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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20III | Ice III is a form of solid matter which consists of tetragonal crystalline ice, formed by cooling water down to at . It is the least dense of the high-pressure water phases, with a density of (at 350 MPa). It has a very high relative permittivity at 117 and has a density of (making it more dense than water). The proton-ordered form of is ice IX.
Ordinary water ice is known as , (in the Bridgman nomenclature). Different types of ice, from Ice II to Ice XIX, have been created in the laboratory at different temperatures and pressures.
See also
Ice, for other crystalline forms of ice
References
Water ice |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20Ic | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Ice Ic}}
Ice Ic (pronounced "ice one c" or "ice I c") is a metastable cubic crystalline variant of ice. Hans König was the first to identify and deduce the structure of ice Ic. The oxygen atoms in ice Ic are arranged in a diamond structure and is extremely similar to ice Ih having nearly identical densities and the same lattice constant along the hexagonal puckered-planes. It forms at temperatures between upon cooling, and can exist up to upon warming, when it transforms into ice Ih.
Apart from forming from supercooled water, ice Ic has also been reported to form from amorphous ice as well as from the high-pressure ices II, III and V. It can form in and is occasionally present in the upper atmosphere and is believed to be responsible for the observation of Scheiner's halo, a rare ring that occurs near 28 degrees from the Sun or the Moon.
Ordinary water ice is known as ice Ih (in the Bridgman nomenclature). Different types of ice, from ice II to ice XIX, have been created in the laboratory at different temperatures and pressures.
Some authors have expressed doubts whether ice Ic really has a cubic crystal system, claiming that it is merely stacking-disordered ice I (“ice Isd”), and it has been dubbed the ″most faceted ice phase in a literal and a more general sense.″
However, in 2020, two research groups individually prepared ice Ic without stacking disorder; Komatsu et al. prepared C2 hydrate at high pressure and decompressed it at 100 K to make hydrogen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminohydrolase | An aminohydrolase is a hydrolase enzyme which acts upon an amino group.
Aminohydrolases are classified under EC number EC 3.5.4.
External links
EC 3.5 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoylurea | Benzoylureas are chemical derivatives of N-benzoyl--phenylurea (benzoylurea). They are best known for their use as insecticides. They act as insect growth regulators by inhibiting synthesis of chitin in the insect's body.
One of the more commonly used benzoylurea pesticides is diflubenzuron. Others include chlorfluazuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, and triflumuron. Lufenuron is the active compound in flea control medication for pet dogs and cats.
3-(Iodoacetamido)-benzoylurea (3-IAABU) is one of several benzoylurea compounds which have been investigated as potential anticancer agents.
Environmental toxicity
When applied in a dispersed way, for example through fumigation or spraying, these chemicals have an effect against a wide range of insect species, some of which may be beneficial to human activities, including crop-pollinators such as bees. In addition, as with many insecticides, application may result in the killing of natural predators or controls along with the pest, risking the possibility of a 'rebound effect' or pest resurgence, where the original target for the treatment returns with equal or even greater voracity.
Flufenoxuron was banned in the European Union in 2011 due to its high potential for bioaccumulation in the food chain and high risk to aquatic organisms. Flufenoxuron is marketed as having 'high persistence' in the environment and the product data-sheet states that it does not biodegrade easily.
References
Further reading
Lewis, W.H. and M.P.F. E |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity%20gradiometry | Gravity gradiometry is the study of variations (anomalies) in the Earth's gravity field via measurements of the spatial gradient of gravitational acceleration. The gravity gradient tensor is a 3x3 tensor representing the partial derivatives, along each coordinate axis, of each of the three components of the acceleration vector (), totaling 9 scalar quantities:
It has dimension of square reciprocal time, in units of s-2 (or mm-1s-2).
Gravity gradiometry is used by oil and mineral prospectors to measure the density of the subsurface, effectively by measuring the rate of change of gravitational acceleration due to underlying rock properties. From this information it is possible to build a picture of subsurface anomalies which can then be used to more accurately target oil, gas and mineral deposits. It is also used to image water column density, when locating submerged objects, or determining water depth (bathymetry). Physical scientists use gravimeters to determine the exact size and shape of the earth and they contribute to the gravity compensations applied to inertial navigation systems.
Gravity gradient
Gravity measurements are a reflection of the earth's gravitational attraction, its centripetal force, tidal accelerations due to the sun, moon, and planets, and other applied forces. Gravity gradiometers measure the spatial derivatives of the gravity vector. The most frequently used and intuitive component is the vertical gravity gradient, Gzz, which represents the rate of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20York%20City%20F.C.%20records%20and%20statistics | York City Football Club is a professional association football club based in York, North Yorkshire, England. The club was founded in 1922 and was elected to the Midland League, which the team played in until 1929 when they were elected to the Football League. The highest level of the English football league system the team has reached is the second tier, spending two seasons in the Second Division during the 1970s. The club lost its Football League status following relegation to the Football Conference in 2004, but regained it eight years later with victory in the 2012 Conference Premier play-off final.
This list encompasses the major honours won by York City, and records set by the club, its players and its managers. The player records section itemises the club's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first-team competitions. It also records notable achievements by York players on the international stage, and the highest transfer fees paid and received by the club. Attendance records at Fulfordgate, Bootham Crescent and the York Community Stadium are also included.
All figures are correct as of the match played on 21 May 2022, the final match of York's 2021–22 season.
Honours
York City have won one major honour in the Football League, when winning the 1983–84 Fourth Division championship. With 101 points, York became the first club in the Football League to reach a three-figure points total. They have achieved promotion on seven other occasions, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleocytosis | In medicine, pleocytosis (or pleiocytosis) is an increased cell count (from Greek pleion, "more"), particularly an increase in white blood cell count, in a bodily fluid, such as cerebrospinal fluid. It is often defined specifically as an increased white blood cell count in cerebrospinal fluid.
Increased white blood cell count in the blood is called leukocytosis.
References
Immunology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast%20cell%20sarcoma | Mast cell sarcoma is an extremely aggressive form of sarcoma made up of neoplastic mast cells. A sarcoma is a tumor made of cells from connective tissue. Mast cell sarcoma is an extremely rare tumor. Only three cases have been are reported so far. Prognosis is extremely poor. People with a mast cell sarcoma have no skin lesions, and pathology examination of the tumor shows it to be very malignant with an aggressive growth pattern. Mast cell sarcoma should not be confused with
extracutaneous mastocytoma, a rare benign mast cell tumor without destructive growth. In the cases observed, mast cell sarcoma terminated quickly as mast cell leukemia; one of the most aggressive human cancers.
See also
Mastocytosis
References
External links
Dermal and subcutaneous growths
Sarcoma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxoguanine%20glycosylase | 8-Oxoguanine glycosylase, also known as OGG1, is a DNA glycosylase enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the OGG1 gene. It is involved in base excision repair. It is found in bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic species.
Function
OGG1 is the primary enzyme responsible for the excision of 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), a mutagenic base byproduct that occurs as a result of exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS). OGG1 is a bifunctional glycosylase, as it is able to both cleave the glycosidic bond of the mutagenic lesion and cause a strand break in the DNA backbone. Alternative splicing of the C-terminal region of this gene classifies splice variants into two major groups, type 1 and type 2, depending on the last exon of the sequence. Type 1 alternative splice variants end with exon 7 and type 2 end with exon 8. One set of spliced forms are designated 1a, 1b, 2a to 2e. All variants have the N-terminal region in common. Many alternative splice variants for this gene have been described, but the full-length nature for every variant has not been determined. In eukaryotes, the N-terminus of this gene contains a mitochondrial targeting signal, essential for mitochondrial localization. However, OGG1-1a also has a nuclear location signal at its C-terminal end that suppresses mitochondrial targeting and causes OGG1-1a to localize to the nucleus. The main form of OGG1 that localizes to the mitochondria is OGG1-2a. A conserved N-terminal domain contributes residues to the 8-oxoguanine b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20O%27Brien%20Demsey | Patrick O'Brien Demsey (born December 14, 1978) is an American actor.
Early life and education
Demsey was born in Danvers, Massachusetts. His parents are Gene and Gail Demsey; he has an older brother, Christopher, and a younger brother, Michael. He graduated from Danvers High School in 1997 and attended Fitchburg State College, playing hockey at both schools, but was forced to quit the sport due to injuries.
Career
Demsey's acting career started with a successful casting call for the 2004 movie Miracle, in which he plays Mike Eruzione, the captain of the U.S. hockey team that defeated the Soviet Union's team in the 1980 Winter Olympics. To prepare for the movie, Demsey trained with the real Eruzione's hockey team.
After Miracle he moved to Sherman Oaks, California, to continue his acting career, but received only one major role opportunity, for the 2006 horror movie Big Bad Wolf, an offer he turned down. He returned to Danvers, worked in construction briefly, but returned to California to give acting another try. He received an offer to play a part in the movie Frail.
Filmography
Film
Television
External links
References
Living people
People from Danvers, Massachusetts
American male film actors
Fitchburg State University alumni
Male actors from Massachusetts
1978 births |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20Royle | Gordon F. Royle is a professor at the School of Mathematics and Statistics at The University of Western Australia.
Royle is the co-author (with Chris Godsil) of the book Algebraic Graph Theory (Springer Verlag, 2001, ).
Royle is also known for his research into the mathematics of Sudoku and his search for the Sudoku puzzle with the smallest number of entries that has a unique solution.
Royle earned his Ph.D. in 1987 from the University of Western Australia under the supervision of Cheryl Praeger and Brendan McKay.
References
Living people
Australian mathematicians
Graph theorists
University of Western Australia alumni
Academic staff of the University of Western Australia
Year of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HADHA | Trifunctional enzyme subunit alpha, mitochondrial also known as hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase/enoyl-CoA hydratase (trifunctional protein), alpha subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HADHA gene. Mutations in HADHA have been associated with trifunctional protein deficiency or long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency.
Structure
HADHA is an 82.9 kDa protein composed of 763 amino acids.
The mitochondrial membrane-bound heterocomplex is composed of four alpha and four beta subunits, with the alpha subunit catalyzing the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and enoyl-CoA hydratase activities. The genes of the alpha and beta subunits of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein are located adjacent to each other in the human genome in a head-to-head orientation.
Function
This gene encodes the alpha subunit of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein, which catalyzes the last three steps of mitochondrial beta-oxidation of long chain fatty acids. The enzyme converts medium- and long-chain 2-enoyl-CoA compounds into the following 3-ketoacyl-CoA when NAD is solely present, and acetyl-CoA when NAD and CoASH are present. The alpha subunit catalyzes this reaction, and is attached to HADHB, which catalyzes the last step of the reaction.
Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene result in trifunctional protein deficiency or long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency.
The most common form of the mutation is G15 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender%20taxonomy | The gender taxonomy is a classification of the range of different levels at which humans vary in sexual characteristics. It is mainly used by medical specialists working in the area of sex research.
John Money and Milton Diamond are probably the best known researchers in this field. Money earned his PhD for research into human hermaphroditism and pseudohermaphroditism, now known as intersex conditions. The taxonomy starts at the simplest, biological level and traces differentiations expressed at the increasingly complicated levels produced over the course of the human life cycle.
Notes and references
Sex differences in humans |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication%20%28statistics%29 | In engineering, science, and statistics, replication is the repetition of an experimental condition so that the variability associated with the phenomenon can be estimated. ASTM, in standard E1847, defines replication as "... the repetition of the set of all the treatment combinations to be compared in an experiment. Each of the repetitions is called a replicate."
Replication is not the same as repeated measurements of the same item: they are dealt with differently in statistical experimental design and data analysis.
For proper sampling, a process or batch of products should be in reasonable statistical control; inherent random variation is present but variation due to assignable (special) causes is not. Evaluation or testing of a single item does not allow for item-to-item variation and may not represent the batch or process. Replication is needed to account for this variation among items and treatments.
Example
As an example, consider a continuous process which produces items. Batches of items are then processed or treated. Finally, tests or measurements are conducted. Several options might be available to obtain ten test values. Some possibilities are:
One finished and treated item might be measured repeatedly to obtain ten test results. Only one item was measured so there is no replication. The repeated measurements help identify observational error.
Ten finished and treated items might be taken from a batch and each measured once. This is not full replication |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiation%20rules | This is a summary of differentiation rules, that is, rules for computing the derivative of a function in calculus.
Elementary rules of differentiation
Unless otherwise stated, all functions are functions of real numbers (R) that return real values; although more generally, the formulae below apply wherever they are well defined — including the case of complex numbers (C).
Constant term rule
For any value of , where , if is the constant function given by , then .
Proof
Let and . By the definition of the derivative,
This shows that the derivative of any constant function is 0.
Intuitive (geometric) explanation
The derivative of the function at a point is the slope of the line tangent to the curve at the point. Slope of the constant function is zero, because the tangent line to the constant function is horizontal and it's angle is zero.
In other words, the value of the constant function, y, will not change as the value of x increases or decreases.
Differentiation is linear
For any functions and and any real numbers and , the derivative of the function with respect to is:
In Leibniz's notation this is written as:
Special cases include:
The constant factor rule
The sum rule
The difference rule
The product rule
For the functions f and g, the derivative of the function h(x) = f(x) g(x) with respect to x is
In Leibniz's notation this is written
The chain rule
The derivative of the function is
In Leibniz's notation, this is written as:
often abridged t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20Martin | Larry Dean Martin (December 8, 1943 – March 9, 2013) was an American vertebrate paleontologist and curator of the Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center at the University of Kansas. Among Martin's work is research on the Triassic reptile Longisquama and theropod dinosaur (or fossil bird) Caudipteryx and Dakotaraptor. According to the University of Kansas, he "has been a leading opponent of the theory that birds are 'living dinosaurs.'" Later he acknowledged a correlation and further contributed.
He has also appeared in a few television documentaries about dinosaurs, including Jurassic Fight Club.
He died of cancer at the age of 69 on March 9, 2013, after a long battle with the disease.
References
External links
KU paleontologist to lecture on 4-winged wonder and feathered dinosaurs (Kansas University press release)
Kansas University Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center
University of Kansas Departmental Profile
1943 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from cancer
American paleontologists
American ornithologists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein%20lipase%20deficiency | Lipoprotein lipase deficiency is a genetic disorder in which a person has a defective gene for lipoprotein lipase, which leads to very high triglycerides, which in turn causes stomach pain and deposits of fat under the skin, and which can lead to problems with the pancreas and liver, which in turn can lead to diabetes. The disorder only occurs if a child acquires the defective gene from both parents (it is autosomal recessive). It is managed by restricting fat in diet to less than 20 g/day.
Signs and symptoms
The disease often presents in infancy with colicky pain, failure to thrive, and other symptoms and signs of the chylomicronemia syndrome. In women the use of estrogens or first pregnancy are also well known trigger factors for initial manifestation of LPLD. At all ages, the most common clinical manifestation is recurrent abdominal pain and acute pancreatitis. The pain may be epigastric, with radiation to the back, or it may be diffuse, with the appearance of an emergent acute abdomen. Other typical symptoms are eruptive xanthomas (in about 50% of patients), lipaemia retinalis and hepatosplenomegaly.
Complications
Patients with LPLD are at high risk of acute pancreatitis, which can be life-threatening, and can lead to chronic pancreatic insufficiency and diabetes.
Diagnosis
Lab tests show massive accumulation of chylomicrons in the plasma and corresponding severe hypertriglyceridemia. Typically, the plasma in a fasting blood sample appears creamy (plasma lactesce |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Bre%C3%B1a%20y%20Marismas%20del%20Barbate%20Natural%20Park | La Breña y Marismas del Barbate Natural Park is a natural park on the coast of the province of Cádiz, Spain. The park includes marine and terrestrial ecosystems.
An area of the natural park has been planted with pines to control the spread of sand-dunes.
The fishing-port of Barbate is on the edge of the park.
Gallery
See also
Barbate
External links
Official information at Junta de Andalucía website
Natural Park of La Breña y Marismas del Barbate
Geography of the Province of Cádiz
Marine reserves of Spain
Natural parks of Spain
Natural parks of Andalusia
Protected areas established in 1989 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25-Hydroxyvitamin%20D%201-alpha-hydroxylase | 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 1-alpha-hydroxylase (VD 1A hydroxylase) also known as calcidiol 1-monooxygenase or cytochrome p450 27B1 (CYP27B1) or simply 1-alpha-hydroxylase is a cytochrome P450 enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP27B1 gene.
VD 1A hydroxylase is located in the proximal tubule of the kidney and a variety of other tissues, including skin (keratinocytes), immune cells, and bone (osteoblasts).
Reactions
The enzyme catalyzes the hydroxylation of calcifediol to calcitriol (the bioactive form of Vitamin D):
calcidiol + 2 reduced adrenodoxin + 2 H+ + O2 calcitriol + 2 oxidized adrenodoxin + H2O
The enzyme is also able to oxidize ercalcidiol (25-OH D2) to ercalcitriol, secalciferol to calcitetrol, and 25-hydroxy-24-oxocalciol to (1S)-1,25-dihydroxy-24-oxocalciol.
Clinical significance
Loss-of-function mutations in CYP27B1 cause Vitamin D-dependent rickets, type IA.
Interactive pathway map
References
Further reading
External links
EC 1.14.13
NADPH-dependent enzymes
Human proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element-reactant-product%20table | An element-reaction-product table is used to find coefficients while balancing an equation representing a chemical reaction. Coefficients represent moles of a substance so that the number of atoms produced is equal to the number of atoms being reacted with. This is the common setup:
Element: it is all the elements that are in the reaction equation. Beneath the "element" section you list them all.
Reactant: is the numbers of each of the elements on the reactants side of the reaction equation.
Product: is the number of each element on the product side of the reaction equation.
The layout should eventually look like this, for a balanced reaction of baking soda and vinegar:
From this, since the number of reactants for each element equals the number of products for each element, we can tell that each side is balanced in the equation.
Balancing
When a reaction equation is not balanced, it needs coefficients to show inequality. Here is an example with the separation of natural gas from hydrochloric acid using magnesium.
(unbalanced)
Here is the element-reaction-product table:
From this table we see that the number of hydrogen and chlorine atoms onh the product's side are twice the number of atoms on the reactant's side. Therefore, we add the coefficient "2" in front of the HCl on the products side, to get our equation to look like this:
and our table looks like this:
Because of the coefficients, the equation is balanced.
Chemical reactions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel%20%28disambiguation%29 | Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788–1827) was a physicist.
Fresnel may also refer to:
Fresnel (frequency), a formerly used unit equal to one terahertz
Rimae Fresnel, an escarpment on the moon
Fresnel lens, a type of composite compact lens
, more than one submarine of the French Navy
People with the surname
Fulgence Fresnel (1795–1855), French Orientalist and brother of Augustin-Jean Fresnel
See also
French-language surnames |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylbenzylpiperazine | Methylbenzylpiperazine (1-methyl-4-benzylpiperazine, MBZP) is a stimulant drug which is a derivative of benzylpiperazine. MBZP has been sold as an ingredient in legal recreational drugs known as "party pills", initially in New Zealand and subsequently in other countries around the world.
The effects of MBZP are very similar to those of benzylpiperazine (BZP), but the stimulant effect is slightly weaker and it seems to have less of a tendency to cause negative side effects such as headaches and nausea.
Based on the recommendation of the EACD, the New Zealand government has passed legislation which placed BZP, along with the other piperazine derivatives TFMPP, mCPP, pFPP, MeOPP and MBZP, into Class C of the New Zealand Misuse of Drugs Act 1975. A ban was intended to come into effect in New Zealand on December 18, 2007, but the law change did not go through until the following year, and the sale of BZP and the other listed piperazines became illegal in New Zealand as of 1 April 2008. An amnesty for possession and usage of these drugs remained until October 2008, at which point they became completely illegal.
MBZP is classified as a class C drug in the UK.
In Canada MBZP remains unscheduled and uncontrolled as of January, 2015. It is not approved for any medical use but is legally available as a research chemical. MBZP is chemically closely related to the controlled Schedule III substance BZP but the latter's scheduling status shields most of its close derivatives from mandat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%20gate | A metal gate, in the context of a lateral metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) stack, is the gate electrode separated by an oxide from the transistor's channel – the gate material is made from a metal. In most MOS transistors since about the mid 1970s, the "M" for metal has been replaced by a non-metal gate material.
Aluminum gate
The first MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) was made by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959, and demonstrated in 1960. They used silicon as channel material and a non-self-aligned aluminum gate. Aluminum gate metal (typically deposited in an evaporation vacuum chamber onto the wafer surface) was common through the early 1970s.
Polysilicon
By the late 1970s, the industry had moved away from aluminum as the gate material in the metal–oxide–semiconductor stack due to fabrication complications and performance issues. A material called polysilicon (polycrystalline silicon, highly doped with donors or acceptors to reduce its electrical resistance) was used to replace aluminum.
Polysilicon can be deposited easily via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and is tolerant to subsequent manufacturing steps which involve extremely high temperatures (in excess of 900–1000 °C), where metal was not. Particularly, metal (most commonly aluminum a Type III (P-type) dopant) has a tendency to disperse into (alloy with) silicon during these thermal annealing steps. In particular, when used on a silicon wafer with a < 1 1 1 > crysta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coactivation | Coactivation may mean:
Coactivation (Transcription), a process by which RNA transcription is increased
Muscle coactivation, a phenomenon in which a muscle is activated coordinately with another muscle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varian%20Semiconductor | Varian Semiconductor Equipment Associates, Inc. was a supplier of ion implantation equipment used in the fabrication of semiconductor chips. Varian Semiconductor was founded in 1971 as Extrion Corporation in Peabody, Massachusetts. Extrion later moved to nearby Gloucester, Massachusetts and was bought by Varian Associates in 1975. It was spun off from Varian Associates in 1999.
Applied Materials announced its acquisition of Varian Semiconductor in May 2011.
References
External links
Varian Semiconductor
Stock Profile of Varian Semiconductor
Electronics companies established in 1971
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Companies based in Gloucester, Massachusetts
Equipment semiconductor companies
Electronics companies disestablished in 2011
2011 disestablishments in Massachusetts
2011 mergers and acquisitions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragmentation%20%28cell%20biology%29 | Fragmentation describes the process of splitting into several pieces or fragments. In cell biology, fragmentation is useful for a cell during both DNA cloning and apoptosis. DNA cloning is important in asexual reproduction or creation of identical DNA molecules, and can be performed spontaneously by the cell or intentionally by laboratory researchers. Apoptosis is the programmed destruction of cells, and the DNA molecules within them, and is a highly regulated process. These two ways in which fragmentation is used in cellular processes describe normal cellular functions and common laboratory procedures performed with cells. However, problems within a cell can sometimes cause fragmentation that results in irregularities such as red blood cell fragmentation and sperm cell DNA fragmentation.
DNA Cloning
DNA cloning can be performed spontaneously by the cell for reproductive purposes. This is a form of asexual reproduction where an organism splits into fragments and then each of these fragments develop into mature, fully grown individuals that are clones of the original organism (See reproductive fragmentation).
DNA cloning can also be performed intentionally by laboratory researchers. Here, DNA fragmentation is a molecular genetic technique that permits researchers to use recombinant DNA technology to prepare large numbers of identical DNA molecules.
In order for DNA cloning to be completed, it is necessary to obtain discrete, small regions of an organism's DNA that constitute |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20Dynamics%20Prize%20%28APS%29 | The Fluid Dynamics Prize is a prize that has been awarded annually by the American Physical Society (APS) since 1979. The recipient is chosen for "outstanding achievement in fluid dynamics research". The prize is currently valued at . In 2004, the Otto Laporte Award—another APS award on fluid dynamics—was merged into the Fluid Dynamics Prize.
Recipients
The Fluid Dynamics Prize has been awarded to:
2022: Elisabeth Charlaix
2021:
2020: Katepalli Sreenivasan
2019: Alexander Smits
2018: Keith Moffatt
2017: Detlef Lohse
2016: Howard A. Stone
2015: Morteza Gharib
2014: Geneviève Comte-Bellot
2013: Elaine Surick Oran
2012: John F. Brady
2011: Tony Maxworthy
2010: E. John Hinch
2009: Stephen B. Pope
2008:
2007:
2006: Thomas S. Lundgren
2005: Ronald J. Adrian
2004:
2003:
2002: Gary Leal
2001: Howard Brenner
2000:
1999: Daniel D. Joseph
1998: Fazle Hussain
1997: Louis Norberg Howard
1996: Parviz Moin
1995: Harry L Swinney
1994: Stephen H. Davis
1993: Theodore Yao-tsu Wu
1992: William R. Sears
1991: Andreas Acrivos
1990: John L. Lumley
1989:
1988:
1987: Anatol Roshko
1986: Robert T. Jones
1985: Chia-Shun Yih
1984: George Carrier
1983: Stanley Corrsin
1982: Howard W. Emmons
1981:
1980: Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
1979: Chia Chiao Lin
See also
List of physics awards
References
External links
Fluid Dynamics Prize, American Physical Society
Fluid dynamics
Awards established in 1979
Awards of the American Physical Society |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%20III%20secretion%20system | The type III secretion system (T3SS or TTSS), also called the injectisome, is one of the bacterial secretion systems used by bacteria to secrete their effector proteins into the host's cells to promote virulence and colonisation. The T3SS is a needle-like protein complex found in several species of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria.
Overview
The term Type III secretion system was coined in 1993. This secretion system is distinguished from at least five other secretion systems found in gram-negative bacteria. Many animal and plant associated bacteria possess similar T3SSs. These T3SSs are similar as a result of convergent evolution and phylogenetic analysis supports a model in which gram-negative bacteria can transfer the T3SS gene cassette horizontally to other species. The most researched T3SSs are from species of Shigella (causes bacillary dysentery), Salmonella (typhoid fever), Escherichia coli (Gut flora, some strains cause food poisoning), Vibrio (gastroenteritis and diarrhea), Burkholderia (glanders), Yersinia (plague), Chlamydia (sexually transmitted disease), Pseudomonas (infects humans, animals and plants) and the plant pathogens Erwinia, Ralstonia and Xanthomonas, and the plant symbiont Rhizobium.
The T3SS is composed of approximately 30 different proteins, making it one of the most complex secretion systems. Its structure shows many similarities with bacterial flagella (long, rigid, extracellular structures used for motility). Some of the proteins participating |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%20member%20functions | Special member functions in C++ are functions which the compiler will automatically generate if they are used, but not declared explicitly by the programmer.
The automatically generated special member functions are:
Default constructor if no other constructor is explicitly declared.
Copy constructor if no move constructor and move assignment operator are explicitly declared.
If a destructor is declared generation of a copy constructor is deprecated (C++11, proposal N3242).
Move constructor if no copy constructor, copy assignment operator, move assignment operator and destructor are explicitly declared.
Copy assignment operator if no move constructor and move assignment operator are explicitly declared.
If a destructor is declared, generation of a copy assignment operator is deprecated.
Move assignment operator if no copy constructor, copy assignment operator, move constructor and destructor are explicitly declared.
Destructor
The 'address of' operator (unary '&' operator)
In these cases the compiler generated versions of these functions perform a memberwise operation. For example, the compiler generated destructor will destroy each sub-object (base class or member) of the object.
The compiler generated functions will be public, non-virtual and the copy constructor and assignment operators will receive const& parameters (and not be of the alternative legal forms).
Example
The following example depicts two classes: for which all special member functions are ex |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20equations%20of%20addition | In cryptography, differential equations of addition (DEA) are one of the most basic equations related to differential cryptanalysis that mix additions over two different groups (e.g. addition modulo 232 and addition over GF(2)) and where input and output differences are expressed as XORs.
Examples
Differential equations of addition (DEA) are of the following form:
where and are -bit unknown variables and , and are known variables. The symbols and denote addition modulo and bitwise exclusive-or respectively. The above equation is denoted by .
Let a set
for integer denote a system of DEA where is a polynomial in . It has been proved that the satisfiability of an arbitrary set of DEA is in the complexity class P when a brute force search requires an exponential time.
In 2013, some properties of a special form of DEA were reported by Chengqing Li et al., where and is assumed known. Essentially, the special DEA can be represented as . Based on the found properties, an algorithm for deriving was proposed and analyzed.
Applications
Solution to an arbitrary set of DEA (either in batch and or in adaptive query model) was due to Souradyuti Paul and Bart Preneel. The solution techniques have been used to attack the stream cipher Helix.
Further reading
Souradyuti Paul and Bart Preneel, Solving Systems of Differential Equations of Addition, ACISP 2005. Full version (PDF)
Souradyuti Paul and Bart Preneel, Near Optimal Algorithms for Solving Differential Equa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%2C6-Lutidine | 2,6-Lutidine is a natural heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the formula (CH3)2C5H3N. It is one of several dimethyl-substituted derivative of pyridine, all of which are referred to as lutidines. It is a colorless liquid with mildly basic properties and a pungent, noxious odor.
Occurrence and production
It was first isolated from the basic fraction of coal tar and from bone oil.
A laboratory route involves condensation of ethyl acetoacetate, formaldehyde, and an ammonia source to give a bis(carboxy ester) of a 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine, which, after hydrolysis, undergoes decarboxylation.
It is produced industrially by the reaction of formaldehyde, acetone, and ammonia.
Uses
2,6-Lutidine has been evaluated for use as a food additive owing to its nutty aroma when present in solution at very low concentrations.
Due to the steric effects of the two methyl groups, 2,6-lutidine is less nucleophilic than pyridine. Protonation of lutidine gives lutidinium, [(CH3)2C5H3NH]+, salts of which are sometimes used as a weak acid because the conjugate base (2,6-lutidine) is so weakly coordinating. In a similar implementation, 2,6-lutidine is thus sometimes used in organic synthesis as a sterically hindered mild base.
One of the most common uses for 2,6-lutidine is as a non-nucleophilic base in organic synthesis. It takes part in the formation of silyl ethers as shown in multiple studies.
Oxidation of 2,6-lutidine with air gives 2,6-diformylpyridine:
C5H3N(CH3)2 + |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persephin | Persephin is a neurotrophic factor in the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family. Persephin shares around a 40% similarity in amino acid sequence compared to GDNF and neurturin, two members of the GDNF family.
Function
Persephin has been found to be less potent than other members of the GDNF family. It has been found to support the survival and morphological differentiation of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons, although less so than both GDNF and neurturin. The mRNA levels of persephin in developing neurons has been low compared to other neurotrophic factors, but relatively higher levels of persephin mRNA have been found in embryonic neurons.
Similarly to the other members of the GDNF family of ligands, persephin uses a receptor that consists of the tyrosine kinase signaling component Ret and a unit of glycosylphosphatidylinsitol (GPI)-anchored receptor (GFRα). Persephin specifically binds to GFRα4.
Persephin acts on both neurons in the CNS and PNS, but also has the ability to act as a renal ramogen.
Structure
Unlike other GDNF family of ligands, persephin only contains one RXXR cleavage site, rather than multiple, indicating that it can only make one length of functional peptide.
Therapeutics
Persephin has the potential to be used as a therapeutic treatment for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and other diseases that affect motor neurons. Because persephin acts more selectively compared to other GFLs, such as GDNF, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemin | Artemin, also known as enovin or neublastin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARTN gene.
Function
Artemin is a neurotrophic factor in the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family of ligands which are a group of ligands within the TGF-beta superfamily of signaling molecules. GDNFs are unique in having neurotrophic properties and have potential use for gene therapy in neurodegenerative disease. Artemin has been shown in culture to support the survival of a number of peripheral neuron populations and at least one population of dopaminergic CNS neurons. Its role in the PNS and CNS is further substantiated by its expression pattern in the proximity of these neurons. This protein is a ligand for the RET receptor and uses GFR-alpha 3 as a coreceptor.
Role in Axonal Development
Artemin, along with other GDNF family of ligands, has been implicated in the structural development and plasticity of several types of neurons, including ventral mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Artemin promotes the survival of newly differentiated neurons after they have undergone terminal mitosis. Artemin has also been found to support the survival neurons in later stages of development and can enhance neuron growth better than neural growth factor during later stages of development. Artemin plays an important role in migration, proliferation, and differentiation of sympathetic neurons during development. However, during target innervation, sympathetic neurons become dependent |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDNF%20family%20of%20ligands | The GDNF family of ligands (GFL) consists of four neurotrophic factors: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurturin (NRTN), artemin (ARTN), and persephin (PSPN). GFLs have been shown to play a role in a number of biological processes including cell survival, neurite outgrowth, cell differentiation and cell migration. In particular signalling by GDNF promotes the survival of dopaminergic neurons.
Signalling complex formation
At the cell surface of target cells, a signalling complex forms, composed of a particular GFL dimer, a receptor tyrosine kinase molecule RET, and a cell surface-bound co-receptor that is a member of the GFRα protein family. The primary ligands for the co-receptors GFRα1, GFRα2, GFRα3, and GFRα4 are GDNF, NRTN, ARTN, and PSPN, respectively.
Upon initial GFL-GFRα complex formation, the complex then brings together two molecules of RET, triggering trans-autophosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues within the tyrosine kinase domain of each RET molecule. Phosphorylation of these tyrosines then initiates intracellular signal transduction processes.
It has been shown that in the case of GDNF, heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans are also required to be present at the cell surface in order for RET mediated GDNF signalling to occur.
Clinical significance
GFLs are an important therapeutic target for several conditions:
GDNF has shown promising results in two Parkinson's disease clinical trials and in a number of animal trials. Although a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Spiegel | Edward A. Spiegel (1931 — January 2, 2020) was an American professor of astronomy at Columbia University. He worked on convection theory and on the application of fluid dynamics to astrophysics.
Early life and career
Spiegel grew up in New York City in the South Bronx with his Yiddish-speaking eastern European parents and his sister, Jeanette. In 1948, he graduated from DeWitt-Clinton High School and went on to attend UCLA as an undergraduate. After finishing his bachelor's degree, he earned a Ph.D. at the University of Michigan, where he met his wife, Barbara. They eventually married and were together until her death in 2011. He taught at University of California, Berkeley and then moved to Princeton University to carry out research there with Robert Kraichnan. In 1959, he helped establish the summer Geophysical Fluid Dynamics program for the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and was a member of the physical oceanography department there until his death. In 1965, Spiegel moved to the Courant Institute at New York University and was promoted to professor of physics in 1967. He then moved to Columbia University in 1969, apparently due to a conflict with a dean over how early in the morning his classes would meet. He worked as a professor of astronomy at Columbia for the rest of his career, retiring as Professor Emeritus. He also taught classes at Cooper Union and served on the staff of the American Museum of Natural History.
Contributions
In the 1960s his research focused |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corridor%20of%20Mirrors | Corridor of Mirrors is Prometheus's (Benji Vaughan) second album.
Track listing
Arcadia Magik (8:51)
One Cell Short Of A Brain (6:50)
Drug Sock (7:37)
The Logic Of The Polyphonic (8:19)
9th (The Man Who Swam Through A Speaker) (8:08)
Soma (7:38)
Oz (7:35)
Cherry Pie (8:46)
External links
Release info on Discogs.com
2007 albums
Albums produced by Benji Vaughan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensor%20retinaculum | Extensor retinaculum may refer to:
Extensor retinaculum of the hand
Superior extensor retinaculum of foot
Inferior extensor retinaculum of foot |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA%20%28disambiguation%29 | Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) are an Australian music industry trade group.
ARIA may also refer to:
ARIA (cipher), a block cipher algorithm developed in South Korea and described in RFC 5794
Advanced Research and Invention Agency, or ARIA, a research funding agency of the UK government
Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma, an initiative for publishing guidelines on treatment of allergic rhinitis
Amyloid-related imaging abnormalities, a side effect of some amyloid-targeting drugs
A/RIA, Apollo / Range Instrumentation Aircraft, later ARIA, Advanced Range Instrumentation Aircraft, a Boeing EC-135 Stratolifter
Audio and Radio Industry Awards, annual awards for excellence in UK radio and audio presenting and production.
Australian Reward Investment Alliance, a superannuation trustee for Australian Government employees
Other uses
WAI-ARIA (Web Accessibility Initiative – Accessible Rich Internet Applications), a technical specification that specifies how to increase the accessibility of web pages
See also
Aria (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20wave%20test | In medicine, the fluid wave test or fluid thrill test is a test for ascites (free fluid in the peritoneal cavity). It is performed by having the patient (or a colleague) push their hands down on the midline of the abdomen. The examiner then taps one flank, while feeling on the other flank for the tap. The pressure on the midline prevents vibrations through the abdominal wall while the fluid allows the tap to be felt on the other side.
The result is considered positive if tap can be felt on the other side. However, even with the midline pressure, transmission through the skin must be excluded.
A positive fluid wave test indicates that there is a free fluid (ascites) in the abdomen. When one side of the abdomen is pressed, the other side may also be painful due to the transfer of the fluid in it.
See also
Abdominal examination
Bulging flanks
Puddle sign
Shifting dullness
References
Bickley & Szilagyi. Bate's Guide to physical examination and history taking. 2003.
Diagnostic gastroenterology
Physical examination |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%E2%80%93Weber%20problem | In mathematics, statistics, and operations research, the Fermat–Weber problem is either of two closely related problems:
Geometric median, the problem of finding a point minimizing the sum of distances from given points
Weber problem, the problem of finding a point minimizing the sum of weighted distances from given (point, weight) pairs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOHD%20%28psychedelic%29 | BOHD (4-methyl-2,5-dimethoxy-beta-hydroxyphenethylamine) is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. It is the beta-hydroxy derivative of 2C-D. BOHD was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PiHKAL, the minimum dosage is listed as 50 mg, and the duration unknown. BOHD produces a marked drop in blood pressure. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of BOHD.
Legality
United Kingdom
This substance is a Class A drug in the Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act.
United States
In the U.S., this substance is a Schedule 1 isomer of Mescaline.
See also
BOB
BOD
BOH
Phenethylamine
Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants
References
Psychedelic phenethylamines
Phenylethanolamines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immobilized%20enzyme | An immobilized enzyme is an enzyme, with restricted mobility, attached to an inert, insoluble material—such as calcium alginate (produced by reacting a mixture of sodium alginate solution and enzyme solution with calcium chloride). This can provide increased resistance to changes in conditions such as pH or temperature. It also lets enzymes be held in place throughout the reaction, following which they are easily separated from the products and may be used again - a far more efficient process and so is widely used in industry for enzyme catalysed reactions. An alternative to enzyme immobilization is whole cell immobilization. Immobilized enzymes are easily to be handled, simply separated from their products, and can be reused.
Enzymes are bio-catalysts which play an essential role in the enhancement of chemical reactions in cells without being persistently modified, wasted, nor resulting in the loss of equilibrium of chemical reactions. Although the characteristics of enzymes are extremely unique, their utility in the industry is limited due to the lack of re-usability, stability, and high-cost of production.
History
The first synthetic immobilized enzyme was made in the 1950s, performed by the inclusion of enzyme into polymeric matrices or binding onto carrier substances. Also cross-linking procedure was applied by cross-linking of protein alone or along with the addition of inert materials. Over the last decade various immobilization methods have been developed. Binding |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOM%20%28psychedelic%29 | BOM (3,4,5,beta-tetramethoxyphenethylamine) is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. It is the beta-methoxy derivative of mescaline. BOM was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PiHKAL, the minimum dosage is listed as 200 mg, and the duration unknown. BOM produces few to no effects. Very little data exists about its pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity.
Legality
United Kingdom
This substance is a Class A drug in the Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act.
See also
Phenethylamine
Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants
References
Psychedelic phenethylamines
Phenylethanolamine ethers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexacode | In coding theory, the hexacode is a length 6 linear code of dimension 3 over the Galois field of 4 elements defined by
It is a 3-dimensional subspace of the vector space of dimension 6 over
.
Then contains 45 codewords of weight 4, 18 codewords of weight 6 and
the zero word. The full automorphism group of the hexacode is
. The hexacode can be used to describe the Miracle Octad Generator
of R. T. Curtis.
References
Coding theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement%20factor%20I | Complement factor I, also known as C3b/C4b inactivator, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CFI gene. Complement factor I (factor I) is a protein of the complement system, first isolated in 1966 in guinea pig serum, that regulates complement activation by cleaving cell-bound or fluid phase C3b and C4b. It is a soluble glycoprotein that circulates in human blood at an average concentration of 35 μg/mL.
Synthesis
The gene for Factor I in humans is located on chromosome 4. Factor I is synthesized mostly in the liver, but also in monocytes, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and endothelial cells. When synthesized, it is a 66kDa polypeptide chain with N-linked glycans at 6 positions. Then, factor I is cleaved by furin to yield the mature factor I protein, which is a disulfide-linked dimer of heavy chain (residues 19-335, 51 kDalton) and light chain (residues 340-583, 37 kDalton). Only the mature protein is active.
Structure
Factor I is a glycoprotein heterodimer consisting of a disulfide linked heavy chain and light chain.
The factor I heavy chain has four domains: an FI membrane attack complex (FIMAC) domain, CD5 domain, and low density lipoprotein receptor 1 and 2 (LDLr1 and LDLr2) domains. the heavy chain plays an inhibitory role in maintaining the enzyme inactive until it meets the complex formed by the substrate (either C3b or C4b) and a cofactor protein (Factor H, C4b-binding protein, complement receptor 1, and membrane cofactor protein). Upon binding of the enzym |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20base | A crystal base for a representation of a quantum group on a -vector space
is not a base of that vector space but rather a -base of where is a -lattice in that vector space. Crystal bases appeared in the work of and also in the work of . They can be viewed as specializations as of the canonical basis defined by .
Definition
As a consequence of its defining relations, the quantum group can be regarded as a Hopf algebra over the field of all rational functions of an indeterminate q over , denoted .
For simple root and non-negative integer , define
In an integrable module , and for weight , a vector (i.e. a vector in with weight ) can be uniquely decomposed into the sums
where , , only if , and only if .
Linear mappings can be defined on by
Let be the integral domain of all rational functions in which are regular at (i.e. a rational function is an element of if and only if there exist polynomials and in the polynomial ring such that , and ).
A crystal base for is an ordered pair , such that
is a free -submodule of such that
is a -basis of the vector space over
and , where and
and
and
To put this into a more informal setting, the actions of and are generally singular at on an integrable module . The linear mappings and on the module are introduced so that the actions of and are regular at on the module. There exists a -basis of weight vectors for , with respect to which the actions of and are regular at for all i. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor%20I | Factor I may refer to:
Complement factor I, a protein of the complement system.
Fibrinogen, a protein involved in blood coagulation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acylfulvene | Acylfulvene is a class of cytotoxic semi-synthetic derivatives of illudin, a natural product that can be extracted from the jack o'lantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius). One important acylfulvene, 6-hydroxymethylacylfulvene (irofulven), has been evaluated for the treatment of a wide assortment of cancers and tumors. It is thought that acylfulvene compounds kill cancer cells by DNA alkylation (see DNA methylation).
References
Enones
Tertiary alcohols
Spiro compounds
Cyclopropanes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Australia | Renewable energy in Australia includes wind power, hydroelectricity, solar photovoltaics, heat pumps, geothermal, wave and solar thermal energy.
In 2022, Australia produced 84,056 gigawatt-hours of renewable energy, which accounted for 35.9% of electricity production.
Australia produced 378.7 PJ of overall renewable energy (including renewable electricity) in 2016-17, which accounted for 6.2% of Australia's total energy use (6,146 PJ). Renewable energy grew by an annual average of 3.2% in the 10 years between 2007 and 2017, and by 5.2% between 2016 and 2017. This contrasts to growth in coal (1.9%), oil (1.7%) and gas (2.9%) over the same 10-year period.
Similar to many other countries, development of renewable energy in Australia has been encouraged by government energy policy implemented in response to concerns about climate change, energy independence and economic stimulus.
Renewable energy by fuel type
Timeline of developments
2001
A mandatory renewable energy target is introduced to encourage large-scale renewable energy development.
2007
Several reports have discussed the possibility of Australia setting a renewable energy target of 25% by 2020. Combined with some basic energy efficiency measures, such a target could deliver 15,000 MW new renewable power capacity, $33 billion in new investment, 16,600 new jobs, and 69 million tonnes reduction in electricity sector greenhouse gas emissions.
2008
Greenpeace released a report in 2008 called "Energy [r]evolution: |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20Indi | Alpha Indi (α Ind, α Indi) is a third magnitude giant star in the constellation Indus, located about 98 light years from the Earth. The stellar classification of this star is K0 III-IV, so it has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and evolved away from the main sequence. It has about double the mass of the Sun and is an estimated billion years old. As a giant star it has expanded to about 12 times the radius of the Sun. The effective temperature of the photosphere is 4,893 K, giving it the characteristic orange hue of a K-type star. It may have two nearby M-type companion stars, which are located at least 2,000 AU from the primary.
In China, this star is called Pe Sze where it also was known as the Persian, a title from the Jesuit missionaries. The term Pe Sze is from the name of asterism (, ). In Chinese astronomy, consequently, α Indi itself is known as (, )
References
Indi, Alpha
196171
101772
7869
Indus (constellation)
K-type giants
Durchmusterung objects |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20for%20Biodiversity%20and%20Ecosystem%20Dynamics | The Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED) is one of the ten research institutes of the Faculty of Science of the Universiteit van Amsterdam. IBED employs more than 100 researchers, with PhD students and Postdocs forming a majority, and 30 supporting staff. The total annual budget is around 10 m€, of which more than 40 per cent comes from external grants and contracts. The main output consist of publications in peer reviewed journals and books (on average 220 per year). Each year around 15 PhD students defend their thesis and obtain their degree from the Universiteit van Amsterdam. The institute is managed by a general director appointed by the Dean of the Faculty for a period of five years, assisted by a business manager.
Mission statement
The mission of the Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics is to increase our insights in the functioning and biodiversity of ecosystems in all their complexity. Knowledge of the interactions between living organisms and processes in their physical and chemical environment is essential for a better understanding of the dynamics of ecosystems at different temporal and spatial scales.
Organization of IBED Research
IBED research is organized in the following three themes:
Theme I: Biodiversity and Evolution
The main question of Theme I research is how patterns in biodiversity can be explained from underlying processes: speciation and extinction, dispersal and the (dis)appearance of geographical barriers, repr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiopoietin%201 | Angiopoietin 1 is a type of angiopoietin and is encoded by the gene ANGPT1.
Angiopoietins are proteins with important roles in vascular development and angiogenesis. All angiopoietins bind with similar affinity to an endothelial cell-specific tyrosine-protein kinase receptor. The protein encoded by this gene is a secreted glycoprotein that activates the receptor by inducing its tyrosine phosphorylation. It plays a critical role in mediating reciprocal interactions between the endothelium and surrounding matrix and mesenchyme. The protein also contributes to blood vessel maturation and stability, and may be involved in early development of the heart. During pregnancy, angiopoietins act complementary to the VEGF system and contribute to endothelial cell survival and the remodeling of vessels. Few studies have examined the role of angiopoietins in human pregnancy complications like preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).
A knockout model of ANGPT1 was introduced in mice embryos. Results showed that embryos began to appear abnormal by day 11 and were dead by day 12.5 of pregnancy. The embryos showed prominent defects in endocardial and myocardial development as well as a less complex vascular network.
Interactions
Angiopoietin 1 has been shown to interact with TEK tyrosine kinase.
Placental Malaria
Recently, studies in malaria-endemic areas suggest that placental malaria (PM) may be associated with a dysregulation in angiopoietins. Increased levels of angiop |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANGPT2 |
Angiopoietin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANGPT2 gene.
Naturally occurring antagonist for both ANGPT1 and TIE2; expressed only at the sites of vascular remodeling; similar to angiopoietin-1
Function
See Angiopoietin#Clinical relevance
Interactions
ANGPT2 has been shown to interact with TEK tyrosine kinase.
See also
Angiopoietin
References
External links
Further reading |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CWR | CWR can refer to:
California Western Railroad
Consolidated Weaponized Robotics now known as Consolidated Robotics
Continuous welded rail, a modern way of installing rails for railway tracks.
BBC Coventry & Warwickshire, a radio station in England.
Crop wild relative, a wild plant closely related to a domesticated plant
CWR (formerly Crusade for World Revival), a Christian ministry founded by Selwyn Hughes
Canadian Wrestling Revolution, a Canadian professional wrestling promotion based in Toronto
Common Works Registration, International format for work registration of the Confédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Auteurs et Compositeurs (CISAC)
China Weekly Review
CWR Magazine, an online Christian bimonthly replacing The Plain Truth published by Plain Truth Ministries
The Catholic World Report
The Churchill War Rooms in London (SW1)
Cholsey and Wallingford Railway, a heritage railway in the English county of Oxfordshire
Communicators for Women Religious |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl%20malonate | Dimethyl malonate is a diester derivative of malonic acid. It is a common reagent for organic synthesis used, for example, as a precursor for barbituric acid. It is also used in the malonic ester synthesis. It can be synthesized from dimethoxymethane and carbon monoxide.
Dimethyl malonate is used extensively in the fragrance industry as a raw material in the synthesis of jasmonates. For example, methyl dihydrojasmonate is synthesized from cyclopentanone, pentanal and dimethyl malonate. Hedione is used in almost all fine fragrances and is found in Christian Dior's Eau Sauvage and "Diorella", Hermes' "Voyage d'Hermes Parfum", Calvin Klein's "CKOne", Chanel's "Chanel No. 19", and Mark Jacob's "Blush", among others. As of 2009, Hedione was Firmenich's top selling compound by volume.
Hebei Chengxin is the world's largest producer of dimethyl malonate by volume and uses a chloroacetic acid/sodium cyanide process developed in the 1940s.
See also
Diethyl malonate
References
Methyl esters
Malonate esters
Reagents for organic chemistry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Journal%20of%20Botany | The Australian Journal of Botany is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by CSIRO Publishing. It covers all areas of plant biology, with a focus on Southern Hemisphere ecosystems. The editor-in-chief is Dick Williams (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in AGRICOLA, Elsevier Biobase, BIOSIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts Service, Current Contents/Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences, Science Citation Index, and Scopus. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 1.24.
References
External links
Botany journals of Australia
CSIRO Publishing academic journals
Academic journals established in 1953
English-language journals
8 times per year journals
1953 establishments in Australia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinopathy | In medicine, proteinopathy ([pref. protein]; -pathy [suff. disease]; proteinopathies pl.; proteinopathic adj), or proteopathy, protein conformational disorder, or protein misfolding disease, is a class of diseases in which certain proteins become structurally abnormal, and thereby disrupt the function of cells, tissues and organs of the body. Often the proteins fail to fold into their normal configuration; in this misfolded state, the proteins can become toxic in some way (a toxic gain-of-function) or they can lose their normal function. The proteinopathies include such diseases as Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and other prion diseases, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyloidosis, multiple system atrophy, and a wide range of other disorders. The term proteopathy was first proposed in 2000 by Lary Walker and Harry LeVine.
The concept of proteopathy can trace its origins to the mid-19th century, when, in 1854, Rudolf Virchow coined the term amyloid ("starch-like") to describe a substance in cerebral corpora amylacea that exhibited a chemical reaction resembling that of cellulose. In 1859, Friedreich and Kekulé demonstrated that, rather than consisting of cellulose, "amyloid" actually is rich in protein. Subsequent research has shown that many different proteins can form amyloid, and that all amyloids show birefringence in cross-polarized light after staining with the dye Congo red, as well as a fibrillar ultrastructure when viewed with an electron microscope. However |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantorovich%20theorem | The Kantorovich theorem, or Newton–Kantorovich theorem, is a mathematical statement on the semi-local convergence of Newton's method. It was first stated by Leonid Kantorovich in 1948. It is similar to the form of the Banach fixed-point theorem, although it states existence and uniqueness of a zero rather than a fixed point.
Newton's method constructs a sequence of points that under certain conditions will converge to a solution of an equation or a vector solution of a system of equation . The Kantorovich theorem gives conditions on the initial point of this sequence. If those conditions are satisfied then a solution exists close to the initial point and the sequence converges to that point.
Assumptions
Let be an open subset and a differentiable function with a Jacobian that is locally Lipschitz continuous (for instance if is twice differentiable). That is, it is assumed that for any there is an open subset such that and there exists a constant such that for any
holds. The norm on the left is some operator norm that is compatible with the vector norm on the right. This inequality can be rewritten to only use the vector norm. Then for any vector the inequality
must hold.
Now choose any initial point . Assume that is invertible and construct the Newton step
The next assumption is that not only the next point but the entire ball is contained inside the set . Let be the Lipschitz constant for the Jacobian over this ball (assuming it exists).
As a last pre |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven%20Brides%20for%20Seven%20Brothers%20%28musical%29 | Seven Brides for Seven Brothers is a musical with a book by Lawrence Kasha and David Landay, music by Gene de Paul, Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn, and lyrics by Johnny Mercer, Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn. It is based on the 1954 Stanley Donen film of the same name which is, itself, an adaption of the short story "The Sobbin' Women," by Stephen Vincent Benét, based on the Ancient Roman legend of The Rape of the Sabine Women.
The show's 1978–79 premiere tour was canceled without reaching Broadway: after touring for eighteen months from 1981 a subsequent production opened on Broadway in July 1982, to close three days and five performances after its official opening. In 1985, a West End production had a six-week limited engagement run, with a further five and a half week West End run at The Prince of Wales Theatre. Revised versions of the musical have met with success in U.S. regional theatres and in amateur productions on both sides of the Atlantic.
Synopsis
Act 1
In 1850s Oregon, Adam goes into town seeking a wife to run the household that consists of just himself and his six brothers. There he meets Milly, a waitress at a local restaurant. Milly and Adam rush into marriage and immediately return to Adam's remote ranch in the mountains. As soon as they return home, Adam reverts to his true self: an ill-mannered and inconsiderate slob. Milly meets his six brothers, Benjamin, Caleb, Daniel, Ephraim, Frank and Gideon, all of whom also share Adam's love for all things disorderly. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth%20Haberman | Seth Haberman is CEO of Sense Education, an artificial intelligence company that uses unsupervised machine learning technology, as well as bioinformatic algorithms, to identify how people solve open-ended problems. He was also the founder of VisibleWorld, a developer of viewer-customized television advertising.
Prior to founding Sense Education and Visible World, Haberman was founder of Montage Group, where he invented and licensed seminal non-linear editing technologies to all of the leading manufacturers of non-linear editing systems (such as Avid and Final Cut Pro). Montage’s innovative work developing its "MServer" software earned an Academy Award for technological achievement in 1987, an Emmy Award in 1993 for "Enabling Technology for Non-Linear Editing Systems Using Digital Images and Sounds", shared with EMC among others.
He has been Chair of the Video Gaming and Technology awards panel for the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, which awards the technology Emmy Awards.
He earned a BA in physics and math in 1981 from Columbia College, Columbia University.
References
Living people
Columbia College (New York) alumni
20th-century American Jews
American synth-pop musicians
21st-century American Jews
Year of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave%20New%20Words | Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction is a book published in 2007 by the Oxford University Press. It was edited by Jeff Prucher, with an introduction by Gene Wolfe.
Contents
The vocabulary includes words used in science fiction books, TV and film. A second category rises from discussion and criticism of science fiction, and a third category comes from the subculture of fandom. It describes itself as "the first historical dictionary devoted to science fiction", tracing how science fiction terms have developed over time.
Reception
The dictionary received positive reviews from science fiction journals, although the critic Rob Latham felt that its digital version (the SF Citations Project) might be preferable to the print format, which could grow out-of-date. In 2008 it won the Hugo Award for Best Related Book and was cited as an Outstanding Reference Source by the American Library Association.
References
External links
at Oxford Reference
2007 non-fiction books
Oxford dictionaries
Science fiction studies
Books about literature
Hugo Award for Best Related Work-winning works |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realization%20%28probability%29 | In probability and statistics, a realization, observation, or observed value, of a random variable is the value that is actually observed (what actually happened). The random variable itself is the process dictating how the observation comes about. Statistical quantities computed from realizations without deploying a statistical model are often called "empirical", as in empirical distribution function or empirical probability.
Conventionally, to avoid confusion, upper case letters denote random variables; the corresponding lower case letters denote their realizations.
Formal definition
In more formal probability theory, a random variable is a function X defined from a sample space Ω to a measurable space called the state space. If an element in Ω is mapped to an element in state space by X, then that element in state space is a realization. Elements of the sample space can be thought of as all the different possibilities that could happen; while a realization (an element of the state space) can be thought of as the value X attains when one of the possibilities did happen. Probability is a mapping that assigns numbers between zero and one to certain subsets of the sample space, namely the measurable subsets, known here as events. Subsets of the sample space that contain only one element are called elementary events. The value of the random variable (that is, the function) X at a point ω ∈ Ω,
is called a realization of X.
See also
Errors and residuals
Outcome (probability) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticeae%20glutens | Gluten is the seed storage protein in mature wheat seeds (and in the seeds of closely related species). It is the sticky substance in bread wheat which allows dough to rise and retain its shape during baking. The same, or very similar, proteins are also found in related grasses within the tribe Triticeae. Seed glutens of some non-Triticeae plants have similar properties, but none can perform on a par with those of the Triticeae taxa, particularly the Triticum species (bread wheat, durum wheat, etc.). What distinguishes bread wheat from these other grass seeds is the quantity of these proteins and the level of subcomponents, with bread wheat having the highest protein content and a complex mixture of proteins derived from three grass species (Aegilops speltoides, Aegilops tauschii strangulata, and Triticum monococcum).
Triticeae seed proteins fall into four groups:
albumins – soluble in hypotonic solutions and are coagulated by heat
globulins – soluble on 'isotonic' solutions
prolamins – soluble in aqueous alcohol
glutelins – are soluble in dilute acids or bases, detergents, chaotropic or reducing agents.
Of these proteins the last two, prolamin (in wheat – gliadin) and glutelin (in wheat – glutenin) form the classically defined gluten components in wheat.
Triticeae glutens are primarily important to a developing definition 'gluten-free' in dietary treatments for gluten sensitivity which are intended to exclude pathogenic proteins from the diet of susceptible individ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar%20organization | A laminar organization describes the way certain tissues, such as bone membrane, skin, or brain tissues, are arranged in layers.
Types
Embryo
The earliest forms of laminar organization are shown in the diploblastic and triploblastic formation of the germ layers in the embryo. In the first week of human embryogenesis two layers of cells have formed, an external epiblast layer (the primitive ectoderm), and an internal hypoblast layer (primitive endoderm). This gives the early bilaminar disc. In the third week in the stage of gastrulation epiblast cells invaginate to form endoderm, and a third layer of cells known as mesoderm. Cells that remain in the epiblast become ectoderm. This is the trilaminar disc and the epiblast cells have given rise to the three germ layers.
Brain
In the brain a laminar organization is evident in the arrangement of the three meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. These membranes are the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. The dura mater has two layers a periosteal layer near to the bone of the skull, and a meningeal layer next to the other meninges.
The cerebral cortex, the outer neural sheet covering the cerebral hemispheres can be described by its laminar organization, due to the arrangement of cortical neurons into six distinct layers.
Eye
The eye in mammals has an extensive laminar organization. There are three main layers – the outer fibrous tunic, the middle uvea, and the inner retina. These layers have sublay |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20R.%20Phillips | Charles Gene "J. R." Phillips (born April 29, 1970) is an American former professional baseball player who played first base in the Major Leagues from 1993–1999. He was drafted by the California Angels out of high school in the fourth round of the 1988 Major League Baseball draft.
Major league career
Phillips was selected on waivers by the San Francisco Giants in 1992 and made his Major league debut with the team following September call-ups on September 3, 1993. He hit his first major-league home run off René Arocha the following game, helping the Giants to a late-season victory in their 100-win season of 1993.
After consecutive 27 home run seasons with the Giants' Triple-A farm team, the Phoenix Firebirds, Phillips was named the Giants starting first baseman going into the 1995 season, but his lack of production at the big league level forced him into a platoon with Mark Carreon before mid-season. He hit a career-high 9 home runs and 28 RBIs, while hitting .195 over 231 at bats in 92 games. In the beginning of the 1996 season, Phillips was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies.
He bounced between the minors and the majors over the next four seasons, playing for the Phillies, the Houston Astros and, finally, the Colorado Rockies. Even in 1999, Phillips hit 41 home runs and 100 RBIs for the Rockies' Triple-A club, the Colorado Springs Sky Sox, earning him a September call up. He managed to hit two more home runs but ended up playing his final game on October 3, 1999, against |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGO%20C.VIII | The AGO C.VIII was a German reconnaissance aircraft built by AGO Flugzeugwerke during World War I.
Design
The C.VIII was a derivative of the AGO C.IV with a Mercedes D.IVa. Only a single prototype was built.
Specifications
References
Bibliography
AGO C.08
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Military aircraft of World War I
Aircraft first flown in 1917
C.VIII |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerprint%20Verification%20Competition | The Fingerprint Verification Competition (FVC) is an international competition for fingerprint verification algorithms organized in 2000 by the Biometric System Laboratory (University of Bologna), the U.S. National Biometric Test Center (San Jose State University) and the Pattern Recognition and Image Processing Laboratory (Michigan State University). After the success of the first edition (FVC2000), three other editions were organized every two years (FVC2002, FVC2004 and FVC2006).
These events received great attention both from academic and industrial biometric communities. They established a common benchmark, allowing developers to unambiguously compare their algorithms, and provided an overview of the state-of-the-art in fingerprint recognition.
After the fourth edition, the interest shown in previous editions by the biometrics community has prompted the Biometric System Laboratory (University of Bologna) to organize a new online evaluation campaign not only limited to fingerprint verification algorithms: FVC-onGoing. FVC-onGoing offers web-based automatic evaluation of biometric algorithms on a set of sequestered datasets, reporting results using well known performance indicators and metrics. While previous FVC initiatives were organized as “competitions”, with specific calls and fixed time frames, FVC-onGoing is:
an “on going competition” always open to new participants;
an evolving online repository of evaluation metrics and results.
References
D. Maio, D. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missense%20mRNA | Missense mRNA is a messenger RNA bearing one or more mutated codons that yield polypeptides with an amino acid sequence different from the wild-type or naturally occurring polypeptide. Missense mRNA molecules are created when template DNA strands or the mRNA strands themselves undergo a missense mutation in which a protein coding sequence is mutated and an altered amino acid sequence is coded for.
Biogenesis
A missense mRNA arises from a missense mutation, in the event of which a DNA nucleotide base pair in the coding region of a gene is changed such that it results in the substitution of one amino acid for another. The point mutation is nonsynonymous because it alters the RNA codon in the mRNA transcript such that translation results in amino acid change. An amino acid change may not result in appreciable changes in protein structure depending on whether the amino acid change is conservative or non-conservative. This owes to the similar physicochemical properties exhibited by some amino acids.
Missense mRNAs may be detected as a result of two different types of point mutations - spontaneous mutations and induced mutations. Spontaneous mutations occur during the DNA replication process where a non-complementary nucleotide is deposited by the DNA polymerase in the extension phase. The consecutive round of replication would result in a point mutation. If the resulting mRNA codon is one that changes the amino acid, a missense mRNA would be detected. A hypergeometric distribu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfungi | Microfungi or micromycetes are fungi—eukaryotic organisms such as molds, mildews and rusts—which have microscopic spore-producing structures. They exhibit tube tip-growth and have cell walls composed of chitin, a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine. Microfungi are a paraphyletic group, distinguished from macrofungi only by the absence of a large, multicellular fruiting body. They are ubiquitous in all terrestrial and freshwater and marine environments, and grow in plants, soil, water, insects, cattle rumens, hair, and skin. Most of the fungal body consists of microscopic threads, called hyphae, extending through the substrate in which it grows. The mycelia of microfungi produce spores that are carried by the air, spreading the fungus.
Many microfungi species are benign, existing as soil saprotrophs, for example, largely unobserved by humans. Many thousands of microfungal species occur in lichens, forming symbiotic relationships with algae. Other microfungi, such as those of the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus and Neurospora, were first discovered as molds causing spoilage of fruit and bread.
Certain species have commercial value. Penicillium species are used in the manufacture of blue cheeses and as the source of the antibiotic penicillin, discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928, while Fusarium venenatum is used to produce Quorn, a mycoprotein food product.
Harmful microfungi
Microfungi can be harmful, causing diseases of plants, animals and humans with varying degrees |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbin%20%28protein%29 | Erbb2 interacting protein (ERBB2IP), also known as erbin, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ERBB2IP gene. Discovered in 1997, erbin is a 200kDa protein containing a PDZ domain.
Function
This gene is a member of the leucine-rich repeat and PDZ domain (LAP) family. The encoded protein contains 17 leucine-rich repeats and one PDZ domain. It binds to the unphosphorylated form of the ERBB2 protein and regulates ERBB2 function and localization. It has also been shown to affect the Ras signaling pathway by disrupting Ras-Raf interaction. Alternate transcriptional splice variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene, but only two of them have been characterized to date.
Clinical significance
Erbin's C-terminal PDZ domain is able to bind to ErbB2, a protein tyrosine kinase which is often associated with poor prognosis in epidermal oncogenesis. Erbin's N-terminal region has been shown to disrupt Ras to Raf binding and may be, through this action, a tumor suppressing protein.
Interactions
Erbin has been shown to interact with:
Dystonin
HER2/neu
ITGB4
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3
PKP4 and
KSR1
References
Further reading
´
Proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostebol | Clostebol (; also known as 4-chlorotestosterone) usually as the ester clostebol acetate, is a synthetic anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS). Clostebol is the 4-chloro derivative of the natural hormone testosterone. The chlorination prevents conversion to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) while also rendering the chemical incapable of conversion to estrogen. Although usually used as an ester including clostebol acetate (Macrobin, Steranabol, Alfa-Trofodermin, Megagrisevit), clostebol caproate (Macrobin-Depot), or clostebol propionate (Yonchlon), unmodified/non-esterified clostebol is also reported to be marketed, under the brand name Trofodermin-S in Mexico.
Clostebol is a weak AAS with potential use as a performance enhancing drug. It is currently banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (Oral Turinabol), combining the chemical structures of clostebol and metandienone, was widely used in the East German state-sponsored doping program.
Medical uses
Clostebol acetate ointment has ophthalmological and dermatological use.
Side effects
Chemistry
Clostebol, also known as 4-chlorotestosterone or as 4-chloroandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic androstane steroid and a derivative of testosterone. It is specifically the 4-chlorinated derivative of testosterone.
Society and culture
Nutritional supplements
A related anabolic steroid, methylclostebol, is a common additive in so-called dietary supplements, generally listed in the convoluted form 4-chloro-17 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A9maux | Trémaux is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Charles Pierre Trémaux (1859–1882), French inventor of a maze solving algorithm, named after him
Pierre Trémaux (1818-1895), French architect, photographer, and author
French-language surnames |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics%20suite | A robotics suite is a visual environment for robot control and simulation. They are typically an end-to-end platform for robotics development and include tools for visual programming and creating and debugging robot applications. Developers can often interact with robots through web-based or visual interfaces.
One objective of a robotics suite is to support a variety of different robot platforms through a common programming interface. The key point about a robotics suite is that the same code will run either with a simulated robot or the corresponding real robot without modification.
Some robotic suites are based in free software, free hardware and both free software and hardware.
Suites
Fedora Robotics
ArtiMinds Robot Programming Suite
Brainlab Robotic Suite
See also
AnyKode Marilou
ArduPilot
Autonomous Robot Control (ARC)
Debian Science
Evolution Robotics
Lego Mindstorms
Microsoft Robotics Studio
Player Project (formerly the Player/Stage Project or Player/Stage/Gazebo Project)
Robot software
Robot Operating System
Simbad robot simulator
URBI
Webots
References
Robotics suites |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-chaperone | Co-chaperones are proteins that assist chaperones in protein folding and other functions. Co-chaperones are the non-client binding molecules that assist in protein folding mediated by Hsp70 and Hsp90. They are particularly essential in stimulation of the ATPase activity of these chaperone proteins. There are a great number of different co-chaperones however based on their domain structure most of them fall into two groups: J-domain proteins and tetratricopeptide repeats (TPR).
Co-chaperones assist heat shock proteins in the protein folding process. These co-chaperones can function in a number of ways. Primarily co-chaperones are involved in the ATPase functionality of their associated heat shock proteins. Co-chaperones catalyze the hydrolysis ATP to ADP on their respective chaperones which then allows them undergo a large conformational change that allows them to either bind to their substrates with higher affinity or aid in the release of the substrate following protein folding, as in the case of co-chaperone p23.
J-proteins, DnaJ or Hsp40 are important co-chaperones for Hsp70 and have the ability to bind to polypeptides and then recruit chaperone protein DnaK and passes the polypeptide along to this chaperone by catalyzing ATP hydrolysis that allows DnaK to bind to the unfolded polypeptide with high affinity. Another co-chaperone, GrpE, comes in following the folding of this protein to cause a conformational change in DnaK that allows it to release the folded protein. The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player%20Project | The Player Project (formerly Player/Stage Project) creates free and open-source software for research into robotics and sensor systems. Its components include the Player network server and the Stage platform robotics simulators. Although accurate statistics are hard to obtain, Player is one of the most popular open-source robot interfaces in research and post-secondary education.
Overview
The Player Project is an umbrella under which two robotics-related software projects are currently developed. These include the Player networked robotics server, and the Stage 2D robot simulation environment. The project was founded in 2000 by Brian Gerkey, Richard Vaughan and Andrew Howard at the University of Southern California at Los Angeles, and is widely used in robotics research and education. It releases its software under the GNU General Public License with documentation under the GNU Free Documentation License.
The Player is set of application programming interfaces (APIs, e.g., position2d, bumper, ir, speech, power) that can be implemented by a robot chassis (Roomba, Khephera etc.), possibly over serial line or network, or by Stage (2D simulator) or Gazebo (3D simulator).
Gazebo
The Gazebo 3D robot simulator was a component in the Player Project from 2004 through 2011. Gazebo integrated the Open Dynamics Engine (ODE) physics engine, OpenGL rendering, and support code for sensor simulation and actuator control. In 2011, Gazebo became an independent project support by Willow Ga |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion%20Pictures | Diffusion Pictures is a distributor of feature films in the United Kingdom. Formed in late 2006, its first two releases, Funny Ha Ha and Mutual Appreciation, were both from American director Andrew Bujalski. Diffusion then released Reprise by Norwegian director, Joachim Trier and Lars von Trier's film, The Boss of It All.
The company's other releases include a documentary on Francis Bacon, the film from Beastie Boy, Adam Yauch, Gunnin For That #1 Spot and Azazel Jacobs' Momma's Man.
Films
Funny Ha Ha (2007)
Mutual Appreciation (2007)
Reprise (2007)
The Boss of It All (2007)
Bacon's Arena (2008)
Gunnin For That #1 Spot (2008)
Momma's Man (2008)
External links
Official website
Diffusion Facebook
Diffusion MySpace
Film distributors of the United Kingdom
Entertainment companies established in 2006 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocortex | In anatomy of animals, the paleocortex, or paleopallium, is a region within the telencephalon in the vertebrate brain. This type of cortical tissue consists of three cortical laminae (layers of neuronal cell bodies). In comparison, the neocortex has six layers and the archicortex has three or four layers. Because the number of laminae that compose a type of cortical tissue seems to be directly proportional to both the information-processing capabilities of that tissue and its phylogenetic age, paleocortex is thought to be an intermediate between the archicortex (or archipallium) and the neocortex (or neopallium) in both aspects.
The paleocortex (or paleopallium) and the archicortex (or the archipallium) of the cerebral cortex together constitute the mammalian allocortex or the heterogenetic cortex. The distinction for what is called neocortex or isocortex, which comprises most of the human brain (about 90%), is made from the number of cellular layers that the structure comprises. Neocortical tissue comprises six distinct cell layers, not seen in paleocortical tissues either in adult or developing stage.
In humans the paleocortex is exemplified in the olfactory cortex. For most vertebrates, the olfactory bulb is the main feature of the paleocortex, even though the division is virtually unused outside of a mammalian context.
Locations
Paleocortex is present in the parahippocampal gyrus, olfactory bulb, accessory olfactory bulb, olfactory tubercle, piriform cortex, periamygda |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204319 | NGC 4319 is a face-on barred spiral galaxy located about 77 million light years away in the constellation Draco. The morphological classification is SB(r)ab, which indicates it is a barred spiral with an inner ring structure and moderate to tightly wound arms. It is situated in physical proximity to the galaxies NGC 4291 and NGC 4386, with X-ray emissions from the intervening gap indicating NGC 4319 and NGC 4291 may be interacting. NGC 4319 has a much higher proportion of ionized hydrogen compared to the Milky Way galaxy.
In 1971, American astronomer Halton Arp noted what appeared to be a physical connection between NGC 4319 and Markarian 205, a quasi-stellar object with a much higher redshift. He suggested that if Markarian 205 is not an accidentally projected background object, then it may instead have been ejected from the nucleus of this galaxy. The discovery of an apparent luminous connection between the two created a storm of controversy as astronomers sought to refute the assertion and provide other explanations. The matter was effectively settled when observations using the Hubble Space Telescope showed that the light from Markarian 205 was passing through the disk and halo of NGC 4319 to reach the observer, placing Markarian 205 behind this galaxy and thus further away.
References
External links
Hubble Heritage site: Pictures and description
Hubble Heritage site:NGC 4319 and Markarian 205
NGC 4319
Draco (constellation)
4319
07429
039981 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal%20effect%20dominant%20embryonic%20arrest |
Maternal effect dominant embryonic arrest (Medea) is a selfish gene composed of a toxin and an antidote. A mother carrying Medea will express the toxin in her germline, killing her progeny. If the children also carry Medea, they produce copies of the antidote, saving their lives. Therefore, if a mother has one Medea allele and one non-Medea allele, half of her children will inherit Medea and survive while the other half will inherit the non-Medea allele and die (unless they receive Medea from their father).
Medea's selfish behavior gives it a selective advantage over normal genes. If introduced into a population at sufficiently high levels, the Medea gene will spread, replacing entire populations of normal beetles with beetles carrying Medea. Because of this, Medea has been proposed as a way of genetically modifying insect populations. By linking the Medea construct to a gene of interest - for instance, a gene conferring resistance to malaria - Medea'''s unique dynamics could be exploited to drive both genes into a population. These findings have dramatic implications for the control of insect-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever.
Construction of Medea
Medea, which has been found in nature only in flour beetles, is an example of a selfish gene that has been simulated in the lab and tested in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. The toxin was a microRNA that blocked the expression of myd88, a gene vital for embryonic development in insects. The antid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time%20analyzer | A real-time analyzer (RTA) is a professional audio device that measures and displays the frequency spectrum of an audio signal; a spectrum analyzer that works in real time. An RTA can range from a small PDA-sized device to a rack-mounted hardware unit to software running on a laptop. It works by measuring and displaying sound input, often from an integrated microphone or with a signal from a PA system. Basic RTAs show three measurements per octave at 3 or 6 dB increments; sophisticated software solutions can show 24 or more measurements per octave as well as 0.1 dB resolution.
Types
There are generally two types of RTAs:
RTAs employing analog signal processing, and
RTAs employing digital signal processing (DSP).
The main difference between the two types is that the analog RTAs use a series of hardwired, analog bandpass filters to break the signal into frequency bands prior to measuring it. Digital RTAs use digital sampling technology and microprocessor-based digital signal processing to perform necessary calculations, such as fast Fourier transforms, to perform the measurements and thus do not need analog hardware filters to isolate each frequency band. The digital approach to signal analysis generally yields much higher accuracy and resolution and thus most RTAs currently in production use digital signal processing technology. Digital signal processing is more cost effective.
Professional use
RTAs are often used by sound engineers and by acousticians installing audi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velgo%C5%A1ti | Velgošti () is a village in the municipality of Ohrid, North Macedonia. It has a primary school called Živko Čingo dedicated to the author born there.
Demographics
According to the statistics of the Bulgarian ethnographer Vasil Kanchov from 1900, 1220 inhabitants lived in Velgošti, 1190 Bulgarian Exarchists and 30 Muslim Bulgarians.
As of the 2021 census, Velgošti had 3,141 residents with the following ethnic composition:
Macedonians 2,673
Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources 394
Others 66
Vlachs 8
According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 3,060 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:
Macedonians 3,002
Serbs 8
Aromanians 10
Others 40
References
Villages in Ohrid Municipality |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy%20mnemonic | Taxonomy mnemonics are used to memorize the scientific classification applied in taxonomy. They are usually constructed with a series of words that begin with the letters KPCOFGS, corresponding to the initials of the primary taxonomic ranks. Words beginning with D (corresponding to domain) are sometimes added to the beginning of the sequence, and words beginning with S (corresponding to subspecies) are sometimes added at the end of the sequence.
For example:
King Phillip came over for good spaghetti has the first letter of each word corresponding in order to the first letter of the descending order of scientific classification.
Zoology mnemonics
Zoology mnemonics, which are used to memorize the scientific taxonomic classification system, include:
"Do kindly place candy out for good students"
"Dumb kids playing catch on freeways get squashed"
"Keep pond clean or fish get sick"
"Kings play chess on fancy glass stools"
"Kings Play Croquet on Fine Grass Slopes"
"King prawns curl over fresh green salad"
"Kings play cards on fat guys' stomachs"
"Kinky people come over for group sex"
"Dear King Philip came over for great spaghetti"
"Dear King Philip came over for grape soda"
"Dear King Philip came over for grape spaghetti"
"Dear King Philip came over for great soda"
"Dear King Philip came over for green spaghetti"
"Dear King Philip came over for green sausages"
"Dear King Philip came over for good soup"
"Dear King Phillip came over for great surprise sex."
"Kevin, Pleas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DME%20%28psychedelic%29 | DME (3,4-dimethoxy-beta-hydroxyphenethylamine) is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. It is the beta-hydroxy derivative of 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine. DME was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PiHKAL, the minimum dosage is listed as 115 mg, and the duration unknown. DME produces few to no effects. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of DME.
Legality
United Kingdom
This substance is a Class A drug in the Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act.
See also
Phenethylamine
Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants
References
Psychedelic phenethylamines
Phenylethanolamines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Visual%20Programming%20Language | Microsoft Visual Programming Language, or VPL, is a visual programming and dataflow programming language developed by Microsoft for the Microsoft Robotics Studio.
VPL is based on the event-driven and data-driven approach. The programming language is distinguished from other Microsoft programming languages such as Visual Basic and C#, as it is the only Microsoft language that is a true visual programming language. Microsoft has utilized the term "Visual" in its previous programming products to reflect that a large degree of development in these languages can be performed by "dragging and dropping" in a traditional wysiwyg fashion.
See also
Dataflow programming
Visual programming languages
Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio
VIPLE: Visual IoT/Robotics Programming Language Environment
References
Further reading
External links
Microsoft Visual Programming Language
Visual IoT/Robotics Programming Language Environment:
Andreas Ulbrich demonstrates the Microsoft Visual Programming Language
Visual Programming Language
Visual Programming Language
Robot programming languages
Visual programming languages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaree%20%28TV%20series%29 | Shivaree was a Los Angeles-based music variety show that ran in syndication from 1965 to 1966. It was created and hosted by KFWB-AM personality Gene Weed, LA's top nighttime DJ at the time, who in later years became a producer for Dick Clark Productions.
In its brief run, the show featured numerous well-known acts, including The Mamas & the Papas, The Supremes, The Rolling Stones, Glen Campbell, Dusty Springfield, Jackie Wilson, Marvin Gaye, Jay and the Americans, Ronnie Dove, James Brown, Stevie Wonder, The Ronettes, Cher, Simon and Garfunkel, The Byrds, The Toys, The Bobby Fuller Four, Allan Sherman, The Reflections (Detroit band), Lesley Gore, and Gary Lewis & the Playboys, and was taped at KABC-TV's studios in LA. It began in syndication in April 1965 and ran through May 1966 in more than 150 markets in the U.S. and seven countries internationally. Although it was a syndicated series, Shivaree was produced and owned by the ABC network.
In addition to the host, the show also featured dancers (go-go girls), including Teri Garr, Cathy Austin, Joane Sannes, and Kay Parks, who danced on elevated platforms behind the bandstand while guest artists performed. Audience members surrounded the bandstand and also stood on a balcony behind the dancers.
Rights to surviving footage of the show (which was produced in black-and-white) are now owned by Research Video.
References
External links
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0917235/
1960s American variety television series
1960s Am |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical%20probability | In probability theory and statistics, the empirical probability, relative frequency, or experimental probability of an event is the ratio of the number of outcomes in which a specified event occurs to the total number of trials, i.e., by means not of a theoretical sample space but of an actual experiment. More generally, empirical probability estimates probabilities from experience and observation.
Given an event in a sample space, the relative frequency of is the ratio being the number of outcomes in which the event occurs, and being the total number of outcomes of the experiment.
In statistical terms, the empirical probability is an estimator or estimate of a probability. In simple cases, where the result of a trial only determines whether or not the specified event has occurred, modelling using a binomial distribution might be appropriate and then the empirical estimate is the maximum likelihood estimate. It is the Bayesian estimate for the same case if certain assumptions are made for the prior distribution of the probability. If a trial yields more information, the empirical probability can be improved on by adopting further assumptions in the form of a statistical model: if such a model is fitted, it can be used to derive an estimate of the probability of the specified event
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
An advantage of estimating probabilities using empirical probabilities is that this procedure is relatively free of assumptions.
For example, consi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20rail%20transit%20in%20China | Urban rail transit in China encompasses a broad range of urban and suburban electric passenger rail mass transit systems including subway, light rail, tram and maglev. Some classifications also include non-rail bus rapid transport. As of 31 December 2022, China has the world's longest urban rail transit system with more than of urban rail nationwide in 49 systems in 47 cities, accounting for 9 of the 10 longest metro systems (Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Chengdu, Hangzhou, Wuhan, and Nanjing, in that order) except Moscow Metro, or metro systems in Seoul combined if metro systems in the same cities are merged in the rank.
China has put 233 urban rail transit lines into operation in 44 cities with length more than by 2020, and by 2019. All of the world's 500 km-plus, as well as 17 of the world's 27 200 km-plus metro systems and half of the top 10 busiest metro systems are in China (Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chengdu, and Shenzhen), where Shanghai Metro, though started operating in 1993, is now the longest.
History
Several Chinese cities had urban electric tramways in the early 20th century, most of which were dismantled in the 1950s–1970s. The only surviving tramways are in Dalian (Dairen) and Changchun (see trams in Dalian and trams in Changchun). Nanjing (Nanking) had from 1907 to 1958.
The first subway in China was built in Beijing in 1969 (but it was only handed to civilian control in 1981 and trial operations ended later in the same year; before whic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Budd%20%28mathematician%29 | Christopher John Budd (born 15 February 1960) is a British mathematician known especially for his contribution to non-linear differential equations and their applications in industry. He is currently Professor of Applied Mathematics at the University of Bath, and was Professor of Geometry at Gresham College from 2016 to 2020.
Budd gained his Bachelor's degree in mathematics at St John's College, Cambridge, where he was senior wrangler. He went on to be awarded a D.Phil. from Oxford University, studying numerical methods for nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations under the supervision of John Norbury. He spent three years as a fellow of St John's College, Oxford, working in numerical analysis at the Oxford University Computing Laboratory and as a fellow sponsored by the CEGB developing numerical methods for third-order partial differential equations. He went on to a permanent post as a lecturer in numerical analysis at the University of Bristol before gaining a position as Professor of Applied Mathematics at the University of Bath in 1995. He was appointed the Professor of Geometry at Gresham College in 2016, where he delivered a series of public lectures on Mathematics and the Making of the Modern World.
His research interests involve the analysis, application and numerical analysis of the solution of nonlinear differential equations with a particular emphasis on problems which arise in industry. His recent work has been in geometric integration which aims to de |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Third%20Generation%20%281979%20film%29 | The Third Generation () is a 1979 West German film, a black comedy about terrorism, written and directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder. The plot follows an ineffectual cell of underground terrorists who plan to kidnap an industrialist.
Plot
P.J. Lurz, an industrialist with an office in a Berlin high-rise, informs his American headquarters that the company has difficulty selling its security-related computer systems to the West German government in Bonn. Nevertheless, Lurz has hatched a secret plan to boost sales. Meanwhile, Susanne, Lurz's secretary, receives a phone call with the message "The world as will and idea". This is a code phrase among a secret group of thirty-something middle-class leftists and would-be terrorists to which she belongs. The phrase has been taken from the central work of the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Representation. With these words, Susanne sets an ambiguous covert plot into motion, alerting the members of the terrorist cell of an upcoming meeting. They are: August Brem, the ringleader; Susanne's composer husband Edgar; feminist history professor Hilde Krieger; Petra Vielhabor, a housewife who is constantly arguing with her banker husband Hans; and Rudolf Mann, a clerk in a record store.
P.J. Lurz is informed by Gerhard Gast, the inspector-general of the police, that he is being watched and is under police protection. Gast has also arrived to pick up Susanne, his daughter-in-law. En route to their home, Susanne an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section%2051%28xi%29%20of%20the%20Constitution%20of%20Australia | Section 51(xi) of the Constitution of Australia, a subsection of section 51, grants the Commonwealth the power to make laws for "census and statistics".
Background
The first version of the Constitution included a census power. Its inclusion was not controversial. It can be seen as a class of "nationhood powers" which reflected basic powers that a "nation" was viewed with possessing (similar nationhood powers would include the currency power, the weights and measures power, and the postal power).
Australian colonies had collected statistics from settlement. The first simultaneous census was held across Australia in 1881 as part of the Census of the British Empire.
In December 1905 the Commonwealth Government passed the Census and Statistics Act 1905.
The first Commonwealth Census after federation was held in 1911 (although a simultaneous state census was held in 1901).
The Australian Bureau of Statistics is the Commonwealth agency responsible for census and statistics.
Related Constitution sections
Section 24 says the number of members in the House of Representatives per state will be based on the based on quotas based on population, which will be based on "the latest statistics of the Commonwealth" (s. 24(i) and s. 24(ii)). Section 24 evinces a clear intention that the Commonwealth would use section 51(xi) to conduct census and collect information, rather than leaving the matter to the states.
Section 127 stated that "in reckoning the numbers of the people ... abor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangential%20and%20normal%20components | In mathematics, given a vector at a point on a curve, that vector can be decomposed uniquely as a sum of two vectors, one tangent to the curve, called the tangential component of the vector, and another one perpendicular to the curve, called the normal component of the vector. Similarly, a vector at a point on a surface can be broken down the same way.
More generally, given a submanifold N of a manifold M, and a vector in the tangent space to M at a point of N, it can be decomposed into the component tangent to N and the component normal to N.
Formal definition
Surface
More formally, let be a surface, and be a point on the surface. Let be a vector at Then one can write uniquely as a sum
where the first vector in the sum is the tangential component and the second one is the normal component. It follows immediately that these two vectors are perpendicular to each other.
To calculate the tangential and normal components, consider a unit normal to the surface, that is, a unit vector perpendicular to at Then,
and thus
where "" denotes the dot product. Another formula for the tangential component is
where "" denotes the cross product.
Note that these formulas do not depend on the particular unit normal used (there exist two unit normals to any surface at a given point, pointing in opposite directions, so one of the unit normals is the negative of the other one).
Submanifold
More generally, given a submanifold N of a manifold M and a point , we get a short exact |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BamHI | BamHI (pronounced "Bam H one") (from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) is a type II restriction endonuclease, having the capacity for recognizing short sequences (6 bp) of DNA and specifically cleaving them at a target site. This exhibit focuses on the structure-function relations of BamHI as described by Newman, et al. (1995). BamHI binds at the recognition sequence 5'-GGATCC-3', and cleaves these sequences just after the 5'-guanine on each strand. This cleavage results in sticky ends which are 4 bp long. In its unbound form, BamHI displays a central b sheet, which resides in between α-helices.
BamHI undergoes a series of unconventional conformational changes upon DNA recognition. This allows the DNA to maintain its normal B-DNA conformation without distorting to facilitate enzyme binding. BamHI is a symmetric dimer. DNA is bound in a large cleft that is formed between dimers; the enzyme binds in a "crossover" manner. Each BamHI subunit makes the majority of its backbone contacts with the phosphates of a DNA half site but base pair contacts are made between each BamHI subunit and nitrogenous bases in the major groove of the opposite DNA half site. The protein binds the bases through either direct hydrogen bonds or water-mediated H-bonds between the protein and every H-bond donor/acceptor group in the major groove. Major groove contacts are formed by atoms residing on the amino-terminus of a parallel 4 helix bundle. This bundle marks the BamHI dimer interface, and it is thought t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority%20problem | The majority problem, or density classification task, is the problem of finding one-dimensional cellular automaton rules that accurately perform majority voting.
Using local transition rules, cells cannot know the total count of all the ones in system. In order to count the number of ones (or, by symmetry, the number of zeros), the system requires a logarithmic number of bits in the total size of the system. It also requires the system send messages over a distance linear in the size of the system and for the system to recognize a non-regular language. Thus, this problem is an important test case in measuring the computational power of cellular automaton systems.
Problem statement
Given a configuration of a two-state cellular automaton with i + j cells total, i of which are in the zero state and j of which are in the one state, a correct solution to the voting problem must eventually set all cells to zero if i > j and must eventually set all cells to one if i < j. The desired eventual state is unspecified if i = j.
The problem can also be generalized to testing whether the proportion of zeros and ones is above or below some threshold other than 50%. In this generalization, one is also given
a threshold ; a correct solution to the voting problem must eventually set all cells to zero if and must eventually set all cells to one if . The desired eventual state is unspecified if .
Approximate solutions
Gács, Kurdyumov, and Levin found an automaton that, although it does |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroregeneration | Neuroregeneration involves the regrowth or repair of nervous tissues, cells or cell products. Neuroregenerative mechanisms may include generation of new neurons, glia, axons, myelin, or synapses. Neuroregeneration differs between the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS) by the functional mechanisms involved, especially in the extent and speed of repair. When an axon is damaged, the distal segment undergoes Wallerian degeneration, losing its myelin sheath. The proximal segment can either die by apoptosis or undergo the chromatolytic reaction, which is an attempt at repair. In the CNS, synaptic stripping occurs as glial foot processes invade the dead synapse.
Nervous system injuries affect over 90,000 people every year. Spinal cord injuries alone affect an estimated 10,000 people each year. As a result of this high incidence of neurological injuries, nerve regeneration and repair, a subfield of neural tissue engineering, is becoming a rapidly growing field dedicated to the discovery of new ways to recover nerve functionality after injury.
The nervous system is divided by neurologists into two parts: the central nervous system (which consists of the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (which consists of cranial and spinal nerves along with their associated ganglia). While the peripheral nervous system has an intrinsic ability for repair and regeneration, the central nervous system is, for the most part, incapable of self-r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed%20Hodge%20module | In mathematics, mixed Hodge modules are the culmination of Hodge theory, mixed Hodge structures, intersection cohomology, and the decomposition theorem yielding a coherent framework for discussing variations of degenerating mixed Hodge structures through the six functor formalism. Essentially, these objects are a pair of a filtered D-module together with a perverse sheaf such that the functor from the Riemann–Hilbert correspondence sends to . This makes it possible to construct a Hodge structure on intersection cohomology, one of the key problems when the subject was discovered. This was solved by Morihiko Saito who found a way to use the filtration on a coherent D-module as an analogue of the Hodge filtration for a Hodge structure. This made it possible to give a Hodge structure on an intersection cohomology sheaf, the simple objects in the Abelian category of perverse sheaves.
Abstract structure
Before going into the nitty gritty details of defining Mixed hodge modules, which is quite elaborate, it is useful to get a sense of what the category of Mixed Hodge modules actually provides. Given a complex algebraic variety there is an abelian category pg 339 with the following functorial properties
There is a faithful functor called the rationalization functor. This gives the underlying rational perverse sheaf of a mixed Hodge module.
There is a faithful functor sending a mixed Hodge module to its underlying D-module
These functors behave well with respect to the Rie |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip-scale%20atomic%20clock | A chip scale atomic clock (CSAC) is a compact, low-power atomic clock fabricated using techniques of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and incorporating a low-power semiconductor laser as the light source. The first CSAC physics package was demonstrated at NIST in 2003, based on an invention made in 2001. The work was funded by the US Department of Defense's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) with the goal of developing a microchip-sized atomic clock for use in portable equipment. In military equipment it is expected to provide improved location and battlespace situational awareness for dismounted soldiers when the global positioning system is not available, but many civilian applications are also envisioned. Commercial manufacturing of these atomic clocks began in 2011. The CSAC, the world's smallest atomic clock, is 4 x 3.5 x 1 cm (1.5 x 1.4 x 0.4 inches) in size, weighs 35 grams, consumes only 115 mW of power, and can keep time to within 100 microseconds per day after several years of operation.
A more stable design based on the vibration of rubidium atoms was demonstrated by NIST in 2019. The new design has yet to be commercialized.
How it works
Like other caesium atomic clocks, the clock keeps time by a precise 9.192631770 GHz microwave signal emitted by electron spin transitions between two hyperfine energy levels in atoms of caesium-133. A feedback mechanism keeps a quartz crystal oscillator on the chip locked to this frequency, which is divided |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing%20Renton%20Factory | The Boeing Renton Factory is the Boeing Company's manufacturing facility for narrow-body commercial airliners, and their military derivatives. Current production includes the Boeing 737 MAX passenger airliner and the Boeing P-8 Poseidon military patrol aircraft. The factory covers of floor space. The factory lies adjacent to Renton Municipal Airport.
Background
The Boeing Renton Factory is built on land reclaimed by the lowering of the level of Lake Washington in 1916. At that time, it was purchased by industrialist Charles H. Burnett who intended to use it for coal storage and shipment. Those plans never came to be, and the semi-swampland was used as a hay farm. In 1936, Burnett's daughter Amy Louise Burnett Bond, transferred the land back to the state of Washington. Coincidentally, Burnett Bond was a close friend of Bertha Potter (wife of William E. Boeing), being both her godmother, and living with her family while she attended finishing school.
At the start of World War II, the property was transferred from the state to the federal government. Due to its location on a large body of water, the Navy Department worked to establish a flying boat aircraft factory on the land for production of the Boeing XPBB Sea Ranger. This order was cancelled, however, to free the factory for production of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, the factory being transferred to the Army in exchange for use of the North American Aviation's Kansas City factory for production of the land-based B-25 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish%20interactive%20thresholding%20algorithm | The Swedish interactive thresholding algorithm, usually referred to as SITA, is a method to test for visual field loss, usually in glaucoma testing or monitoring. It is combined with a visual field test such as standard automated perimetry (SAP) or short wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP) to determine visual fields in a more efficient manner.
Standard automated perimetry determines how dim of light (the threshold) can be seen at various points in an individual eye's visual field. Various algorithms have been developed to determine this threshold in the dozens to over a hundred individual points in a single visual field. The SITA algorithm optimizes the determination of perimetry thresholds by continuously estimating what the expected threshold is based on the patient's age and neighboring thresholds. In this manner, it can reduce the time necessary to acquire a visual field by up to 50%, and it decreases patient fatigue and increases reliability. SITA mode is now widely used in many computerized automated perimeters.
The testing mode interrupts testing when measurement error is reached. This results in a shorter test time with reportedly equal accuracy as other automated threshold visual fields.
References
Blindness
Diagnostic ophthalmology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20oscillation | Electronic oscillation is a repeating cyclical variation in voltage or current in an electrical circuit, resulting in a periodic waveform. The frequency of the oscillation in hertz is the number of times the cycle repeats per second.
The recurrence may be in the form of a varying voltage or a varying current. The waveform may be sinusoidal or some other shape when its magnitude is plotted against time. Electronic oscillation may be intentionally caused, as in devices designed as oscillators, or it may be the result of unintentional positive feedback from the output of an electronic device to its input. The latter appears often in feedback amplifiers (such as operational amplifiers) that do not have sufficient gain or phase margins. In this case, the oscillation often interferes with or compromises the amplifier's intended function, and is known as parasitic oscillation.
References
Electronic engineering |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium%20bromide | Strontium bromide is a chemical compound with a formula SrBr2. At room temperature it is a white, odourless, crystalline powder. Strontium bromide imparts a bright red colour in a flame test, showing the presence of strontium ions. It is used in flares and also has some pharmaceutical uses.
Preparation
SrBr2 can be prepared from strontium hydroxide and hydrobromic acid.
Alternatively strontium carbonate can also be used as strontium source.
These reactions give hexahydrate of SrBr2, which decomposes to dihydrate at 89 °C. At 180 °C anhydrous SrBr2 is obtained.
Structure
At room temperature, strontium bromide adopts a crystal structure with a tetragonal unit cell and space group P4/n. This structure is referred to as α-SrBr2 and is isostructural with EuBr2 and USe2. The compound's structure was initially erroneously interpreted as being of the PbCl2 type, but this was later corrected.
Around 920 K (650 °C), α-SrBr2 undergoes a first-order solid-solid phase transition to a much less ordered phase, β-SrBr2, which adopts the cubic fluorite structure. The beta phase of strontium bromide has a much higher ionic conductivity of about 1 S cm−1, comparable to that of molten SrBr2, due to extensive disorder in the bromide sublattice. Strontium bromide melts at 930 K (657 °C).
See also
Strontium chloride
References
http://www.webelements.com/
Strontium compounds
Bromides
Alkaline earth metal halides |
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