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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipocalin | The lipocalins are a family of proteins which transport small hydrophobic molecules such as steroids, bilins, retinoids, and lipids, and most lipocalins are also able to bind to complexed iron (via siderophores or flavonoids) as well as heme. They share limited regions of sequence homology and a common tertiary structure architecture. This is an eight stranded antiparallel beta barrel with a repeated + 1 topology enclosing an internal ligand binding site.
These proteins are found in gram negative bacteria, vertebrate cells, and invertebrate cells, and in plants. Lipocalins have been associated with many biological processes, among them immune response, pheromone transport, biological prostaglandin synthesis, retinoid binding, and cancer cell interactions.
Function
Immune response
Lipocalin proteins are important key players of nutritional immunity by withholding and sequestering micronutrients. They are thereby able to regulate inflammatory and detoxification processes caused by immune system activation in mammals. They are known respiratory allergens of mice, cats, dogs, horses, and other animals. Examples of lipocalin proteins involved in immune system responses include alpha-1-microglobulin, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, and C8gamma. Structural information for many immune system influencing lipocalin proteins is available, while their exact role in biological systems is still somewhat unclear. Lipocalin allergens have been shown to evoke a Th2-deviated immune respo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercone | In geometry, a hypercone (or spherical cone) is the figure in the 4-dimensional Euclidean space represented by the equation
It is a quadric surface, and is one of the possible 3-manifolds which are 4-dimensional equivalents of the conical surface in 3 dimensions. It is also named "spherical cone" because its intersections with hyperplanes perpendicular to the w-axis are spheres. A four-dimensional right hypercone can be thought of as a sphere which expands with time, starting its expansion from a single point source, such that the center of the expanding sphere remains fixed. An oblique hypercone would be a sphere which expands with time, again starting its expansion from a point source, but such that the center of the expanding sphere moves with a uniform velocity.
Parametric form
A right spherical hypercone can be described by the function
with vertex at the origin and expansion speed s.
A right spherical hypercone with radius r and height h can be described by the function
An oblique spherical hypercone could then be described by the function
where is the 3-velocity of the center of the expanding sphere.
An example of such a cone would be an expanding sound wave as seen from the point of view of a moving reference frame: e.g. the sound wave of a jet aircraft as seen from the jet's own reference frame.
Note that the 3D-surfaces above enclose 4D-hypervolumes, which are the 4-cones proper.
Geometrical interpretation
The spherical cone consists of two unbounded nappe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronal%20calcium%20sensor-1 | Neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1) also known as frequenin homolog (Drosophila) (freq) is a protein that is encoded by the FREQ gene in humans. NCS-1 is a member of the neuronal calcium sensor family, a class of EF hand containing calcium-myristoyl-switch proteins.
Function
NCS-1 regulates synaptic transmission, helps control the dynamics of nerve terminal growth, is critical for some forms of learning and memory in C. elegans and mammals, regulates corticohippocampal plasticity; and enhancing levels of NCS-1 in the mouse dentate gyrus increases spontaneous exploration of safe environments, potentially linking NCS-1 to curiosity.
NCS-1 is a calcium sensor, not a calcium buffer (chelator); thus it is a high-affinity, low-capacity, calcium-binding protein.
Frq can substitute for calmodulin in some situations. It is thought to be associated with neuronal secretory vesicles and regulate neurosecretion.
It is the Ca2+-sensing subunit of the yeast phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns)-4-OH kinase, PIK1
It binds to many proteins, some in calcium dependent and some in calcium independent ways, and switches many of the targets "on" (some off).
Calcineurin (protein phosphatase 2B)
GRK2 (G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2)
D2 dopamine receptor
IL1RAPL1 (interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein-like 1 protein)
PI4KIIIβ (type III phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase β)
IP3 receptor (this activity is inhibited by lithium - a drug used for the treatment of bipolar disorder)
3',5'-cyclic nu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronal%20calcium%20sensor | Neuronal Calcium Sensor is a large family of proteins which work as calcium dependent molecular switches and includes members like Frequenin (NCS1), recoverin, GCAP, neurocalcin, visinin etc. All the members carry 4 EF hand motifs (out of which only 2 or 3 bind calcium) and an N-myristoyl group.
Members of NCS family
Highly evolutionarily conserved
NCS1 (Frequenin)
VILIP-1 (Visinin-like-protein-1)
HPCAL4 (Visinin-like-protein-2)
HPCAL1 (Visinin-like-protein-3)
hippocalcin
neurocalcin
recoverin
Guanylate cyclase activator proteins (GCAPs)
Potassium Channel interacting proteins (KChIPs 1–4), including:
KCNIP1,
KCNIP2,
Calsenilin or DREAM/KChIP-3/KCNIP3 (downstream regulatory element antagonist modulator/potassium channel interacting protein),
KCNIP4
References
External links
NCS proteins
Protein families |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCS1 | ncs1 or NCS1 may refer to:
Neuronal calcium sensor
Neuronal calcium sensor-1
Nucleobase Cation Symporter 1
National Comorbidity Survey |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama%20State%20Route%20204 | State Route 204 (SR 204) is a highway that runs from U.S. Route 431 (US 431) at Crystal Springs (just north of Wellington) to SR 21 at Jacksonville. It is two lanes in its entirety.
Route description
SR 204 travels through rural territory except in Jacksonville. It carries a speed limit until entering Jacksonville. This highway is often used by motorists who travel between Jacksonville and areas accessible by US 431, such as Gadsden.
Beginning at US 431 at Crystal Springs, a small water recreation park, the road makes a wide left-hand curve and then a sharp, right-hand curve just east of its western terminus. It then passes beneath a narrow, substandard railroad trestle after which an uphill curve takes the road past a former elementary school site. The road then goes straight until turning slightly right and passing a small church. It then straightens again when going past a marshy wooded area on the right and turns slightly left and uphill before passing a cemetery.
Angel Grove Baptist Church can be seen on the right before making a left turn while going downhill. There is a Chevron station at the caution light before going uphill and across a high bridge over a deep valley. After a slight right-hand turn, Pleasant Valley Road can be seen at the caution light. The road again straightens and passes West Point Baptist Church. It then crosses its final bridge while slightly turning left, then turns left again before a short straightaway leading past the Jacksonville Wa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Kieffer | Susan Elizabeth Werner Kieffer (born November 17, 1942 in Warren, Pennsylvania) is an American physical geologist and planetary scientist. Kieffer is known for her work on the fluid dynamics of volcanoes, geysers, and rivers, and for her model of the thermodynamic properties of complex minerals. She has also contributed to the scientific understanding of meteorite impacts.
Biography
Kieffer received her B.S. in physics/mathematics from Allegheny College in 1964 and is an alumna of the California Institute of Technology receiving both an M.S. (1967) in geological sciences and Ph.D. (1971) in planetary sciences. She received an Honorary Doctor of Science from Allegheny in 1987, and the Distinguished Alumnus Award, equivalent to an honorary Ph.D. from other institutions, from Caltech in 1982.
She is currently an Emeritus Professor of Geology in the Department of Geology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She began her teaching career as a Professor of Geology at the University of California, Los Angeles (1973) before working with the United States Geological Survey in Flagstaff, Arizona (1979–1990). After serving as a Regents Professor of Geology at Arizona State University (1991-1993) she went on to chair the Geological Sciences Department at the University of British Columbia (1993–1995).
She is a member of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a member of the Washington State Acad |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suboccipital%20puncture | A suboccipital puncture or cisternal puncture is a diagnostic procedure that can be performed in order to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for biochemical, microbiological, and cytological analysis, or rarely to relieve increased intracranial pressure. It is done by inserting a needle through the skin below the external occipital protuberance into the cisterna magna and is an alternative to lumbar puncture. Indications for its use are limited. Subarachnoid hemorrhage and direct puncture of brain tissue are the most common major complications. Fluoroscopic guidance decreases the risk for complications. The use of this procedure in humans was first described by Ayer in 1920.
This is an exceedingly rare procedure. When CSF cannot be obtained from the lumbar space (and when its analysis is considered critical to treatment), a cisternal tap may be required. The needle is placed in the midline, passing just under the occipital bone, into the (usually large) cisterna magna (Fig. 23-2). This is technically fairly easy; however, if the needle is advanced too far it can enter the medulla, sometimes causing sudden respiratory arrest and death. The test should therefore be carried out only by experienced physicians (usually neurosurgeons or neuroradiologists). An alternative route that may be used by neurosurgeons and neuroradiologists is lateral to C-1 with penetration through the large C-1 intervertebral hiatus.
The cisternal tap may be used in myelography when the upper |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20flatness | Spectral flatness or tonality coefficient, also known as Wiener entropy, is a measure used in digital signal processing to characterize an audio spectrum. Spectral flatness is typically measured in decibels, and provides a way to quantify how much a sound resembles a pure tone, as opposed to being noise-like.
The meaning of tonal in this context is in the sense of the amount of peaks or resonant structure in a power spectrum, as opposed to flat spectrum of a white noise. A high spectral flatness (approaching 1.0 for white noise) indicates that the spectrum has a similar amount of power in all spectral bands — this would sound similar to white noise, and the graph of the spectrum would appear relatively flat and smooth. A low spectral flatness (approaching 0.0 for a pure tone) indicates that the spectral power is concentrated in a relatively small number of bands — this would typically sound like a mixture of sine waves, and the spectrum would appear "spiky".
The spectral flatness is calculated by dividing the geometric mean of the power spectrum by the arithmetic mean of the power spectrum, i.e.:
where x(n) represents the magnitude of bin number n. Note that a single (or more) empty bin yields a flatness of 0, so this measure is most useful when bins are generally not empty.
The ratio produced by this calculation is often converted to a decibel scale for reporting, with a maximum of 0 dB and a minimum of −∞ dB.
The spectral flatness can also be measured within a specifie |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora%20of%20Indonesia | The flora consists of many unique varieties of tropical plants. Blessed with a tropical climate and roughly 17,000 islands, Indonesia is the nation with the second highest biodiversity in the world. The flora of Ind reflects an intermingling of Asian, Australian and unique, Indonesian lineages. This is due to the geography of Indonesia, located between the aforementioned continents.
The archipelago consists of a variety of regions, from the tropical rain forests of the northern lowlands and the seasonal forests of the southern lowlands through the hill and mountain vegetation, to subalpine shrub vegetation. With the second longest coastline in the world, Indonesia also has many swamps and other varieties of coastal vegetation. Combined, these all give rise to a huge floral biodiversity.
There are about 28,000 species of flowering plants documented in Indonesia, including 2500 orchids, 122 species of bamboo, over 350 species of rattan and 400 species of Dipterocarpus, including ebony, sandalwood and teakwood.
Indonesia is also home to some unusual species of carnivorous plants. One exceptional species is known as Rafflesia arnoldi, named after Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles and Dr. Thomas Arnold, who discovered the flower in the depths of Bengkulu, southwest Sumatra. This parasitic plant has the largest flower of any plant, does not produce leaves and grows only on one species of liana on the rainforest floor. Another unusual plant is Amorphophallus titanum from Sumatra. Numerous |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Parshall | George W. Parshall (September 19, 1929 – July 28, 2019) was an American organometallic chemist who made notable contributions to homogeneous catalysis. He was a senior scientist at E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company for many years.
Personal and educational background
Born in Hackensack, Minnesota, Parshall received a Bachelor of Science degree with highest distinction from the University of Minnesota in 1951. He received his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from the University of Illinois in 1954 under the direction of Reynold C. Fuson. In 1954, he joined Central Research Department at du Pont Experimental Station, where he rose to Director of Chemical Sciences. He took two industrial sabbaticals, one at Imperial College London in 1960-61 and another at University of Oxford in 1986. He was a visiting Ipatieff Lecturer at Northwestern University of the fall of 1994. Parshall is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the New York Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Sciences, Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Lambda Upsilon and Sigma Xi.
Parshall is a member of the Guild of Scholars of The Episcopal Church. He married Naomi B. Simpson on October 9, 1954.
Professional career and technical contributions
Parshall was a senior manager at du Pont during an era of rapid development and commercialization of organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis. He directed the work of 50 to 100 DuPont scientists, including that of Fred Tebbe and Richard Schrock. The activati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Place | My Place may refer to:
Music
My Place (album), by Monika Borzym, or the title song, 2013
"My Place" (song), by Nelly, 2004
"My Place", a song by the Crystals, 1965
"My Place", a song by Diana Ross from Everything Is Everything, 1970
"My Place", a song by T-Pain from Rappa Ternt Sanga, 2005
"My Place", a song by Tweet from Southern Hummingbird, 2002
"My Place", a song by the Vamps from Night & Day, 2017
"My Place", a song by Jaguar Wright from Divorcing Neo 2 Marry Soul, 2005
"My Place (Evergreen)", a song by Aqua Timez, 2007
Other uses
My Place (book), a 1987 autobiography by Sally Morgan
My Place (TV series), a 2009–2011 Australian children's series, based on Wheatley's book
My Place, a 1987 children's picture book by Nadia Wheatley
See also
"In My Place", a 2002 song by Coldplay |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex%20Records%20%281933%29 | Rex Records was a United Kingdom-based record label founded in 1933 by the Crystalate Gramophone Record Manufacturing Company, also the parent of British Imperial Records. Rex released their first discs in September 1933, with the initial release bearing a catalogue number of 8000 or 8001. The company was taken over by Decca Records in March 1937. Rex Records were sold at Marks & Spencer's chain stores.
The label was discontinued in February 1948. Despite wartime limitations, they had released approximately 2,250 discs.
The label name reappeared in 1965 as part of the Decca group; for more information, see Rex Records (1965).
See also
List of record labels
Rex Records (disambiguation)
An In-progress List of Rex records at The 78rpm Community.
Search all Rex 78rpm records at the 78rpm Community Index Search
References
British record labels
Record labels established in 1933
Record labels disestablished in 1948
Pop record labels
Jazz record labels |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KASH%20domain | KASH domains are conserved C-terminal protein regions less than ~30 amino acids. KASH is an acronym for Klarsicht, ANC-1, Syne Homology. KASH domains always follow a transmembrane domain. Most proteins containing KASH domains are thought to be involved in the positioning of the nucleus in the cell. KASH domains interact with proteins containing SUN domains in the space between the outer and inner nuclear membranes to bridge the nuclear envelope, and may transfer force from the nucleoskeleton to the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton and enable mechanosensory roles in cells. KASH proteins are thought to largely localize to the outer nuclear membrane, although there are reports of inner nuclear membrane localization of some KASH protein isoforms.
Examples of KASH proteins
Caenorhabditis elegans
UNC-83
ANC-1
ZYG-12
Mammals
Nesprins-1, 2, 3 and 4 (also called Synes, Mynes, Nuance, Enaptin)
Drosophila melanogaster
Klarsicht
MSP-300
References
External links
- KASH domain in PROSITE
Protein domains |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadmaster%20%28album%29 | Roadmaster is the third studio album by Gene Clark, released in January 1973. The album was compiled from various unreleased recordings for A&M Records made in 1970 through 1972. Eight tracks are from an April 1972 recording session featuring Clarence White, Chris Ethridge, Spooner Oldham, Sneaky Pete Kleinow, Byron Berline and Michael Clarke; two tracks ("One in a Hundred" and "She's the Kind of Girl") derived from an unissued single reassembling the five original Byrds prior to their 1973 reunion album; and the remaining track, "Here Tonight", had been recorded with The Flying Burrito Brothers. Initially released in the Netherlands and Germany only on the A&M subsidiary Ariola, it was reissued on compact disc for the American market in 1994. Other recordings of songs on Roadmaster featuring Clark have been released elsewhere: "One in a Hundred" initially appeared on Clark's previous solo album White Light, Full Circle Song was later rerecorded with the Byrds for the Byrds reunion album, and was released as the albums only single, while "She Don't Care About Time" had originally been recorded with the Byrds in 1965 and was released as the B-side to "Turn! Turn! Turn!".
Track listing
Personnel
Tracks 1, 2: with The Byrds
Gene Clark – vocals, acoustic guitar
Chris Hillman – bass guitar, vocals
David Crosby, Roger McGuinn – guitars, vocals
Michael Clarke – drums
Bud Shank – flute on "She's The Kind Of Girl"
Track 3: with The Flying Burrito Brothers
Gene Clark – vocal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20dioxide%20clathrate | Carbon dioxide hydrate or carbon dioxide clathrate is a snow-like crystalline substance composed of water ice and carbon dioxide. It normally is a Type I gas clathrate. There has also been some experimental evidence for the development of a metastable Type II phase at a temperature near the ice melting point. The clathrate can exist below 283K (10 °C) at a range of pressures of carbon dioxide. CO2 hydrates are widely studied around the world due to their promising prospects of carbon dioxide capture from flue gas and fuel gas streams relevant to post-combustion and pre-combustion capture. It is also quite likely to be important on Mars due to the presence of carbon dioxide and ice at low temperatures.
History
The first evidence for the existence of CO2 hydrates dates back to the year 1882, when Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski reported clathrate formation while studying carbonic acid. He noted that gas hydrate was a white material resembling snow and could be formed by raising the pressure above a certain limit in his H2O - CO2 system. He was the first to estimate the CO2 hydrate composition, finding it to be approximately CO2•8H2O. He also mentions that "...the hydrate is only formed either on the walls of the tube, where the water layer is extremely thin or on the free water surface... (from French)" This already indicates the importance of the surface available for reaction (i.e. the larger the surface the better). Later on, in 1894, M. P. Villard deduced the hydrate composit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organocatalysis | In organic chemistry, organocatalysis is a form of catalysis in which the rate of a chemical reaction is increased by an organic catalyst. This "organocatalyst" consists of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur and other nonmetal elements found in organic compounds. Because of their similarity in composition and description, they are often mistaken as a misnomer for enzymes due to their comparable effects on reaction rates and forms of catalysis involved.
Organocatalysts which display secondary amine functionality can be described as performing either enamine catalysis (by forming catalytic quantities of an active enamine nucleophile) or iminium catalysis (by forming catalytic quantities of an activated iminium electrophile). This mechanism is typical for covalent organocatalysis. Covalent binding of substrate normally requires high catalyst loading (for proline-catalysis typically 20–30 mol%).
Noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen-bonding facilitates low catalyst loadings (down to 0.001 mol%).
Organocatalysis offers several advantages. There is no need for metal-based catalysis thus making a contribution to green chemistry. In this context, simple organic acids have been used as catalyst for the modification of cellulose in water on multi-ton scale. When the organocatalyst is chiral an avenue is opened to asymmetric catalysis; for example, the use of proline in aldol reactions is an example of chirality and green chemistry. Organic chemists David MacMillan and Benjamin List were b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotropic%20line | In the geometry of quadratic forms, an isotropic line or null line is a line for which the quadratic form applied to the displacement vector between any pair of its points is zero. An isotropic line occurs only with an isotropic quadratic form, and never with a definite quadratic form.
Using complex geometry, Edmond Laguerre first suggested the existence of two isotropic lines through the point that depend on the imaginary unit :
First system:
Second system:
Laguerre then interpreted these lines as geodesics:
An essential property of isotropic lines, and which can be used to define them, is the following: the distance between any two points of an isotropic line situated at a finite distance in the plane is zero. In other terms, these lines satisfy the differential equation . On an arbitrary surface one can study curves that satisfy this differential equation; these curves are the geodesic lines of the surface, and we also call them isotropic lines.
In the complex projective plane, points are represented by homogeneous coordinates and lines by homogeneous coordinates . An isotropic line in the complex projective plane satisfies the equation:
In terms of the affine subspace , an isotropic line through the origin is
In projective geometry, the isotropic lines are the ones passing through the circular points at infinity.
In the real orthogonal geometry of Emil Artin, isotropic lines occur in pairs:
A non-singular plane which contains an isotropic vector shall be called |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac%20amyloidosis | Cardiac amyloidosis is a subcategory of amyloidosis where there is depositing of the protein amyloid in the cardiac muscle and surrounding tissues. Amyloid, a misfolded and insoluble protein, can become a deposit in the heart's atria, valves, or ventricles. These deposits can cause thickening of different sections of the heart, leading to decreased cardiac function. The overall decrease in cardiac function leads to a plethora of symptoms. This multisystem disease was often misdiagnosed, with a corrected analysis only during autopsy. Advancements of technologies have increased earlier accuracy of diagnosis. Cardiac amyloidosis has multiple sub-types including light chain, familial, and senile. One of the most studied types is light chain cardiac amyloidosis. Prognosis depends on the extent of the deposits in the body and the type of amyloidosis. New treatment methods are actively being researched in regards to the treatment of heart failure and specific cardiac amyloidosis problems.
Types
The multiple subtypes of cardiac amyloidosis have varying epidemiological, diagnostic, and prognostic characteristics.
Light chain (AL-CM)
This relatively rare form of cardiac amyloidosis occurs in an estimated six to ten cases per 1,000,000 people. This sub- type usually affects males over the age of 60 and is rapidly progressive. Pathogenesis of this form is due to the aggregation of immunoglobulin lambda light chains. These chains are created by an abnormal expansion of plasma cells. Ov |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy-tailed%20distribution | In probability theory, heavy-tailed distributions are probability distributions whose tails are not exponentially bounded: that is, they have heavier tails than the exponential distribution. In many applications it is the right tail of the distribution that is of interest, but a distribution may have a heavy left tail, or both tails may be heavy.
There are three important subclasses of heavy-tailed distributions: the fat-tailed distributions, the long-tailed distributions, and the subexponential distributions. In practice, all commonly used heavy-tailed distributions belong to the subexponential class, introduced by Jozef Teugels.
There is still some discrepancy over the use of the term heavy-tailed. There are two other definitions in use. Some authors use the term to refer to those distributions which do not have all their power moments finite; and some others to those distributions that do not have a finite variance. The definition given in this article is the most general in use, and includes all distributions encompassed by the alternative definitions, as well as those distributions such as log-normal that possess all their power moments, yet which are generally considered to be heavy-tailed. (Occasionally, heavy-tailed is used for any distribution that has heavier tails than the normal distribution.)
Definitions
Definition of heavy-tailed distribution
The distribution of a random variable X with distribution function F is said to have a heavy (right) tail if |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey%20Bee%20Genome%20Sequencing%20Consortium | The Honey Bee Genome Sequencing Consortium is an international collaborative group of genomics scientists, scientific organisations and universities trying to decipher the genome sequences of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It was formed in 2001 by American scientists. In the US, the project is funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute (a division of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)), the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, the University of Illinois Sociogenomics Initiative, and various beekeepers association and the bee industry.
First scientific findings show that the honey bee genome may have evolved more slowly than the genomes of the fruit fly and malaria mosquito. The bee genome contains versions of some important mammalian genes.
The complete genome of Apis mellifera has been sequenced and consists of 10,000 genes with approximately 236 million base pairs. The size of the genome is a tenth of the human genome.
The Western honey bee gene sequence showed 163 chemical receptors for smell but only 10 for taste. Besides the discovery of new genes for the use of pollen and nectar, researchers found that, in comparison with other insects, Apis mellifera has fewer genes for immunity, detoxification and the development of the cuticula.
The population genetic analysis showed Africa as the origin and hypothesized that the spread into Europe happened in at least two independent waves.
Data fro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Mathematical%20Statistics | The Institute of Mathematical Statistics is an international professional and scholarly society devoted to the development, dissemination, and application of statistics and probability. The Institute currently has about 4,000 members in all parts of the world. Beginning in 2005, the institute started offering joint membership with the Bernoulli Society for Mathematical Statistics and Probability as well as with the International Statistical Institute. The Institute was founded in 1935 with Harry C. Carver and Henry L. Rietz as its two most important supporters. The institute publishes a variety of journals, and holds several international conference every year.
Publications
The Institute publishes five journals:
Annals of Statistics
Annals of Applied Statistics
Annals of Probability
Annals of Applied Probability
Statistical Science
In addition, it co-sponsors:
The Current Index to Statistics
Electronic Communications in Probability
Electronic Journal of Probability
Electronic Journal of Statistics
Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics (A joint publication with the American Statistical Association and the Interface Foundation of North America)
Probability Surveys (A joint publication with the International Statistical Institute and the Bernoulli Society for Mathematical Statistics and Probability)
Statistics Surveys (A joint publication with the American Statistical Association, the Bernoulli Society for Mathematical Statistics and Probability, and the St |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital%20nephrotic%20syndrome | Congenital nephrotic syndrome is a rare kidney disease which manifests in infants during the first 3 months of life, and is characterized by high levels of protein in the urine (proteinuria), low levels of protein in the blood, and swelling. This disease is primarily caused by genetic mutations which result in damage to components of the glomerular filtration barrier and allow for leakage of plasma proteins into the urinary space.
Signs and symptoms
Urine protein loss leads to total body swelling (generalized edema) and abdominal distension in the first several weeks to months of life. Fluid retention may lead to cough (from pulmonary edema), ascites, and widened cranial sutures and fontanelles. High urine protein loss can lead to foamy appearance of urine. Infants may be born prematurely with low birth weight, and have meconium stained amniotic fluid or a large placenta.
Complications
Frequent, severe infections: urinary loss of immunoglobulins
Malnutrition and poor growth
Blood clots (hypercoagulability): imbalance of plasma coagulation factors from urine protein loss
Hypothyroidism: urinary loss of thyroid-binding protein
Poor bone health associated with vitamin D deficiency: urinary loss of vitamin D binding protein
Acute kidney injury
Chronic kidney disease and ultimately end-stage kidney disease
Causes
Primary (genetic) causes
Mutations in the following five genes account for greater than 80% of the genetic causes of congenital nephrotic syndrome:
NPHS1 (F |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRK | Long Range Kinematic (LRK) technology is a sophisticated kinematic method developed by Magellan (formerly Thales) Navigation that optimises the advantages of dual-frequency GPS operation. Other conventional methods use the dual-frequency only during initialisation. LRK makes solving ambiguities during initialisation easy and continuous dual-frequency kinematic operation possible at distances up to 40 kilometres.
Conventional dual-frequency kinematic operation is limited to about 10 kilometres, using a combined observation on GPS L1 and L2 frequencies to produce an initial wide lane solution, ambiguous to around 86 centimetres. During a second phase, the conventional kinematic method uses measurements from the L1 frequency only. This method only allows for kinematic operation as long as the de-correlation of atmospheric errors is compatible with a pure phase single-frequency solution.
Similar to the KART process, LRK is a simple and reliable method that allows any initialisation mode, from a static or fixed reference point, to On The Fly ambiguity resolution, when performing dual-frequency GPS positioning. LRK technology reduces initialisation times to a few seconds by efficiently using L2 measurements in every mode of operation. LRK maintains optimal real-time positioning accuracy to within a centimetre at a range up to 40-50 kilometres, even with a reduced number of visible satellites.
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20060821080822/http://products.thalesnaviga |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.A.%20Semi | P. A. Semi (originally Palo Alto Semiconductor) was an American fabless semiconductor company founded in Santa Clara, California in 2003 by Daniel W. Dobberpuhl, who was previously the lead designer for the DEC Alpha 21064 and StrongARM processors. The company employed a 150-person engineering team which included people who had previously worked on processors like Itanium, Opteron and UltraSPARC. Apple Inc acquired P.A. Semi for $278 million in April 2008.
History
P. A. Semi concentrated on making powerful and power-efficient Power ISA processors called PWRficient, based on the PA6T processor core. The PA6T was the first Power ISA core to be designed from scratch outside the AIM alliance (i.e. not by Apple, IBM, or Motorola/Freescale) in ten years. Texas Instruments was one of the investors in P.A. Semi and it was suggested that their fabrication plants would be used to manufacture the PWRficient processors.
PWRficient processors were shipping to select customers, and were set to be released for worldwide sale in Q4 2007.
There were rumors that P. A. Semi had a relationship with Apple that suggested Apple would be the premier user of the PWRficient processors. That relationship supposedly ended with the Mac transition to Intel processors when Apple switched from the PowerPC to Intel's Core processors for their entire line of computers.
Acquisition by Apple
On 23 April 2008, Apple announced that they had acquired P. A. Semi for $278 million. The acquisition came with P.A. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphinite | In organic chemistry, phosphinites are organophosphorus compounds with the formula . They are used as ligands in homogeneous catalysis and coordination chemistry.
Preparation
Phosphinites are prepared by alcoholysis of organophosphinous chlorides. For example, treatment of chlorodiphenylphosphine with methanol and base gives methyl diphenylphosphinite:
ClPPh2 + CH3OH → CH3OPPh2 + HCl
Although they are esters of phosphinous acids (R2POH), phosphinites are not made via such intermediates.
Reactions
Oxidation of phosphinites gives phosphinates:
2 P(OR)R2 + O2 → 2 OP(OR)R2
Phosphinites are ligands, giving derivatives similar to metal phosphine complexes. They are stronger pi-acceptors than typical phosphine ligands.
References
See also
Phosphine - PR3
Phosphine oxide - OPR3
Phosphonite - P(OR)2R
Phosphite - P(OR)3
Phosphinate - OP(OR)R2
Phosphonate - OP(OR)2R
Phosphate - OP(OR)3
Functional groups |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphonite | In organic chemistry, phosphonites are organophosphorus compounds with the formula P(OR)2R. They are found in some pesticides and are used as ligands.
Preparation
Although they are derivatives of phosphonous acid (RP(OH)2), they are not prepared from such precursors. Phosphonites are prepared by alcoholysis of organophosphinous chlorides. For example, treatment of dichlorophenylphosphine with methanol and base gives dimethyl phenylphosphonite:
Cl2PPh + 2 CH3OH → (CH3O)2PPh + 2 HCl
Reactions
Oxidation of phosphonites gives phosphonates:
2 P(OR)2R + O2 → 2 OP(OR)2R
Phosphonites can function as ligands in homogeneous catalysis.
References
Functional groups
Organophosphonites |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Households%20Below%20Average%20Income | Households below average income is an annual publication on poverty statistics in the United Kingdom. The data is based on the Family Resources Survey.
Poverty is defined as having an equivalised household income below the 60% median line.
References
External links
HBAI
Family economics
Government publications
Household income
Measurements and definitions of poverty
Poverty in the United Kingdom
Publications with year of establishment missing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesz%20space | In mathematics, a Riesz space, lattice-ordered vector space or vector lattice is a partially ordered vector space where the order structure is a lattice.
Riesz spaces are named after Frigyes Riesz who first defined them in his 1928 paper Sur la décomposition des opérations fonctionelles linéaires.
Riesz spaces have wide-ranging applications. They are important in measure theory, in that important results are special cases of results for Riesz spaces. For example, the Radon–Nikodym theorem follows as a special case of the Freudenthal spectral theorem. Riesz spaces have also seen application in mathematical economics through the work of Greek-American economist and mathematician Charalambos D. Aliprantis.
Definition
Preliminaries
If is an ordered vector space (which by definition is a vector space over the reals) and if is a subset of then an element is an upper bound (resp. lower bound) of if (resp. ) for all
An element in is the least upper bound or supremum (resp. greater lower bound or infimum) of if it is an upper bound (resp. a lower bound) of and if for any upper bound (resp. any lower bound) of (resp. ).
Definitions
Preordered vector lattice
A preordered vector lattice is a preordered vector space in which every pair of elements has a supremum.
More explicitly, a preordered vector lattice is vector space endowed with a preorder, such that for any :
Translation Invariance: implies
Positive Homogeneity: For any scalar implies
For any pa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordered%20vector%20space | In mathematics, an ordered vector space or partially ordered vector space is a vector space equipped with a partial order that is compatible with the vector space operations.
Definition
Given a vector space over the real numbers and a preorder on the set the pair is called a preordered vector space and we say that the preorder is compatible with the vector space structure of and call a vector preorder on if for all and with the following two axioms are satisfied
implies
implies
If is a partial order compatible with the vector space structure of then is called an ordered vector space and is called a vector partial order on
The two axioms imply that translations and positive homotheties are automorphisms of the order structure and the mapping is an isomorphism to the dual order structure. Ordered vector spaces are ordered groups under their addition operation.
Note that if and only if
Positive cones and their equivalence to orderings
A subset of a vector space is called a cone if for all real A cone is called pointed if it contains the origin. A cone is convex if and only if The intersection of any non-empty family of cones (resp. convex cones) is again a cone (resp. convex cone);
the same is true of the union of an increasing (under set inclusion) family of cones (resp. convex cones). A cone in a vector space is said to be generating if
Given a preordered vector space the subset of all elements in satisfying is a pointed conve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20slime | In the computer programming, vector slime refers to a class of visual effects achieved by procedural deformation of geometric shapes. The techniques appear in programming demos.
Synopsis
A geometric object exposed to vector slime is usually defined by vertices and faces in two or three dimensions. In the process of deformation, each vertex in the original shape undergoes one or more linear transformations (usually rotation or translation), defined as a function of the vertex' position in space (usually a function of the magnitude of the vector) and time. The desired result is an animated geometric object behaving in a harmonic way, creating some degree of illusion of physical realism.
Older vector slime implementations kept old copies of the rendering result from simple vector objects in RAM, and selected scan-lines from the different buffers in order to make a time-displacement illusion over the y-axis.
Appearance
Depending on variances in implementation, vector slime can approximate an array of physical properties. A traditional approach is to let the linear transformation vary as a smooth function of time minus the magnitude of the vector in question. This creates the illusion that there is a force applied to the origin of the object space (where the object is usually centered), and the rest of the object's body reacts as a soft body, as each vertex reacts to a change in the force delayed by the distance to the origin. Applied to a spikeball (a sphere with extracted a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necktie%20paradox | The necktie paradox is a puzzle and paradox with a subjective interpretation of probability theory describing a paradoxical bet advantageous to both involved parties. The two-envelope paradox is a variation of the necktie paradox.
Statement of paradox
Two persons, each given a necktie, start arguing over who has the cheaper one. The person with the more expensive necktie must give it to the other person.
The first person reasons as follows: winning and losing are equally likely. If I lose, then I will lose the value of my necktie. But if I win, then I will win more than the value of my necktie. Therefore, the wager is to my advantage. The second person can consider the wager in exactly the same way; thus, paradoxically, it seems both persons have the advantage in the bet.
Resolution
The paradox can be resolved by giving more careful consideration to what is lost in one scenario ("the value of my necktie") and what is won in the other ("more than the value of my necktie"). If one assumes for simplicity that the only possible necktie prices are $20 and $40, and that a person has equal chances of having a $20 or $40 necktie, then four outcomes (all equally likely) are possible:
The first person has a 50% chance of a neutral outcome, a 25% chance of gaining a necktie worth $40, and a 25% chance of losing a necktie worth $40. Turning to the losing and winning scenarios: if the person loses $40, then it is true that they have lost the value of their necktie; and if they gain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edrecolomab | Edrecolomab (MAb17-1A, trade name Panorex) is a mouse-derived monoclonal antibody targeting the cell-surface glycoprotein EpCAM (17-1A), which is expressed on epithelial tissues and on various carcinomas.
Preliminary studies had shown promise of a possible use in patients with stage III colorectal carcinoma (with metastasis to the lymph nodes). No effect has been demonstrated for stage II (locally advanced cancer without spread to the lymph nodes) colon cancer.
Edrecolomab was well tolerated in these studies and as such research has now concentrated on whether it can be of any use in other forms of cancer.
References
Monoclonal antibodies for tumors
Experimental drugs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borland%20Graphics%20Interface | The Borland Graphics Interface, also known as BGI, was a graphics library bundled with several Borland compilers for the DOS operating systems since 1987. BGI was also used to provide graphics for many other Borland products including the Quattro Pro spreadsheet.
The library loaded graphic drivers (*.BGI) and vector fonts (*.CHR) from disk in order to provide device independent graphics support. It was possible for the programmer to embed the graphic driver into the executable file by linking the graphic driver as object code with the aid of a utility provided by the compiler (bgiobj.exe). There were graphic drivers for common graphic adapters and printers of that time, such as CGA, EGA, VGA, Hercules, AT&T 400, MCGA and 3270 PC. There also were BGI drivers for some kinds of plotters.
The last Borland's C++ IDE for DOS is Borland C++ 3.1 (1992). The last C++ environment which supports BGI is Borland C++ 5.02 (1997), which works under Windows but can compile DOS programs. BGI was accessible in C/C++ with graphics.lib / graphics.h, and in Pascal via the graph unit.
BGI was less powerful than modern graphics libraries such as SDL or OpenGL, since it was designed for 2D presentation graphics instead of event-based 3D applications. However, it has been considered simpler to code. BGI and Turbo C++, although obsolete, are still widely used in education in India.
Third-party BGI drivers
Given the popularity of Borland compilers, a few independent software developers produced BGI |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robb%2C%20Alberta | Robb is a hamlet in west-central Alberta, Canada within Yellowhead County that is recognized as a designated place by Statistics Canada. It is located on Highway 47, approximately southwest of Edson. It has an elevation of .
It was named after Peter (Baldy) Addison Robb (1887–1954), a freighter and prospector. Robb was born in Gamrie, Banffshire, Scotland on 24 November 1887 to master blacksmith George Robb, and his wife Jane Addison.
The hamlet is located in Census Division No. 14 and in the federal riding of Yellowhead.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Robb had a population of 144 living in 76 of its 125 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 170. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
As a designated place in the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Robb had a population of 170 living in 82 of its 111 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2011 population of 171. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
Climate
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of designated places in Alberta
List of hamlets in Alberta
References
Designated places in Alberta
Hamlets in Alberta
Yellowhead County |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener%20deconvolution | In mathematics, Wiener deconvolution is an application of the Wiener filter to the noise problems inherent in deconvolution. It works in the frequency domain, attempting to minimize the impact of deconvolved noise at frequencies which have a poor signal-to-noise ratio.
The Wiener deconvolution method has widespread use in image deconvolution applications, as the frequency spectrum of most visual images is fairly well behaved and may be estimated easily.
Wiener deconvolution is named after Norbert Wiener.
Definition
Given a system:
where denotes convolution and:
is some original signal (unknown) at time .
is the known impulse response of a linear time-invariant system
is some unknown additive noise, independent of
is our observed signal
Our goal is to find some so that we can estimate as follows:
where is an estimate of that minimizes the mean square error
,
with denoting the expectation.
The Wiener deconvolution filter provides such a . The filter is most easily described in the frequency domain:
where:
and are the Fourier transforms of and ,
is the mean power spectral density of the original signal ,
is the mean power spectral density of the noise ,
, , and are the Fourier transforms of , and , and , respectively,
the superscript denotes complex conjugation.
The filtering operation may either be carried out in the time-domain, as above, or in the frequency domain:
and then performing an inverse Fourier transform on to obtain .
Note t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Darby | Sarah C. Darby is Professor of Medical Statistics at the University of Oxford. Her research has focused the beneficial effects of smoking cessation, the risk of lung cancer from residential radon, and treatments for early breast cancer. She is also a Principal Scientist with the Cancer Research UK in the Clinical Trial Service Unit (CTSU) and Epidemiological Studies Unit at the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, at the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford.
Education
Darby studied Mathematics at Imperial College London (BSc) and Mathematical Statistics at the University of Birmingham (MSc). She completed her PhD at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in 1977 where her research investigated Bayesian approaches to analysing bioassays.
Career and research
After her PhD, she worked at St Thomas's Hospital Medical School, the National Radiological Protection Board, and the Radiation Effects Research Foundation in Hiroshima, before moving to the University of Oxford in 1984. Her major funder since then has been Cancer Research UK.
Darby and her team have demonstrated that there is a linear relationship between the dose of radiation delivered incidentally to the heart during breast cancer radiotherapy and the subsequent risk of ischaemic heart disease, and that the absolute size of the radiation-related risk is bigger for women already at increased risk of heart disease.
She and her team have also estimated the absolute size of the benefit of radiotherapy to breast |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urquhart%20Priory | Urquhart Priory was a Benedictine monastic community in Moray; the priory was dedicated to the Holy Trinity. It was founded by King David I of Scotland in 1136 as a cell of Dunfermline Abbey in the aftermath of the defeat of King Óengus of Moray. It remained a dependency of Dunfermline.
In 1453, John Bonally, the Prior of Urquhart formally requested from the Pope that his monastery and Pluscarden be merged. At that time, Urquhart had only two monks and Pluscarden had six. A papal bull was issued by Nicholas V on 12 March 1453 joining the priories and from then on Pluscarden became a daughter house of the Benedictine Dunfermline Abbey. Pluscarden was chosen over Urquhart for the priory location as the buildings were larger and thought easier to restore and Bonally was appointed as its first Benedictine prior.
The site was abandoned; there are no surface remains of the priory, although stones are occasionally ploughed up.
See also
Prior of Urquhart, for a list of priors and commendators
References
Bibliography
Cowan, Ian B. & Easson, David E., Medieval Religious Houses: Scotland With an Appendix on the Houses in the Isle of Man, Second Edition, (London, 1976), p. 61
Watt, D.E.R. & Shead, N.F. (eds.), The Heads of Religious Houses in Scotland from the 12th to the 16th Centuries, The Scottish Records Society, New Series, Volume 24, (Edinburgh, 2001), pp. 213–16
Listed monasteries in Scotland
Benedictine monasteries in Scotland
Christian monasteries established in the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinch%20valve | A pinch valve is a full bore or fully ported type of control valve which uses a pinching effect to obstruct fluid flow.
Operating principle
Pinch valves employ an elastic tubing (sleeve/hose) and a device that directly contacts the tubing (body). Forcing the tubing together will create a seal that is equivalent to the tubing's permeability.
Air-operated pinch valves consist of an elasticised reinforced rubber hose, a type of housing, and two socket end covers (or flanges).
In air-operated pinch valves, the rubber hoses are usually press-fitted and centered into the housing ends by the socket covers. There is no additional actuator, the valve closes as soon as there is a pressurized air supply into the body. When the air supply becomes interrupted and the volume of air exhausts, the elastic rubber hose starts to open due to the force of the process flow.
Fields of application
Pinch valves are typically used in applications where the media needs to be completely isolated from any internal valve parts. The sleeve will contain the flow media and isolate it from the environment hence reducing contamination.
They are commonly applied to medical instruments, clinical or chemical analyzers, and a wide range of laboratory equipment.
Pinch valves are also used for slurries or processes with entrained solids, because the flexible rubber sleeve closes droptight around solids. This avoids entrapment by the seat or in crevices, which would happen if using globe, diaphragm, butterf |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltotriose | Maltotriose is a trisaccharide (three-part sugar) consisting of three glucose molecules linked with α-1,4 glycosidic bonds.
It is most commonly produced by the digestive enzyme alpha-amylase (a common enzyme in human saliva) on amylose in starch. The creation of both maltotriose and maltose during this process is due to the random manner in which alpha amylase hydrolyses α-1,4 glycosidic bonds.
It is the shortest chain oligosaccharide that can be classified as maltodextrin.
References
Trisaccharides
Sugars |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schur%E2%80%93Zassenhaus%20theorem | The Schur–Zassenhaus theorem is a theorem in group theory which states that if is a finite group, and is a normal subgroup whose order is coprime to the order of the quotient group , then is a semidirect product (or split extension) of and . An alternative statement of the theorem is that any normal Hall subgroup of a finite group has a complement in . Moreover if either or is solvable then the Schur–Zassenhaus theorem also states that all complements of in are conjugate. The assumption that either or is solvable can be dropped as it is always satisfied, but all known proofs of this require the use of the much harder Feit–Thompson theorem.
The Schur–Zassenhaus theorem at least partially answers the question: "In a composition series, how can we classify groups with a certain set of composition factors?" The other part, which is where the composition factors do not have coprime orders, is tackled in extension theory.
History
The Schur–Zassenhaus theorem was introduced by . Theorem 25, which he credits to Issai Schur, proves the existence of a complement, and theorem 27 proves that all complements are conjugate under the assumption that or is solvable. It is not easy to find an explicit statement of the existence of a complement in Schur's published works, though the results of on the Schur multiplier imply the existence of a complement in the special case when the normal subgroup is in the center. Zassenhaus pointed out that the Schur–Zassenhaus theorem fo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search%20Engine%20Strategies | Search Engine Strategies (SES) is a conference series focused on search engine marketing and search engine optimization.
History
The conference was created by Danny Sullivan, founder and former lead editor of Search Engine Watch. The first SES conference was on November 18, 1999 in San Francisco, California and marked the first formal occasion that site owners had met with search engines.
The conference expanded internationally in 2000 when the first SES UK was held in London, England on April 27, 2000, followed by Denmark in 2001, Germany in 2002, and France, Sweden, Canada, Italy and China until 2006. The growth of the industry caused the creation of special niche SES Conferences such as SES Multimedia & Mobile Edition and SES Latino. Where SES Latino 2006 and 2007 was moderated by conference chair Nacho Hernandez.
Incisive Media purchased Search Engine Watch from MecklerMedia (now Jupitermedia) for $43 million in 2005 that year.
Just over a year after the purchase, Sullivan announced his resignation from guiding the series on August 29, 2006 after a contract dispute but later agreed to run two further shows in the US and speak at a third during 2007.
In 2015, Incisive Media sold SES, Search Engine Watch, and ClickZ to Blenheim Chalcot.
"Google Dance"
One of the highlights of the Search Engine Strategies San Jose event, is the party at Google headquarters in Mountain View, CA (Googleplex), dubbed "Google Dance".
See also
Search engine optimization
Social media opti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20MG13 |
British NVC community MG13 (Agrostis stolonifera - Alopecurus geniculatus grassland) is one of the mesotrophic grassland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of three types of mesotrophic grassland classified as grass-dominated inundation communities.
This community is widely distributed. There are no subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Creeping Bent (Agrostis stolonifera)
Marsh Foxtail (Alopecurus geniculatus)
No rare species are associated with this community.
Distribution
This community is widely distributed throughout the British lowlands, with the most extensive stands in eastern England.
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1992) British Plant Communities Volume 3 - Grasslands and montane communities (hardback), (paperback)
MG13 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20MG10 |
British NVC community MG10 (Holcus lanatus – Juncus effusus rush-pasture) is one of the mesotrophic grassland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of three communities associated with poorly drained permanent pastures.
It is a widespread community throughout the British lowlands. There are three subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Creeping Bent (Agrostis stolonifera)
Yorkshire-fog (Holcus lanatus)
Soft Rush (Juncus effusus)
Creeping Buttercup (Ranunculus repens)
No rare species are associated with this community.
Distribution
This community is widespread in England and Wales; in Scotland it is more localised, being found only in the south and east.
Subcommunities
There are three subcommunities:
the so-called typical subcommunity
the Juncus inflexus subcommunity
the Iris pseudoacorus subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1992) British Plant Communities Volume 3 – Grasslands and montane communities (hardback), (paperback)
MG10 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Henderson%20%28economist%29 | Patrick David Henderson (10 April 1927 – 30 September 2018) was a British economist. He was the chief economist at the Economics and Statistics Department at the OECD during 1984–1992. Before that he worked as an academic economist in Britain, first at Oxford (Fellow of Lincoln College) and later at University College London (Professor of Economics, 1975–1983); as a British civil servant (first as an Economic Advisor in HM Treasury, and later as Chief Economist in the Ministry of Aviation); and as a staff member of the World Bank (1969–1975). In 1985 he gave the BBC Reith Lectures, which were published in the book Innocence and Design: The Influence of Economic Ideas on Policy (Blackwell, 1986).
After leaving the OECD, Henderson was an independent author and consultant, and acted as Visiting Fellow or Professor at the OECD Development Centre (Paris), the Centre for European Policy Studies (Brussels), Monash University, the Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, the University of Melbourne, the Royal Institute of International Affairs, the New Zealand Business Roundtable, the Melbourne Business School, and Westminster Business School. Subsequently he was a Fellow of the Institute of Economic Affairs.
In 1992, Henderson was appointed to the Order of St Michael and St George as a Companion (CMG).
Henderson has published books that strongly criticize "corporate social responsibility" (see §Books, below).
Henderson and Nigel Lawson appealed to then-Prime Minister Ton |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrin | Nephrin is a protein necessary for the proper functioning of the renal filtration barrier. The renal filtration barrier consists of fenestrated endothelial cells, the glomerular basement membrane, and the podocytes of epithelial cells. Nephrin is a transmembrane protein that is a structural component of the slit diaphragm. They are present on the tips of the podocytes as an intricate mesh and convey strong negative charges which repel protein from crossing into the Bowman's space.
A defect in the gene for nephrin, NPHS1, is associated with congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type and causes massive amounts of protein to be leaked into the urine, or proteinuria. Nephrin is also required for cardiovascular development.
Interactions
Nephrin has been shown to interact with:
CASK,
CD2AP,
CDH3 and
CTNND1,
FYN,
KIRREL, and
NPHS2.
See also
Podocyte
References
Further reading
External links
Proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerular%20basement%20membrane | The glomerular basement membrane of the kidney is the basal lamina layer of the glomerulus. The glomerular endothelial cells, the glomerular basement membrane, and the filtration slits between the podocytes perform the filtration function of the glomerulus, separating the blood in the capillaries from the filtrate that forms in Bowman's capsule. The glomerular basement membrane is a fusion of the endothelial cell and podocyte basal laminas, and is the main site of restriction of water flow. Glomerular basement membrane is secreted and maintained by podocyte cells.
Layers
The glomerular basement membrane contains three layers:
The glomerular membrane consists of mesangial cells, modified pericytes that in other parts of the body separate capillaries from each other. The podocytes adjoining them have filtration slits of diameter 25 nm that are formed by the pseudopodia arising from them. The filtration slits are covered by a diaphragm that includes the transmembrane protein nephrin.
Pathology
Goodpasture's syndrome is also known as anti-glomerular basement membrane disease. Capillaries become inflamed as a result of damage to the basement membrane by antibodies to alpha 3 NC1 domain of type IV collagen.
Nephrotic syndrome is a change in the structure of the glomerular filtration mechanism usually in the glomerular basement membrane. Some symptoms include proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, oedema, and hyperlipidemia.
Diabetic glomerulosclerosis is a thickening of the basement |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA%20Cup%20Winners%27%20Cup%20records%20and%20statistics | Below are tables of the clubs that have won the Cup Winners' Cup.
Performances
By club
By nation
By manager
Four managers hold the record of winning the competition on two occasions:
Nereo Rocco: 1968 and 1973 (Milan)
Valeriy Lobanovskyi in 1975 and 1986 (Dynamo Kyiv)
Johan Cruyff: 1987 (Ajax) and 1989 (Barcelona)
Alex Ferguson: 1983 (Aberdeen) and 1991 (Manchester United)
By player
Most UEFA Cup Winners' Cup titles: Lobo Carrasco (3)
FC Barcelona (3): (1978–79, 1981–82, 1988–89)
Clubs
By number of appearances
(Years marked in bold denote Cups won by the respective club)
By semi-final appearances
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Club
!No.
!Years
|-
| Barcelona||align="center"|6||1969, 1979, 1982, 1989, 1991, 1997
|-
| Atlético Madrid||align="center"|5||1962, 1963, 1977, 1986, 1993
|-
| Chelsea||align="center"|4||1971, 1995, 1998, 1999
|-
| Anderlecht||align="center"|4||1976, 1977, 1978, 1990
|-
| Bayern Munich||align="center"|4||1967, 1968, 1972, 1985
|-
| Paris Saint-Germain||align="center"|3||1994, 1996, 1997
|-
| Fiorentina||align="center"|3||1961, 1962, 1997
|-
| Feyenoord||align="center"|3||1981, 1992, 1996
|-
| Arsenal||align="center"|3||1980, 1994, 1995
|-
| Sampdoria||align="center"|3||1989, 1990, 1995
|-
| Zaragoza||align="center"|3||1965, 1987, 1995|-
| Juventus||align="center"|3||1980, 1984, 1991
|-
| Dynamo Moscow||align="center"|3||1972, 1978, 1985
|-
| West Ham United||align="center"|3||1965, 1966, 1976|-
| Milan||align="center"|3||1968, 1973, 19 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition%20state%20analog | Transition state analogs (transition state analogues), are chemical compounds with a chemical structure that resembles the transition state of a substrate molecule in an enzyme-catalyzed chemical reaction. Enzymes interact with a substrate by means of strain or distortions, moving the substrate towards the transition state. Transition state analogs can be used as inhibitors in enzyme-catalyzed reactions by blocking the active site of the enzyme. Theory suggests that enzyme inhibitors which resembled the transition state structure would bind more tightly to the enzyme than the actual substrate. Examples of drugs that are transition state analog inhibitors include flu medications such as the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir and the HIV protease inhibitors saquinavir in the treatment of AIDS.
Transition state analogue
The transition state of a structure can best be described in regards to statistical mechanics where the energies of bonds breaking and forming have an equal probability of moving from the transition state backwards to the reactants or forward to the products. In enzyme-catalyzed reactions, the overall activation energy of the reaction is lowered when an enzyme stabilizes a high energy transition state intermediate. Transition state analogs mimic this high energy intermediate but do not undergo a catalyzed chemical reaction and can therefore bind much stronger to an enzyme than simple substrate or product analogs.
Designing transition state analogue
To desi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igusa%20zeta%20function | In mathematics, an Igusa zeta function is a type of generating function, counting the number of solutions of an equation, modulo p, p2, p3, and so on.
Definition
For a prime number p let K be a p-adic field, i.e. , R the valuation ring and P the maximal ideal. For we denote by the valuation of z, , and for a uniformizing parameter π of R.
Furthermore let be a Schwartz–Bruhat function, i.e. a locally constant function with compact support and let be a character of .
In this situation one associates to a non-constant polynomial the Igusa zeta function
where and dx is Haar measure so normalized that has measure 1.
Igusa's theorem
showed that is a rational function in . The proof uses Heisuke Hironaka's theorem about the resolution of singularities. Later, an entirely different proof was given by Jan Denef using p-adic cell decomposition. Little is known, however, about explicit formulas. (There are some results about Igusa zeta functions of Fermat varieties.)
Congruences modulo powers of
Henceforth we take to be the characteristic function of and to be the trivial character. Let denote the number of solutions of the congruence
.
Then the Igusa zeta function
is closely related to the Poincaré series
by
References
Information for this article was taken from J. Denef, Report on Igusa's Local Zeta Function, Séminaire Bourbaki 43 (1990-1991), exp. 741; Astérisque 201-202-203 (1991), 359-386
Zeta and L-functions
Diophantine geometry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller%20hockey%20at%20the%201992%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Squads%20and%20statistics | Below are listed the squad constitutions for every nation which presented a team to the roller hockey competition at the 1992 Summer Olympics. Along with the rosters are also displayed total statistics per player and some general competition statistics.
Angola
Argentina
Australia
Brazil
Germany
Italy
Japan
Netherlands
21
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Portugal
Spain
Switzerland
United States
General statistics
Players
Top scorers:
– 32
– 24
– 15
Shots:
– 229
– 153
– 146
Efficiency (% goals):
– 30
– 22 (5 goals)
– 22 (5 goals)
Teams
Top scorers:
– 83
– 78
– 70
Shots:
– 729
– 684
– 582
Efficiency (% goals):
– 13
– 11
– 10
Assists:
– 30
– 28
– 21
Steals:
– 250
– 226
– 207
Turnovers:
– 261
– 250
– 239
Fouls:
– 364
– 357
– 334
Others
Most goals in a match – 38 (Japan 0–38 Portugal)
Most goals by a player in a match – 16 → (Japan 0–38 Portugal)
Most goals by a team in a match – 38 (Japan 0–38 Portugal)
Biggest goal difference in a match – 38 (Japan 0–38 Portugal)
See also
Roller hockey at the 1992 Summer Olympics - Preliminary round
Roller hockey at the 1992 Summer Olympics - Semi-finals
References
Roller hockey at the 1992 Summer Olympics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFD | EFD may refer to:
EFD (eFunds Corporation), an American payments service company
EF Education First–Drapac p/b Cannondale, an American professional cycling team
Electro-fluid-dynamics
Electrofluidic display technology
Ellington Field, an airport in Texas
Enterprise flash drive
Entertainment Film Distributors, a British distributor of independent films
Europe of Freedom and Democracy, a political group in the European Parliament
European Foundation for Democracy
Federal Department of Finance (German: ), of Switzerland
Elite Football Women (Elitfotboll Dam)
Enterprise function diagrams, in functional software architecture
Executive Function Disorder, alternative nomenclature for ADD/ADHD |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyglutamylation | Polyglutamylation is a form of reversible posttranslational modification of glutamate residues seen for example in alpha and beta tubulins, nucleosome assembly proteins NAP1 and NAP2. The γ-carboxy group of glutamate may form peptide-like bond with the amino group of a free glutamate whose α-carboxy group can now be extended into a polyglutamate chain. The glutamylation is done by the enzyme glutamylase and removed by deglutamylase.
Polyglutamylation of chain length of up to six occurs in certain glutamate residues near the C terminus of most major forms of tubulins. These residues, though themselves not involved in direct binding, cause conformational shifts that regulate binding of microtubule associated proteins (MAP and Tau) and motors.
External links
The role of tubulin polymodifications in microtubule functions
References
Post-translational modification
Protein structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20MG1 |
British NVC community MG1, Arrhenatherum elatius grassland, is one of the mesotrophic grassland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. This type of plant community was named in 1919 as Arrhenatheretum elatioris Br.-Bl.. It is a very widespread community throughout the British lowlands of England, Wales and southern and eastern Scotland.
The following constant species are found in this community:
False oat-grass (Arrhenatherum elatius)
Cock's-foot (Dactylis glomerata)
One rare species, Nottingham catchfly (Silene nutans), is associated with this community.
Subcommunities
There are five subcommunities, and two of these have been further subdivided into a number of variants:
the Festuca rubra subcommunity, subdivided into:
a Centaurea scabiosa variant
a Geranium pratense variant
a Bromus sterilis variant
a Myrrhis odorata variant
an Epilobium angustifolium variant
the Urtica dioica subcommunity, subdivided into:
a Papaver rhoeas variant
an Artemisia vulgaris variant
an Epilobium hirsutum variant
the Filipendula ulmaria subcommunity
the Pastinaca sativa subcommunity
the Centaurea nigra subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1992) British Plant Communities Volume 3 - Grasslands and montane communities (hardback), (paperback)
MG01 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulon | In molecular genetics, a regulon is a group of genes that are regulated as a unit, generally controlled by the same regulatory gene that expresses a protein acting as a repressor or activator. This terminology is generally, although not exclusively, used in reference to prokaryotes, whose genomes are often organized into operons; the genes contained within a regulon are usually organized into more than one operon at disparate locations on the chromosome. Applied to eukaryotes, the term refers to any group of non-contiguous genes controlled by the same regulatory gene.
A modulon is a set of regulons or operons that are collectively regulated in response to changes in overall conditions or stresses, but may be under the control of different or overlapping regulatory molecules. The term stimulon is sometimes used to refer to the set of genes whose expression responds to specific environmental stimuli.
Examples
Commonly studied regulons in bacteria are those involved in response to stress such as heat shock. The heat shock response in E. coli is regulated by the sigma factor
σ32 (RpoH), whose regulon has been characterized as containing at least 89 open reading frames.
Regulons involving virulence factors in pathogenic bacteria are of particular research interest; an often-studied example is the phosphate regulon in E. coli, which couples phosphate homeostasis to pathogenicity through a two-component system. Regulons can sometimes be pathogenicity islands.
The Ada regulon i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetoplast | A kinetoplast is a network of circular DNA (called kDNA) inside a mitochondrion that contains many copies of the mitochondrial genome. The most common kinetoplast structure is a disk, but they have been observed in other arrangements. Kinetoplasts are only found in Excavata of the class Kinetoplastida. The variation in the structures of kinetoplasts may reflect phylogenic relationships between kinetoplastids. A kinetoplast is usually adjacent to the organism's flagellar basal body, suggesting that it is bound to some components of the cytoskeleton. In Trypanosoma brucei this cytoskeletal connection is called the tripartite attachment complex and includes the protein p166.
Trypanosoma
In trypanosomes, a group of flagellated protozoans, the kinetoplast exists as a dense granule of DNA within the mitochondrion. Trypanosoma brucei, the parasite which causes African trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness), is an example of a trypanosome with a kinetoplast. Its kinetoplast is easily visible in samples stained with DAPI, a fluorescent DNA stain, or by the use of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with BrdU, a thymidine analogue.
Structure
The kinetoplast contains circular DNA in two forms, maxicircles and minicircles. Maxicircles are between 20 and 40kb in size and there are a few dozen per kinetoplast. There are several thousand minicircles per kinetoplast and they are between 0.5 and 1kb in size. Maxicircles encode the typical protein products needed for the mitochondr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide%20sequence%20tag | A peptide sequence tag is a piece of information about a peptide obtained by tandem mass spectrometry that can be used to identify this peptide in a protein database.
Mass spectrometry
In general, peptides can be identified by fragmenting them in a mass spectrometer. For example, during collision-induced dissociation peptides collide with a gas within the mass spectrometer and break into pieces at their peptide bonds. The resulting fragment ions (called b-ions and y-ions) have mass differences corresponding to the residue masses of the respective amino acids. Thus, a tandem mass spectrum contains partial information about the amino acid sequence of the peptide. The peptide sequence tag approach, developed by Matthias Wilm and Matthias Mann at the EMBL, uses this information to identify the peptide in a database. Briefly, a couple of masses are extracted from the spectrum in order to obtain the peptide sequence tag. This peptide sequence tag is a unique identifier of a specific peptide and can be used to find it in a database containing all possible peptide sequences.
Peptide fragment notation
A notation has been developed for indicating peptide fragments that arise from a tandem mass spectrum. Peptide fragment ions are indicated by a, b, or c if the charge is retained on the N-terminus and by x, y or z if the charge is maintained on the C-terminus. The subscript indicates the number of amino acid residues in the fragment. Prime symbols indicate the number of protons or hyd |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero%20Theory | Zero Theory, Zero Theorem, Zero Conjecture, Zero Law or similar, may mean:
X&Y, Coldplay's third album, once rumoured to be titled Zero Theory
The Zero Theorem, a science fiction film directed by Terry Gilliam
See also
List of zero terms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite%20glial%20cell | Satellite glial cells, formerly called amphicytes, are glial cells that cover the surface of neuron cell bodies in ganglia of the peripheral nervous system. Thus, they are found in sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic ganglia. Both satellite glial cells (SGCs) and Schwann cells (the cells that ensheathe some nerve fibers in the PNS) are derived from the neural crest of the embryo during development. SGCs have been found to play a variety of roles, including control over the microenvironment of sympathetic ganglia. They are thought to have a similar role to astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). They supply nutrients to the surrounding neurons and also have some structural function. Satellite cells also act as protective, cushioning cells. Additionally, they express a variety of receptors that allow for a range of interactions with neuroactive chemicals. Many of these receptors and other ion channels have recently been implicated in health issues including chronic pain and herpes simplex. There is much more to be learned about these cells, and research surrounding additional properties and roles of the SGCs is ongoing.
Structure
Satellite glial cells are a type of glia found in the peripheral nervous system, specifically in sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic ganglia. They compose the thin cellular sheaths that surround the individual neurons in these ganglia.
In a SGC, the cell body is denoted by the region containing the single, relatively large nuc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20H4 |
NVC community H4 (Ulex gallii - Agrostis curtisii heath) is one of the heath communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of three communities which are considered transitional between the lowland dry heaths and the wetter communities classified in the NVC as mires.
It is a relatively localised community. There are four subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Bristle Bent (Agrostis curtisii)
Heather (Calluna vulgaris)
Bell Heather (Erica cinerea)
Cross-leaved Heath (Erica tetralix)
Purple Moor-grass (Molinia caerulea)
Tormentil (Potentilla erecta)
Western Gorse (Ulex gallii)
The following rare species are associated with the community:
Bristle Bent (Agrostis curtisii)
Soft-leaved Sedge (Carex montana)
Dorset Heath (Erica ciliaris)
Cornish Heath (Erica vagans)
Distribution
This community is confined to southwest England, from Dorset and Somerset westwards, and the southern coastal region of Wales.
Subcommunities
There are four subcommunities:
the Agrostis curtisii - Erica cinerea subcommunity
the Festuca ovina subcommunity
the Erica tetralix subcommunity
the Scirpus cespitosus subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1991) British Plant Communities Volume 2 - Mires and heaths (hardback), (paperback)
H04 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20M3 |
NVC community M3 (Eriophorum angustifolium bog pool community) is one of the mire plant communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
It is a localised community of northern Britain. There are no subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species is found in this community:
Common Cottongrass (Eriophorum angustifolium)
No rare species are associated with the community.
Distribution
This community is found in various locations in northern England, on Lewis in the Outer Hebrides, and in a site in Wales.
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1991) British Plant Communities Volume 2 - Mires and heaths (hardback), (paperback)
M03
Eriophorum angustifolium bog pool community
angustifolium, NVC |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-project%20wafer%20service | Multi-project chip (MPC), and multi-project wafer (MPW) semiconductor manufacturing arrangements allow customers to share mask and microelectronics wafer fabrication cost between several designs or projects.
With the MPC arrangement, one chip is a combination of several designs and this combined chip is then repeated all over the wafer during the manufacturing. MPC arrangement produces typically roughly equal number of chip designs per wafer.
With the MPW arrangement, different chip designs are aggregated on a wafer, with perhaps a different number of designs/projects per wafer. This is made possible with novel mask making and exposure systems in photolithography during IC manufacturing. MPW builds upon the older MPC procedures and enables more effective support for different phases and needs of manufacturing volumes of different designs/projects. MPW arrangement support education, research of new circuit architectures and structures, prototyping and even small volume production.
Worldwide, several MPW services are available from companies, semiconductor foundries and from government-supported institutions. Originally both MPC and MPW arrangements were introduced for integrated circuit (IC) education and research; some MPC/MPW services/gateways are aimed for non-commercial use only. Currently MPC/MPW services are effectively used for system on a chip integration. Selecting the right service platform at the prototyping phase ensures gradual scaling up production via MPW ser |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk%20B.%20R.%20Woller | Kirk B. R. Woller is an American actor who has played Gaius in The Chosen, Agent Gene Crane on The X-Files, and the boss of the mysterious cleaners in Charmed. His notable film characters include coach Cal Sawyer in Hometown Legend, Chief Officer Reynolds in Poseidon, detective Frank Shaw in Urban Justice, hotel-clerk Jordan in Hollywoo, and the cab driver in The Ride where he was nominated for Best Male Performance.
His other guest star appearances include Melrose Place, Nash Bridges, NYPD Blue, ER, CSI, JAG, CSI: Miami, Alias, NCIS, Criminal Minds, 24, The Unit, Bones, Without a Trace, Boston Legal, Ghost Whisperer, Prison Break, Big Love, Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior, Extant, and Switched at Birth.
Other film roles include Swordfish, Minority Report, The Hulk, After the Sunset, The Ring Two, Flightplan, Big Momma's House 2, Flags of Our Fathers, Resident Evil: Extinction, and Woodlawn.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
Living people
American male film actors
American male television actors
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
1962 births |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric%20chief%20cell | A gastric chief cell (or peptic cell, or gastric zymogenic cell) is a type of gastric gland cell that releases pepsinogen and gastric lipase. It is the cell responsible for secretion of chymosin in ruminant animals and humans. The cell stains basophilic upon H&E staining due to the large proportion of rough endoplasmic reticulum in its cytoplasm. Gastric chief cells are generally located deep in the mucosal layer of the stomach lining, in the fundus and body of the stomach.
Chief cells release the zymogen (enzyme precursor) pepsinogen when stimulated by a variety of factors including cholinergic activity from the vagus nerve and acidic condition in the stomach. Gastrin and secretin may also act as secretagogues.
It works in conjunction with the parietal cell, which releases gastric acid, converting the pepsinogen into pepsin.
Nomenclature
The terms chief cell and zymogenic cell are often used without the word "gastric" to name this type of cell. However, those terms can also be used to describe other cell types (for example, parathyroid chief cells). Chief cells are also known as peptic cells.
See also
Gastric acid
Fundic glands
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
References
External links
- "Ultrastructure of the Cell: chief cells and enteroendocrine cell"
- "Digestive System: Alimentary Canal: fundic stomach, gastric glands, base"
Peptide hormone secreting cells
Human cells
Chief cell |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20signalling%20in%20heart%20development | The heart is the first functional organ in a vertebrate embryo. There are 5 stages to heart development.
Stages of heart development
Initiation
Specification of cardiac precursor cells: The lateral plate mesoderm delaminates to form two layers: the dorsal somatic (parietal) mesoderm and the ventral splanchnic (visceral) mesoderm. The heart precursor cells come from the two regions of the splanchnic mesoderm called the cardiogenic mesoderm. These cells can differentiate into endocardium which lines the heart chamber and valves and the myocardium which forms the musculature of the ventricles and the atria.
The heart cells are specified in anterior mesoderm by proteins such as Dickkopf-related protein 1, Nodal homolog, and Cerberus secreted by the anterior endoderm. Whether Dickkopf-1 and Nodal act directly on the cardiac mesoderm is the subject of research, but it seems that at least they act indirectly by stimulating the production of additional factors from the anterior endoderm. These early signals are essential for heart formation such that removal of the anterior endoderm blocks heart formation. Anterior endoderm is also sufficient to stimulate heart differientation since it can induce non-cardiogenic mesoderm from more posterior positions in the embryo to form heart.
The secretion of Wnt inhibitors (such as Cerberus, Dickkopf and Crescent) by the anterior endoderm also prevents Wnt3a and Wnt8 secreted by the neural tube from inhibiting heart formation. The notocho |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20S.%20Wilks | Samuel Stanley Wilks (June 17, 1906 – March 7, 1964) was an American mathematician and academic who played an important role in the development of mathematical statistics, especially in regard to practical applications.
Early life and education
Wilks was born in Little Elm, Texas and raised on a farm. He studied Industrial Arts at the North Texas State Teachers College in Denton, Texas, obtaining his bachelor's degree in 1926. He received his master's degree in mathematics in 1928 from the University of Texas. He obtained his Ph.D. at the University of Iowa under Everett F. Lindquist; his thesis dealt with a problem of statistical measurement in education, and was published in the Journal of Educational Psychology.
Career
Wilks became an instructor in mathematics at Princeton University in 1933; in 1938 he assumed the editorship of the journal Annals of Mathematical Statistics in place of Harry C. Carver. Wilks assembled an advisory board for the journal that included major figures in statistics and probability, among them Ronald Fisher, Jerzy Neyman, and Egon Pearson.
During World War II he was a consultant with the Office of Naval Research. Both during and after the War he had a profound impact on the application of statistical methods to all aspects of military planning.
Wilks was named professor of mathematics and director of the Section of Mathematical Statistics at Princeton in 1944, and became chairman of the Division of Mathematics at the university in 1958.
W |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20AC%20Milan%20records%20and%20statistics | Associazione Calcio Milan are an Italian professional football club based in Milan, Lombardy. The club was founded as Milan Foot-Ball and Cricket Club in 1899 and has competed in the Italian football league since the following year. Milan currently play in Serie A, the top tier of Italian football. They have been out of the top tier in only two seasons since the establishment of the Serie A as the single division top tier. They have also been involved in European football ever since they became the first Italian club to enter the European Cup in 1955.
This list encompasses the major honours won by Milan, records set by the club, its managers and its players. The player records section includes details of the club's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first-team competitions. It also records notable achievements by Milan players on the international stage.
The club currently has the record for the second most Italian top-flight titles (Scudetti) with 19, tied with cross-city rivals Inter Milan and behind Juventus' 36. They also hold the record for the most European Cup victories by an Italian team, winning the competition seven times. Furthermore, in the 1991–92 season Milan became the first team to win the Serie A title without losing a single game. The club's record appearance maker is Paolo Maldini, who has made 902 official appearances between 1985 and 2009. Gunnar Nordahl is the club's record goalscorer, scoring 221 goals during his Milan car |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%20basis%20%28linear%20programming%29 | The Hilbert basis of a convex cone C is a minimal set of integer vectors such that every integer vector in C is a conical combination of the vectors in the Hilbert basis with integer coefficients.
Definition
Given a lattice and a convex polyhedral cone with generators
we consider the monoid . By Gordan's lemma, this monoid is finitely generated, i.e., there exists a finite set of lattice points such that every lattice point is an integer conical combination of these points:
The cone C is called pointed if implies . In this case there exists a unique minimal generating set of the monoid —the Hilbert basis of C. It is given by the set of irreducible lattice points: An element is called irreducible if it can not be written as the sum of two non-zero elements, i.e., implies or .
References
Linear programming
Discrete geometry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barefoot%20in%20the%20Park%20%28film%29 | Barefoot in the Park is a 1967 American romantic comedy film directed by Gene Saks from a screenplay by Neil Simon, adapted from his 1963 play of the same name, starring Robert Redford and Jane Fonda as a young newlywed couple. Paul, a conservative lawyer, marries the vivacious Corie, but their highly passionate relationship descends into comical discord in a five-flight New York City walk-up apartment. The supporting cast features Charles Boyer, Mildred Natwick, Herbert Edelman, and Mabel Albertson.
Barefoot in the Park was released theatrically by Paramount Pictures on May 25, 1967, to critical and commercial success, with critics praising its adaptation, light-hearted tone, and cast performances. The film grossed $30 million worldwide on a $2 million budget. For their performances in the film, Natwick was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and Fonda was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress. Simon received a nomination for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.
Plot
Corie (Fonda), a free-spirited young woman, and Paul Bratter (Redford), a conservative, uptight man, are a recently married couple who move into a fifth-floor apartment in Greenwich Village. One of the film's running jokes alludes to the fact that everyone has to climb so many stairs to get to their apartment. Corie decorates the small, leaky space, turning it into a picturesque little home for the two. Among their many eccentric neighbors is the quir |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig%20Waldmann | Ludwig Waldmann (June 8, 1913 in Fürth – February 9, 1980) was a German physicist who specialized in transport phenomena in gases. He derived the Waldmann-Snider equation.
Career
Waldmann completed his Ph.D. under Arnold Sommerfeld at the University of Munich in 1938. He was Sommerfeld’s assistant, at the Institute of Theoretical Physics, from 1937 to 1939. Waldman had been the scribe for Sommerfeld’s optics course in 1934, and Waldmann’s careful record of the lectures were the basis for Sommerfeld’s book Optics - Lectures on Theoretical Physics Volume IV.
After being granted his Ph.D. in 1938, his career spanned four decades with many publications to his name (at least 99):
1939–1943: Institute of Physical Chemistry, Munich
1943–1954: Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft and the Max-Planck Institute (MPI) for Chemistry (In 1948 the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft facilities were named after Max Planck.)
1943–1944: in Berlin
1944–1949: in Tailfingen
1949–1954: in Mainz
1954–1963: Fellow (wissenschaftliches Mitglied) of MPI, Mainz
1963–1978: Chair for Theoretical Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
1964/1965 Academic Year: Visiting professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota
1974: Molecular Physics Group, University of Leiden
1978: Retired
Waldmann, for many years, was the chairman of the Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics section of the German Physical Society. He was also a corresponding member of the International Union of Pure and Applied Phy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Geographical%20Scheme%20for%20Recording%20Plant%20Distributions | The World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD) is a biogeographical system developed by the international Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG) organization, formerly the International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases. The WGSRPD standards, like other standards for data fields in botanical databases, were developed to promote "the wider and more effective dissemination of information about the world's heritage of biological organisms for the benefit of the world at large". The system provides clear definitions and codes for recording plant distributions at four scales or levels, from "botanical continents" down to parts of large countries. The codes may be referred to as TDWG geographical codes. Current users of the system include the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), and Plants of the World Online (POWO).
Principles of organization
The scheme is one of a number developed by Biodiversity Information Standards particularly aimed at taxonomic databases. The starting point was the "need for an agreed system of geographical units at approximately 'country' level and upwards for use in recording plant distributions". The scheme represents a compromise between political and botanical divisions. All boundaries either follow a political boundary (country boundary, province boundary, etc.), or coastlines. The scheme also aims to follow botanical tradition, in terms of the dist |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumphene | Triumphene is a fluorinated and phenylated fullerene derivative. It was first synthesized in 1998 by Boltalina, Street, and Taylor by reaction of C60F18 in a benzene-FeCl3 solution for two weeks at room temperature. It is the first trefoil-shaped phenylated [60]fullerene, providing a unique scaffold for the potential use in nanoscale imaging agents.
References
Organofluorides
Substances discovered in the 1990s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvoretzky%E2%80%93Kiefer%E2%80%93Wolfowitz%20inequality | In the theory of probability and statistics, the Dvoretzky–Kiefer–Wolfowitz–Massart inequality (DKW inequality) bounds how close an empirically determined distribution function will be to the distribution function from which the empirical samples are drawn. It is named after Aryeh Dvoretzky, Jack Kiefer, and Jacob Wolfowitz, who in 1956 proved the inequality
with an unspecified multiplicative constant C in front of the exponent on the right-hand side.
In 1990, Pascal Massart proved the inequality with the sharp constant C = 2, confirming a conjecture due to Birnbaum and McCarty. In 2021, Michael Naaman proved the multivariate version of the DKW inequality and generalized Massart's tightness result to the multivariate case, which results in a sharp constant of twice the dimension k of the space in which the observations are found: C = 2k.
The DKW inequality
Given a natural number n, let X1, X2, …, Xn be real-valued independent and identically distributed random variables with cumulative distribution function F(·). Let Fn denote the associated empirical distribution function defined by
so is the probability that a single random variable is smaller than , and is the fraction of random variables that are smaller than .
The Dvoretzky–Kiefer–Wolfowitz inequality bounds the probability that the random function Fn differs from F by more than a given constant ε > 0 anywhere on the real line. More precisely, there is the one-sided estimate
which also implies a two-sided |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midkine | Midkine (MK or MDK), also known as neurite growth-promoting factor 2 (NEGF2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MDK gene.
Midkine is a basic heparin-binding growth factor of low molecular weight, and forms a family with pleiotrophin (NEGF1, 46% homologous with MK). It is a nonglycosylated protein, composed of two domains held by disulfide bridges. It is a developmentally important retinoic acid-responsive gene product strongly induced during mid-gestation, hence the name midkine. Restricted mainly to certain tissues in the normal adult, it is strongly induced during oncogenesis, inflammation and tissue repair.
MK is pleiotropic, capable of exerting activities such as cell proliferation, cell migration, angiogenesis and fibrinolysis. A molecular complex containing receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase zeta (PTPζ), low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP1), anaplastic leukemia kinase (ALK) and syndecans is considered to be its receptor.
Role in cancer
MK appears to enhance the angiogenic and proliferative activities of cancer cells. The expression of MK (mRNA and protein expression) has been found to be elevated in multiple cancer types, such as neuroblastoma, glioblastoma, Wilms' tumors, thyroid papillary carcinomas, colorectal, liver, ovary, bladder, breast, lung, esophageal, stomach, and prostate cancers. Serum MK in normal individuals is usually less than 0.5-0.6 ng/ml, whereas patients with these malignancies have much higher levels than this. I |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoleamine%202%2C3-dioxygenase | Indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO or INDO ) is a heme-containing enzyme physiologically expressed in a number of tissues and cells, such as the small intestine, lungs, female genital tract or placenta. In humans is encoded by the IDO1 gene. IDO is involved in tryptophan metabolism. It is one of three enzymes that catalyze the first and rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway, the O2-dependent oxidation of L-tryptophan to N-formylkynurenine, the others being indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). IDO is an important part of the immune system and plays a part in natural defense against various pathogens. It is produced by the cells in response to inflammation and has an immunosuppressive function because of its ability to limit T-cell function and engage mechanisms of immune tolerance. Emerging evidence suggests that IDO becomes activated during tumor development, helping malignant cells escape eradication by the immune system. Expression of IDO has been described in a number of types of cancer, such as acute myeloid leukemia, ovarian cancer or colorectal cancer. IDO is part of the malignant transformation process and plays a key role in suppressing the anti-tumor immune response in the body, so inhibiting it could increase the effect of chemotherapy as well as other immunotherapeutic protocols. Furthermore, there is data implicating a role for IDO1 in the modulation of vascular tone in conditions of inflammation via a novel pathwa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-CreI | I-CreI is a homing endonuclease whose gene was first discovered in the chloroplast genome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a species of unicellular green algae. It is named for the facts that: it resides in an Intron; it was isolated from Clamydomonas reinhardtii; it was the first (I) such gene isolated from C. reinhardtii. Its gene resides in a group I intron in the 23S ribosomal RNA gene of the C. reinhardtii chloroplast, and I-CreI is only expressed when its mRNA is spliced from the primary transcript of the 23S gene. I-CreI enzyme, which functions as a homodimer, recognizes a 22-nucleotide sequence of duplex DNA and cleaves one phosphodiester bond on each strand at specific positions. I-CreI is a member of the LAGLIDADG family of homing endonucleases, all of which have a conserved LAGLIDADG amino acid motif that contributes to their associative domains and active sites. When the I-CreI-containing intron encounters a 23S allele lacking the intron, I-CreI enzyme "homes" in on the "intron-minus" allele of 23S and effects its parent intron's insertion into the intron-minus allele. Introns with this behavior are called mobile introns. Because I-CreI provides for its own propagation while conferring no benefit on its host, it is an example of selfish DNA.
Discovery
I-CreI was first observed as an intervening sequence in the 23S rRNA gene of the C. reinhardtii chloroplast genome. The 23S gene is an RNA gene, meaning that its transcript is not translated into protein. As RNA, it fo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-like%20receptor%202 | Toll-like receptor 2 also known as TLR2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR2 gene. TLR2 has also been designated as CD282 (cluster of differentiation 282). TLR2 is one of the toll-like receptors and plays a role in the immune system. TLR2 is a membrane protein, a receptor, which is expressed on the surface of certain cells and recognizes foreign substances and passes on appropriate signals to the cells of the immune system.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This gene is expressed most abundantly in peripheral blood leukocytes, and mediates host response to Gram-positive bacteria and yeast via stimulation of NF-κB.
In the intestine, TLR2 regulates the expression of CYP1A1, which is a key enzyme in detoxication of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzo(a)pyrene.
Background
The immune system recognizes foreign pathogens and eliminates them. This occurs in several phases. In the early inflammation phase, the pathogens are recognized by ant |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMA-ES | Covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) is a particular kind of strategy for numerical optimization. Evolution strategies (ES) are stochastic, derivative-free methods for numerical optimization of non-linear or non-convex continuous optimization problems. They belong to the class of evolutionary algorithms and evolutionary computation. An evolutionary algorithm is broadly based on the principle of biological evolution, namely the repeated interplay of variation (via recombination and mutation) and selection: in each generation (iteration) new individuals (candidate solutions, denoted as ) are generated by variation, usually in a stochastic way, of the current parental individuals. Then, some individuals are selected to become the parents in the next generation based on their fitness or objective function value . Like this, over the generation sequence, individuals with better and better -values are generated.
In an evolution strategy, new candidate solutions are sampled according to a multivariate normal distribution in . Recombination amounts to selecting a new mean value for the distribution. Mutation amounts to adding a random vector, a perturbation with zero mean. Pairwise dependencies between the variables in the distribution are represented by a covariance matrix. The covariance matrix adaptation (CMA) is a method to update the covariance matrix of this distribution. This is particularly useful if the function is ill-conditioned.
Adaptation of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse-Wishart%20distribution | In statistics, the inverse Wishart distribution, also called the inverted Wishart distribution, is a probability distribution defined on real-valued positive-definite matrices. In Bayesian statistics it is used as the conjugate prior for the covariance matrix of a
multivariate normal distribution.
We say follows an inverse Wishart distribution, denoted as , if its inverse has a Wishart distribution . Important identities have been derived for the inverse-Wishart distribution.
Density
The probability density function of the inverse Wishart is:
where and are positive definite matrices, is the determinant, and Γp(·) is the multivariate gamma function.
Theorems
Distribution of the inverse of a Wishart-distributed matrix
If and is of size , then has an inverse Wishart distribution .
Marginal and conditional distributions from an inverse Wishart-distributed matrix
Suppose has an inverse Wishart distribution. Partition the matrices and conformably with each other
where and are matrices, then we have
is independent of and , where is the Schur complement of in ;
;
, where is a matrix normal distribution;
, where ;
Conjugate distribution
Suppose we wish to make inference about a covariance matrix whose prior has a distribution. If the observations are independent p-variate Gaussian variables drawn from a distribution, then the conditional distribution has a distribution, where .
Because the prior and posterior distributions are the sa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood%20Statistics%20Service | The Neighbourhood Statistics Service (NeSS) was established in 2001 by the UK's Office for National Statistics (ONS) and the Neighbourhood Renewal Unit (NRU) - then part of the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (ODPM), now Communities and Local Government (CLG) - to provide good quality small area data to support the Government's Neighbourhood Renewal agenda. This cross-Government initiative also involved the co-operation and partnership of data suppliers across departments, agencies and other organisations. The ONS closed the Neighbourhood Statistics website for England and Wales on the 12 May 2017. To offset this, the ONS is aiming to meet the needs of users via the ONS website, although direct postcode searches are no longer available to users.
The Scottish Government continues to provide local statistics via Statistics.Gov.Scot and Census area profiles.
Neighbourhood statistics for Northern Ireland continue to be made available from the Northern Ireland Neighbourhood Information Service (NINIS).
Purpose
The need for Neighbourhood Statistics can be traced back to the Social Exclusion Unit's 1998 report on deprived neighbourhoods. The absence of information about neighbourhoods produced a series of failings at all levels, with policy makers unaware of the scale and location of problems but when small area information is collected and made easily available, it can radically improve strategies and service delivery.
Resource
NeSS provided a powerful platform through |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20from%20Tabriz | Here is a complete list for notable people who lived or from Tabriz:
A
Abu'l Majd Tabrizi, compiler of Safina-yi Tabriz, writer
Ahmad Hussein Adl, Minister of Agriculture
Akbar Alami, Representative of Parliament
Massoud Amin, American Engineer
Taghi Arani, Iranian political activist; killed in prison in the First Pahlavi era
Armik
Aziz Asli, soccer player
B
Bagher Khan, Nationalist revolutionist
Karim Bagheri, soccer player
Reza Baraheni, novelist, poet, critic and political activist, former president of Pen Canada
Mohammad Hossein Behjat Tabrizi (Shahriar), poet
Samad Behrangi, children's books writer
Qolam Hossein Bigjeh-Khani, musician and tar player
Gayk Bzhishkyan
C
D
Reza Deghati, photographer
Cyrus Dinmohammadi, soccer player
E
Hasan Enami Olya
Parvin E'tesami, poet
F
Javad Fakori, Major General; commander of the IRIAF during the Iran–Iraq War; served as Defense Minister
Farhad Fakhredini, conductor of National Orchestra
G
Ivan Galamian
Azim Gheychisaz
Vartan Gregorian, President of Carnegie Corporation
H
Ebrahim Hakimi, Prime Minister of Iran
Sattar Hamedani, soccer player
Hamid Mirza, heir presumptive of the Qajar dynasty
Mohsen Hashtroodi, mathematician
Homam-e Tabrizi, poet
Ahad Hoseini, painter
I
Iraj Mirza, poet and famous politician
J
Allameh Jafari, cleric, researcher
Feridoun Jam, Head of Iranian Army corps
Jafar Tabrizi, calligrapher
Mahmud Jam, Prime Minister of Iran
Rosa Jamali, poet, writer
K
Ahmad Kasravi, politician a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/790%20AM | The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 790 kHz: The Federal Communications Commission classifies 790 AM as a regional broadcast frequency.
In Argentina
LR6 Mitre in Buenos Aires
LRA22 in San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy
LV19 in Malargüe, Mendoza
In Canada
No stations in Canada currently use the frequency. CFCW in Camrose, Alberta was the last station to do so but moved to 840 AM on August 1, 2015.
In Mexico
XEFE-AM in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas
XEGAJ-AM in Guadalajara, Jalisco
XENT-AM in La Paz, Baja California Sur
XERC-AM in Mexico City
XESU-AM in Mexicali, Baja California
In the United States
References
Lists of radio stations by frequency |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicide | The term salicide refers to a technology used in the microelectronics industry used to form electrical contacts between the semiconductor device and the supporting interconnect structure. The salicide process involves the reaction of a metal thin film with silicon in the active regions of the device, ultimately forming a metal silicide contact through a series of annealing and/or etch processes. The term "salicide" is a compaction of the phrase self-aligned silicide. The description "self-aligned" suggests that the contact formation does not require photolithography patterning processes, as opposed to a non-aligned technology such as polycide.
The term salicide is also used to refer to the metal silicide formed by the contact formation process, such as "titanium salicide", although this usage is inconsistent with accepted naming conventions in chemistry.
Contact formation
The salicide process begins with deposition of a thin transition metal layer over fully formed and patterned semiconductor devices (e.g. transistors). The wafer is heated, allowing the transition metal to react with exposed silicon in the active regions of the semiconductor device (e.g., source, drain, gate) forming a low-resistance transition metal silicide. The transition metal does not react with the silicon dioxide nor the silicon nitride insulators present on the wafer. Following the reaction, any remaining transition metal is removed by chemical etching, leaving silicide contacts in only the a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary%20corpus | The Calgary corpus is a collection of text and binary data files, commonly used for comparing data compression algorithms. It was created by Ian Witten, Tim Bell and John Cleary from the University of Calgary in 1987 and was commonly used in the 1990s. In 1997 it was replaced by the Canterbury corpus, based on concerns about how representative the Calgary corpus was, but the Calgary corpus still exists for comparison and is still useful for its originally intended purpose.
Contents
In its most commonly used form, the corpus consists of 14 files totaling 3,141,622 bytes as follows.
There is also a less commonly used 18 file version which include 4 additional text files in UNIX "troff" format, PAPER3 through PAPER6. The maintainers of the Canterbury corpus website notes that "they don't add to the evaluation".
Benchmarks
The Calgary corpus was a commonly used benchmark for data compression in the 1990s. Results were most commonly listed in bits per byte (bpb) for each file and then summarized by averaging. More recently, it has been common to just add the compressed sizes of all of the files. This is called a weighted average because it is equivalent to weighting the compression ratios by the original file sizes. The UCLC benchmark by Johan de Bock uses this method.
For some data compressors it is possible to compress the corpus smaller by combining the inputs into an uncompressed archive (such as a tar file) before compression because of mutual information between the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitening%20transformation | A whitening transformation or sphering transformation is a linear transformation that transforms a vector of random variables with a known covariance matrix into a set of new variables whose covariance is the identity matrix, meaning that they are uncorrelated and each have variance 1. The transformation is called "whitening" because it changes the input vector into a white noise vector.
Several other transformations are closely related to whitening:
the decorrelation transform removes only the correlations but leaves variances intact,
the standardization transform sets variances to 1 but leaves correlations intact,
a coloring transformation transforms a vector of white random variables into a random vector with a specified covariance matrix.
Definition
Suppose is a random (column) vector with non-singular covariance matrix and mean . Then the transformation with
a whitening matrix satisfying the condition yields the whitened random vector with unit diagonal covariance.
There are infinitely many possible whitening matrices that all satisfy the above condition. Commonly used choices are (Mahalanobis or ZCA whitening), where is the Cholesky decomposition of (Cholesky whitening), or the eigen-system of (PCA whitening).
Optimal whitening transforms can be singled out by investigating the cross-covariance and cross-correlation of and . For example, the unique optimal whitening transformation achieving maximal component-wise correlation between original an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M167 | M167 or M-167 may refer to:
M167 Vulcan, a towed short-range air defense gun
M-167 (Michigan highway), a former state highway in Michigan
M167 (SNP), a gene variation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobacter | Anaerobacter is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria related to Clostridium. They are anaerobic chemotrophs and are unusual spore-formers as they produce more than one spore per bacterial cell (up to five). They fix nitrogen. Their G+C content is 29%.
Only one species of this genus (Anaerobacter polyendosporus) has been described.
References
Clostridiaceae
Monotypic bacteria genera
Bacteria genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Edgar%20Dick | John Edgar Dick (born in 1954) is Canada Research Chair in Stem Cell Biology, Senior Scientist at the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and Professor in the Department of Molecular Genetics at the University of Toronto in Canada. Dick is credited with first identifying cancer stem cells in certain types of human leukemia. His revolutionary findings highlighted the importance of understanding that not all cancer cells are the same and thus spawned a new direction in cancer research. Dick is also known for his demonstration of a blood stem cell's ability to replenish the blood system of a mouse, his development of a technique to enable an immune-deficient mouse to carry and produce human blood, and his creation of the world's first mouse with human leukemia.
Early life and education
Dick was raised on a farm in southern Manitoba. His early education was gained in a one-room schoolhouse. Later he moved to Winnipeg to study to become an X-ray technician. There he noticed one of his roommates was attending university and studying biology. Dick realized he was more interested in biology and decided to switch pursuits.
Dick started off at the University of Manitoba specializing in microbiology and graduating with a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1984.
Career and research
In 1984, he moved to Toronto. In order to support his wife and two children, Dick worked part-time at an X-ray lab while he finished his post-doctorate work in Alan Bernstein’s lab. Be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marino%20Ba%C5%BEdari%C4%87 | Marino Baždarić (born 25 November 1978) is a Croatian former professional basketball player, who is currently the sports director for Cedevita Junior.
Career statistics
External links
ACB Profile
1978 births
Living people
ABA League players
Croatian expatriate basketball people in Spain
Croatian men's basketball players
KK Cedevita players
KK Cibona players
KK Olimpija players
Liga ACB players
Menorca Bàsquet players
Small forwards
Basketball players from Rijeka
KK Kvarner players |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20H5 |
NVC community H5 (Erica vagans - Schoenus nigricans heath) is one of the heath communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of three communities which are considered transitional between the lowland dry heaths and the wetter communities classified in the NVC as mires.
It is a very localised community. There are two subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Bog pimpernel (Anagallis tenella)
Flea Sedge (Carex pulicaris)
Cross-leaved Heath (Erica tetralix)
Cornish Heath (Erica vagans)
Sheep's Fescue (Festuca ovina)
Purple Moor-grass (Molinia caerulea)
Tormentil (Potentilla erecta)
Black Bog-rush (Schoenus nigricans)
Saw-wort (Serratula tinctoria)
Devil's-bit Scabious (Succisa pratensis)
Western Gorse (Ulex gallii)
Yellow Starry Feather-moss (Campylium stellatum)
The following rare species are associated with the community:
Bristle Bent (Agrostis curtisii)
Cornish Heath (Erica vagans)
Spring Squill (Scilla verna)
Distribution
This community is confined to The Lizard peninsula in Cornwall.
Subcommunities
There are two subcommunities:
the so-called typical subcommunity
the Eriocharis multicaulis subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1991) British Plant Communities Volume 2 - Mires and heaths (hardback), (paperback)
H05 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Alfred%20Forbes | Stephen Alfred Forbes (May 29, 1844 – March 13, 1930) was the first chief of the Illinois Natural History Survey, a founder of aquatic ecosystem science and a dominant figure in the rise of American ecology. His publications are striking for their merger of extensive field observations with conceptual insights. Forbes believed that ecological knowledge was fundamental for human well being. Forbes was important to the development of ecological theory. He was acknowledged by the National Academy of Sciences as "the founder of the science of ecology in the United States".
While already famous as an economic entomologist, Forbes undertook studies of massive fish mortality in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin. He showed the connection of algae blooms and lake physics to fish kills, and embarked on a remarkable research program into lake ecology and river ecology. Many of his insights about lake ecology were collected in an influential paper, "The Lake as a Microcosm".
Notable for both conceptual creativity and the use of innovative quantitative methods, his work foreshadowed the ecosystem concept as well as modern ideas of behavioral ecology and food web dynamics. On top of this, Forbes introduced the concept of a "community of interest" that emphasized two major points: "the first that of a general community of interests among all the classes of organic beings here assembled, and the second that of the beneficent power of natural selection which compels such adjustments of the rated |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20SD12 | NVC community SD12 (Carex arenaria - Festuca ovina - Agrostis capillaris dune grassland) is one of the 16 sand-dune communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
It is one of four communities associated with fixed dunes.
It is a very localised community. There are two subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Common Bent (Agrostis capillaris)
Marram (Ammophila arenaria)
Sand Sedge (Carex arenaria)
Sheep's Fescue (Festuca ovina)
Smooth Meadow-grass (Poa pratensis)
The following rare species is also associated with the community:
Purple Milk-vetch (Astragalus danicus)
Distribution
This community is found in five coastal localities - one in northeast Scotland, two in southwest Scotland, one in Cumbria and one in Wales.
Subcommunities
There are two subcommunities:
the Anthoxanthaum odoratum subcommunity
the Holcus lanatus subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (2000) British Plant Communities Volume 5 - Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats (hardback), (paperback)
SD12 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20Ittel | Steven Dale Ittel (born 1946 in Hamilton, Ohio) is an American chemist specializing in organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis.
Training
Ittel attended Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, where he received a bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1968. He was then commissioned as an officer in the United States Public Health Service and studied photochemical smog in the New York City metropolitan area from 1968 to 1970. He attended Northwestern University, where he received his PhD in chemistry under the direction of James A. Ibers in 1974.
Career
Ittel worked on hydride activation of lanthanides for Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power (SNAP) at Monsanto's Mound Laboratories for a short time. Upon receiving his PhD from Northwestern University, he joined DuPont’s Central Research Department at the Experimental Station in Wilmington, Delaware.
Ittel is best known for his contributions to organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis. He discovered fluxional processes in both diamagnetic and paramagnetic π-allyl organometallic complexes bearing M-H-C agostic interactions. He was responsible for a series of C-H activation reactions based upon fleeting zero-valent iron complexes bearing bidentate phosphorus ligands.
While working on the air oxidation of cyclohexane to adipic acid (an intermediate in the preparation of nylon-66) he discovered a series of bis(pyridylimino)isoindoline complexes of cobalt to be very effective catalysts for the decomposition of the int |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InFluid%20Software | InFluid Software is a video game developer and software developer (although mostly the first), established in 1996. The company is notorious for their frequent use of horror atmosphere and violence in their games. They still uphold the use of the shareware distribution model, trying to remain old school as much as possible. Smack Some Smackers was their most popular and infamous franchise and, besides Haunted Childhood II, their Internet distribution breakthrough. Nowadays, most of their games are freeware, along with the older titles, and the upcoming ones.
Games
2002 - Gravedigger
2003 - Haunted Childhood
2003 - Smack Some Smackers
2003 - Smack Some Smackers X-Mas
2004 - Haunted Childhood II
2004 - Bad Dreams
2004 - Smack Some Smackers 2
2006 - Smack Some Smackers 2 Xmas Xtreme
Old Projects
Besides the available games that are listed above, InFluid Software has created several mostly DOS based games, that are no longer listed on their site, and are considered abandoned. Most of these titles are unobtainable.
1996 - Impedo 2000
1996 - Pomak
1996 - Nitemarebin
1996 - H-Quest
1997 - SpacePop
1999 - InfoCraft
1999 - Nightmare Wars
2000 - System War
External links
Official InFluid Software website
References
Video game companies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dural%20ectasia | Dural ectasia is widening or ballooning of the dural sac surrounding the spinal cord. This usually occurs in the lumbosacral region, as this is where the cerebrospinal fluid pressure is greatest, but the spinal canal can be affected in any plane.
Signs and symptoms
Common symptoms include lower back pain, headaches, weakness (myasthenia), numbness (hypoesthesia) above and below the involved limb, leg pain, and sometimes rectal and genital pain. Bowel and bladder dysfunction, urinary retention or incontinence may occur. Moderate-to-severe cases can cause radicular pain in the legs caused by nerve root compression.
The symptoms are usually exacerbated by upright posture and often, but not always, relieved by lying down. Postural headaches can be related to spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks. However, in many patients, dural ectasia is asymptomatic.
Causes
The etiology of dural ectasia is unknown, but it has been suggested that is due to increased hydrostatic pressure, general weakened connective tissue or as a result of the pulsatile flow of cerebrospinal fluid on weakened spinal dura.
Dural ectasia is common in Marfan syndrome, occurring in 63–92% of people with the syndrome. It may also occur in Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, neurofibromatosis type I, ankylosing spondylitis, and is associated with spondylolisthesis, vertebral fractures, scoliosis, tumors or trauma.
In neurofibromatosis type I, it has been theorized that local infiltration of the dura by plexiform neur |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola%20Mk4 | The Lola Mk4 and the derivative Mk4A were Formula One racing cars constructed by the Lola company in 1962. They were designed by Lola founder, owner and Chief Designer Eric Broadley at the request of Reg Parnell, proprietor of the Bowmaker Racing Team. The Mk4 was the first design that Lola produced for the top tier of motorsport.
History
Design of the car broadly followed Broadley's experience in the Formula Junior category, with a steel spaceframe chassis braced by bulkheads in front and behind the driver. The engine was carried within the chassis, and cooling was by a radiator mounted at the front of the bodywork; two tubes of the spaceframe acting as coolant pipes to and from the engine. Following supply delays with Coventry Climax's new V8 engine, the cars were initially built up around the older, inline 4-cylinder FPF engine.
The Mk4 had its first outing in the non-Championship 1962 Brussels Grand Prix where it qualified in the midfield but failed to finish. Its first World Championship race was the 1962 Dutch Grand Prix. By now the cars were fitted with the more powerful Climax FWMV V8 engine; the meeting went somewhat better with John Surtees qualifying his car in pole position. Once again though, poor reliability let the race performance down, and neither car reached the finishing line. Surtees took the car's first victory in the 2000 Guineas race at Mallory Park in the middle of the season, but excess chassis flex impeded his Championship hopes.
A stopgap solutio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel%20Castanis | Muriel Brunner Castanis (1926 – 2006) was an American sculptor best known for her public art installments involving fluidly draped figures.
Biography
Born as Muriel Brunner on September 27, 1926 in New York City, the youngest of six children. She was raised in Greenwich Village and attended New York's High School of Music and Art. Castanis did not begin her art career until 1964 at the age of 38, she was self-taught.
Her image is included in the iconic 1972 poster Some Living American Women Artists by Mary Beth Edelson.
Her 1980 exhibit at the OK Harris Works of Art in Manhattan led to her career breakthrough. Her work Corporate Goddesses (1982), features twelve fiberglass statues of faceless women standing 12 feet tall atop 580 California Street building, designed by architect Philip Johnson, have stirred varying interpretations, as viewers try to understand the symbolism.
She died on 22 November 2006 at age 80 from lung failure in Greenwich Village neighborhood in New York City, and was survived by her husband George Castanis and their four children.
Works
References
External links
580 California Street Sculpture, San Francisco
Oral history interview with Muriel Castanis, 1971, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution
1926 births
2006 deaths
Sculptors from New York City
Deaths from respiratory failure
Artists from Greenwich Village
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American women artists
The High School of Music & Art alumni
Sculptors from New |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force%20field | Force field may refer to:
Science
Force field (chemistry), a set of parameter and equations for use in molecular mechanics simulations
Force field (physics), a vector field indicating the forces exerted by one object on another
Force field (technology), a barrier made up of energy, plasma or particles to protect a person, area or object from attacks or intrusions or as a means of containment or confinement
Force field, a region in the spinal cord that causes limbs to exert a consistent force depending on the limbs' position
Force-field analysis, a concept in the social sciences
Arts and entertainment
Force Field (album), by the Atomic Bitchwax, 2017
Forcefield (album), by Tokyo Police Club, 2014
"Force Field", by Smash Mouth from Smash Mouth (album), 2001
Forcefield (art collective), an American noise band and art collective
Forcefield (band), a British hard rock band
"Force Field", the theme tune of the British game show The Crystal Maze |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedetniemi%27s%20conjecture | In graph theory, Hedetniemi's conjecture, formulated by Stephen T. Hedetniemi in 1966, concerns the connection between graph coloring and the tensor product of graphs. This conjecture states that
Here denotes the chromatic number of an undirected finite graph .
The inequality χ(G × H) ≤ min {χ(G), χ(H)} is easy: if G is k-colored, one can k-color G × H by using the same coloring for each copy of G in the product; symmetrically if H is k-colored. Thus, Hedetniemi's conjecture amounts to the assertion that tensor products cannot be colored with an unexpectedly small number of colors.
A counterexample to the conjecture was discovered by (see ), thus disproving the conjecture in general.
Known cases
Any graph with a nonempty set of edges requires at least two colors; if G and H are not 1-colorable, that is, they both contain an edge, then their product also contains an edge, and is hence not 1-colorable either. In particular, the conjecture is true when G or H is a bipartite graph, since then its chromatic number is either 1 or 2.
Similarly, if two graphs G and H are not 2-colorable, that is, not bipartite, then both contain a cycle of odd length. Since the product of two odd cycle graphs contains an odd cycle, the product G × H is not 2-colorable either. In other words, if G × H is 2-colorable, then at least one of G and H must be 2-colorable as well.
The next case was proved long after the conjecture's statement, by : if the product G × H is 3-colorable, then one o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixation%20%28histology%29 | In the fields of histology, pathology, and cell biology, fixation is the preservation of biological tissues from decay due to autolysis or putrefaction. It terminates any ongoing biochemical reactions and may also increase the treated tissues' mechanical strength or stability. Tissue fixation is a critical step in the preparation of histological sections, its broad objective being to preserve cells and tissue components and to do this in such a way as to allow for the preparation of thin, stained sections. This allows the investigation of the tissues' structure, which is determined by the shapes and sizes of such macromolecules (in and around cells) as proteins and nucleic acids.
Purposes
In performing their protective role, fixatives denature proteins by coagulation, by forming additive compounds, or by a combination of coagulation and additive processes. A compound that adds chemically to macromolecules stabilizes structure most effectively if it is able to combine with parts of two different macromolecules, an effect known as cross-linking.
Fixation of tissue is done for several reasons. One reason is to kill the tissue so that postmortem decay (autolysis and putrefaction) is prevented.
Fixation preserves biological material (tissue or cells) as close to its natural state as possible in the process of preparing tissue for examination. To achieve this, several conditions usually must be met.
First, a fixative usually acts to disable intrinsic biomolecules—particularly pr |
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