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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSAT | PSAT may refer to:
PSAT/NMSQT, a standardized test in the United States
Phosphoserine transaminase, an enzyme
Palm Springs Aerial Tramway
Pop-up satellite archival tag
The problem of Probabilistic Satisfiability in Probabilistic logic
ParkinsonSAT, a technology demonstration and amateur radio satellite |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium%20kentropyxi | Plasmodium kentropyxi is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Sauramoeba.
Taxonomy
The parasite was first described by Lainson et al. in 2001.
Description
Young asexual stages are initially polar in the erythrocyte but with maturation, move to a lateral position. The larger meronts may slightly enlarge the erythrocyte but most asexual stages do not. Conspicuous greenish-black pigment granules are located in a distinct vacuole.
The largest schizonts contain 30-40 nuclei.
The gametocytes are at first polar in the erythrocyte but gradually move to a lateral position. They eventually assume a smooth, curved cylindrical shape with evenly rounded ends. Pigment is scattered or concentrated around a conspicuous vacuole which is slowly developed as the gametocytes mature. The mature gametocytes occasionally enlarge the erythrocyte.
Mature male parasites measured 11.8 x 4.0 micrometres (range: 9.6 x 4.2 - 13.2 x 3.6 micrometres) and females 13.5 x 4.5 micrometres (range: 12.0 x 4.5 - 15.0 x 4.8 micrometres).
Hosts
Like all Plasmodium species P. kentropyxi has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles. The only known vertebrate host is the teiid lizard Kentropyx calcarata.
Distribution
This species is found in Brazil and Surinam.
References
External links
Images at www.uvm.edu
kentropyxi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Plack%20Hammett | Louis Plack Hammett (April 7, 1894 – February 9, 1987) was an American physical chemist. He is known for the Hammett equation, which relates reaction rates to equilibrium constants for certain classes of organic reactions involving substituted aromatic compounds. He is also known for his research into superacids and his development of a scheme for comparing their acidities based on what is now known as the Hammett acidity function. The Curtin–Hammett principle bears his name.
The awards he obtained included the Priestley Medal in 1961,the Willard Gibbs Award in 1961, the National Medal of Science in 1967, and in 1975 the Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science.
Hammett grew up in Portland, Maine, and studied in Harvard and Switzerland. He earned his Ph.D. at Columbia University. He authored an influential textbook on physical organic chemistry, and is credited with coining the term.
References
Further reading
Hammond, George S. (1997) Physical organic chemistry after 50 years: It has changed, but is it still there? IUPAC V9. 69, No. 9, pp. 1919–1922.
Westheimer, F. H. (1997) Biographical Memoirs V72, pp. 136–149.
Young, Robin V., Sessine, Suzanne (1999) World of Chemistry Thomson Gale.
1894 births
American physical chemists
Harvard University alumni
Columbia University alumni
Columbia University faculty
Academics from Portland, Maine
1987 deaths
National Medal of Science laureates
Chemists from Maine
20th-century American chemists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20Ocean%20Sampling%20Expedition | The Global Ocean Sampling Expedition (GOS) is an ocean exploration genome project whose goal is to assess genetic diversity in marine microbial communities and to understand their role in nature's fundamental processes. It was begun as a Sargasso Sea pilot sampling project in August 2003; Craig Venter announced the full expedition on 4 March 2004. The two-year journey, which used Craig Venter's personal yacht, originated in Halifax, Canada, circumnavigated the globe and terminated in the U.S. in January 2006. The expedition sampled water from Halifax, Nova Scotia to the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean. During 2007, sampling continued along the west coast of North America.
Data analysis
The GOS datasets were submitted to both NCBI and Community Cyberinfrastructure for Advanced Marine Microbial Ecology Research and Analysis (CAMERA), a new online resource for marine metagenomics funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, developed by JCVI and hosted by UC San Diego's Division of the California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology (Calit2). CAMERA's toolset was developed by JCVI, and reflects the tools used in the initial publication of the GOS datasets.
Funding
The Sorcerer II effort has been funded by:
the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (sequencing and analysis)
the United States Department of Energy, Office of Science (sequencing and analysis)
The J. Craig Venter Institute (vessel operation)
Moore Foundation seven-year, $24.5 million, gran |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade%27s%20Greatest%20Hits%3A%20The%20Atari%20Collection%202 | Arcade's Greatest Hits: The Atari Collection 2 is a 1998 compilation of six arcade games for the Sony PlayStation and Microsoft Windows. Crystal Castles and Millipede were licensed from Atari Corporation while the others were owned by the Midway-owned Atari Games. The compilation contains artwork and info on each game, and all games are presented in their original format.
The PlayStation version is only compatible with the original PlayStation, as it has compatibility issues with all models of the PlayStation 2.
Games included
The collection of games differs slightly between the PlayStation and Windows versions.
Reception
The compilation was well received, with the Official UK PlayStation Magazine saying that it was "the best retro collection to date", but that most of the games failed to hold their own in the 1990s. They noted that Marble Madness played better with a joypad than with the original trackball, and that Paperboy was the highlight.
See also
Arcade's Greatest Hits: The Atari Collection 1
References
1998 video games
Midway video game compilations
Atari video game compilations
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation (console)-only games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States
Digital Eclipse games |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orr%E2%80%93Sommerfeld%20equation | The Orr–Sommerfeld equation, in fluid dynamics, is an eigenvalue equation describing the linear two-dimensional modes of disturbance to a viscous parallel flow. The solution to the Navier–Stokes equations for a parallel, laminar flow can become unstable if certain conditions on the flow are satisfied, and the Orr–Sommerfeld equation determines precisely what the conditions for hydrodynamic stability are.
The equation is named after William McFadden Orr and Arnold Sommerfeld, who derived it at the beginning of the 20th century.
Formulation
The equation is derived by solving a linearized version of the Navier–Stokes equation for the perturbation velocity field
,
where is the unperturbed or basic flow. The perturbation velocity has the wave-like solution (real part understood). Using this knowledge, and the streamfunction representation for the flow, the following dimensional form of the Orr–Sommerfeld equation is obtained:
,
where is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, is its density, and is the potential or stream function. In the case of zero viscosity (), the equation reduces to Rayleigh's equation. The equation can be written in non-dimensional form by measuring velocities according to a scale set by some characteristic velocity , and by measuring lengths according to channel depth . Then the equation takes the form
,
where
is the Reynolds number of the base flow. The relevant boundary conditions are the no-slip boundary conditions at the channel top |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided-mode%20resonance | Guided-mode resonance or waveguide-mode resonance is a phenomenon wherein the guided modes of an optical waveguide can be excited and simultaneously extracted by the introduction of a phase-matching element, such as a diffraction grating or prism. Such guided modes are also called "leaky modes", as they do not remain guided, and have been observed in one and two-dimensional photonic crystal slabs.
Grating coupler
An example of guided-mode resonance is a grating coupler, which is a region on top of or below a waveguide where there is a grating. Off-resonance light incident on the grating behaves almost the same as it would if it was incident in an area where there is no grating. Waveguides are usually made of dielectric and are transparent. For specific combinations of incident angles and light frequency, there is resonance, allowing the grating to couple light into a guided mode of the waveguide.
Typically, the grating coupler has only a few periods, so light can be coupled into the waveguide, but not back out. In such a case, light will be guided in the waveguide until it reaches the waveguide edge, or an additional coupling element, which will couple the light out. The larger the diffraction efficiency of the grating, the larger percent of light that would be coupled in. If the grating is used as a coupling-out element, the larger the diffraction efficiency, the fewer periods would be needed to couple the light out.
Grating waveguide structures
A grating coupler that is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBMI | WBMI is an American radio station, licensed to West Branch, Michigan, the seat of government for Ogemaw County. The station broadcasts at the assigned frequency of 105.5 MHz with an erp of 6,000 watts.
History
The call letters WBMI first were used by a station in Meriden, Connecticut. That station has been WKSS since 1977 and has had a Top-40 format since 1984.
Early history as WBMB
WBMI of West Branch, Michigan was the FM sister station of WBMB-AM, which first signed on the air June 7, 1972 at 1060 kHz with 1,000 watts output power, from transmitter facilities at 1245 Gray Road in West Branch. The construction permit for WBMB was first granted January 12, 1968, but encountered a delay due to a competing application from another applicant in August of that same year. Construction resumed in July 1971, after Ogemaw Broadcasting Company ultimately prevailed in legal proceedings.
The station was owned by Ogemaw Broadcasting Company, with studios located at 206 W. Houghton Avenue in West Branch. Gene Kauffman, an Escanaba resident, was the president and general manager. The station was owned by Jack E. (Gene) Kauffman, Dean W. Manley and Robert Marshall. Manley was the chief engineer who designed and built the station, Marshall was owner and publisher of the Ogemaw County Herald. Kauffman and Manley were each 25% owners and Marshall 50%.
WBMI signs on
WBMB was a daytime-only AM station for its entire existence. In 1977, Ogemaw Broadcasting Company was granted a cons |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic%20schlieren | Synthetic schlieren is a process that is used to visualize the flow of a fluid of variable refractive index. Named after the schlieren method of visualization, it consists of a digital camera or video camera pointing at the flow in question, with an illuminated target pattern behind. The method was first proposed in 1999.
Variations in refractive index cause the light from the target to refract as it passes through the fluid, which causes a distortion of the pattern in the image seen by the camera. Pattern matching algorithms can measure this distortion and calculate a qualitative density field of the flow.
The method of synthetic schlieren can be used to observe any flow which has variations in refractive index. Commonly these are caused by variations in concentration of a solute in an aqueous solution, or variations in the density of a compressible flow, caused by temperature or pressure variations. As with the optical schlieren method, the clearest results are obtained from flows which are largely two-dimensional.
See also
Background-oriented schlieren technique
Schlieren
Shadowgraph
References
Fluid dynamics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre%20for%20Statistics%20in%20Medicine | The Centre for Statistics in Medicine (CSM) at the University of Oxford, United Kingdom was founded by Professor Douglas G. Altman until 2018. He was succeeded by Professor Sallie Lamb until 2019, then by Professor Gary Collins. In 1995 it was based at the Institute of Health Sciences in Headington, Oxford, it relocated to the annexe of Wolfson College, Oxford in 2005, and in 2013 moved to the Botnar Research Centre in Headington.
The CSM incorporates the Cancer Research UK Medical Statistics Group (MSG), Oxford Clinical Trial Research Unit statisticians and the UK EQUATOR Centre. It is based in the Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences in the University of Oxford.
CSM collaborates in health care research, conducts applied statistical research and runs training courses/workshops for both health care workers and statisticians.
Statisticians within the CSM are involved in many collaborative projects with clinicians in Oxford and further afield, some working across the medical spectrum and others focusing on cancer. Other statisticians within the CSM work primarily on a programme of methodological research, in particular relating to studies of diagnosis and prognosis, and to systematic reviews and meta-analysis.
References
External links
Centre for Statistics in Medicine
Medical associations based in the United Kingdom
Statistical organisations in the United Kingdom
1988 establishments in the United Kingdom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Vogler | Timothy Gene Vogler (born December 20, 1956 in Troy, Ohio) is a retired American football guard who played in the National Football League for the Buffalo Bills. He played college football at Ohio State University.
Vogler was not selected in the 1979 NFL Draft, but signed with the Bills later that year. Initially a reserve, he became a full-time starter with the Bills by 1985, when he started 14 games. Although he also filled in at center on occasion, Vogler spent much of the next four seasons as Buffalo's starter at right guard. Vogler suffered a knee injury that forced him to miss the Bills' run to the 1989 AFC Championship. After knee surgery during the off-season, Vogler's Buffalo career ended after the 1989 preseason when he was placed on the physically unable to perform list.
References
1956 births
Living people
American football offensive linemen
Ohio State Buckeyes football players
Buffalo Bills players
People from Troy, Ohio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite%20transposon | A composite transposon is similar in function to simple transposons and insertion sequence (IS) elements in that it has protein coding DNA segments flanked by inverted, repeated sequences that can be recognized by transposase enzymes. A composite transposon, however, is flanked by two separate IS elements which may or may not be exact replicas. Instead of each IS element moving separately, the entire length of DNA spanning from one IS element to the other is transposed as one complete unit. Composite transposons will also often carry one or more genes conferring antibiotic resistance.
Flanked by SINEs in mammalian genomes
Two SINEs may act in concert to flank and mobilize an intervening single copy DNA sequence. This was reported for a 710 bp DNA sequence upstream of the bovine beta globin gene. The DNA arrangement forms a composite transposon whose presence has been confirmed by the complete bovine genomic sequence where the mobilized sequence may be found on bovine chromosome 15 in contig NW_001493315.1 nucleotides #1085432–1086142 and the originating sequence may be found on bovine chromosome 2 in contig NW_001501789.2 nucleotides #1096679–1097389. It is likely that similar composite transposons exist in other bovine genomic regions and other mammalian genomes. They could be detected with suitable algorithms.
See also
Tn10
References
Mobile genetic elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transforming%20growth%20factor%20beta%20superfamily | The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily is a large group of structurally related cell regulatory proteins that was named after its first member, TGF-β1, originally described in 1983. They interact with TGF-beta receptors.
Many proteins have since been described as members of the TGF-β superfamily in a variety of species, including invertebrates as well as vertebrates and categorized into 23 distinct gene types that fall into four major subfamilies:
The TGF-β subfamily
The bone morphogenetic proteins and the growth differentiation factors
The activin and inhibin subfamilies
The left-right determination factors
A group encompassing various divergent members
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a multifunctional peptide that controls proliferation, differentiation and other functions in many cell types. TGF-beta-1 is a peptide of 112 amino acid residues derived by proteolytic cleavage from the C-terminal of a precursor protein. These proteins interact with a conserved family of cell surface serine/threonine-specific protein kinase receptors, and generate intracellular signals using a conserved family of proteins called SMADs. They play fundamental roles in the regulation of basic biological processes such as growth, development, tissue homeostasis and regulation of the immune system.
Structure
Proteins from the TGF-beta superfamily are only active as homo- or heterodimer; the two chains being linked by a single disulfide bond. From X-ray studi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cophenetic%20correlation | In statistics, and especially in biostatistics, cophenetic correlation (more precisely, the cophenetic correlation coefficient) is a measure of how faithfully a dendrogram preserves the pairwise distances between the original unmodeled data points. Although it has been most widely applied in the field of biostatistics (typically to assess cluster-based models of DNA sequences, or other taxonomic models), it can also be used in other fields of inquiry where raw data tend to occur in clumps, or clusters. This coefficient has also been proposed for use as a test for nested clusters.
Calculating the cophenetic correlation coefficient
Suppose that the original data {Xi} have been modeled using a cluster method to produce a dendrogram {Ti}; that is, a simplified model in which data that are "close" have been grouped into a hierarchical tree. Define the following distance measures.
, the Euclidean distance between the ith and jth observations.
, the dendrogrammatic distance between the model points and . This distance is the height of the node at which these two points are first joined together.
Then, letting be the average of the x(i, j), and letting be the average of the t(i, j), the cophenetic correlation coefficient c is given by
Software implementation
It is possible to calculate the cophenetic correlation in R using the dendextend R package.
In Python, the SciPy package also has an implementation.
In MATLAB, the Statistic and Machine Learning toolbox contains an i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Sahendaruman | Mount Sahendaruman is an extinct volcano located in southern part of Indonesian island of Sangihe.
It is an area high in biodiversity in Wallacea, especially seen in the small forest patch in mountain slopes Mount Sahendaruman, the last remaining primary forest in Sangihe.
Mount Sahendaruman is home to three critically endangered and two endangered endemic bird species, the cerulean flycatcher, Sangihe whistler, Sangihe white-eye, elegant sunbird and Sangihe hanging parrot.
References
Sahendaruman, Mount |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiretinal%20membrane | Epiretinal membrane or macular pucker is a disease of the eye in response to changes in the vitreous humor or more rarely, diabetes. Sometimes, as a result of immune system response to protect the retina, cells converge in the macular area as the vitreous ages and pulls away in posterior vitreous detachment (PVD).
PVD can create minor damage to the retina, stimulating exudate, inflammation, and leucocyte response. These cells can form a transparent layer gradually and, like all scar tissue, tighten to create tension on the retina which may bulge and pucker, or even cause swelling or macular edema. Often this results in distortions of vision that are clearly visible as bowing and blurring when looking at lines on chart paper (or an Amsler grid) within the macular area, or central 1.0 degree of visual arc.
Usually it occurs in one eye first, and may cause binocular diplopia or double vision if the image from one eye is too different from the image of the other eye. The distortions can make objects look different in size (usually larger = macropsia), especially in the central portion of the visual field, creating a localized or field-dependent aniseikonia that cannot be fully corrected optically with glasses. Partial correction often improves the binocular vision considerably though.
In the young (under 50 years of age), these cells occasionally pull free and disintegrate on their own; but in the majority of those affected (over 60 years of age) the condition is permanent. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusty%20Kruger | Rusty Kruger (born March 26, 1975) is a Canadian retired lacrosse player in the National Lacrosse League and a current assistant coach with the Buffalo Bandits.
Statistics
NLL
Reference:
References
1975 births
Buffalo Bandits players
Canadian lacrosse players
Chicago Shamrox players
Lacrosse people from Ontario
Living people
People from Orangeville, Ontario
Rochester Knighthawks players
San Jose Stealth players
Toronto Rock players
New York Saints players
Albany Attack players
National Lacrosse League coaches
National Lacrosse League players
Buffalo Bandits coaches
Lacrosse forwards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogong | Hogong was a minister of Silla in the age of nation-building. It is recorded that he was originally from the Wa people of Japan, though his family name or clan name was unknown to the compiler of the Historical Records of the Three Kingdoms. He was called Hogong (meaning "Duke Bottle Gourd") because he was wearing one or more bottle gourds on his waist when he first came across the sea. He was a very important person in initial Silla because he appeared in stories of primogenitors of all royal families.
In 20 BC, Hyeokgeose of Silla (박혁거세) dispatched him to Mahan confederacy. The king of Mahan scolded him on account of the fact that Silla had not sent tribute, but Hogong criticized the king's impoliteness with fortitude. The king became angry at Hogong and tried to kill him, but surrounding subordinates stopped the king, and he was permitted his homecoming.
In 58, he assumed the position of the minister's first rank.
In 65, he discovered Kim Alji, who would become primogenitor of the Kim royal clan of Silla, in the forest of Gyerim.
Popular culture
Portrayed by Lee Byung-joon in the 2016-2017 KBS2 TV series Hwarang: The Poet Warrior Youth.
References
History of Korea
Silla |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C1%27-Bis%28diphenylphosphino%29ferrocene | 1,1-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene, commonly abbreviated dppf, is an organophosphorus compound commonly used as a ligand in homogeneous catalysis. It contains a ferrocene moiety in its backbone, and is related to other bridged diphosphines such as 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe).
Preparation
This compound is commercially available. It may be prepared by treating dilithioferrocene with chlorodiphenylphosphine:
Fe(CHLi) + 2 ClPPh → Fe(CHPPh) + 2 LiCl
The dilithiation of ferrocene is easily achieved with n-butyllithium in the presence of TMEDA. Many related ligands can be made in this way. The Fe center is typically not involved in the behavior of the ligand.
Reactions
Dppf readily forms metal complexes. The palladium derivative, (dppf)PdCl, which is popular for palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions, is prepared by treating dppf with the acetonitrile or benzonitrile adducts of palladium dichloride: Substitution of the phenyl substituents in dppf leads to derivatives with modified donor-acceptor properties at the phosphorus atoms.
dppf + PdCl(RCN) → (dppf)PdCl + 2 RCN (RCN = acetonitrile or benzonitrile)
Another example of dppf in homogeneous catalysis is provided by the air- and moisture-stable Ni(II) precatalyst [(dppf)Ni(cinnamyl)Cl. It promotes Suzuki-Miyuara cross-coupling of heteroaryl boronic acids with nitrogen- and sulfur-containing heteroaryl halides.
]
Another dppf-based catalyst is (dppf)Ni(o-tolyl)Cl, can be prepared from ligand exchange with (PPh3) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMUcam | A CMUcam is a low cost computer vision device intended for robotics research. CMUcams consist of a small video camera and a microcontroller with a serial interface. While other digital cameras typically use a much higher bandwidth connector, the CMUcam's lightweight interface allows it to be accessed by microcontrollers. More importantly, the on-board microprocessor supports simple image processing and color blob tracking, making rudimentary computer vision capable in systems that would previously have far too little power to do such a thing. It has been used in past years by the high-school FIRST Robotics Competition as a way of letting participants' robots track field elements and navigate autonomously. The CMUcam also has an extremely small form factor. For these reasons, it is relatively popular for making small, mobile robots.
The original design was originally made by Carnegie Mellon University, who has licensed it to various manufacturers.
Current Version
Pixy2 is the latest in the line of CMUcam sensors. It adds line tracking capability and an onboard light source to the previous CMUcam5, aka original Pixy. These sensors are produced in collaboration with Charmed Labs in Austin, TX.
External links
Robotics hardware
Image sensor technology in computer vision
Lua (programming language)-scriptable hardware |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharla%20Cheung | Sharla Cheung Man (born 7 February 1968) is a Hong Kong actress and film producer.
Career
Cheung was discovered by Wong Jing, who cast her in her first film role in the 1986 film The Magic Crystal. She continued to work with the director on many of his productions in the early 1990s as well. Cheung gained popularity with the numerous films she starred in alongside Stephen Chow, in which she was frequently cast as Chow's love interest after winning the Miss Asia contest. They partnered for more than 10 films from 1988 to 1994, including All for the Winner, God of Gamblers II, Fist of Fury 1991, Fight Back to School, Royal Tramp, and King of Beggars. Another frequent co-star is Andy Lau, who appeared alongside Cheung in such films as God of Gamblers, God of Gamblers II, and Lee Rock.
Cheung finished from the acting school after middle school.
After an impressive body of work in the early 1990s (she starred in about 50 films between 1990 and 1995), Cheung became a film producer in 1995 with Dream Lover (starring Tony Leung Ka-fai and Wu Chien-lien). However, Cheung was unhappy with it and she remade the film as Romantic Dream (starring Cheung and Lau Ching-wan). Both versions opened in 1995. The films, however, were commercial failures, and Cheung then retired from the film industry to focus on various business interests.
Cheung made a comeback in acting in the early 2000s to star in several television series. She appeared in such TV series as My Celebrity Boyfriend () in 2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%20matrix%20%28linear%20differential%20equation%29 | In mathematics, a fundamental matrix of a system of n homogeneous linear ordinary differential equations
is a matrix-valued function whose columns are linearly independent solutions of the system.
Then every solution to the system can be written as , for some constant vector (written as a column vector of height ).
One can show that a matrix-valued function is a fundamental matrix of if and only if and is a non-singular matrix for all
Control theory
The fundamental matrix is used to express the state-transition matrix, an essential component in the solution of a system of linear ordinary differential equations.
See also
Linear differential equation
Liouville's formula
Systems of ordinary differential equations
References
Matrices
Differential calculus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941%E2%80%9342%20Serie%20A | The 1941–42 Serie A season was won by Roma.
Teams
Liguria and Modena had been promoted from Serie B.
Final classification
Results
Top goalscorers
References and sources
Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio - La Storia 1898-2004, Panini Edizioni, Modena, September 2005
External links
- All results on RSSSF Website.
Serie A seasons
Italy
1941–42 in Italian football leagues |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA%20lyase | 2-Hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase is a peroxisomal enzyme involved in the catabolism of phytanoic acid by α-oxidation. It requires thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) as cofactor.
It is classified under EC number 4.1.
References
External links
EC 4.1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan%20Magnussen | Ryan Magnussen is an American businessperson and media entrepreneur. He was born in 1972. In 1995, he founded Zentropy Partners, which grew to become the fifth-largest interactive advertising agency in the United States. Magnussen started Hollywood-based Ripe Digital Entertainment in 2003 and closed it in 2009, after selling Zentropy to Interpublic Group for $50 million in 1999, according to the Wall Street Journal.
Education
Magnussen graduated from the University of Southern California, Marshall School of Business in 1995. During his time as an undergraduate at USC, he developed an award-winning business plan for a class project that would eventually grow to become Zentropy Partners, according to the Los Angeles Business Journal.
Business ventures
Magnussen formed Zentropy Partners, an interactive advertising and branding company, in 1995 just prior to the dot-com boom. Under his leadership, the fledgling company hit $80 million in annual revenue in three years. Global advertising conglomerate Interpublic Group acquired Zentropy in 1999 for $50 million. In 2001, Zentropy was folded into the MRM Worldwide division of McCann-Erickson.
In 2002, Magnussen founded Ripe Digital Entertainment, a media company that developed video-on-demand television networks for cable, the Internet, and wireless devices. Ripe launched three on-demand networks — Ripe TV, Octane TV and Flow TV. In October 2006, Time Warner, Hearst-Argyle Television, and other venture-capital firms invested $32 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenaean%20theodicy | The Irenaean theodicy is a Christian theodicy (a response to the problem of evil). It defends the probability of an omnipotent and omnibenevolent (all-powerful and perfectly loving) God in the face of evidence of evil in the world. Numerous variations of theodicy have been proposed which all maintain that, while evil exists, God is either not responsible for creating evil, or he is not guilty for creating evil. Typically, the Irenaean theodicy asserts that the world is the best of all possible worlds because it allows humans to fully develop. Most versions of the Irenaean theodicy propose that creation is incomplete, as humans are not yet fully developed, and experiencing evil and suffering is necessary for such development.
Second-century theologian and philosopher Irenaeus, after whom the theodicy is named, proposed a two-stage creation process in which humans require free will and the experience of evil to develop. Another early Christian theologian, Origen, presented a response to the problem of evil which cast the world as a schoolroom or hospital for the soul; theologian Mark Scott has argued that Origen, rather than Irenaeus, ought to be considered the father of this kind of theodicy. Friedrich Schleiermacher argued in the nineteenth century that God must necessarily create flawlessly, so this world must be the best possible world because it allows God's purposes to be naturally fulfilled. In 1966, philosopher John Hick discussed the similarities of the preceding theo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsen%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Tsen's theorem states that a function field K of an algebraic curve over an algebraically closed field is quasi-algebraically closed (i.e., C1). This implies that the Brauer group of any such field vanishes, and more generally that all the Galois cohomology groups H i(K, K*) vanish for i ≥ 1. This result is used to calculate the étale cohomology groups of an algebraic curve.
The theorem was published by Chiungtze C. Tsen in 1933.
See also
Tsen rank
References
Theorems in algebraic geometry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20domain | In molecular biology, a protein domain is a region of a protein's polypeptide chain that is self-stabilizing and that folds independently from the rest. Each domain forms a compact folded three-dimensional structure. Many proteins consist of several domains, and a domain may appear in a variety of different proteins. Molecular evolution uses domains as building blocks and these may be recombined in different arrangements to create proteins with different functions. In general, domains vary in length from between about 50 amino acids up to 250 amino acids in length. The shortest domains, such as zinc fingers, are stabilized by metal ions or disulfide bridges. Domains often form functional units, such as the calcium-binding EF hand domain of calmodulin. Because they are independently stable, domains can be "swapped" by genetic engineering between one protein and another to make chimeric proteins.
Background
The concept of the domain was first proposed in 1973 by Wetlaufer after X-ray
crystallographic studies of hen lysozyme and papain
and by limited proteolysis studies of immunoglobulins. Wetlaufer defined domains as stable units of protein structure that could fold autonomously. In the past domains have been described as units of:
compact structure
function and evolution
folding.
Each definition is valid and will often overlap, i.e. a compact structural domain that is found amongst diverse proteins is likely to fold independently within its structural environment. Nature |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route%20nationale%2023 | The Route nationale 23 (N23) is a trunk road (nationale) in western France.
Reclassification
Since the re-classification of roads in 2006 much of the old N23 has been downgraded as follows: In Eure-et-Loir as the RD 923, in Orne as the RD 923, Sarthe as the RD 323, in Maine-et-Loire as the RD 323 between Sarthe and Angers, after Angers is numbered the RD 723 to the department Loire-Atlantique where it is also the RD 723.
Route
Chartres - Angers - Nantes
Chartres to Angers (0 km to 210 km)
The road starts in the cathedral city of Chartres with a junction with the Route nationale 10. The road heads west crossing the city's ring road the N123 and N154 to Rouen.
The road passes the town of Courville-sur-Eure. The road then skirts the south of Foret de Champrond entering the Parc Nationale du Perche. The road has a junction with the RD928 and heads south west to Nogent-le-Rotrou. The road by-passes the town to the west and thereafter is now numbered the RD923. The road follows the valley of the River Huisne.
The road comes to the town of La Ferté-Bernard. Continuing south west the road crosses the A11 autoroute. The road passes the town of Connerre. The road then comes to a junction with the N157 (to Orleans) and A28 autoroute. The road then skirts the south east of Le Mans crossing the River Sarthe.
The road passes through wooded countryside to the town of La Flèche. The road then crosses the A11 again. The N23 joins the A11 again just east of Angers.
Angers to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse%20storm | A pulse storm is a single cell thunderstorm of substantial intensity which only produces severe weather for short periods of time. Such a storm weakens and then generates another short burst – hence "pulse".
Description
Single cell thunderstorms ordinarily form in environments with low wind shear and moderate instability, with the low wind shear contributing to a short average lifespan of less than an hour. When the instability, calculated by convective available potential energy (CAPE), is strong, the updraft will bring a larger amount of humid air very high above ground and generate a cumulonimbus cloud with high water and ice content. When the rain content, and even hail, falls from it, they can generate damaging winds brought about by downbursts. Rarely, a weak tornado develops in association with a pulse storm as the environment is only weakly sheared, or not at all.
Life cycle
One can distinguish three stages in the evolution of a pulse storm:
Formation: the upward current of the cell intensifies and allows the condensation of water vapor from the rising air parcel. This forms a cumulus congestus, then a cumulonimbus when ice crystals form at its apex which spreads horizontally in contact with the tropopause.
Maturity: downdrafts are emerging. This stage is accompanied by characteristic phenomena such as lightning and thunder, showers, and gust front.
Dissipation: the cold pool descending from the cloud extends to the earth's surface and helps to block the feed by |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire%20Earth%20%28mobile%20game%29 | Empire Earth is a turn-based strategy video game for the cell phone, based on the original Empire Earth. Empire Earth was written in Java form, and was developed by WonderPhone instead of Stainless Steel Studios (the makers of Empire Earth). It was released on October 14, 2005 by mobile games distributor WonderPhone.
Gameplay
Empire Earth is turn-based strategy game. The game covers four epochs; Stone Age, Middle Ages, Modern Age and Nano Age. The game separates itself from the other Empire Earth games with the absence of citizens. Instead, certain symbols lie on the map which can be conquered by a soldier unit. When they are, a new building can be created. However, only a certain number of symbols exist on the map, so each side competes for control of them.
Empire Earth gives the player control of four types of units, each that varies and changes in different epochs. The standard soldier, which can be useful for building new structures, ranged units, heavy support units, and aerial units. The latter of the four is only available in later epochs.
Empire Earth has three game modes: adventure, skirmish and multiplayer. Adventure mode takes the player though eight campaign levels, totaling 2,000 years of human history. It begins in the Prehistory and finishes in the Nano Age, similar to other games in the franchise. Skirmish is a free-for-all solo battle, with multiplayer mode introducing the possibility of two player combat.
Development
Empire Earth, upon release, was the s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiograbber | Audiograbber is a proprietary freeware CD audio extractor/converter program for Microsoft Windows. It was one of the first programs in the genre to become popular. The data extraction algorithm was designed by Jackie Franck and was included in the Xing Technology software package Xing Audio Catalyst in the mid-1990s.
It does not use Xing Technology's proprietary MP3 encoding library. Instead, it uses the LAME encoder, Ogg Vorbis encoder, WMA codec, as well as any format supported by an external command-line encoder library. The author is no longer developing this software.
Audiograbber is able to rip CDs, or record audio coming in via mic jack, or capture audio playing on the computer but not from the internet, into several formats, including WAV, MP3 and others. It performs the conversions entirely digitally, bypassing the system sound card, enabling accurate digital conversion. For convenience, it supports the freedb database of Compact Disc track listings (offline as of June 13, 2020), to allow ripped tracks, with reduced user effort, to have the names of songs, artists and albums. It also supports normalizing, ID3 tag and CD-Text support. A line-in sampling function can automatically split LP recordings into separate tracks, plus it can perform noise reduction with a proprietary VST plug-in from Algorithmix.
Prior to the release of version 1.83 in February 2004, Audiograbber was shareware. The unregistered versions of the software only allowed a random selection of hal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20for%20Coal%20Research | The Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung () is an institute located in Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany specializing in chemical research on catalysis. It is one of the 86 institutes in the Max Planck Society (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft). It was founded in 1912 in Mülheim an der Ruhr as the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Coal Research (Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Kohlenforschung) to study the chemistry and uses of coal, and became an independent Max Planck Institute in 1949.
Research
The Institute carries out basic research in organic and organometallic chemistry, in homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis as well as in theoretical chemistry. The principal aim is to develop new methods for the selective and environmentally benign preparation of new compounds and materials.
The MPI KoFo has been at the forefront of research in chemistry since its formation. One of these is the development of the Fischer–Tropsch process through the efforts of Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch in 1925 when the institute was still organized as the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Kohlenforschung. Nobel Prize laureate Karl Ziegler also worked at the institute alongside his former student Hans-Georg Gellert to discover the aufbau reaction (Aufbaureaktion) or growth reaction among aluminum alkyl compounds.
Departments
Organic synthesis
Research in the Organic Synthesis Department, led by Tobias Ritter, focuses on the development of organic synthesis and novel reaction chemistry. It seeks to discover molecular |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor%20product%20of%20quadratic%20forms | In mathematics, the tensor product of quadratic forms is most easily understood when one views the quadratic forms as quadratic spaces. If R is a commutative ring where 2 is invertible (that is, R has characteristic ), and if and are two quadratic spaces over R, then their tensor product is the quadratic space whose underlying R-module is the tensor product of R-modules and whose quadratic form is the quadratic form associated to the tensor product of the bilinear forms associated to and .
In particular, the form satisfies
(which does uniquely characterize it however). It follows from this that if the quadratic forms are diagonalizable (which is always possible if 2 is invertible in R), i.e.,
then the tensor product has diagonalization
Quadratic forms
Tensors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier%20integral%20operator | In mathematical analysis, Fourier integral operators have become an important tool in the theory of partial differential equations. The class of Fourier integral operators contains differential operators as well as classical integral operators as special cases.
A Fourier integral operator is given by:
where denotes the Fourier transform of , is a standard symbol which is compactly supported in and is real valued and homogeneous of degree in . It is also necessary to require that on the support of a. Under these conditions, if a is of order zero, it is possible to show that defines a bounded operator from to .
Examples
One motivation for the study of Fourier integral operators is the solution operator for the initial value problem for the wave operator. Indeed, consider the following problem:
and
The solution to this problem is given by
These need to be interpreted as oscillatory integrals since they do not in general converge. This formally looks like a sum of two Fourier integral operators, however the coefficients in each of the integrals are not smooth at the origin, and so not standard symbols. If we cut out this singularity with a cutoff function, then the so obtained operators still provide solutions to the initial value problem modulo smooth functions. Thus, if we are only interested in the propagation of singularities of the initial data, it is sufficient to consider such operators. In fact, if we allow the sound speed c in the wave equation to vary |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton%20number | In fluid dynamics, the Morton number (Mo) is a dimensionless number used together with the Eötvös number or Bond number to characterize the shape of bubbles or drops moving in a surrounding fluid or continuous phase, c.
It is named after Rose Morton, who described it with W. L. Haberman in 1953.
Definition
The Morton number is defined as
where g is the acceleration of gravity, is the viscosity of the surrounding fluid, the density of the surrounding fluid, the difference in density of the phases, and is the surface tension coefficient. For the case of a bubble with a negligible inner density the Morton number can be simplified to
Relation to other parameters
The Morton number can also be expressed by using a combination of the Weber number, Froude number and Reynolds number,
The Froude number in the above expression is defined as
where V is a reference velocity and d is the equivalent diameter of the drop or bubble.
References
Dimensionless numbers
Bubbles (physics)
Dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics
Fluid dynamics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr.%20Hansen | Chr. Hansen A/S is a bioscience company based in Hørsholm, Denmark. The company is a supplier of bacteria cultures, probiotics, enzymes and human milk oligosaccharides. Its products are used in the production of fresh dairy, cheese, meat, seafood, fermented beverages, dairy and meat alternatives, dietary supplements, infant formula, pharmaceuticals and agricultural products. In 2021, Chr. Hansen A/S was ranked 1st on FoodTalks' Top 30 Global Probiotic Food Ingredient Companies list. Chr. Hansen owns one of the world's largest commercial bacteria collections.
Chr. Hansen A/S has development centers in Denmark, the United States, France and Germany including research facilities in Denmark and France. A large percentage of the employees engage in research and development for the international food and pharmaceuticals industries.
Chr. Hansen A/S has five main production sites: two in Denmark and Germany (Nienburg and Pohlheim) and one each in France (Arpajon) and the US (West Allis, Milwaukee, WI) and an international presence in 30 countries. It has been listed on Nasdaq OMX Copenhagen since June 3, 2010, under the symbol "CHR".
History
The company is named for its founder, Christian D. A. Hansen, a pioneering Danish chemist whose work focused on enzymes. Hansen began the company in 1874 as a joint venture with pharmacist H.P. Madsen.
Initial products included animal rennet for cheese-making as well as annatto-based coloring agents for butter and cheese. Operations in the Un |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floop | Floop may refer to:
FlooP, a programming language
Fegan Floop, a character in the Spy Kids series of films
FLOOPS, Florida Object Oriented Process Simulator, in semiconductor process simulation
Floops, a cartoon character created for the VRML language at SGI website
See also
Flop (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3SH | 3SH is a commercial radio station in Swan Hill, Victoria, Australia broadcasting on the medium wave band on a frequency of 1332kHz. It was opened on 27 August 1931.
It is owned by Ace Radio.
References
External links
Radio stations in Victoria (state)
Radio stations established in 1931
Classic hits radio stations in Australia
Ace Radio
Swan Hill |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm%20engineering | Algorithm engineering focuses on the design, analysis, implementation, optimization, profiling and experimental evaluation of computer algorithms, bridging the gap between algorithm theory and practical applications of algorithms in software engineering.
It is a general methodology for algorithmic research.
Origins
In 1995, a report from an NSF-sponsored workshop "with the purpose of assessing the current goals and directions of the Theory of Computing (TOC) community" identified the slow speed of adoption of theoretical insights by practitioners as an important issue and suggested measures to
reduce the uncertainty by practitioners whether a certain theoretical breakthrough will translate into practical gains in their field of work, and
tackle the lack of ready-to-use algorithm libraries, which provide stable, bug-free and well-tested implementations for algorithmic problems and expose an easy-to-use interface for library consumers.
But also, promising algorithmic approaches have been neglected due to difficulties in mathematical analysis.
The term "algorithm engineering" was first used with specificity in 1997, with the first Workshop on Algorithm Engineering (WAE97), organized by Giuseppe F. Italiano.
Difference from algorithm theory
Algorithm engineering does not intend to replace or compete with algorithm theory, but tries to enrich, refine and reinforce its formal approaches with experimental algorithmics (also called empirical algorithmics).
This way it can |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser%20Filter | A Fraser Filter, named after Douglas Fraser, is typically used in geophysics when displaying VLF data. It is effectively the first derivative of the data.
If represents the collected data then is the average of two values. Consider this value to be plotted between point 1 and point 2 and do the same with points 3 and 4:
If represents the space between each station along the line then
is the Fraser Filter of those four values.
Since is constant, it can be ignored and the Fraser Filter considered to be
.
References
Geophysics
Linear filters |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneser%27s%20theorem%20%28differential%20equations%29 | In mathematics, the Kneser theorem can refer to two distinct theorems in the field of ordinary differential equations:
the first one, named after Adolf Kneser, provides criteria to decide whether a differential equation is oscillating or not;
the other one, named after Hellmuth Kneser, is about the topology of the set of all solutions of an initial value problem with continuous right hand side.
Statement of the theorem due to A. Kneser
Consider an ordinary linear homogeneous differential equation of the form
with
continuous.
We say this equation is oscillating if it has a solution y with infinitely many zeros, and non-oscillating otherwise.
The theorem states that the equation is non-oscillating if
and oscillating if
Example
To illustrate the theorem consider
where is real and non-zero. According to the theorem, solutions will be oscillating or not depending on whether is positive (non-oscillating) or negative (oscillating) because
To find the solutions for this choice of , and verify the theorem for this example, substitute the 'Ansatz'
which gives
This means that (for non-zero ) the general solution is
where and are arbitrary constants.
It is not hard to see that for positive the solutions do not oscillate while for negative the identity
shows that they do.
The general result follows from this example by the Sturm–Picone comparison theorem.
Extensions
There are many extensions to this result, such as the Gesztesy–Ünal criterion.
Statemen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoid%20%28DNA%29 | The solenoid structure of chromatin is a model for the structure of the 30 nm fibre. It is a secondary chromatin structure which helps to package eukaryotic DNA into the nucleus.
Background
Chromatin was first discovered by Walther Flemming by using aniline dyes to stain it. In 1974, it was first proposed by Roger Kornberg that chromatin was based on a repeating unit of a histone octamer and around 200 base pairs of DNA.
The solenoid model was first proposed by John Finch and Aaron Klug in 1976. They used electron microscopy images and X-ray diffraction patterns to determine their model of the structure. This was the first model to be proposed for the structure of the 30 nm fibre.
Structure
DNA in the nucleus is wrapped around nucleosomes, which are histone octamers formed of core histone proteins; two histone H2A-H2B dimers, two histone H3 proteins, and two histone H4 proteins. The primary chromatin structure, the least-packed form, is the 11 nm, or “beads on a string” form, where DNA is wrapped around nucleosomes at relatively regular intervals, as Roger Kornberg proposed.
Histone H1 protein binds to the site where DNA enters and exits the nucleosome, wrapping 147 base pairs around the histone core and stabilising the nucleosome, this structure is a chromatosome. In the solenoid structure, the nucleosomes fold up and are stacked, forming a helix. They are connected by bent linker DNA which positions sequential nucleosomes adjacent to one another in the helix. The nucl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillation%20theory | In mathematics, in the field of ordinary differential equations, a nontrivial solution to an ordinary differential equation
is called oscillating if it has an infinite number of roots; otherwise it is called non-oscillating. The differential equation is called oscillating if it has an oscillating solution.
The number of roots carries also information on the spectrum of associated boundary value problems.
Examples
The differential equation
is oscillating as sin(x) is a solution.
Connection with spectral theory
Oscillation theory was initiated by Jacques Charles François Sturm in his investigations of Sturm–Liouville problems from 1836. There he showed that the n'th eigenfunction of a Sturm–Liouville problem has precisely n-1 roots. For the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation the question about oscillation/non-oscillation answers the question whether the eigenvalues accumulate at the bottom of the continuous spectrum.
Relative oscillation theory
In 1996 Gesztesy–Simon–Teschl showed that the number of roots of the Wronski determinant of two eigenfunctions of a Sturm–Liouville problem gives the number of eigenvalues between the corresponding eigenvalues. It was later on generalized by Krüger–Teschl to the case of two eigenfunctions of two different Sturm–Liouville problems. The investigation of the number of roots of the Wronski determinant of two solutions is known as relative oscillation theory.
See also
Classical results in oscillation theory are:
Kneser's the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference-map%20algorithm | The difference-map algorithm is a search algorithm for general constraint satisfaction problems. It is a meta-algorithm in the sense that it is built from more basic algorithms that perform projections onto constraint sets. From a mathematical perspective, the difference-map algorithm is a dynamical system based on a mapping of Euclidean space. Solutions are encoded as fixed points of the mapping.
Although originally conceived as a general method for solving the phase problem, the difference-map algorithm has been used for the boolean satisfiability problem, protein structure prediction, Ramsey numbers, diophantine equations, and Sudoku, as well as sphere- and disk-packing problems. Since these applications include NP-complete problems, the scope of the difference map is that of an incomplete algorithm. Whereas incomplete algorithms can efficiently verify solutions (once a candidate is found), they cannot prove that a solution does not exist.
The difference-map algorithm is a generalization of two iterative methods: Fienup's Hybrid input output (HIO) algorithm for phase retrieval and the Douglas-Rachford algorithm for convex optimization. Iterative methods, in general, have a long history in phase retrieval and convex optimization. The use of this style of algorithm for hard, non-convex problems is a more recent development.
Algorithm
The problem to be solved must first be formulated as a set intersection problem in Euclidean space: find an in the intersection of sets a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallgau | Wallgau is a municipality in the district of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, in Bavaria, Germany.
Population
Growth
*Statistics according to the Bavarian government, as of 2007.
Demographics
*Statistics according to the Bavarian government, as of 2007.
Notable people
Magdalena Neuner, (born 1987), twelve-time biathlon world champion, Olympic champion, Biathlon World Cup winner. Neuner has lived in the Bavarian village of Wallgau since birth.
Gallery
References
External links
Wallgau.de, official web site
Woiga.de, unofficial web site for citizens Information in Wallgau
Garmisch-Partenkirchen (district) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALMS1 | Alstrom syndrome 1 also known as ALMS1 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ALMS1 gene.
Molecular biology
The gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 2 (2p13.2) on the plus (Watson) strand. It is 224,161 bases in length organised into 23 exons. The encoded protein has 4,167 amino acids and molecular weight of 460,937 Da. Three isoforms are known. The protein itself has a large tandem-repeat domain comprising 34 imperfect repetitions of 47 amino acids. Mutations associated with disease are usually found in exons 8, 10 and 16.
The gene is expressed in fetal tissues including the aorta, brain, eye, kidney, liver, lung, olfactory bulb, pancreas, skeletal muscle, spleen and testis. The protein is found in the cytoplasm, centrosome, cell projections and cilium basal body. During mitosis it localizes to both spindle poles.
Function
Knockdown of Alms1 by short interfering RNA in mouse inner medullary collecting duct cells caused defective ciliogenesis. Cilia were stunted and treated cells lacked the ability to increase calcium influx in response to mechanical stimuli.
Disease association
Mutations in the ALMS1 gene have been found to be causative for Alström syndrome with a total of 81 disease-causing mutations.
Multiple mutations are known: the current (2007) total is 79. These include both nonsense and frameshift mutations. Most of the mutations have been found in exons 8,10 and 16.
Discovery
The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine, USA with the Un |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibrin | Nibrin, also known as NBN or NBS1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the NBN gene.
Function
Nibrin is a protein associated with the repair of double strand breaks (DSBs) which pose serious damage to a genome. It is a 754 amino acid protein identified as a member of the NBS1/hMre11/RAD50(N/M/R, more commonly referred to as MRN) double strand DNA break repair complex. This complex recognizes DNA damage and rapidly relocates to DSB sites and forms nuclear foci. It also has a role in regulation of N/M/R (MRN) protein complex activity which includes end-processing of both physiological and mutagenic DNA double strand breaks (DSBs).
Cellular response to DSBs
Cellular response is performed by damage sensors, effectors of lesion repair and signal transduction. The central role is carried out by ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) by activating the DSB signaling cascade, phosphorylating downstream substrates such as histone H2AX and NBS1. NBS1 relocates to DSB sites by interaction of FHA/BRCT domains with phosphorylated histone H2AX. Once it interacts with nibrin c-terminal hMre11-binding domain, hMre11 and hRad50 relocate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus then to sites of DSBs. They finally relocate to N/M/R where they form the foci at the site of damage.
Double strand breaks (DSBs)
DSBs occur during V(D)J recombination during early B and T cell development. This is at the point when the cells of the immune system are developing and the DSBs affect the developm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteolipid%20protein%201 | Proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1) is a form of myelin proteolipid protein (PLP). Mutations in PLP1 are associated with Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease. It is a 4 transmembrane domain protein which is proposed to bind other copies of itself on the extracellular side of the membrane. In a myelin sheath, as the layers of myelin wraps come together, PLP will bind itself and tightly hold the cellular membranes together.
This gene encodes a transmembrane proteolipid protein that is the predominant myelin protein present in the central nervous system (CNS). The encoded protein functions in myelination. This protein may play a role in the compaction, stabilization, and maintenance of myelin sheaths, as well as in oligodendrocyte development and axonal survival. Mutations associated with this gene cause X-linked Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease and spastic paraplegia type 2. Two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene.
In melanocytic cells PLP1 gene expression may be regulated by MITF.
Interactions
Proteolipid protein 1 has been shown to interact with Myelin basic protein.
See also
PLP2
References
Further reading
External links
GeneReview/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on PLP1-Related Disorders |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectoriloquy | Pectoriloquy is the increased resonance of the voice through the lung structures, so that it is clearly comprehensible using a stethoscope on the chest. It usually indicates consolidation of the underlying lung parenchyma.
Types include egophony and bronchophony.
See also
Whispered pectoriloquy
Vocal fremitus
References
Symptoms and signs: Respiratory system
Audible medical signs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5cm | 5cm may refer to:
The 5 centimeters band, a radio frequency band in the United States
An imprint of Hong Kong clothing company I.T
5 Centimeters Per Second, a Japanese anime film
5 cm (film), an Indonesian film |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20analogy | The elastic membrane analogy, also known as the soap-film analogy, was first published by pioneering aerodynamicist Ludwig Prandtl in 1903.
It describes the stress distribution on a long bar in torsion. The cross section of the bar is constant along its length, and need not be circular. The differential equation that governs the stress distribution on the bar in torsion is of the same form as the equation governing the shape of a membrane under differential pressure. Therefore, in order to discover the stress distribution on the bar, all one has to do is cut the shape of the cross section out of a piece of wood, cover it with a soap film, and apply a differential pressure across it. Then the slope of the soap film at any area of the cross section is directly proportional to the stress in the bar at the same point on its cross section.
Application to thin-walled, open cross sections
While the membrane analogy allows the stress distribution on any cross section to be determined experimentally, it also allows the stress distribution on thin-walled, open cross sections to be determined by the same theoretical approach that describes the behavior of rectangular sections. Using the membrane analogy, any thin-walled cross section can be "stretched out" into a rectangle without affecting the stress distribution under torsion. The maximum shear stress, therefore, occurs at the edge of the midpoint of the stretched cross section, and is equal to , where T is the torque applied, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.%20A.%20Stradling | Richard Anthony "Tony" Stradling (1937-2002), was a notable English semiconductor physicist, latterly professor of physics at Imperial College London.
Biography
Tony Stradling was born in Solihull, Warwickshire. He received his early education at Solihull School.
He took a First in physics from Brasenose College, Oxford, in 1955, followed by his DPhil studies in the Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford. He was appointed University Lecturer at Oxford and Fellow of Christ Church in 1968. In 1978 he took up the Chair of Natural Philosophy at St Andrews University. He remained in Scotland until 1984, when he moved back to England as Professor of Physics at Imperial College. He held this position until his retirement shortly before his death.
His early work was on the cyclotron resonance of semiconductors moving to magnetophonon resonance. He and his team of students used this effect to investigate a wide range of phenomena in the II-VI, III-V and elemental semiconductors. He pioneered the use of infra-red gas lasers combined with high magnetic fields to carry out cyclotron resonance and impurity spectroscopy measurements. Hydrostatic pressure was another tool for investigating band structure and impurity states in semiconductors that he exploited, particularly at St Andrews. He also investigated the spin and giant magnetoresistance properties of the narrow gap III-V compounds.
One of the legacies of Stradling’s research is his measurement of the effective masses and band parameters o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932%20German%20Grand%20Prix | The 1932 German Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at the Nürburgring on 17 July 1932.
Classification
References
German Grand Prix
German Grand Prix
Grand Prix |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938%20Italian%20Grand%20Prix | The 1938 Italian Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Monza on 11 September 1938.
Classification
References
Italian Grand Prix
Italian Grand Prix
Grand Prix |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Bodanis | David Bodanis is an American speaker, business advisor and writer of bestselling nonfiction books, notably E=mc2: A Biography of the World's Most Famous Equation, which was translated into 26 languages. Originally from Chicago, he received an undergraduate education in mathematics, physics and economics at the University of Chicago (AB 1977). He lived in France for ten years from his early twenties and has since been based in London.
Early life and education
Bodanis was born and brought up in Chicago, Illinois, and read mathematics, physics and history at the University of Chicago. In his early twenties he moved to Paris, where he began his career as a foreign correspondent for the International Herald Tribune. A move to the South of France followed, and he then split his time between France and London, combining writing with stints as a science presenter on 1980s ITV show, the Wide Awake Club.
Bodanis moved to the UK full-time in the late 1980s, combining writing with teaching social sciences at St Antony's College, Oxford, consulting for the Royal Dutch Shell Scenario Prediction unit, and speaking engagements including at conferences and Davos.
Works
In 1986, Bodanis had his first commercial authorial success with The Secret House: 24 Hours in the Strange & Wonderful World in Which We Spend Our Nights and Days, which reached no 5 on The New York Times Best Seller list and established him as a popular science writer. This book introduces Bodanis’s "microphotography" writi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20regular%20graph | A random r-regular graph is a graph selected from , which denotes the probability space of all r-regular graphs on vertices, where and is even. It is therefore a particular kind of random graph, but the regularity restriction significantly alters the properties that will hold, since most graphs are not regular.
Properties of random regular graphs
As with more general random graphs, it is possible to prove that certain properties of random –regular graphs hold asymptotically almost surely. In particular, for , a random r-regular graph of large size is asymptotically almost surely r-connected. In other words, although –regular graphs with connectivity less than exist, the probability of selecting such a graph tends to 0 as increases.
If is a positive constant, and is the least integer satisfying
then, asymptotically almost surely, a random r-regular graph has diameter at most d. There is also a (more complex) lower bound on the diameter of r-regular graphs, so that almost all r-regular graphs (of the same size) have almost the same diameter.
The distribution of the number of short cycles is also known: for fixed , let be the number of cycles of lengths up to . Then the are asymptotically independent Poisson random variables with means
Algorithms for random regular graphs
It is non-trivial to implement the random selection of r-regular graphs efficiently and in an unbiased way, since most graphs are not regular. The pairing model (also configuration model) is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine | 5-Methoxytryptamine (5-MT), also known as mexamine, is a tryptamine derivative closely related to the neurotransmitters serotonin and melatonin. 5-MT has been shown to occur naturally in the body in low levels. It is biosynthesized via the deacetylation of melatonin in the pineal gland.
5-MT acts as a full agonist at the 5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT4, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 receptors. It has no affinity for the 5-HT3 receptor and its affinity for the 5-HT1E receptor is very weak in comparison to the other 5-HT1 receptors. Its affinity for the 5-HT5A receptor is unknown.
Measured affinity for some receptors (incomplete list):
5-HT1B receptors (Ki = 35 nM)
5-HT1D receptors (Ki = 7.3 nM)
5-HT1E receptors (Ki = 3151 nM)
5-HT1F receptors (Ki = 1166 nM)
5-HT2A receptors (Ki = 295 nM)
5-HT2B receptors (Ki = 16.4 nM)
5-HT2C receptors (Ki = 52.48 nM)
5-HT4 receptors (Ki = 501.18 nM)
5-HT6 receptors (Ki = 69.18 nM)
5-HT7 receptors (Ki = 5.01 nM)
See also
2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine
5-Benzyloxytryptamine
5-Carboxamidotryptamine
α-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine
References
5-HT6 agonists
Serotonin receptor agonists
Mexamines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAT5 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) refers to two highly related proteins, STAT5A and STAT5B, which are part of the seven-membered STAT family of proteins. Though STAT5A and STAT5B are encoded by separate genes, the proteins are 90% identical at the amino acid level. STAT5 proteins are involved in cytosolic signalling and in mediating the expression of specific genes. Aberrant STAT5 activity has been shown to be closely connected to a wide range of human cancers, and silencing this aberrant activity is an area of active research in medicinal chemistry.
Activation and function
In order to be functional, STAT5 proteins must first be activated. This activation is carried out by kinases associated with transmembrane receptors:
Ligands binding to these transmembrane receptors on the outside of the cell activate the kinases;
The stimulated kinases add a phosphate group to a specific tyrosine residue on the receptor;
STAT5 then binds to these phosphorylated-tyrosines using their SH2 domain (STAT domains illustrated below);
The bound STAT5 is then phosphorylated by the kinase, the phosphorylation occurring at particular tyrosine residues on the C-terminus of the protein;
Phosphorylation causes STAT5 to dissociate from the receptor;
The phosphorylated STAT5 finally goes on to form either homodimers, STAT5-STAT5, or heterodimers, STAT5-STATX, with other STAT proteins. The SH2 domains of the STAT5 proteins are once again used for this dimerization. STA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAT3 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor which in humans is encoded by the STAT3 gene. It is a member of the STAT protein family.
Function
STAT3 is a member of the STAT protein family. In response to cytokines and growth factors, STAT3 is phosphorylated by receptor-associated Janus kinases (JAK), forms homo- or heterodimers, and translocates to the cell nucleus where it acts as a transcription activator. Specifically, STAT3 becomes activated after phosphorylation of tyrosine 705 in response to such ligands as interferons, epidermal growth factor (EGF), Interleukin (IL-)5 and IL-6. Additionally, activation of STAT3 may occur via phosphorylation of serine 727 by Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and through c-src non-receptor tyrosine kinase. STAT3 mediates the expression of a variety of genes in response to cell stimuli, and thus plays a key role in many cellular processes such as cell growth and apoptosis.
STAT3-deficient mouse embryos cannot develop beyond embryonic day 7, when gastrulation begins. It appears that at these early stages of development, STAT3 activation is required for self-renewal of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Indeed, LIF, which is supplied to murine ESC cultures to maintain their undifferentiated state, can be omitted if STAT3 is activated through some other means.
STAT3 is essential for the differentiation of the TH17 helper T cells, which have been implicated in a variety of autoimmune diseases. Duri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAT1 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) is a transcription factor which in humans is encoded by the STAT1 gene. It is a member of the STAT protein family.
Function
All STAT molecules are phosphorylated by receptor associated kinases, that causes activation, dimerization by forming homo- or heterodimers and finally translocate to nucleus to work as transcription factors. Specifically STAT1 can be activated by several ligands such as Interferon alpha (IFNα), Interferon gamma (IFNγ), Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), or IL-27.
Type I interferons (IFN-α, IFN-ß) bind to receptors, cause signaling via kinases, phosphorylate and activate the Jak kinases TYK2 and JAK1 and also STAT1 and STAT2. STAT molecules form dimers and bind to ISGF3G/IRF-9, which is Interferon stimulated gene factor 3 complex with Interferon regulatory Factor 9. This allows STAT1 to enter the nucleus. STAT1 has a key role in many gene expressions that cause survival of the cell, viability or pathogen response. There are two possible transcripts (due to alternative splicing) that encode 2 isoforms of STAT1. STAT1α, the full-length version of the protein, is the main active isoform, responsible for most of the known functions of STAT1. STAT1ß, which lacks a portion of the C-terminus of the protein, is less-studied, but has variously been reported to negatively regulate activation of STAT1 or to mediate IFN-γ-dependent anti-tumor and an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3BA | 3BA (call sign: 3RBA) is a commercial radio station in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia broadcasting on the FM band on a frequency of 102.3 MHz.
Together with its sister station Power FM, it is owned by ARN. The station plays "Great Classics & Today's Favourites", which ranges from the 80s to Today.
3BA moved from AM (1314) to FM (102.3) on 5 May 1998.
Today, 3BA's old 1314 frequency currently relays RSN 927 whose signal also travels to Ararat, Colac, Hamilton, Stawell and Warrnambool.
In November 2021, 3BA, along with other stations owned by Grant Broadcasters, were acquired by the Australian Radio Network. This deal will allow Grant's stations, including 3BA, to access ARN's iHeartRadio platform in regional areas. The deal was finalized on January 4, 2022. It is expected 3BA will integrate with ARN's Pure Gold Network, but will retain its current name according to the press release from ARN.
On-Air Schedule
Weekdays
12:00am–06:00am - Ballarat's 102.3FM 3BA
06:00am–10:00am - 'The Big Show' with Paul 'PT' Taylor
10:00am–12:00pm - 'Ballarat Today' with Brett Macdonald
12:00pm–01:00pm - 'Retro Lunch' with Geordi Norton
01:00pm–06:00pm - 'Afternoons' with Dave
06:00pm–08:00pm - 'Sportsday'
08:00pm–10:00pm - '20-20 Retro Countdown' with Aaron Stevens
09:00pm–12:00am - Ballarat's 102.3FM 3BA
Saturdays
12:00am–06:00am - Ballarat's 102.3FM 3BA
06:00am–10:00am - Frank Clark (Lifestyle Programs)
10:00am–12:00pm - 'Off The Bench' with Craig Hutchison & Liam Pickering
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20FM%20103.1 | Power FM (call sign: 3BBA) is a commercial radio station in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia, broadcasting on the FM band at a frequency of 103.1 MHz. It serves listeners in Ballarat, Creswick, Maryborough, Ararat, Meredith, Daylesford, Ballan and surrounding areas. Together with its sister station 3BA, it is owned by ARN. According to a survey in late 2021, Power FM is the most listened-to radio station in Ballarat and holds a 28.1% share of the market.
Currently, the station airs a contemporary hit radio format, featuring music from the 1990s through to today's top 40 hits, aimed at an audience aged under 35. It also airs several syndicated radio programs including Top 40 Pop & Urban Chart Hits.
In June 2009, Power FM and Sovereign Hill attempted to "lure" the singer Pink, who was then on tour in Australia, to Ballarat, whilst also fundraising for the Ballarat Cancer Research Centre. Power FM was also temporarily renamed to "Pink FM." In November 2021, Power FM, along with other stations owned by Grant Broadcasters,wase acquired by the Australian Radio Network. This deal will allow Grant's stations, including Power FM, to access ARN's iHeartRadio platform in regional areas. The deal was finalized on January 4, 2022. It is expected Power FM 103.1 will integrate with ARN's KIIS Network, but will retain its current name according to the press release from ARN.
In September 2022, Power FM Brekkie co-host Julie "Jules" Zass resigned after being a host on the station since Februa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZBasic | ZBasic is a compiler which was first released by Simutek (Tucson, Arizona) in 1980. The combined efforts of Andrew Gariepy, Scott Terry, David Overton, Greg Branche, and Halbert Laing led to versions for MS-DOS, Apple II, Macintosh, CP/M, and TRS-80 computers. ZBasic is a fast and efficient BASIC compiler with an integrated development environment. It aims to be used as a cross-platform development system, where the same source code can be compiled to different platforms without any modifications.
In 1991, Harry Gish and 32 Bit Software Inc. of Dallas, Texas purchased the MS-DOS version. Nando Favaro expanded it to include 16- and 32-bit-specific machine code as well as VGA and VESA video. Zedcor concentrated on the Macintosh market and renamed it FutureBASIC.
Features
ZBasic features device independent graphics: the same compiled code can work on different display resolutions and colors, and even in text mode. Original PC versions include graphical support up to EGA for MS-DOS.
ZBasic includes BCD (binary coded decimal) math with precision up to 54 digits.
INDEX$ is an array of variable length strings that can be easily sorted, searched, etc.
References
TRS-80 releases
ZBasic manual 'ZBasic, Interactive Compiler', by Andrew R. Gariepy, Scott Terry, David Overton, Greg Branche and Halbert Laing. Documentation by Michael A. Gariepy. Fourth Edition 4/87 (C)1985-1987 Zedcor Inc.
'ZBasic-PC/386', modifications by Nando Favaro. Documentation by Harry Gish. First Edition |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium%28I%29%20bromide | Indium(I) bromide is a chemical compound of indium and bromine. It is a red crystalline compound that is isostructural with β-TlI and has a distorted rock salt structure. Indium(I) bromide is generally made from the elements, heating indium metal with InBr3. It has been used in the sulfur lamp. In organic chemistry, it has been found to promote the coupling of α, α-dichloroketones to 1-aryl-butane-1,4-diones. Oxidative addition reactions with for example alkyl halides to give alkyl indium halides and with NiBr complexes to give Ni-In bonds are known. It is unstable in water decomposing into indium metal and indium tribromide. When indium dibromide is dissolved in water, InBr is produced as a, presumably, insoluble red precipitate, that then rapidly decomposes.
See also
Indium halides
References
WebElements
Indium(I) compounds
Bromides
Metal halides |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiking%20neural%20network | Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are artificial neural networks that more closely mimic natural neural networks. In addition to neuronal and synaptic state, SNNs incorporate the concept of time into their operating model. The idea is that neurons in the SNN do not transmit information at each propagation cycle (as it happens with typical multi-layer perceptron networks), but rather transmit information only when a membrane potential—an intrinsic quality of the neuron related to its membrane electrical charge—reaches a specific value, called the threshold. When the membrane potential reaches the threshold, the neuron fires, and generates a signal that travels to other neurons which, in turn, increase or decrease their potentials in response to this signal. A neuron model that fires at the moment of threshold crossing is also called a spiking neuron model.
The most prominent spiking neuron model is the leaky integrate-and-fire model. In the integrate-and-fire model, the momentary activation level (modeled as a differential equation) is normally considered to be the neuron's state, with incoming spikes pushing this value higher or lower, until the state eventually either decays or—if the firing threshold is reached—the neuron fires. After firing, the state variable is reset to a lower value.
Various decoding methods exist for interpreting the outgoing spike train as a real-value number, relying on either the frequency of spikes (rate-code), the time-to-first-spike after stimula |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoreplication | Pseudoreplication (sometimes unit of analysis error) has many definitions. Pseudoreplication was originally defined in 1984 by Stuart H. Hurlbert as the use of inferential statistics to test for treatment effects with data from experiments where either treatments are not replicated (though samples may be) or
replicates are not statistically independent. Subsequently, Millar and Anderson identified it as a special case of inadequate specification of random factors where both random and fixed factors are present. It is sometimes narrowly interpreted as an inflation of the number of samples or replicates which are not statistically independent. This definition omits the confounding of unit and treatment effects in a misspecified F-ratio. In practice, incorrect F-ratios for statistical tests of fixed effects often arise from a default F-ratio that is formed over the error rather the mixed term.
Lazic defined pseudoreplication as a problem of correlated samples (e.g. from longitudinal studies) where correlation is not taken into account when computing the confidence interval for the sample mean. For the effect of serial or temporal correlation also see Markov chain central limit theorem.
The problem of inadequate specification arises when treatments are assigned to units that are subsampled and the treatment F-ratio in an analysis of variance (ANOVA) table is formed with respect to the residual mean square rather than with respect to the among unit mean square. The F-ratio re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percus%E2%80%93Yevick%20approximation | In statistical mechanics the Percus–Yevick approximation is a closure relation to solve the Ornstein–Zernike equation. It is also referred to as the Percus–Yevick equation. It is commonly used in fluid theory to obtain e.g. expressions for the radial distribution function. The approximation is named after Jerome K. Percus and George J. Yevick.
Derivation
The direct correlation function represents the direct correlation between two particles in a system containing N − 2 other particles. It can be represented by
where is the radial distribution function, i.e. (with w(r) the potential of mean force) and is the radial distribution function without the direct interaction between pairs included; i.e. we write . Thus we approximate c(r) by
If we introduce the function into the approximation for c(r) one obtains
This is the essence of the Percus–Yevick approximation for if we substitute this result in the Ornstein–Zernike equation, one obtains the Percus–Yevick equation:
The approximation was defined by Percus and Yevick in 1958.
Hard spheres
For hard spheres, the potential u(r) is either zero or infinite, and therefore the Boltzmann factor is either one or zero, regardless of temperature T. Therefore structure of a hard-spheres fluid is temperature independent. This leaves just two parameters: the hard-core radius R (which can be eliminated by rescaling distances or wavenumbers), and the packing fraction η (which has a maximum value of 0.64 for random close |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy%20Foden | Wendy Foden is a conservation biologist, best known for her work on climate change impacts on biodiversity.
Education
While completing her master's degree at the University of Cape Town (2001), she discovered a latitudinal pattern of die-off of quiver trees (Aloidendron dichotomum) suggesting that climate change could be to blame. She received funding to further the study, working with Guy Midgley at the South African National Biodiversity Institute in Cape Town. Foden spent much of 2001–2003 surveying Quiver Trees in Namibia and the arid regions of western South Africa and set up long term monitoring to track changes. Her findings confirmed a clear trend of increasing mortality along gradients from south (polewards) to north (towards the equator) and from higher to lower altitudes, suggesting that the species is responding to a poleward shift in its suitable climate, but that colonization at the leading range edge is lagging. The study was published in 2007 and was one of the first of its time to document climate change impacts on plants, arid ecosystems or in Africa. The work formed the main focus of a TVE Documentary, "All of a quiver", screened on World in April 2007.
Career
From 2003 to 2007 Foden managed the South African National Biodiversity Institute's Threatened Species Programme, based in Pretoria. In this capacity she played leading roles in establishing atlasing and conservation assessment programs for plants, reptiles, butterflies and arachnids. She establish |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdetermined%20system | In mathematics, a system of equations is considered overdetermined if there are more equations than unknowns. An overdetermined system is almost always inconsistent (it has no solution) when constructed with random coefficients. However, an overdetermined system will have solutions in some cases, for example if some equation occurs several times in the system, or if some equations are linear combinations of the others.
The terminology can be described in terms of the concept of constraint counting. Each unknown can be seen as an available degree of freedom. Each equation introduced into the system can be viewed as a constraint that restricts one degree of freedom.
Therefore, the critical case occurs when the number of equations and the number of free variables are equal. For every variable giving a degree of freedom, there exists a corresponding constraint. The overdetermined case occurs when the system has been overconstrained — that is, when the equations outnumber the unknowns. In contrast, the underdetermined case occurs when the system has been underconstrained — that is, when the number of equations is fewer than the number of unknowns. Such systems usually have an infinite number of solutions.
Overdetermined linear systems of equations
An example in two dimensions
Consider the system of 3 equations and 2 unknowns ( and ), which is overdetermined because 3 > 2, and which corresponds to Diagram #1:
There is one solution for each pair of linear equations: for the f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus%20Flower%20%28film%29 | Cactus Flower is a 1969 American screwball comedy film directed by Gene Saks, and starring Walter Matthau, Ingrid Bergman and Goldie Hawn, who won an Academy Award for her performance.
The screenplay was adapted by I. A. L. Diamond from the 1965 Broadway play of the same name written by Abe Burrows, which in turn was based upon the French play Fleur de cactus by Pierre Barillet and Jean-Pierre Gredy. Cactus Flower was the ninth highest-grossing film of 1969.
Plot
Twenty-one-year-old Toni Simmons attempts to commit suicide by inhaling gas from her stove. Toni's neighbor, Igor Sullivan, smells the gas and rescues her by using mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, which evolves into a kiss after Toni regains consciousness.
Toni's suicide attempt came after being stood up by her lover, Manhattan dentist Julian Winston. Julian had told Toni from the beginning of their relationship that he had a wife and three children. Unbeknownst to Toni, Julian is not married; and Toni hates lying above all other transgressions. Impressed that Toni had been willing to die over him, Julian decides to marry Toni. However, she is concerned for his wife's well-being, and insists on meeting her to ensure that she has agreed to divorce him and will be taken care of. Julian asks Stephanie Dickinson, his longtime nurse, to pose as his wife. At first unwilling, she ultimately relents, since she has long been in love with her employer.
When Toni and Stephanie first meet at the record store where Toni works, T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro%20Picone | Mauro Picone (2 May 1885 – 11 April 1977) was an Italian mathematician. He is known for the Picone identity, the Sturm-Picone comparison theorem and being the founder of the Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo, presently named after him, the first applied mathematics institute ever founded. He was also an outstanding teacher of mathematical analysis: some of the best Italian mathematicians were among his pupils.
Work
Research activity
Teaching activity
Notable students:
Luigi Amerio
Renato Caccioppoli
Gianfranco Cimmino
Ennio de Giorgi
Gaetano Fichera
Carlo Miranda
Selected publications
(Review of the whole volume I) (available from the "Edizione Nazionale Mathematica Italiana"), reviewed by .
, (Review of the 2nd part of volume I) (available from the "Edizione Nazionale Mathematica Italiana").
, reviewed by and by .
See also
Renato Caccioppoli
Lamberto Cesari
Ennio de Giorgi
Gaetano Fichera
Picone identity
Antonio Signorini
Sturm-Picone comparison theorem
Notes
References
Biographical references
. The "Yearbook" of the renowned Italian scientific institution, including an historical sketch of its history, the list of all past and present members as well as a wealth of information about its academic and scientific activities.
. The brief "participating address" presented to the International congress on the occasion of the celebration of the centenary of birth of Mauro Picone and Leonida Tonelli (held in Rome on May 6–9, 1985) by Luigi Amerio on behalf of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm%E2%80%93Picone%20comparison%20theorem | In mathematics, in the field of ordinary differential equations, the Sturm–Picone comparison theorem, named after Jacques Charles François Sturm and Mauro Picone, is a classical theorem which provides criteria for the oscillation and non-oscillation of solutions of certain linear differential equations in the real domain.
Let , for be real-valued continuous functions on the interval and let
be two homogeneous linear second order differential equations in self-adjoint form with
and
Let be a non-trivial solution of (1) with successive roots at and and let be a non-trivial solution of (2). Then one of the following properties holds.
There exists an in such that or
there exists a in R such that .
The first part of the conclusion is due to Sturm (1836), while the second (alternative) part of the theorem is due to Picone (1910) whose simple proof was given using his now famous Picone identity. In the special case where both equations are identical one obtains the Sturm separation theorem.
Notes
References
Diaz, J. B.; McLaughlin, Joyce R. Sturm comparison theorems for ordinary and partial differential equations. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 75 1969 335–339
Heinrich Guggenheimer (1977) Applicable Geometry, page 79, Krieger, Huntington .
Ordinary differential equations
Theorems in analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleosin | Oleosins are structural proteins found in vascular plant oil bodies and in plant cells. Oil bodies are not considered organelles because they have a single layer membrane and lack the pre-requisite double layer membrane in order to be considered an organelle. They are found in plant parts with high oil content that undergo extreme desiccation as part of their maturation process, and help stabilize the bodies.
Components
Oleosins are proteins of 16 kDa to 24 kDa and are composed of three domains: an N-terminal hydrophilic region of variable length (from 30 to 60 residues); a central hydrophobic domain of about 70 residues and a C-terminal amphipathic region of variable length (from 60 to 100 residues). The central hydrophobic domain is proposed to be made up of beta-strand structure and to interact with the lipids. It is the only domain whose sequence is conserved. Models show oleosins having a hairpin-like hydrophobic shape that is inserted inside the triacylglyceride (TAG), while the hydrophilic parts are left outside oil bodies.
Oleosins have been found on oil bodies of seeds, tapetum cells, and pollen but not fruits. Instead of a stabilizer of oil bodies, oleosins are believed to be involved in water-uptaking of pollen on stigma.
Allergic reactions
Allergic reactions to oleosins from hazelnut, peanut and sesame oils have been confirmed, ranging from contact dermatitis to anaphylactic shock. These oil body associated proteins are at ~14 and ~17 kDa, named, respectively |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picone%20identity | In the field of ordinary differential equations, the Picone identity, named after Mauro Picone, is a classical result about homogeneous linear second order differential equations. Since its inception in 1910 it has been used with tremendous success in association with an almost immediate proof of the Sturm comparison theorem, a theorem whose proof took up many pages in Sturm's original memoir of 1836. It is also useful in studying the oscillation of such equations and has been generalized to other type of differential equations and difference equations.
The Picone identity is used to prove the Sturm–Picone comparison theorem.
Picone identity
Suppose that u and v are solutions of the two homogeneous linear second order differential equations in self-adjoint form
and
Then, for all x with v(x) ≠ 0, the following identity holds
Proof
Notes
References
Ordinary differential equations
Mathematical identities |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysin | Hemolysins or haemolysins are lipids and proteins that cause lysis of red blood cells by disrupting the cell membrane. Although the lytic activity of some microbe-derived hemolysins on red blood cells may be of great importance for nutrient acquisition, many hemolysins produced by pathogens do not cause significant destruction of red blood cells during infection. However, hemolysins are often capable of lysing red blood cells in vitro.
While most hemolysins are protein compounds, some are lipid biosurfactants.
Properties
Many bacteria produce hemolysins that can be detected in the laboratory. It is now believed that many clinically relevant fungi also produce hemolysins. Hemolysins can be identified by their ability to lyse red blood cells in vitro.
Not only are the erythrocytes affected by hemolysins, but there are also some effects among other blood cells, such as leucocytes (white blood cells). Escherichia coli hemolysin is potentially cytotoxic to monocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages, leading them to autolysis and death.
Visualization of hemolysis (UK: haemolysis) of red blood cells in agar plates facilitates the categorization of Streptococcus.
Mechanism
One way hemolysin lyses erythrocytes is by forming pores in phospholipid bilayers. Other hemolysins lyse erythrocytes by hydrolyzing the phospholipids in the bilayer.
Pore formation
Many hemolysins are pore-forming toxins (PFT), which are able to cause the lysis of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFG | SFG may refer to:
Military
Special Forces Group (Belgium)
Special Forces Group (Japan)
Special Forces (United States Army)#Special Forces groups
Science and Technology
Sum-frequency generation in optical physics
Signal-flow graph
Superior frontal gyrus, in the human brain
Systemic functional grammar
Other
San Francisco Giants, a Major League Baseball team
L'Espérance Airport, IATA airport code |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD52 | CAMPATH-1 antigen, also known as cluster of differentiation 52 (CD52), is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the CD52 gene.
CD52 is present on the surface of mature lymphocytes, but not on the stem cells from which these lymphocytes were derived. It also is found on monocytes and dendritic cells. Further, it is found within the male genital tract and is present on the surface of mature sperm cells.
CD52 is a peptide of 12 amino acids, anchored to glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI). Since it is highly negatively charged and present on sperm cells and lymphocytes, it has been conjectured that its function is anti-adhesion, allowing cells to freely move around.
CD52 binds the ITIM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif)-bearing sialic acid-binding lectin SIGLEC10.
Clinical significance
It is associated with certain types of lymphoma.
It is the protein targeted by alemtuzumab, a monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. A phase III trial into treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis showed a reduction in relapse rate, but no statistically significant reduction in accumulated disability, when used as a first-line therapy. However, a sister study looking at patients in whom relapses had occurred despite treatment with interferon beta or glatiramer demonstrated reduction in both relapse rate and accumulated disability. 20% patients randomised to interferon beta 1a had "sustained accumulation of disability" compar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinkill | Crinkill (), sometimes spelt Crinkle, is a village in County Offaly, Ireland, close to Birr. Crinkill was designated as a census town by the Central Statistics Office for the first time in the 2016 census, at which time it had a population of 682 people.
History
The village originally grew up around a British Army military barracks, Birr Barracks, which was constructed around 1805. However, the barracks was abandoned by the British army around the time of Irish independence, and was burnt down in July 1922 as a result of the civil war that followed. Today only the ruins of the outer wall remain. In 2013, the Regimental Association of the Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians) erected a memorial to commemorate the regiment's strong linkages with the area.
Features
The Thatch, a 200-year-old thatched restaurant and bar in the center of Crinkill, has been in the same family ownership for nearly 200 years. The Thatch has won several awards, including the Offaly Pub of the Year and the All Ireland Pub Of The Year in 1999 and 2001.
Education
Crinkill National School is the local national (primary) school.
Sport
The village is home to Crinkill GAA and Handball Club. Together with neighbouring clubs Carrig and Riverstown the club fields teams at all levels in the name of CRC Gaels. Kevin Breen, a member of the East Tennessee State University cross country team known as the Irish Brigade, is a native of Crinkle. Breen was member of the ETSU team that placed second |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-glomerular%20basement%20membrane%20antibody | Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody (anti-GBM Ab) is an antibody which is found in Goodpasture's syndrome but not found in microscopic polyangiitis.
Some sources consider "anti-GBM disease" and "Goodpasture disease" to be synonymous terms describing histological presentation, reserving the term "Goodpasture syndrome" for clinical presentation.
See also
Glomerular basement membrane
References
External links
Autoantibodies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturm%20separation%20theorem | In mathematics, in the field of ordinary differential equations, Sturm separation theorem, named after Jacques Charles François Sturm, describes the location of roots of solutions of homogeneous second order linear differential equations. Basically the theorem states that given two linear independent solutions of such an equation the zeros of the two solutions are alternating.
Sturm separation theorem
If u(x) and v(x) are two non-trivial continuous linearly independent solutions to a homogeneous second order linear differential equation with x0 and x1 being successive roots of u(x), then v(x) has exactly one root in the open interval (x0, x1). It is a special case of the Sturm-Picone comparison theorem.
Proof
Since and are linearly independent it follows that the Wronskian must satisfy for all where the differential equation is defined, say . Without loss of generality, suppose that . Then
So at
and either and are both positive or both negative. Without loss of generality, suppose that they are both positive. Now, at
and since and are successive zeros of it causes . Thus, to keep we must have . We see this by observing that if then would be increasing (away from the -axis), which would never lead to a zero at . So for a zero to occur at at most (i.e., and it turns out, by our result from the Wronskian that ). So somewhere in the interval the sign of changed. By the Intermediate Value Theorem there exists such that .
On the other hand, there ca |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Jones%20and%20Gene%20Pitney%20%28Recorded%20in%20Nashville%21%29 | George Jones and Gene Pitney (Recorded in Nashville!) is an album by American country music artist George Jones and rock and roll artist Gene Pitney. The album is also known as It's Country Time Again!
Track listing
"Mockin' Bird Hill" (Vaughn Horton)
"As Long as I Live" (Roy Acuff)
"My Favorite Lies"(George Jones, Jack Ripley)
"Y'all Come" (Arlie Duff)
"Someday (You'll Want Me to Want You)" (Jimmy Hodges)
"Love Bug" (Wayne Kemp, Curtis Wayne)
"Big Job" (Jones, Hank Mills)
"Your Old Standby" (Jim Eanes, Wayne Perry)
"Why Baby Why" (Jones, Darrell Edwards)
"That's All It Took" (Jones, Darrell Edwards, C. Grier)
"Louisiana Man" (Doug Kershaw)
"I Can't Stop Loving You" (Don Gibson)
External links
George Jones' Official Website
1965 albums
George Jones albums
Vocal duet albums
Gene Pitney albums
Musicor Records albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardenolide | A cardenolide is a type of steroid. Many plants contain derivatives, collectively known as cardenolides, including many in the form of cardenolide glycosides (cardenolides that contain structural groups derived from sugars). Cardenolide glycosides are often toxic; specifically, they are heart-arresting. Cardenolides are toxic to animals through inhibition of the enzyme Na+/K+‐ATPase, which is responsible for maintaining the sodium and potassium ion gradients across the cell membranes.
Etymology
The term derives from card- "heart" (from Greek καρδία kardiā) and the suffix , referring to the lactone ring at C17. Cardenolides are a class of steroids (or aglycones if viewed as cardiac glycoside constituents), and cardenolides are a subtype of this class (see MeSH D codes list).
Structure
Cardenolides are C(23)-steroids with methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and a five-membered lactone (specifically a butenolide) at C-17. They are aglycone constituents of cardiac glycosides and must have at least one double bond in the molecule. The class includes cardadienolides and cardatrienolides. Members include:
acetyldigitoxins
acetyldigoxins
cymarine
digitoxin
digitoxigenin
digoxigenin
digoxin
medigoxin
neoconvalloside
ouabain
strophanthidin
Bufadienolide and marinobufagenin are similar in structure and function.
Cardanolide is the same core structure, but has a saturated lactone ring instead of one containing an alkene.
As defense mechanism
Some plant and animal species use cardenolides |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantile%20function | In probability and statistics, the quantile function outputs the value of a random variable such that its probability is less than or equal to an input probability value. Intuitively, the quantile function associates with a range at and below a probability input the likelihood that a random variable is realized in that range for some probability distribution. It is also called the percentile function (after the percentile), percent-point function or inverse cumulative distribution function (after the cumulative distribution function).
Definition
Strictly monotonic distribution function
With reference to a continuous and strictly monotonic cumulative distribution function of a random variable X, the quantile function maps its input p to a threshold value x so that the probability of X being less or equal than x is p. In terms of the distribution function F, the quantile function Q returns the value x such that
which can be written as inverse of the c.d.f.
General distribution function
In the general case of distribution functions that are not strictly monotonic and therefore do not permit an inverse c.d.f., the quantile is a (potentially) set valued functional of a distribution function F, given by the interval
It is often standard to choose the lowest value, which can equivalently be written as (using right-continuity of F)
Here we capture the fact that the quantile function returns the minimum value of x from amongst all those values whose c.d.f value exceeds p, whic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%20the%20First%20Time%21%20Two%20Great%20Stars%20-%20George%20Jones%20and%20Gene%20Pitney | For the First Time! Two Great Stars - George Jones and Gene Pitney is an album by American country music artist George Jones and pop artist Gene Pitney. It was released in 1965 on the Musicor label in the United States and on the Stateside label in the United Kingdom.
Background
After Jones left United Artists to join Musicor in 1965, it was decided that he start off with a duet recording session with teen idol Gene Pitney, and this release was motivated more by the fact that Pitney was also signed to Musicor rather than any musical compatibility. However, Pitney manages to hold his own with Jones and the album became a hit, rising to number three on the country album chart. The album was Pitney's eleventh for Musicor, and the pair would record one more duet album together called It's Country Time Again in 1966. The Bear Family record label would reissue both albums under the title George Jones & Gene Pitney, collecting 31 sides that the pair recorded together.
Reception
Chris Woodstra of AllMusic writes, " For a seemingly unlikely pairing, the two complemented each other well, with Pitney proving himself not only a fan of the genre but also a competent country singer as well."
Track listing
"I've Got Five Dollars and It's Saturday Night" (Ted Daffin)
"I Really Don't Want to Know" (Howard Barnes, Don Robertson) Gene Pitney solo
"I'm a Fool to Care" (Daffin)
"My Shoes Keep Walking Back to You" (Lee Ross, Bob Wills)
"Sweeter Than the Flowers" (Morrey Burns, Syd Nathan, E |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-signal%20model | Large-signal modeling is a common analysis method used in electronic engineering to describe nonlinear devices in terms of the underlying nonlinear equations. In circuits containing nonlinear elements such as transistors, diodes, and vacuum tubes, under "large signal conditions", AC signals have high enough magnitude that nonlinear effects must be considered.
"Large signal" is the opposite of "small signal", which means that the circuit can be reduced to a linearized equivalent circuit around its operating point with sufficient accuracy.
Differences between Small Signal and Large Signal
A small signal model takes a circuit and based on an operating point (bias) and linearizes all the components. Nothing changes because the assumption is that the signal is so small that the operating point (gain, capacitance, etc.) doesn't change.
A large signal model, on the other hand, takes into account the fact that the large signal actually affects the operating point, as well as that elements are non-linear and circuits can be limited by power supply values to avoid variation in operating point. A small signal model ignores simultaneous variations in the gain and supply values.
See also
Diode modelling
Transistor models#Large-signal nonlinear models
References
Electronic device modeling
Electrical circuits |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famous%20Country%20Duets | Famous Country Duets is an album by American country music artist George Jones with Gene Pitney and Melba Montgomery. This album was released in 1965 (see 1965 in country music) on the Musicor Records label.
Background
Jones's producer H.W. "Pappy" Daily had been mentoring the singer's career since the late fifties and, as Jones star begin to rise through the early 1960s, pushing his career through an ever increasing number of lucrative record deals. This was Jones's first album with the Musicor label after leaving United Artists in 1965. As Bob Allen points out in his book George Jones: The Life and Times of a Honky Tonk Legend, "During the next six years, with Musicor, George recorded more than over 280 songs - most of which were done in rushed, sloppily produced sessions - and help to establish for himself a somewhat unwelcome reputation as one of country music's most overrecorded artists." Jones work with Musicor would also be increasingly characterized by the Nashville Sound that became prominent on country radio throughout the rest of the decade.
Jones had recorded two duet albums with Montgomery on United Artists: 1963's What's In Our Hearts and 1964's Bluegrass Hootenanny. More curiously, Jones would record a duet album with rock and roll singer Gene Pitney in 1965 called For the First Time! Two Great Stars - George Jones and Gene Pitney. Famous Country Duets compiles duets by the singers, although there is no single track with all three singers performing.
Trac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU%20card | A CPU card is a printed circuit board (PCB) that contains the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. CPU cards are specified by CPU clock frequency and bus type as well as other features and applications built into the card.
CPU cards include Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) cards, modular PC Cards, Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) cards, PCI extensions for instrumentation (PXI) cards and embedded technology extended (ETX) cards. CPU cards are often used to expand the memory, speed, bandwidth or embedded applications of an existing computer system. PC cards are typically used to expand a system's embedded applications. PC cards include modules for audio and video applications, data communications and embedded storage. PXI cards are used for data acquisition and control systems, making them suitable for real-time measurement applications. ETX cards are used in industrial applications to augment a computer system's embedded applications. ETX cards contain all the functionality necessary to run the PC in a compact space.
CPU cards that are used to augment existing computer backplanes typically have ISA or PCI connectors and can be plugged into the backplane without any additional configuration. CPU cards for use in computer backplanes are typically half-sized. The CPU card contains the PC functionality and communicates with the other cards plugged into the backplane through a computer bus. CPU cards may also be called expansion cards or expansion boards, and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirschberg%27s%20algorithm | In computer science, Hirschberg's algorithm, named after its inventor, Dan Hirschberg, is a dynamic programming algorithm that finds the optimal sequence alignment between two strings. Optimality is measured with the Levenshtein distance, defined to be the sum of the costs of insertions, replacements, deletions, and null actions needed to change one string into the other. Hirschberg's algorithm is simply described as a more space-efficient version of the Needleman–Wunsch algorithm that uses divide and conquer. Hirschberg's algorithm is commonly used in computational biology to find maximal global alignments of DNA and protein sequences.
Algorithm information
Hirschberg's algorithm is a generally applicable algorithm for optimal sequence alignment. BLAST and FASTA are suboptimal heuristics. If x and y are strings, where length(x) = n and length(y) = m, the Needleman–Wunsch algorithm finds an optimal alignment in O(nm) time, using O(nm) space. Hirschberg's algorithm is a clever modification of the Needleman–Wunsch Algorithm, which still takes O(nm) time, but needs only O(min{n, m}) space and is much faster in practice.
One application of the algorithm is finding sequence alignments of DNA or protein sequences. It is also a space-efficient way to calculate the longest common subsequence between two sets of data such as with the common diff tool.
The Hirschberg algorithm can be derived from the Needleman–Wunsch algorithm by observing that:
one can compute the optimal alignme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanofluidics | Nanofluidics is the study of the behavior, manipulation, and control of fluids that are confined to structures of nanometer (typically 1–100 nm) characteristic dimensions (1 nm = 10−9 m). Fluids confined in these structures exhibit physical behaviors not observed in larger structures, such as those of micrometer dimensions and above, because the characteristic physical scaling lengths of the fluid, (e.g. Debye length, hydrodynamic radius) very closely coincide with the dimensions of the nanostructure itself.
When structures approach the size regime corresponding to molecular scaling lengths, new physical constraints are placed on the behavior of the fluid. For example, these physical constraints induce regions of the fluid to exhibit new properties not observed in bulk, e.g. vastly increased viscosity near the pore wall; they may effect changes in thermodynamic properties and may also alter the chemical reactivity of species at the fluid-solid interface. A particularly relevant and useful example is displayed by electrolyte solutions confined in nanopores that contain surface charges, i.e. at electrified interfaces, as shown in the nanocapillary array membrane (NCAM) in the accompanying figure.
All electrified interfaces induce an organized charge distribution near the surface known as the electrical double layer. In pores of nanometer dimensions the electrical double layer may completely span the width of the nanopore, resulting in dramatic changes in the composition of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinylidene%20protein | Retinylidene proteins, or rhodopsins in a broad sense, are proteins that use retinal as a chromophore for light reception. They are the molecular basis for a variety of light-sensing systems from phototaxis in flagellates to eyesight in animals. Retinylidene proteins include all forms of opsin and rhodopsin (in the broad sense). While rhodopsin in the narrow sense refers to a dim-light visual pigment found in vertebrates, usually on rod cells, rhodopsin in the broad sense (as used here) refers to any molecule consisting of an opsin and a retinal chromophore in the ground state. When activated by light, the chromophore is isomerized, at which point the molecule as a whole is no longer rhodopsin, but a related molecule such as metarhodopsin. However, it remains a retinylidene protein. The chromophore then separates from the opsin, at which point the bare opsin is a retinylidene protein. Thus, the molecule remains a retinylidene protein throughout the phototransduction cycle.
Structure
All rhodopsins consist of two building blocks, a protein moiety and a reversibly covalently bound non-protein cofactor, retinal (retinaldehyde). The protein structure of rhodopsin consists of a bundle of seven transmembrane helices that form an internal pocket binding the photoreactive chromophore. They form a superfamily with other membrane-bound receptors containing seven transmembrane domains, for example odor and chemokine receptors.
Mechanism of light reception
Instead of being activated |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KYLA | KYLA is a non-commercial FM radio station that is licensed to Fountain Valley and serves Orange County on the 92.7 MHz frequency.
KYRA is a non-commercial FM radio station that is licensed to Thousand Oaks, California and serves Ventura County and far northwestern Los Angeles County on the 92.7 MHz frequency. The station is also heard on FM translator K220FR (91.9 FM) in Thousand Oaks, California.
KYZA is a non-commercial FM radio station that is licensed to Adelanto, California and serves the Victor Valley area on the 92.7 MHz frequency.
Together, the three stations constitute a trimulcast of rimshot signals that covers the Greater Los Angeles area with a city-grade signal; this is accomplished by transmitting from outlying areas of the Los Angeles metropolitan region. All stations are owned by Educational Media Foundation and broadcast the nationally syndicated Christian worship music network Air1.
History
KYRA
KYRA signed on in 1963 with the call letters KNJO, broadcasting from a studio in the Park Oaks shopping center in Thousand Oaks. KNJO stood for "Conejo", the valley in which the station was located. The station's claim to fame at the time was that it was the first FM radio station on the West Coast to broadcast in stereo. KNJO was a community-oriented radio station featuring local news, sports, and remote broadcasts from a variety of local events. The station was built by radio personality Sy Blonder and co-owned by Dodger baseball star Sandy Koufax.
Over the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufadienolide | Bufadienolide is a chemical compound with steroid structure. Its derivatives are collectively known as bufadienolides, including many in the form of bufadienolide glycosides (bufadienolides that contain structural groups derived from sugars). These are a type of cardiac glycoside, the other being the cardenolide glycosides. Both bufadienolides and their glycosides are toxic; specifically, they can cause an atrioventricular block, bradycardia (slow heartbeat), ventricular tachycardia (a type of rapid heartbeat), and possibly lethal cardiac arrest.
Etymology
The term derives from the toad genus Bufo that contains bufadienolide glycosides, the suffix -adien- that refers to the two double bonds in the lactone ring, and the ending -olide that denotes the lactone structure. Consequently, related structures with only one double bond are called bufenolides, and the saturated equivalent is bufanolide.
Classification
According to MeSH, bufadienolides and bufanolides are classified as follows:
Polycyclic compounds
Steroids
Cardanolides
Cardiac glycosides
Bufanolides (includes bufenolides, bufadienolides, bufatrienolides)
Proscillaridin
Daigremontianin
Cardenolides
References
Further reading
Steyn, PS; Heerden, FR van (1998). Bufadienolides of plant and animal origin, Natural Product Reports, 15(4):397-413.
Bufanolides |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slosh%20dynamics | In fluid dynamics, slosh refers to the movement of liquid inside another object (which is, typically, also undergoing motion).
Strictly speaking, the liquid must have a free surface to constitute a slosh dynamics problem, where the dynamics of the liquid can interact with the container to alter the system dynamics significantly. Important examples include propellant slosh in spacecraft tanks and rockets (especially upper stages), and the free surface effect (cargo slosh) in ships and trucks transporting liquids (for example oil and gasoline).
However, it has become common to refer to liquid motion in a completely filled tank, i.e. without a free surface, as "fuel slosh".
Such motion is characterized by "inertial waves" and can be an important effect in spinning spacecraft dynamics. Extensive mathematical and empirical relationships have been derived to describe liquid slosh. These types of analyses are typically undertaken using computational fluid dynamics and finite element methods to solve the fluid-structure interaction problem, especially if the solid container is flexible. Relevant fluid dynamics non-dimensional parameters include the Bond number, the Weber number, and the Reynolds number.
Slosh is an important effect for spacecraft, ships, some land vehicles and some aircraft. Slosh was a factor in the Falcon 1 second test flight anomaly, and has been implicated in various other spacecraft anomalies, including a near-disaster with the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhancer%20trap | An enhancer trap is a method in molecular biology. The enhancer trap construct contains a transposable element and a reporter gene. The first is necessary for (random) insertion in the genome, the latter is necessary for identification of the spatial regulation by the enhancer. On top of this, the construct usually includes a genetic marker, e.g., the white gene producing red-colored eyes in Drosophila, or ampicillin resistance in E. coli.
The most common and basic enhancer traps are: P[lacZ] from the bacterium E. coli and P[GAL4] from yeast. There exists a large number of fly stocks containing GAL4 insertions and an equally large number of fly stocks containing an UAS DNA sequence followed by a gene of interest, which permits the expression of a large number of genes with different GAL4 "drivers". Rather than generating transgenic flies with the enhancer linked directly to the gene of interest (which takes about a year when starting without the appropriate DNA construct), one transgenic fly is simply mated (crossed) with another transgenic fly.
See also
Gene trapping
P element
References
Genetics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth%20differentiation%20factor | Growth differentiation factors (GDFs) are a subfamily of proteins belonging to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily that have functions predominantly in development.
Types
Several members of this subfamily have been described, and named GDF1 through GDF15.
GDF1 is expressed chiefly in the nervous system and functions in left-right patterning and mesoderm induction during embryonic development.
GDF2 (also known as BMP9) induces and maintains the response embryonic basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) have to a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine, and regulates iron metabolism by increasing levels of a protein called hepcidin.
GDF3 is also known as "Vg-related gene 2" (Vgr-2). Expression of GDF3 occurs in ossifying bone during embryonic development and in the thymus, spleen, bone marrow brain, and adipose tissue of adults. It has a dual nature of function; it both inhibits and induces early stages of development in embryos.
GDF5 is expressed in the developing central nervous system, with roles in the development of joints and the skeleton, and increasing the survival of neurones that respond to a neurotransmitter called dopamine.
GDF6 interacts with bone morphogenetic proteins to regulate ectoderm patterning, and controls eye development.
GDF8 is now officially known as myostatin and controls the growth of muscle tissue.
GDF9, like GDF3, lacks one cysteine relative to other members of the TGF-β superfamily. Its gene expression is limited to the ovarie |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geranylgeranylation | Geranylgeranylation is a form of prenylation, which is a post-translational modification of proteins that involves the attachment of one or two 20-carbon lipophilic geranylgeranyl isoprene units from geranylgeranyl diphosphate to one or two cysteine residue(s) at the C-terminus of specific proteins. Prenylation (including geranylgeranylation) is thought to function, at least in part, as a membrane anchor for proteins.
The process of geranylgeranylation can be catalyzed by either geranylgeranyl transferase I (GGTase I) or Rab GGTase (also GGTase II). GGTase I catalyzes the addition of one geranylgeranyl group onto the C-terminal consensus sequence CAAL (somewhat similar to farnesyltransferase reactions), where C=cysteine, A=any aliphatic amino acid, and L=leucine. Rab GGTase adds a total of two geranylgeranyl groups onto two cysteine residues at the C-terminal consensus sequence CXC or XXCC. The source of the geranylgeranyl group is geranylgeranyl diphosphate, which is synthesized by GGPS1 within the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway.
An example of this can be seen in the lipid anchoring of the Rho GTPase family of signaling molecules and the gamma subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins.
References
Proteins
Gene expression
Molecular biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONDOR%20secure%20cell%20phone | Project "Condor" was an NSA project for the development of secure mobile phones.
See also
Secure Communications Interoperability Protocol
Sectéra Secure Module for Motorola GSM cell phones
References
National Security Agency encryption devices
Secure communication |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri%20B.%20Kagan | Henri Boris Kagan (born 15 December 1930) is currently an emeritus professor at the Université Paris-Sud in France. He is widely recognized as a pioneer in the field of asymmetric catalysis. His discoveries have had far-reaching impacts on the pharmaceutical industry.
He graduated from the Sorbonne and École nationale supérieure de chimie de Paris and carried out his PhD under J. Jacques at the Collège de France. Subsequently, he was a research associate with A. Horeau. He then moved to Université Paris-Sud, Orsay where he is emeritus professor. A landmark in his research was the development of C2-symmetric ligands, e.g., DIOP for asymmetric catalysis. This discovery led to the discovery of many related ligands that support catalysts used in a variety of practical applications.
Honors
Dr Kagan is a member of the French Academy of Sciences and has won many awards in the field including: Silver Medal of the French National Scientific Research Center, Prelog Medal, August-Wihelm-von Hoffman Medal, Nagoya Medal of Organic Chemistry, Tetrahedron Prize for Creativity in Organic Chemistry, Wolf Prize in Chemistry, Grand Prix de la Fondation de la Maison de la Chimie, Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, JSPS Award for Eminent Scientists, Ryoji Noyori Prize, and the 2005 Benjamin Franklin Medal.
In 2001 controversy was caused when Kagan was not given the Nobel prize which had been shared by K. Barry Sharpless of the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California, Ryōji Noyori |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausham | Hausham is a municipality in the district of Miesbach in Bavaria in Germany.
Geography
geographical classification
Hausham is located approximately 45 km south of Munich, between Miesbach and Schliersee. It is surrounded to the south by mountains, including Huberspitz (1.052 m) and Neureuth (1.261 m).
Districts
Hausham's 13 districts are:
Twin towns
Since 1959 Levico Terme in Italy
Since 1990 Seiersberg in Austria
History
Hausham was created from the town of Agatharied on 27 April 1922. This was due to Hausham's growth through coal mining.
The first brown coal mine was opened in 1860 but couldn't compete with the cheaper fossil oil and mineral coal and closed 106 years later in 1966.
Transport
Public transport
Hausham is located on a direct railway line to Munich and has two stations: (Hausham and Agatharied). The line is operated by the private railway Bayerische Oberlandbahn.
In addition to rail links, the Hausham area is served by the RVO local bus service.
Famous people in Hausham
Benjamin Lauth, footballer for 1860 München
Marcus H. Rosenmüller, film director
Josef Stallhofer, artist painter
Josef Wurmheller, German fighter ace during WW2
References
External links
official webpage Hausham (German)
Miesbach (district) |
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