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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong%20focusing | In accelerator physics strong focusing or alternating-gradient focusing is the principle that, using sets of multiple electromagnets, it is possible to make a particle beam simultaneously converge in both directions perpendicular to the direction of travel. By contrast, weak focusing is the principle that nearby circles, described by charged particles moving in a uniform magnetic field, only intersect once per revolution.
Earnshaw's theorem shows that simultaneous focusing in two directions transverse to the beam axis at once by a single magnet is impossible - a magnet which focuses in one direction will defocus in the perpendicular direction. However, iron "poles" of a cyclotron or two or more spaced quadrupole magnets (arranged in quadrature) can alternately focus horizontally and vertically, and the net overall effect of a combination of these can be adjusted to focus the beam in both directions.
Strong focusing was first conceived by Nicholas Christofilos in 1949 but not published (Christofilos opted instead to patent his idea), In 1952, the strong focusing principle was independently developed by Ernest Courant, M. Stanley Livingston, Hartland Snyder and J. Blewett at Brookhaven National Laboratory, who later acknowledged the priority of Christofilos' idea. The advantages of strong focusing were then quickly realised, and deployed on the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron.
Courant and Snyder found that the net effect of alternating the field gradient was that both the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medetomidine | Medetomidine is a synthetic drug used as both a surgical anesthetic and analgesic. It is often used as the hydrochloride salt, medetomidine hydrochloride, a crystalline white solid. It is an α2 adrenergic agonist that can be administered as an intravenous drug solution with sterile water.
It was developed by Orion Pharma. It is approved for dogs in the United States, and distributed in the United States by Pfizer Animal Health and by Novartis Animal Health in Canada under the product name Domitor. Other alpha-two agonists used in veterinary medicine include xylazine and detomidine, but their use is less common in small animal surgery. The marketed product is a racemic mixture of two stereoisomers; dexmedetomidine is the isomer with more useful effects, and is now marketed as Dexdomitor. The free base form of medetomidine is sold as Selektope for use as an antifouling substance in marine paints.
Veterinary use
In veterinary anesthesia, medetomidine is often used in combinations with opioids (butorphanol, buprenorphine etc.) as premedication (before a general anesthetic) in healthy cats and dogs. It can be given by intramuscular injection (IM), subcutaneous injection (SC) or intravenous injection (IV). When delivered intravenously, a significantly decreased dose is used. Some authors suggest a sublingual route is also effective. It is not recommended for diabetics, it is contraindicated in patients with cardiac disease.
Due to its potent sedative effects it is common |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schumpeterian%20rent | Schumpeterian rents are earned by innovators and occur during the period of time between the introduction of an innovation and its successful diffusion. It is expected that successful innovations, in time, will be imitated, but until that occurs, the innovator will earn Schumpeterian rents. They were named after economist Joseph Schumpeter, who saw profits made by businesses as resulting from the development of new processes which disturb economic equilibrium, temporarily raising revenues above their resource costs. This type of profit is also called entrepreneurial rent.
Schumpeterian rent is seen as a form of economic rent, although Schumpeterian rent may be seen as an incentive towards greater economic efficiency.
Karl Marx
In Marxian economics, the equivalent to Schumpeterian rent is the extra surplus value that is extracted from the laborer during the rise of local productivity, meaning the development of the productive forces through innovation owned by the respective capitalist, while all other enterprises are left with yet undeveloped productive forces. The result is the rise of the local rate of profit, as the respective commodity is now produced cheaper by this enterprise alone, yet can still be sold for its general market price. In Marxian theory, the earning of extra surplus value is what drives and guides the capitalist, and thus capitalism itself.
The value of the entrepreneurial rent and compensation for entrepreneurship
Magnus Henrekson, professor of eco |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prover9 | Prover9 is an automated theorem prover for first-order and equational logic developed by William McCune.
Description
Prover9 is the successor of the Otter theorem prover also developed by William McCune. Prover9 is noted for producing relatively readable proofs and having a powerful hints strategy.
Prover9 is intentionally paired with Mace4, which searches for finite models and counterexamples. Both can be run simultaneously from the same input, with Prover9 attempting to find a proof, while Mace4 attempts to find a (disproving) counter-example. Prover9, Mace4, and many other tools are built on an underlying library named LADR ("Library for Automated Deduction Research") to simplify implementation. Resulting proofs can be double-checked by Ivy, a proof-checking tool that has been separately verified using ACL2.
In July 2006 the LADR/Prover9/Mace4 input language made a major change (which also differentiates it from Otter). The key distinction between "clauses" and "formulas" completely disappeared; "formulas" can now have free variables; and "clauses" are now a subset of "formulas". Prover9/Mace4 also supports a "goal" type of formula, which is automatically negated for proof. Prover9 attempts to automatically generate a proof by default; in contrast, Otter's automatic mode must be explicitly set.
Prover9 was under active development, with new releases every month or every other month, until 2009. Prover9 is free software, and therefore, open source software; it is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurococcus | Pleurococcus is a genus of green algae in the family Chaetophoraceae that are spherical in shape with a thick cell wall to protect themselves against excessive water loss.
They can be found alone or in bunches together forming a slimy layer and grow on moist, dark patches of trees, rocks and soil.
Species
The genus consists of the following species:
Pleurococcus angulosus
Pleurococcus magnum
Pleurococcus mucosus
Pleurococcus rufescens
Pleurococcus vulgaris
References
External links
Chaetophorales genera
Chaetophoraceae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclinomonas | Reclinomonas is a monotypic genus of jakobid eukaryotes containing the single species Reclinomonas americana.
This organism is a single cell up to 12 micrometers wide. It has two flagella. The cell is in a cup-like lorica which has a stem that attaches to a surface. When the cell reproduces, by undergoing binary fission, one of the two newly split cells produces a new lorica for itself.
This protozoan can be found in freshwater.
This species was the first jakobid to have its mitochondrial genome sequenced. It contains 97 genes, 62 of them code for proteins. Other jakobids have been sequenced since, and the data were similar. It has been described as a member of the Excavata.
R. Americana is a large protozoan that ingests bacteria. Such phagocytosis is thought to be how ancestral (two billion years ago) eucaryotes (true nucleus to hold DNA) acquired mitochondrial and chloroplast organelles to perform oxidative metabolism and photosynthesis. R. Americana has played a significant role in understanding the scope of antiquity of what bacterial DNA was captured because its mitochondrial DNA collection is more complete than that of other eukaryotes, which have discarded many and various genes.
References
Jakobids
Excavata genera
Monotypic eukaryote genera
Taxa described in 1993 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet%20linguistics | Internet linguistics is a domain of linguistics advocated by the English linguist David Crystal. It studies new language styles and forms that have arisen under the influence of the Internet and of other new media, such as Short Message Service (SMS) text messaging. Since the beginning of human–computer interaction (HCI) leading to computer-mediated communication (CMC) and Internet-mediated communication (IMC), experts, such as Gretchen McCulloch have acknowledged that linguistics has a contributing role in it, in terms of web interface and usability. Studying the emerging language on the Internet can help improve conceptual organization, translation and web usability. Such study aims to benefit both linguists and web users combined.
The study of internet linguistics can take place through four main perspectives: sociolinguistics, education, stylistics and applied linguistics. Further dimensions have developed as a result of further technological advances, which include the development of the Web as corpus and the spread and influence of the stylistic variations brought forth by the spread of the Internet, through the mass media and through literary works. In view of the increasing number of users connected to the Internet, the linguistics future of the Internet remains to be determined, as new computer-mediated technologies continue to emerge and people adapt their languages to suit these new media. The Internet continues to play a significant role both in encouraging peopl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunner%20syndrome | Brunner syndrome is a rare genetic disorder associated with a mutation in the MAOA gene. It is characterized by lower than average IQ (typically about 85), problematic impulsive behavior (such as pyromania, hypersexuality and violence), sleep disorders and mood swings. It was identified in fourteen males from one family in 1993. It has since been discovered in additional families.
Signs and symptoms
The following signs and symptoms occur in people with monoamine oxidase A deficiency, which causes Brunner syndrome:
lack of impulse control
aggressive or violent outbursts
ASD or ADHD-like behavioral features
obsessive behaviors
difficulties forming friendships
problems focusing attention
sleep problems
trouble falling asleep
night terrors
skin flushing
sweating
headaches
diarrhea
Causes
Brunner syndrome is caused by a monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) deficiency, which leads to an excess of monoamines in the brain, such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). In both mice and humans, a mutation was located on the eighth exon of the MAO-A gene, which created a dysfunctional MAO-A gene. The regular function of MAO-A, breaking down monoamines, is disrupted, and monoamines build up within the brain. Mice that lacked a functional MAO-A gene displayed higher levels of aggression, in comparison to mice with a functional MAO-A gene.
Diagnosis
Upon suspicion of Brunner syndrome and after having eliminated other potential suspects via means of differential d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminocoumarin | Aminocoumarin is a class of antibiotics that act by an inhibition of the DNA gyrase enzyme involved in the cell division in bacteria. They are derived from Streptomyces species, whose best-known representative – Streptomyces coelicolor – was completely sequenced in 2002.
The aminocoumarin antibiotics include:
Novobiocin, Albamycin (Pharmacia And Upjohn)
Coumermycin
Clorobiocin
Structure
The core of aminocoumarin antibiotics is made up of a 3-amino-4,7-dihydroxycumarin ring, which is linked, e.g., with a sugar in 7-Position and a benzoic acid derivative in 3-Position.
Clorobiocin is a natural antibiotic isolated from several Streptomyces strains and differs from novobiocin in that the methyl group at the 8 position in the coumarin ring of novobiocin is replaced by a chlorine atom, and the carbamoyl at the 3' position of the noviose sugar is substituted by a 5-methyl-2-pyrrolylcarbonyl group.
Mechanism of action
The aminocoumarin antibiotics are known inhibitors of DNA gyrase. Antibiotics of the aminocoumarin family exert their therapeutic activity by binding tightly to the B subunit of bacterial DNA gyrase, thereby inhibiting this essential enzyme. They compete with ATP
for binding to the B subunit of this enzyme and inhibit the ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling catalysed by gyrase. X-ray crystallography studies have confirmed binding at the ATP-binding site located on the gyrB subunit of DNA gyrase. Their affinity for gyrase is considerably higher than that of modern |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micellar%20cubic | A micellar cubic phase is a lyotropic liquid crystal phase formed when the concentration of micelles dispersed in a solvent (usually water) is sufficiently high that they are forced to pack into a structure having a long-ranged positional (translational) order. For example, spherical micelles a cubic packing of a body-centered cubic lattice. Normal topology micellar cubic phases, denoted by the symbol I1, are the first lyotropic liquid crystalline phases that are formed by type I amphiphiles. The amphiphiles' hydrocarbon tails are contained on the inside of the micelle and hence the polar-apolar interface of the aggregates has a positive mean curvature, by definition (it curves away from the polar phase). The first pure surfactant system found to exhibit three different type I (oil-in-water) micellar cubic phases was observed in the dodecaoxyethylene mono-n-dodecyl ether (C12EO12)/water system.
Inverse topology micellar cubic phases (such as the Fd3m phase) are observed for some type II amphiphiles at very high amphiphile concentrations. These aggregates, in which water is the minority phase, have a polar-apolar interface with a negative mean curvature. The structures of the normal topology micellar cubic phases that are formed by some types of amphiphiles (e.g. the oligoethyleneoxide monoalkyl ether series of non-ionic surfactants are the subject of debate. Micellar cubic phases are isotropic phases but are distinguished from micellar solutions by their very high viscosity. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SocialRank | SocialRank (also called Social PageRank) is an algorithm that assigns a numerical weighting to each node in a Social networking service, with the purpose of measuring the node's - or the person's - relative importance or influence within the network.
One approach to define a SocialRank is to calculate a superposition of attention that a node directly receives and SocialRank of its neighborhood. This definition partly follows the idea of Google's PageRank and means that the SocialRank of a person depends on autonomous value and on the SocialRank of other people that link to it.
SocialRank is useful for characterizing communication networks such as Email or Instant Messaging, but it is particularly well-suited to describe users of Web 2.0 services such as Contact Management sites.
External links
Business Intelligence und Web 2.0 - Modellierung von Social Networks
Social networks
Social science indices |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal%20phase | A hexagonal phase of lyotropic liquid crystal is formed by some amphiphilic molecules when they are mixed with water or another polar solvent. In this phase, the amphiphile molecules are aggregated into cylindrical structures of indefinite length and these cylindrical aggregates are disposed on a hexagonal lattice, giving the phase long-range orientational order.
In normal topology hexagonal phases, which are formed by type I amphiphiles, the hydrocarbon chains are contained within the cylindrical aggregates such that the polar-apolar interface has a positive mean curvature. Inverse topology hexagonal phases have water within the cylindrical aggregates and the hydrocarbon chains fill the voids between the hexagonally packed cylinders. Normal topology hexagonal phases are denoted by HI while inverse topology hexagonal phases are denoted by HII. When viewed by polarization microscopy, thin films of both normal and inverse topology hexagonal phases exhibit birefringence, giving rise to characteristic optical textures. Typically, these textures are smoke-like, fan-like or mosaic in appearance. The phases are highly viscous and small air bubbles trapped within the preparation have highly distorted shapes. Size and shapes of lamellar, micellar and hexagonal phases of lipid bilayer phase behavior and mixed lipid polymorphism in aqueous dispersions can be easily identified and characterized by negative staining transmission electron microscopy too.
See also
Lamellar phase
Lipid pol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901%20Brooklyn%20Superbas%20season | The 1901 Brooklyn Superbas lost several players to the newly official major league, the American League, and fell to third place.
Offseason
February 1901: Gene DeMontreville was purchased from the Superbas by the Boston Beaneaters.
Regular season
Season standings
Record vs. opponents
Notable transactions
June 17, 1901: Cozy Dolan was purchased by the Superbas from the Chicago Orphans.
June 19, 1901: Lefty Davis was released by the Superbas.
June 20, 1901: Hughie Jennings was purchased from the Superbas by the Philadelphia Phillies.
Roster
Player stats
Batting
Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases
Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases
Pitching
Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; CG = Complete games; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; BB = Bases on balls; SO = Strikeouts
Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; CG = Complete games; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; BB = Bases on balls; SO = Strikeouts
Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; BB = Bases on balls; SO = Strikeouts
References
External links
Baseba |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFDA | NFDA may refer to:
National Food and Drug Authority, a licensing and regulatory agency in Uganda
National Franchised Dealers Association
N-substituted formamide deformylase, an enzyme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHBT | SHBT may refer to:
Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology
Single heterojunction bipolar transistor
Surrey Historic Buildings Trust |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraction%20principle%20%28large%20deviations%20theory%29 | In mathematics — specifically, in large deviations theory — the contraction principle is a theorem that states how a large deviation principle on one space "pushes forward" (via the pushforward of a probability measure) to a large deviation principle on another space via a continuous function.
Statement
Let X and Y be Hausdorff topological spaces and let (με)ε>0 be a family of probability measures on X that satisfies the large deviation principle with rate function I : X → [0, +∞]. Let T : X → Y be a continuous function, and let νε = T∗(με) be the push-forward measure of με by T, i.e., for each measurable set/event E ⊆ Y, νε(E) = με(T−1(E)). Let
with the convention that the infimum of I over the empty set ∅ is +∞. Then:
J : Y → [0, +∞] is a rate function on Y,
J is a good rate function on Y if I is a good rate function on X, and
(νε)ε>0 satisfies the large deviation principle on Y with rate function J.
References
(See chapter 4.2.1)
Asymptotic analysis
Large deviations theory
Mathematical principles
Probability theorems |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraction%20principle | In mathematics, contraction principle may refer to:
Contraction principle (large deviations theory), a theorem that states how a large deviation principle on one space "pushes forward" to another space
Banach contraction principle, a tool in the theory of metric spaces |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardson%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Richardson's theorem establishes the undecidability of the equality of real numbers defined by expressions involving integers, , and exponential and sine functions. It was proved in 1968 by mathematician and computer scientist Daniel Richardson of the University of Bath.
Specifically, the class of expressions for which the theorem holds is that generated by rational numbers, the number π, the number ln 2, the variable x, the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, composition, and the sin, exp, and abs functions.
For some classes of expressions (generated by other primitives than in Richardson's theorem) there exist algorithms that can determine whether an expression is zero.
Statement of the theorem
Richardson's theorem can be stated as follows:
Let E be a set of expressions that represent functions. Suppose that E includes these expressions:
x (representing the identity function)
ex (representing the exponential functions)
sin x (representing the sin function)
all rational numbers, ln 2, and π (representing constant functions that ignore their input and produce the given number as output)
Suppose E is also closed under a few standard operations. Specifically, suppose that if A and B are in E, then all of the following are also in E:
A + B (representing the pointwise addition of the functions that A and B represent)
A − B (representing pointwise subtraction)
AB (representing pointwise multiplication)
A∘B (representing the compositi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNN | KNN may refer to:
k-nearest neighbors algorithm (k-NN), a method for classifying objects
Nearest neighbor graph (k-NNG), a graph connecting each point to its k nearest neighbors
Kabataan News Network, a Philippine television show made by teens
Khanna railway station, in Khanna, Punjab, India (by Indian Railways code)
Kings Norton railway station, in Birmingham, England (by National Rail code)
Knighton News Network, the recurring TV station which hosts the news recap by Herb Herbertson at the beginning of every episode of Nexo Knights
Konkani language, spoken in the Konkan coast of India (by ISO 639-3 language code)
Korea New Network, broadcast television in South Korea
Kurdish News Network, news television network in Iraqi Kurdistan
Kankan Airport, Guinea (by IATA airport code) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukotriene%20B4%20receptor%201 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Leukotriene B4 receptor 1}}
Leukotriene B4 receptor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LTB4R gene.
See also
Eicosanoid receptor
Etalocib, an antagonist at the leukotriene B4 receptor
References
Further reading
External links
G protein-coupled receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphase%20lag | Anaphase lag is a consequence of an event during cell division where sister chromatids do not properly separate from each other because of improper spindle formation. The chromosome or chromatid does not properly migrate during anaphase and the daughter cells will lose some genetic information. It is one of many causes of aneuploidy. This event can occur during both meiosis and mitosis with unique repercussions. In either case, anaphase lag will cause one daughter cell to receive a complete set of chromosomes while the other lacks one paired set of chromosomes, creating a form of monosomy. Whether the cell survives depends on which sister chromatid was lost and the background genomic state of the cell. The passage of abnormal numbers of chromosomes will have unique consequences with regards to mosaicism and development as well as the progression and heterogeneity of cancers.
Mechanisms
There are two notable mechanisms that cause Anaphase Lag, each of which are characterized by merotelic attachments of kinetochores to the microtubules responsible for chromatid separation. Merotelic attachments occur when a single centromere kinetochore attaches to microtubules originating from both spindle poles of the dividing cell. The merotelic attachments can occur in two ways: centrosome spindle attachments from both poles on the same chromatid kinetochore or the formation of a third centrosome whose microtubule spindles attach to a chromatid kinetochore. Because the chromatid is bein |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20C.%20Tamargo | Maria C. Tamargo is a leading Cuban-American scientist in compound semiconductors and materials science. She is a professor of chemistry at The City College of New York.
Life and education
Maria Tamargo was born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in 1951 to Cuban parents. She lived in Havana, Cuba, from 1952 to 1962, at which time she moved with her family to the United States and has lived there ever since.
Maria Tamargo received her first degree (B.S.) in chemistry from the University of Puerto Rico in 1972. She moved to Johns Hopkins University where she completed an M.S. in chemistry in 1974 followed by a Ph.D. in chemistry in 1978.
She is married to MacRae Maxfield, also a chemist and educator, and has two children, Nicolas and Marcela Maxfield.
Research and career
Maria Tamargo's research covers a wide range of compound semiconductors and she has particular expertise in molecular beam epitaxy.
After completing her Ph.D. at Johns Hopkins University she spent several years as technical staff at AT&T Bell Labs (1978-1984) and Bellcore (1984-1993).
In 1993 she became a professor of chemistry at City College of New York. She is a member of the doctoral faculty in chemistry and physics at the CUNY Graduate Center, and electrical engineering at CCNY. Between 2001 and 2007 she held the post of dean of science at City College of New York. She is currently the center director of the National Science Foundation (NSF) CREST Center for Interface Design and Engineered Assembly of Low D |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyotropic%20liquid%20crystal | Lyotropic liquid crystals result when fat-loving and water-loving chemical compounds known as amphiphiles dissolve into a solution that behaves both like a liquid and a solid crystal. This liquid crystalline mesophase includes everyday mixtures like soap and water.
To break the word down, "lyo" and "tropic" mean, respectively, "dissolve" and "change." Historically, the term was used to describe the common behavior of materials composed of amphiphilic molecules upon the addition of a solvent. Such molecules comprise a water-loving hydrophilic head-group (which may be ionic or non-ionic) attached to a water-hating, hydrophobic group.
The micro-phase segregation of two incompatible components on a nanometer scale results in different type of solvent-induced extended anisotropic arrangement, depending on the volume balances between the hydrophilic part and hydrophobic part. In turn, they generate the long-range order of the phases, with the solvent molecules filling the space around the compounds to provide fluidity to the system.
In contrast to thermotropic liquid crystals, lyotropic liquid crystals have therefore an additional degree of freedom, that is the concentration that enables them to induce a variety of different phases. As the concentration of amphiphilic molecules is increased, several different type of lyotropic liquid crystal structures occur in solution. Each of these different types has a different extent of molecular ordering within the solvent matrix, from s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKRT%20%28FM%29 | WKRT (89.3 FM) is an American non-commercial radio station located in Richmond, Indiana, and operates on the assigned frequency of 89.3 MHz.
History
The station previously had the call sign of WVXR and was owned by Cincinnati Classical Public Radio. Three repeater stations (including WVXR) were sold to Christian Voice of Central Ohio in 2007 because of the small population and lack of a revenue stream from the outlying communities and to pay off the debt incurred by the purchase of seven stations in 2005 from Xavier University for $15 million. As of 2007, the then-WZRP was one of three stations that operated under the name of "The Promise Radio Network". In 2009, the station was sold by Christian Voices of Central Ohio to Educational Media Foundation. On October 7 of that year, the station officially became WKRT, broadcasting EMF's Adult contemporary Christian format, K-LOVE. The station changed its call sign to WJKL on July 11, 2019. The station reverted to the WKRT call letters on May 14, 2020.
References
External links
K-LOVE's website
KRT (FM)
KRT (FM)
K-Love radio stations
Radio stations established in 1989
1989 establishments in Indiana
Educational Media Foundation radio stations
Contemporary Christian radio stations in the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial%20biodegradation | Microbial biodegradation is the use of bioremediation and biotransformation methods to harness the naturally occurring ability of microbial xenobiotic metabolism to degrade, transform or accumulate environmental pollutants, including hydrocarbons (e.g. oil), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heterocyclic compounds (such as pyridine or quinoline), pharmaceutical substances, radionuclides and metals.
Interest in the microbial biodegradation of pollutants has intensified in recent years, and recent major methodological breakthroughs have enabled detailed genomic, metagenomic, proteomic, bioinformatic and other high-throughput analyses of environmentally relevant microorganisms, providing new insights into biodegradative pathways and the ability of organisms to adapt to changing environmental conditions.
Biological processes play a major role in the removal of contaminants and take advantage of the catabolic versatility of microorganisms to degrade or convert such compounds. In environmental microbiology, genome-based global studies are increasing the understanding of metabolic and regulatory networks, as well as providing new information on the evolution of degradation pathways and molecular adaptation strategies to changing environmental conditions.
Aerobic biodegradation of pollutants
The increasing amount of bacterial genomic data provides new opportunities for understanding the genetic and molecular bases of the degradation of organic po |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WZCP | WZCP is an American non-commercial FM radio station located in Chillicothe, Ohio, and operates on the assigned frequency of 89.3 MHz. As of 2007, WZCP identifies itself on the air as "89.3 The River".
The station previously had the call sign of WVXC-FM and was owned by Cincinnati Classical Public Radio. Three repeater stations (including WVXC) were sold to Christian Voice of Central Ohio in 2007 because of the small population and lack of a revenue stream from the outlying communities and to pay off the debt
incurred by the purchase of 7 stations in 2005 from Xavier University for $15 million.
References
External links
Station website
ZCP
Radio stations established in 1987
1987 establishments in Ohio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentadin | Pentadin, a sweet-tasting protein, was discovered and isolated in 1989, in the fruit of Oubli (Pentadiplandra brazzeana ), a climbing shrub growing in some tropical countries of Africa.
The fruit has been consumed by the apes and the natives for a long time. The berries of the plant were incredibly sweet African locals call them "j'oublie" (French for "I forget") because their taste helps nursing infants forget their mothers' milk.
Pentadin, with brazzein discovered in 1994, are the 2 sweet-tasting proteins discovered in this African fruit.
Pentadin molecular weight estimated to be 12kDa. It is reported to be 500 times sweeter than sucrose on a weight basis, with its sweetness having a slow onset and decline similar to monellin and thaumatin. However, pentadin's sweetness profile is closer to monellin than to thaumatin.
There are six sweet-tasting proteins - pentadin, thaumatin, monellin, mabinlin, brazzein, and curculin - that are all from isolated plants in tropical forests. They show no similarities in a structural or homologous sequence aspect.
Uses
The six sweet-tasting proteins can be used as a natural low-calorie sweetener to replace certain sugars. They are also good for the response of insulin in people who are diabetic.
See also
Brazzein
Mabinlin
Monellin
Thaumatin
References
Sugar substitutes
Proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon%20Conservation%20Association | Amazon Conservation Association (ACA) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization working to conserve the biodiversity of the Amazon basin through the development of new scientific understanding, sustainable resource management and rational land-use policy.
Founded in 1999 by tropical ecologists Adrian Forsyth and Enrique Ortiz, the organization works in close partnership with the Peruvian nonprofit organization Asociación para la Conservación de la Cuenca Amazónica (ACCA), headquartered in Cuzco, and ACA-Bolivia, headquartered in La Paz. ACA and its sister organizations work by conducting scientific research and establishing partnerships with governments, local communities and other conservation organizations to expand the amount of land protected in the region.
A principal objective of the organization is to develop field research sites ranging from high elevation cloud forest to the lowland Amazonian forest. It is this altitudinal gradient that harbors the greatest known richness of species on the planet. At the ACA field sites university students and researchers are brought to study and observe this diverse ecosystem.
Programs
Monitoring of the Andean Amazon Project (MAAP)
The Monitoring of the Andean Amazon Project (MAAP) uses remotely sensed images of deforestation events in the Andean Amazon to identify potential causes of forest loss. They combine the use of NASA Earth observations and derived forest loss datasets with high-resolution imagery from Planet and DigitalG |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesk%20algorithm | The Lesk algorithm is a classical algorithm for word sense disambiguation introduced by Michael E. Lesk in 1986. It operates on the premise that words within a given context are likely to share a common meaning. This algorithm compares the dictionary definitions of an ambiguous word with the words in its surrounding context to determine the most appropriate sense. Variations, such as the Simplified Lesk algorithm, have demonstrated improved precision and efficiency. However, the Lesk algorithm has faced criticism for its sensitivity to definition wording and its reliance on brief glosses. Researchers have sought to enhance its accuracy by incorporating additional resources like thesauruses and syntactic models.
Overview
The Lesk algorithm is based on the assumption that words in a given "neighborhood" (section of text) will tend to share a common topic. A simplified version of the Lesk algorithm is to compare the dictionary definition of an ambiguous word with the terms contained in its neighborhood. Versions have been adapted to use WordNet. An implementation might look like this:
for every sense of the word being disambiguated one should count the number of words that are in both the neighborhood of that word and in the dictionary definition of that sense
the sense that is to be chosen is the sense that has the largest number of this count.
A frequently used example illustrating this algorithm is for the context "pine cone". The following dictionary definitions are use |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WZWP | WZWP is an American non-commercial FM radio station located in West Union, Ohio, and operates on the assigned frequency of 89.5 MHz. WZWP is one of seven stations in the King of Kings Radio network.
Programming
WZWP's programming consists of Christian talk and teaching shows such as Thru the Bible with J. Vernon McGee, Love Worth Finding with Adrian Rogers, In Touch with Charles Stanley, Focus on the Family, and Unshackled!. WZWP also airs a variety of Christian music.
History
The station began broadcasting in 1990, and held the call sign WVXM, airing a jazz/public radio format, and was an affiliate of NPR. The station was owned by Xavier University. In 1995, the station's call sign was changed to WVXW. The station was part of Xavier University's X-Star Radio Network.
In 2005, Xavier University sold the seven stations of the X-Star Radio Network, including WVXM, to Cincinnati Classical Public Radio for $15 million. The station would air a NPR-news and information format.
In 2007, three repeater stations (including WVXW) were sold to Christian Voice of Central Ohio in 2007 because of the small population and lack of a revenue stream from the outlying communities. That year, the station's call sign was changed to WZWP. WZWP would adopt a Christian format, airing primarily Christian talk and teaching programming, and was branded "The Promise". By 2010, the station was airing a Christian contemporary format and was branded "The River".
In 2011, Somerset Educational Broadcast |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farman%20F.120 | The Farman F.120 and its derivatives were a family of multi-engine airliners and bombers of the 1920s built by the Farman Aviation Works in France.
Design and development
The Jabiru, which was named after a Latin American stork, was a fixed-undercarriage sesquiplane powered by either two, three or four engines, depending on the variant. It featured an unusually broad chord, low aspect-ratio main wing and a very deep fuselage. The tri-motor variant had the centerline engine mounted high, giving it an unusual appearance.
The F.121 or F.3X was the first version to fly, with four 180 hp Hispano-Suiza 8Ac V8 engines mounted in tandem push-pull pairs mounted on stub wings, however this caused cooling problems for the rear engines and the F.120/F.4X version followed shortly afterwards, powered by three 300 hp Salmson Az.9 radial engines. Development continued and a single F.122, modified from an F.4X, was powered by two 400 hp Lorraine 12Db engines. Two military versions were also built, the F.123 with two 450 hp Hispano-Suiza 12Hb V12s, or F.124 with two 420 hp Gnome et Rhône 9Ad Jupiter radial engines.
Operational history
Despite being most commonly seen in lists of ugliest aircraft, following its first flight in 1923 it won a French airliner competition, the 1923 Grand Prix des Avions de Transports and its 500,000 francs first prize, before seeing service with several European airlines.
The Jabiru was capable of carrying up to 9 passengers, and served on Farman airline's route |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Jazz%20Records | Black Jazz Records was a jazz record company and label founded in Oakland, California by pianist Gene Russell (December 2, 1932 - May 3, 1981) and percussionist Dick Schory. The label was created to promote the talents of young African American jazz musicians and singers, and released twenty albums between 1971 and 1975. The artists who recorded for Black Jazz Records included Cleveland Eaton, former bassist for Count Basie and Ramsey Lewis, and organist/pianist Doug Carn, whose four albums were the most successful of any Black Jazz artist. Carn's wife at the time, Jean Carn, sang on his albums; she changed her name to Jean Carne and had a successful solo career as an R & B singer. Singer Kellee Patterson gained notice as the first black Miss Indiana in 1971, before recording her debut album, Maiden Voyage, with Black Jazz Records in 1973. The label was distributed and financed by Ovation Records, a country and western label based in Chicago, which was also founded by Schory. Black Jazz Records was considered at the time to be the first jazz label started by an African American since brothers John and Reb Spikes started Sunshine Records in 1921.
History
Black Jazz Records was founded in 1969, and released its first four albums on August 1, 1971. The founders were Gene Russell, a jazz pianist, and Dick Schory, a Grammy-nominated percussionist also known for his development of the stereo recording techniques quadraphonic sound, Dynagroove, and RCA Victor's Stereo Action. Schor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codexis | Codexis, Inc. is a protein engineering company that develops enzymes for pharmaceutical, food and medical applications.
History
Codexis is based in Redwood City, CA and was incorporated in 2002. It went public in April 2010 on NASDAQ, and in October, acquired Maxygen's MolecularBreeding technology portfolio.
Pharmaceutical
Codexis won the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2006 for its work on a building block of Lipitor. It then won a second time in 2010 for its work with Merck & Co. on the active ingredient in Januvia.
Nutrition
In 2017, the company entered a partnership with Tate & Lyle to provide research and development for the production of new ingredients. That same year, Codexis announced a collaboration with Nestle to provide enzymes for metabolic disorders.
Biotherapeutics
In 2017, Codexis developed a recombinant phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme, to act as a substitute phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) enzyme for people who suffer from phenylketonuria. The enzyme was in-licensed by Nestle Health Sciences.
In 2020, Takeda Pharmaceutical announced a collaboration with Codexis to research and create gene therapies for rare diseases, including lysosomal storage disorders.
Life science
In June 2020, they announced a partnership with Molecular Assemblies to engineer enzymes for DNA synthesis.
Technology
Codexis uses directed evolution to develop its enzymes. Using this method, scientists g |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural%20algorithm | Cultural algorithms (CA) are a branch of evolutionary computation where there is a knowledge component that is called the belief space in addition to the population component. In this sense, cultural algorithms can be seen as an extension to a conventional genetic algorithm. Cultural algorithms were introduced by Reynolds (see references).
Belief space
The belief space of a cultural algorithm is divided into distinct categories. These categories represent different domains of knowledge that the population has of the search space.
The belief space is updated after each iteration by the best individuals of the population. The best individuals can be selected using a fitness function that assesses the performance of each individual in population much like in genetic algorithms.
List of belief space categories
Normative knowledge A collection of desirable value ranges for the individuals in the population component e.g. acceptable behavior for the agents in population.
Domain specific knowledge Information about the domain of the cultural algorithm problem is applied to.
Situational knowledge Specific examples of important events - e.g. successful/unsuccessful solutions
Temporal knowledge History of the search space - e.g. the temporal patterns of the search process
Spatial knowledge Information about the topography of the search space
Population
The population component of the cultural algorithm is approximately the same as that of the genetic algorithm.
Communicati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiation%20of%20measures | In mathematics, differentiation of measures may refer to:
the problem of differentiation of integrals, also known as the differentiation problem for measures;
the Radon–Nikodym derivative of one measure with respect to another.
the theory of differentiable measures. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stein%E2%80%93Str%C3%B6mberg%20theorem | In mathematics, the Stein–Strömberg theorem or Stein–Strömberg inequality is a result in measure theory concerning the Hardy–Littlewood maximal operator. The result is foundational in the study of the problem of differentiation of integrals. The result is named after the mathematicians Elias M. Stein and Jan-Olov Strömberg.
Statement of the theorem
Let λn denote n-dimensional Lebesgue measure on n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn and let M denote the Hardy–Littlewood maximal operator: for a function f : Rn → R, Mf : Rn → R is defined by
where Br(x) denotes the open ball of radius r with center x. Then, for each p > 1, there is a constant Cp > 0 such that, for all natural numbers n and functions f ∈ Lp(Rn; R),
In general, a maximal operator M is said to be of strong type (p, p) if
for all f ∈ Lp(Rn; R). Thus, the Stein–Strömberg theorem is the statement that the Hardy–Littlewood maximal operator is of strong type (p, p) uniformly with respect to the dimension n.
References
Inequalities
Theorems in measure theory
Operator theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class%20III%20%CE%B2-tubulin | Class III β-tubulin, otherwise known as βIII-tubulin (β3-tubulin) or β-tubulin III, is a microtubule element of the tubulin family found almost exclusively in neurons, and in testis cells. In humans, it is encoded by the TUBB3 gene.
It is possible to use monoclonal antibodies and immunohistochemistry to identify neurons in samples of brain tissue, separating neurons from glial cells, which do not express Class III β-tubulin.
Class III β-tubulin is one of the seven β-tubulin isotypes identified in the human genome, predominantly in neurons and the testis. It is conditionally expressed in a number of other tissues after exposure to a toxic microenvironment featured by hypoxia and poor nutrient supply. Posttranslational changes including phosphorylation and glycosylation are required for functional activity.
Class III β-tubulin's role in neural development has warranted its use as an early biomarker of neural cell differentiation from multi potent progenitors. TUBB3 inactivation impairs neural progenitor proliferation. Rescue experiments demonstrate the non-interchangeability of TUBB3 with other classes of β-tubulins which cannot restore the phenotype resulting from TUBB3 inactivation. Congenital neurologic syndromes associated with TUBB3 missense mutations demonstrate the critical importance of class III β-tubulin for normal neural development.
Gene
The human TUBB3 gene is located on chromosome 16q24.3, and consists of 4 exons that transcribe a protein of 450aa. A shorter |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetorphine | Acetorphine is a potent opioid analgesic, up to 8700 times stronger than morphine by weight. It is a derivative of the more well-known opioid etorphine, which is used as a very potent veterinary painkiller and anesthetic medication, primarily for the sedation of large animals such as elephants, giraffes and rhinos.
Acetorphine was developed in 1966 by the Reckitt research group that developed etorphine. Acetorphine was developed for the same purpose as etorphine itself, namely as a strong tranquilizer for use in immobilizing large animals in veterinary medicine. Despite showing some advantages over etorphine, for instance producing less toxic side effects in giraffes, acetorphine was never widely adopted for veterinary use, and etorphine (along with other tranquilizers such as carfentanil and azaperone) remains the drug of choice in this application.
Legal Status
Australia
Acetorphine is a schedule 9 substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard (February 2017). A schedule 9 drug is outlined in the Poisons Act 1964 as "Substances which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of the CEO."
Under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1981 6.0 g is the amount required determining a court of trial, 2.0 g is considered intent to sell and supply.
Germany
Acetorphine is illegal in Germany (Anlage I).
Unit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency%20engineering | Radio-frequency (RF) engineering is a subset of electronic engineering involving the application of transmission line, waveguide, antenna and electromagnetic field principles to the design and application of devices that produce or use signals within the radio band, the frequency range of about 20 kHz up to 300 GHz.
It is incorporated into almost everything that transmits or receives a radio wave, which includes, but is not limited to, mobile phones, radios, WiFi, and two-way radios.
RF engineering is a highly specialized field that typically includes the following areas of expertise:
Design of antenna systems to provide radiative coverage of a specified geographical area by an electromagnetic field or to provide specified sensitivity to an electromagnetic field impinging on the antenna.
Design of coupling and transmission line structures to transport RF energy without radiation.
Application of circuit elements and transmission line structures in the design of oscillators, amplifiers, mixers, detectors, combiners, filters, impedance transforming networks and other devices.
Verification and measurement of performance of radio frequency devices and systems.
To produce quality results, the RF engineer needs to have an in-depth knowledge of mathematics, physics and general electronics theory as well as specialized training in areas such as wave propagation, impedance transformations, filters and microstrip printed circuit board design.
Radio electronics
Radio electronics is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocodeine | Heterocodeine (6-methoxymorphine) is an opiate derivative, the 6-methyl ether of morphine, and a structural isomer of codeine; it is called "hetero-" because it is the reverse isomer of codeine. Heterocodeine was first synthesised in 1932 and first patented in 1935. It can be made from morphine by selective methylation. Codeine is the natural mono-methyl ether, but must be metabolized for activity (that is, it is a prodrug). In contrast the semi-synthetic mono-methyl ether, heterocodeine is a direct agonist. The 6,7,8,14 tetradehydro 3,6 methyl di-ether of morphine is thebaine.
Heterocodeine is 6 times more potent than morphine due to having a substitution at the 6-hydroxy position, in a similar manner to 6-acetylmorphine. The drug methyldihydromorphine (dihydroheterocodeine) is a derivative of heterocodeine. Like the morphine metabolite morphine-6-glucuronide, 6-position branches (esters or ethers) of morphine bind to the otherwise unagonized human mu receptor subtype mu-3 (or μ3); as well as the 6-acetylmorphine metabolite of heroin this includes heterocodeine.
The relative strength of heterocodeine to codeine has been published as 50, 72, 81, 88, 93, 96, and 108 ×.
It is not mentioned specifically in the Controlled Substances Act 1970 but is a Schedule II controlled substance as an analogue of morphinan or morphine under the morphine structure rules of the Analogues Act; in other countries it is usually controlled as a strong opioid.
Homocodeine is a synonym for phol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrocrystalline | In geology, macrocrystalline rocks have crystals large enough to easily be identified by sight with the naked eye.
Macrocrystalline rocks can be further subdivided into fine-grained, medium-grained, large-grained, and coarse-grained rock, where fine-grained rocks have a grain size of less than 1 mm, medium-grained rocks have a grain size of 1 to 5 mm, large-grained rocks one of 5 to 10 mm, and coarse-grained rocks one larger than 10 mm. Some macrocrystalline rocks may also have a porphyritic texture. Crystals requiring microscopic or X-ray analysis for identification are termed microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline.
Macrocrystalline or phaneritic texture is common in intrusive igneous rocks that cooled slowly enough for crystal growth. Pegmatites are noted for their large crystal size. The texture is also commonly found in late-diagenetic dolomite, recrystallized limestone, and some types of anhydrite.
References
Mineralogy
Petrology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensilica | Tensilica Inc. was a company based in Silicon Valley in the semiconductor intellectual property core business. It is now a part of Cadence Design Systems.
Tensilica is known for its customizable Xtensa microprocessor core. Other products include: HiFi audio/voice DSPs (digital signal processors) with a software library of over 225 codecs from Cadence and over 100 software partners; Vision DSPs that handle complex algorithms in imaging, video, computer vision, and neural networks; and the ConnX family of baseband DSPs ranging from the dual-MAC ConnX D2 to the 64-MAC ConnX BBE64EP.
Tensilica was founded in 1997 by Chris Rowen (one of the founders of MIPS Technologies). It employed Earl Killian, who contributed to the MIPS architecture, as director of architecture. On March 11, 2013, Cadence Design Systems announced its intent to buy Tensilica for approximately $380 million in cash. Cadence completed the acquisition in April 2013, with a cash outlay at closing of approximately $326 million.
Cadence Tensilica products
Cadence Tensilica develops SIP blocks to be included on the chip (IC) designs of products of their licensees, such as system on a chip for embedded systems. Tensilica processors are delivered as synthesizable RTL for easy integration into chip designs.
Xtensa configurable cores
Xtensa processors range from small, low-power cache-less microcontroller to high-performance 16-way SIMD processors, 3-issue VLIW DSP cores, or 1 TMAC/sec neural network processors. All |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20spin%20Hall%20effect | The quantum spin Hall state is a state of matter proposed to exist in special, two-dimensional semiconductors that have a quantized spin-Hall conductance and a vanishing charge-Hall conductance. The quantum spin Hall state of matter is the cousin of the integer quantum Hall state, and that does not require the application of a large magnetic field. The quantum spin Hall state does not break charge conservation symmetry and spin- conservation symmetry (in order to have well defined Hall conductances).
Description
The first proposal for the existence of a quantum spin Hall state was developed by Charles Kane and Gene Mele who adapted an earlier model for graphene by F. Duncan M. Haldane which exhibits an integer quantum Hall effect. The Kane and Mele model is two copies of the Haldane model such that the spin up electron exhibits a chiral integer quantum Hall Effect while the spin down electron exhibits an anti-chiral integer quantum Hall effect. A relativistic version of the quantum spin Hall effect was introduced in the 1990s for the numerical simulation of chiral gauge theories; the simplest example consisting of a parity and time reversal symmetric U(1) gauge theory with bulk fermions of opposite sign mass, a massless Dirac surface mode, and bulk currents that carry chirality but not charge (the spin Hall current analogue). Overall the Kane-Mele model has a charge-Hall conductance of exactly zero but a spin-Hall conductance of exactly (in units of ). Independently, a quan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA%20mobile%20test%20set | A CDMA Mobile Test Set is a call simulating device that is used to test CDMA cell phones. It provides a network-like environment forming a platform to test the cell phone. This reduces cost of manufacturing and testing the cell phone in a real environment. It can be used to test all major 2G, 2.5G, 3G and 3.5G wireless technologies.
In a lab, high-precision measurement correction over the entire frequency and dynamic range as well as compensation for temperature effects in realtime are critical factors for achieving accuracy. A good quality mobile test set helps in achieving excellent accuracy, which is a major concern for mobile manufacturers.
Technologies supported
A mobile test set should ideally support the following technologies:
CDMA2000
WCDMA
Bluetooth
GSM
1xEVDO
Analog
TDMA
Tests that can be performed
RF (Antenna)
Audio
LC Display
DUT Camera and Keypad
Other DUT Interfaces
Companies that manufacture Mobile test set
Rohde & Schwarz
Agilent
Anritsu
Product Types
Agilent 8960
Agilent 8924C (Older model)
R&S CMU200 Universal Radio Communication Tester
Anritsu MT8820C
Anritsu MT8870A
Anritsu MD8475A
References
Agilent Technologies, http://www.home.agilent.com/agilent/product.jspx?nid=-536900143.0.00&lc=eng&cc=US
Rohde & Schwarz International, http://www2.rohde-schwarz.com/en/products/test_and_measurement/product_categories/mobile_radio/
Anritsu Corporation, http://www.anritsu.com/en-US/Products-Solutions/Test-Measurement/Mobile-Wireless-Communications/Handset-On |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20Ecosystem%20Partnership%20Fund | Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) is a joint biodiversity conservation initiative of , Conservation International, European Union, Global Environment Facility, Government of Japan, and World Bank. CEPF also receives funding from several regional donors, including the MAVA Foundation, Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropies, and The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust. The fund's headquarters are hosted at Conservation International in Arlington, Virginia, United States.
CEPF works to protect ecosystems and the species within them by awarding grants to local and international civil society organizations working in biodiversity hotspots around the world. Grant recipients include nonprofit organizations, indigenous peoples groups and small businesses, among others.
Since its inception, CEPF has funded conservation projects in 25 biodiversity hotspots across 105 countries and territories. The fund has committed a total of US$259 million to more than 2,500 civil society organizations.
History
CEPF was developed by Conservation International's founding CEO Peter Seligmann and former president of the World Bank James Wolfensohn. The fund was founded in 2000 and began awarding grants in 2001.
In addition to Conservation International and the World Bank, the Global Environment Facility was a founding partner. Four additional donors later joined: L'Agence Française de Développement, the European Union, the Government of Japan and the MacArthur Foundation. The MacAr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babu%C5%A1ka%E2%80%93Lax%E2%80%93Milgram%20theorem | In mathematics, the Babuška–Lax–Milgram theorem is a generalization of the famous Lax–Milgram theorem, which gives conditions under which a bilinear form can be "inverted" to show the existence and uniqueness of a weak solution to a given boundary value problem. The result is named after the mathematicians Ivo Babuška, Peter Lax and Arthur Milgram.
Background
In the modern, functional-analytic approach to the study of partial differential equations, one does not attempt to solve a given partial differential equation directly, but by using the structure of the vector space of possible solutions, e.g. a Sobolev space W k,p. Abstractly, consider two real normed spaces U and V with their continuous dual spaces U∗ and V∗ respectively. In many applications, U is the space of possible solutions; given some partial differential operator Λ : U → V∗ and a specified element f ∈ V∗, the objective is to find a u ∈ U such that
However, in the weak formulation, this equation is only required to hold when "tested" against all other possible elements of V. This "testing" is accomplished by means of a bilinear function B : U × V → R which encodes the differential operator Λ; a weak solution to the problem is to find a u ∈ U such that
The achievement of Lax and Milgram in their 1954 result was to specify sufficient conditions for this weak formulation to have a unique solution that depends continuously upon the specified datum f ∈ V∗: it suffices that U = V is a Hilbert space, that B is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizodermis | Rhizodermis is the root epidermis (also referred to as epiblem), the outermost primary cell layer of the root.
Specialized rhisodermal cells, trichoblasts, form long tubular structures (from 5 to 17 micrometers in diameter and from 80 micrometers to 1.5 millimeters in length) almost perpendicular to the main cell axis - root hairs that absorb water and nutrients. Root hairs of the rhizodermis are always in close contact with soil particles and because of their high surface to volume ratio form an absorbing surface which is much larger than the transpiring surfaces of the plant.
With some species of the family Fabaceae, the rhizodermis participates in the recognition and the uptake of nitrogen-fixing Rhizobia bacteria - the first stage of nodulation leading to formation of root nodules. Rhizodermis plays an important role in nutrient uptake by the plant roots.
In contrast with the epidermis, rhizodermis contains no stomata, and is not covered by cuticle. Its unique feature is the presence of root hairs. Root hair is the outgrowth of a single rhizodermal cell. They occur in high frequency in the adsorptive zone of the root. Root hair derives from a trichoblast as a result of an unequal division. It contains a large vacuole; its cytoplasm and nucleus are superseded to the apical region of the outgrowth. Although it does not divide, its DNA replicates so the nucleus is polyploid. Root hairs live only for few days, and die off in 1–2 days due to mechanical damages.
References
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo%20Babu%C5%A1ka | Ivo M. Babuška (22 March 1926 – 12 April 2023) was a Czech-American mathematician, noted for his studies of the finite element method and the proof of the Babuška–Lax–Milgram theorem in partial differential equations. One of the celebrated result in the finite elements is the so-called Ladyzenskaja–Babuška–Brezzi (LBB) condition (also referred to in some literature as Banach–Nečas–Babuška (BNB)), which provides sufficient conditions for a stable mixed formulation. The LBB condition has guided mathematicians and engineers to develop state-of-the-art formulations for many technologically important problems like Darcy flow, Stokes flow, incompressible Navier–Stokes, nearly incompressible elasticity.
Babuška is also well known for his work on adaptive methods and the p-- and hp--versions of the finite element method. He also developed the mathematical framework for the partition of unity methods.
Babuška was elected as a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2005 for contributions to the theory and implementation of finite element methods for computer-based engineering analysis and design.
Biography
Ivo Babuška was born on 22 March 1926, in Prague, the son of architect Milan Babuška (who designed the National Technical Museum in Prague) and his wife Marie. He studied civil engineering at the Czech Technical University in Prague, where he received the Dipl. Ing in 1949. In 1951 he received the degree Dr. Tech.; his doctoral dissertation was supervised by Eduard Čech |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark%20Pharmaceuticals | Quark Pharmaceuticals is a pharmaceutical company that develops RNA interference-based treatments for chronic and acute diseases.
History highlights
On August 1, 2021, Quark closed up operations in the United States.
Establishes a Chinese joint venture with Suzhuo and raises RMB45 million for the joint venture. The JV will develop QPI-1007 for China and other markets.
Enters into a license and collaboration agreement with Biocon Ltd. To develop QPI-1007 for India and other key markets.
Reports results for PF-655 (formerly PF-04523655 or RTP801I-14) from a Phase II trial in patients with diabetic macular edema.
Enters into a licensing option agreement with Novartis to obtain exclusive worldwide rights to QPI-1002.
Closes $27 million financing with SBI Holdings, Inc., of Japan.
In August 2007, Medical News Today announced that Quark obtained positive preclinical results of systemic RNAi compound for acute kidney injury. The study showed that rats that were treated with the injection of Quark's siRNA AKIi-5, which inhibits the gene P53, where significantly protected from ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury compared to the ones that were not treated. The result showed a favorable safety profile for the drug with a therapeutic index in rats greater than 250.
Quark Pharmaceutical signed a collaboration agreement with the University of Michigan for the development of proprietary SiRNA for noise-induced hearing loss. The collaboration includes studies on differ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEMON%20%28C%2B%2B%20library%29 | LEMON is an open source graph library written in the C++ language providing implementations of common data structures and algorithms with focus on combinatorial optimization tasks connected mainly with graphs and networks. The library is part of the COIN-OR project.
LEMON is an abbreviation of Library for Efficient Modeling and Optimization in Networks.
Design
LEMON employs genericity in C++ by using templates. The tools of the library are designed to be versatile, convenient and highly efficient. They can be combined easily to solve complex real-life optimization problems. For example, LEMON’s graphs can differ in many ways (depending on the representation and other specialities), but all have to satisfy one or more graph concepts, which are standardized interfaces to work with the rest of the library.
Features
LEMON provides
Graph structures and related tools
Graph search algorithms
Shortest path algorithms
Maximum flow algorithms
Minimum cost flow algorithms
Minimum cut algorithms
Connectivity and other graph properties
Maximum cardinality and minimum cost perfect matching algorithms
Minimum cost spanning tree algorithms
Approximation algorithms
Auxiliary algorithms
LEMON also contains some metaheuristic optimization tools and provides a general high-level interface for several LP and MIP solvers, such as GLPK, ILOG CPLEX, CLP, CBC, SoPlex.
LEMON has its own graph storing format, the so called Lemon Graph Format and includes general EPS drawing methods an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic%20semigroup | In mathematics, an analytic semigroup is particular kind of strongly continuous semigroup. Analytic semigroups are used in the solution of partial differential equations; compared to strongly continuous semigroups, analytic semigroups provide better regularity of solutions to initial value problems, better results concerning perturbations of the infinitesimal generator, and a relationship between the type of the semigroup and the spectrum of the infinitesimal generator.
Definition
Let Γ(t) = exp(At) be a strongly continuous one-parameter semigroup on a Banach space (X, ||·||) with infinitesimal generator A. Γ is said to be an analytic semigroup if
for some 0 < θ < π/ 2, the continuous linear operator exp(At) : X → X can be extended to t ∈ Δθ ,
and the usual semigroup conditions hold for s, t ∈ Δθ : exp(A0) = id, exp(A(t + s)) = exp(At) exp(As), and, for each x ∈ X, exp(At)x is continuous in t;
and, for all t ∈ Δθ \ {0}, exp(At) is analytic in t in the sense of the uniform operator topology.
Characterization
The infinitesimal generators of analytic semigroups have the following characterization:
A closed, densely defined linear operator A on a Banach space X is the generator of an analytic semigroup if and only if there exists an ω ∈ R such that the half-plane Re(λ) > ω is contained in the resolvent set of A and, moreover, there is a constant C such that
for Re(λ) > ω and where is the resolvent of the operator A. Such operators are called sec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCR2 | C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2 or CD192 (cluster of differentiation 192) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCR2 gene. CCR2 is a CC chemokine receptor.
Gene
This CCR2 gene is located in the chemokine receptor gene cluster region. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants are expressed by the gene.
Function
This gene encodes two isoforms of a receptor for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2), a chemokine which specifically mediates monocyte chemotaxis. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is involved in monocyte infiltration in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis as well as in the inflammatory response against tumors. The receptors encoded by this gene mediate agonist-dependent calcium mobilization and inhibition of adenylyl cyclase.
Animal studies
Alzheimer
CCR2 deficient mice have been shown to develop an accelerated Alzheimer's-like pathology in comparison to wild type mice. This is not the first time that immune function and inflammation have been linked to age-related cognitive decline (i.e. dementia).
Obesity
Within the fat (adipose) tissue of CCR2 deficient mice, there is an increased number of eosinophils, greater alternative macrophage activation, and a propensity towards type 2 cytokine expression. Furthermore, this effect was exaggerated when the mice became obese from a high fat diet.
Myocardial Infarct
CCR2 surface expression on blood monocytes changes in a time-of-day–dependent manner (being higher at the beginn |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cram%C3%A9r%27s%20decomposition%20theorem | Cramér’s decomposition theorem for a normal distribution is a result of probability theory. It is well known that, given independent normally distributed random variables ξ1, ξ2, their sum is normally distributed as well. It turns out that the converse is also true. The latter result, initially announced by Paul Lévy, has been proved by Harald Cramér. This became a starting point for a new subfield in probability theory, decomposition theory for random variables as sums of independent variables (also known as arithmetic of probabilistic distributions).
The precise statement of the theorem
Let a random variable ξ be normally distributed and admit a decomposition as a sum ξ=ξ1+ξ2 of two independent random variables. Then the summands ξ1 and ξ2 are normally distributed as well.
A proof of Cramér's decomposition theorem uses the theory of entire functions.
See also
Raikov's theorem: Similar result for Poisson distribution.
References
Probability theorems
Theorems in statistics
Characterization of probability distributions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnet%20%28name%29 | Garnet is a name of Middle English origin, derived from the dark red gemstone, which was in turn named for the pomegranate that the garnet crystals resemble. The surname Garnett comes from an Old English occupational surname referring to a seller of hinges. It is both a surname and a given name.
The name came into occasional use along with other gem names during the late Victorian era. Garnet was among the top 1,000 names for girls in the United States between 1884 and 1944. It was most popular in 1911, when it was the 376th most popular given name for American girls. It was in occasional use for boys in the United States between 1882 and 1925. It was most popular in 1904, when it was 593rd most popular name for American boys. The name has not appeared among the top 1,000 names for boys or girls since 1944 in the United States.
People
Surname
Eldon Garnet (born 1946), Canadian artist
Henry Garnet (1555–1606), English Jesuit
Henry Highland Garnet (1815–1882), African-American abolishionist
John Roslyn Garnet (1906–1998), Australian biochemist and naturalist
Sarah J. Garnet (1883–1911), African-American educator
Thomas Garnet (1575–1608), English Jesuit priest
First name
Garnet Ault (1905–1993), Canadian swimmer
Garnet Bailey (1946–2001), Canadian ice hockey player
Garnet Baltimore (1859–1946), African-American engineer
Garnet Bloomfield (born 1929), Canadian politician
Garnet Bougoure (1923–2008), Australian jockey
Garnet Brown (1930–2010), Canadian businessman |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin%20of%20transfer | An origin of transfer (oriT) is a short sequence ranging from 40-500 base pairs in length that is necessary for the transfer of DNA from a gram-negative bacterial donor to recipient during bacterial conjugation. The transfer of DNA is a critical component for antimicrobial resistance within bacterial cells and the oriT structure and mechanism within plasmid DNA is complementary to its function in bacterial conjugation. The first oriT to be identified and cloned was on the RK2 (IncP) conjugative plasmid, which was done by Guiney and Helinski in 1979.
Structure
oriT regions are central to the process of transferring DNA from the donor to recipient and contain several important regions that facilitate this:
nic site: where the unwound plasmid DNA is cut; usually site-specific.
An inverted repeat sequence: signals the end of replication of donor DNA and is responsible for transfer frequency, plasmid mobilization, and secondary DNA structure formation.
AT-rich region: important for DNA strand opening and is located adjacent to the inverted repeat sequences.
The oriT is a noncoding region of the bacterial DNA. Due to its important role in initiating bacterial conjugation, the oriT is both an enzymatic substrate and recognition site for the relaxase proteins. Relaxosomes have oriT-specific auxiliary factors that help it to identify and bind to the oriT. Upstream of the oriT nic site is a termination sequence.
oriTs are primarily cis-acting, which allows for a more efficient |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robomagellan | SRS RoboMagellan or Robomagellan was created by the Seattle Robotics Society and is a small scale autonomous vehicle race in which robots navigate between predefined start and finish points. The start and finish points are usually represented as GPS coordinates and marked by orange traffic cones. In most versions of the competition there are also optional waypoints that the robot can navigate to in order to earn bonus points. The race is usually conducted on mixed pedestrian terrain which can include obstacles such as park benches, curbs, trees, bushes, hills, people, etc..
External links
http://www.robothon.org/robothon/robo-magellan.php
Intrepid at RoboGames 2008
Everobotics Robomagellan
Robotics competitions
Recurring events established in 2007 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylose%20metabolism | D-Xylose is a five-carbon aldose (pentose, monosaccharide) that can be catabolized or metabolized into useful products by a variety of organisms.
There are at least four different pathways for the catabolism of D-xylose: An oxido-reductase pathway is present in eukaryotic microorganisms. Prokaryotes typically use an isomerase pathway, and two oxidative pathways, called Weimberg and Dahms pathways respectively, are also present in prokaryotic microorganisms.
Pathways
The oxido-reductase pathway
This pathway is also called the “Xylose Reductase-Xylitol Dehydrogenase” or XR-XDH pathway. Xylose reductase (XR) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) are the first two enzymes in this pathway. XR is reducing D-xylose to xylitol using NADH or NADPH. Xylitol is then oxidized to D-xylulose by XDH, using the cofactor NAD. In the last step D-xylulose is phosphorylated by an ATP utilising kinase, XK, to result in D-xylulose-5-phosphate which is an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway.
The isomerase pathway
In this pathway the enzyme xylose isomerase converts D-xylose directly into D-xylulose. D-xylulose is then phosphorylated to D-xylulose-5-phosphate as in the oxido-reductase pathway. At equilibrium, the isomerase reaction results in a mixture of 83% D-xylose and 17% D-xylulose because the conversion of xylose to xylulose is energetically unfavorable.
Weimberg pathway
The Weimberg pathway is an oxidative pathway where the D-xylose is oxidized to D-xylono-lactone by a D-xylose dehyd |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation%20efficiency | Transformation efficiency refers to the ability of a cell to take up and incorporate exogenous DNA, such as plasmids, during a process called transformation. The efficiency of transformation is typically measured as the number of transformants (cells that have taken up the exogenous DNA) per microgram of DNA added to the cells. A higher transformation efficiency means that more cells are able to take up the DNA, and a lower efficiency means that fewer cells are able to do so.
In molecular biology, transformation efficiency is a crucial parameter, it is used to evaluate the ability of different methods to introduce plasmid DNA into cells and to compare the efficiency of different plasmid, vectors and host cells. This efficiency can be affected by a number of factors, including the method used for introducing the DNA, the type of cell and plasmid used, and the conditions under which the transformation is performed. Therefore, measuring and optimizing transformation efficiency is an important step in many molecular biology applications, including genetic engineering, gene therapy and biotechnology.
Measurement
By measuring the transformation efficiency, we can utilize the information from our experiment to evaluate how effectively our transformation went. This is a quantification of how many cells were altered by 1 µg of plasmid DNA. In essence, it is a sign that the transformation experiment was successful. It should be determined under conditions of cell excess.
Transforma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxosome | The relaxosome is the complex of proteins that facilitates plasmid transfer during bacterial conjugation. The proteins are encoded by the tra operon on a fertility plasmid in the region near the origin of transfer, oriT. The most important of these proteins is relaxase, which is responsible for beginning the conjugation process by cutting at the nic site via transesterification. This nicking results in a DNA-Protein complex with the relaxosome bound to a single strand of the plasmid DNA and an exposed 3' hydroxyl group. Relaxase also unwinds the plasmid being conjugated with its helicase properties. The relaxosome interacts with integration host factors within the oriT.
Other genes that code for relaxosome components include TraH, which stabilizes the relaxosome's structural formation, TraI, which encodes for the relaxase protein, TraJ, which recruits the complex to the oriT site, TraK, which increases the 'nicked' state of the target plasmid, and TraY, which imparts single-stranded DNA character on the oriT site. TraM plays a particularly important role in relaxase interaction by stimulating 'relaxed' DNA formation.
References
Molecular biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TraA | The traA gene codes for relaxase, which is an enzyme that initiates plasmid DNA transfer during bacterial conjugation. Relaxase forms a relaxosome complex with auxiliary proteins to initiate conjugation. Relaxosome binds to the origin of transfer (oriT) sequence and cleaves the DNA strand that will be transferred (the T strand).
The TraA gene is usually found on megaplasmids in bacteria, and it is somewhat conserved among different bacterial species. Thirty-one percent and 29 percent of Rhodococcus erthypolis TraA residues are identical to Gordonia westfalica TraA and Arthrobacter aurescens TraA, respectively (Yang et al. 2006).
Among actinomycetales, it is common to find that the traA gene codes for both relaxase and helicase.
References
Chen et al., “The Ins and Outs of DNA Transfer in Bacteria.” Science 310, 1456-1460.
Yang et al., “Characterization of the mobilization determinants of pAN12, a small replicon from Rhodococcus erythropolis AN12.” Plasmid 57, 71-81.
Prokaryote genes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy%20Hughes%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201960%29 | Stephen John "Billy" Hughes (born 29 July 1960) is an English former professional footballer. His clubs included Gillingham, where he made over 100 Football League appearances, Crystal Palace and Wimbledon.
He made his Football League debut for Gillingham aged just 15 years and 259 days, and remained the youngest player to play for the club until 2007 when Luke Freeman made his debut aged 15 years and 233 days.
In 1980, he played one game on loan to the San Jose Earthquakes of the North American Soccer League.
References
1960 births
Sportspeople from Folkestone
Living people
Men's association football midfielders
English men's footballers
Gillingham F.C. players
Maidstone United F.C. (1897) players
Wimbledon F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
San Jose Earthquakes (1974–1988) players
Durban United F.C. players
Hythe Town F.C. players
English Football League players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
English expatriate men's footballers
Footballers from Kent |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%A8ne | Sumène (; ) is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
Geography
Climate
Sumène has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa) closely bordering on a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb). The average annual temperature in Sumène is . The average annual rainfall is with October as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Sumène was on 12 August 2003; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 15 January 1985.
Population
See also
Communes of the Gard department
References
Communes of Gard |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestric-et-Candiac | Vestric-et-Candiac (; ) is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
Geography
Climate
Vestric-et-Candiac has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in Vestric-et-Candiac is . The average annual rainfall is with October as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Vestric-et-Candiac was on 28 June 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 15 January 1985.
Population
See also
Costières de Nîmes AOC
Communes of the Gard department
References
Communes of Gard |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabran | Sabran () is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
Geography
Climate
Sabran has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in Sabran is . The average annual rainfall is with October as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Sabran was on 11 August 2003; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 14 December 2001.
Population
See also
Communes of the Gard department
References
Communes of Gard |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Rouvi%C3%A8re | La Rouvière (; ) is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
Geography
Climate
La Rouvière has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in La Rouvière is . The average annual rainfall is with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in La Rouvière was on 28 June 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 2 March 2005.
Population
See also
Communes of the Gard department
References
Communes of Gard |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montdardier | Montdardier (; ) is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
Geography
Climate
Montdardier has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csb) closely bordering on a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa). The average annual temperature in Montdardier is . The average annual rainfall is with October as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Montdardier was on 28 June 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 27 February 2018.
Population
Sights
The castle in neo-gothic style
La Tude massif
The church
Several quarries above Montdardier were formerly important sources of lithographic limestone. Stone from these quarries, marketed as Vigan stone, earned an honorable mention in the Great Exhibition of 1851.
See also
Communes of the Gard department
Causse de Blandas
References
Communes of Gard |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e%20d%27automates%20et%20de%20bo%C3%AEtes%20%C3%A0%20musique | Musée d'automates et de boîtes à musique is a museum located in Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. It specialises in musical boxes and automatons. The museum is owned by the Centre International de la Mécanique d'Art (CIMA, "International Centre for Art Mechanics").
See also
List of music museums
External links
CIMA
Museums in the canton of Vaud
Music museums in Switzerland
Musical instrument museums
Amusement museums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Sauveur-Camprieu | Saint-Sauveur-Camprieu (; ) is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
Geography
Climate
Saint-Sauveur-Camprieu has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) closely bordering on a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb). The average annual temperature in Saint-Sauveur-Camprieu is . The average annual rainfall is with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Saint-Sauveur-Camprieu was on 28 June 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 1 March 2005.
Population
Sights
Bramabiau Gorge
Arboretum de Saint-Sauveur-des-Pourcils
See also
Communes of the Gard department
References
Communes of Gard |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gis%20Pitbull | Régis Fernandes Silva (born September 22, 1976 in São Paulo), better known as Régis Pitbull or simply Régis, is a former Brazilian footballer who played as a forward.
Club statistics
Personal life
Régis has battled drug addiction. In April 2021, he was admitted to a rehabilitation clinic.
References
External links
1976 births
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Living people
Ceará Sporting Club players
C.S. Marítimo players
Kyoto Sanga FC players
Associação Atlética Ponte Preta players
CR Vasco da Gama players
Daejeon Hana Citizen players
K League 1 players
ABC Futebol Clube players
Sport Club Corinthians Paulista players
Associação Portuguesa de Desportos players
Esporte Clube Bahia players
Expatriate men's footballers in South Korea
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
J1 League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in South Korea
São Raimundo Esporte Clube (AM) footballers
Footballers from São Paulo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano%20Torresi | Luis Mariano Torresi (born 26 January 1981, in Mendoza) is an Argentine footballer who plays as a midfielder. He currently plays for Atlético Uruguay.
External links
Statistics at BDFA
1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Mendoza, Argentina
Argentine men's footballers
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Godoy Cruz Antonio Tomba footballers
San Martín de San Juan footballers
Apollon Limassol FC players
Instituto Atlético Central Córdoba footballers
Club Libertad footballers
Argentine Primera División players
Cypriot First Division players
Men's association football midfielders
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Expatriate men's footballers in Paraguay |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinlin | Mabinlins are sweet-tasting proteins extracted from the seed of mabinlang (Capparis masaikai Levl.), a plant growing in Yunnan province of China. There are four homologues. Mabinlin-2 was first isolated in 1983 and characterised in 1993, and is the most extensively studied of the four. The other variants of mabinlin-1, -3 and -4 were discovered and characterised in 1994.
Protein structures
The 4 mabinlins are very similar in their amino acids sequences (see below).
Chain A
M-1:
M-2:
M-3:
M-4:
Chain B
M-1:
M-2:
M-3:
M-4:
''Amino acid sequence of Mabinlins homologues are adapted from Swiss-Prot biological database of protein.
The molecular weights of Mabinlin-1, Mabinlin-3 and Mabinlin-4 are 12.3 kDa, 12.3 kDa and 11.9 kDa, respectively.
With a molecular weight of 10.4kDa, mabinlin-2 is lighter than mabinlin-1. It is a heterodimer consisting of two different chains A and B produced by post-translational cleavage. The A chain is composed of 33 amino acid residues and the B chain is composed of 72 amino acid residues. The B chain contains two intramolecular disulfide bonds and is connected to the A chain through two intermolecular disulfide bridges.
Mabinlin-2 is the sweet-tasting protein with the highest known thermostability, which is due to the presence of the four disulfide bridges. It has been suggested also that the difference in the heat stability of the different mabinlin homologues is due to the presence of an arginine residue (heat-stable homologue) or a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Martial%2C%20Gard | Saint-Martial (; ) is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
Geography
Climate
Saint-Martial has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in Saint-Martial is . The average annual rainfall is with October as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Saint-Martial was on 28 June 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 12 February 2012.
Population
See also
Communes of the Gard department
References
Communes of Gard |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional%20cloning | Functional cloning is a molecular cloning technique that relies on prior knowledge of the encoded protein’s sequence or function for gene identification. In this assay, a genomic or cDNA library is screened to identify the genetic sequence of a protein of interest. Expression cDNA libraries may be screened with antibodies specific for the protein of interest or may rely on selection via the protein function. Historically, the amino acid sequence of a protein was used to prepare degenerate oligonucleotides which were then probed against the library to identify the gene encoding the protein of interest. Once candidate clones carrying the gene of interest are identified, they are sequenced and their identity is confirmed. This method of cloning allows researchers to screen entire genomes without prior knowledge of the location of the gene or the genetic sequence.
This technique can be used to identify genes that encode similar proteins from one organism to another. Similarly, this technique can be paired with metagenomic libraries to identify novel genes and proteins that perform similar functions, such as the identification of novel antibiotics by screening for beta-lactamase activity or selecting for growth in the presence of penicillin.
Experimental workflow
The workflow of a functional cloning experiment varies depending on the source of genetic material, the extent of prior knowledge of the protein or gene of interest and the ability to screen for the protein function. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna%20of%20Colombia | The fauna of Colombia is characterized by a high biodiversity, with the highest rate of species by area unit worldwide.
Endemic animals
Colombia has the largest number of endemic species (species that are not found naturally anywhere else) worldwide. About 10% of the species in the world live in Colombia. Some determinant factors in the distribution range of the species are the weather conditions, temperature, humidity and sunlight availability.
Endemics can easily become endangered or extinct due to their restricted habitat and vulnerability to the actions of man, including the introduction of new organisms.
Ecoregions with high endemism
According to the Colombian Ministry of Environment, the following ecoregions have the highest percentage of endemic species:
Cocora valley (Quindío)
Serranía de la Macarena (Meta Department)
Gorgona, Colombia (island in the Pacific Ocean)
Amacayacu National Park (Amazonas Department)
Environmental issues
Birds
Over 1800 species of birds have been described in Colombia, (more than the number of existent bird species in North America and Europe combined).
Some of the bird species in Colombia are:
American redstart
Groove-billed ani
Spotted antbird
White-plumed antbird
Antioquia bristle-tyrant
Northern slaty-antshrike
Blackish-grey antshrike
Black-faced antthrush
White-flanked antwren
Galapagos penguin
Checker-throated stipplethroat
Apical flycatcher
Apolinar's wren
Argus bare-eye
Cinnamon attila
Band-tailed barbthroat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual%20norm | In functional analysis, the dual norm is a measure of size for a continuous linear function defined on a normed vector space.
Definition
Let be a normed vector space with norm and let denote its continuous dual space. The dual norm of a continuous linear functional belonging to is the non-negative real number defined by any of the following equivalent formulas:
where and denote the supremum and infimum, respectively.
The constant map is the origin of the vector space and it always has norm
If then the only linear functional on is the constant map and moreover, the sets in the last two rows will both be empty and consequently, their supremums will equal instead of the correct value of
Importantly, a linear function is not, in general, guaranteed to achieve its norm on the closed unit ball meaning that there might not exist any vector of norm such that (if such a vector does exist and if then would necessarily have unit norm ).
R.C. James proved James's theorem in 1964, which states that a Banach space is reflexive if and only if every bounded linear function achieves its norm on the closed unit ball.
It follows, in particular, that every non-reflexive Banach space has some bounded linear functional that does not achieve its norm on the closed unit ball.
However, the Bishop–Phelps theorem guarantees that the set of bounded linear functionals that achieve their norm on the unit sphere of a Banach space is a norm-dense subset of the continuous du |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice%20Research%20and%20Statistics%20Association | Justice Research and Statistics Association (JRSA) is a national nonprofit organization of state Statistical Analysis Centers, researchers, and practitioners throughout government, academia, and justice organizations. Justice Research and Statistics Association's members form a network of justice professionals dedicated to policy-relevant research and practice. The association was created in 1974 to promote cooperation and the exchange of criminal justice information among the states. JRSA is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.
Statistical Analysis Centers contribute to viable, effective policy development in their states through statistical services, research, evaluation, and policy analysis.
Through the United States Bureau of Justice Statistics' State Justice Statistics Program, Statistical Analysis Centers also undertake statistical research and analysis on themes selected by Bureau of Justice Statistics and JRSA that reflect issues of current concern and significance to the justice community.
JRSA collects information annually in a computerized index called the Infobase of State Activities and Research on Statistical Analysis Centers' research, analyses, and activities, as well as reports and publications.
JRSA provides access to state-based information such as the Infobase of State Activities and Research, a searchable clearinghouse of Statistical Analysis Center research, and programs, and the Statistical Analysis Center Digest, an electronic compilation of Statist |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%27s%20Last%20Theorem%20in%20fiction | The problem in number theory known as "Fermat's Last Theorem" has repeatedly received attention in fiction and popular culture. It was proved by Andrew Wiles in 1994.
Prose fiction
The theorem plays a key role in the 1948 mystery novel Murder by Mathematics by Hector Hawton.
Arthur Porges' short story "The Devil and Simon Flagg" features a mathematician who bargains with the Devil that the latter cannot produce a proof of Fermat's Last Theorem within twenty-four hours. The devil is not successful and is last seen beginning a collaboration with the hero. The story was first published in 1954 in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction.
In Douglas Hofstadter's 1979 book Gödel, Escher, Bach, the statement, "I have discovered a truly remarkable proof of this theorem which this margin is too small to contain" is repeatedly rephrased and satirized, including a pun on "fermata".
In Robert Forward's 1984/1985 science fiction novel Rocheworld, Fermat's Last Theorem is unproved far enough into the future for interstellar explorers to describe it to one of the mathematically inclined natives of another star system, who finds a proof.
In the 2003 book The Oxford Murders by Guillermo Martinez, Wiles's announcement in Cambridge of his proof of Fermat's Last Theorem forms a peripheral part of the action.
In Stieg Larsson's 2006 book The Girl Who Played With Fire, the main character Lisbeth Salander is mesmerized by the theorem. Fields medalist Timothy Gowers criticized Larsson's portra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOYL | WOYL was an American radio station, licensed to the community of Oil City, Pennsylvania. WOYL operated at the assigned frequency of 1340 kHz and a full-time output power of a thousand watts.
WOYL signed off December 27, 2009, due to major technical difficulties; though the station acquired a special temporary extension that allowed the station to remain silent until June 2010, it was ultimately decided to return the WOYL license to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
Though licensed to Oil City, some programming, sales and administrative functions did not originate out of Oil City, but rather Meadville, Pennsylvania, the headquarters of Forever Broadcasting's other northwest Pennsylvania broadcast properties.
WOYL was owned and operated by Forever Broadcasting, LLC, which also owned its primary programming vehicle, the Allegheny News Talk Sports Network, which remained in operation.
History
WOYL was the first radio station located in Venango County, debuting on February 14, 1946, on a "local" frequency of 1340 kHz, while the area was still in its oil-drilling and oil-producing heyday. The station's original call letters were WKRZ.
Most stations broadcasting on local frequencies operated as fulltime stations, with single tower non-directional antennas. WKRZ was unusual for having a two-tower daytime directional antenna pattern, as well as a share-time arrangement—it would sign off from 7:00-8:30 PM on Tuesdays and Thursdays and 7:00-8:00 PM on Sundays—to allow op |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositional%20pattern-producing%20network | Compositional pattern-producing networks (CPPNs) are a variation of artificial neural networks (ANNs) that have an architecture whose evolution is guided by genetic algorithms.
While ANNs often contain only sigmoid functions and sometimes Gaussian functions, CPPNs can include both types of functions and many others. The choice of functions for the canonical set can be biased toward specific types of patterns and regularities. For example, periodic functions such as sine produce segmented patterns with repetitions, while symmetric functions such as Gaussian produce symmetric patterns. Linear functions can be employed to produce linear or fractal-like patterns. Thus, the architect of a CPPN-based genetic art system can bias the types of patterns it generates by deciding the set of canonical functions to include.
Furthermore, unlike typical ANNs, CPPNs are applied across the entire space of possible inputs so that they can represent a complete image. Since they are compositions of functions, CPPNs in effect encode images at infinite resolution and can be sampled for a particular display at whatever resolution is optimal.
CPPNs can be evolved through neuroevolution techniques such as neuroevolution of augmenting topologies (called CPPN-NEAT).
CPPNs have been shown to be a very powerful encoding when evolving the following:
Neural networks, via the HyperNEAT algorithm,
2D images, on "PicBreeder.org",
3D objects, on "EndlessForms.com",
Robot morphologies Rigid Robots Soft R |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MN1%20%28gene%29 | MN1 is a gene found on human chromosome 22, with gene map locus 22q12.3-qter. Its official full name is meningioma (disrupted in balanced translocation) 1 because it is disrupted by a balanced translocation (4;22) in a meningioma.
Function
MN1 is a transcription coregulator that enhances or represses gene expression through direct or indirect interaction with the gene regulatory machinery. Reported interactions include the BAF (SWI/SNF) complex. RAC3 and p300. MN1 can act as a coactivator of several transcription factors, including RAR/RXR and the vitamin D receptor. In AML, MN1 binds to genomic sites enriched for binding motifs of ETS factors as well as hematopoietic transcription factors such as RUNX1, GATA2, HOXA cluster genes, and MEIS1. MN1 induces a hematopoietic stem and progenitor gene expression program centered on HOXA cluster genes, particularly HOXA9 and MEIS1 via its interaction with the BAF complex
Clinical significance
The translocation of MN1 was first reported in meningioma. A substantial percentage of primitive neuro-ectodermal tumors (PNET) have MN1 translocations Several different partners were described, although in many cases no fusion partner was identified. MN1 transloations also occur in up to 2% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) Described fusion partners include ETV6, STAT3 and FLI1. About 50% of fusions are out of frame and result in high expression of MN1 via enhancer hijacking.
High MN1 expression in AML and MDS is associated with poor outco |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSK3A | Glycogen synthase kinase-3 alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSK3A gene.
Glycogen synthase kinase 3-alpha is a multifunctional protein serine kinase, homologous to Drosophila 'shaggy' (zeste-white3) and implicated in the control of several regulatory proteins including glycogen synthase and various transcription factors (e.g., JUN). It also plays a role in the WNT and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (especially PIK3CG) signaling pathways.
Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of GSK3A function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Gsk3atm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program — a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty one tests were carried out on mutant mice but no significant abnormalities were observed.
See also
Glycogen synthase kinase 3
References
Protein kinases
EC 2.7.11
Genes mutated in mice |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPM1 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM1 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of non-selective cation channels. It is expressed in the retina, in a subset of bipolar cells termed ON bipolar cells. These cells form synapses with either rods or cones, collecting signals from them. In the dark, the signal arrives in the form of the neurotransmitter glutamate, which is detected by a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signal transduction cascade. Detection of glutamate by the GPCR Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 results in closing of the TRPM1 channel. At the onset of light, glutamate release is halted and mGluR6 is deactivated; this results in opening of the TRPM1 channel, influx of sodium and calcium, and depolarization of the bipolar cell.
In addition to the retina, TRPM1 is also expressed in melanocytes, which are melanin-producing cells in the skin. The expression of TRPM1 is inversely correlated with melanoma aggressiveness, suggesting that it might suppress melanoma metastasis. However, subsequent work showed that a microRNA located in an intron of the TRPM1 gene, rather than the TRPM1 protein itself, is responsible for the tumor suppressor function. The expression of both TRPM1 and the microRNA are regulated by the Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor.
Clinical significance
Mutations in TRPM1 are associated |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPAS2 | Neuronal PAS domain protein 2 (NPAS2) also known as member of PAS protein 4 (MOP4) is a transcription factor protein that in humans is encoded by the NPAS2 gene. NPAS2 is paralogous to CLOCK, and both are key proteins involved in the maintenance of circadian rhythms in mammals. In the brain, NPAS2 functions as a generator and maintainer of mammalian circadian rhythms. More specifically, NPAS2 is an activator of transcription and translation of core clock and clock-controlled genes through its role in a negative feedback loop in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the brain region responsible for the control of circadian rhythms.
Discovery
The mammalian and mouse Npas2 gene was first sequenced and characterized in 1997 Dr. Steven McKnight's lab and published by Yu-Dong Zhou et al. The gene’s cDNAs encoding mouse and human forms of NPAS2 were isolated and sequenced. RNA blotting assays were used to demonstrate the selective presence of the gene in brain and spinal cord tissues of mice. In situ hybridization indicated that the pattern of Npas2 mRNA distribution in mouse brain is broad and complex, and is largely non-overlapping with that of Npas1.
Using Immunohistochemistry of human testis, Ramasamy et al. (2015) found the presence of NPAS2 protein in both germ cells within the tubules of the testes and in the interstitial space of Leydig cells.
Structure
In humans
The Npas2 gene resides on chromosome 2 at the band q13. The gene is 176,679 bases long and contains 25 exons. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAR-related%20orphan%20receptor%20beta | RAR-related orphan receptor beta (ROR-beta), also known as NR1F2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group F, member 2) is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the RORB gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the NR1 subfamily of nuclear hormone receptors. It is a DNA-binding protein that can bind as a monomer or as a homodimer to hormone response elements upstream of several genes to enhance the expression of those genes. The specific functions of this protein are not known, but it has been shown to interact with NM23-2, a nucleoside-diphosphate kinase involved in organogenesis and differentiation.
In the brain, ROR-beta is concentrated in layer 4 of the cerebral cortex, where it plays a role in the development of structures such as barrel columns.
A mutation in this gene also results in the loss of spinal cord interneurons and of saltatorial locomotion, a type of hopping gait that in mammals can be found in rabbits, hares, kangaroos, and some species of rodents.
Interactions
RAR-related orphan receptor beta has been shown to interact with NME1.
See also
RAR-related orphan receptor
References
Further reading
External links
Intracellular receptors
Transcription factors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPC1 | Transient receptor potential canonical 1 (TRPC1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPC1 gene.
Function
TRPC1 is an ion channel located on the plasma membrane of numerous human and animal cell types.
It is a nonspecific cation channel, which means that both sodium and calcium ions can pass through it. TRPC1 is thought to mediate calcium entry in response to depletion of endoplasmic calcium stores or activation of receptors coupled to the phospholipase C system. In HEK293 cells the unitary current-voltage relationship of endogenous TRPC1 channels is almost linear, with a slope conductance of about 17 pS. The extrapolated reversal potential of TRPC1 channels is +30 mV.
The TRPC1 protein is widely expressed throughout the mammalian brain and has a similar corticolimbic expression pattern as TRPC4 and TRPC5.
The highest density of TRPC1 protein is found in the lateral septum, an area with dense TRPC4 expression, and hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, areas with dense TRPC5 expression.
History
TRPC1 was the first mammalian Transient Receptor Potential channel to be identified. In 1995 it was cloned when the research groups headed by Craig Montell and Lutz Birnbaumer were searching for proteins similar to the TRP channel in Drosophila. Together with TRPC3 they became the founding members of the TRPC ion channel family.
Interactions
TRPC1 has been shown to interact with:
HOMER3,
Polycystic kidney disease 2,
RHOA
TRPC3,
TRPC4, and
TRPC5.
See also
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPC2 | Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 2, also known as TRPC2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPC2 pseudogene. This protein is not expressed in humans but is in certain other species such as mouse.
Interactions
TRPC2 has been shown to interact with TRPC6.
See also
TRPC
References
Further reading
External links
Ion channels
Genes mutated in mice
Pseudogenes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPC3 | Short transient receptor potential channel 3 (TrpC3) also known as transient receptor protein 3 (TRP-3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPC3 gene. The TRPC3/6/7 subfamily are implicated in the regulation of vascular tone, cell growth, proliferation and pathological hypertrophy. These are diacylglycerol-sensitive cation channels known to regulate intracellular calcium via activation of the phospholipase C (PLC) pathway and/or by sensing Ca2+ store depletion. Together, their role in calcium homeostasis has made them potential therapeutic targets for a variety of central and peripheral pathologies.
Function
Non-specific cation conductance elicited by the activation of TrkB by BDNF is TRPC3-dependent in the CNS. TRPC channels are almost always co-localized with mGluR1-expressing cells and likely play a role in mGluR-mediated EPSPs.
The TRPC3 channel has been shown to be preferentially expressed in non-excitable cell types, such as oligodendrocytes. However, evidence suggests that active TRPC3 channels in basal ganglia (BG) output neurons are responsible for maintaining a tonic inward depolarizing current that regulates resting membrane potential and promotes regular neuronal firing. Conversely, inhibiting TRPC3 promotes cellular hyperpolarization, which can lead to slower and more irregular neuronal firing. While it's unclear if TRPC3 channels have equal expression, other members of the TRPC family have been localized to the axon hillock, cell body, and dendri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPC4 | The short transient receptor potential channel 4 (TrpC4), also known as Trp-related protein 4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPC4 gene.
Function
TrpC4 is a member of the transient receptor potential cation channels. This protein forms a non-selective calcium-permeable cation channel that is activated by Gαi-coupled receptors, Gαq-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinases, and plays a role in multiple processes including endothelial permeability, vasodilation, neurotransmitter release and cell proliferation.
Tissue distribution
The nonselective cation channel TrpC4 has been shown to be present in high abundance in the cortico-limbic regions of the brain. In addition, TRPC4 mRNA is present in midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area and the substantia nigra.
Roles
Deletion of the trpc4 gene decreases levels of sociability in a social exploration task. These results suggest that TRPC4 may play a role in regulating social anxiety in a number of different disorders. However deletion of the trpc4 gene had no impact on basic or complex strategic learning. Given that the trpc4 gene is expressed in a select population of midbrain dopamine neurons, it has been proposed that it may have an important role in dopamine related processes including addiction and attention.
Clinical significance
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in this gene may be associated with generalized epilepsy with photosensitivity.
Interactions
TRPC4 has been shown to int |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPC5 | Short transient receptor potential channel 5 (TrpC5) also known as transient receptor protein 5 (TRP-5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPC5 gene. TrpC5 is subtype of the TRPC family of mammalian transient receptor potential ion channels.
Function
TrpC5 is one of the seven mammalian TRPC (transient receptor potential canonical) proteins. TrpC5 is a multi-pass membrane protein and is thought to form a receptor-activated non-selective calcium permeant cation channel. The protein is active alone or as a heteromultimeric assembly with TRPC1, TRPC3, and TRPC4. It also interacts with multiple proteins including calmodulin, CABP1, enkurin, Na+–H+ exchange regulatory factor (NHERF), interferon-induced GTP-binding protein (MX1), ring finger protein 24 (RNF24), and SEC14 domain and spectrin repeat-containing protein 1 (SESTD1).
TRPC4 and TRPC5 have been implicated in the mechanism of mercury toxicity and neurological behavior. It was established in 2021 that TRPC5 is a component of the dental cold sensing system.
Activation
Homomultimeric TRPC5 and heteromultimeric TRPC5-TRPC1 channels are activated by extracellular reduced thioredoxin. This channel has also been found to be involved in the action of anaesthetics such as chloroform, halothane and propofol.
Interactions
TRPC5 has been shown to interact with STMN3, TRPC1, and TRPC4.
See also
TRPC
References
Further reading
External links
Ion channels |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPM2 | Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 2, also known as TRPM2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM2 gene.
Structure
The protein encoded by this gene is a non-selective calcium-permeable cation channel and is part of the Transient Receptor Potential ion channel super family. The closest relative is the cold and menthol activated TRPM8 ion channel. While TRPM2 is not cold sensitive it is activated by heat. The TRPM2 ion channel is activated by free intracellular ADP-ribose in synergy with free intracellular calcium. ADP-Ribose is produced to by the enzyme PARP in response to oxidative stress and confers susceptibility to cell death. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but their full-length nature is not known.
Function
The TRPM2 gene is highly expressed in the brain and was implicated by both genetic linkage studies in families and then by case control or trio allelic association studies in the genetic aetiology of bipolar affective disorder (Manic Depression).
The physiological role of TRPM2 is not well understood. It was shown to be involved in insulin secretion. In the immune cells it mediates parts of the responses to TNF-alpha. A role has been suggested for TRPM2 in activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, the dysregulation of which is strongly associated with a number of auto inflammatory and metabolic diseases, such as gout, obesity and diabetes. In the brain it is involved in the toxic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricho-rhino-phalangeal%20syndrome%20Type%201 | Zinc finger transcription factor Trps1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPS1 gene.
This gene encodes a GATA-like transcription factor that represses GATA-regulated genes and binds to a dynein light chain protein. Binding of the encoded protein to the dynein light chain protein affects binding to GATA consensus sequences and suppresses its transcriptional activity. Defects in this gene are a cause of tricho–rhino–phalangeal syndrome (TRPS) types I–III (also known as the Langer–Giedion syndrome).
References
Further reading
External links
Transcription factors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PER3 | The PER3 gene encodes the period circadian protein homolog 3 protein in humans. PER3 is a paralog to the PER1 and PER2 genes. It is a circadian gene associated with delayed sleep phase syndrome in humans.
History
The Per3 gene was independently cloned by two research groups (Kobe University School of Medicine and Harvard Medical School) who both published their discovery in June 1998. The mammalian Per3 was discovered by searching for homologous cDNA sequences to Per2. The amino acid sequence of the mouse PERIOD3 protein (mPER3) is between 37-56% similar to the other two PER proteins.
Function
This gene is a member of the Period family of genes. It is expressed in a circadian pattern in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the primary circadian pacemaker in the mammalian brain. Genes in this family encode components of the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, metabolism, and behavior. Circadian expression in the SCN continues in constant darkness, and a shift in the light/dark cycle evokes a proportional shift of gene expression in the SCN. PER1 and PER2 are necessary for molecular timekeeping and light responsiveness in the master circadian clock in the SCN, but little data is shown on the concrete function for PER3. PER3 was found to be important for endogenous timekeeping in specific tissues and those tissue-specific changes in endogenous periods result in internal misalignment of circadian clocks in Per3 double knockout (-/-) mice. PER3 may have a stabilizing effec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PER2 | PER2 is a protein in mammals encoded by the PER2 gene. PER2 is noted for its major role in circadian rhythms.
Discovery
The per gene was first discovered using forward genetics in Drosophilla melanogaster in 1971. Mammalian Per2 was discovered by in 1997 through a search for homologous cDNA sequences to PER1. It is more similar to Drosophila per than its paralogs. Later experiments in also identified Per2 in humans.
Function
PER2 is a member of the Period family of genes and is expressed in a circadian pattern in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the primary circadian pacemaker in the mammalian brain. Genes in this family encode components of the circadian clock, which regulates the daily rhythms of locomotor activity, metabolism, and behavior. Circadian expression of these genes and their encoded proteins in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Human PER2 is involved in human sleep disorder and cancer formation. Lowered PER2 expression is common in many tumors cells within the body, suggesting PER2 is integral for proper function and decreased levels promotes tumor progression.
PER2 contains glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) and a GRE within the core clock gene PER2 is continuously occupied during rhythmic expression and essential for glucocorticoid regulation of PER2 in vivo. Mice with a genomic deletion spanning this GRE expressed elevated leptin levels and were protected from glucose intolerance and insulin resistance on glucocorticoid treatment but not from muscle wastin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPA1 | Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1, also known as transient receptor potential ankyrin 1, TRPA1, or The Wasabi Receptor, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPA1 (and in mice and rats by the Trpa1) gene.
TRPA1 is an ion channel located on the plasma membrane of many human and animal cells. This ion channel is best known as a sensor for pain, cold and itch in humans and other mammals, as well as a sensor for environmental irritants giving rise to other protective responses (tears, airway resistance, and cough).
Function
TRPA1 is a member of the transient receptor potential channel family. TRPA1 contains 14 N-terminal ankyrin repeats and is believed to function as a mechanical and chemical stress sensor. One of the specific functions of this protein studies involves a role in the detection, integration and initiation of pain signals in the peripheral nervous system. It can be activated at sites of tissue injury or sites of inflammation directly by endogenous mediators or indirectly as a downstream target via signaling from a number of distinct G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as bradykinin.
Recent studies indicate that TRPA1 is activated by a number of reactive (allyl isothiocyanate, cinnamaldehyde, farnesyl thiosalicylic acid, formalin, hydrogen peroxide, 4-hydroxynonenal, acrolein, and tear gases) and non-reactive compounds (nicotine, PF-4840154) and is thus considered as a "chemosensor" in the body. TRPA1 is co-expr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rev-ErbA%20alpha | Rev-Erb alpha (Rev-Erbɑ), also known as nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 1 (NR1D1), is one of two Rev-Erb proteins in the nuclear receptor (NR) family of intracellular transcription factors. In humans, REV-ERBɑ is encoded by the NR1D1 gene, which is highly conserved across animal species.
Rev-Erbɑ plays an important role in regulation of the core circadian clock through repression of the positive clock element Bmal1. It also regulates several physiological processes under circadian control, including metabolic and immune pathways. Rev-Erbɑ mRNA demonstrates circadian oscillation in its expression, and it is highly expressed in mammals in the brain and metabolic tissues such as skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver.
Discovery
Rev-Erbɑ was discovered in 1989 by Nobuyuki Miyajima and colleagues, who identified two erbA homologs on human chromosome 17 that were transcribed from opposite DNA strands in the same locus. One of the genes encoded a protein that was highly similar to chicken thyroid hormone receptor, and the other, which they termed ear-1, would later be described as Rev-Erbɑ. The protein was first referenced by the name Rev-Erbɑ in 1990 by Mitchell A. Lazar, Karen E. Jones, and William W. Chin, who isolated Rev-Erbɑ complementary DNA from a human fetal skeletal muscle library. Similar to the gene in rats, they found that human Rev-Erbɑ was transcribed from the strand opposite human thyroid hormone receptor alpha (THRA, c-erbAα).
Rev-Erbɑ was firs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBXL3 | FBXL3 is a gene in humans and mice that encodes the F-box/LRR-repeat protein 3 (FBXL3).
FBXL3 is a member of the F-box protein family, which constitutes one of the four subunits in the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex.
The FBXL3 protein participates in the negative feedback loop responsible for generating molecular circadian rhythms in mammals by binding to the CRY1 and CRY2 proteins to facilitate their polyubiquitination by the SCF complex and their subsequent degradation by the proteasome.
Discovery
The Fbxl3 gene function was independently identified in 2007 by three groups, led by Michele Pagano, Joseph S. Takahashi, Dr. Patrick Nolan and Michael Hastings, respectively. Takahashi used forward genetics N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis to screen for mice with varied circadian activity which led to the discovery of the Overtime (Ovtm) mutant of the Fbxl3 gene. Nolan discovered the Fbxl3 mutation After hours (Afh) by a forward screen assessing wheel activity behavior of mutagenized mice. The phenotypes identified in mice were mechanistically explained by Pagano who discovered that the FBXL3 protein is necessary for the reactivation of the CLOCK and BMAL1 protein heterodimer by inducing the degradation of CRY proteins.
Overtime
Mice with the homozygous mutation of Ovtm, free run with an intrinsic period of 26 hours. Overtime is a loss of function mutation caused by a substitution of isoleucine to threonine in the region of FBXL3 that binds to CRY. In mice with this mutat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPM5 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 5 (TRPM5), also known as long transient receptor potential channel 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM5 gene.
Function
TRPM5 is a calcium-activated non-selective cation channel that induces depolarization upon increases in intracellular calcium, it is a signal mediator in chemosensory cells. Channel activity is initiated by a rise in the intracellular calcium, and the channel permeates monovalent cations as K+ and Na+.
TRPM5 is a key component of taste transduction in the gustatory system of bitter, sweet and umami tastes being activated by high levels of intracellular calcium. It has also been targeted as a possible contributor to fat taste signaling. The calcium dependent opening of TRPM5 produces a depolarizing generator potential which leads to an action potential.
TRPM5 is expressed in pancreatic β-cells where it is involved in the signaling mechanism for insulin secretion. The potentiation of TRPM5 in the β-cells leads to increased insulin secretion and protects against the development of type 2 diabetes in mice. Further expression of TRPM5 can be found in tuft cells, solitary chemosensory cells and several other cell types in the body that have a sensory role.
Drugs modulating TRPM5
The role of TRPM5 in the pancreatic β-cell makes it a target for the development of novel antidiabetic therapies.
Agonists
Steviol glycosides, the sweet compounds in the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPV2 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPV2 gene. TRPV2 is a nonspecific cation channel that is a part of the TRP channel family. This channel allows the cell to communicate with its extracellular environment through the transfer of ions, and responds to noxious temperatures greater than 52 °C. It has a structure similar to that of potassium channels, and has similar functions throughout multiple species; recent research has also shown multiple interactions in the human body.
TRP subfamily
The vanilloid TRP subfamily (TRPV) named after the vanilloid receptor 1 consist of six members, four of them (TRPV1-TRPV4) have been related to thermal sensation. TRPV2 shares 50% of its homology with TRPV1. Compared to TRPV1 channels, TRPV2 channels do not open in response to vanilloids like capsaicin or thermal stimuli around 43 °C. This may be due to the composition of the ankyrin repeat domains in TRPV2, which are different than those in TRPV1. However, TRPV2 channels can open by noxious temperatures greater than 52 °C. TRPV2 initially was characterized as a noxious heat sensor channel, but more evidence suggest its importance in various osmosensory and mechanosensory mechanisms. The channel can open in response to a variety of stimuli including hormones, growth factors, mechanical stretching, heat, osmotic swelling, lysophospholipids, and cannabinoids. These channels are expressed in medium to large diameter n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPM4 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 4 (hTRPM4), also known as melastatin-4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM4 gene.
TRPM4 Channel Blocker
9-Phenanthrol
TRPM4-IN-5
See also
TRPM
References
Further reading
External links
Ion channels |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARNTL2 | Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like 2, also known as Arntl2, Mop9, Bmal2, or Clif, is a gene.
Arntl2 is a paralog to Arntl, which are both homologs of the Drosophila Cycle. Homologs were also isolated in fish, birds and mammals such as mice and humans. Based on phylogenetic analyses, it was proposed that Arntl2 arose from duplication of the Arntl gene early in the vertebrate lineage, followed by rapid divergence of the Arntl gene copy. The protein product of the gene interacts with both CLOCK and NPAS2 to bind to E-box sequences in regulated promoters and activate their transcription. Although Arntl2 is not required for normal function of the mammalian circadian oscillator, it may play an important role in mediating the output of the circadian clock. Perhaps because of this, there is relatively little published literature on the role of Arntl2 in regulation of physiology.
Arntl2 is a candidate gene for human type 1 diabetes.
In overexpression studies, ARNTL2 protein forms a heterodimer with CLOCK to regulate E-box sequences in the Pai-1 promoter. Recent work suggest that this interaction may be in concert with ARNTL/CLOCK heterodimeric complexes.
History
The ARNTL2 gene was originally discovered in 2000 by John B. Hogenesch et al. under the name MOP9 as a part of the PAS domain superfamily of eukaryotic transcription factors and as a homolog to ARNTL/MOP3. Hogenesch’s initial characterization of MOP9 indicated the role of the MOP9 protein as a partner |
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