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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodanese | Rhodanese is a mitochondrial enzyme that detoxifies cyanide (CN−) by converting it to thiocyanate (SCN−, also known as "rhodanate"). In enzymatology, the common name is listed as thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (). It catalyzes the following reaction:
thiosulfate + cyanide sulfite + thiocyanate
Structure and mechanism
This reaction takes place in two steps. The diagram on the right shows the crystallographically-determined structure of rhodanese. In the first step, thiosulfate is reduced by the thiol group on cysteine-247 1, to form a persulfide and a sulfite 2. In the second step, the persulfide reacts with cyanide to produce thiocyanate, re-generating the cysteine thiol 1.
Rhodanese shares evolutionary relationship with a large family of proteins, including
Cdc25 phosphatase catalytic domain.
non-catalytic domains of eukaryotic dual-specificity MAPK-phosphatases
non-catalytic domains of yeast PTP-type MAPK-phosphatases
non-catalytic domains of yeast Ubp4, Ubp5, Ubp7
non-catalytic domains of mammalian Ubp-Y
Drosophila heat shock protein HSP-67BB
several bacterial cold-shock and phage shock proteins
plant senescence associated proteins
catalytic and non-catalytic domains of rhodanese
Rhodanese has an internal duplication. This domain is found as a single copy in other proteins, including phosphatases and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases.
Clinical relevance
This reaction is important for the treatment of exposure to cyanide, since the thiocyanate formed is aroun |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrong%20Road%20Again | "Wrong Road Again" is a song written by Allen Reynolds, and recorded by American country music artist Crystal Gayle. It was released in September 1974 as the first single from the album Crystal Gayle.
In the mid-1970s, country music was making its move into pop music by artists such as Lynn Anderson and Eddie Rabbitt. The song "Wrong Road Again" is a set example of this. Even though the song never crossed over into the pop charts, the instruments used in the sessions were not instruments normally used in country music. Crystal Gayle at the time was working to set a name for herself in the music business. "Wrong Road Again" became the song to help jumpstart her career as a country singer. The song became Gayle's first Top Ten single and showed what was to come from her in the next couple of years.
Cover versions
English singer Marianne Faithfull recorded a cover of the song on her country-flavoured album Dreamin' My Dreams in 1976 on Mike Leander's NEMS label. (The album was later retitled "Faithless" and re-released in 1977, with a few track substitutions.) Besides "Wrong Road Again," the album featured the Allen Reynolds-penned title track, which had also previously been recorded by Gayle and by Waylon Jennings.
Chart performance
References
External links
1974 singles
Crystal Gayle songs
Songs written by Allen Reynolds
Song recordings produced by Allen Reynolds
United Artists Records singles
1974 songs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody%20Loves%20You%20%28Crystal%20Gayle%20song%29 | "Somebody Loves You" is a song written by Allen Reynolds, and recorded by American country music artist Crystal Gayle. It was released in December 1975 as the first single and title track from the album Somebody Loves You.
"Somebody Loves You" was one of two hits produced by Crystal Gayle in 1976. "Somebody Loves You" was followed by the single, "I'll Get Over You". Gayle's voice was still growing when this song was produced, but is still a pieces of work that should be remembered by Gayle. This single reached number 8 on the country music chart that year. In 1976, Gayle released an album by the same name that featured "Somebody Loves You" in it.
Content
The song talks about a woman that loves someone who lives far away and she explains how she can't get in contact with him. For example, Gayle sings in one part of the song how she "couldn't reach him by the U.S. Mail". Then she says "guess who loves, somebody loves you, I do".
Cover versions
The only cover version of note came from Marianne Faithfull, who recorded this for her album Dreamin' My Dreams, in 1977.
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
External links
1975 singles
1975 songs
Crystal Gayle songs
Songs written by Allen Reynolds
Song recordings produced by Allen Reynolds
United Artists Records singles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal%20node%20%28computer%20science%29 | In computer science, a goal node is a node in a graph that meets defined criteria for success or termination.
Heuristical artificial intelligence algorithms, like A* and B*, attempt to reach such nodes in optimal time by defining the distance to the goal node. When the goal node is reached, A* defines the distance to the goal node as 0 and all other nodes' distances as positive values.
References
N.J. Nilsson Principles of Artificial Intelligence (1982 Birkhäuser) p. 63
See also
Tree traversal
Graph algorithms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentaffin | Argentaffin refers to cells which take up silver stain.
Enteroendocrine cells are sometimes also called "argentaffins", because they take up this stain. An argentaffin cell is any enteroendocrine cell, a hormone-secreting cell present throughout the digestive tract.
It is a property of melanin, and special stain can be applied to identify those granules. Fontana-Masson stain uses the fact that those cells can reduce the silver salts to metallic silver (brownish-black) color without the aid of reducing agent, which is the definition of Argentaffin cells.
Argentaffin cells
, one of the round or partly flattened cells occurring in the lining tissue of the digestive tract and containing granules thought to be of secretory function. These epithelial cells, though common throughout the digestive tract, are most concentrated in the small intestine and appendix. The cells located randomly within the mucous membrane lining of the intestine and in tubelike depressions in that lining known as the Lieberkühn glands. Their granules contain a chemical called serotonin, which stimulates smooth muscle contractions. Functionally, it is believed that serotonin diffuses out of the argentaffin cells into the walls of the digestive tract, where neurons leading to the muscles are stimulated to produce the wavelike contractions of peristalsis. Peristaltic movements encourage the passage of food substances through the intestinal tract.
The mucosa of bronchi contains numerous neuroendocrine cell |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Dennis%20%28footballer%29 | Mark Earl Dennis (born 2 May 1961) is an English former professional footballer who played at left-back for Birmingham City, Southampton, Queens Park Rangers and Crystal Palace. He was capped three times for England under-21s.
Dennis was born in Streatham, London. As a player, he was a First Division runner-up with Southampton in 1983–84, and won promotion from the Second Division in 1979–80 with Birmingham City. He was their Player of the Year the previous season. His "no nonsense attitude and tough tackling" earned him the nickname Psycho, long before this was given to Stuart Pearce; Dennis was sent off 12 times in his career.
He became manager of Fleet Town in September 2002 alongside Adrian Aymes, but left the club at the end of the 2002–03 season.
He spent time as assistant manager at Eastleigh, was a presenter on 107.8 Radio Hampshire, and acted as director of football at Winchester City.
References
External links
1961 births
Living people
Footballers from Streatham
England men's under-21 international footballers
English men's footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
Birmingham City F.C. players
Southampton F.C. players
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
English Football League players
English football managers
Fleet Town F.C. managers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwartz%20kernel%20theorem | In mathematics, the Schwartz kernel theorem is a foundational result in the theory of generalized functions, published by Laurent Schwartz in 1952. It states, in broad terms, that the generalized functions introduced by Schwartz (Schwartz distributions) have a two-variable theory that includes all reasonable bilinear forms on the space of test functions. The space itself consists of smooth functions of compact support.
Statement of the theorem
Let and be open sets in .
Every distribution defines a
continuous linear map such that
for every .
Conversely, for every such continuous linear map
there exists one and only one distribution such that () holds.
The distribution is the kernel of the map .
Note
Given a distribution one can always write the linear map K informally as
so that
.
Integral kernels
The traditional kernel functions of two variables of the theory of integral operators having been expanded in scope to include their generalized function analogues, which are allowed to be more singular in a serious way, a large class of operators from to its dual space of distributions can be constructed. The point of the theorem is to assert that the extended class of operators can be characterised abstractly, as containing all operators subject to a minimum continuity condition. A bilinear form on arises by pairing the image distribution with a test function.
A simple example is that the natural embedding of the test function space into - sending every te |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division%20No.%204%2C%20Subdivision%20D%2C%20Newfoundland%20and%20Labrador | Division No. 4, Subd. D is an unorganized subdivision on the island of Newfoundland in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It is in Division No. 4.
According to the 2016 Statistics Canada Census:
Population: 860
% Change (2011 to 2016): +3.6
Dwellings: 646
Area: 1,149.70 km2
Density: 0.7 people/km2
Division No. 4, Subd. D includes the unincorporated communities of
Fox Island River
Point au Mal
References
Newfoundland and Labrador subdivisions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon%20Coolpix%20S3 | The Coolpix S3 is a digital camera branded by Nikon. Its image sensor is a CCD with 6 million effective pixels (6.4 million total) with a 2.5-inch thin-film transistor liquid crystal display.
See also
Nikon Coolpix series
Nikon Coolpix S1
Nikon Coolpix S10
References
Nikon Coolpix S3: Digital Photography Review
Steve's Digicams - Nikon Coolpix S3
External links
http://imaging.nikon.com/lineup/coolpix/style/s3/
S0003
Point-and-shoot cameras
Digital cameras with CCD image sensor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Baker | Robert Gene Baker (November 12, 1928 – November 12, 2017) was an American political adviser to Lyndon B. Johnson, and an organizer for the Democratic Party. He became the Senate's Secretary to the Majority Leader. In 1963, he resigned during an investigation by the Democratic-controlled Senate into his business and political activities. The investigation included allegations of bribery and arranging sexual favors in exchange for Congressional votes and government contracts. The Senate investigation looked into the financial activities of Baker and Lyndon Johnson during the 1950s. The investigation of Lyndon Johnson as part of the Baker investigation was later dropped after President Kennedy's assassination and Johnson's ascension to the presidency.
Life
Baker was born in Pickens, South Carolina, the son of the town postmaster, and lived in a house on Hampton Avenue. He attended Pickens Elementary and Pickens High School, until he was 14 years old, when he received an appointment as a U.S. Senate page, with the help of Harold E. Holder.
In 1942, Baker became a page for Senator Burnet Maybank, and quickly became friends with several important Democrats. When Lyndon Johnson was elected to the Senate in 1948, John Connally took Baker in to introduce him to Senator-elect Johnson. "Johnson jumped up and said, 'Mr. Baker, they tell me you're the smartest son of a bitch over there.' I said, 'Well, whoever told you that lied.' I said, 'I know all of the staff on our side. I know wh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin%20Williams%20%28admiral%29 | Vice Admiral Melvin Gene Williams Jr. (born November 3, 1955) is an American retired officer in the United States Navy. He is the former Commander, U.S. Second Fleet and former Director, Combined Joint Operations from the Sea Center of Excellence.
After military service, Williams served for two years as a Presidential Appointee at the US Department of Energy. He was the Associate Deputy Secretary of Energy; 2011-2013- responsible for day-to-day Management and Operations of the Department of Energy (reporting to the Secretary and the Deputy Secretary of Energy).
Since 2013, he has served in academia, and has been designated as a Joint Service Officer (JSO).
He and his father are the only pair of African Americans wherein the father reached a top enlisted rank and the son a top officer rank.
Biography
Early life and education
Vice Admiral Williams was born in San Diego, California and raised in Washington, DC. His father, Master Chief Melvin G. Williams, Sr., also served in the United States Navy (1951-1978). Chief Williams served aboard submarines, aircraft carriers, and other surface ships. Chief Williams would go on to meet then-Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Elmo Zumwalt and highlight continued discriminatory practices in the Steward's Branch of the Navy, practices Zumwalt would later end.
Williams attended the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, graduating in 1978 with a degree in Mathematics. In 1984, he earned a Master's degree in Engineering at The Cat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile%20elements | Volatile elements may refer to:
Volatility (chemistry), a property of elements in physical chemistry
Volatiles, a classification of elements in cosmochemistry and planetary science |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptoline | Tryptoline, also known as tetrahydro-β-carboline and tetrahydronorharmane, is a natural organic derivative of beta-carboline. It is an alkaloid chemically related to tryptamines. Derivatives of tryptoline have a variety of pharmacological properties and are known collectively as tryptolines.
Pharmacology
Many tryptolines are competitive selective inhibitors of the enzyme monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A). 5-Hydroxytryptoline and 5-methoxytryptoline (pinoline) are the most active monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) with IC50s of 0.5 μM and 1.5 μM respectively, using 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) as substrate.
Tryptolines are also potent reuptake inhibitors of serotonin and epinephrine, with a significantly greater selectivity for serotonin. Comparison of the inhibition kinetics of tetrahydro-β-carbolines for serotonin and epinephrine reuptake to that of the platelet aggregation response to these amines has shown that 5-hydroxymethtryptoline, methtryptoline, and tryptoline are poor inhibitors of reuptake. In all respects 5-hydroxytryptoline and 5-methoxytryptoline showed greater pharmacological activity than the tryptoline and methtryptoline.
Although the in vivo formation of tryptolines has been a matter of controversy, they have profound pharmacological activity.
See also
Norharmane
harmane
beta-Carboline
Harmala alkaloid
References
Tryptamine alkaloids
Beta-Carbolines
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy%20nut | Soy nuts are soybeans soaked in water, drained, and then baked or roasted. They can be used in place of nuts and are high in protein and dietary fiber. Soy nuts along with various soy products are common in vegan and plant-based diets all over the world as soy is a complete protein and is inexpensive to purchase.
References
Soy-based foods |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20spike-in | An RNA spike-in is an RNA transcript of known sequence and quantity used to calibrate measurements in RNA hybridization assays, such as DNA microarray experiments, RT-qPCR, and RNA-Seq.
A spike-in is designed to bind to a DNA molecule with a matching sequence, known as a control probe. This process of specific binding is called hybridization. A known quantity of RNA spike-in is mixed with the experiment sample during preparation. The degree of hybridization between the spike-ins and the control probes is used to normalize the hybridization measurements of the sample RNA.
History
Nucleic acid hybridization assays have been used for decades to detect specific sequences of DNA or RNA, with a DNA microarray precursor used as early as 1965. In such assays, positive control oligonucleotides are necessary to provide a standard for comparison of target sequence concentration, and to check and correct for nonspecific binding; that is, incidental binding of the RNA to non-complementary DNA sequences. These controls became known as "spike-ins". With the advent of DNA microarray chips in the 1990s and the commercialization of high-throughput methods for sequencing and RNA detection assays, manufacturers of hybridization assay "kits" started to provide pre-developed spike-ins. In the case of gene expression assay microarrays or RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), RNA spike-ins are used.
Manufacturing
RNA spike-ins can be synthesized by any means of creating RNA synthetically, or by using cell |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MASH-1 | For a cryptographic hash function (a mathematical algorithm), a MASH-1 (Modular Arithmetic Secure Hash) is a hash function based on modular arithmetic.
History
Despite many proposals, few hash functions based on modular arithmetic have withstood attack, and most that have tend to be relatively inefficient. MASH-1 evolved from a long line of related proposals successively broken and repaired.
Standard
Committee Draft ISO/IEC 10118-4 (Nov 95)
Description
MASH-1 involves use of an RSA-like modulus , whose bitlength affects the security. is a product of two prime numbers and should be difficult to factor, and for of unknown factorization, the security is based in part on the difficulty of extracting modular roots.
Let be the length of a message block in bit. is chosen to have a binary representation a few bits longer than , typically .
The message is padded by appending the message length and is separated into blocks of length . From each of these blocks , an enlarged block of length is created by placing four bits from in the lower half of each byte and four bits of value 1 in the higher half. These blocks are processed iteratively by a compression function:
Where and . denotes the bitwise OR and the bitwise XOR.
From are now calculated more data blocks by linear operations (where denotes concatenation):
These data blocks are now enlarged to like above, and with these the compression process continues with eight more steps:
Finally the hash value is , |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor%20complex%20subunit%20DGCR8 | The microprocessor complex subunit DGCR8 (DiGeorge syndrome critical region 8) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the gene. In other animals, particularly the common model organisms Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans, the protein is known as Pasha (partner of Drosha). It is a required component of the RNA interference pathway.
Function
The subunit DGCR8 is localized to the cell nucleus and is required for microRNA (miRNA) processing. It binds to the other subunit Drosha, an RNase III enzyme, to form the microprocessor complex that cleaves a primary transcript known as pri-miRNA to a characteristic stem-loop structure known as a pre-miRNA, which is then further processed to miRNA fragments by the enzyme Dicer. DGCR8 contains an RNA-binding domain and is thought to bind pri-miRNA to stabilize it for processing by Drosha.
DGCR8 is also required for some types of DNA repair. Removal of UV-induced DNA photoproducts, during transcription coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER), depends on JNK phosphorylation of DGCR8 on serine 153. While DGCR8 is known to function in microRNA biogenesis, this activity is not required for DGCR8-dependent removal of UV-induced photoproducts. Nucleotide excision repair is also needed for repair of oxidative DNA damage due to hydrogen peroxide (), and DGCR8 depleted cells are sensitive to .
References
Further reading
MicroRNA
RNA interference
DNA repair |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMPL | DMPL, or Digital Microprocessor Plotter Language, is a vector graphics file format from Houston Instruments developed to control pen plotters and later used on cutting plotters.
Driver
This language is not compatible with HP-GL, see its EAGLE definition:
[HIDMP]
Type = PenPlotter
Long = "Houston Instrument DMP plotter"
Init = ";:H A EC1 \n"
Reset = "P0 @\n"
Width = 16
Height = 11
ResX = 1000
ResY = 1000
PenSelect = "P%u\n"
PenSpeed = "V%1.0f\n"
Move = "U %d,%d\n"
Draw = "D %d,%d\n"
PenCircleCxCyRxRy = "CA %d,%d 360\n"
See also
Roland DXY-800, a commonly used plotter for EDA software utilizing yet another plotter language called DXY-GL.
External links
Sample DMPL files
DMPL Commands
Page description languages
Graphics file formats |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar- | The root ar- is used in organic chemistry to form classification names for classes of organic compounds which contain a carbon skeleton and one or multiple aromatic rings. It was extracted from the word aromatic. See e.g. aryl.
Chemical nomenclature |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereira%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201960%29 | Luiz Carlos Pereira (born 6 March 1960 in São Paulo), nicknamed "The Spanish Goose", is a retired Brazilian football player.
Club statistics
Honours
Individual Honors
J. League Most Valuable Player: 1994
J. League Best Eleven: 1993, 1994
Japanese Footballer of the Year: 1994
Team Honors
J1 League: 1993, 1994
References
External links
CBF BID
1960 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
J1 League players
Japan Football League (1992–1998) players
Guarani FC players
Tokyo Verdy players
Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo players
Footballers from São Paulo
Men's association football defenders |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disgregation | In the history of thermodynamics, disgregation is an early formulation of the concept of entropy. It was defined in 1862 by Rudolf Clausius as the magnitude of the degree in which the molecules of a body are separated from each other. Disgregation was the stepping stone for Clausius to create the mathematical expression for the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Clausius modeled the concept on certain passages in French physicist Sadi Carnot's 1824 paper On the Motive Power of Fire which characterized the transformations of working substances (particles of a thermodynamic system) of an engine cycle, namely "mode of aggregation". The concept was later extended by Clausius in 1865 in the formulation of entropy, and in Ludwig Boltzmann's 1870s developments including the diversities of the motions of the microscopic constituents of matter, described in terms of order and disorder. In 1949, Edward Armand Guggenheim developed the concept of energy dispersal. The terms disgregation and dispersal are near in meaning.
Historical context
In 1824, French physicist Sadi Carnot assumed that heat, like a substance, cannot be diminished in quantity and that it cannot increase. Specifically, he states that in a complete engine cycle ‘that when a body has experienced any changes, and when after a certain number of transformations it returns to precisely its original state, that is, to that state considered in respect to density, to temperature, to mode of aggregation, let us suppose, I say that |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk%20mathematics | Folk mathematics may refer to:
The mathematical folklore that circulates among mathematicians
The informal mathematics used in everyday life
See also
Folk theorem (disambiguation)
Numerals in Koro Language -language of Indigenous People by N. C. Ghosh. Science and culture, 82(5-6) 189-193, 2016
Folk Mathematics : Concepts & Definition - An Out Line by N.C.Ghosh, Rabindra Bharati Patrika Vol. XII, No. 2, 2009
Folklore Study. LOKDARPAN - Journal of the Dept. of Folklore by N.C.Ghosh, Kalyani University. Vol. 3, No. 2, 2007 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Morley%20%28football%20club%20president%29 | Peter Lawrence Morley (1929 – 14 September 2013) was the President of Crystal Palace Football Club, an English football team.
Morley was born in 1929.
During the 1980s and 1990s he served on the board of the British Racing and Sports Car Club. Morley also was a Trustee of the Motorsport Safety Fund and chairman of the National Retail Training Council. He was appointed CBE in the 1994 New Year Honours for services to training and the retail industry.
After Chairman Mark Goldberg fell into financial ruin in 1999, and the club into administration, Morley was appointed temporary chairman. He stayed in this role until the summer of 2000, when Simon Jordan took control of the club.
On 15 September 2013 Crystal Palace announced that Morley had died. He left behind his wife Paula and daughters Fran and Alex.
References
1929 births
2013 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Crystal Palace F.C. directors and chairmen
English football chairmen and investors
20th-century English businesspeople
People educated at Oundle School |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20metabolism | Protein metabolism denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the synthesis of proteins and amino acids (anabolism), and the breakdown of proteins by catabolism.
The steps of protein synthesis include transcription, translation, and post translational modifications. During transcription, RNA polymerase transcribes a coding region of the DNA in a cell producing a sequence of RNA, specifically messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA sequence contains codons: 3 nucleotide long segments that code for a specific amino acid. Ribosomes translate the codons to their respective amino acids. In humans, non-essential amino acids are synthesized from intermediates in major metabolic pathways such as the Citric Acid Cycle. Essential amino acids must be consumed and are made in other organisms. The amino acids are joined by peptide bonds making a polypeptide chain. This polypeptide chain then goes through post translational modifications and is sometimes joined with other polypeptide chains to form a fully functional protein.
Dietary proteins are first broken down to individual amino acids by various enzymes and hydrochloric acid present in the gastrointestinal tract. These amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream to be transported to the liver and onward to the rest of the body. Absorbed amino acids are typically used to create functional proteins, but may also be used to create energy. They can also be converted into glucose. This glucose can then be converted to triglyceri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspidosperma%20polyneuron | Aspidosperma polyneuron is a timber tree native to Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Argentina, and Paraguay. It is common in Atlantic Forest vegetation. In addition, it is useful for beekeeping.
References
External links
Aspidosperma polyneuron
Aspidosperma polyneuron
Aspidosperma polyneuron
polyneuron
Endangered plants
Plants described in 1860
Trees of Argentina
Trees of Brazil
Trees of Colombia
Trees of Peru
Trees of Paraguay
Trees of Venezuela
Trees of Bolivia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable%20singularity | In the theory of ordinary differential equations, a movable singularity is a point where the solution of the equation behaves badly and which is "movable" in the sense that its location depends on the initial conditions of the differential equation.
Suppose we have an ordinary differential equation in the complex domain. Any given solution y(x) of this equation may well have singularities at various points (i.e. points at which it is not a regular holomorphic function, such as branch points, essential singularities or poles). A singular point is said to be movable if its location depends on the particular solution we have chosen, rather than being fixed by the equation itself.
For example the equation
has solution for any constant c. This solution has a branchpoint at , and so the equation has a movable branchpoint (since it depends on the choice of the solution, i.e. the choice of the constant c).
It is a basic feature of linear ordinary differential equations that singularities of solutions occur only at singularities of the equation, and so linear equations do not have movable singularities.
When attempting to look for 'good' nonlinear differential equations it is this property of linear equations that one would like to see: asking for no movable singularities is often too stringent, instead one often asks for the so-called Painlevé property: 'any movable singularity should be a pole', first used by Sofia Kovalevskaya.
See also
Painlevé transcendents
Regular singul |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosmid | Fosmids are similar to cosmids but are based on the bacterial F-plasmid. The cloning vector is limited, as a host (usually E. coli) can only contain one fosmid molecule. Fosmids can hold DNA inserts of up to 40 kb in size; often the source of the insert is random genomic DNA. A fosmid library is prepared by extracting the genomic DNA from the target organism and cloning it into the fosmid vector. The ligation mix is then packaged into phage particles and the DNA is transfected into the bacterial host. Bacterial clones propagate the fosmid library.
The low copy number offers higher stability than vectors with relatively higher copy numbers, including cosmids. Fosmids may be useful for constructing stable libraries from complex genomes. Fosmids have high structural stability and have been found to maintain human DNA effectively even after 100 generations of bacterial growth. Fosmid clones were used to help assess the accuracy of the Public Human Genome Sequence.
Discovery
The fertility plasmid or F-plasmid was discovered by Esther Lederberg and encodes information for the biosynthesis of sex pilus to aid in bacterial conjugation. Conjugation involves using the sex pilus to form a bridge between two bacteria cells; this bridge allows the F+ cell to transfer a single-stranded copy of the plasmid so that both cells contain a copy of the plasmid. On the way into the recipient cell, the corresponding DNA strand is synthesized by the recipient. The donor cell maintains a functional |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspidosperma%20pyricollum | Aspidosperma polyneuron is a timber tree native to Brazil. It is common in Atlantic Forest vegetation. In addition, it is useful for beekeeping.
References
External links
Aspidosperma pyricollum
pyricollum
Trees of Brazil
Endangered plants
Plants described in 1860
Taxa named by Johannes Müller Argoviensis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosorba%20column | The Prosorba Column is a plasma filtering device used to treat severe cases of rheumatoid arthritis or psoriatic arthritis. Its active element is Protein A bonded to a diatomaceous earth/clay bead . The effect of the Protein A is to remove circulating immune complexes responsible for the autoimmune joint deterioration process.
The device was originally manufactured by Imre Corp and approved by the FDA in 1987. The Prosorba Column went out of production at the end of 2006.
References
External links
http://arthritis.about.com/od/prosorba/a/prosorbafda.htm
Medical equipment |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20cities%20by%20crime%20rate%20%28100%2C000%E2%80%93250%2C000%29 | The following table is based on Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Reports statistics.
The population numbers are based on U.S. Census estimates for the year end. The number of murders includes nonnegligent manslaughter. This list is based on the reporting agency. In most cases the city and the reporting agency are identical. However, in some cases such as Charlotte, Honolulu and Las Vegas, the reporting agency as more than one city.
Murder is the only statistic that all agencies are required to report. Consequently, some agencies do not report all the crimes. If components are missing the total is adjusted to "0."
Note about population
Data are voluntarily submitted by each jurisdiction and some jurisdictions do not appear in the table because they either did not submit data or they did not meet deadlines.
According to the FBI website has this disclaimer on population estimates:
For the 2008 population estimates used in this table, the FBI computed individual rates of growth from one year to the next for every city/town and county using 2000 decennial population counts and 2001 through 2007 population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau. Each agency’s rates of growth were averaged; that average was then applied and added to its 2007 Census population estimate to derive the agency’s 2008 population estimate.
2012 Calendar Year Ratios of Crime Per 100,000 Population
Rates are based on cases per 100,000 for all of calendar 2011.
Criticism of ranking cri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding%20Darwin%27s%20God | Finding Darwin's God: A Scientist's Search for Common Ground Between God and Evolution is a 2000 book by the American cell biologist and Roman Catholic Kenneth R. Miller wherein he argues that evolution does not contradict religious faith. Miller argues that evolution occurred, that Earth is not young, that science must work based on methodological naturalism, and that evolution cannot be construed as an effective argument for atheism.
References
Reviews
Review of Finding Darwin's God by Henry E. Neufeld (theistic evolutionist)
Review of Kenneth Miller's "Finding Darwin's God" by Michael Ruse for Metanexus Institute (agnostic)
Yin and Yang of Kenneth Miller: How Professor Miller finds Darwin's God by Amiel Rossow (skeptic)
Finding Miller's King by Jed Macosko (ID creationist)
Finding An Evolutionist's God by Henry M. Morris (young earth creationist)
Review of Kenneth Miller's Finding Darwin's God by Edward B. Davis (Christian historian of science), based on a version published by Reports of the National Center for Science Education 22.1-2 (Jan-Apr 2002): 47–8.
External links
Official website
1999 non-fiction books
1999 in science
1999 in Christianity
Science books
Books by Kenneth R. Miller |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20cities%20by%20crime%20rate%20%2860%2C000%E2%80%93100%2C000%29 | The following table is based on Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Reports statistics.
The population numbers are based on U.S. Census estimates for the year end. The number of murders includes nonnegligent manslaughter. This list is based on the reporting agency. In most cases the city and the reporting agency are identical. However, in some cases such as Charlotte, Honolulu and Las Vegas, the reporting agency as more than one city.
Murder is the only statistic that all agencies are required to report. Consequently, some agencies do not report all the crimes. If components are missing the total is adjusted to "0."
Note about population
Data are voluntarily submitted by each jurisdiction and some jurisdictions do not appear in the table because they either did not submit data or they did not meet deadlines.
According to the FBI website has this disclaimer on population estimates:
For the 2008 population estimates used in this table, the FBI computed individual rates of growth from one year to the next for every city/town and county using 2000 decennial population counts and 2001 through 2007 population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau. Each agency’s rates of growth were averaged; that average was then applied and added to its 2007 Census population estimate to derive the agency’s 2008 population estimate.
2014 Calendar Year Ratios of Crime Per 100,000 Population
Criticism of ranking crime data
The FBI web site recommends against using its data fo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS5 | SS5 may refer to:
SS-5 Skean, a Soviet theatre ballistic missile
Signaling System No. 5, a multi-frequency telephone signalling system
SPARCstation 5, a workstation produced by Sun Microsystems
, a submarine of the United States Navy
Form SS-5 of the Social Security Administration of the federal government of the United States, "Application for a Social Security Number Card" |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog%20models%20of%20gravity | Analog models of gravity are attempts to model various phenomena of general relativity (e.g., black holes or cosmological geometries) using other physical systems such as acoustics in a moving fluid, superfluid helium, or Bose–Einstein condensate; gravity waves in water; and propagation of electromagnetic waves in a dielectric medium. These analogs (or analogies) serve to provide new ways of looking at problems, permit ideas from other realms of science to be applied, and may create opportunities for practical experiments within the analog that can be applied back to the source phenomena.
History
Analog models of gravity have been used in hundreds of published articles in the last decade. The use of these analogs can be traced back to the very start of scientific theories for gravity, with Newton and Einstein.
Bose-Einstein condensates
It has been shown that Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) are a good platform to study analog gravity. Kerr (rotating) black holes have been implemented in a BEC of exciton-polaritons (a quantum fluid of light).
See also
Acoustic metric
Transformation optics
Optical metric#Analogue gravity
Optical black hole
Sonic black hole
References
General relativity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20cities%20by%20crime%20rate%20%2840%2C000%E2%80%9360%2C000%29 | The following table is based on Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Reports statistics.
The population numbers are based on U.S. Census estimates for the year end. The number of murders includes nonnegligent manslaughter. This list is based on the reporting agency. In most cases the city and the reporting agency are identical. However, in some cases such as Charlotte, Honolulu and Las Vegas, the reporting agency as more than one city.
Murder is the only statistic that all agencies are required to report. Consequently, some agencies particularly in Illinois do not report all the crimes. If components are missing the total is adjusted to "0."
Note about population
Data is voluntarily submitted by each jurisdiction and some jurisdictions do not appear in the table because they either did not submit data or it did not meet deadlines.
According to the FBI website has this disclaimer on population estimates:
For the 2007 population estimates used in this table, the FBI computed individual rates of growth from one year to the next for every city/town and county using 2000 decennial population counts and 2001 through 2006 population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau. Each agency's rates of growth were averaged; that average was then applied and added to its 2006 Census population estimate to derive the agency's 2007 population estimate
2010 Calendar Year Ratios of Crime Per 100,000 Population
Criticism of ranking crime data
The FBI web site recommends agai |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20protein%20structure%20prediction%20software | This list of protein structure prediction software summarizes notable used software tools in protein structure prediction, including homology modeling, protein threading, ab initio methods, secondary structure prediction, and transmembrane helix and signal peptide prediction.
Software list
Below is a list which separates programs according to the method used for structure prediction.
Homology modeling
Threading/fold recognition
Ab initio structure prediction
Secondary structure prediction
Detailed list of programs can be found at List of protein secondary structure prediction programs
See also
List of protein secondary structure prediction programs
Comparison of nucleic acid simulation software
List of software for molecular mechanics modeling
Molecular design software
Protein design
External links
bio.tools, finding more tools
References
Lists of software
Protein methods
Protein structure
Structural bioinformatics software
Proteomics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean%20quadruple | A Pythagorean quadruple is a tuple of integers , , , and , such that . They are solutions of a Diophantine equation and often only positive integer values are considered. However, to provide a more complete geometric interpretation, the integer values can be allowed to be negative and zero (thus allowing Pythagorean triples to be included) with the only condition being that . In this setting, a Pythagorean quadruple defines a cuboid with integer side lengths , , and , whose space diagonal has integer length ; with this interpretation, Pythagorean quadruples are thus also called Pythagorean boxes. In this article we will assume, unless otherwise stated, that the values of a Pythagorean quadruple are all positive integers.
Parametrization of primitive quadruples
A Pythagorean quadruple is called primitive if the greatest common divisor of its entries is 1. Every Pythagorean quadruple is an integer multiple of a primitive quadruple. The set of primitive Pythagorean quadruples for which is odd can be generated by the formulas
where , , , are non-negative integers with greatest common divisor 1 such that is odd. Thus, all primitive Pythagorean quadruples are characterized by the identity
Alternate parametrization
All Pythagorean quadruples (including non-primitives, and with repetition, though , , and do not appear in all possible orders) can be generated from two positive integers and as follows:
If and have different parity, let be any factor of such that . Th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scleronomous | A mechanical system is scleronomous if the equations of constraints do not contain the time as an explicit variable and the equation of constraints can be described by generalized coordinates. Such constraints are called scleronomic constraints. The opposite of scleronomous is rheonomous.
Application
In 3-D space, a particle with mass , velocity has kinetic energy
Velocity is the derivative of position with respect to time . Use chain rule for several variables:
where are generalized coordinates.
Therefore,
Rearranging the terms carefully,
where , , are respectively homogeneous functions of degree 0, 1, and 2 in generalized velocities. If this system is scleronomous, then the position does not depend explicitly with time:
Therefore, only term does not vanish:
Kinetic energy is a homogeneous function of degree 2 in generalized velocities .
Example: pendulum
As shown at right, a simple pendulum is a system composed of a weight and a string. The string is attached at the top end to a pivot and at the bottom end to a weight. Being inextensible, the string’s length is a constant. Therefore, this system is scleronomous; it obeys scleronomic constraint
where is the position of the weight and is length of the string.
Take a more complicated example. Refer to the next figure at right, Assume the top end of the string is attached to a pivot point undergoing a simple harmonic motion
where is amplitude, is angular frequency, and is time.
Although the top |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheonomous | A mechanical system is rheonomous if its equations of constraints contain the time as an explicit variable. Such constraints are called rheonomic constraints. The opposite of rheonomous is scleronomous.
Example: simple 2D pendulum
As shown at right, a simple pendulum is a system composed of a weight and a string. The string is attached at the top end to a pivot and at the bottom end to a weight. Being inextensible, the string has a constant length. Therefore, this system is scleronomous; it obeys the scleronomic constraint
,
where is the position of the weight and the length of the string.
The situation changes if the pivot point is moving, e.g. undergoing a simple harmonic motion
,
where is the amplitude, the angular frequency, and time.
Although the top end of the string is not fixed, the length of this inextensible string is still a constant. The distance between the top end and the weight must stay the same. Therefore, this system is rheonomous; it obeys the rheonomic constraint
.
See also
Lagrangian mechanics
Holonomic constraints
References
Mechanics
Classical mechanics
Lagrangian mechanics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof%20coating | A roof coating is a monolithic, fully adhered, fluid applied roofing membrane. Many roof coatings are elastomeric, that is, they have elastic properties that allow them to stretch and return to their original shape without damage.
Typical roof coating dry film thickness vary from paint film thickness (plus or minus 0.075 mm (3 dry mils) to more than 1 mm (40 dry mils). This means a roof coating actually becomes the top layer of a composite roof membrane and underlying system. As such, the roof coating is the topmost layer of protection for the membrane, receiving the impact of sunlight (both infrared and ultraviolet (UV)), rain, hail and physical damage.
Roof Coatings should not be confused with deck coatings. Deck coatings are traffic bearing - designed for waterproofing areas where pedestrian (and in some cases vehicular) traffic is expected. Roof coatings will only waterproof the substrates but will not withstand any kind of on going use by people or vehicles (such as walkways, patios, sundecks, restaurants, etc.).
Benefits
Roof coatings are seamless and when installed correctly, can solve roof leaks on almost any type of roofing material.
There are exceptions: "professionals do not recommend using cool coatings over existing shingles. This technique can cause moisture problems and water damage because the coating can inhibit normal shingle drying after rain or dew accumulation, allowing water to condense and collect under the shingles."
Field-applied reflective roof |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving%20equilibrium%20theorem | Consider a dynamical system
(1)..........
(2)..........
with the state variables and . Assume that is fast and is slow. Assume that the system (1) gives, for any fixed , an asymptotically stable solution . Substituting this for in (2) yields
(3)..........
Here has been replaced by to indicate that the solution to (3) differs from the solution for obtainable from the system (1), (2).
The Moving Equilibrium Theorem suggested by Lotka states that the solutions obtainable from (3) approximate the solutions obtainable from (1), (2) provided the partial system (1) is asymptotically stable in for any given and heavily damped (fast).
The theorem has been proved for linear systems comprising real vectors and . It permits reducing high-dimensional dynamical problems to lower dimensions and underlies Alfred Marshall's temporary equilibrium method.
References
https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/39121/
Economics theorems |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athene%20%28bird%29 | Athene is a genus of owls, containing nine living species, depending on classification. These birds are small, with brown and white speckles, yellow eyes, and white eyebrows. This genus is found on all continents except for Australia, Antarctica, and Sub-Saharan Africa. An evolutionary radiation of 4 species (formerly thought to be in the genus Ninox) is also present in the Solomon Islands.
Taxonomy and list of species
The genus Athene was introduced by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1822. The type species was designated as the little owl (Athene noctua) by the English zoologist George Robert Gray in 1841. The genus name is from the little owl which was closely associated with the Greek goddess Athena, and often depicted with her. Her original role as a goddess of the night might explain the link to an owl.
The genus contains the following nine species.
The forest owlet was formerly placed in the monotypic genus Heteroglaux, and the Solomon Islands radiation was formerly placed in the genus Ninox with the other owls referred to as "boobooks" until taxonomic studies found them to group in Athene.
Extinct species and subspecies
A number of mainly island representatives of this genus are only known from fossil or subfossil remains:
Athene megalopeza (fossil; Rexroad Late Pliocene of west-central U.S.) - sometimes placed in Speotyto
Athene veta (fossil; Early Pleistocene of Rebielice, Poland)
Athene angelis (fossil; Middle - Late Pleistocene of Castiglione, Corsica)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical%20modulation | Hierarchical modulation, also called layered modulation, is one of the signal processing techniques for multiplexing and modulating multiple data streams into one single symbol stream, where base-layer symbols and enhancement-layer symbols are synchronously overlaid before transmission.
Hierarchical modulation is particularly used to mitigate the cliff effect in digital television broadcast, particularly mobile TV, by providing a (lower quality) fallback signal in case of weak signals, allowing graceful degradation instead of complete signal loss. It has been widely proven and included in various standards, such as DVB-T, MediaFLO, UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband, a new 3.5th generation mobile network standard developed by 3GPP2), and is under study for DVB-H.
Hierarchical modulation is also taken as one of the practical implementations of superposition precoding, which can help achieve the maximum sum rate of broadcast channels. When hierarchical-modulated signals are transmitted, users with good reception and advanced receivers can demodulate multiple layers. For a user with a conventional receiver or poor reception, it may only demodulate the data stream embedded in the base layer. With hierarchical modulation, a network operator can target users of different types with different services or QoS.
However, traditional hierarchical modulation suffers from serious inter-layer interference (ILI) with impact on the achievable symbol rate.
Example
For example, the figure dep |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary%20music | Evolutionary music is the audio counterpart to evolutionary art, whereby algorithmic music is created using an evolutionary algorithm. The process begins with a population of individuals which by some means or other produce audio (e.g. a piece, melody, or loop), which is either initialized randomly or based on human-generated music. Then through the repeated application of computational steps analogous to biological selection, recombination and mutation the aim is for the produced audio to become more musical. Evolutionary sound synthesis is a related technique for generating sounds or synthesizer instruments. Evolutionary music is typically generated using an interactive evolutionary algorithm where the fitness function is the user or audience, as it is difficult to capture the aesthetic qualities of music computationally. However, research into automated measures of musical quality is also active. Evolutionary computation techniques have also been applied to harmonization and accompaniment tasks. The most commonly used evolutionary computation techniques are genetic algorithms and genetic programming.
History
NEUROGEN (Gibson & Byrne, 1991) employed a genetic algorithm to produce and combine musical fragments and a neural network (trained on examples of "real" music) to evaluate their fitness. A genetic algorithm is also a key part of the improvisation and accompaniment system GenJam which has been developed since 1993 by Al Biles. Biles and GenJam are together k |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vala%C5%A1kovce | Valaškovce is a municipality and former village and in Humenné District in the Prešov Region of north-east Slovakia.
History
External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Villages and municipalities in Humenné District
Former villages in Slovakia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary-Claire%20King | Mary-Claire King (born February 27, 1946) is an American geneticist. She was the first to show that breast cancer can be inherited due to mutations in the gene she called BRCA1. She studies human genetics and is particularly interested in genetic heterogeneity and complex traits. She studies the interaction of genetics and environmental influences and their effects on human conditions such as breast and ovarian cancer, inherited deafness, schizophrenia, HIV, systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. She has been the American Cancer Society Professor of the Department of Genome Sciences and of Medical Genetics in the Department of Medicine at the University of Washington since 1995.
Besides known for her accomplishment in identifying breast cancer genes, King is also known for demonstrating that humans and chimpanzees are 99% genetically identical and for applying genomic sequencing to identify victims of human rights abuses. In 1984, in Argentina, she began working in identifying children who had been stolen from their families and adopted illegally under the military dictatorship during the Dirty War (1976–1983). She has received many awards, including the Lasker Award and the National Medal of Science. In 2002, Discover magazine recognized King as one of the 50 most important women in science.
Early life
Mary-Claire King was born on February 27, 1946, to Harvey and Clarice King of Wilmette, Illinois, near Chicago. Her father worked for Standard Oil of Ind |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot%20filtration | C0t filtration, or CF, is a technique that uses the principles of DNA renaturation kinetics (i.e. Cot analysis) to separate the repetitive DNA sequences that dominate many eukaryotic genomes from "gene-rich" single/low-copy sequences. This allows DNA sequencing to concentrate on the parts of the genome that are most informative and interesting.
Concept
Briefly, when sheared genomic DNA in solution is heated to near boiling temperature, the molecular forces holding complementary base pairs together are disrupted, and the two strands of each double-helix dissociate or ‘denature.’ If the denatured DNA is then slowly returned to a cooler temperature, sequences will begin to ‘reassociate’ (renature) with complementary strands.
The temperature at which renaturation occurs can be regulated so that little or no sequence mismatch is tolerated. The rate at which a sequence finds a complementary strand with which to hybridize is directly related to how common that sequence is in the genome. In other words, those sequences that are extremely abundant (on average) find complementary strands with which to pair relatively quickly while single-copy sequences take much longer to find complements.
In CF, genomic DNA is heat-denatured and allowed to renature to a Cot value (Cot = DNA concentration x time x a factor based on the cation concentration of the buffer) at which the majority of repetitive elements have reassociated but single and low-copy elements remain single stranded. Do |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesper%20mouse | Vesper mice are rodents belonging to the genus Calomys. They are widely distributed in South America. Some species are notable as the vectors of Argentinian hemorrhagic fever and Bolivian hemorrhagic fever.
The genus was originally named Hesperomys, but was changed to Calomys in 1962.
History
Hesperomys was introduced by George Robert Waterhouse in 1839 for the American rodents with cusps arranged in two series. The name combines the Greek ἑσπερος "west" and μυς "mouse". He considered it possible that species of Hesperomys would be found in the Old World, but did not doubt that the Americas were their chief abode. He included as species Mus bimaculatus (=Calomys laucha), Mus griseo-flavus (=Graomys griseoflavus), Mus Darwinii (=Phyllotis darwini), Mus zanthopygus (=Phyllotis xanthopygus), Mus galapagoensis (=Aegialomys galapagoensis), Symidon hispidum (=Sigmodon hispidus), Mus leucopus (=Peromyscus leucopus), and the woodrats (Neotoma).
In following years, authors like Johann Andreas Wagner and Spencer Fullerton Baird expanded the genus to include additional American species, such as those placed now in Scapteromys, Oxymycterus, Abrothrix, and Peromyscus. In 1874, Elliott Coues designated Mus bimaculatus Waterhouse as the type species of Hesperomys. In 1888, Herluf Winge used Hesperomys in a sense similar to modern Calomys (but confusingly placed species related to what is now known as Oryzomys in Calomys), but in the same year Oldfield Thomas argued that Hesperomys could |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLHEP | CLHEP (short for A Class Library for High Energy Physics) is a C++ library that provides utility classes for general numerical programming, vector arithmetic, geometry, pseudorandom number generation, and linear algebra, specifically targeted for high energy physics simulation and analysis software.
The project is hosted by CERN and currently managed by a collaboration of researchers from CERN and other physics research laboratories and academic institutions. According to the project's website, CLHEP is in maintenance mode (accepting bug fixes but no further development is expected).
CLHEP was proposed by Swedish physicist Leif Lönnblad in 1992 at a Conference on Computing in High-Energy Physics. Lönnblad is still involved in maintaining CLHEP.
The project has more recently accepted contributions from other projects built on top of CLHEP, including the physics packages Geant4 and ZOOM, and the BaBar experiment at SLAC.
See also
Geant4, a software using CLHEP
FreeHEP, a similar library to CLHEP
COLT, a Java package for High Performance Scientific and Technical Computing, provided by CERN.
References
External links
Project CLHEP website
CLHEP User Guide
CLHEP at CERN
Physics software
CERN software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission%20solenoid | A transmission solenoid or cylinoid is an electro-hydraulic valve that controls fluid flow into and throughout an automatic transmission. Solenoids can be normally open or normally closed. They operate via a voltage or current supplied by the transmission computer or controller. Transmission solenoids are usually installed in a transmission valve body, transmission control unit, or transmission control module.
Types
Variable force solenoid
On-off solenoid
Pulse-width modulated solenoid
Low leak variable bleed solenoid
Manufacturers
American Axle
ZF
TREMEC
BorgWarner
Eaton
Bosch
Hilite Industries
Saturn Engineering and Electronics
TLX Technologies
References
Automotive transmission technologies
Valves |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee%20culture | Coffee culture is the set of traditions and social behaviors that surround the consumption of coffee, particularly as a social lubricant. The term also refers to the cultural diffusion and adoption of coffee as a widely consumed stimulant. In the late 20th century, espresso became an increasingly dominant drink contributing to coffee culture, particularly in the Western world and other urbanized centers around the globe.
The culture surrounding coffee and coffeehouses dates back to 16th-century Turkey. Coffeehouses in Western Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean were not only social hubs but also artistic and intellectual centres. In the late 17th and 18th centuries, coffeehouses in London became popular meeting places for artists, writers, and socialites, as well as centres for political and commercial activity. In the 19th century a special coffee house culture developed in Vienna, the Viennese coffee house, which then spread throughout Central Europe. Les Deux Magots in Paris, now a popular tourist attraction, was once associated with the intellectuals Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir.
Elements of modern coffeehouses include slow-paced gourmet service, alternative brewing techniques, and inviting decor.
In the United States, coffee culture is often used to describe the ubiquitous presence of espresso stands and coffee shops in metropolitan areas, along with the spread of massive, international franchises such as Starbucks. Many coffee shops offer access to free w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot%20analysis | C0t analysis, a technique based on the principles of DNA reassociation kinetics, is a biochemical technique that measures how much repetitive DNA is in a DNA sample such as a genome. It is used to study genome structure and organization and has also been used to simplify the sequencing of genomes that contain large amounts of repetitive sequence.
Procedure
The procedure involves heating a sample of genomic DNA until it denatures into the single stranded-form, and then slowly cooling it, so the strands can pair back together. While the sample is cooling, measurements are taken of how much of the DNA is base paired at each temperature.
The amount of single and double-stranded DNA is measured by rapidly diluting the sample, which slows reassociation, and then binding the DNA to a hydroxylapatite column. The column is first washed with a low concentration of sodium phosphate buffer, which elutes the single-stranded DNA, and then with high concentrations of phosphate, which elutes the double stranded DNA. The amount of DNA in these two solutions is then measured using a spectrophotometer.
Analysis
Since a sequence of single-stranded DNA needs to find its complementary strand to reform a double helix, common sequences renature more rapidly than rare sequences. Indeed, the rate at which a sequence will reassociate is proportional to the number of copies of that sequence in the DNA sample. A sample with a highly-repetitive sequence will renature rapidly, while complex sequence |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiboly | Epiboly describes one of the five major types of cell movements that occur in the gastrulation stage of embryonic development of some organisms. Epiboly is the spreading and thinning of the ectoderm while the endoderm and mesoderm layers move to the inside of the embryo.
When undergoing epiboly, a monolayer of cells must undergo a physical change in shape in order to spread. Alternatively, multiple layers of cells can also undergo epiboly as the position of cells is changed or the cell layers undergo intercalation. While human embryos do not experience epiboly, this movement can be studied in sea urchins, tunicates, amphibians, and most commonly zebrafish.
Zebrafish
General movements
Epiboly in zebrafish is the first coordinated cell movement, and begins once the embryo has completed the blastula stage. At this point the zebrafish embryo contains three portions: an epithelial monolayer known as the enveloping layer (EVL), a yolk syncytial layer (YSL) which is a membrane-enclosed group of nuclei that lie on top of the yolk cell, and the deep cells (DEL) of the blastoderm which will eventually form the embryo's three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). The EVL, YSL, and DEL all undergo epiboly.
Radial intercalation occurs in the DEL. Interior cells of the blastoderm move towards the outer cells, thus "intercalating" with each other. The blastoderm begins to thin as it spreads toward the vegetal pole of the embryo until it has completely engulfed the yolk cell |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFNB | WFNB is an FM radio station licensed to the city of Brazil, Indiana. The station operates on the FM radio frequency of 92.7 MHz, FM channel 224 . The studios were located at 1301 Ohio Street in Terre Haute, Indiana. but were moved to 925 Wabash Avenue Suite 300. The building at 13th and Ohio was completely torn down in July 2013.
History
Brazil, Indiana's first radio station went on the air in 1958 as WITE, with a 3-tower directional antenna. In 1972, the AM station reverted to a daytime-only station with one tower, and the call letters, WWCM. This coincided with the construction of FM station WWCM at 97.7 that same year.
The FM station originally operated with 3,000 watts at 97.7 MHz when it signed on in 1972 as WWCM-FM, playing country music. The format changed to album rock in 1979 as WBDJ. However, both WBDJ and its AM sister (1130 WWCM, now WAMB) went silent in 1983 after their owners declared bankruptcy.
The stations were sold in 1985 to Mark Lange of Vincennes, Indiana, and returned to the air with new call letters and formats. 97.7 FM adopted the WSDM calls and an adult contemporary format, which was soon dropped to simulcast with the country format of its AM sister (by then known as WBZL; it became WSDM in 1990 and WSDX in 2000). The FM's power was doubled to 6,000 watts in 1989. WBZL and WSDM were sold in 1990 to Dan Lacy and Mike Petersen (under the name Equity One Media Partners), and on Halloween of that year, WSDM-FM switched format to oldies, utilizing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Gene%20Autry%20Show | The Gene Autry Show is an American western/cowboy television series which aired for 91 episodes on CBS from July 23, 1950 until August 7, 1956, originally sponsored by Wrigley's Doublemint chewing gum.
Overview
Series star Gene Autry had already established his singing cowboy character on radio and films. Now he and his horse Champion were featured in a weekly television series of western adventures. Gene's role changed almost weekly from rancher, to ranch hand, to sheriff, to border agent, etc. Gene's usual comic relief and sidekick, Pat, was played by Pat Buttram. During the first season, Gene's sidekick was played by Chill Wills twice (as Chill) and by Fuzzy Knight four times (as Sagebrush). Alan Hale, Jr. played a bad guy in several episodes of Seasons 1 and 2, but he also played Gene's sidekick, Tiny, in two episodes of Season 1.
By this time, Autry had established his own production company, Flying 'A' Productions, and acted as executive director for the series.
The series lasted five seasons. The first four were in black and white, and the final season (thirteen episodes) was in color. Color was experimented with in two episodes of the first season. The theme song Back in the Saddle Again was written by Autry and Ray Whitley and sung by Autry.
Dick Jones was cast in ten episodes of The Gene Autry Show and acted in two other Flying A Productions, The Range Rider and Buffalo Bill, Jr.
Spin-off
The Gene Autry Show had a 26-episode prime-time spin-off called The A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonidas%20Alaoglu | Leonidas (Leon) Alaoglu (; March 19, 1914 – August 1981) was a mathematician, known for his result, called Alaoglu's theorem on the weak-star compactness of the closed unit ball in the dual of a normed space, also known as the Banach–Alaoglu theorem.
Life and work
Alaoglu was born in Red Deer, Alberta to Greek parents. He received his BS in 1936, Master's in 1937, and PhD in 1938 (at the age of 24), all from the University of Chicago. His thesis, written under the direction of Lawrence M. Graves was entitled Weak topologies of normed linear spaces. His doctoral thesis is the source of Alaoglu's theorem. The Bourbaki–Alaoglu theorem is a generalization of this result by Bourbaki to dual topologies.
After some years teaching at Pennsylvania State College, Harvard University and Purdue University, in 1944 he became an operations analyst for the United States Air Force. In his last position, from 1953 to 1981 he worked as a senior scientist in operations research at the Lockheed Corporation in Burbank, California. In this latter period he wrote numerous research reports, some of them classified.
During the Lockheed years he took an active part in seminars and other mathematical activities at Caltech, UCLA and USC. After his death in 1981 a Leonidas Alaoglu Memorial Lecture Series was established at Caltech. Speakers have included Paul Erdős, Irving Kaplansky, Paul Halmos and Hugh Woodin.
See also
Axiom of Choice – The Banach–Alaoglu theorem is not provable from ZF withou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-dependent%20RNA%20polymerase | RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) or RNA replicase is an enzyme that catalyzes the replication of RNA from an RNA template. Specifically, it catalyzes synthesis of the RNA strand complementary to a given RNA template. This is in contrast to typical DNA-dependent RNA polymerases, which all organisms use to catalyze the transcription of RNA from a DNA template.
RdRp is an essential protein encoded in the genomes of most RNA-containing viruses with no DNA stage including SARS-CoV-2. Some eukaryotes also contain RdRps, which are involved in RNA interference and differ structurally from viral RdRps.
History
Viral RdRps were discovered in the early 1960s from studies on mengovirus and polio virus when it was observed that these viruses were not sensitive to actinomycin D, a drug that inhibits cellular DNA-directed RNA synthesis. This lack of sensitivity suggested that there is a virus-specific enzyme that could copy RNA from an RNA template and not from a DNA template.
Distribution
RdRps are highly conserved throughout viruses and are even related to telomerase, though the reason for this is an ongoing question as of 2009. The similarity has led to speculation that viral RdRps are ancestral to human telomerase.
The most famous example of RdRp is that of the polio virus. The viral genome is composed of RNA, which enters the cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. From there, the RNA is able to act as a template for complementary RNA synthesis, immediately. The comple |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Missouri%20Amendment%202 | Missouri Constitutional Amendment 2 (The Missouri Stem Cell Research and Cures Initiative) was a state constitutional amendment initiative that concerned stem cell research and human cloning. It allows any stem cell research and therapy in the U.S. state of Missouri that is legal under federal law, including somatic cell nuclear transfer to produce human embryos for stem cell production. It prohibits cloning or attempting to clone a human being, which is defined to mean "to implant in a uterus or attempt to implant in a uterus anything other than the product of fertilization of an egg of a human female by a sperm of a human male for the purpose of initiating a pregnancy that could result in the creation of a human fetus, or the birth of a human being". Commercials supporting and opposing the amendment aired during the 2006 World Series, in which the St. Louis Cardinals participated. The issue became especially intertwined with the 2006 U.S. Senate election in Missouri, with the Republican and Democratic candidates on opposite sides of the issue.
Missouri Constitutional Amendment 2 appeared on the ballot for the November 2006 general election and passed with 51% of the vote.
Support
The organization that led the movement to get the initiative on the ballot and later supported its adoption was called the Missouri Coalition for Lifesaving Cures. The measure was proposed to stop repeated attempts by the Missouri Legislature to ban certain types of stem cell research, namely SCN |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s%20Always%20Fair%20Weather | It's Always Fair Weather is a 1955 MGM musical satire scripted by Betty Comden and Adolph Green, who also wrote the show's lyrics, with music by André Previn and starring Gene Kelly, Dan Dailey, Cyd Charisse, Dolores Gray, and dancer/choreographer Michael Kidd in his first film acting role.
The film, co-directed by Kelly and Stanley Donen, was made in CinemaScope and Eastmancolor. Although well-received critically at the time, it was not a commercial success, and is widely regarded as the last of the major MGM dance-oriented musicals. In recent years, it has been recognized as a seminal film because of the inventiveness of its dance routines.
It's Always Fair Weather is noted for its downbeat theme, which may have hurt it at the box office, and has been called a rare "cynical musical".
Plot
Three ex-G.I.s, Ted Riley, Doug Hallerton and Angie Valentine have served in World War II together and become best friends. At the beginning of the film, set in October 1945, they meet at their favorite New York bar, Tim's Bar and Grill before their release from the service. When Riley receives a Dear John letter from his girlfriend telling him she has married another man, his friends comfort him and join him hitting every other bar in town. They dance drunkenly through the street together ("The Binge") before returning to Tim's. Barman Tim is dubious about their vows of eternal friendshiphaving heard similar claims made by many other discharged servicemenand wagers them they will forg |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics%20%28disambiguation%29 | Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data.
Statistic may also refer to:
Statistic, the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a set of data
Statistic (role-playing games), a piece of data which represents a particular aspect of a fictional character
Statistics (band), an American rock band
"Statistics" (song), by Lyfe Jennings, 2010 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20protein-related%20articles | Proteins are a class of biomolecules composed of amino acid chains.
Biochemistry
Antifreeze protein, class of polypeptides produced by certain fish, vertebrates, plants, fungi and bacteria
Conjugated protein, protein that functions in interaction with other chemical groups attached by covalent bonds
Denatured protein, protein which has lost its functional conformation
Matrix protein, structural protein linking the viral envelope with the virus core
Protein A, bacterial surface protein that binds antibodies
Protein A/G, recombinant protein that binds antibodies
Protein C, anticoagulant
Protein G, bacterial surface protein that binds antibodies
Protein L, bacterial surface protein that binds antibodies
Protein S, plasma glycoprotein
Protein Z, glycoprotein
Protein catabolism, the breakdown of proteins into amino acids and simple derivative compounds
Protein complex, group of two or more associated proteins
Protein electrophoresis, method of analysing a mixture of proteins by means of gel electrophoresis
Protein folding, process by which a protein assumes its characteristic functional shape or tertiary structure
Protein isoform, version of a protein with some small differences
Protein kinase, enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them
Protein ligands, atoms, molecules, and ions which can bind to specific sites on proteins
Protein microarray, piece of glass on which different molecules of protein have been affixed at sepa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmosops | Marmosops is a genus of Neotropical opossums of the family Didelphidae. The genus was originally treated as a subgenus from the genus Marmosa rather than having their own classification. This was changed in 1989 by Gardner and Crieghton, who officially separated the group and made them their own genus. The mix-up between to genera Marmosa and Marmosops was common due to the similar appearances including size and other external features. However, the two groups differ significantly in their integument and in the arrangement of their skull and dentition. The dentition is similar in morphology between the two groups, with the exception of the deciduous lower third premolar varying from one genus to the next. The similarity between the two continues to cause the genus Marmosops to be frequently misidentified due to the lack of knowledge regarding the species along with the overlooked traits that help separate them from other opossums. The Marmosops are also commonly confused with the genus Gracilinanus, but this is quickly ruled out by a large number of differing characteristics. These differences include the arrangement of their digits, caudal (anatomical term) scales, and the central hair on the scales changing from a three hairs per follicle to many more. This causes the hair of the Gracilinanus to be thicker and has also found to be heavily pigmented. The last group commonly confused with Marmosops is known as the genus Thylamys. These animals have a contrasting dorsal body |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott%20Tittensor | Elliott John Tittensor (born 3 November 1989) is an English actor, best known for playing the role of Carl Gallagher in the Channel 4 comedy-drama series Shameless (2004–2013).
Career
Elliott Tittensor and his twin brother, Luke, appeared in the soap Brookside.
In the first series of Channel 4 series Shameless, the Tittensor twins shared the role of Carl Gallagher. Elliott continued playing the role of Carl after Luke left the show.
He currently stars as Ser Erryk Cargyll in HBO's House of the Dragon, alongside his twin brother who plays the role of Ser Arryk Cargyll.
Personal life
Elliott Tittensor is the identical twin brother of Luke Tittensor. They are both from Heywood, Greater Manchester and attended Heywood Community High School. He was in a relationship with Kaya Scodelario from late 2009 to early 2014. Their relationship was publicised when Scodelario supported Tittensor after his arrest for an incident where he almost killed someone while driving an uninsured car and causing the victim serious injuries and blindness. Tittensor pleaded guilty to driving without insurance and was successfully sued for damages arising out of his role in the incident.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1989 births
Living people
British identical twins
English male child actors
Identical twin male actors
People from Heywood, Greater Manchester
English twins
English male soap opera actors
Male actors from Manchester
English male film actors
English male telev |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are%20You%20Sleepy%3F | Are You Sleepy? is the debut album of The Gerbils.
Track listing
Personnel
Scott Spillane - Vocals, Guitar, Bass
Will Westbrook - Vocal, Guitars, Crystal Calibrator, Tape Manipulation, Bells
Jeremy Barnes - Drums, Vocals
John D'Azzo - Vocals, Guitar, Bass, Piano, Air Organ, Drums
References
The Gerbils albums
1998 debut albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20watch | Electronic watch may refer to:
Electric watch, pre-quartz watches powered electronically
Quartz watch, watches whose timekeeping element is quartz crystal
Horology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nen%C3%AA%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201975%29 | Fábio Camilo de Brito, nicknamed "Nenê", (born 6 June 1975 in São Paulo, Brazil), is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a central defender.
Club statistics
Honours
Hertha BSC
DFB-Ligapokal: 2003
Vitória
Campeonato Baiano: 2004, 2005
Urawa Reds
J. League: 2006
Emperor's Cup: 2006
AFC Champions League: 2007
References
External links
1975 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Urawa Red Diamonds players
Clube Atlético Juventus players
Guarani FC players
Sporting CP footballers
Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players
Esporte Clube Vitória players
Esporte Clube Bahia players
Coritiba Foot Ball Club players
Hertha BSC players
Footballers at the 1995 Pan American Games
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Primeira Liga players
Bundesliga players
J1 League players
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Japan
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Footballers from São Paulo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Wigan%20Warriors%20season | The Wigan Warriors played in the Super League and Challenge Cup in the 2006 season.
Statistics
Tries
Goals
Points
Appearances
2006 squad
Key players
Key players for Wigan Warriors in 2006 were:
Chris Ashton was brought in to the Wigan squad at the start of 2006 as replacement for the injured Kris Radlinski. Ashton had impressed on his debut for Wigan in 2005, scoring two tries against Huddersfield Giants but in 2006 he showed good skill, pace and talent and impressed many Wigan fans and people within rugby league. He finished the 2006 season as the leading try scorer at Wigan and his support play throughout the season was excellent. Although some criticism was made about his defensive abilities, he did earn a call into the England squad at the end of the year. Ashton was one of the most consistent players for Wigan through the 2006 and was a contender for the Young Player of the Year award.
Michael Dobson was signed by Wigan after his loan finished with Catalans Dragons as a replacement for Denis Moran, who had been released by Wigan a week earlier. Dobson had impressed for Catalans Dragons, but when he signed for Wigan, they were at the bottom of the league and facing relegation at the end of the season. His talents, organisation skills and goal kicking were a big factor in Wigan surviving relegation. In 2006 Michael Dobson was the most consistent goal kicker in Rugby League.
Stuart Fielden signed for Wigan from Bradford Bulls on 22 June 2006 for a Super League |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libythea | Libythea is a widespread genus of nymphalid butterflies commonly called beaks or snouts. They are strong fliers and may even be migratory.
Classification
Source: The higher classification of Nymphalidae, at Nymphalidae.net
Note: Names preceded by an equal sign (=) are synonyms, homonyms, rejected names or invalid names.
Subfamily Libytheinae Boisduval, 1833
Libythea Fabricius, 1807 (= Hecaerge Ochsenheimer, 1816; = Chilea Billberg, 1820; = Hypatus Hübner, 1822; = Libythaeus Boitard, 1828; = Dichora Scudder, 1889)
Libythea geoffroy Godart, 1824
Libythea geoffroy geoffroy Godart, 1824
Libythea geoffroy alompra Moore, 1901 (= Libythea hauxwelli Moore, 1901)
Libythea geoffroy antipoda Boisduval, 1859 (= Libythea quadrinotata Butler, 1877)
Libythea geoffroy bardas Fruhstorfer, 1914
Libythea geoffroy batchiana Wallace, 1869
Libythea geoffroy celebensis Staudinger, 1859
Libythea geoffroy ceramensis Wallace, 1869
Libythea geoffroy deminuta Fruhstorfer, 1910
Libythea geoffroy genia Waterhouse, 1938
Libythea geoffroy howarthi Peterson, 1968
Libythea geoffroy maenia Fruhstorfer, 1902 (= Libythea geoffroy eugenia Fruhstorfer, 1910)
Libythea geoffroy nicevillei Olliff, 1891
Libythea geoffroy orientalis Godman & Salvin, 1888
Libythea geoffroy philippina Staudinger, 1889
Libythea geoffroy pulchra Butler, 1882 (= Libythea neopommerana Pagenstecher, 1896)
Libythea geoffroy sumbensis Pagenstecher, 1896
Libythea collenettei Poulton & Riley, 1928
Libythea narina Goda |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AELC | AELC may refer to:
Adaptive Equal Loudness Compensation, an audio algorithm to enhance sound effect, MalleusTek
American Evangelical Lutheran Church, a predecessor church of the Lutheran Church in America, United States
Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church, India
Associació d'Escriptors en Llengua Catalana, Association of Catalan Language Writers, a non-profit professional organisation, Spain.
Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches, a predecessor church body of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical%20fluid%20chromatography | Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is a form of normal phase chromatography that uses a supercritical fluid such as carbon dioxide as the mobile phase. It is used for the analysis and purification of low to moderate molecular weight, thermally labile molecules and can also be used for the separation of chiral compounds. Principles are similar to those of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), however SFC typically utilizes carbon dioxide as the mobile phase; therefore the entire chromatographic flow path must be pressurized. Because the supercritical phase represents a state whereby bulk liquid and gas properties converge, supercritical fluid chromatography is sometimes called convergence chromatography. The idea of liquid and gas properties convergence was first envisioned by Giddings.
Applications
SFC has been used primarily for separation of chiral molecules, mainly those which required Normal Phase conditions. While the mobile phase is a fluid in the supercritical state, the stationary phase is packed inside columns similar to those used in liquid chromatography. Since the use of Normal Phase mode of chromatography remained less common, so did SFC, therefore it is now commonly used for selected chiral and achiral separations and purification in the pharmaceutical industry.
Apparatus
Instrumentation of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography SFC has a similar setup to an HPLC instrument. The stationary phases are similar, and are packed inside similar column t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerin | Emerin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EMD gene, also known as the STA gene. Emerin, together with LEMD3, is a LEM domain-containing integral protein of the inner nuclear membrane in vertebrates. Emerin is highly expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle. In cardiac muscle, emerin localizes to adherens junctions within intercalated discs where it appears to function in mechanotransduction of cellular strain and in beta-catenin signaling. Mutations in emerin cause X-linked recessive Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, cardiac conduction abnormalities and dilated cardiomyopathy.
It is named after Alan Emery.
Structure
Emerin is a 29.0 kDa (34 kDa observed MW) protein composed of 254 amino acids. Emerin is a serine-rich protein with an N-terminal 20-amino acid hydrophobic region that is flanked by charged residues; the hydrophobic region may be important for anchoring the protein to the membrane, with the charged terminal tails being cytosolic. In cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle, emerin localizes to the inner nuclear membrane; expression of emerin is highest in skeletal and cardiac muscle. In cardiac muscle specifically, emerin also resides at adherens junctions within intercalated discs.
Function
Emerin is a serine-rich nuclear membrane protein and a member of the nuclear lamina-associated protein family. It mediates membrane anchorage to the cytoskeleton. Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy is an X-linked inherited degenerative myopathy resulting from mutat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%E2%80%93Tamm%20formula | The Frank–Tamm formula yields the amount of Cherenkov radiation emitted on a given frequency as a charged particle moves through a medium at superluminal velocity. It is named for Russian physicists Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm who developed the theory of the Cherenkov effect in 1937, for which they were awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1958.
When a charged particle moves faster than the phase speed of light in a medium, electrons interacting with the particle can emit coherent photons while conserving energy and momentum. This process can be viewed as a decay. See Cherenkov radiation and nonradiation condition for an explanation of this effect.
Equation
The energy emitted per unit length travelled by the particle per unit of frequency is:
provided that . Here and are the frequency-dependent permeability and index of refraction of the medium respectively, is the electric charge of the particle, is the speed of the particle, and is the speed of light in vacuum.
Cherenkov radiation does not have characteristic spectral peaks, as typical for fluorescence or emission spectra. The relative intensity of one frequency is approximately proportional to the frequency. That is, higher frequencies (shorter wavelengths) are more intense in Cherenkov radiation. This is why visible Cherenkov radiation is observed to be brilliant blue. In fact, most Cherenkov radiation is in the ultraviolet spectrum; the sensitivity of the human eye peaks at green, and is very low in the violet po |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20Data%20Bank%20of%20Japan | The DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) is a biological database that collects DNA sequences. It is located at the National Institute of Genetics (NIG) in the Shizuoka prefecture of Japan. It is also a member of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration or INSDC. It exchanges its data with European Molecular Biology Laboratory at the European Bioinformatics Institute and with GenBank at the National Center for Biotechnology Information on a daily basis. Thus these three databanks contain the same data at any given time.
History
DDBJ began data bank activities in 1987 at NIG and remains the only nucleotide sequence data bank in Asia.
Organisation
Although DDBJ mainly receives its data from Japanese researchers, it can accept data from contributors from any other country. DDBJ is primarily funded by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). DDBJ has an international advisory committee which consists of nine members, 3 members each from Europe, US, and Japan. This committee advises DDBJ about its maintenance, management and future plans once a year. Apart from this, DDBJ also has an international collaborative committee which advises on various technical issues related to international collaboration and consists of working-level participants.
See also
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI)
References
External links
Official site
DDBJ entry in MetaBase.
Genomics
Ge |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis%20Barden | Dennis Barden is a mathematician at the University of Cambridge working in the fields of geometry and topology. He is known for his classification of the simply connected compact 5-manifolds and, together with Barry Mazur and John R. Stallings, for having proved the s-cobordism theorem. Barden received his Ph.D. from Cambridge in 1964 under the supervision of C. T. C. Wall.
Academic Positions
Barden is a Life Fellow of Girton College, Cambridge and emeritus fellow of Pembroke College. In 1991, he became Director of Studies for mathematics at Pembroke College, succeeding Raymond Lickorish. He held the position until Michaelmas 2003, and in his time saw a great increase in the number of applicants for mathematics, with consistently high performances in Tripos exams. He remains an active supervisor at Pembroke and Girton College.
Selected publications
References
1936 births
Living people
21st-century British mathematicians
20th-century British mathematicians
Topologists
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Cambridge |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383%20Serie%20A | The 1982–83 Serie A season was won by Roma.
Teams
Hellas Verona, Sampdoria and Pisa had been promoted from Serie B.
Final classification
Results
Top goalscorers
References and sources
Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio - La Storia 1898-2004, Panini Edizioni, Modena, September 2005
External links
:it:Classifica calcio Serie A italiana 1983 - Italian version with pictures and info.
- All results on RSSSF Website.
A collection of goals
Serie A seasons
Italy
1982–83 in Italian football leagues |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume%20expansion | Volume expansion may refer to:
Thermal expansion
Hypervolemia, an abnormally high level of fluid in the blood |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20construction%20grammar | Fluid construction grammar (FCG) is an open-source computational construction grammar formalism that allows computational linguists to formally write down the inventory of lexical and grammatical constructions as well as to do experiments in language learning and language evolution. FCG is an open instrument that can be used by construction grammarians who want to formulate their intuitions and data in a precise way and who want to test the implications of their grammar designs for language parsing, production and learning. The formalism can be tested through an interactive web interface at the FCG website.
FCG integrates many notions from contemporary computational linguistics such as feature structure and unification-based language processing, but uses them in a novel way to operationalize insights from construction grammar theory. Constructions are considered bi-directional and hence usable both for parsing and production. Processing is flexible in the sense that FCG provides meta-layer processing for coping with novelty, partially ungrammatical or incomplete sentences. FCG is called 'fluid' because it acknowledges the premise that language users constantly change and update their grammars. The research on FCG is primarily carried out by Luc Steels and his teams at the VUB AI Lab in Brussels and the Language Evolution Lab in Barcelona, and the Sony Computer Science Laboratories in Paris. Besides Steels, current and former contributors to the FCG formalism include Katrien |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Salisbury%20Dana | Edward Salisbury Dana (November 16, 1849 – June 16, 1935) was an American mineralogist and physicist. He made important contributions to the study of minerals, especially in the field of crystallography.
Life and career
E. S. Dana was born in New Haven, Connecticut, the son of the geologist and mineralogist James Dwight Dana. He graduated from Yale College in 1870, where he had been a member of Scroll and Key, and then after two years with George J. Brush at the Sheffield Scientific School, spent another two years studying in Heidelberg and Vienna, specializing in crystal optics and crystallography. He then returned to Yale to take his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees. He was a member of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences.
He was appointed assistant professor of natural philosophy and astronomy at Yale in 1879 and then became professor of physics. His research and publishing was mainly in the field of mineralogy.
Dana became an editor of the American Journal of Science in 1875 and continued to direct it until 1926. In 1884 was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences. In 1885 he was made a trustee of the Peabody Museum of Yale. He was an elected member of scientific societies in Austria, Mexico, Russia, England, Scotland, and across the United States.
Personal memoir
From the Memorial by William F. Ford, published in American Mineralogist, 1936
Many American mineralogists at one time or another came into personal contact with Dana. They were familiar with hi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas%20bubbler | A gas bubbler is a piece of laboratory glassware which consists of a glass bulb filled with a small amount of fluid—usually mineral or silicone oil, less commonly mercury. The inlet to the bulb is connected to a ground glass joint, while the outlet is vented to the air.
Gas bubblers are used to exclude air from a reaction or a system. In the former case, the gas bubbler is fitted on the condenser of the reaction set-up. In the latter case, an oil bubbler is usually installed at the end of the inert gas manifold on a Schlenk line to prevent contamination by atmospheric oxygen and water.
A gas bubbler acts as a one-way valve—gases (hot air, evolved gases, solvent vapors) from the inlet will bubble through the fluid before being vented to the atmosphere.
If there were an underpressure in the reaction vessel (such as when heat is removed, and the gases within contract), some fluid is sucked into a sump to equalize the pressure, instead of air. Wherever possible, such "suck back" should be avoided by filling the reaction apparatus with inert gas because an excessively low pressure will cause oil to be sucked into the reaction vessel, contaminating it.
The bubbles allow the worker to visibly confirm that the system is being flushed with inert gas; the rate at which bubbles form allow the worker to adjust the inlet pressure.
Oil bubblers
Oil bubblers are filled with mineral or silicone oil. These are both quite resistant to chemical attack. Oil bubblers are predominantly used; |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit%20Semiconductor | Rabbit Semiconductor is an American company which designs and sells the Rabbit family of microcontrollers and microcontroller modules.
For development, it provides Dynamic C, a non-standard dialect of C with proprietary structures for multitasking.
Rabbit Semiconductor was purchased in 2006 by Digi International for $49 million. Before the purchase, Rabbit Semiconductor was a division of Z-World, Inc. Z-World developed and manufactured embedded controller products as well as embedded software development environments.
Microcontroller architecture
The Rabbit processor family shares many features with the Zilog Z80/Z180 processors. For example, the registers of a Rabbit 2000/3000 processor are almost the same as the registers of a Z80/Z180 processor. The Rabbit 4000 processor expands to include the use of 32-bit registers. The instruction set of Rabbit processors also closely resembles the instruction set of the Z80/Z180 family. While the opcodes of many instructions are the same between the Rabbit 2000/3000 processors and Z80/Z180 processors, the two families of processors are not binary compatible.
As with the Z80/Z180 family, the Rabbit processors are CISC processors.
The Rabbit processor family has unique features. For example, the Z80/Z180 family disables interrupts once an interrupt is serviced by an interrupt service routine. However, the Rabbit processors permit interrupts to interrupt service routines according to priorities (a total of 4).
Rabbit Semiconductor cla |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMR%20tube | An NMR tube is a thin glass walled tube used to contain samples in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Typically NMR tubes come in 5 mm diameters but 10 mm and 3 mm samples are known. It is important that the tubes are uniformly thick and well-balanced to ensure that NMR tube spins at a regular rate (i.e., they do not wobble), usually about 20 Hz in the NMR spectrometer.
Construction
NMR tubes are typically made of borosilicate glass. They are available in seven and eight inch lengths; a 5 mm tube outer diameter is most common, but 3 mm and 10 mm outer diameters are available as well. Where boron NMR is desired, quartz NMR tubes containing low concentrations of boron (as opposed to borosilicate glass) are available. Specialized closures such as J. Young valves and screwcap closures are available aside from more common polyethylene caps.
Two common specifications for NMR tubes are concentricity and camber. Concentricity refers to the variation in the radial centers, measured at the inner and outer walls. Camber refers to the "straightness" of the tube. Poor values for either may cause poorer quality spectra by reducing the homogeneity of the sample. In particular, an NMR tube which has poor camber may wobble when rotated, giving rise to spinning side bands. With modern manufacturing techniques even cheap tubes give good spectra for routine applications.
Sample preparation
Usually, only a small sample is dissolved in an appropriate solvent. For 1H NMR experiments, this |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20D.%20Gill | Richard David Gill (born 1951) is a British-Dutch mathematician. He has held academic positions in the Netherlands. As a probability theorist and statistician, Gill has researched counting processes. He is also known for his consulting and advocacy on behalf of alleged victims of statistical misrepresentation, including the reversal of the murder conviction of a Dutch nurse who had been jailed for six years.
Education
Gill studied mathematics at the University of Cambridge (1970–1973), and subsequently followed the Diploma of Statistics course there (1973–1974). He obtained a Ph.D. in mathematics in 1979, with the thesis Censoring and Stochastic Integrals, which was supervised by Jacobus Oosterhoff of the Vrije Universiteit, which awarded the doctorate.
Gill has said that he was "not much of an activist" as a student, but now feels guilty about not speaking up more at the time about perceived injustices, saying that this is partly because of an incident when working as a statistician in the 1970s when he helped on an experiment that severed the front legs of rats to investigate whether it would lead to the reshaping of their skulls. Gill said that this incident has stayed with him, as "what upset me most is that I didn’t have the strength of character to refuse to do that job".
Career
In 1974 Gill was appointed at the Mathematical Centre (later renamed Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, or CWI) of Amsterdam. After receiving his Ph.D., he continued to collaborate with Danish |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross%20Technology | Ross Technology, Inc. was a semiconductor design and manufacturing company, specializing in SPARC microprocessors. It was founded in Austin, Texas in August 1988 by Dr. Roger D. Ross, a leading computer scientist who headed Motorola's Advanced Microprocessor Division and directed the developments of Motorola's MC68030 and RISC-based 88000 microprocessor families.
Dr. Ross was accompanied by Carl Dobbs, Janet Sooch, Steve Goldstein and Travor Smith, who were from Motorola's High-end Microprocessor Division, and were involved in the development of the 88000 microprocessor. He was later joined by Am29000 engineer Raju Vegesna from AMD, who was originally hired by Dr. Ross at Motorola.
Cypress Semiconductor provided initial funding. Original board members included Dr. Ross and well-known figures as Dr. T. J. Rodgers of Cypress Semiconductor, John Doerr of Kleiner Perkins Venture Capital, and L. J. Sevin of Sevin Rosen Venture Capital, who also served as Board Chairman. Ross eventually became a subsidiary of Cypress.
Lawsuits
In September 1988, the company was tied up in a lawsuit launched by Motorola. Motorola alleged that Ross and the other former Motorola staff had proprietary marketing material as well as all the 68000 and 88000 technical data, and sought a temporary injunction and $8 million in compensation and punitive damages. Motorola offered to settle the lawsuit without litigation if the former Motorola staff agreed not to work on modern computer architecture for 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suncus | Suncus is a genus of shrews in the family Soricidae.
Classification
Genus Suncus
Taita shrew, Suncus aequatorius
Black shrew, Suncus ater
Day's shrew, Suncus dayi
Etruscan shrew, Suncus etruscus
Sri Lankan shrew, Suncus fellowesgordoni
Bornean pygmy shrew, Suncus hosei
Hutu-Tutsi dwarf shrew, Suncus hututsi
Least dwarf shrew, Suncus infinitesimus
Greater dwarf shrew, Suncus lixa
Madagascan pygmy shrew, Suncus madagascariensis
Malayan pygmy shrew, Suncus malayanus
Climbing shrew, Suncus megalurus
Flores shrew, Suncus mertensi
Asian highland shrew, Suncus montanus
Asian house shrew, Suncus murinus
Remy's pygmy shrew, Suncus remyi
Anderson's shrew, Suncus stoliczkanus
Lesser dwarf shrew, Suncus varilla
Jungle shrew, Suncus zeylanicus
References
Mammal genera
Taxa named by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Thor%20and%20Delta%20launches%20%281990%E2%80%931999%29 | Between 1990 and 1999, there were 89 Thor-based rockets launched, of which 85 were successful, giving a 95.5% success rate.
Notable missions
Mars Pathfinder
Mars Climate Orbiter
Launch statistics
Rocket configurations
Launch sites
Launch outcomes
Launch history
1990
There were 13 Thor missiles launched in 1990. All 13 launches were successful.
1991
There were 6 Thor missiles launched in 1991. All 6 launches were successful.
1992
There were 12 Thor missiles launched in 1992. All 12 launches were successful.
1993
There were 7 Thor missiles launched in 1993. All 7 launches were successful.
1994
There were 3 Thor missiles launched in 1994. All 3 launches were successful.
1995
There were 3 Thor missiles launched in 1995. 2 of the 3 launches were successful, giving a 66.7% success rate.
1996
There were 10 Thor missiles launched in 1996. All 10 launches were successful.
1997
There were 11 Thor missiles launched in 1997. 10 of the 11 launches were successful, giving a 90.9% success rate.
1998
There were 13 Thor missiles launched in 1998. 12 of the 13 launches were successful, giving a 92.3% success rate.
1999
There were 11 Thor missiles launched in 1999. 10 of the 11 launches were successful, giving a 90.9% success rate.
References
Lists of Thor and Delta launches
Lists of Delta launches |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9l%C3%A9%2C%20Cameroon | Lélé is a town in southern Cameroon, near the junction of the borders of Cameroon, Gabon and Congo-Brazzaville.
Statistics
Population = 794
See also
Lélé River
References
External links
Populated places in South Region (Cameroon) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Abelson | Robert Paul Abelson (September 12, 1928 – July 13, 2005) was a Yale University psychologist and political scientist with special interests in statistics and logic.
Biography
He was born in New York City and attended the Bronx High School of Science. He did his undergraduate work at MIT and his Ph.D. in psychology at Princeton University's Department of Psychology under John Tukey and Silvan Tomkins.
From Princeton, Abelson went to Yale, where he stayed for the subsequent five decades of his career. Arriving during the Yale Communication Project, Abelson contributed to the foundation of attitudes studies as co-author of Attitude Organization and Change: An Analysis of Consistency Among Attitude Component, (1960, with Rosenberg, Hovland, McGuire, & Brehm). While at Yale, Abelson was briefly a bass in the Yale Russian Chorus. Abelson also played an instrumental role in the founding of computer science at Yale, chairing a 1967 University Committee that recommended establishing a computer science department.
With Milton J. Rosenberg, he developed the notion of “symbolic psycho-logic," an early attempt, using an idiosyncratic kind of adjacency matrix of a signed graph, at a descriptive (rather than prescriptive) psychological organization of attitudes and attitude consistency, which was key to the development of the field of social cognition.
The notion that beliefs, attitudes, and ideology were deeply connected knowledge structures was contained in Scripts, Plans, Goals, and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-C | HLA-C belongs to the MHC (human = HLA) class I heavy chain receptors. The C receptor is a heterodimer consisting of a HLA-C mature gene product and β2-microglobulin. The mature C chain is anchored in the membrane. MHC Class I molecules, like HLA-C, are expressed in nearly all cells, and present small peptides to the immune system which surveys for non-self peptides.
HLA-C is a locus on chromosome 6, which encodes for many HLA-C alleles that are Class-I MHC receptors. HLA-C, localized proximal to the HLA-B locus, is located on the distal end of the HLA region. Most HLA-C:B haplotypes are in strong linkage disequilibrium and many are as ancient as the human species itself.
Disease associations
By serotype
Cw1: multinodular goiters
By allele
C*16: B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Nomenclature
C*01
Cw1 serotype: C*01:02 and C*01:09
Cw11
C*01:04 to *01:08
C*02
Cw2 serotype: C*02:02 and *02:08
C*02:03 to *02:07, and 02:09
C*03
Cw9 serotype: C*03:03
Cw10 serotype: C*03:02, *03:04, and *03:06
Cw3 serotype: C*03:07
C*03:05 and 03:08
C*04
Cw4 serotype: C*0401, *0407, and *0410
C*05
Cw5 serotype: C*05:01 and *05:02
C*05:03 to *05:06 and *05:08 to *05:10
C*06
Cw6 serotype: C*06:02 and *06:05
C*06:03, *06:04 and *06:06 to *06:11
C*07
Cw7 serotype: C*07:01 to *07:06, *07:12, *07:14, *07:16
C*07:07 to *07:11, *07:13, *07:15, and *07:17 to *07:29
C*08
Cw8 serotype: C*08:01, *08:02 and *08:03
C*08:05 to *08:12
Others
C*12:02 to *12:15
C*14:02 to *14:05
C*15:01 to *15 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P16 | p16 (also known as p16INK4a, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, CDKN2A, multiple tumor suppressor 1 and numerous other synonyms), is a protein that slows cell division by slowing the progression of the cell cycle from the G1 phase to the S phase, thereby acting as a tumor suppressor. It is encoded by the CDKN2A gene. A deletion (the omission of a part of the DNA sequence during replication) in this gene can result in insufficient or non-functional p16, accelerating the cell cycle and resulting in many types of cancer.
p16 can be used as a biomarker to improve the histological diagnostic accuracy of grade 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). p16 is also implicated in the prevention of melanoma, oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, cervical cancer, vulvar cancer and esophageal cancer.
p16 was discovered in 1993. It is a protein with 148 amino acids and a molecular weight of 16 kDa that comprises four ankyrin repeats. The name of p16 is derived from its molecular weight, and the alternative name p16INK4a refers to its role in inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase CDK4.
Nomenclature
p16 is also known as:
p16INK4A
p16Ink4
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A)
CDKN2
CDK 4 Inhibitor
Multiple Tumor Suppressor 1 (MTS1)
TP16
ARF
MLM
P14
Gene
In humans, p16 is encoded by the CDKN2A gene, located on chromosome 9 (9p21.3). This gene generates several transcript variants that differ in their first exons. At least three alternatively spliced variants encoding |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exisulind | Exisulind (tentative trade name Aptosyn) is an antineoplastic agent. It acts by inhibiting the enzyme cyclic guanosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase type 5 (). It is the sulfone derivative of sulindac, an NSAID. Unlike sulindac, it has known effects on prostaglandin synthesis. It was developed as the potential treatment of several conditions including familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), precancerous sporadic colonic polyps, cervical dysplasia and the prevention of tumor recurrence in prostate and breast cancer. Exisulind inhibits the enzyme cGMP-PDE, overexpressed in precancerous and cancerous colorectal cells, and induces apoptosis in such cells with minimal effects on normal cells. This apoptotic effect is independent of COX-1 or COX-2 inhibition, p53, Bcl-2, or cell cycle arrest. Preclinical evidence suggests that exisulind also inhibits angiogenesis.
See also
Sulindac
References
Antineoplastic drugs
Benzosulfones
Carboxylic acids
Indenes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium%20crustosum | Penicillium crustosum is a blue-green or blue-grey mold that can cause food spoilage, particularly of protein-rich foods such as meats and cheeses. It is identified by its complex biseriate conidiophores on which phialides produce asexual spores. It can grow at fairly low temperatures (it is a psychrophile), and in low water activity environments.
Penicillium crustosum produces mycotoxins, most notoriously the neurotoxic penitrems, including the best known penitrem toxin, penitrem A, and including penitrems A through G. Penitrem G has been shown to have insecticidal activity. In addition, P. crustosum can produce thomitrems A and E, and roquefortine C. Consumption of foods spoiled by this mold can cause transient neurological symptoms such as tremors. In dogs, symptoms can include vomiting, convulsion, tremors, ataxia, and tachycardia.
References
crustosum
Fungi described in 1930
Taxa named by Charles Thom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiescence%20search | Quiescence search is an algorithm typically used to extend search at unstable nodes in minimax game trees in game-playing computer programs. It is an extension of the evaluation function to defer evaluation until the position is stable enough to be evaluated statically, that is, without considering the history of the position or future moves from the position. It mitigates the effect of the horizon problem faced by AI engines for various games like chess and Go.
Human players usually have enough intuition to decide whether to abandon a bad-looking move, or search a promising move to a great depth. A quiescence search attempts to emulate this behavior by instructing a computer to search "volatile" positions to a greater depth than "quiet" ones to make sure there are no hidden traps and to get a better estimate of its value.
Any sensible criterion may be used to distinguish "quiet" positions from "volatile" positions. One common criterion is that moves exist in the position that can dramatically change the valuation of the position, such as captures in chess or Go. As the main motive of quiescence search is to get a stable value out of a static evaluation function, it may also make sense to detect wide fluctuations in values returned by a simple heuristic evaluator over several ply, i.e. a history criterion. The quiescence search continues as long as the position remains volatile according to the criterion. In order to get the quiescence search to terminate, plies are usua |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RUNX2 | Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) also known as core-binding factor subunit alpha-1 (CBF-alpha-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RUNX2 gene. RUNX2 is a key transcription factor associated with osteoblast differentiation.
It has also been suggested that Runx2 plays a cell proliferation regulatory role in cell cycle entry and exit in osteoblasts, as well as endothelial cells. Runx2 suppresses pre-osteoblast proliferation by affecting cell cycle progression in the G1 phase. In osteoblasts, the levels of Runx2 is highest in G1 phase and is lowest in S, G2, and M. The comprehensive cell cycle regulatory mechanisms that Runx2 may play are still unknown, although it is generally accepted that the varying activity and levels of Runx2 throughout the cell cycle contribute to cell cycle entry and exit, as well as cell cycle progression. These functions are especially important when discussing bone cancer, particularly osteosarcoma development, that can be attributed to aberrant cell proliferation control.
Function
Osteoblast differentiation
This protein is a member of the RUNX family of transcription factors and has a Runt DNA-binding domain. It is essential for osteoblastic differentiation and skeletal morphogenesis. It acts as a scaffold for nucleic acids and regulatory factors involved in skeletal gene expression. The protein can bind DNA both as a monomer or, with more affinity, as a subunit of a heterodimeric complex. Transcript variants of the gene th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lim%20kinase | LIM kinase-1 (LIMK1) and LIM kinase-2 (LIMK2) are actin-binding kinases that phosphorylate members of the ADF/cofilin family of actin binding and filament severing proteins. ADF/cofilin are the only substrates yet identified for the LIM kinases. LIM kinases directly phosphorylate and inactivate members of the cofilin family, resulting in stabilization of filamentous (F)-actin. Lim kinases are activated by signaling through small GTPases of the Rho family. Upstream, LIMK1 is regulated by Pak1, and LIMK2 by the Rho-dependent kinase ROCK. Lim Kinases are activated by PAK (p21-activated kinase). Recent work indicates that LIMK activity is also modulated by HIV-1 viral proteins.
There are approximately 40 known eukaryotic LIM proteins, so named for the LIM domains they contain. LIM domains are highly conserved cysteine-rich structures containing 2 zinc fingers. Although zinc fingers usually function by binding to DNA or RNA, the LIM motif probably mediates protein–protein interactions. LIM kinase-1 and LIM kinase-2 belong to a small subfamily with a unique combination of 2 N-terminal LIM motifs and a C-terminal protein kinase domain. LIMK1 is likely to be a component of an intracellular signaling pathway and may be involved in brain development. LIMK1 hemizygosity is implicated in the impaired visuospatial constructive cognition of Williams syndrome.
References
External links
EC 2.7.1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R69 | R69 may refer to:
(R)-69, a drug
R69 (South Africa), a road
BMW R69, a motorcycle
, a destroyer of the Royal Navy
Small nucleolar RNA Z157/R69/R10 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naive%20T%20cell | In immunology, a naive T cell (Th0 cell) is a T cell that has differentiated in the thymus, and successfully undergone the positive and negative processes of central selection in the thymus. Among these are the naive forms of helper T cells (CD4+) and cytotoxic T cells (CD8+). Any naive T cell is considered immature and, unlike activated or memory T cells, has not encountered its cognate antigen within the periphery. After this encounter, the naive T cell is considered a mature T cell.
Phenotype
Naive T cells are commonly characterized by the surface expression of L-selectin (CD62L) and C-C Chemokine receptor type 7 (CCR7); the absence of the activation markers CD25, CD44 or CD69; and the absence of memory CD45RO isoform. They also express functional IL-7 receptors, consisting of subunits IL-7 receptor-α, CD127, and common-γ chain, CD132. In the naive state, T cells are thought to require the common-gamma chain cytokines IL-7 and IL-15 for homeostatic survival mechanisms. While naive T cells are regularly regarded as a developmentally synchronized and fairly homogeneous and quiescent cell population, only differing in T cell receptor specificity, there is increasing evidence that naive T cells are actually heterogeneous in phenotype, function, dynamics and differentiation status, resulting in a whole spectrum of naive cells with different properties. For instance, some non-naive T cells express surface markers similar to naive T cells (Tscm, stem cell memory T cells; Tmp, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20%28order%20and%20disorder%29 | In thermodynamics, entropy is often associated with the amount of order or disorder in a thermodynamic system. This stems from Rudolf Clausius' 1862 assertion that any thermodynamic process always "admits to being reduced [reduction] to the alteration in some way or another of the arrangement of the constituent parts of the working body" and that internal work associated with these alterations is quantified energetically by a measure of "entropy" change, according to the following differential expression:
where = motional energy (“heat”) that is transferred reversibly to the system from the surroundings and = the absolute temperature at which the transfer occurs.
In the years to follow, Ludwig Boltzmann translated these 'alterations of arrangement' into a probabilistic view of order and disorder in gas-phase molecular systems. In the context of entropy, "perfect internal disorder" has often been regarded as describing thermodynamic equilibrium, but since the thermodynamic concept is so far from everyday thinking, the use of the term in physics and chemistry has caused much confusion and misunderstanding.
In recent years, to interpret the concept of entropy, by further describing the 'alterations of arrangement', there has been a shift away from the words 'order' and 'disorder', to words such as 'spread' and 'dispersal'.
History
This "molecular ordering" entropy perspective traces its origins to molecular movement interpretations developed by Rudolf Clausius in the 1850s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SANBI | SANBI may refer to different South African institutions:
South African National Biodiversity Institute - carrying out research and management of South Africa's biodiversity resources
South African National Bioinformatics Institute - carrying out research in bioinformatics, biotechnology and medical genomics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F2c | f2c is a program to convert Fortran 77 to C code, developed at Bell Laboratories. The standalone f2c program was based on the core of the first complete Fortran 77 compiler to be implemented, the "f77" program by Feldman and Weinberger. Because the f77 compiler was itself written in C and relied on a C compiler back end to complete its final compilation step, it and its derivatives like f2c were much more portable than compilers generating machine code directly.
The f2c program was released as free software and subsequently became one of the most common means to compile Fortran code on many systems where native Fortran compilers were unavailable or expensive. Several large Fortran libraries, such as LAPACK, were made available as C libraries via conversion with f2c. The f2c program also influenced the development of the GNU g77 compiler, which uses a modified version of the f2c runtime libraries.
See also
BCX – translates BASIC source code to C/C++ source code
References
S. I. Feldman and P. J. Weinberger. A portable Fortran 77 compiler. In UNIX Time Sharing System Programmer's Manual, volume 2. AT&T Bell Laboratories, tenth edition, 1990.
S. I. Feldman, David M. Gay, Mark W. Maimone, and N. L. Schryer, "A Fortran to C Converter," AT&T Bell Laboratories technical report, 1990. Also the paper of the same title by S. I. Feldman, published in ACM SIGPLAN Fortran Forum, vol. 9, issue 2, p. 21–22 (1990).
The f2c source code and documentation, at Netlib.
Fortran comp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma%20secretase | Gamma secretase is a multi-subunit protease complex, itself an integral membrane protein, that cleaves single-pass transmembrane proteins at residues within the transmembrane domain. Proteases of this type are known as intramembrane proteases. The most well-known substrate of gamma secretase is amyloid precursor protein, a large integral membrane protein that, when cleaved by both gamma and beta secretase, produces a short 37-43 amino acid peptide called amyloid beta whose abnormally folded fibrillar form is the primary component of amyloid plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. Gamma secretase is also critical in the related processing of several other type I integral membrane proteins, such as Notch, ErbB4, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, ephrin-B2, or CD44.
Subunits and assembly
The gamma secretase complex consists of four individual proteins: PSEN1 (presenilin-1), nicastrin, APH-1 (anterior pharynx-defective 1), and PEN-2 (presenilin enhancer 2). Recent evidence suggests that a fifth protein, known as CD147, is a non-essential regulator of the complex whose absence increases activity. Presenilin, an aspartyl protease, is the catalytic subunit; mutations in the presenilin gene have been shown to be a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and modulates immune cell activity. In humans, two forms of presenilin and two forms of APH-1 have been identified in the genome; one of the APH homologs can also be expressed in two isoforms via alternative spl |
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