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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner%20Scarab%20Junior | The Warner Scarab Junior was an American, five-cylinder, air-cooled, radial aero engine first produced in 1930. It was a scaled-down derivative of the seven-cylinder Warner Scarab, developing 90 hp (70 kW) against the Scarab's 110 hp (80 kW).
Applications
Aeronca L
Culver Dart
Rearwin Sportster
Specifications (Warner Scarab Junior 50)
See also
References
Gunston, Bill. (1986). World Encyclopaedia of Aero Engines. Patrick Stephens: Wellingborough. p. 169
Oldengine.org - US Aero engines page
1930s aircraft piston engines
Aircraft air-cooled radial piston engines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDF1 | Growth differentiation factor 1 (GDF1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF1 gene.
GDF1 belongs to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily that has a role in left-right patterning and mesoderm induction during embryonic development. It is found in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves of embryos.
References
Further reading
Developmental genes and proteins
TGFβ domain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeration%20turbine | Aeration turbines are designed to aerate and mix fluids industrially. They are foremost used in brewing, pond aeration and sewage treatment plants.
Aeration turbines are designed for mixing gases, usually air, with a liquid, usually water. They can serve additional purposes like destratification, agitator or pump.
There are numerous design variations in use or newly entering the market. Most are centrifugal, where fluid enters at the axis and exits around the perimeter of the rotor. Aeration turbines can run open or in a housing. Some designs have bladed rotors which leads to more splashing and those need to run close to the surface, which is an obvious sign of lesser efficiency.
Generally the performance efficiency of aeration turbines is very high, the space requirement is compact, both at high reliability and all those factors reduce operational cost.
The use of aeration turbines in industry is still underdeveloped especially with waste water treatment. With raising population and the growing strain on clean water supplies such environmentally friendly solutions are becoming more important.
The technology allows a more decentralized approach to waste water treatment as sewage can be oxygenised at pumping stations for bacteria to start breaking down the sewage before it even arrives at centralized processing plants.
Aeration turbines are more and more entering industry because of their significantly higher efficiency and reduced size of used gear compared to othe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile%20xanthogranuloma | Juvenile xanthogranuloma is a form of histiocytosis, classified as "non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis", or more specifically, "type 2".
It is a rare skin disorder that primarily affects children under one year of age but can also be found in older children and adults. It was first described in 1905 by Adamson. In 5% to 17% of people, the disorder is present at birth, but the median age of onset is two years. JXG is a benign idiopathic cutaneous granulomatous tumor and the most common form of non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis (non-LHC). The lesions appear as orange-red macules or papules and are usually located on the face, neck, and upper trunk. They may also appear at the groin, scrotum, penis, clitoris, toenail, palms, soles, lips, lungs, bone, heart, and gastrointestinal tract more rarely. JXG usually manifests with multiple lesions on the head and neck in cases with children under six months of age. The condition usually resolves spontaneously over one to five years. A biopsy of the lesion is critical to confirm the diagnosis.
Ocular JXG manifests in up to 10% of people with JXG and may affect their vision. The presence of JXG in the eye can cause spontaneous hyphema, secondary glaucoma or even blindness. It is most often seen in the iris but may be found on the eyelid, corneoscleral limbus, conjunctiva, orbit, retina, choroid, disc, or optic nerve. Of patients with ocular JXG, 92% are younger than the age of two. Although cutaneous JXG usually disappear spontaneously |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangin%27-A-Round | Hangin'-A-Round was the name of the robotics contest at the 2006-2007 FIRST Vex Challenge (FVC). The contest involved building a robot from a kit that could attain a higher score than the opposition by placing the softballs into the colored goals, possessing the “atlas ball”, and by being parked on the platform or hanging from the bar.
The game
Competitors were put on two-team alliances in the qualification matches. The competitors could place their robot anywhere on their side of the field. Each match had a 20-second autonomous period. During the autonomous period each robot's program could drive autonomously to score points without human control. Once the 20 seconds were over, the operators controlled them for the following 2-minute operator control period.
Scoring
The robots' main objective was to score softballs into a low corner goal for 1 point each or score softballs into a tall, triangular goal for 3 points each. In the center was a square platform placed on a dolly. On the platform was a raised bar, 36" off the ground, from one corner to the opposite corner diagonally. A robot parked on the platform and not touching the foam mats would win 5 points. A robot hanging from the bar at the end of a match without touching the platform or the foam would win 15 points. A large, yellow ball called the Atlas Ball was placed on the platform at the beginning of each match. The Atlas Ball would double the points that an alliance made by scoring balls in goals if it was mostly o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim%20Hagenauer | Joachim Hagenauer (born 29 July 1941) is an information theorist and professor emeritus at Technical University of Munich. He pioneered the use of soft bits (see Soft output Viterbi algorithm), a coding theory technique that contributes to the high performance of the turbo codes.
Professor Hagenauer's work enabled the advancement of turbo coding and led to a significant improvement in channel coding for digital communications and storage. His works have been applied to digital receiver designs, satellite transmissions and other facets of telecommunications.
Hagenauer received his doctorate in 1974 from Darmstadt University of Technology where he also served as an assistant professor. In 1990 he was appointed a director of the Institute for Communication Technology at the German Aerospace Center DLR in Oberpfaffenhofen. In 1993 he became the Chair of the University of Technology's Communications Technology department in Munich, Germany.
He was also active at the IEEE Information Theory Society.
In 1992, Hagenauer was elevated to the grade of IEEE fellow for contribution to the application of convolutional codes to mobile radio and satellite communications.
He has been awarded the Erich Regener and Otto Lilienthal Prizes from the German Aerospace Association, and the Armstrong Award from the IEEE Communications Society, and was also elected to the Bavarian Academy of Science. In 2003, he received the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal for meritorious achievements in telecomm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNCA | SNCA may refer to:
Seoul National Capital Area, region in South Korea
Sistema Nacional de Creadores de Arte, Mexican culture organization
Alpha-synuclein, a protein found in neural tissue, encoded by the SNCA gene
Society of North Carolina Archivists, a statewide organization for archivists, librarians, and other professionals involved in the care of manuscripts
Swedish National Courts Administration, an administrative authority for the Swedish courts |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological%20computing | Biological computers use biologically derived molecules — such as DNA and/or proteins — to perform digital or real computations.
The development of biocomputers has been made possible by the expanding new science of nanobiotechnology. The term nanobiotechnology can be defined in multiple ways; in a more general sense, nanobiotechnology can be defined as any type of technology that uses both nano-scale materials (i.e. materials having characteristic dimensions of 1-100 nanometers) and biologically based materials. A more restrictive definition views nanobiotechnology more specifically as the design and engineering of proteins that can then be assembled into larger, functional structures
The implementation of nanobiotechnology, as defined in this narrower sense, provides scientists with the ability to engineer biomolecular systems specifically so that they interact in a fashion that can ultimately result in the computational functionality of a computer.
Scientific background
Biocomputers use biologically derived materials to perform computational functions. A biocomputer consists of a pathway or series of metabolic pathways involving biological materials that are engineered to behave in a certain manner based upon the conditions (input) of the system. The resulting pathway of reactions that takes place constitutes an output, which is based on the engineering design of the biocomputer and can be interpreted as a form of computational analysis. Three distinguishable types of b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spongiocyte | In the human endocrine system, a spongiocyte is a cell in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex containing lipid droplets that show pronounced vacuolization, due to the way the cells are prepared for microscopic examination.
The lipid droplets contain neutral fats, fatty acids, cholesterol, and phospholipids; all of which are precursors to the steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal glands. The principal hormone secreted from the cells of the zona fasciculata are glucocorticoids, but some androgens are produced as well.
References
The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary
Histology, 5th Edition; Michael H. Ross and W. Pawlina Chapter 21, Endocrine Organs
Endocrine system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%E2%80%93Luecke%20theorem | In mathematics, the Gordon–Luecke theorem on knot complements states that if the complements of two tame knots are homeomorphic, then the knots are equivalent. In particular, any homeomorphism between knot complements must take a meridian to a meridian.
The theorem is usually stated as "knots are determined by their complements"; however this is slightly ambiguous as it considers two knots to be equivalent if there is a self-homeomorphism taking one knot to the other. Thus mirror images are neglected. Often two knots are considered equivalent if they are isotopic. The correct version in this case is that if two knots have complements which are orientation-preserving homeomorphic, then they are isotopic.
These results follow from the following (also called the Gordon–Luecke theorem): no nontrivial Dehn surgery on a nontrivial knot in the 3-sphere can yield the 3-sphere.
The theorem was proved by Cameron Gordon and John Luecke. Essential ingredients of the proof are their joint work with Marc Culler and Peter Shalen on the cyclic surgery theorem, combinatorial techniques in the style of Litherland, thin position, and Scharlemann cycles.
For link complements, it is not in fact true that links are determined by their complements. For example, JHC Whitehead proved that there are infinitely many links whose complements are all homeomorphic to the Whitehead link. His construction is to twist along a disc spanning an unknotted component (as is the case for either com |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939%20French%20Grand%20Prix | The 1939 French Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Reims-Gueux on 9 July 1939.
Classification
References
French Grand Prix
French Grand Prix
1939 in French motorsport |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939%20German%20Grand%20Prix | The 1939 German Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at the Nürburgring on 23 July 1939.
Classification
References
German Grand Prix
German Grand Prix
1939 in German motorsport |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Nottingham%20Forest%20F.C.%20records%20and%20statistics | This article contains statistics and records related to Nottingham Forest F.C..
Honours
Football League First Division: 1977–78
FA Cup: 1897–98, 1958–59
Football League Cup: 1977–78, 1978–79, 1988–89, 1989–90
Full Members Cup: 1988–89, 1991–92
FA Charity Shield: 1978
European Cup: 1978–79, 1979–80
European Super Cup: 1979
Source:
Club records
Record win (in all competitions):
14–0, vs. Clapton (away), 1st round FA Cup, 17 January 1891
Record defeat (in all competitions):
1–9, vs. Blackburn Rovers, Division 2, 10 April 1937
Most league points in one season:
94, Division 1, 1997-1998
Most league goals in one season:
101, Division 3, 1950-1951
Player records
Most appearances for the club (in all competitions, as of 2012):
Bob McKinlay: 685
Ian Bowyer: 564
Steve Chettle: 526
Stuart Pearce: 522
John Robertson: 514
Jack Burkitt: 503
Jack Armstrong: 460
Grenville Morris: 460
Geoff Thomas: 431
Viv Anderson: 430
Most goals for the club (in all competitions, as of 2012):
Grenville Morris: 217
Nigel Clough: 131
Wally Ardron: 124
Johnny Dent: 122
Ian Storey-Moore: 118
References
Records and Statistics
Nottingham Forest
Forest |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision%20Lightweight%20GPS%20Receiver | The AN/PSN-11 Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver (PLGR, colloquially "plugger") is a ruggedized, hand-held, single-frequency GPS receiver fielded by the United States Armed Forces. It incorporates the Precise Positioning Service — Security Module (PPS-SM) to access the encrypted P(Y)-code GPS signal.
Introduced in January 1990, and extensively fielded until 2004 when it was replaced by its successor, the Defense Advanced GPS Receiver (DAGR). In that time period more than 165,000 PLGRs were procured worldwide, and despite being superseded by the DAGR, large numbers remain in unit inventories and it continues to be the most widely used GPS receiver in the United States military.
The PLGR measures 9.5 by 4.1 by 2.6 inches and weighs with batteries. It was originally delivered to the United States military with a six-year warranty; however, this was extended to ten years in June 2000.
Versions
AN/PSN-11 — NSN 5825-01-374-6643, an early version (tan case)
AN/PSN-11(V)1 "Enhanced PLGR" — NSN 5825-01-395-3513, an upgraded version (green case)
See also
Defense Advanced GPS Receiver
Selective availability anti-spoofing module
References
https://web.archive.org/web/20110722183355/https://gps.army.mil/gps/CustomContent/gps/ue/plgr.htm
http://www.rockwellcollins.com/news/gallery/gov/navigation/page2997.html
http://www.ion.org/museum/files/PLGR-9~1.PDF
http://www.prc68.com/I/PLGR.shtml] — Brooke Clarke's PLGR page
Global Positioning System
Military equipment of the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDF2 | Growth differentiation factor 2 (GDF2) also known as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF2 gene. GDF2 belongs to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily.
Structure
GDF2 contains an N-terminal TGF-beta-like pro-peptide (prodomain) (residues 56–257) and a C-terminal transforming growth factor beta superfamily domain (325–428). GDF2 (BMP9) is secreted as a pro-complex consisting of the BMP9 growth factor dimer non-covalently bound to two BMP9 prodomain molecules in an open-armed conformation.
Function
GDF2 has a role in inducing and maintaining the ability of embryonic basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) to respond to a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine; BFCN are important for the processes of learning, memory and attention. GDF2 is also important for the maturation of BFCN. Another role of GDF2 has been recently suggested. GDF2 is a potent inducer of hepcidin (a cationic peptide that has antimicrobial properties) in liver cells (hepatocytes) and can regulate iron metabolism. The physiological receptor of GDF2 is activin receptor-like kinase 1, ALK1 (also called ACVRL1), an endothelial-specific type I receptor of the TGF-beta receptor family. Endoglin, a type I membrane glycoprotein that forms the TGF-beta receptor complex, is a co-receptor of ALK1 for GDF2/BMP-9 binding. Mutations in ALK1 and endoglin cause hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), a rare but life-threatening genetic disorder that lea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildura%20Solar%20Concentrator%20Power%20Station | The Mildura Solar Concentrator Power Station was a proposed concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) solar PV system to be built at Carwarp, near Mildura, Victoria, Australia. It was proposed by Solar Systems in 2006, which was acquired by Silex Systems in 2010. A 1.5 MW demonstration plant was completed in April 2013. Construction of the larger facility was expected to commence in 2014 and be completed in 2017. However, the expansion plan was abandoned in August 2014 due to a number of factors, including low wholesale electricity prices, a lack of commitment to clean energy by the Australian government and uncertainty surrounding the Renewable Energy Target (RET) in Australia.
History
The project to build a solar plant was announced in 2006 and expected to be completed in 2013. It was delayed after Solar Systems went into administration as a result of the 2008 global financial crisis. The demonstration plant was completed in 2013, however, the plan was abandoned in 2014.
Technology
The "CS500" dish concentrator PV unit design has 112 curved reflecting mirrors, which track the sun throughout the day. The combination of mirror profile, mounting framework, and solar receiver will deliver concentrated solar energy to each PV module. The tracking mechanism allows electricity to be produced during the day whenever the sun is more than 5° above the horizon. Direct current electricity from the receivers is passed through a solar inverter that produces grid-quality alternating current. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activity-based%20proteomics | Activity-based proteomics, or activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) is a functional proteomic technology that uses chemical probes that react with mechanistically related classes of enzymes.
Description
The basic unit of ABPP is the probe, which typically consists of two elements: a reactive group (RG, sometimes called a "warhead") and a tag. Additionally, some probes may contain a binding group which enhances selectivity. The reactive group usually contains a specially designed electrophile that becomes covalently-linked to a nucleophilic residue in the active site of an active enzyme. An enzyme that is inhibited or post-translationally modified will not react with an activity-based probe. The tag may be either a reporter such as a fluorophore or an affinity label such as biotin or an alkyne or azide for use with the Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (also known as click chemistry).
Advantages
A major advantage of ABPP is the ability to monitor the availability of the enzyme active site directly, rather than being limited to protein or mRNA abundance. With classes of enzymes such as the serine hydrolases and metalloproteases that often interact with endogenous inhibitors or that exist as inactive zymogens, this technique offers a valuable advantage over traditional techniques that rely on abundance rather than activity.
Multidimensional protein identification technology
In recent years ABPP has been combined with tandem mass spectrometry enabling the identifica |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulette%20%28given%20name%29 | Paulette (po-LET) is the French feminine given name diminutive of the French/English/German given name Pauline, a derivative of
the Latin Paulina, from the Roman family name Paulus, meaning "small" or "humble". The masculine given name Paul comes from the same cognate. It is uncommon as a surname. People with the name "Paulette" include:
(1900-1984) - French headwear designer
Paulette Marcelline Adjovi (born 1955), Beninese politician
Paulette Bethel - a Bahamian ambassador
Paulette Bourgeois (born 1951) - Canadian children's author
Paulette Carlson (born 1952) - American singer-songwriter
Paulette Cooper (born 1942) - an American author
Paulette Cruz (born 1989) - a Mexican beach volleyball player
Paulette Doan - a Canadian ice dancer
Paulette Dubost (1910–2011) - a French stage and film actress
Paulette Duval (1900-?) - an Argentine-born French/American actress
Paulette Fink (1911–2005) was a French-Jewish nurse and resistance worker
Paulette Flint (born 1953), Australian local historian and author
Paulette Frankl (born 1937) - an American courtroom artist and author
Paulette Gebara Farah (2005–2010) - a Mexican girl whose death was controversial
Paulette Goddard (1910–1990) - an American film actress
Paulette Hamilton (born 1962 or 1963), British politician
Paulette Irons (born 1952) - an American politician
Paulette Jiles (born 1943) - an American-born Canadian poet and novelist
Paulette McDonagh (1901–1978) - an Australian film director
Paulette Noizeux (1887–1971) - a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem-cell%20niche | Stem-cell niche refers to a microenvironment, within the specific anatomic location where stem cells are found, which interacts with stem cells to regulate cell fate. The word 'niche' can be in reference to the in vivo or in vitro stem-cell microenvironment. During embryonic development, various niche factors act on embryonic stem cells to alter gene expression, and induce their proliferation or differentiation for the development of the fetus. Within the human body, stem-cell niches maintain adult stem cells in a quiescent state, but after tissue injury, the surrounding micro-environment actively signals to stem cells to promote either self-renewal or differentiation to form new tissues. Several factors are important to regulate stem-cell characteristics within the niche: cell–cell interactions between stem cells, as well as interactions between stem cells and neighbouring differentiated cells, interactions between stem cells and adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix components, the oxygen tension, growth factors, cytokines, and the physicochemical nature of the environment including the pH, ionic strength (e.g. Ca2+ concentration) and metabolites, like ATP, are also important. The stem cells and niche may induce each other during development and reciprocally signal to maintain each other during adulthood.
Scientists are studying the various components of the niche and trying to replicate the in vivo niche conditions in vitro. This is because for regenerative therapies, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takifugu%20rubripes | Takifugu rubripes, commonly known as the Japanese puffer, Tiger puffer, or torafugu (), is a pufferfish in the genus Takifugu. It is distinguished by a very small genome that has been fully sequenced because of its use as a model species and is in widespread use as a reference in genomics.
Taxonomy and etymology
The species is often referred to in the genomics literature as Fugu rubripes. The genus Fugu is a synonym of the currently preferred Takifugu. Takifugu is Japanese for puffer and rubripes comes from the Latin ruber and pēs meaning ruddy foot.
Distribution and habitat
The species is known from the Sea of Japan, East China Sea and Yellow Sea north to southern Sakhalin, at depths of . It is a demersal species. Spawning occurs in estuaries; young fish can tolerate a wide range of salinities and will remain in river mouths and lagoons, maturing for one year before migrating permanently to the open ocean.
Genome
A feature of this species is that it has a very small genome, which is used as a 'reference' for identifying genes and other elements in human and other vertebrate genomes. The genome was published in 2002 by the International Fugu Genome Consortium via whole genome shotgun sequencing. After being initiated in 1989, it was the first vertebrate genome after the human genome to be made publicly available. It remains among the smallest known vertebrate genomes; its number of base pairs is ~6% and the number of previously known protein-coding genes ~13% that of the h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDF3 | Growth differentiation factor-3 (GDF3), also known as Vg-related gene 2 (Vgr-2) is protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF3 gene. GDF3 belongs to the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily. It has high similarity to other TGF-β superfamily members including Vg1 (found in frogs) and GDF1.
Tissue distribution
Expression of GDF3 occurs in ossifying bone during embryonic development and in the brain, thymus, spleen, bone marrow and adipose tissue of adults.
Function
GDF3 is a bi-functional protein that has some intrinsic activity and also modulate other TGF-β superfamily members, e.g. potentiates the activity of NODAL. It may also inhibit other TGF-β superfamily members (i.e. BMPs), thus regulating the balance between different modes of TGF-beta signaling. It has been shown to negatively and positively control differentiation of embryonic stem cells in mice and humans. This molecule plays a role in mesoderm and definitive endoderm formation during the pre-gastrulation stages of development.
References
Further reading
Developmental genes and proteins
TGFβ domain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDF5 | Growth/differentiation factor 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF5 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is closely related to the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family and is a member of the TGF-beta superfamily. This group of proteins is characterized by a polybasic proteolytic processing site which is cleaved to produce a mature protein containing seven conserved cysteine residues. The members of this family are regulators of cell growth and differentiation in both embryonic and adult tissues. Mutations in this gene are associated with acromesomelic dysplasia, Hunter-Thompson type; brachydactyly, type C; and osteochondrodysplasia, Grebe type. These associations confirm that the gene product plays a role in skeletal development.
GDF5 is expressed in the developing central nervous system, and has a role in skeletal and joint development. It also increases the survival of neurones that respond to the neurotransmitter dopamine, and is a potential therapeutic molecule associated with Parkinson's disease.
See also
Chondrodysplasia, Grebe type
References
Further reading
Developmental genes and proteins
TGFβ domain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superdeterminism | Superdeterminism describes the set of local hidden-variable theories consistent with the results of experiments derived from Bell's theorem which include a local correlation between the measurement settings and the state being measured. Superdeterministic theories are not interpretations of quantum mechanics, but deeper theories which reproduce the predictions of quantum mechanics on average, for which a few toy models have been proposed. In such theories, "the probabilities of quantum theory then become no more mysterious than those used in classical statistical mechanics." Postulating that systems being measured are correlated with the settings of the measurements apparatus, is a violation of what Bell described as a "vital assumption" of his theorem. A hidden-variables theory which is superdeterministic can thus fulfill Bell's notion of local causality and still violate the inequalities derived from Bell's theorem. Unlike , superdeterministic theories cannot be excluded by Bell-type experiments (though they may be bounded) as ultimately the past light cones of all measurement settings and measured states overlap at the Big Bang implying a necessarily shared causal past and thus the possibility of local causal dependence.
Overview
Bell's theorem assumes that the measurements performed at each detector can be chosen independently of each other and of the hidden variables that determine the measurement outcome. This relation is often referred to as measurement independence |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructoside | Fructosides are glycosides where the glycone group is fructose.
Fructosyl transferases
In enzymology, enzymes that add a fructose group to a molecule are called fructosyl-transferases, beta-D-fructofuranosyl transferases or fructotranferases. Examples are:
aldose beta-D-fructosyltransferase
2,1-fructan:2,1-fructan 1-fructosyltransferase
6G-fructosyltransferase
Inulin fructotransferase (DFA-I-forming)
Inulin fructotransferase (DFA-III-forming)
Levan fructotransferase (DFA-IV-forming)
Levansucrase
References
Glycosides by glycone type |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Portland%20Group | PGI (formerly The Portland Group, Inc.) was a company that produced a set of commercially available Fortran, C and C++ compilers for high-performance computing systems. On July 29, 2013, Nvidia acquired The Portland Group, Inc. As of August 5, 2020, the "PGI Compilers and Tools" technology is a part of the Nvidia HPC SDK product available as a free download from Nvidia.
Company history
The Portland Group was founded as a privately held company in 1989, using compiler technology developed at and acquired from Floating Point Systems Inc. The first products, pipelining Fortran and C compilers, were released in 1991, targeting the Intel i860 processor. These compilers were used on Intel supercomputers like the iPSC/860, the Touchstone Delta, and the Paragon, and were the compilers of choice for the majority of i860-based platforms.
In the early 1990s, PGI was deeply involved in the development of High Performance Fortran, or HPF, a data parallel language extension to Fortran 90 which provides a portable programming interface for a wide variety of architectures. PGI produced an HPF compiler, called PGHPF, until its last release, version 15.10, on October 28, 2015.
In 1996, PGI developed x86 compilers for the ASCI Red Supercomputer at Sandia National Laboratories, the first computer system to sustain teraflop performance. In 1997, PGI released x86 compilers for general use on Linux workstations.
The Portland Group was acquired by STMicroelectronics on December 19, 2000. Duri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibitor%20of%20apoptosis | Inhibitors of apoptosis are a group of proteins that mainly act on the intrinsic pathway that block programmed cell death, which can frequently lead to cancer or other effects for the cell if mutated or improperly regulated. Many of these inhibitors act to block caspases, a family of cysteine proteases that play an integral role in apoptosis. Some of these inhibitors include the Bcl-2 family, viral inhibitor crmA, and IAP's.
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a highly regulated process used by many multicellular organisms. Like any regulated process, apoptosis is subject to either activation or inhibition by a variety of chemical factors. Apoptosis can be triggered through two main pathways; extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. The extrinsic pathway mostly involves extracellular signals triggering intracellular apoptosis mechanisms by binding to receptors in the cell membrane and sending signals from the outside of the cell. Intrinsic pathways involved internal cell signaling primarily through the mitochondria.
Bcl-2 family
The Bcl-2 family of proteins can either inhibit or promote apoptosis and members are characterized by the Bcl-2 homologous domains BH1, BH2, BH3, and BH4. The combinations of the domains in the proteins determine its role in the apoptosis process. Members of the family that inhibit apoptosis include Bcl-2 itself, Bcl-XL, and Bcl-w, which possess all four of the domains. Bcl-2 is the most well known of the anti-apoptotic members, and is classified as a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaral%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201983%29 | Carlos Rafael do Amaral or simply Amaral (born 28 November 1983, in Mogi Mirim), is a Brazilian defensive midfielder who last played for Passo Fundo in the Campeonato Gaúcho.
Club statistics
Honours
Brazilian Série C: 2003
Brazilian Cup: 2005
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B: 2009
References
External links
Guardian Stats Centre
globoesporte.globo.com
netvasco.com.br
crvascodagama.com
CBF
ntevasco statistics
1983 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Paulista Futebol Clube players
Ituano FC players
CR Vasco da Gama players
Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players
Cerezo Osaka players
J1 League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
América Futebol Clube (MG) players
Cruzeiro Esporte Clube players
Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players
Criciúma Esporte Clube players
Ceará Sporting Club players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
Men's association football midfielders
People from Mogi Mirim
Footballers from São Paulo (state) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing%20mix%20modeling | Marketing mix modeling (MMM) is statistical analysis such as multivariate regressions on sales and marketing time series data to estimate the impact of various marketing tactics (marketing mix) on sales and then forecast the impact of future sets of tactics. It is often used to optimize advertising mix and promotional tactics with respect to sales revenue or profit.
The techniques were developed by econometricians and were first applied to consumer packaged goods, since manufacturers of those goods had access to accurate data on sales and marketing support. Improved availability of data, massively greater computing power, and the pressure to measure and optimize marketing spend has driven the explosion in popularity as a marketing tool. In recent times MMM has found acceptance as a trustworthy marketing tool among the major consumer marketing companies.
History
The term marketing mix was developed by Neil Borden who first started using the phrase in 1949. “An executive is a mixer of ingredients, who sometimes follows a recipe as he goes along, sometimes adapts a recipe to the ingredients immediately available, and sometimes experiments with or invents ingredients no one else has tried."
According to Borden, "When building a marketing program to fit the needs of his firm, the marketing manager has to weigh the behavioral forces and then juggle marketing elements in his mix with a keen eye on the resources with which he has to work."
E. Jerome McCarthy, was the first per |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline%20cohomology | In mathematics, crystalline cohomology is a Weil cohomology theory for schemes X over a base field k. Its values Hn(X/W) are modules over the ring W of Witt vectors over k. It was introduced by and developed by .
Crystalline cohomology is partly inspired by the p-adic proof in of part of the Weil conjectures and is closely related to the algebraic version of de Rham cohomology that was introduced by Grothendieck (1963). Roughly speaking, crystalline cohomology of a variety X in characteristic p is the de Rham cohomology of a smooth lift of X to characteristic 0, while de Rham cohomology of X is the crystalline cohomology reduced mod p (after taking into account higher Tors).
The idea of crystalline cohomology, roughly, is to replace the Zariski open sets of a scheme by infinitesimal thickenings of Zariski open sets with divided power structures. The motivation for this is that it can then be calculated by taking a local lifting of a scheme from characteristic p to characteristic 0 and employing an appropriate version of algebraic de Rham cohomology.
Crystalline cohomology only works well for smooth proper schemes. Rigid cohomology extends it to more general schemes.
Applications
For schemes in characteristic p, crystalline cohomology theory can handle questions about p-torsion in cohomology groups better than p-adic étale cohomology. This makes it a natural backdrop for much of the work on p-adic L-functions.
Crystalline cohomology, from the point of view of number |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilenberg%E2%80%93Zilber%20theorem | In mathematics, specifically in algebraic topology, the Eilenberg–Zilber theorem is an important result in establishing the link between the homology groups of a product space and those of the spaces and . The theorem first appeared in a 1953 paper in the American Journal of Mathematics by Samuel Eilenberg and Joseph A. Zilber. One possible route to a proof is the acyclic model theorem.
Statement of the theorem
The theorem can be formulated as follows. Suppose and are topological spaces, Then we have the three chain complexes , , and . (The argument applies equally to the simplicial or singular chain complexes.) We also have the tensor product complex , whose differential is, by definition,
for and , the differentials on ,.
Then the theorem says that we have chain maps
such that is the identity and is chain-homotopic to the identity. Moreover, the maps are natural in and . Consequently the two complexes must have the same homology:
Statement in terms of composite maps
The original theorem was proven in terms of acyclic models but more mileage was gotten in a phrasing by Eilenberg and Mac Lane using explicit maps. The standard map they produce is traditionally referred to as the Alexander–Whitney map and the Eilenberg–Zilber map. The maps are natural in both and and inverse up to homotopy: one has
for a homotopy natural in both and such that further, each of , , and is zero. This is what would come to be known as a contraction or a homotopy retract da |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality%20of%20the%20District%20of%20Digby | Digby, officially named the Municipality of the District of Digby, is a district municipality in Digby County, Nova Scotia, Canada. Statistics Canada classifies the district municipality as a municipal district.
The district municipality forms the eastern part of Digby County. It is one of three municipal units in the county, the other two being the Town of Digby and the Municipality of the District of Clare.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Municipality of the District of Digby had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Communities
Bear River
Gilberts Cove
Little River, Digby, Nova Scotia
Marshalltown
Jordantown
Conway
Acaciaville
Hillgrove
North Range
Brighton
Barton
Weymouth
Sissiboo Falls
Weymouth Falls
Doucetteville
Ashmore
Morganville
Plympton
Smith's Cove
Culloden
Bayview
Rossway
Sandy Cove
Centreville
Mink Cove
Tiddville
Whale Cove
East Ferry
Tiverton
Central Grove
Freeport
Westport
Seabrook
Access routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the district municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the municipal boundary:
Highways
Trunk Routes
Collector Routes:
External Routes:
None
See also
List of municipalities in Nova Scotia
References
External links
Communities in Digby County, Nova Scotia
District municipalities in Nova Scotia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccygectomy | Coccygectomy is a surgical procedure in which the coccyx or tailbone is removed. It is considered a required treatment for sacrococcygeal teratoma and other germ cell tumors arising from the coccyx. Coccygectomy is the treatment of last resort for coccydynia (coccyx pain) which has failed to respond to nonsurgical treatment. Non surgical treatments include use of seat cushions, external or internal manipulation and massage of the coccyx and the attached muscles, medications given by local injections under fluoroscopic guidance, and medications by mouth.
To remove the coccyx, an incision is made from the tip of the coccyx to its joint with the sacrum. The coccyx is cut away from the surrounding tissues, cut off at the joint with the sacrum, and removed. If the tip of the sacrum is rough, it is filed down. The wound is closed in layers.
Complications and risks
As with any operation under anaesthetic, there are risks associated with general anaesthesia itself. An additional possible complication of coccygectomy is infection at the surgical site, due to the site's proximity to the anus, leading to contamination by bacteria from the patient's feces. An analysis of 24 studies of coccygectomy (covering 702 patients) reported that 19 studies (covering 493 patients) reported the post-surgery infection rate, while the other five studies gave incomplete information. Among the patients in the 19 studies with full information, the infection rate was 12%. In most cases the infection was |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt%20reaction | In organic chemistry, the Schmidt reaction is an organic reaction in which an azide reacts with a carbonyl derivative, usually an aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid, under acidic conditions to give an amine or amide, with expulsion of nitrogen. It is named after Karl Friedrich Schmidt (1887–1971), who first reported it in 1924 by successfully converting benzophenone and hydrazoic acid to benzanilide. The intramolecular reaction was not reported until 1991 but has become important in the synthesis of natural products.
The reaction is effective with carboxylic acids to give amines (above), and with ketones to give amides (below).
Reaction mechanism
The reaction is closely related to the Curtius rearrangement except that in this reaction the acyl azide is produced by reaction of the carboxylic acid with hydrazoic acid via the protonated carboxylic acid, in a process akin to a Fischer esterification. An alternative, involving the formation of an acylium ion, becomes more important when the reaction takes place in concentrated acid (>90% sulfuric acid). (In the Curtius rearrangement, sodium azide and an acyl chloride are combined to quantitatively generate the acyl azide intermediate, and the rest of the reaction takes place under neutral conditions.)
The carboxylic acid Schmidt reaction starts with acylium ion 1 obtained from protonation and loss of water. Reaction with hydrazoic acid forms the protonated azido ketone 2, which goes through a rearrangement reaction with the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality%20of%20the%20District%20of%20Guysborough | Guysborough, officially named the Municipality of the District of Guysborough, is a district municipality in Guysborough County, Nova Scotia, Canada. Statistics Canada classifies the district municipality as a municipal district.
It is home to the Boylston and Salsman Provincial Parks. The parks are located between Boylston and Guysborough.
History
The area was originally called Chedabouctou and was the site of one of a fishing post of Nicolas Denys. In 1682, a permanent settlement was started by Clerbaud Bergier. A group cleared land and spent the winter with the first crops being planted in 1683. Louis-Alexandre des Friches de Meneval landed at Chedabouctou in 1687 when arriving to take up his position as governor of Acadia. The community is named after Sir Guy Carleton.
Geography
Occupying the eastern half of Guysborough County, the district municipality's administrative centre is the community of Guysborough. The district completely surrounds the Town of Mulgrave and it borders the Municipality of the District of St. Mary's to the west, the Municipality of the County of Antigonish to the north and the Strait of Canso to the east.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Municipality of the District of Guysborough had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Economy
Various mining and energy (natural g |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Gnocchi | Eugenio Ghiozzi (born 1 March 1955), best known by his stage name Gene Gnocchi, is an Italian television presenter, comedian and former footballer.
Gnocchi was born in Fidenza into a working-class family. He was an aspiring vocalist in a rock band when he was younger, and also has a degree as a lawyer; however, both these different roads produced quite unsuccessful results.
He took advice from the general public and took the road of a comedian. He started to appear on the then unknown stage of Milan's Zelig in the 1980s, as well as an emerging comedian on the Maurizio Costanzo Show.
Gnocchi started enjoying success in the 1990s and now is mostly known for his role in Quelli che il calcio, a Raidue football-related TV show with Simona Ventura, usually aired on Sundays.
The Serie A dream
During the 2006–07 edition of Quelli che il calcio, Gnocchi challenged the entire world of football, asking for an opportunity to play five minutes in a Serie A match. He wanted to prove that he's better than some of the overrated Serie A players, and wanted to remind everyone that at the end of the day football is only a game.
A lot encouraged this initiative, including Marcello Lippi and Alessandro Del Piero. Four teams, Atalanta, Bologna (of Serie B), Siena and Torino in fact offered a trial to the comedian.
On 23 March 2007, at 52 years of age, he finally signed a three-month contract with Parma, his favourite Serie A team, for a yearly wage of €18,000, the minimum salary allowed in I |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfonylurea%20receptor | In molecular biology, the sulfonylurea receptors (SUR) are membrane proteins which are the molecular targets of the sulfonylurea class of antidiabetic drugs whose mechanism of action is to promote insulin release from pancreatic beta cells. More specifically, SUR proteins are subunits of the inward-rectifier potassium ion channels Kir6.x (6.1 and 6.2). The association of four Kir6.x and four SUR subunits form an ion conducting channel commonly referred to as the KATP channel.
Three forms of the sulfonylurea receptor are known, SUR1 encoded by the ABCC8 gene, and SUR2A and SUR2B, which are splice variants arising from a single ABCC9 gene.
Function
The primary function of the sulfonylurea receptor is to sense intracellular levels of the nucleotides ATP and ADP and in response facilitate the open or closing its associated Kir6.x potassium channel. Hence, the KATP channel monitors the energy balance within the cell.
Depending on the tissue in which the KATP channel is expressed, altering the membrane potential can trigger a variety of downstream events. For example, in pancreatic beta cells, high levels of glucose lead to increased production of ATP, which, in turn, binds to the KATP channel resulting in channel closure. The relative depolarization (decrease in membrane hyperpolarization), in turn, opens voltage-dependent calcium channels increasing intracellular calcium concentrations, which triggers exocytosis of insulin.
Under cerebral ischemic conditions, SUR1, the re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kir6.2 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Kir6.2}}
Kir6.2 is a major subunit of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel, a lipid-gated inward-rectifier potassium ion channel. The gene encoding the channel is called KCNJ11 and mutations in this gene are associated with congenital hyperinsulinism.
Structure
It is an integral membrane protein. The protein, which has a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into a cell rather than out of a cell, is controlled by G-proteins and is found associated with the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) to constitute the ATP-sensitive K+ channel.
Pathology
Mutations in this gene are a cause of congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI), an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by unregulated insulin secretion. Defects in this gene may also contribute to autosomal dominant non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus type II (NIDDM).
See also
Inward-rectifier potassium ion channel
Potassium channel
References
Further reading
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Familial Hyperinsulinism
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Permanent Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus
Ion channels |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tn3%20transposon | The Tn3 transposon is a 4957 base pair mobile genetic element, found in prokaryotes.
It encodes three proteins:
β-lactamase, an enzyme that confers resistance to β-lactam antibiotics (and is encoded by the gene bla).
Tn3 transposase (encoded by gene tnpA)
Tn3 resolvase (encoded by gene tnpR)
Initially discovered as a repressor of transposase, resolvase also plays a role in facilitating Tn3 replication (Sherratt 1989).
The transposon is flanked by a pair of 38bp inverted repeats.
Mechanism of replication
Step 1 – Replicative integration
This first stage is catalysed by transposase.
The plasmid containing the transposon (the donor plasmid) fuses with a host plasmid (the target plasmid). In the process, the transposon and a short section of host DNA are replicated. The end product is a 'cointegrate' plasmid containing two copies of the transposon.
Shapiro (1978) proposed the following mechanism for this process:
Four single-strand cleavages occur – one on each strand of the donor plasmid and one on each strand of the target plasmid.
The donor and target plasmids are ligated together, but there are two single-stranded regions, due to the positioning of the original cleavages.
DNA replication makes the single-stranded regions double stranded, using the existing strand as a template. It is in this stage that the transposon is replicated.
The diagrams on the right illustrate the way in which the positions of the cleavages lead to the replication of certain regions o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine%20hydrolase | Serine hydrolases are one of the largest known enzyme classes comprising approximately ~200 enzymes or 1% of the genes in the human proteome. A defining characteristic of these enzymes is the presence of a particular serine at the active site, which is used for the hydrolysis of substrates. The hydrolysis of the ester or peptide bond proceeds in two steps. First, the acyl part of the substrate (the acid part of an ester or the part of a peptide ending in a carboxyl group) is transferred to the serine, making a new ester or amide bond and releasing the other part of the substrate (the alcohol of an ester or the part of the peptide ending in an amino group) is released. Later, in a slower step, the bond between the serine and the acyl group is hydrolyzed by water or hydroxide ion, regenerating free enzyme. Unlike other, non-catalytic, serines, the reactive serine of these hydrolases is typically activated by a proton relay involving a catalytic triad consisting of the serine, an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine), although variations on this mechanism exist.
Superfamilies of serine hydrolases includes:
Serine proteases, including trypsin, chymotrypsin, and subtilisin
Extracellular lipases, including pancreatic lipase, hepatic lipase, gastric lipase, endothelial lipase, and lipoprotein lipase
Intracellular lipases, including hormone sensitive lipase, monoacylglycerol lipase, adipose triglyceride lipase, and diacylglycerol li |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBIGEO | Ubigeo is the coding system for geographical locations (Spanish: Código Ubicacíon Geográfica) in Peru used by the National Statistics and Computing Institute (Spanish: Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática INEI) to code the first-level administrative subdivision: regions (Spanish: regiones, singular: región), the second-level administrative subdivision: provinces (Spanish: provincias, singular: provincia) and the third-level administrative subdivision: districts (Spanish: distritos, singular: distrito). There are 1874 different ubigeos in Peru.
Syntax
The coding system uses two-digit numbers for each level of subdivision. The first level starts numbering at 01 for the Amazonas Region and continues in alphabetical order up to 25 for the Ucayali Region. Additional regions will be added to the end of the list, starting with the first available number.
The second level starts with 0101 for the first province in the Amazonas region: Chachapoyas Province and continues up to 2504 for the last province Purús in the Ucayali Region. The provinces are numbered per region with the first province always being the one in which the regions capital is located. The remaining provinces are coded in alphabetical order. Additional provinces will be added per region to the end of the list, starting with the first available province number.
The third level; starts with 010101 for the first district in the first province in the Amazonas region: Chachapoyas District and continues up to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3%20binding%20protein | E3 binding protein also known as pyruvate dehydrogenase protein X component, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDHX gene. The E3 binding protein is a component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex found only in eukaryotes. Defects in this gene are a cause of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency which results in neurological dysfunction and lactic acidosis in infancy and early childhood. This protein is also a minor antigen for antimitochondrial antibodies. These autoantibodies are present in nearly 95% of patients with primary biliary cholangitis, an autoimmune disease of the liver. In primary biliary cholangitis, activated T lymphocytes attack and destroy epithelial cells in the bile duct where this protein is abnormally distributed and overexpressed. Primary biliary cholangitis eventually leads to liver failure.
Structure
The mRNA encoded by the human PDHX gene is approximately 2.5 kb in length, and expressed primarily in human skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues. The gene has been localized in humans to the 11th chromosome, with the specific location being 11p1.3.
The protein encoded by the human PDHX gene, also known as E3 binding protein (E3BP), is part of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, a required complex for cellular respiration that catalyzes the dehydration of pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA. The entire complex is 9.5 MDa in size, and has been described as 60-meric, meaning there are over 60 components that are assembled to make the entire compl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20of%20Columbus%2C%20Ohio | Columbus, Ohio has a humid continental (Köppen climate classification Dfa) climate, characterized by humid, hot summers and cold winters, with no dry season. The Dfa climate has average temperatures above 22 °C (72 °F) during the warmest months, with at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F), and below 0 °C (32 °F) during the coldest. The climate is transitional with the Cfa humid subtropical climate to the south, characterized by humid, hot summers and cool winters (an average temperature above 0 °C (32 °F) but below 18 °C (64.4 °F) during the coldest months).
Columbus is within USDA hardiness zone 6a. Winter snowfall is relatively light, since the city is not in the typical path of strong winter lows, such as the Nor'easters that strike cities farther east. It is also too far south and west for lake-effect snow from Lake Erie to have much effect, although the lakes to the North contribute to long stretches of cloudy spells in winter.
Columbus is subject to severe weather typical to the Midwestern United States. Severe thunderstorms can bring lightning, large hail and on rare occasion tornadoes, especially during the spring and sometimes through fall.
Notes
References
Geography of Columbus, Ohio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDF6 | Growth differentiation factor 6 (GDF6) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF6 gene.
Function
GDF6 belongs to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily and may regulate patterning of the ectoderm by interacting with bone morphogenetic proteins, and control eye development.
Growth differentiation factor 6 (GDF6) is a regulatory protein associated with growth and differentiation of developing embryos. GDF6 is encoded by the GDF6 gene. It is a member the transforming growth factor beta superfamily which is a group of proteins involved in early regulation of cell growth and development. GDF6 has been shown to play an important role in the patterning of the epidermis and bone and joint formation. GDF6 induces genes related to the development of the epidermis and can bind directly to noggin, a gene that controls neural development, to block its effect. GDF6 interacts with bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) to form heterodimers that may work to regulate neural induction and patterning in developing embryos. By developing a GDF6 “knockout” model, scientists repressed expression of GDF6 in developing mice embryos. Through this experiment, the scientists were able to directly link GDF6 with several skull and vertebral joint disorders, such as scoliosis and chondrodysplasia, Grebe type.
Clinical significance
GDF6 is recurrently amplified and specifically expressed in 80% of the melanomas. Patients with less GDF6 had a lower risk of metastasis and a higher chance |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density%20lipoprotein%20receptor-related%20protein%208 | Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 (LRP8), also known as apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LRP8 gene. ApoER2 is a cell surface receptor that is part of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family. These receptors function in signal transduction and endocytosis of specific ligands. Through interactions with one of its ligands, reelin, ApoER2 plays an important role in embryonic neuronal migration and postnatal long-term potentiation. Another LDL family receptor, VLDLR, also interacts with reelin, and together these two receptors influence brain development and function. Decreased expression of ApoER2 is associated with certain neurological diseases.
Structure
ApoER2 is a protein made up of 870 amino acids. It is separated into a ligand binding domain of eight ligand binding regions, an EGF-like domain containing three cysteine-rich repeats, an O-linked glycosylation domain of 89 amino acids, a transmembrane domain of 24 amino acids, and a cytoplasmic domain of 115 amino acids, including an NPXY motif.
Each letter in the NPXY motif represents a certain amino acid where N is arginine, P is proline, X is any amino acid, and Y is tyrosine.
Cytoplasmic tail
All LDL receptor family proteins contain a cytoplasmic tail with at least one NPXY motif. This motif is important for binding intracellular adapter proteins and endocytosis. ApoER2 is distinct from most other members of the LDL family of receptors due to a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20K%C3%A1ntor | Robert Kántor (born February 25, 1977) is a former professional ice hockey defenceman. He last played in Austria with the Graz 99ers during the 2011–12 season.
Career statistics
External links
Bio from Kometa Brno historical website
1977 births
Czech ice hockey defencemen
Czech expatriate ice hockey players in Russia
Färjestad BK players
Ak Bars Kazan players
HC Dynamo Moscow players
Living people
HC Slovan Bratislava players
Ice hockey people from Brno
Czech expatriate ice hockey players in Slovakia
Czech expatriate ice hockey players in Sweden
Czech expatriate ice hockey players in Finland
Czech expatriate ice hockey players in Germany
Czech expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Expatriate ice hockey players in Austria |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folding%20region | Folding region may refer to,
Code folding
A region of protein folding
A fold belt in geology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing%20Model%202 | The Boeing Model 2, also referred to as the Boeing Model C and its derivatives were United States two-place training seaplanes, the first "all-Boeing" design and the company's first financial success.
Design and development
The Boeing Airplane Company, previously known as Pacific Aero Products Co, built the Model C naval trainer as its first mass-produced airplane. Early design work was started by George Conrad Westervelt in late 1915, with the first wind tunnel tests being conducted at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's 4 ft wind tunnel in May 1916. Most of the design work during early-to-mid 1916 by James Foley, who had previously assisted George Conrad Westervelt in designing the Boeing Model 1. Westervelt, who had been reassigned to the East Coast in December 1915, consulted heavily on the design. Wong Tsu, an MIT graduate who was hired by Boeing in May 1916, also contributed to the design, specifically lending his expertise in the analysis of wind tunnel data. A total of 56 C-type trainers were built; 55 used twin pontoons. The Model C-1F had a single main pontoon and small auxiliary floats under each wing and was powered by a Curtiss OX-5 engine.
Operational history
The success of the Model C led to Boeing's first military contract in April 1917 and prompted both its reincorporation as the Boeing Airplane Company and relocation from Lake Union, Washington to a former shipyard on the Duwamish River, also in Washington. The United States Navy bought 51 of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sematurinae | Sematurinae is a subfamily of moths in the family Sematuridae represented by at least 29 species in the Neotropics.
Taxonomy, classification and identification
Sematurinae has three principal genera, and possibly another two. The hindwing of Coronidia is distinguished by an iridescent blue band, but Homidiana characteristically has pink, orange or yellow markings, especially in females (Minet and Scoble, 1999). The genus Mania is large, brown and tailed, resembling to some extent the genus Lyssa. The approximately twelve other sematurid species in the genera Anurapteryx and Lonchotura are placed here for now (making about 41 species) but may not belong in this subfamily; one species, Anurapteryx crenulata reaches the subtropics of Arizona (Minet and Scoble, 1999). The relationships within Sematuridae clearly need deeper investigation.
Note: the name Nothus is preoccupied by a genus of Coleoptera (Minet and Scoble, 1999). The genus name Sematura was also in use for this genus, but it was younger (being published in 1825) than Hübner's name Mania from 1821; a petition to conserve the junior name was rejected by the ICZN in Opinion 2352 (2015), so Hübner's name is officially now the valid name for the genus.
Behaviour
The adult moths of Sematurinae are either day or night flying, depending on the genus and have the wings outspread at rest and the genus Sematura displays impressive eyespots at the hindwing tails.
Biology
The biology of Sematurinae is poorly known. The larva o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoF | VoF, VOF or V.O.F. may refer to:
Föreningen Vetenskap och Folkbildning, a Swedish skeptical organisation
Volume of fluid method, a numerical technique for tracking and locating the fluid interface
vertical occipital fasciculus, a part of the brain
Vennootschap onder firma (V.O.F.), a type of general partnership in the Netherlands and Belgium |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrops | Hydrops may refer to:
Medicine
Hydrops ( ), the excessive accumulation of serous fluid in tissues or cavities of the body, corresponding to any of various conditions, depending on characteristics and anatomic site, including:
Most generally
Edema (hydropsy, dropsy)
Anasarca, a severe and widespread form of edema
Ascites, fluid buildup in the abdomen
Effusion (medical senses)—see Effusion (disambiguation)
More specifically
Endolymphatic hydrops, edema in the inner ear, present in Ménière's disease
Cochlear hydrops, a variant of Meniere's disease/Endolymphatic Hydrops without vertigo.
Hydrops fetalis, edema in a fetus
Corneal hydrops, humoral edema of the eye
Zoology
Hydrops (snake), a dipsadid snake genus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascin | Fascin is an actin bundling protein.
Species and tissue distribution
It is a 54-58 kilodalton monomeric actin filament bundling protein originally isolated from sea urchin egg but also found in Drosophila and vertebrates, including humans. Fascin (from the Latin for bundle) is spaced at 11 nanometre intervals along the filament. The bundles in cross section are seen to be hexagonally packed, and the longitudinal spacing is compatible with a model where fascin cross-links at alternating 4 and 5 actins. It is calcium insensitive and monomeric. Three forms of fascin are found in vertebrates: Fascin1, widely found in the nervous system and elsewhere; fascin2 found in the retinal photoreceptor cells; fascin3, which is only found in the testes.
Function
Fascin binds beta-catenin, and colocalizes with it at the leading edges and borders of epithelial and endothelial cells. The role of Fascin in regulating cytoskeletal structures for the maintenance of cell adhesion, coordinating motility and invasion through interactions with signalling pathways is an active area of research especially from the cancer biology perspective. Fascin localizes to actin-rich protrusions at the cell surface called filopodia. Recent study shows that fascin also localizes to invadopodia, membrane protrusions formed at the adherent cell surface that facilitate extracellular matrix (ECM) invasion, this provide a potential molecular mechanism for how fascin increases the invasiveness of cancer cells sin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbiased%20estimation%20of%20standard%20deviation | In statistics and in particular statistical theory, unbiased estimation of a standard deviation is the calculation from a statistical sample of an estimated value of the standard deviation (a measure of statistical dispersion) of a population of values, in such a way that the expected value of the calculation equals the true value. Except in some important situations, outlined later, the task has little relevance to applications of statistics since its need is avoided by standard procedures, such as the use of significance tests and confidence intervals, or by using Bayesian analysis.
However, for statistical theory, it provides an exemplar problem in the context of estimation theory which is both simple to state and for which results cannot be obtained in closed form. It also provides an example where imposing the requirement for unbiased estimation might be seen as just adding inconvenience, with no real benefit.
Motivation
In statistics, the standard deviation of a population of numbers is often estimated from a random sample drawn from the population. This is the sample standard deviation, which is defined by
where is the sample (formally, realizations from a random variable X) and is the sample mean.
One way of seeing that this is a biased estimator of the standard deviation of the population is to start from the result that s2 is an unbiased estimator for the variance σ2 of the underlying population if that variance exists and the sample values are drawn indepen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali%20S.%20Banerjee | Kali S. Banerjee (September 17, 1914 – April 9, 2002) was a math and statistics expert, and a professor of statistics at the University of Delaware.
He was born in Dhaka, (now in Bangladesh) in 1914. He earned his bachelor's degree in mathematics and his master's and doctoral degrees in statistics from the University of Calcutta.
In 1962, Kali S. Banerjee moved to the United States and he was naturalized in 1974, and joined as a faculty of statistics at University of Delaware. Before joining the University of Delaware, he taught at Cornell University and at Kansas State University
Dr. Banerjee received the university's excellence in teaching award in 1972 and was named a fellow of Royal Statistical Society at London in 1975. He wrote many books such as The Cost Of Learning Index. He wrote about 15 study books on Statistics, about 13 books on Economics, in all writing about 40 books through his life.
He and his wife raised two children, a daughter, Swapna and a son, Deb.
External links
In Memoriam Kali S. Banerjee - University of Delaware
1914 births
2002 deaths
Indian emigrants to the United States
University of Delaware faculty
Bengali mathematicians
American Hindus
University of Calcutta alumni
20th-century Bengalis
21st-century Bengalis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLYCAM1 | Glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule-1 (GLYCAM1) is a proteoglycan ligand expressed on cells of the high endothelial venules in lymphoid tissues. It is the ligand for the receptor L-selectin allowing for naive lymphocytes to exit the bloodstream into lymphoid tissues.
GLYCAM1 binds to L-selectin by presenting one or more O-linked carbohydrates to the lectin domain of the leukocyte cell surface selectin.
Data suggests that GLYCAM1 is a hormone-regulated milk protein that is part of the milk mucin complex.
GlyCAM-1 is expressed exclusively on high endothelial venules. It is unclear how GlyCAM-1 is attached to the membrane as it lacks a transmembrane region.
External links
References |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumford%20conjecture | There are several conjectures in mathematics by David Mumford.
Mumford's conjecture about reductive groups, now called Haboush's theorem.
The Mumford conjecture on the cohomology of the stable mapping class group, proved by Ib Madsen and Michael Weiss.
The Manin-Mumford conjecture about Jacobians of curves, proved by Michel Raynaud. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrin%20beta%202 | In molecular biology, CD18 (Integrin beta chain-2) is an integrin beta chain protein that is encoded by the ITGB2 gene in humans. Upon binding with one of a number of alpha chains, CD18 is capable of forming multiple heterodimers, which play significant roles in cellular adhesion and cell surface signaling, as well as important roles in immune responses. CD18 also exists in soluble, ligand binding forms. Deficiencies in CD18 expression can lead to adhesion defects in circulating white blood cells in humans, reducing the immune system's ability to fight off foreign invaders.
Structure and function
The ITGB2 protein product is CD18. Integrins are integral cell-surface proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain, and are crucial for cells to be able to efficiently bind to the extracellular matrix. This is especially important for neutrophils, as cellular adhesion plays a large role in extravasation from the blood vessels. A given chain may combine with multiple partners resulting in different integrins.
The known binding partners of CD18 are CD11a, CD11b, CD11c and CD11d. Binding of CD18 and CD11a results in the formation of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), a protein found on B cells, all T cells, monocytes, neutrophils and NK cells. LFA-1 is involved in adhesion and binding to antigen presenting cells through interactions with the surface protein ICAM-1.
Binding of CD18 and CD11b-d results in the formation of complement receptors (e.g. Macrophage |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrin%20beta%201 | Integrin beta-1 (ITGB1), also known as CD29, is a cell surface receptor that in humans is encoded by the ITGB1 gene. This integrin associates with integrin alpha 1 and integrin alpha 2 to form integrin complexes which function as collagen receptors. It also forms dimers with integrin alpha 3 to form integrin receptors for netrin 1 and reelin. These and other integrin beta 1 complexes have been historically known as very late activation (VLA) antigens.
Integrin beta 1 is expressed as at least four different isoforms. In cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle, the integrin beta-1D isoform is specifically expressed, and localizes to costameres, where it aids in the lateral force transmission from the Z-discs to the extracellular matrix. Abnormal levels of integrin beta-1D have been found in limb girdle muscular dystrophy and polyneuropathy.
Structure
Integrin beta-1 can exist as different isoforms via alternative splicing. Six alternatively spliced variants have been found for this gene which encode five proteins with alternate C-termini. Integrin receptors exist as heterodimers, and greater than 20 different integrin heterodimeric receptors have been described. All integrins, alpha and beta forms, have large extracellular and short intracellular domains. The cytoplasmic domain of integrin beta-1 binds to the actin cytoskeleton. Integrin beta-1 is the most abundant beta-integrin expressed and associates with at least 10 different integrin-alpha subunits.
Function
Integrin fam |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD46 | CD46 complement regulatory protein also known as CD46 (cluster of differentiation 46) and Membrane Cofactor Protein is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CD46 gene. CD46 is an inhibitory complement receptor.
Gene
This gene is found in a cluster on chromosome 1q32 with other genes encoding structural components of the complement system. At least fourteen different transcript variants encoding fourteen different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a type I membrane protein and is a regulatory part of the complement system.
The encoded protein has cofactor activity for inactivation (through cleavage) of complement components C3b and C4b by serum factor I, which protects the host cell from damage by complement.
The protein encoded by this gene may be involved in the fusion of the spermatozoa with the oocyte during fertilization.
Clinical significance
Measles infection
The encoded protein can act as a receptor for the Edmonston strain of measles virus, human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), group B adenoviruses, and type IV pili of pathogenic Neisseria.
The extracellular region of CD46 contains four short consensus repeats (SCR) of about 60 amino acids that fold into a compact beta-barrel domain surrounded by flexible loops. As has been demonstrated for CD46 with other ligands, the CD46 protein structure is believed to linearize upon binding HHV-6. While their precise interaction has not yet been determined, the second and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD79 |
Introduction
CD79 (Cluster of Differentiation 79) is a transmembrane protein that forms a complex with the B-cell receptor (BCR) and generates a signal following recognition of antigen by the BCR. CD79 is composed of two distinct chains called CD79A and CD79B (also known as Igα and Igβ); these form a heterodimer on the surface of a B cell stabilized by disulfide bonding. CD79a and CD79b are both members of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Human CD79a is encoded by the mb-1 gene that is located on chromosome 19, and CD79b is encoded by the B29 gene that located on chromosome 17. Both CD79 chains contain an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) in their intracellular tails that they use to propagate a signal in a B cell, in a similar manner to CD3-generated signal transduction observed during T cell receptor activation on T cells.
Function
CD79 serves to be a pan-B cell marker for the detection of B-cell neoplasms. However, tumor cells in some cases of T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma and AML has shown to potentially react positively with CD79 monoclonal antibodies. In addition, both CD79 chains contain an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM), which some scientists have found to propagate downstream signaling in B-cells. CD79 has been tested as a B-cell target in MRL/lpr mice, a mouse model for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). CD79, expressed by B-cell and plasma cell precursors is a candidate that induces apoptosis as well as inhibiti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9%E2%80%93Lindstedt%20method | In perturbation theory, the Poincaré–Lindstedt method or Lindstedt–Poincaré method is a technique for uniformly approximating periodic solutions to ordinary differential equations, when regular perturbation approaches fail. The method removes secular terms—terms growing without bound—arising in the straightforward application of perturbation theory to weakly nonlinear problems with finite oscillatory solutions.
The method is named after Henri Poincaré, and Anders Lindstedt.
The article gives several examples. The theory can be found in Chapter 10 of.
Example: the Duffing equation
The undamped, unforced Duffing equation is given by
for t > 0, with 0 < ε ≪ 1.
Consider initial conditions
A perturbation-series solution of the form x(t) = x0(t) + ε x1(t) + … is sought. The first two terms of the series are
This approximation grows without bound in time, which is inconsistent with the physical system that the equation models. The term responsible for this unbounded growth, called the secular term, is . The Poincaré–Lindstedt method allows for the creation of an approximation that is accurate for all time, as follows.
In addition to expressing the solution itself as an asymptotic series, form another series with which to scale time t:
where
We have the leading order ω0 = 1, because when , the equation has solution . Then the original problem becomes
Now search for a solution of the form x(τ) = x0(τ) + ε x1(τ) + … . The following solutions for the zeroth and firs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrin%20alpha%204 | CD49d is an integrin alpha subunit. It makes up half of the α4β1 lymphocyte homing receptor.
Function
The product of this gene belongs to the integrin alpha chain family of proteins. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. This gene encodes an alpha 4 chain. Unlike other integrin alpha chains, alpha 4 neither contains an I-domain, nor undergoes disulfide-linked cleavage. Alpha 4 chain associates with either beta 1 chain or beta 7 chain.
Interactions
CD49d has been shown to interact with LGALS8 and Paxillin.
See also
Carotegrast methyl, an integrin alpha 4 antagonist used for the treatment of ulcerative colitis
References
Further reading
External links
ITGA4 Info with links in the Cell Migration Gateway
Integrins
Clusters of differentiation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocyte%20homing%20receptor | Lymphocyte homing receptors are cell adhesion molecules expressed on lymphocyte cell membranes that recognize addressins on target tissues. Lymphocyte homing refers to adhesion of the circulating lymphocytes in blood to specialized endothelial cells within lymphoid organs. These diverse tissue-specific adhesion molecules on lymphocytes (homing receptors) and on endothelial cells (vascular addressins) contribute to the development of specialized immune responses.
Free lymphocytes constantly recirculate in blood after their re-entry from lymphoid tissue, via lymphatic and thoracic ducts. This happens so that the full repertoire of antigenic specificities of lymphocytes is continuously represented throughout the body. Homing happens in tissue-specific manner—e.g. B lymphocytes migrate better to mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (Peyer's patches), and T lymphocytes preferentially to the peripheral lymph nodes.
The process of lymphocyte homing is deliberate, mediated by lymphocyte-endothelial recognition mechanisms that enable antigen-specific immune responses. Lymphocyte homing receptor control of organ-specific lymphocyte trafficking is thought to prevent autoreactivity in immune responses during B and T cell differentiation. Recently, lymphocyte homing has become a topic of interest for investigation of treatments for multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, leukemia, and psoriasis.
Homing mechanisms
Naive lymphocyte homing
Naive lymphocytes are able to circulate int |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD43 | Leukosialin also known as sialophorin or CD43 (cluster of differentiation 43) is a transmembrane cell surface protein that in humans is encoded by the SPN (sialophorin) gene.
Function
Sialophorin (leukosialin) is a major sialoglycoprotein on the surface of human T lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, and some B lymphocytes, which appears to be important for immune function and may be part of a physiologic ligand-receptor complex involved in T-cell activation.
Clinical significance
Defects in the CD43 molecule are associated with the development of Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome. It also appears in about 25% of intestinal MALTomas. Using immunohistochemistry, CD43 can be demonstrated in the paracortical T-cells of healthy lymph nodes and tonsils; it is also positive in a range of lymphoid and myeloid tumours. Although it is present in over 90% of T-cell lymphomas, it is generally less effective at demonstrating this condition than is CD3 antigen. However, it may be useful as part of a panel to demonstrate B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma, since the malignant cells in this condition are often CD43 positive, and may be difficult to stain with other antibodies. Because it stains granulocytes and their precursors, it is also an effective marker for myeloid tumours.
Interactions
CD43 has been shown to interact with EZR and Moesin.
References
Further reading
External links
Clusters of differentiation
00 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucoprotein | A mucoprotein is a glycoprotein composed primarily of mucopolysaccharides. Mucoproteins can be found throughout the body, including the gastrointestinal tract, reproductive organs, airways, and the synovial fluid of the knees. They are called mucoproteins because the carbohydrate quantity is more than 4% unlike glycoproteins where the carbohydrate quantity is less than 4%. Mucoprotein is produced in the cecum of the gastrointestinal tract. During gallbladder cancer, mucoprotein is over expressed. Sustaining a brain injury will lead to decreased mucoprotein production. The result is an alteration of gut microbiota as seen in mice.
Function
Mucoproteins are the proteins that are the building blocks of mucus, which is a protective barrier to the epithelia of cells. It is semipermeable, so it acts as a barrier to most bacteria and pathogens, while allowing for the uptake of nutrients, water, and hormones.
Protein Structure
Mucoproteins are composed of o-linked carbohydrates as well as highly glycosylated proteins, which are held together by disulfide bonds. The viscosity of the mucus depends on the strength of the disulfide bonds. When these disulfide bonds are broken, the viscosity of the mucus secretions is reduced.
Clinical Significance
Mucolytic medications will break through the disulfide bonds and lower the viscosity of the mucus, thus allowing the hypersecreted mucus to be more manageable. A hypersectretion of mucus is often a symptom of pulmonary diseases or respira |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme%20B | Heme B or haem B (also known as protoheme IX) is the most abundant heme. Hemoglobin and myoglobin are examples of oxygen transport proteins that contain heme B. The peroxidase family of enzymes also contain heme B. The COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes (cyclooxygenase) of recent fame, also contain heme B at one of two active sites.
Generally, heme B is attached to the surrounding protein matrix (known as the apoprotein) through a single coordination bond between the heme iron and an amino-acid side-chain.
Both hemoglobin and myoglobin have a coordination bond to an evolutionarily-conserved histidine, while nitric oxide synthase and cytochrome P450 have a coordination bond to an evolutionarily-conserved cysteine bound to the iron center of heme B.
Since the iron in heme B containing proteins is bound to the four nitrogens of the porphyrin (forming a plane) and a single electron donating atom of the protein, the iron is often in a pentacoordinate state. When oxygen or the toxic carbon monoxide is bound the iron becomes hexacoordinated.
The correct structures of heme B and heme S were first elucidated by German chemist Hans Fischer.
References
Tetrapyrroles
Biomolecules |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDF7 | Growth differentiation factor 7 (GDF7) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF7 gene.
GDF7 belongs to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily that is specifically found in a signaling center known as the roof plate that is located in the developing nervous system of embryos. The roof plate is required for the generation of several classes of spinal cord dorsal interneurons; GDF7 specifically induces the formation of sensory neurons in the dorsal spinal cord from neural crest cells by generating signals within the roof plate.
GDF7 is also known as bone morphogenic protein 12 (BMP-12).
References
Further reading
Developmental genes and proteins
TGFβ domain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD68 | CD68 (Cluster of Differentiation 68) is a protein highly expressed by cells in the monocyte lineage (e.g., monocytic phagocytes, osteoclasts), by circulating macrophages, and by tissue macrophages (e.g., Kupffer cells, microglia).
Structure and function
Human CD68 is a Type I transmembrane glycoprotein, heavily glycosylated in its extracellular domain, with a molecular weight of 110 kD. Its primary sequence consists of 354 amino acids with predicted molecular weight of 37.4 kD if it were not glycosylated. The human CD68 protein is encoded by the "CD68" gene which maps to Chromosome 17. Other names or aliases for this gene in humans and other animals include: CD68 Molecule, CD68 Antigen, GP110, Macrosialin, Scavenger Receptor Class D, Member 1, SCARD1, and LAMP4. The mouse equivalent is known as "macrosialin".
CD68 is functionally and evolutionarily related to other gene/protein family members, including:
the hematopoietic mucin-like family of molecules that includes leukosialin/CD43 and stem cell antigen CD34;
the Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein (LAMP) family (CD68 localizes primarily to lysosomes and endosomes, but with a smaller fraction circulating to the cell surface);
the scavenger receptor family, whose members typically function to clear cellular debris, promote phagocytosis, and mediate the recruitment and activation of macrophages.
Use in pathology and research
Immunohistochemistry can be used to identify the presence of CD68, which is found in th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrin%20alpha-1 | Integrin alpha-1 also CD49a is an integrin alpha subunit encoded in humans by the gene ITGA1. It makes up half of the α1β1 integrin duplex. Though CD49a can bind a number of ligands including collagen IV, collagen I, and others.
CD49a has been implicated as a marker of tissue resident memory T cells, where it may be coexpressed with other markers CD103 and CD69. It has been shown to affect the motility of T cells.
References
Further reading
External links
ITGA1 Info with links in the Cell Migration Gateway
PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Integrin alpha-1
Integrins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrin%20alpha%202 | Integrin alpha-2, or CD49b (cluster of differentiation 49b), is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CD49b gene.
The CD49b protein is an integrin alpha subunit. It makes up half of the α2β1 integrin duplex. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane glycoproteins composed of a distinct alpha chain and a common beta chain. They are found on a wide variety of cell types including T cells (the NKT cells), NK cells, fibroblasts and platelets. Integrins are involved in cell adhesion and also participate in cell-surface-mediated signalling.
Expression of CD49b in conjunction with LAG-3 has been used to identify type 1 regulatory (Tr1) cells.
The DX5 monoclonal antibody recognizes mouse CD49b.
Interactions
CD49b has been shown to interact with MMP1.
References
External links
PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Integrin alpha 2
Further reading
External links
ITGA2 Info with links in the Cell Migration Gateway
Integrins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrin%20alpha%203 | Integrin alpha-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGA3 gene.
ITGA3 is an integrin alpha subunit. Together with beta-1 subunit, it makes up half of the α3β1 integrin duplex that plays a role in neural migration and corticogenesis, acted upon by such factors as netrin-1 and reelin.
ITGA3 encodes the integrin alpha 3 chain. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. Alpha chain 3 undergoes post-translational cleavage in the extracellular domain to yield disulfide-linked light and heavy chains that join with beta 1 to form an integrin that interacts with many extracellular matrix proteins.
Alternative names
The alpha 3 beta 1 integrin is known variously as: very late (activation) antigen 3 ('VLA-3'), very common antigen 2 ('VCA-2'), extracellular matrix receptor 1 ('ECMR1'), and galactoprotein b3 ('GAPB3').
Interactions
CD49c has been shown to interact with:
CD9
FHL2,
LGALS8, and
TSPAN4.
References
Further reading
External links
ITGA3 Info with links in the Cell Migration Gateway
Integrins
Clusters of differentiation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-objective%20optimization | Multi-objective optimization or Pareto optimization (also known as multi-objective programming, vector optimization, multicriteria optimization, or multiattribute optimization) is an area of multiple-criteria decision making that is concerned with mathematical optimization problems involving more than one objective function to be optimized simultaneously. Multi-objective is a type of vector optimization that has been applied in many fields of science, including engineering, economics and logistics where optimal decisions need to be taken in the presence of trade-offs between two or more conflicting objectives. Minimizing cost while maximizing comfort while buying a car, and maximizing performance whilst minimizing fuel consumption and emission of pollutants of a vehicle are examples of multi-objective optimization problems involving two and three objectives, respectively. In practical problems, there can be more than three objectives.
For a multi-objective optimization problem, it is not guaranteed that a single solution simultaneously optimizes each objective. The objective functions are said to be conflicting. A solution is called nondominated, Pareto optimal, Pareto efficient or noninferior, if none of the objective functions can be improved in value without degrading some of the other objective values. Without additional subjective preference information, there may exist a (possibly infinite) number of Pareto optimal solutions, all of which are considered equally good. R |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska%20Diagnostic%20and%20Evaluation%20Center | The Nebraska Diagnostic and Evaluation Center (D&E) is a maximum custody, reception, diagnostic, evaluation, assessment, classification and assignment facility for the Nebraska Department of Correctional Services (NDCS). Located in Lincoln, Nebraska, D&E was established by the Nebraska State Legislature in 1976 as part of Legislative Bill 984. Construction was completed in June 1979 and the new institution was opened in August 1979 as a 176-bed facility.
Purpose
As provided by State Statute, all adult males sentenced to the NDCS by the County and District Courts of the State of Nebraska are received into the correctional system at the Diagnostic and Evaluation Center. In addition, the institution houses ninety-day evaluators sentenced by the court for assessment, county safe keepers, interstate transfers and returned parolees and escapees.
Initially the facility was set-up to handle one inmate per bed (176 inmates), but overcrowding has forced the prison to add beds to the single person rooms and has brought those numbers consistently over 200-250% capacity resulting in the average population of 470.
Programs
Due to the short length of stay at the institution, there are no industry programs and limited education programs. Each newly admitted inmate, following review of the admission order to ensure legal commitment, begins participation in an intensive medical, psychological, and social assessment process. This process culminates in the finalization of an individual class |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20formula | In mathematics, Green formula may refer to:
Green's theorem in integral calculus
Green's identities in vector calculus
Green's function in differential equations
the Green formula for the Green measure in stochastic analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azaserine | Azaserine is a naturally occurring serine derivative diazo compound with antineoplastic and antibiotic properties deriving from its action as a purinergic antagonist and structural similarity to glutamine. Azaserine acts by competitively inhibiting glutamine amidotransferase, a key enzyme responsible for glutamine metabolism.
Mechanism of Action
Azaserine inhibits the rate limiting step of the metabolic hexosamine pathway and irreversibly inhibits γ-glutamyltransferase by acting directly at the substrate-binding pocket. Independent of hexosamine pathway inhibition, azaserine has been demonstrated to protect against hyperglycemic endothelial damage by elevating serum concentrations of manganese-superoxide dismutase, directly reducing the concentration of reactive oxygen species.
Azaserine also downregulates the expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 in response to TNF-α, and research indicates that it may have potential in identifying the L-leucine-favoring system transporter in human T-lymphocytes.
Properties
Azaserine has a solubility of 50 mg/mL in water, a melting point of 146-162 °C, a vapor pressure of 1.53x10−10mmHg at 25 °C, and decomposes before melting.
References
Antineoplastic drugs
Diazo compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipemastat | Cipemastat (rINN, also known as Ro 32-3555 and by the tentative trade name Trocade) is a selective inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 that has been investigated as an anti-arthritis agent. It is being developed by Roche.
References
Hydantoins
Hydroxamic acids
Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors
1-Piperidinyl compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldolase%20A%20deficiency | Aldolase A deficiency is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder resulting in a deficiency of the enzyme aldolase A; the enzyme is found predominantly in red blood cells and muscle tissue. The deficiency may lead to hemolytic anaemia as well as myopathy associated with exercise intolerance and rhabdomyolysis in some cases.
Symptoms and signs
The low incidence of this syndrome is often related to aldolase A's essential glycolytic role along with its exclusive expression in blood and skeletal muscle. Early developmental reliance and constitutive function prevents severe mutation in successful embryos. Infrequent documentation thus prevents clear generalisation of symptoms and causes. However five cases have been well described. ALDOA deficiency is diagnosed through reduced aldoA enzymatic activity, however, both physiological response and fundamental causes vary.
Anemia
Blood-related pathology is seen in all patients. Typically diagnosed at birth, congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia is characterised by premature destruction of red blood cells without apparent abnormality in shape. Erythrocyte dependency on anaerobic glycolysis for ATP homeostasis, causes perturbation of this pathway to result in disruption of cellular processes including electrostatic membrane gradients (typically maintained through transporters of high energetic demand) ultimately leading to membrane instability and lysis.
This shortened erythrocyte life-span and increased destruction links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisotropic%20conductive%20film | Anisotropic conductive film (ACF) is an adhesive interconnect system that is commonly used in liquid crystal display manufacturing to make the electrical and mechanical connections from the driver electronics to the glass substrates of the LCD. The material is also available in a paste form referred to as anisotropic conductive paste (ACP), and both are grouped together as anisotropic conductive adhesives (ACAs). ACAs have more recently been used to perform the flex-to-board or flex-to-flex connections used in handheld electronic devices such as mobile phones, MP3 players, or in the assembly of CMOS camera modules.
History
ACAs developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s, with heat seal connectors by Nippon Graphite Industries, and ACFs by Hitachi Chemicals and Dexerials (formerly known as Sony Chemicals & Information Devices). Currently there are many manufacturers of heat seal connectors and ACAs, but Hitachi and Sony continue to dominate the industry in terms of market share. Other manufacturers of ACAs include 3M, Loctite, DELO, Creative Materials, Henkel, Sun Ray Scientific, Kyocera, Three Bond, Panacol, and Btech.
In the very early years, ACAs were made from rubber, acrylic, and other adhesive compounds, but they rapidly converged on several different variations of thermoset biphenyl type epoxy resins. The temperatures required were relatively high at 170-180C, however, and the market leaders Sony and Hitachi developed and released acrylic-based materials in the earl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-coded | In econometrics and statistics, a top-coded data observation is one for which data points whose values are above an upper bound are censored.
Survey data are often topcoded before release to the public to preserve the anonymity of respondents. For example, if a survey answer reported a respondent with self-identified wealth of $79 billion, it would not be anonymous because people would know there is a good chance the respondent was Bill Gates. Top-coding may be also applied to prevent possibly-erroneous outliers from being published.
Bottom-coding is analogous, e.g. if amounts below zero are reported as zero. Top-coding occurs for data recorded in groups, e.g. if age ranges are reported in these groups: 0-20, 21-50, 50-99, 100-and-up. Here we only know how many people have ages above 100, not their distribution. Producers of survey data sometimes release the average of the censored amounts to help users impute unbiased estimates of the top group.
Example: Top-coding of income at $30,000
Top-coding is a general problem for analysis of public use data sets. Top-coding in the Current Population Survey makes it hard to estimate measures of income inequality since the shape of the distribution of high incomes is blocked. To help overcome this problem, CPS provides the mean value of top-coded values.
The practice of top-coding, or capping the reported maximum value on tax returns to protect the earner's anonymity, complicates the analysis of the distribution of wealth in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marker-and-cell%20method | The marker-and-cell method is commonly used in computer graphics to discretize functions for fluid and other simulations. It was developed by Francis Harlow and his collaborators at the Los Alamos National Laboratory.
See also
Immersed boundary method
Stokesian dynamics
Volume of fluid method
Level-set method
References
External links
Fluid flow for the rest of us, an explanation of fluid simulation (including the MAC grid)
Computational fluid dynamics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gio | Gio or GIO may refer to:
Science and technology
Gi/o, protein subunits
GIO, a computer bus
GIO (software), a library for accessing virtual file-systems
11084 Giò, a main belt asteroid
Gibioctet, a unit of digital information
Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis
Samsung Galaxy Gio, a mobile telephone
Other
Gío, a parish in Asturias, Spain
Gio (Black Clover), a character in the manga series Black Clover
GIO General, an Australian insurance company
Giò lụa, a Vietnamese pork sausage
Gio Ponti (horse), an American Thoroughbred race horse
Ibanez GIO, a series of guitars
General Inspection Office (Iran)
Government Information Office, a former agency of the Republic of China (Taiwan)
Dan language or Gio, spoken by the Gio people
See also
Geo (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notation%20for%20differentiation | In differential calculus, there is no single uniform notation for differentiation. Instead, various notations for the derivative of a function or variable have been proposed by various mathematicians. The usefulness of each notation varies with the context, and it is sometimes advantageous to use more than one notation in a given context. The most common notations for differentiation (and its opposite operation, the antidifferentiation or indefinite integration) are listed below.
Leibniz's notation
The original notation employed by Gottfried Leibniz is used throughout mathematics. It is particularly common when the equation is regarded as a functional relationship between dependent and independent variables and . Leibniz's notation makes this relationship explicit by writing the derivative as
Furthermore, the derivative of at is therefore written
Higher derivatives are written as
This is a suggestive notational device that comes from formal manipulations of symbols, as in,
The value of the derivative of at a point may be expressed in two ways using Leibniz's notation:
.
Leibniz's notation allows one to specify the variable for differentiation (in the denominator). This is especially helpful when considering partial derivatives. It also makes the chain rule easy to remember and recognize:
Leibniz's notation for differentiation does not require assigning a meaning to symbols such as or (known as differentials) on their own, and some authors do not attempt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDF10 | Growth differentiation factor 10 (GDF10) also known as bone morphogenetic protein 3B (BMP-3B) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF10 gene.
GDF10 belongs to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily that is closely related to bone morphogenetic protein-3 (BMP3). It plays a role in head formation and may have multiple roles in skeletal morphogenesis. GDF10 is also known as BMP-3b, with GDF10 and BMP3 regarded as a separate subgroup within the TGF-beta superfamily.
In mice, GDF10 mRNA is abundant in the brain, inner ear, uterus, prostate, neural tissues, blood vessels and adipose tissue with low expression in spleen and liver. It is also present in bone of both adults and neonatal mice. Human GDF10 mRNA is found in the cochlea and lung of foetuses, and in testis, retina, pineal gland, and other neural tissues of adults.
References
Further reading
Developmental genes and proteins
TGFβ domain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDF11 | Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) also known as bone morphogenetic protein 11 (BMP-11) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the growth differentiation factor 11 gene. GDF11 is a member of the Transforming growth factor beta family.
GDF11 acts as a cytokine and its molecular structure is identical in humans, mice and rats. The bone morphogenetic protein group is characterized by a polybasic proteolytic processing site, which is cleaved to produce a protein containing seven conserved cysteine residues.
Tissue distribution
GDF11 is expressed in many tissues, including skeletal muscle, pancreas, kidney, nervous system, and retina.
Function
Gene deletion and over-expression studies indicate that GDF11 primarily regulates the embryological development of the skeletal system. It may also help regulate development of the central nervous system, blood vessels, the kidney and other tissues.
GDF11 improves neurodegenerative and neurovascular disease outcomes, increases skeletal muscle volume, and enhances muscle strength. Its wide-ranging biological effects may include the reversal of senescence in clinical applications, as well as the ability to reverse age-related pathological changes and regulate organ regeneration after injury.
Effects on cell growth and differentiation
GDF11 belongs to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily that controls anterior-posterior patterning by regulating the expression of Hox genes. It determines Hox gene expression domains |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morfik | Morfik Technology Pty Ltd. is an Australian software company that was acquired by Altium in 2010.
The company is known for developing a set of visual designers, compilers and a Framework combined in an Integrated development environment (IDE) aimed at developing Ajax applications in a high-level language such as Java, C#, BASIC or Object Pascal. Morfik includes visual design tools for Web interfaces, database structure, and queries. It supports the classic client–server model, however like all Ajax applications, the client-side code runs within a browser. The Morfik development tool converts the forms that the user draws into DHTML, compiles the client-logic into JavaScript, and builds the application and database server engines to house the server-side code.
Company history
Morfik Technology was a privately funded company that was founded in 2000 in Hobart, Tasmania by Aram Mirkazemi and Shahram Besharati. The company later (2009) moved to Sydney, New South Wales, before being acquired by Altium Limited in November 2010.
In April 2019, the Morfik project was closed and the project was taken offline.
Timeline
In September 2005, it demonstrated a pre-beta version of its flagship product, Morfik at the Web 2.0 Conference. Morfik was a major sponsor of this conference. Rumors spread just before the conference that Robert Scoble, Microsoft's lead evangelist, thought that Microsoft should buy Morfik, however, this was quickly laid to rest by Scoble himself. At the conference |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP%20Solar | BP Solar was a manufacturer and installer of photovoltaic solar cells headquartered in Madrid, Spain, with production facilities in Frederick, MD, India and the People's Republic of China. It was a subsidiary of BP.
History
In 1981, BP acquired initially 50% of Lucas Energy Systems which became Lucas BP Solar Systems. The company became wholly owned by BP in the mid-1980s. In 1999, following BP's acquisition of Solarex's majority owner Amoco, it increased its stake in the American Solarex plant to 100%. In that year the company became the world's leading PV producer.
In 2004, the R&D part of BP Solar was sold to the UK's National Renewable Energy Centre (Narec). In 2013, it became Solar Capture Technologies. In 2010, it closed down the factory at Frederick, Maryland. BP Solar was closed on 21 December 2011 when BP announced its departure from the solar energy business.
BP Solar and Indian firm Tata Power established Tata BP Solar, a joint venture company, in 1989. The company began commercial operations in 1991 by establishing its first manufacturing unit with a production capacity of 3 MW in India. BP Solar exited the joint venture in 2012, and Tata BP Solar became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Tata Group.
Operations
PV power plants using BP solar modules include:
Bürstadt, Germany — 5 MW from 30,000 modules
Springerville, Arizona, USA — 4.59 MW from 34,980 modules
Geiseltalsee, Germany — 4 MW from 25,000 modules
Long Island, New York, USA — 32 MW from 164,312 mo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%20majorization | Stress majorization is an optimization strategy used in multidimensional scaling (MDS) where, for a set of -dimensional data items, a configuration of points in -dimensional space is sought that minimizes the so-called stress function . Usually is or , i.e. the matrix lists points in or dimensional Euclidean space so that the result may be visualised (i.e. an MDS plot). The function is a cost or loss function that measures the squared differences between ideal (-dimensional) distances and actual distances in r-dimensional space. It is defined as:
where is a weight for the measurement between a pair of points , is the euclidean distance between and and is the ideal distance between the points (their separation) in the -dimensional data space. Note that can be used to specify a degree of confidence in the similarity between points (e.g. 0 can be specified if there is no information for a particular pair).
A configuration which minimizes gives a plot in which points that are close together correspond to points that are also close together in the original -dimensional data space.
There are many ways that could be minimized. For example, Kruskal recommended an iterative steepest descent approach. However, a significantly better (in terms of guarantees on, and rate of, convergence) method for minimizing stress was introduced by Jan de Leeuw. De Leeuw's iterative majorization method at each step minimizes a simple convex function which both bounds fro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe%20Neff | Christophe Neff (born 10 June 1964 in Tübingen, Germany) is a Franco-German geographer, working on Mediterranean ecosystems, the geography of the Mediterranean Basin and fire ecology at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. He is considered as one of the rare German experts on the Mediterranean ecosystem and fire ecology. Furthermore, he is an expert on the geography of Francophone Africa and Lusophone Africa and the Azores. Since 2009, Neff regularly contributes to a blog called 'Paysages' (engl.= landscapes) at le Monde.fr, which is mostly written in French, sometimes in German, and very occasionally in English.
On the 23 of April 2019 Neff announced on his blog, that he will finished editing “paysages” on the blog hosting service of LeMonde.fr, because Le Monde has decided to close up the Blogs Le Monde.fr. He also explained that he would try to relaunch “Paysages” with another hosting service. In the same post he also expressed his regrets that the cultural gap between France and Germany had never been as large as in 2019, reminding readers that the original idea had been to create a franco-german blog. In June 2021 he published a trilingual (French, German, English) retrospective of 12 years editing the blog paysages, including also a list of the most popular blog posts. In January 2022, he noted that a large part of the links from the times when paysages was still hosted by le Monde.fr had disappeared in the meantime
References
Sources
Andreas Dittmann u.a (Hrsg |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDF15 | Growth/differentiation factor 15 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF15 gene. GDF15 was first identified as Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 or MIC-1.
It is a protein belonging to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily. Under normal conditions, GDF15 is expressed in low concentrations in most organs and upregulated because of injury of organs such as liver, kidney, heart and lung.
Function
The function of GDF15 is not fully clear but it seems to have a role in regulating inflammatory pathways and to be involved in regulating apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell repair and cell growth, which are biological processes observed in cardiovascular and neoplastic disorders.
Clinical significance
GDF15 has shown to be a strong prognostic protein in patients with different diseases such as heart diseases and cancer.
However, elevated GDF15 levels in diseases such as cancer and heart disease may be the result of inflammation caused by these diseases. Note that GDF15 is necessary for surviving both bacterial and viral infections, as well as sepsis. The protective effects of GDF15 were largely independent of pathogen control or the magnitude of inflammatory response, suggesting a role in disease tolerance.
Metformin was shown to cause increased levels of GDF15. This increase mediates the effect of body weight loss by metformin. Further study has shown weight loss is promoted by maintaining energy expenditure in addition to appetite suppression.
Elevations in GDF |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLEFIA | CLEFIA is a proprietary block cipher algorithm, developed by Sony. Its name is derived from the French word clef, meaning "key". The block size is 128 bits and the key size can be 128 bit, 192 bit or 256 bit. It is intended to be used in DRM systems. It is among the cryptographic techniques recommended candidate for Japanese government use by CRYPTREC revision in 2013.
Standardization
CLEFIA is included in the following standards.
ISO/IEC 29192-2:2019, Information security - Lightweight cryptography - Part 2: Block ciphers
References
Further reading
External links
CLEFIA website
256bit Ciphers - CLEFIA Reference implementation and derived code
Sony Introduces CLEFIA
Implementation of 128-bit CLEFIA codec and hash function
Block ciphers
Digital rights management systems |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20algorithm | The Lee algorithm is one possible solution for maze routing problems based on breadth-first search.
It always gives an optimal solution, if one exists, but is slow and requires considerable memory.
Algorithm
1) Initialization
- Select start point, mark with 0
- i := 0
2) Wave expansion
- REPEAT
- Mark all unlabeled neighbors of points marked with i with i+1
- i := i+1
UNTIL ((target reached) or (no points can be marked))
3) Backtrace
- go to the target point
REPEAT
- go to next node that has a lower mark than the current node
- add this node to path
UNTIL (start point reached)
4) Clearance
- Block the path for future wirings
- Delete all marks
Of course the wave expansion marks only points in the routable area of the chip, not in the blocks or already wired parts, and to minimize segmentation you should keep in one direction as long as possible.
External links
http://www.eecs.northwestern.edu/~haizhou/357/lec6.pdf
References
Electronic engineering
Electronic design automation
Electronics optimization
Remzi Osmanli |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie%20bracket%20of%20vector%20fields | In the mathematical field of differential topology, the Lie bracket of vector fields, also known as the Jacobi–Lie bracket or the commutator of vector fields, is an operator that assigns to any two vector fields X and Y on a smooth manifold M a third vector field denoted .
Conceptually, the Lie bracket is the derivative of Y along the flow generated by X, and is sometimes denoted ("Lie derivative of Y along X"). This generalizes to the Lie derivative of any tensor field along the flow generated by X.
The Lie bracket is an R-bilinear operation and turns the set of all smooth vector fields on the manifold M into an (infinite-dimensional) Lie algebra.
The Lie bracket plays an important role in differential geometry and differential topology, for instance in the Frobenius integrability theorem, and is also fundamental in the geometric theory of nonlinear control systems.
Definitions
There are three conceptually different but equivalent approaches to defining the Lie bracket:
Vector fields as derivations
Each smooth vector field on a manifold M may be regarded as a differential operator acting on smooth functions (where and of class ) when we define to be another function whose value at a point is the directional derivative of f at p in the direction X(p). In this way, each smooth vector field X becomes a derivation on C∞(M). Furthermore, any derivation on C∞(M) arises from a unique smooth vector field X.
In general, the commutator of any two derivations and is a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alarije | Alarije is a minor variety of white wine grape from Spain. It is most often used in blends.
History
Alarije is thought to originate in Spain. DNA analysis had shown that it was part of the Malvasia family, but more recent DNA analysis suggests that it is genetically distinct from Malvasia.
Distribution and Wines
Spain
Alarije is quite common in Extremadura, particularly in the Cañamero district. It is one of the varieties authorised for the Ribera del Guadiana Denominación de Origen Protegida (DOP).
Vine and Viticulture
To thrive in Extremadura, it must be tolerant of heat and drought.
Synonyms
Alarije is also known under the synonyms Aceria, Alarije Dorado, Alarije Verdoso, Arin, Aris, Barcelonés, Malvasía de Rioja, Malvasía Riojana, Rojal, Subirat, Subirat Parent, Villanueva, and Villanueva de La Serena.
References
Further reading
Robinson, Jancis Vines, Grapes & Wines Mitchell Beazley 1986
External links
Guide to the wine grape varieties in Spain
Spanish wine
Grape varieties of Spain
White wine grape varieties |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirose%20U.FL |
Hirose U.FL, I-PEX MHF I, AMC or UMCC is a miniature RF connector for high-frequency signals up to 6 GHz manufactured by Hirose Electric Group, I-PEX, and others.
U.FL connectors are commonly used in applications where space is of critical concern, such as in smartphones and Laptop WiFi cards. U.FL connectors are commonly used inside laptops and embedded systems to connect the Wi-Fi antenna to a Mini PCI, Mini PCIe or M.2 WiFi card. Another common use is connecting GPS antennas.
Female U.FL connectors are not designed with reconnection in mind, and they are only rated for a few reconnects (approximately 30 mating cycles) before replacement is needed. The female U.FL connectors are generally not sold separately, but rather as part of a pigtail with a high-quality 1.32 mm doubly shielded cable, which allows for a low-loss connection, insulated with fluorinated resin.
The male connectors are surface-mounted (SMT) and soldered directly to the printed circuit board (PCB). They are designed to have a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms. The mated connection is only 2.5 mm high and takes as little as 9 mm2 (3.0 × 3.1 mm2) of board space.
Much like many other electronic components, Hirose U.FL connectors were protected by patents and trademarks. However, compatible third party connectors are available under many other names, e.g. Sunridge MCB.
Hirose W.FL
The Hirose W.FL, also known as Amphenol AMMC, is an ultra small RF connector used in handheld electronic products. It is m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robofest | Robofest is an autonomous robotics competition for 4th - 12th graders.
It is similar to FIRST Lego League (FLL), but while FLL limits the student's robots to Lego Mindstorms robots, Robofest allows the student to use any robotics system, parts, materials, or even custom electronics, in some of the events. Note that FLL students are required to use parts manufactured by Lego only, preventing the use of such aids as string or glue. Another important difference is that Robofest games have UTF (Unknown Tasks and Factors) components. Students must solve the unveiled tasks and factors within 30 minutes work-time without external help.
Lawrence Tech's Robofest was founded by Computer Science Professor Dr. Chan-Jin Chung (or popularly known as CJ Chung) in 1999–2000 academic year and is sponsored by Lawrence Technological University and other sponsors.
LTU's Robofest is also held internationally, in countries including
Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, England, France, Ghana, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Kenya, Lebanon, Macau, Malawi, Mexico, Morocco, Nigeria, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Taiwan, and UAE.
Teams who win their regional event are welcome to participate at the worldwide tournament held at Lawrence Technological University in Michigan. ROBOFEST is a registered trademark of Lawrence Technological University.
Robofest is one of the largest University led robotics competitions in the world for pre college |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild%20Law | Wild Law: A Manifesto for Earth Justice is a book by Cormac Cullinan that proposes recognizing natural communities and ecosystems as legal persons with legal rights. The book explains the concept of wild law, that is, human laws that are consistent with earth jurisprudence. Foreworded by Thomas Berry, the book was published by Green Books in November 2003 in association with The Gaia Foundation, London. It was first published in South Africa, the author's home country, in August 2002 by Siber Ink.
The feasibility of developing a new form of jurisprudence was discussed at a conference in Washington attended by Thomas Berry in April 2001, organised by the Gaia Foundation. A group of people involved with law and indigenous peoples attended from South Africa, Britain, Colombia, Canada and the United States.
Since then Wild Law has been at the centre of many conferences and residential workshops:
A conference based on the concept of wild law was held in November 2005 at the University of Brighton. The conference was chaired by former Environment Minister Michael Meacher MP and speakers included Jacqueline McGlade, head of the European Environment Agency and Lynda Warren of the Environment Agency.
In November 2006, a conference based on the book was held at the University of Brighton in the UK and organised jointly by UKELA and ELF. 'A Walk on the Wild Side: Changing Environmental Law' and was chaired by John Elkington (of SustainAbility and the ELF Advisory Council) with gue |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac%20algebra | In mathematical physics, the Dirac algebra is the Clifford algebra . This was introduced by the mathematical physicist P. A. M. Dirac in 1928 in developing the Dirac equation for spin- particles with a matrix representation of the gamma matrices, which represent the generators of the algebra.
The gamma matrices are a set of four matrices with entries in , that is, elements of that satisfy
where by convention, an identity matrix has been suppressed on the right-hand side. The numbers are the components of the Minkowski metric.
For this article we fix the signature to be mostly minus, that is, .
The Dirac algebra is then the linear span of the identity, the gamma matrices as well as any linearly independent products of the gamma matrices. This forms a finite-dimensional algebra over the field or , with dimension .
Basis for the algebra
The algebra has a basis
where in each expression, each greek index is increasing as we move to the right. In particular, there is no repeated index in the expressions. By dimension counting, the dimension of the algebra is 16.
The algebra can be generated by taking products of the alone: the identity arises as
while the others are explicitly products of the .
These elements span the space generated by . We conclude that we really do have a basis of the Clifford algebra generated by the
Quadratic powers and Lorentz algebra
For the theory in this section, there are many choices of conventions found in the literature, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetramer%20assay | A tetramer assay (also known as a tetramer stain) is a procedure that uses tetrameric proteins to detect and quantify T cells that are specific for a given antigen within a blood sample. The tetramers used in the assay are made up of four major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, which are found on the surface of most cells in the body. MHC molecules present peptides to T-cells as a way to communicate the presence of viruses, bacteria, cancerous mutations, or other antigens in a cell. If a T-cell's receptor matches the peptide being presented by an MHC molecule, an immune response is triggered. Thus, MHC tetramers that are bioengineered to present a specific peptide can be used to find T-cells with receptors that match that peptide.
The tetramers are labeled with a fluorophore, allowing tetramer-bound T-cells to be analyzed with flow cytometry. Quantification and sorting of T-cells by flow cytometry enables researchers to investigate immune response to viral infection and vaccine administration as well as functionality of antigen-specific T-cells. Generally, if a person's immune system has encountered a pathogen, the individual will possess T cells with specificity toward some peptide on that pathogen. Hence, if a tetramer stain specific for a pathogenic peptide results in a positive signal, this may indicate that the person's immune system has encountered and built a response to that pathogen.
History
This methodology was first published in 1996 by a lab at Stanfor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHLPP | The PHLPP isoforms (PH domain and Leucine rich repeat Protein Phosphatases) are a pair of protein phosphatases, PHLPP1 and PHLPP2, that are important regulators of Akt serine-threonine kinases (Akt1, Akt2, Akt3) and conventional/novel protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms. PHLPP may act as a tumor suppressor in several types of cancer due to its ability to block growth factor-induced signaling in cancer cells.
PHLPP dephosphorylates Ser-473 (the hydrophobic motif) in Akt, thus partially inactivating the kinase.
In addition, PHLPP dephosphorylates conventional and novel members of the protein kinase C family at their hydrophobic motifs, corresponding to Ser-660 in PKCβII.
Domain structure
PHLPP is a member of the PPM family of phosphatases, which requires magnesium or manganese for their activity and are insensitive to most common phosphatase inhibitors, including [okadaic acid]. PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 have a similar domain structure, which includes a putative Ras association domain, a pleckstrin homology domain, a series of leucine-rich repeats, a PP2C phosphatase domain, and a C-terminal PDZ ligand. PHLPP1 has two splice variants, PHLPP1α and PHLPP1β, of which PHLPP1β is larger by approximately 1.5 kilobase pairs. PHLPP1α, which was the first PHLPP isoform to be characterized, lacks the N-terminal portion of the protein, including the Ras association domain. PHLPP's domain structure influences its ability to dephosphorylate its substrates. A PHLPP construct lacking the P |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20power%20in%20Spain | Spain is one of the first countries to deploy large-scale solar photovoltaics, and is the world leader in concentrated solar power (CSP) production.
In 2022, the cumulative total solar power installed was 19.5 GW, of which 17.2 GW were solar PV installations and 2.3 GW were concentrated solar power. In 2016, nearly 8 TWh of electrical power was produced from photovoltaics, and 5 TWh from CSP plants.
In 2022, solar power accounted for 11.5% of total electricity generation in Spain, up from 2.4% in 2010 and less than 0.1% in 2000. Industry organization Solar Power Europe projects Spain will more than double its solar PV capacity between 2022 and 2026.
Spain is one of the European countries with the most hours of sunshine.
The country initially had a leading role in the development of solar power. Generous prices for grid connected solar power were offered to encourage the industry. The boom in solar power installations were faster than anticipated and prices for grid connected solar power were not cut to reflect this, leading to a fast but unsustainable boom in installations. Spain would find itself second only to Germany in the world for solar power installed capacity. In the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, the Spanish government drastically cut its subsidies for solar power and capped future increases in capacity at 500 MW per year, with effects upon the industry worldwide.
Between 2012 and 2016, new installations stagnated in Spain while growth accelerated in other |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaminase | Glutaminase (, glutaminase I, L-glutaminase, glutamine aminohydrolase) is an amidohydrolase enzyme that generates glutamate from glutamine. Glutaminase has tissue-specific isoenzymes. Glutaminase has an important role in glial cells.
Glutaminase catalyzes the following reaction:
Glutamine + H2O → glutamate +
Tissue distribution
Glutaminase is expressed and active in periportal hepatocytes, where it generates NH4+ (ammonium) for urea synthesis, as does glutamate dehydrogenase. Glutaminase is also expressed in the epithelial cells of the renal tubules, where the produced ammonia is excreted as ammonium ions. This excretion of ammonium ions is an important mechanism of renal acid-base regulation. During chronic acidosis, glutaminase is induced in the kidney, which leads to an increase in the amount of ammonium ions excreted. Glutaminase can also be found in the intestines, whereby hepatic portal ammonia can reach as high as 0.26 mM (compared to an arterial blood ammonia of 0.02 mM).
One of the most important roles of glutaminase is found in the axonal terminals of neurons in the central nervous system. Glutamate is the most abundantly used excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS. After being released into the synapse for neurotransmission, glutamate is rapidly taken up by nearby astrocytes, which convert it to glutamine. This glutamine is then supplied to the presynaptic terminals of the neurons, where glutaminases convert it back to glutamate for loading into synaptic v |
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