of glucose along with sodium ions.
Examples
SGLT1 in the intestinal epithelium transports sodium ions (Na+) and glucose across luminal membrane of the epithelial cells so that it can be absorbed into the bloodstream. This is the basis of oral rehydration therapy. If this symporter did not exist, individual sodium channels and glucose uniporters would not be able to transfer glucose against the concentration gradient and into the bloodstream.
Na+/K+/2Cl− symporter in the loop of Henle in the renal tubules of the kidney transports 4 molecules of 3 different types; a sodium ion (Na+), a potassium ion (K+) and two chloride |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20IJ | Haplogroup IJ (M429/P125) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, an immediate descendant of Haplogroup IJK (formerly known as Haplogroup F-L15). IJK is a branch of Haplogroup HIJK.
The immediate descendants of IJ are Haplogroup I and Haplogroup J. Its sole sibling is K (which includes most of the world's male population).
Haplogroup IJ derived populations account for a significant proportion of the pre-modern populations of Europe (especially Scandinavia and the Balkans), Anatolia, the Caucasus, the Middle East (especially Arabia, Levant and Mesopotamia) and coastal North Africa. As a result of mass migrations during the modern era, they are now also significant in The Americas and Australasia.
Origin
A 2008 estimate suggested that the most recent common ancestor of haplogroup IJ could have lived 30,500–46,200 years ago, while another estimate suggests 43,000–45,700 years.
Both of the primary branches of haplogroup IJ – I-M170 and J-M304 – are found among modern populations of the Caucasus, Anatolia, and Southwest Asia. This tends to suggest that Haplogroup IJ branched from IJK in West Asia, Caucasus and/or the Middle East.
Examples of the basal/paragroup Haplogroup IJ* (M429) were first reported in a 2012 study of genetic diversity in Iran, by Grugni et al. These individuals were reported to be positive for M429 and negative for the SNPs M170 and M304, which define haplogroup I and haplogroup J respectively. However, because the researchers filtered for relatively |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20DE | Haplogroup DE is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is defined by the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutations, or UEPs, M1(YAP), M145(P205), M203, P144, P153, P165, P167, P183. DE is unique because it is distributed in several geographically distinct clusters. An immediate subclade, haplogroup D (also known as D-CTS3946), is mainly found in East Asia, parts of Central Asia, and the Andaman Islands, but also sporadically in West Africa and West Asia. The other immediate subclade, haplogroup E, is common in Africa, and to a lesser extent the Middle East and southern Europe.
The most well-known unique event polymorphism (UEP) that defines DE is the Y-chromosome Alu Polymorphism "YAP". The mutation was caused when a strand of DNA, known as Alu, inserted a copy of itself into the Y chromosome. Hence, all Y chromosomes belonging to DE, D, E and their subclades are YAP-positive (YAP+). All Y chromosomes that belong to other haplogroups and subclades are YAP-negative (YAP-).
The age of haplogroup DE, previously estimated at between 65,000 and 71,000 years, was later estimated at around 68,555 years and most recently at around 76,500 years old.
Origins
Discovery
The YAP insertion was discovered by scientists led by Michael Hammer of the University of Arizona. Between 1997 and 1998 Hammer published three articles relating to the origins of haplogroup DE. These articles state that YAP insertion originated in Asia. As recently as 2007, some studies such as Chandrasekar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preprophase%20band | The preprophase band is a microtubule array found in plant cells that are about to undergo cell division and enter the preprophase stage of the plant cell cycle. Besides the phragmosome, it is the first microscopically visible sign that a plant cell is about to enter mitosis. The preprophase band was first observed and described by Jeremy Pickett-Heaps and Donald Northcote at Cambridge University in 1966.
Just before mitosis starts, the preprophase band forms as a dense band of microtubules around the phragmosome and the future division plane just below the plasma membrane. It encircles the nucleus at the equatorial plane of the future mitotic spindle when dividing cells enter the G2 phase of the cell cycle after DNA replication is complete. The preprophase band consists mainly of microtubules and microfilaments (actin) and is generally 2-3 µm wide. When stained with fluorescent markers, it can be seen as two bright spots close to the cell wall on either side of the nucleus.
Plant cells lack centrosomes as microtubule organizing centers. Instead, the microtubules of the mitotic spindle aggregate on the nuclear surface and are reoriented to form the spindle at the end of prophase. The preprophase band also functions in properly orienting the mitotic spindle, and contributes to efficient spindle formation during prometaphase
The preprophase band disappears as soon as the nuclear envelope breaks down and the mitotic spindle forms, leaving behind an actin-depleted zone. Howev |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine | Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is a class of phospholipids found in biological membranes. They are synthesized by the addition of cytidine diphosphate-ethanolamine to diglycerides, releasing cytidine monophosphate. S-Adenosyl methionine can subsequently methylate the amine of phosphatidylethanolamines to yield phosphatidylcholines.
Function
In cells
Phosphatidylethanolamines are found in all living cells, composing 25% of all phospholipids. In human physiology, they are found particularly in nervous tissue such as the white matter of brain, nerves, neural tissue, and in spinal cord, where they make up 45% of all phospholipids.
Phosphatidylethanolamines play a role in membrane fusion and in disassembly of the contractile ring during cytokinesis in cell division. Additionally, it is thought that phosphatidylethanolamine regulates membrane curvature. Phosphatidylethanolamine is an important precursor, substrate, or donor in several biological pathways.
As a polar head group, phosphatidylethanolamine creates a more viscous lipid membrane compared to phosphatidylcholine. For example, the melting temperature of di-oleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine is -16 °C while the melting temperature of di-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine is -20 °C. If the lipids had two palmitoyl chains, phosphatidylethanolamine would melt at 63 °C while phosphatidylcholine would melt already at 41 °C. Lower melting temperatures correspond, in a simplistic view, to more fluid membranes.
In humans
In humans, metabol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers%20against%20decapentaplegic | Mothers against decapentaplegic is a protein from the SMAD family that was discovered in Drosophila. During Drosophila research, it was found that a mutation in the gene in the mother repressed the gene decapentaplegic in the embryo. The phrase "Mothers against" was added as a humorous take-off on organizations opposing various issues e.g. Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD); and based on a tradition of such unusual naming within the gene research community.
Several human homologues are known:
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 5
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9
References
Proteins
SMAD (protein) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FKBP4 | FK506-binding protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FKBP4 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the immunophilin protein family, which play a role in immunoregulation and basic cellular processes involving protein folding and trafficking. This encoded protein is a cis-trans prolyl isomerase that binds to the immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin. It has high structural and functional similarity to FK506-binding protein 1A (FKBP1A), but unlike FKBP1A, this protein does not have immunosuppressant activity when complexed with FK506. It interacts with interferon regulatory factor-4 and plays an important role in immunoregulatory gene expression in B and T lymphocytes. This encoded protein is known to associate with phytanoyl-CoA alpha-hydroxylase. It can also associate with two heat shock proteins (hsp90 and hsp70) and thus may play a role in the intracellular trafficking of hetero-oligomeric forms of the steroid hormone receptors. This protein correlates strongly with adeno-associated virus type 2 vectors (AAV) resulting in a significant increase in AAV-mediated transgene expression in human cell lines. Thus this encoded protein is thought to have important implications for the optimal use of AAV vectors in human gene therapy.
Structure
This protein contains TPR repeats and has a PPlase domain.
Clinical significance
Recent research suggests that FKBP4 may play a role in preventing the Tau protein from turning pathogenic. This |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-induced%20transcriptional%20silencing | RNA-induced transcriptional silencing (RITS) is a form of RNA interference by which short RNA molecules – such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) – trigger the downregulation of transcription of a particular gene or genomic region. This is usually accomplished by posttranslational modification of histone tails (e.g. methylation of lysine 9 of histone H3) which target the genomic region for heterochromatin formation. The protein complex that binds to siRNAs and interacts with the methylated lysine 9 residue of histones H3 (H3K9me2) is the RITS complex.
RITS was discovered in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and has been shown to be involved in the initiation and spreading of heterochromatin in the mating-type region and in centromere formation. The RITS complex in S. pombe contains at least a piwi domain-containing RNase H-like argonaute, a chromodomain protein Chp1, and an argonaute interacting protein Tas3 which can also bind to Chp1, while heterochromatin formation has been shown to require at least argonaute and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Loss of these genes in S. pombe results in abnormal heterochromatin organization and impairment of centromere function, resulting in lagging chromosomes on anaphase during cell division.
Function and mechanisms
The maintenance of heterochromatin regions by RITS complexes has been described as a self-reinforcing feedback loop, in which RITS complexes stably bind the methylated histones of a heterochromatin region using t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mating-type%20locus | The mating-type locus is a specialized region in the genomes of some yeast and other fungi, usually organized into heterochromatin and possessing unique histone methylation patterns. The genes in this region regulate the mating type of the organism and therefore determine key events in its life cycle, such as whether it will reproduce sexually or asexually. In fission yeast such as S. pombe, the formation and maintenance of the heterochromatin organization is regulated by RNA-induced transcriptional silencing, a form of RNA interference responsible for genomic maintenance in many organisms. Mating type regions have also been well studied in budding yeast S. cerevisiae and in the fungus Neurospora crassa.
Mating-type switching
In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mating-type is determined by two non-homologous alleles at the mating-type locus. S. cerevisiae has the capability of undergoing mating-type switching, that is conversion of some haploid cells in a colony from one mating-type to the other. Mating-type switching can occur as frequently as once every generation. Switching involves homologous recombinational repair of a site specific, programmed double-strand break, a highly organized process. This process replaces one mating type allelic DNA sequence with the sequence encoding the alternative mating-type allele. When two haploid cells of opposite mating type come into contact they can mate to form a diploid cell, a zygote, that may then undergo meiosis. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currawarna | Currawarna is a rural community in the central east part of the Riverina. It is situated by road, about 6 kilometres north west of Millwood and 32 kilometres south of Coolamon. At the 2016 census, Currawarna had a population of 189 people.
The place name Currawarna is derived from the Wiradjuri aboriginal language meaning "pine tree".
Currawarna Post Office opened on 1 August 1899 and closed in 1979.
Notes and references
External links
Towns in the Riverina
Towns in New South Wales
Populated places on the Murrumbidgee River |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millwood%2C%20New%20South%20Wales | Millwood is a rural community in the central east part of the Riverina. It is situated by road, about 6 kilometres south east from Currawarna and 26 kilometres south from Coolamon.
Millwood Post Office opened on 20 September 1898 and closed in 1918.
Gallery
Notes and references
Towns in the Riverina
Towns in New South Wales |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-box%20protein | F-box proteins are proteins containing at least one F-box domain. The first identified F-box protein is one of three components of the SCF complex, which mediates ubiquitination of proteins targeted for degradation by the 26S proteasome.
Core components
F-box domain is a protein structural motif of about 50 amino acids that mediates protein–protein interactions. It has consensus sequence and varies in few positions. It was first identified in cyclin F. The F-box motif of Skp2, consisting of three alpha-helices, interacts directly with the SCF protein Skp1. F-box domains commonly exist in proteins in cancer with other protein–protein interaction motifs such as leucine-rich repeats (illustrated in the Figure) and WD repeats, which are thought to mediate interactions with SCF substrates.
Function
F-box proteins have also been associated with cellular functions such as signal transduction and regulation of the cell cycle. In plants, many F-box proteins are represented in gene networks broadly regulated by microRNA-mediated gene silencing via RNA interference. F-box proteins are involved in many plant vegetative and reproduction growth and development. For example, F-box protein-FOA1 involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling to affect the seed germination. ACRE189/ACIF1 can regulate cell death and defense when the pathogen is recognized in the Tobacco and Tomato plant.
In human cells, under high-iron conditions, two iron atoms stabilise the F-Box FBXL5 and then the complex me |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta-cadinene%20synthase | The enzyme (+)-δ-cadinene synthase (EC 4.2.3.13) catalyzes the chemical reaction
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate (+)-δ-cadinene + diphosphate
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, (+)-δ-cadinene-forming). This enzyme participates in terpenoid biosynthesis. It employs one cofactor, magnesium.
δ-Cadinene synthase, a sesquiterpene cyclase, is an enzyme expressed in plants that catalyzes a cyclization reaction in terpenoid biosynthesis. The enzyme cyclizes farnesyl diphosphate to δ-cadinene and releases pyrophosphate.
δ-Cadinene synthase is one of the key steps in the synthesis of gossypol, a toxic terpenoid produced in cotton seeds. Recently, cotton plants that stably underexpress the enzyme in seeds have been developed using RNA interference techniques, producing a plant that had been proposed as a rich source of dietary protein for developing countries.
External links
BRENDA entry
SwissProt entry
References
EC 4.2.3
Magnesium enzymes
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linamarin | Linamarin is a cyanogenic glucoside found in the leaves and roots of plants such as cassava, lima beans, and flax. It is a glucoside of acetone cyanohydrin. Upon exposure to enzymes and gut flora in the human intestine, linamarin and its methylated relative lotaustralin can decompose to the toxic chemical hydrogen cyanide; hence food uses of plants that contain significant quantities of linamarin require extensive preparation and detoxification. Ingested and absorbed linamarin is rapidly excreted in the urine and the glucoside itself does not appear to be acutely toxic. Consumption of cassava products with low levels of linamarin is widespread in the low-land tropics. Ingestion of food prepared from insufficiently processed cassava roots with high linamarin levels has been associated with dietary toxicity, particularly with the upper motor neuron disease known as konzo to the African populations in which it was first described by Trolli and later through the research network initiated by Hans Rosling. However, the toxicity is believed to be induced by ingestion of acetone cyanohydrin, the breakdown product of linamarin. Dietary exposure to linamarin has also been reported as a risk factor in developing glucose intolerance and diabetes, although studies in experimental animals have been inconsistent in reproducing this effect and may indicate that the primary effect is in aggravating existing conditions rather than inducing diabetes on its own.
The generation of cyanide from |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcone%20synthase | Chalcone synthase or naringenin-chalcone synthase (CHS) is an enzyme ubiquitous to higher plants and belongs to a family of polyketide synthase enzymes (PKS) known as type III PKS. Type III PKSs are associated with the production of chalcones, a class of organic compounds found mainly in plants as natural defense mechanisms and as synthetic intermediates. CHS was the first type III PKS to be discovered. It is the first committed enzyme in flavonoid biosynthesis.
The enzyme catalyzes the conversion of 4-coumaroyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to naringenin chalcone.
Function
CHS catalysis serves as the initial step for flavonoid biosynthesis. Flavonoids are important plant secondary metabolites that serve various functions in higher plants. These include pigmentation, UV protection, fertility, antifungal defense and the recruitment of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. CHS is believed to act as a central hub for the enzymes involved in the flavonoid pathway. Studies have shown that these enzymes interact via protein-protein interactions. Through FLIM FRET, it was shown that CHS interacts with chalcone isomerase (CHI), a consecutive step enzyme, as well as other non-consecutive step enzymes flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), and flavonol synthase I.
Naringenin-chalcone synthase uses malonyl-CoA and 4-coumaroyl-CoA to produce CoA, naringenin chalcone, and CO2.
Reaction
4-coumaroyl-CoA and three units of malonyl-CoA are converted into three molecules of carbon |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptienne%20%28typeface%29 | Égyptienne is a Swiss serif typeface belonging to the classification slab serif, or Egyptian, where the serifs are unbracketed and similar in weight to the horizontal strokes of the letters. Egyptienne was designed in 1956 by Adrian Frutiger for the Fonderie Deberny et Peignot and was the first new text face created for the process of phototypesetting.
The x-height is high, and some lowercase characters, especially a and e bear comparison with other Frutiger typefaces, especially Meridien and Serifa. Egyptienne shows historical influence of the Clarendon faces.
Égyptienne commonly appears on Chocolate letters.
References
Friedl, Frederich, Nicholas Ott and Bernard Stein. Typography: An Encyclopedic Survey of Type Design and Techniques Through History. Black Dog & Leventhal: 1998. .
Macmillan, Neil. An A–Z of Type Designers. Yale University Press: 2006. .
External links
Linotype typefaces
Slab serif typefaces
Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1956
Letterpress typefaces
Photocomposition typefaces
Digital typefaces
Typefaces designed by Adrian Frutiger |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20flow | Environmental flows describe the quantity, timing, and quality of water flows required to sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems and the human livelihoods and well being that depend on these ecosystems. In the Indian context river flows required for cultural and spiritual needs assumes significance. Through implementation of environmental flows, water managers strive to achieve a flow regime, or pattern, that provides for human uses and maintains the essential processes required to support healthy river ecosystems. Environmental flows do not necessarily require restoring the natural, pristine flow patterns that would occur absent human development, use, and diversion but, instead, are intended to produce a broader set of values and benefits from rivers than from management focused strictly on water supply, energy, recreation, or flood control.
Rivers are parts of integrated systems that include floodplains and riparian corridors. Collectively these systems provide a large suite of benefits. However, the world's rivers are increasingly being altered through the construction of dams, diversions, and levees. More than half of the world's large rivers are dammed, a figure that continues to increase. Almost 1,000 dams are planned or under construction in South America and 50 new dams are planned on China's Yangtze River alone. Dams and other river structures change the downstream flow patterns and consequently affect water quality, temperature, sediment movement and deposit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashlyk | A bashlyk, also spelled bashlik (, Adyghe: Shkharkhon, Abkhaz: qtarpá, Chechen: Ċukkuiy, Ossetic: Kaskæ , Tatar: Başlıq, Turkish: Başlık; "baş" - head, "-lıq" (Tatar) / "-lık" (Turkish) - derivative suffix), is a traditional Turkic, Caucasian, Iranian, and Cossack cone-shaped headdress hood, usually of leather, felt or wool, an ancient round topped felt bonnet with lappets for wrapping around the neck. Local versions determine the trim, which may consist of decorative cords, embroidery, jewelry, metallized strings, fur balls or tassels. Among dozens of versions are winter bashlyks worn atop regular headdress, cotton bashlyks, homeknitted bashlyks, silk bashlyks, scarf bashlyks, down bashlyks, dress bashlyks, jumpsuit-type bashlyks, etc. Bashlyks are used as traditional folk garment, and as uniform headdress.
A variation of bashlyks is a Kalpak (Qalpaq), a cone-shaped headdress without lappets, mostly made of leather, felt or wool, as depicted in the Repin's painting below. "Kalpak" is also a component of the ethnic name "Kara-Kalpak" (literally "a black kalpak" in Turkic), known from the history of the medieval Eastern Europe, and from the modern Karakalpak autonomous republic in the western Syr Darya - Amu Darya interfluve in Uzbekistan, north of the ancient Balkh.
In modern times, bashlyks became fashionable in Russia in 1830-1840, after the Napoleonic War with significant participation of the Bashkir cavalry. By the 1862 bashlyks were made a uniform headdress in Cossa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20magnetohydrodynamics | Computational magnetohydrodynamics (CMHD) is a rapidly developing branch of magnetohydrodynamics that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems that involve electrically conducting fluids. Most of the methods used in CMHD are borrowed from the well established techniques employed in Computational fluid dynamics. The complexity mainly arises due to the presence of a magnetic field and its coupling with the fluid. One of the important issues is to numerically maintain the (conservation of magnetic flux) condition, from Maxwell's equations, to avoid the presence of unrealistic effects, namely magnetic monopoles, in the solutions.
Open-source MHD software
Pencil CodeCompressible resistive MHD, intrinsically divergence free, embedded particles module, finite-difference explicit scheme, high-order derivatives, Fortran95 and C, parallelized up to hundreds of thousands cores. Source code is available.
RAMSES RAMSES is an open source program to model astrophysical systems, featuring self-gravitating, magnetised, compressible, radiative fluid flows. It is based on the Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) technique on a fully threaded graded octree. RAMSES is written in Fortran 90 and is making intensive use of the Message Passing Interface (MPI) library. Source code is available.
RamsesGPU RamsesGPU is an MHD program written in C++, based on the original RAMSES but only for regular grid (no AMR). The code has been designed to run on large clusters of GPU (NVIDIA g |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2833340%29%201998%20VG44 | , also written as (33340) 1998 VG44, is a trans-Neptunian object. It has a 2:3 orbital resonance with the planet Neptune, similar to Pluto, classifying it as a plutino. Its average distance from the Sun is 39.083 AU with a perihelion of 29.354 AU and an aphelion at 48.813 AU. Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.249, and is inclined by 3°. It is about 221 km in diameter, so it is unlikely to be classified as a dwarf planet. It was discovered on November 14, 1998, by J. A. Larsen, Nicole M. Danzl and A. Gleason at the Steward Observatory.
References
List of Trans Neptunian Objects, Minor Planet Center
http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/tnoslist.html
https://newton.spacedys.com/cgi-bin/astdys/astibo?objects:1998VG44;main
http://asteroid.lowell.edu/
External links
033340
19981114
Discoveries by Nichole M. Danzl
Discoveries by Arianna E. Gleason |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple%20comparisons%20problem | In statistics, the multiple comparisons, multiplicity or multiple testing problem occurs when one considers a set of statistical inferences simultaneously or infers a subset of parameters selected based on the observed values.
The more inferences are made, the more likely erroneous inferences become. Several statistical techniques have been developed to address that problem, typically by requiring a stricter significance threshold for individual comparisons, so as to compensate for the number of inferences being made.
History
The problem of multiple comparisons received increased attention in the 1950s with the work of statisticians such as Tukey and Scheffé. Over the ensuing decades, many procedures were developed to address the problem. In 1996, the first international conference on multiple comparison procedures took place in Tel Aviv.
Definition
Multiple comparisons arise when a statistical analysis involves multiple simultaneous statistical tests, each of which has a potential to produce a "discovery". A stated confidence level generally applies only to each test considered individually, but often it is desirable to have a confidence level for the whole family of simultaneous tests. Failure to compensate for multiple comparisons can have important real-world consequences, as illustrated by the following examples:
Suppose the treatment is a new way of teaching writing to students, and the control is the standard way of teaching writing. Students in the two groups |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity%20of%20Assam | The biodiversity of Assam (), a state in North-East India, makes it a biological hotspot with many rare and endemic plant and animal species. The greatest success in recent years has been the conservation of the Indian rhinoceros at the Kaziranga National Park, but a rapid increase in human population in Assam threatens many plants and animals and their natural habitats.
The rhinoceros, tiger, deer or chital / futukihorina (Axis axis), swamp deer or dolhorina (Cervus duvauceli duvauceli), clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), hoolock gibbon, pygmy hog or nol-gahori (Porcula salvania), hispid hare, golden langur (Trachypithecus geei), golden cat, giant civet, binturong, hog badger, porcupine, and civet are found in Assam. Moreover, there are abundant numbers of Gangetic dolphins, mongooses, giant squirrels and pythons. The largest population of wild water buffalo anywhere is in Assam.
The major birds in Assam include the blue-throated barbet or hetuluka (Megalaima asiatica), white-winged wood duck or deuhnah (Asarcornis scultulata), Pallas's fish eagle or kuruwa (Haliaeetus leucoryphus), great pied hornbill or rajdhonesh (Buceros bicornis homrai), Himalayan golden-backed three-toed wood-pecker or barhoituka (Dinopium shorii shorii), and migratory pelican.
Assam is also known for orchids and for valuable plant species and forest products.
Protected areas in Assam
There are several protections in Assam, including several national parks, in particular in the Brahmaputra Vall |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactalbumin | Lactalbumin, also known as "whey protein", is the albumin contained in milk and obtained from whey. Lactalbumin is found in the milk of many mammals. There are alpha and beta lactalbumins; both are contained in milk.
Targeted small scientific studies suggest that certain types of lactalbumin (whey protein) may improve immune responsiveness and increase levels of glutathione systemically in animals and which apparently possess antiviral (against viruses), anti-apoptotic (impede cell death) and anti-tumor (against cancers or tumors) activities in humans, but larger and better studies are needed to confirm these attributions.
See also
Alpha-lactalbumin
Beta-lactoglobulin
References
Notes
External links
Milk
Mammalian proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idan%20Shum | Idan Shum (; born 26 March 1976) is an Israeli former footballer.
References
External links
Profile and biography of Idan Shum on Maccabi Haifa's official website
Profile and statistics of Idan Shum on One.co.il
1976 births
Living people
Israeli Jews
Israeli men's footballers
Footballers from Kfar Saba
Hapoel Kfar Saba F.C. players
Hapoel Tzafririm Holon F.C. players
Maccabi Haifa F.C. players
Hapoel Petah Tikva F.C. players
Hapoel Rishon LeZion F.C. players
Maccabi Herzliya F.C. players
Maccabi Netanya F.C. players
Hapoel Haifa F.C. players
FC Spartak Vladikavkaz players
Liga Leumit players
Israeli Premier League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Israeli expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Israel men's under-21 international footballers
Israeli people of Moldovan-Jewish descent
Men's association football midfielders |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vroman%20effect | The Vroman effect, named after Leo Vroman, describes the process of competitive protein adsorption to a surface by blood serum proteins. The highest mobility proteins generally arrive first and are later replaced by less mobile proteins that have a higher affinity for the surface. The order of protein adsorption also depends on the molecular weight of the species adsorbing. Typically, low molecular weight proteins are displaced by high molecular weight protein while the opposite, high molecular weight being displaced by low molecular weight, does not occur. A typical example of this occurs when fibrinogen displaces earlier adsorbed proteins on a biopolymer surface and is later replaced by high molecular weight kininogen. The process is delayed in narrow spaces and on hydrophobic surfaces, fibrinogen is usually not displaced. Under stagnant conditions initial protein deposition takes place in the sequence: albumin; globulin; fibrinogen; fibronectin; factor XII, and HMWK.
Molecular Mechanisms of Action
While the exact mechanism of action is still unknown many important protein physical properties play a part in the Vroman Effect. Proteins have many properties that are important to take into consideration when discussing protein adsorption. These properties include the protein size, charge, mobility, stability, and the structure and composition of the different protein domains that make up the protein's tertiary structure. Protein size determines the molecular weight. Protein |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%20Doo%20Ron%20Ron | "Da Doo Ron Ron" is a song written by Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich and Phil Spector. It first became a popular top five hit single for the American girl group the Crystals in 1963. American teen idol Shaun Cassidy recorded the song in 1977 and his version hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. There have also been many other cover versions of this song, including one by the songwriters Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich themselves, performing as the Raindrops.
Composition
The song is the first collaboration in songwriting by Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich and Phil Spector. The song was composed over two days in Spector's office in New York. The title "Da Doo Ron Ron" was initially just nonsense syllables used as dummy line to separate each stanza and chorus until proper lyrics could be written, but Spector liked it so much that he kept it. Phil Spector did not want lyrics that were too cerebral and would interfere with a simple boy-meets-girl story line. The rhymes of the opening lines, "I met him on a Monday and my heart stood still ... Somebody told me that his name was Bill" was inspired by Bill Walsh, a friend of Spector who happened to visit Spector while the three were writing the song.
The Crystals original version
Background
The Crystals recorded "Da Doo Ron Ron" in March 1963 at Gold Star Studios in Los Angeles. It was produced by Phil Spector in his Wall of Sound style. Jack Nitzsche was the arranger and Larry Levine the engineer. The drummer was Hal Blaine. Do |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%20transporter%208 | Zinc transporter 8 (ZNT8) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC30A8 gene. ZNT8 is a zinc transporter related to insulin secretion in humans. In particular, ZNT8 is critical for the accumulation of zinc into beta cell secretory granules and the maintenance of stored insulin as tightly packaged hexamers. Certain alleles of the SLC30A8 gene may increase the risk for developing type 2 diabetes, but a loss-of-function mutation appears to greatly reduce the risk of diabetes.
Clinical significance
Association with type 2 diabetes (T2D)
Twelve rare variants in SLC30A8 have been identified through the sequencing or genotyping of approximately 150,000 individuals from 5 different ancestry groups. SLC30A8 contains a common variant (p.Trp325Arg), which is associated with T2D risk and levels of glucose and proinsulin. Individuals carrying protein-truncating variants collectively had 65% reduced risk of T2D. Additionally, non-diabetic individuals from Iceland harboring a frameshift variant p. Lys34Serfs*50 demonstrated reduced glucose levels. Earlier functional studies of SLC30A8 suggested that reduced zinc transport increased T2D risk. Conversely, loss-of-function mutations in humans indicate that SLC30A8 haploinsufficiency protects against T2D. Therefore, ZnT8 inhibition can serve as a therapeutic strategy in preventing T2D.
See also
Solute carrier family
References
Further reading
External links
Type 2 diabetes genes mapped out, BBC News article
Solute carrier famil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%20Nissim%20Algazi | Solomon Nissim Algazi (1610c. 1683) was rabbi in Smyrna and in Jerusalem in the 17th century. He was a prolific writer on all topics of rabbinical literature, and won distinction by his treatment of Talmudic hermeneutics and methodology.
His attempts to rationalize Talmudic aggadot, while not scientific in a modern sense, still prove him to have been superior to the average Talmudist of his age. His best work is his Talmudic methodology, Yabin Shemu'ah (He Will Elucidate the Message), which is written in the form of a commentary to Yeshu'ah Ha-Levi's Halikot 'Olam (Venice, 1639; Leghorn, 1792). He wrote two other works on Talmudic methodology; namely, Halikot Eli (The Ways of My God; Smyrna, 1663), and Gufe Halakot (Principles of Halakah; Smyrna, 1675). Algazi was also the author of:
Ahabat 'Olam (Everlasting Love), a series of homilies (Constantinople, 1642; Dyhernfurth, 1693)
Hamon Rabbah (The Great Multitude), an index of the Biblical passages quoted in Midrash Rabbah (Constantinople, 1644)
Zehab Sebah (The Gold of the Hoary Head), on Talmudic Haggadot, (Constantinople, 1683)
Leḥem Setarim (Secret Bread), Talmudic novellæ (Venice, 1664)
Me'ullefet Sappirim (Overlaid with Sapphires), selections from the Zohar (Smyrna, 1665; Amsterdam, 1703)
Raẓuf Ahabah (Inlaid with Love), or Apirion Shelomoh (Solomon's Palanquin), notes on the Tosafot to the haggadic passages in the Talmud (Smyrna, 1659; Amsterdam, 1710)
Ta'awah la-'Enayim (A Delight to the Eyes), notes on the Talmudic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median%20thyrohyoid%20ligament | The median thyrohyoid ligament (also middle hyothyroid ligament or middle thyrohyoid ligament) is the thicker, middle part of the thyrohyoid membrane. Its lateral thinner portions are pierced by the superior laryngeal vessels and the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. Its anterior surface is in relation with the thyrohyoideus, sternohyoideus, and omohyoideus muscles, and with the body of the hyoid bone.
References
External links
- "Larynx, anterior view"
- "Larynx, lateral view"
Ligaments of the head and neck |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirna%20Therapeutics | Sirna Therapeutics, Inc. was a San Francisco, California based biotechnology company that explored the use of RNA interference in human disease therapy. Sirna's development pipeline included several small interfering RNA (siRNA) drugs, thought to stably silence the expression of specific disease-related genes. Sirna's clinical trial of an siRNA-based treatment for age-related macular degeneration was the first such trial for an siRNA drug.
Sirna Therapeutics was acquired by Merck & Co. in 2006, the cash transaction deal was worth $1.1 billion.
Headquarters and laboratory
Sirna maintained its laboratory on the northeastern edge of Boulder, Colorado. Originally the corporate headquarters were also located in Boulder. Sirna, at one point, launched a search for a new headquarters complex. It originally considered multiple cities, including Cambridge, Massachusetts and San Diego, California.
Sirna selected San Francisco due to its proximity to various scientific institutions, its workforce, and the payroll tax exemption for biotechnology companies. Sirna's move was a part of a trend of biotechnology companies moving to San Francisco, bolstered due to a campaign to attract biotechnology companies to San Francisco and tax breaks instituted by Mayor of San Francisco Gavin Newsom. Business leaders of San Francisco who hoped that the city would have a major biotechnology presence had a positive reception to the Sirna decision.
The mayor's office, the Chamber of Commerce, and the Sa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20silencing | RNA silencing or RNA interference refers to a family of gene silencing effects by which gene expression is negatively regulated by non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs. RNA silencing may also be defined as sequence-specific regulation of gene expression triggered by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). RNA silencing mechanisms are conserved among most eukaryotes. The most common and well-studied example is RNA interference (RNAi), in which endogenously expressed microRNA (miRNA) or exogenously derived small interfering RNA (siRNA) induces the degradation of complementary messenger RNA. Other classes of small RNA have been identified, including piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) and its subspecies repeat associated small interfering RNA (rasiRNA).
Background
RNA silencing describes several mechanistically related pathways which are involved in controlling and regulating gene expression. RNA silencing pathways are associated with the regulatory activity of small non-coding RNAs (approximately 20–30 nucleotides in length) that function as factors involved in inactivating homologous sequences, promoting endonuclease activity, translational arrest, and/or chromatic or DNA modification. In the context in which the phenomenon was first studied, small RNA was found to play an important role in defending plants against viruses. For example, these studies demonstrated that enzymes detect double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) not normally found in cells and digest it into small pieces that are not able to cause |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4MBS | 4MBS Classic FM is an Australian community radio station which broadcasts classical music from Brisbane at a frequency of 103.7 MHz, as well as on digital radio and online.
Operations
Its operations are conducted by about 300 volunteers and a small number of paid staff. Operational funding is principally derived from commercial sponsorship, listener subscriptions, a ticketing service, occasional sales of second-hand LPs, and an annual classical music festival.
4MBS Classic FM has a loose affiliation with a number of similar independently owned and operated stations in other parts of Australia, including 2MBS Sydney, 3MBS Melbourne, 5MBS Adelaide and ArtSound FM Canberra.
History
The station first went to air on 1 March 1979 at 10.30am from a small area rented from the Queensland University of Technology's Kelvin Grove campus with Handel's Ode for St. Cecilia's Day. In 1994 it was moved to a large house in the suburb of Coorparoo. In later years, a 70-seat performance studio was built next to the house. The transmitter is located on Mount Coot-tha.
In the early 1990s it became home to Australia's only archive of original recordings by women composers, donated by the International League of Women Composers in New York.
Key programs
4MBS broadcasts a weekly program titled Music Lover's Choice with announcer Howard Ainsworth, which previously aired since 1967 on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
In addition to its FM program of classical music, 4MBS broadcasts since |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNMT1 | DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of methyl groups to specific CpG structures in DNA, a process called DNA methylation. In humans, it is encoded by the DNMT1 gene. DNMT1 forms part of the family of DNA methyltransferase enzymes, which consists primarily of DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B.
Function
This enzyme is responsible for maintaining DNA methylation, which ensures the fidelity of this epigenetic patterns across cell divisions. In line with this role, it has a strong preference towards methylating CpGs on hemimethylated DNA. However, DNMT1 can catalyze de novo DNA methylation in specific genomic contexts, including transposable elements and paternal imprint control regions. Aberrant methylation patterns are associated with certain human tumors and developmental abnormalities.
See also
DNA methyltransferase
Interactions
DNMT1 has been shown to interact with UHRF1,:
DMAP1,
DNMT3A
DNMT3B,
HDAC2,
PCNA,
RB1. and
G9A
DNMT1 is highly transcribed during the S phase of the cell cycle when it is required for methylation of the newly generated hemimethylated sites on daughter DNA strands. Its interaction with PCNA and UHRF1 has been implicated in localizing it to the replication fork. The direct co-operation between DNMT1 and G9a coordinates DNA and H3K9 methylation during cell division. This chromatin methylation is necessary for stable repression of gene expression during mammalian development.
Model organisms
Knockout exp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRSV | PRSV may refer to:
The plant pathogenic virus Papaya ringspot virus
In thermodynamics, the Peng–Robinson–Stryjek–Vera equation of state |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Soil%20Classification | The Australian Soil Classification is the classification system currently used to describe and classify soils in Australia. It is a general-purpose, hierarchical classification system, and consists of five categorical levels from the most general to the most specific: order, suborder, great group, subgroup, and family. An interactive, online key is available. The Australian Soil Classification supersedes other classification systems previously developed for Australian soils, including the Factual Key (1960) and the Handbook of Australian Soils (1968).
The Australian Soil Classification was developed by Ray Isbell, a retired soil scientist with CSIRO, and first published in 1996. A revised first edition was published in 2002, a second edition in 2010 and a third edition in March 2021. Since Ray Isbell's death in 2001 the National Committee on Soil and Terrain has led the updates and improvements to the classification and this committee is now listed as a co-author with Ray Isbell.
Structure of the classification system
Order level
At the top, most general, level of the Australian Soil Classification, there are fifteen Soil Orders. They are: Anthroposols, Arenosols, Calcarosols, Chromosols, Dermosols, Ferrosols, Hydrosols, Kandosols, Kurosols, Organosols, Podosols, Rudosols, Sodosols, Tenosols and Vertosols. The character of many of the Soil Orders reflects the arid, strongly-weathered nature of the Australian continent.
Suborder level
For the Vertosol, Kurosol, Sodosol, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grisha%20Ivanov | Grisha Ivanov (; born 16 January 1985) is a football striker from the Bulgaria currently playing for Brestnik 1948. He was raised in Botev Plovdiv's youth teams.
External links
Kaliakra Kavarna profile
Bulgarian men's footballers
1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Plovdiv
Men's association football forwards
Botev Plovdiv players
FC Kaliakra Kavarna players
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid%20dyshormonogenesis | Thyroid dyshormonogenesis is a rare condition due to genetic defects in the synthesis of thyroid hormones.
It is due to either deficiency of thyroid enzymes, inability to concentrate, or ineffective binding.
Signs and symptoms
Patients develop hypothyroidism with a goiter.
Cause
This is due to inability to produce thyroid hormones due to congenital absence of peroxidase or dehalogenase enzymes
Diagnosis
Types
One particular familial form is associated with sensorineural deafness (Pendred's syndrome).
OMIM includes the following:
Treatment
These patients respond well to levothyroxine (synthetic T4) and the goiter may decrease in size if any. They may not require surgery at any time.
References
External links
Thyroid disease
Membrane transport protein disorders
Congenital disorders of endocrine system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Nassirian | Ali Nassirian (; born February 4, 1935) is an Iranian actor. He has received various accolades, including two Crystal Simorghs, a Hafez Award, an Iran's Film Critics and Writers Association Award and a Sepas Award. Nasirian, Mohammad Ali Keshavarz, Ezatollah Entezami, Jamshid Mashayekhi and Davoud Rashidi are known as "the five most important actors in the history of Iranian cinema" because of their influence.
Film career
He first appeared in a supporting role in Dariush Mehrjui's The Cow (1969) alongside Ezatollah Entezami, another Iranian actor. Nassirian then played the title role of Mr. Naive (1970), also by Mehrjui. His other films include: The Postman (1971), The Cycle (1974), The Mandrake (1975), Kamalolmolk (1983), Mirza Norouz's Shoes (1985), Stone Lion (1986), Captain Khorshid (1987), The Scent of Joseph's Shirt (1995), and Iron Island (2005), Masxarebaz (2019) for which he received the Crystal Simorgh award for the best supporting actor. He played the lead role in The Saturday Hunter (2011), and Sun Children (2020).
Filmography
Film
Web
Television
Sarbedaran (1983–1984)
Hezar Dastan (1987)
The Forbidden Fruit (2007–2008)
Plays
2012: The Actor and His Wife, Niavaran Cultural Center, writer and actor, direct by Mohsen Moeini Negin Mirhasani Vahed
2012: Dozing-off Niavaran Cultural Center, writer and actor, direct by Mohsen Moeini
References
Ali Nassirian's profile at IranActor.com
External links
Living people
1935 births
Male actors from Tehran
I |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant%20proportion%20debt%20obligation | A Constant proportion debt obligation (CPDO) is a type of credit derivative sold to investors looking for exposure to credit risk. A CPDO is normally embedded in a note rated by a credit rating agency. CPDOs employ dynamic leveraging in a similar (but opposite) way to Credit CPPI trades.
CPDOs are formed first by creating a SPV that issues a debt note. The SPV invests in an index of debt securities, commonly credit default swap indices such as CDX and iTraxx (in theory, this could be deal-specific, such as a bespoke portfolio of sovereign debt), similar to a CDO. The structure allows for continual adjustment of leverage such that the asset and liability spreads stay matched. In general this involves increasing leverage as when losses are taken, similar to a doubling strategy, in which one doubles one's bet at each coin toss until a win occurs.
The investment index is periodically rolled, whereby the SPV must sell protection on the new index and buy back protection on the old index. In doing so, it incurs rollover risk, in that the leaving index may by than the new index.
Initial reaction
The first CPDO deal was issued in 2006 by ABN-AMRO and was rated AAA/Aaa. Many analysts were initially skeptical of the rating assigned, partly because the CPDO note paid interest of Libor plus 200bp but also since the deal contained a majority of market risk (spread risk) rather than credit risk - an exposure not normally rated by rating agencies. A few months later, Moody's relea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluproquazone | Fluproquazone (trade name Tormosyl, RF 46-790 ) was a quinazolinone derivative with potent analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects discovered by Sandoz. It was withdrawn during development due to liver toxicity.
References
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Analgesics
Quinazolines
Lactams
Fluoroarenes
Abandoned drugs
Isopropyl compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger%20Touching%20Cell%20Phone | The Finger Touching Cell Phone was a concept cell-phone developed by Samsung and Sunman Kwon at Hong-ik University, South Korea.
Concept
The phone was designed to be worn as a wristband. The phone would project a 3 × 4 mobile-style keypad onto your fingers, with each joint making up a button. The product won an iF Concept Product Award in 2007.
References
External links
http://digital.no.msn.com/article.aspx?cp-documentid=2890839(Norwegian)
http://techdigest.tv/2007/02/turn_your_finge.html
Mobile phones
Pointing-device text input |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%20problem | A Riemann problem, named after Bernhard Riemann, is a specific initial value problem composed of a conservation equation together with piecewise constant initial data which has a single discontinuity in the domain of interest. The Riemann problem is very useful for the understanding of equations like Euler conservation equations because all properties, such as shocks and rarefaction waves, appear as characteristics in the solution. It also gives an exact solution to some complex nonlinear equations, such as the Euler equations.
In numerical analysis, Riemann problems appear in a natural way in finite volume methods for the solution of conservation law equations due to the discreteness of the grid. For that it is widely used in computational fluid dynamics and in computational magnetohydrodynamics simulations. In these fields, Riemann problems are calculated using Riemann solvers.
The Riemann problem in linearized gas dynamics
As a simple example, we investigate the properties of the one-dimensional Riemann problem
in gas dynamics
(Toro, Eleuterio F. (1999). Riemann Solvers and Numerical Methods for Fluid Dynamics, Pg 44, Example 2.5)
The initial conditions are given by
where x = 0 separates two different states, together with the linearised gas dynamic equations (see gas dynamics for derivation).
where we can assume without loss of generality .
We can now rewrite the above equations in a conservative form:
:
where
and the index denotes the partial derivativ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%20solver | A Riemann solver is a numerical method used to solve a Riemann problem. They are heavily used in computational fluid dynamics and computational magnetohydrodynamics.
Definition
Generally speaking, Riemann solvers are specific methods for computing the numerical flux across a discontinuity in the Riemann problem. They form an important part of high-resolution schemes; typically the right and left states for the Riemann problem are calculated using some form of nonlinear reconstruction, such as a flux limiter or a WENO method, and then used as the input for the Riemann solver.
Exact solvers
Sergei K. Godunov is credited with introducing the first exact Riemann solver for the Euler equations, by extending the previous CIR (Courant-Isaacson-Rees) method to non-linear systems of hyperbolic conservation laws. Modern solvers are able to simulate relativistic effects and magnetic fields.
More recent research shows that an exact series solution to the Riemann problem exists, which may converge fast enough in some cases to avoid the iterative methods required in Godunov's scheme.
Approximate solvers
As iterative solutions are too costly, especially in magnetohydrodynamics, some approximations have to be made. Some popular solvers are:
Roe solver
Philip L. Roe used the linearisation of the Jacobian, which he then solves exactly.
HLLE solver
The HLLE solver (developed by Ami Harten, Peter Lax, Bram van Leer and Einfeldt) is an approximate solution to the Riemann problem, which |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scan%20conversion | Scan conversion or scan converting rate is a video processing technique for changing the vertical / horizontal scan frequency of video signal for different purposes and applications. The device which performs this conversion is called a scan converter.
The application of scan conversion is wide and covers video projectors, cinema equipment, TV and video capture cards, standard and HDTV televisions, LCD monitors, radar displays and many different aspects of picture processing.
Mechanisms and methods
Scan conversion involves changing the picture information data rate and wrapping the new picture in appropriate synchronization signals.
There are two distinct methods for changing a picture's data rate:
Analog Methods (Non retentive, memory-less or real time method)
This conversion is done using large numbers of delay cells and is appropriate for analog video. It may also be performed using a specialized scan converter vacuum tube. In this case polar coordinates (angle and distance) data from a source such as a radar receiver, so that it can be displayed on a raster scan (TV type) display.
Digital methods (Retentive or buffered method)
In this method, a picture is stored in a line or frame buffer with n1 speed (data rate) and is read with n2 speed, several picture processing techniques are applicable when the picture is stored in buffer memory including kinds of interpolation from simple to smart high order comparisons, motion detection and … to improve the picture quality a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTCF | Transcriptional repressor CTCF also known as 11-zinc finger protein or CCCTC-binding factor is a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the CTCF gene. CTCF is involved in many cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, insulator activity, V(D)J recombination and regulation of chromatin architecture.
Discovery
CCCTC-Binding factor or CTCF was initially discovered as a negative regulator of the chicken c-myc gene. This protein was found to be binding to three regularly spaced repeats of the core sequence CCCTC and thus was named CCCTC binding factor.
Function
The primary role of CTCF is thought to be in regulating the 3D structure of chromatin. CTCF binds together strands of DNA, thus forming chromatin loops, and anchors DNA to cellular structures like the nuclear lamina. It also defines the boundaries between active and heterochromatic DNA.
Since the 3D structure of DNA influences the regulation of genes, CTCF's activity influences the expression of genes. CTCF is thought to be a primary part of the activity of insulators, sequences that block the interaction between enhancers and promoters. CTCF binding has also been both shown to promote and repress gene expression. It is unknown whether CTCF affects gene expression solely through its looping activity, or if it has some other, unknown, activity. In a recent study, it has been shown that, in addition to demarcating TADs, CTCF mediates promoter–enhancer loops, often located in promoter-proximal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%E2%80%93DNA%20interaction%20site%20predictor | Structural and physical properties of DNA provide important constraints on the binding sites formed on surfaces of DNA-binding proteins. Characteristics of such binding sites may be used for predicting DNA-binding sites from the structural and even sequence properties of unbound proteins. This approach has been successfully implemented for predicting the protein–protein interface. Here, this approach is adopted for predicting DNA-binding sites in DNA-binding proteins. First attempt to use sequence and evolutionary features to predict DNA-binding sites in proteins was made by Ahmad et al. (2004) and Ahmad and Sarai (2005). Some methods use structural information to predict DNA-binding sites and therefore require a three-dimensional structure of the protein, while others use only sequence information and do not require protein structure in order to make a prediction.
Web servers
Structure- and sequence-based prediction of DNA-binding sites in DNA-binding proteins can be performed on several web servers listed below.
DISIS predicts DNA binding sites directly from the amino acid sequence and hence is applicable for all known proteins. It is based on the chemical-physical properties of the residue and its environment, predicted structural features and evolutionary data. It uses machine learning algorithms.
DISIS2 receives the raw amino acid sequence and generates all features from it, such as secondary structure, solvent accessibility, disorder, b-value, protein-protein interact |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARC%20Macro%20Language | The ARC Macro Language (AML) is a proprietary high-level algorithmic language for generating applications in ArcInfo. It was designed by ESRI in 1986 specifically for their command line-driven ARC/INFO geographical information system. AML's syntax was based on CPL (the shell language of the PRIMOS operating system) because the majority of ARC/INFO installations at that time ran on Prime computers. The macro language features include the ability to create onscreen menus, use and assign variables, control statement execution, and get and use map or page unit coordinates.
Although the language is still supported by ESRI in modern ArcInfo Workstation environments, the language has been superseded by the geoprocessing framework, which is part of the ArcGIS suite and allows programming access using ArcObjects through VBA or Python.
References
ESRI, 1995. ARC Macro Language, ESRI Press, 828 p.
External links
User submitted AML scripts at ESRI ArcScripts
Esri software
GIS software
Macro programming languages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20%28video%20game%29 | Fluid (known in Japan as Depth) is a music video game developed by Opus and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation. The game's concept is an interactive sound lab which allows the player to create dance and electronic music. The player uses a dolphin character in 'Cruise Stage' to collect samples for mixing in the 'Groove Editor'.
Levels
The player goes through many stages in order to unlock more sounds, some of which including "Abyss Lair" and "Jungle Reef". Levels can be replayed and selected from the Silent Space, which contains twelve geometric shapes representing the levels "passed". The player starts in the first stage "Peace" and continues through to "Abyss", and ten other levels. Each level contains its own sound set, which can be imported into other levels on completion of the level.
Gameplay
The "Groove Editor" allows for in depth manipulation of samples collected. Several tracks can be mixed at once, controlling speed, pitch, frequency and modulation with a series of coloured crystals. Mixes can be saved to memory card, and then played during levels. Controlling the dolphin allowed the player to add improvisations during the playback sessions, frequency being mapped to the up/ down controls, and modulation to left/ right.
External links
1996 video games
Music video games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation (console)-only games
Sony Interactive Entertainment games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games set underwater
Single-player v |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife%20of%20India | India is home to a large variety of wildlife. It is a biodiversity hotspot with various ecosystems ranging from the Himalayas in the north to the evergreen rain forests in the south, the sands of the west to the marshy mangroves of the east. India lies within the Indomalayan realm and is the home to about 7.6% of mammal, 14.7% of amphibian, 6% of bird, 6.2% of reptilian, and 6.2% of flowering plant species. India's forests contain about 500 species of mammals and more than 1300 bird species.
India is one of the most biodiverse regions of the world and include three of the world's 36 biodiversity hotspots – the Western Ghats, the Eastern Himalayas, and the Indo-Burma hotspot. It is one of the 17 megadiverse countries. The country has 12 biosphere reserves and 75 Ramsar sites.
In response to decrease in the numbers of wild animals, human encroachment and poaching activities, the Government of India established a system of national parks and protected areas in 1935, which subsequently expanded. In 1972, India enacted the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 and Project Tiger to safeguard crucial habitat. Further federal protections were promulgated in the 1980s.
India has about 2,714 endemic lichen species. In 2020, the Lichen Park in India was developed by the Uttarakhand Forest Department in Munsiyari.
Geographic origins
Many Indian species are descendants of species originating in Gondwana, of which India originally was a part. Peninsular India's subsequent movement towards, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial%20statistics | Spatial statistics is a field of applied statistics dealing with spatial data.
It involves stochastic processes (random fields, point processes), sampling, smoothing and interpolation, regional (areal unit) and lattice (gridded) data, point patterns, as well as image analysis and stereology.
See also
Geostatistics
Modifiable areal unit problem
Spatial analysis
Spatial econometrics
Statistical geography
Spatial epidemiology
Spatial network
Statistical shape analysis
References
Applied statistics
Statistics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercishuset%2C%20Stockholm | Exercishuset (Swedish: “The Drill House”) is a building on the islet Skeppsholmen in central Stockholm, Sweden, is incorporated as part of the new building for the Moderna Museet and Swedish Centre for Architecture and Design.
Built just south of the Skeppsholmen Church in 1853 and designed by Fredrik Blom, the original purpose of the building was to train the Navy staff in the complicated handling of the cannon sloops and dinghies. The former were in length and operated by 14 pairs of oars pulled by 54 men, and the latter half the size. Another benefit of the building was the shipyard on the eastern shore being sealed off, as the main entrance at the time was found on the eastern side. However, the rowing vessels were discontinued in 1871, and the building therefore enlarged in 1881, as designed by Blom’s successor Victor Ringheim to adapt to new warfare technology.
In 1955, the National Museum of Fine Arts moved into the building. Three years later, the art exhibitions continued as the new institution Moderna Museet under Pontus Hultén. As the latter museum was rebuilt and enlarged to the design by Rafael Moneo starting in 1994, the Drill House became an integrated part of the new complex. Since 1998 the building accommodates the Museum of Architecture, since 2013 the Swedish Centre for Architecture and Design.
See also
History of Skeppsholmen
History of Stockholm
References
Buildings and structures in Stockholm
Museums established in 1853 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arif%20Zaman | Arif Zaman is a Pakistani mathematician, academic scientist, and a retired professor of Statistics and Mathematics from Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore, Pakistan. Before joining LUMS in 1994, he also served in the Statistics Department at Purdue University and at Florida State University.
Zaman attended Harvey Mudd College, where he completed his B.S. in Mathematics in 1976. He received an M.A. in Applied Mathematics in 1977 at the Claremont Graduate School, and his PhD in Statistics at Stanford University in 1981. In his doctoral thesis, he studied de Finetti's theorem and its possible turn out in Markov chain. His dissertation was supervised by Persi Diaconis.
Works
Arif Zaman (1984), "An Approximation Theorem for Finite Markov Exchangeability", Annals of Applied Probability, volume 4, page 223–229.
"Random Binary Matrices in Bio-ecological Ecology - Instituting a Good Neighbor Policy", Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 9, No. 4, 405–421, 2002, (with D. Simberloff).
References
External links
20th-century Pakistani mathematicians
21st-century Pakistani mathematicians
Claremont Graduate University alumni
Florida State University faculty
Harvey Mudd College alumni
Academic staff of Lahore University of Management Sciences
Living people
Pakistani statisticians
Purdue University faculty
Stanford University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20MC1 | British NVC community MC1 (Crithmum maritimum - Spergularia rupicola maritime rock-crevice community) is one of the maritime cliff communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of five communities categorised as maritime cliff crevice and ledge communities.
This community is found locally in coastal areas of western and southern Britain . There are three subcommunities.
Community composition
Four constant species are found in this community:
Rock Samphire (Crithmum maritimum)
Greater Sea-spurrey (Spergularia rupicola)
Red Fescue (Festuca rubra)
Thrift (Armeria maritima)
At least two rare species are associated with this community, Curved Hard-grass (Parapholis incurva), and the Rock Sea-lavender (Limonium recurvum). Other members of the Limonium binervosum complex may also occur.
Distribution
This community is found in coastal areas on the west coast of Britain, with the greatest concentrations on the western coasts of Wales, and in Devon and Cornwall. Outlying stands exist on the English south coast in Dorset and Kent, and in southwest Scotland.
Subcommunities
There are three subcommunities:
the so-called typical subcommunity
the Inula crithmoides subcommunity
the Rayed Aster tripolium subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (2000) British Plant Communities Volume 5 - Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats (hardback), (paperback)
MC01 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20MC2 | British NVC community MC2 (Armeria maritima - Ligusticum scoticum maritime rock-crevice community) is one of the maritime cliff communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of five communities categorised as maritime cliff crevice and ledge communities.
This community is confined to Scotland. There are no subcommunities.
Community composition
Four constant species is found in this community:
Thrift (Armeria maritima)
Red Fescue (Festuca rubra)
Scots Lovage (Ligusticum scoticum)
Seaside Grimmia (Schistidium maritimum)
No rare species are associated with this community.
Distribution
This community is found primarily on the western and northern coasts of Scotland, with a few outlying stands present on the east coast.
References
Rodwell, J. S. (2000) British Plant Communities Volume 5 - Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats (hardback), (paperback)
MC02 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhyankar%E2%80%93Moh%20theorem | In mathematics, the Abhyankar–Moh theorem states that if is a complex line in the complex affine plane , then every embedding of into extends to an automorphism of the plane. It is named after Shreeram Shankar Abhyankar and Tzuong-Tsieng Moh, who published it in 1975. More generally, the same theorem applies to lines and planes over any algebraically closed field of characteristic zero, and to certain well-behaved subsets of higher-dimensional complex affine spaces.
References
.
Theorems in algebraic geometry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-penetrating%20peptide | Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short peptides that facilitate cellular intake and uptake of molecules ranging from nanosize particles to small chemical compounds to large fragments of DNA. The "cargo" is associated with the peptides either through chemical linkage via covalent bonds or through non-covalent interactions.
CPPs deliver the cargo into cells, commonly through endocytosis, for use in research and medicine. Current use is limited by a lack of cell specificity in CPP-mediated cargo delivery and insufficient understanding of the modes of their uptake. Other delivery mechanisms that have been developed include CellSqueeze and electroporation.
CPPs typically have an amino acid composition that either contains a high relative abundance of positively charged amino acids such as lysine or arginine or has sequences that contain an alternating pattern of polar, charged amino acids and non-polar, hydrophobic amino acids. These two types of structures are referred to as polycationic or amphipathic, respectively. A third class of CPPs are the hydrophobic peptides, containing only apolar residues with low net charge
or hydrophobic amino acid groups that are crucial for cellular uptake.
Transactivating transcriptional activator (TAT), from human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), was the first CPP discovered. In 1988, two laboratories independently found that TAT could be efficiently taken up from the surrounding media by numerous cell types in culture. Since then, the nu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinocandin | Echinocandins are a class of antifungal drugs that inhibit the synthesis of β-glucan in the fungal cell wall via noncompetitive inhibition of the enzyme 1,3-β glucan synthase. The class has been termed the "penicillin of antifungals," along with the related papulacandins, as their mechanism of action resembles that of penicillin in bacteria. β-glucans are carbohydrate polymers that are cross-linked with other fungal cell wall components, the fungal equivalent to bacterial peptidoglycan. Caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin are semisynthetic echinocandin derivatives with limited clinical use due to their solubility, antifungal spectrum, and pharmacokinetic properties.
Medical uses
Drugs and drug candidates in this class are fungicidal against some yeasts (most species of Candida, but not Cryptococcus, Trichosporon, and Rhodotorula). Echinocandins also have displayed activity against Candida biofilms, especially in synergistic activity with amphotericin B and additive activity with fluconazole. Echinocandins are fungistatic against some molds (Aspergillus, but not Fusarium and Rhizopus), and modestly or minimally active against dimorphic fungi (Blastomyces and Histoplasma). They have some activity against the spores of the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii, formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii. Caspofungin is used in the treatment of febrile neutropenia and as "salvage" therapy for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Micafungin is used as prophylaxis against Candida |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell%20Boeing%20Quad%20TiltRotor | The Bell Boeing Quad TiltRotor (QTR) is a proposed four-rotor derivative of the Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey developed jointly by Bell Helicopter and Boeing. The concept is a contender in the U.S. Army's Joint Heavy Lift program (a part of Future Vertical Lift program). It would have a cargo capacity roughly equivalent to the C-130 Hercules, cruise at 250 knots, and land at unimproved sites vertically like a helicopter.
Development
Background
Bell developed its model D-322 as a quad tiltrotor concept in 1979. The Bell Boeing team disclosed a Quad TiltRotor design in 1999 which the companies had been investigating during the previous two years. The design was for a C-130-size V/STOL transport for the US Army's Future Transport Rotorcraft program and would have 50% commonality with the V-22. This design was to have a maximum takeoff weight of with a payload of up to in a hover. The design was downsized to be more V-22-based and to have a payload of . This version was referred to as "V-44". Bell received contracts to study related technologies in 2000. Development was not pursued by the US Department of Defense.
From 2000 to 2006, studies of the aerodynamics and performance of a Quad Tilt Rotor were conducted at the University of Maryland, College Park. This effort was initially funded by NASA/AFDD and subsequently by Bell. An experimental investigation in helicopter mode with ground effect found that it was possible to reduce the download on the aircraft from 10% of the t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemesthesis | Chemesthesis is the chemical sensitivity of the skin and mucous membranes. Chemesthetic sensations arise when chemical compounds activate receptors associated with other senses that mediate pain, touch, and thermal perception. These chemical-induced reactions do not fit into the traditional sense categories of taste and smell.
Examples of chemesthetic sensations include the burn-like irritation from capsaicin and related compounds in foods like chili peppers; the coolness of menthol in mouthwashes and topical analgesic creams; the stinging or tingling of carbonated beverages in the nose and mouth; the tear-induction of cut onions; and the pungent, cough-inducing sensation in the back of the throat elicited by the oleocanthal in high-quality extra virgin olive oil. Some of these sensations may be referred to as spiciness, pungency, or piquancy.
Chemesthetic sensations sometimes arise by direct chemical activation of ion channels on sensory nerve fibers, for example of transient receptor potential channels including those of the TRPV, TRPA or TRPM subtypes. Alternatively, irritant chemicals may activate cells of the epithelium to release substances that indirectly activate the nerve fibers. The respiratory passages, including the nose and trachea, possess specialized cells called solitary chemosensory cells which release acetylcholine or other activators to excite nearby nerve fibers.
Because chemoresponsive nerve fibers are present in all types of skin, chemesthetic sen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Y-DNA%20single-nucleotide%20polymorphisms |
See also
Single-nucleotide polymorphism
Unique-event polymorphism
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
List of Y-STR markers
External links
Sequence information for 218 M series markers published by 2001
ISOGG Y-DNA SNP Index - 2007
Karafet et al. (2008) Supplemental Research Data
DNA
Y DNA
Human evolution
Human population genetics
Genetic genealogy
Phylogenetics
Bioinformatics
Evolutionary biology
Molecular genetics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexamethyltungsten | Hexamethyltungsten is the chemical compound W(CH3)6 also written WMe6. Classified as a transition metal alkyl complex, hexamethyltungsten is an air-sensitive, red, crystalline solid at room temperature; however, it is extremely volatile and sublimes at −30 °C. Owing to its six methyl groups it is extremely soluble in petroleum, aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers, carbon disulfide, and carbon tetrachloride.
Synthesis
Hexamethyltungsten was first reported in 1973 by Wilkinson and Shortland, who described its preparation by the reaction of methyllithium with tungsten hexachloride in diethyl ether. The synthesis was motivated in part by previous work which indicated that tetrahedral methyl transition metal compounds are thermally unstable, in the hopes that an octahedral methyl compound would prove to be more robust. In 1976, Wilkinson and Galyer disclosed an improved synthesis using trimethylaluminium in conjunction with trimethylamine, instead of methyllithium. The stoichiometry of the improved synthesis is as follows:
WCl6 + 6 Al(CH3)3 → W(CH3)6 + 6 Al(CH3)2Cl
Alternatively, the alkylation can employ dimethylzinc:
WX6 + 3 Zn(CH3)2 → W(CH3)6 + 3 ZnX2 (X = F, Cl)
Molecular geometry
W(CH3)6 adopts a distorted trigonal prismatic geometry with C3v symmetry for the WC6 framework and C3 symmetry including the hydrogen atoms. The structure (excluding the hydrogen atoms) can be thought of as consisting of a central atom, capped on either side by two eclipsing sets of three carbon |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propallylonal | Propallylonal (trade names Nostal, Quietal, Ibomal) is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1920s. It has sedative, hypnotic and anticonvulsant properties, and is still rarely prescribed as a sleeping medication in some Eastern-European countries.
References
Barbiturates
Organobromides
Alkene derivatives
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reposal | Reposal is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1960s in Denmark. It has sedative, hypnotic and anticonvulsant properties, and was used primarily for the treatment of insomnia.
References
Barbiturates
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Gay%20Newspaper%20Guild | The National Gay Newspaper Guild is an organization of LGBT newspapers located in the United States.
Through Rivendell Media, the guild gathers statistics on the readership of the member publications.
Member publications
Bay Area Reporter
Bay Windows
Between the Lines
Dallas Voice
Frontiers
Philadelphia Gay News
San Francisco Sentinel
Washington Blade
Windy City Times
References
National Gay Newspaper Guild |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24-cell%20honeycomb | In four-dimensional Euclidean geometry, the 24-cell honeycomb, or icositetrachoric honeycomb is a regular space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) of 4-dimensional Euclidean space by regular 24-cells. It can be represented by Schläfli symbol {3,4,3,3}.
The dual tessellation by regular 16-cell honeycomb has Schläfli symbol {3,3,4,3}. Together with the tesseractic honeycomb (or 4-cubic honeycomb) these are the only regular tessellations of Euclidean 4-space.
Coordinates
The 24-cell honeycomb can be constructed as the Voronoi tessellation of the D4 or F4 root lattice. Each 24-cell is then centered at a D4 lattice point, i.e. one of
These points can also be described as Hurwitz quaternions with even square norm.
The vertices of the honeycomb lie at the deep holes of the D4 lattice. These are the Hurwitz quaternions with odd square norm.
It can be constructed as a birectified tesseractic honeycomb, by taking a tesseractic honeycomb and placing vertices at the centers of all the square faces. The 24-cell facets exist between these vertices as rectified 16-cells. If the coordinates of the tesseractic honeycomb are integers (i,j,k,l), the birectified tesseractic honeycomb vertices can be placed at all permutations of half-unit shifts in two of the four dimensions, thus: (i+½,j+½,k,l), (i+½,j,k+½,l), (i+½,j,k,l+½), (i,j+½,k+½,l), (i,j+½,k,l+½), (i,j,k+½,l+½).
Configuration
Each 24-cell in the 24-cell honeycomb has 24 neighboring 24-cells. With each neighbor it shares exactl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo%2051 | Photo 51 is an X-ray based fiber diffraction image of a paracrystalline gel composed of DNA fiber taken by Raymond Gosling, a graduate student working under the supervision of Rosalind Franklin in May 1952 at King's College London, while working in Sir John Randall's group. The image was tagged "photo 51" because it was the 51st diffraction photograph that Franklin had taken. It was critical evidence in identifying the structure of DNA.
Use in discovering structure of DNA
According to Raymond Gosling's later account, although photo 51 was an exceptionally clear diffraction pattern of the "B" form of DNA, Franklin was more interested in solving the diffraction pattern of the "A" form of DNA, so she put Gosling's photo 51 to the side. When it had been decided that Franklin would leave King's College, Gosling showed the photograph to Maurice Wilkins (who would become Gosling's advisor after Franklin left).
A few days later, Wilkins showed the photo to James Watson after Gosling had returned to working under Wilkins' supervision. Rosalind Franklin did not know this at the time because she was leaving King's College London. Randall, the head of the group, had asked Gosling to share all his data with Wilkins. Watson recognized the pattern as a helix because his co-worker Francis Crick had previously published a paper of what the diffraction pattern of a helix would be. Watson and Crick used characteristics and features of Photo 51, together with evidence from multiple other sour |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liouville%27s%20theorem%20%28differential%20algebra%29 | In mathematics, Liouville's theorem, originally formulated by Joseph Liouville in 1833 to 1841, places an important restriction on antiderivatives that can be expressed as elementary functions.
The antiderivatives of certain elementary functions cannot themselves be expressed as elementary functions. These are called nonelementary antiderivatives. A standard example of such a function is whose antiderivative is (with a multiplier of a constant) the error function, familiar from statistics. Other examples include the functions and
Liouville's theorem states that elementary antiderivatives, if they exist, are in the same differential field as the function, plus possibly a finite number of applications of the logarithm function.
Definitions
For any differential field the of is the subfield
Given two differential fields and is called a of if is a simple transcendental extension of (that is, for some transcendental ) such that
This has the form of a logarithmic derivative. Intuitively, one may think of as the logarithm of some element of in which case, this condition is analogous to the ordinary chain rule. However, is not necessarily equipped with a unique logarithm; one might adjoin many "logarithm-like" extensions to Similarly, an is a simple transcendental extension that satisfies
With the above caveat in mind, this element may be thought of as an exponential of an element of Finally, is called an of if there is a finite chain of subfields |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor%20Industry%20Association | The Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) is a trade association and lobbying group founded in 1977 that represents the United States semiconductor industry. It is located in Washington, D.C.
One of the main achievements of the SIA was the creation of the first National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, in the early 1990s.
About
The Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) positions itself as the voice of the U.S. semiconductor industry. This is one of America's top export industries and a driver of American economic strength, national security and global competitiveness. Founded in 1977 by five microelectronics pioneers Wilfred Corrigan of Fairchild Semiconductor, Robert Noyce of Intel Corporation, Jerry Sanders of Advanced Micro Devices, Charles Sporck of National Semiconductor Corporation and John Welty of Motorola, SIA unites companies that account for 80 percent of America’s semiconductor production. Through this coalition, SIA seeks to strengthen US leadership of semiconductor design and manufacturing by working with Congress, the Administration and other key industry stakeholders to encourage policies and regulations that fuel innovation, propel business and drive international competition.
Goals
The SIA maintains that a robust semiconductor industry is the only way to ensure that America remains the global technology leader, and works towards this goal through outreach to members of Congress, their staff, executive branch officials, foreign governments, me |
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