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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Nagoya%20Grampus%20records%20and%20statistics | This article contains records and statistics for the Japanese professional football club, Nagoya Grampus.
Key
P = Played
W = Games won
D = Games drawn
L = Games lost
F = Goals for
A = Goals against
Pts = Points
Pos = Final position
J1 = J1 League
J2 = J2 League
F = Final
Group = Group stage
QF = Quarter-finals
QR1 = First Qualifying Round
QR2 = Second Qualifying Round
QR3 = Third Qualifying Round
QR4 = Fourth Qualifying Round
RInt = Intermediate Round
R1 = Round 1
R2 = Round 2
R3 = Round 3
R4 = Round 4
R5 = Round 5
R6 = Round 6
SF = Semi-finals
Seasons
AFC history
References
Nagoya Grampus
Nagoya Grampus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898%20FA%20Cup%20final | The 1898 FA Cup final was an association football match between Derby County and Nottingham Forest on Saturday, 16 April 1898 at the Crystal Palace stadium in south London. It was the final match of the 1897–98 FA Cup, the 27th edition of the world's oldest football knockout competition, and England's primary cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup, better known as the FA Cup.
Derby County and Nottingham Forest were both appearing in their first final. As members of the Football League First Division, they were exempt from the competition's qualifying phase and each joined the competition in the first round proper, progressing through four rounds to the final.
The final was watched by a crowd of 62,017 and Forest, leading 2–1 at half-time, won the match 3–1 with goals by Arthur Capes (2) and John McPherson. Steve Bloomer scored for Derby. Forest won the cup again in 1959. Derby reached the final again in 1899 but were defeated by Sheffield United; they won the cup in 1946.
Background
The FA Cup, known officially as The Football Association Challenge Cup, is an annual knockout association football competition in men's domestic English football. The competition was first proposed on 20 July 1871 by C. W. Alcock at a meeting of The Football Association committee. The tournament was first played in the 1871–72 season and is the world's oldest association football competition. The 1898 match between Derby County and Nottingham Forest at Crystal Palace was the 27 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1899%20FA%20Cup%20final | The 1899 FA Cup final was an association football match between Derby County and Sheffield United on Saturday, 15 April 1899 at the Crystal Palace stadium in south London. It was the final match of the 1898–99 FA Cup, the 28th edition of the world's oldest football knockout competition, and England's primary cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup, better known as the FA Cup.
Sheffield United were appearing in their first final and Derby County, who had been the 1898 runners-up, in their second. As members of the Football League First Division, they were both exempt from the competition's qualifying phase and joined it in the first round proper, progressing through four rounds to the final.
The final was watched by a crowd of 73,833 and Sheffield United, after being 0–1 down at half-time, dominated the second half of the match to win 4–1 with goals by Walter Bennett, Billy Beer, Jack Almond and Fred Priest after John Boag had scored a first-half opener for Derby. Sheffield United have won the cup four times in all, their next victory being in 1902. Derby County have won it once, in 1946.
Background
The FA Cup, known officially as The Football Association Challenge Cup, is an annual knockout association football competition in men's domestic English football. The competition was first proposed on 20 July 1871 by C. W. Alcock at a meeting of The Football Association committee. The tournament was first played in the 1871–72 season and is the world's oldest ass |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%20FA%20Cup%20final | The 1900 FA Cup final was an association football match between Bury and Southampton on Saturday, 21 April 1900 at the Crystal Palace stadium in south London. It was the final match of the 1899–1900 FA Cup, the 29th edition of the world's oldest football knockout competition, and England's primary cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup, better known as the FA Cup.
Bury and Southampton were both appearing in their first finals. Both teams joined the competition in the first round proper and progressed through four rounds to the final. As a member of the Football League First Division, Bury were exempt from the competition's qualifying phase. Southampton, as a member of the Southern League would normally have been required to pre-qualify but, as champions of the Southern League for three seasons in succession from 1896–97 to 1898–99, they were given byes through the qualifying phase to the first round.
The final was played in a heat wave and watched by a crowd of 68,945. Bury, leading 3–0 at half-time, dominated the match to win 4–0 with goals by Jasper McLuckie (2), Willie Wood and Jack Plant. When the game ended, the FA Cup trophy was presented to Bury's captain Jack Pray by Lord James of Hereford. Winning the cup proved to be profitable for Bury as the club's debts of £1,230 were converted into a credit balance of £1,329. Bury won the cup again in 1903 but that was their last appearance in the match. Southampton reached the 1902 final but were defeated by |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavituximab | Bavituximab (PGN401) is a human-mouse chimeric monoclonal antibody against phosphatidylserine, which is a component of cell membranes that is exposed when a cell is transformed into solid tumor cancer cell or dies, and when cells are infected with hepatitis C. The process of cell death is highly controlled and so there usually no immune response to phosphatidylserine but when bavituximab binds to it, the conjugate appears to stimulate an immune response in humans.
Biology
Phosphatidylserine is the most abundant anionic phospholipid in the cell's plasma membrane, and is usually positioned internally. However, during apoptosis and several pathological conditions including tumorigenesis or infection by some types of viruses, phosphatidylserine is flipped from an internal to an external position. When external, it can potentially be recognized by antibodies. As such, targeting external phosphatidylserine may be a strategy for novel broad-spectrum anti-viral therapies. Bavituximab is an antibody that binds to complexes of the phosphatidylserine-binding plasma protein β2-glycoprotein 1 and anionic phospholipids. In laboratory experiments, treatment with bavituximab was found to rescue mice from otherwise lethal infections of mouse cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Pichinde virus, a model of Lassa fever virus. Proposed mechanisms for this therapeutic effect included bavituximab directly clearing infectious virus from the bloodstream, and the induction of antibody-dependent cellular |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrafenine | Antrafenine (Stakane) is a phenylpiperazine derivative drug invented in 1979. It acts as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug with similar efficacy to naproxen, but is not widely used as it has largely been replaced by newer drugs.
Synthesis
Method E: The reaction between 2-[4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-piperazinyl]ethanol [40004-29-3] (1) and Isatoic anhydride [118-48-9] (2) goes on to give 4-(3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperazine-1-ethyl 2-aminobenzoate [51941-08-3] (3).
Method G: Alkylation with 4-chloro-7-(trifluoromethyl)quinoline [346-55-4] (4) completed the synthesis of antrafenine (5).
See also
Phenylpiperazine
Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine
References
meta-Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazines
Anthranilates
Quinolines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivatuzumab%20mertansine | Bivatuzumab mertansine is a combination of bivatuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody, and mertansine, a cytotoxic agent. It is designed for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma.
References
Monoclonal antibodies for tumors
Experimental cancer drugs
Antibody-drug conjugates |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20assignment%20problem | In applied mathematics, the maximum generalized assignment problem is a problem in combinatorial optimization. This problem is a generalization of the assignment problem in which both tasks and agents have a size. Moreover, the size of each task might vary from one agent to the other.
This problem in its most general form is as follows: There are a number of agents and a number of tasks. Any agent can be assigned to perform any task, incurring some cost and profit that may vary depending on the agent-task assignment. Moreover, each agent has a budget and the sum of the costs of tasks assigned to it cannot exceed this budget. It is required to find an assignment in which all agents do not exceed their budget and total profit of the assignment is maximized.
In special cases
In the special case in which all the agents' budgets and all tasks' costs are equal to 1, this problem reduces to the assignment problem. When the costs and profits of all tasks do not vary between different agents, this problem reduces to the multiple knapsack problem. If there is a single agent, then, this problem reduces to the knapsack problem.
Explanation of definition
In the following, we have n kinds of items, through and m kinds of bins through . Each bin is associated with a budget . For a bin , each item has a profit and a weight . A solution is an assignment from items to bins. A feasible solution is a solution in which for each bin the total weight of assigned items is at most . The s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902%20FA%20Cup%20final | The 1902 FA Cup final was an association football match between Sheffield United and Southampton on Saturday, 19 April 1902 at the Crystal Palace stadium in south London. It was the final match of the 1901–02 FA Cup, the 31st edition of the world's oldest football knockout competition, and England's primary cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup, better known as the FA Cup.
Sheffield United were appearing in their third final and Southampton in their second – Sheffield United won the cup in 1899 and were runners-up in 1901; Southampton were runners-up in 1900. Both teams joined the competition in the first round proper and progressed through four rounds to the final. As a member of the Football League First Division, Sheffield United were exempt from the competition's qualifying phase. Southampton, as a member of the Southern League would normally have been required to pre-qualify but, as champions of the Southern League in 1900–01, they were given byes through the qualifying phase to the first round.
The final was watched by a crowd of 74,479 and ended in a 1–1 draw. The goalscorers were Alf Common for Sheffield United and, in controversial circumstances, Harry Wood for Southampton. A replay was held a week later on 26 April, also at the Crystal Palace stadium, but before a much-reduced crowd of 33,068. Sheffield United won 2–1 with goals by George Hedley and Billy Barnes against one by Albert Brown for Southampton. Sheffield United won the cup again in 19 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903%20FA%20Cup%20final | The 1903 FA Cup final was an association football match between Bury and Derby County on Saturday, 18 April 1903 at the Crystal Palace stadium in south London. It was the final match of the 1902–03 FA Cup, the 32nd edition of the world's oldest football knockout competition, and England's primary cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup, better known as the FA Cup.
Bury were appearing in their second final and Derby County in their third – Bury won the cup in 1900 while Derby were runners-up in 1898 and 1899. As members of the Football League First Division, both teams were exempt from the competition's qualifying phase and, having entered in the first round proper, progressed through four rounds to the final.
The final was watched by a crowd of 63,102 and Bury, leading 1–0 at half-time, won a one-sided match 6–0 with goals by Joe Leeming (2), George Ross, Charlie Sagar, Willie Wood and Jack Plant. Bury's six-goal victory remains the record winning margin in FA Cup finals, though it was equalled in the 2019 final when Manchester City defeated Watford by the same score. Bury were the second team to score six in a final, following Blackburn Rovers in the 1890 final; and also the second team to win the cup without conceding a goal in the entire competition, following Preston North End in the 1888–89 tournament.
1903 background
The FA Cup, known officially as The Football Association Challenge Cup, is an annual knockout association football competition in men's |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904%20FA%20Cup%20final | The 1904 FA Cup final was a football match between Bolton Wanderers and Manchester City on 23 April 1904 at Crystal Palace in London. The showpiece match of English football's primary cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (better known as the FA Cup), it was the 33rd Cup final, and the tenth at Crystal Palace.
Each team progressed through four rounds to reach the final. Manchester City were a First Division team chasing a league and cup double; Bolton Wanderers were a mid-table Second Division team. Consequently, most observers anticipated a Manchester City win. In a close match featuring strong defensive play, Manchester City won 1–0. The goal, scored by Billy Meredith, was disputed by those with Bolton sympathies, who believed Meredith to be offside. The victory gave Manchester City their first major honour.
Build-up
The final was held at Crystal Palace, the tenth final played at the venue. Neither club had previously won the competition. Bolton reached the final in 1894, but were beaten comfortably by Notts County, losing 4–1 at Goodison Park despite a strong performance by goalkeeper John Sutcliffe.
In their passage to the final Manchester City faced opposition from the top division in all but one round. Second Division Woolwich Arsenal, City's opponents in the second round, were the exception. Sunderland were defeated 3–2 at Hyde Road in the first round, and the visit to Arsenal yielded a 2–0 win. A club record crowd of 30,022 watched the quarter-fin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905%20FA%20Cup%20final | The 1905 FA Cup final was contested by Aston Villa and Newcastle United at Crystal Palace. Aston Villa were victorious, winning 2–0, with Harry Hampton scoring both goals.
Match details
References
1905
1904–05 in English football
Aston Villa F.C. matches
Newcastle United F.C. matches
April 1905 sports events
1905 sports events in London |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906%20FA%20Cup%20final | The 1906 FA Cup final was contested by Everton and Newcastle United at Crystal Palace. Everton won 1–0, the goal scored by Alex "Sandy" Young.
Match details
Road to the Final
References
Line-ups
Match report at www.fa-cupfinals.co.uk
External links
Match Report from Everton F.C. website
Report from www.efchistory.co.uk
1906
FA Cup
Fa Cup Final 1906
Fa Cup Final 1906
FA Cup Final
FA Cup Final |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907%20FA%20Cup%20final | The 1907 FA Cup final was contested by The Wednesday and Everton at Crystal Palace. Sheffield Wednesday won 2–1, with goals by Jimmy Stewart and George Simpson.
This was the second time that the previous winner had reached the final and failed to win it, the first time being in 1883 when Old Etonians lost to Blackburn Olympic.
Match details
Road to the Final
References
External links
Line-ups
Match report at www.fa-cupfinals.co.uk
1907
FA Cup
Fa Cup Final 1907
Fa Cup Final 1907
FA Cup Final
FA Cup Final |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908%20FA%20Cup%20final | The 1908 FA Cup final was contested by Wolverhampton Wanderers and Newcastle United at Crystal Palace Park. Newcastle had just finished fourth in the First Division during this season, after winning the league in 1906–07. This was their third FA Cup final appearance in four years (although they had yet to win). Their 6–0 thrashing of Fulham in the semi-final is a record win for a semi-final. By contrast, Wolves had finished ninth in the Second Division.
Nevertheless, Wolves upset the odds by winning the match 3–1, with goals by Kenneth Hunt, George Hedley and Billy Harrison. James Howey scored the Magpies' reply. The Lord Mayor of London, Sir John Bell, then handed the trophy to Wolves' Billy Wooldridge.
Match summary
Newcastle began the more composed side and launched several early attacks. They had the majority of the possession, but Wolves managed to stand resolute. On the 40-minute mark, a hurried clearance from a scramble in the Newcastle penalty area fell to Kenneth Hunt, who hit the ball back ferociously from distance, which Lawrence in the Magpies' goal could only help into the net. This was the first goal Hunt had ever scored for the club. Wolves grew in confidence with this strike and George Hedley quickly doubled their advantage with swift shot into the far corner after eluding two tackles.
James Howie gave Newcastle hope as he scored after a corner in the 73rd minute, their first Cup Final goal in three attempts, and they pushed for the equaliser. However, Wol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909%20FA%20Cup%20final | The 1909 FA Cup final was the final match of the 1908–09 FA Cup, the 38th season of England's premier club football cup competition. The match was played on 24 April 1909 at Crystal Palace, and was contested by Manchester United and Bristol City, both of the First Division. Manchester United won by a single goal, scored by Sandy Turnbull midway through the first half. This was the first of Manchester United's twelve FA Cup titles to date.
Match summary
It was the first time that either team had played in an FA Cup Final, but Manchester United went into the match as favourites, having been league champions the previous season. Despite having lost 1–0 to Bristol City at Bank Street just two weeks earlier, Manchester United held a one-point advantage over their opposition with two matches still to play.
Both teams usually wore red shirts, so, prior to the final, the FA issued them with orders to change their kit for the match. Manchester United's players sported white shirts with a red V-stripe and a red rose of Lancashire on the left breast, while Bristol City chose to wear blue shirts. Manchester United made an event of the presentation of their new kits, hiring contemporary music hall star George Robey to present the uniforms to the players.
Manchester United inside left Sandy Turnbull had been struggling with a knee injury in recent times, but, on the morning of the match, he convinced his manager, Ernest Mangnall, that he could play. Turnbull's claim was endorsed by club |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911%20FA%20Cup%20final | The 1911 FA Cup final was the 40th FA Cup final. It was contested by Bradford City and Newcastle United. The first game resulted in a goalless draw at Crystal Palace. A single goal scored by Jimmy Speirs for Bradford won the replay at Old Trafford.
Route to the final
Match summary
Newcastle were defending the cup they had won the year before by defeating Barnsley 2–0. They faced a Bradford City side who had earned their highest position in the league. Newcastle's preparations were upset by long-term injuries to England international centre-forward Albert Shepherd and Peter McWilliam. Bradford's team showed just one surprise with Scottish centre-half Willie Gildea drafted in for just his 10th game for the club.
The first match at Crystal Palace ended goalless after 90 minutes, meaning for the second successive year the final went to a replay. City made one change to their team for the replay with Bob Torrance coming in for Gildea, who never played for City again. Newcastle's team remained unchanged. The replay, which took place at Old Trafford, was settled by a single goal for Bradford due to a mistake by Newcastle's goalkeeper (Lawrence), a header scored by captain Jimmy Speirs.
It was a new trophy that Speirs lifted, appropriately made by Bradford jewellers Fattorini's. The cup triumph remains Bradford's only major honour.
Match details
Replay
References
External links
Match report at www.fa-cupfinals.co.uk
1911 FA Cup winners...
FA Cup Final kits
1911
FA Cup
Brad |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20MG5 | British NVC community MG5 (Cynosurus cristatus - Centaurea nigra grassland) is one of the mesotrophic grassland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of four such communities associated with well-drained permanent pastures and meadows.
This community is widely distributed community though common only in certain regions. There are three subcommunities.
This type of plant community was described in 1952 as Centaureo-Cynosuretum cristati Br.-Bl. & Tx..
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Common Bent (Agrostis capillaris)
Sweet Vernal-grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum)
Black Knapweed (Centaurea nigra)
Crested Dog's-tail (Cynosurus cristatus)
Cock's-foot (Dactylis glomerata)
Red Fescue (Festuca rubra)
Yorkshire-fog (Holcus lanatus)
Common Bird's-foot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus)
Ribwort Plantain (Plantago lanceolata)
Red Clover (Trifolium pratense)
White Clover (Trifolium repens)
One rare species, Tuberous Thistle (Cirsium tuberosum), is associated with this community.
Distribution
This community is widespread in lowland areas in England, Wales and Scotland, but its abundance varies between regions. It is uncommon in southern England and East Anglia, for instance, but strong concentrations occur in the Midlands and Yorkshire.
Subcommunities
There are three subcommunities:
the Lathyrus pratensis subcommunity
the Galium verum subcommunity
the Danthonia decumbens subcommunity
Re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20MG6 |
British NVC community MG6 (Lolium perenne - Cynosurus cristatus grassland) is one of the mesotrophic grassland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of four such communities associated with well-drained permanent pastures and meadows.
This community is a virtually ubiquitous community of the British lowlands. There are three subcommunities, one of which is divided into a number of variants.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Common Mouse-ear (Cerastium fontanum)
Crested Dog's-tail (Cynosurus cristatus)
Red Fescue (Festuca rubra)
Yorkshire-fog (Holcus lanatus)
Perennial Rye-grass (Lolium perenne)
White Clover (Trifolium repens)
No rare species are associated with this community.
Distribution
This community is widespread in lowland areas of England, Wales and Scotland, with particular concentrations occurring in the Southwest Peninsula, Wales, the Midlands, and parts of northern England and southern Scotland.
Subcommunities
There are three subcommunities:
the so-called typical subcommunity, subdivided into:
an Alopecurus pratensis variant
an Alopecurus geniculatus variant
a Deschampsia cespitosa variant
an Iris pseudacorus variant
the Anthoxanthum odoratum subcommunity
the Trisetum flavescens subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1992) British Plant Communities Volume 3 - Grasslands and montane communities (hardback), (paperback)
MG06 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau%20Ang%C3%A9lus | Château Angélus, until 1990 known as Château L'Angélus, or simply L'Angélus, is a Bordeaux wine from the appellation Saint-Émilion, since 2012 ranked Premier grand cru classé (A) in the Classification of Saint-Émilion wine. The winery is located on the Right Bank of the Bordeaux wine region, in the commune of Saint-Émilion in the department Gironde.
The château also produces a second wine named Carillon d’Angélus.
History
The estate has been owned by the Boüard de Laforest family since the Domaine de Mazerat was bequeathed to Comte Maurice de Boüard de Laforest in 1910, and expanded by the acquisition of Clos de L'Angélus in 1922 by Elisabeth Bouchet his wife and a plot from Château Beau-Séjour Bécot in 1969. The name refers to the three Angelus bells audible from the vineyards, coming from the chapel at Mazerat, the church in Saint-Martin de Mazerat and Saint-Émilion.
Hubert de Boüard de Laforest joined the family business at Angélus in 1976 having concluded studies under Émile Peynaud at the Faculté d'Oenologie in Bordeaux. Along with several modernising changes, the practice of maturing in new oak was begun in 1980. The estate has been classified as a Premier grand cru cru classé (A) since 2012, was previously a Premier grand cru cru classé (B) since 1996, and was before that classified as Grand cru classé. But according to research of journalist Isabelle Saporta, Hubert de Boüard is judge and jury in the preparation of the classification.
In 2018, the co-owner Hubert |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar%20signal%20characteristics | A radar system uses a radio-frequency electromagnetic signal reflected from a target to determine information about that target. In any radar system, the signal transmitted and received will exhibit many of the characteristics described below.
In the time domain
The diagram below shows the characteristics of the transmitted signal in the time domain. Note that in this and in all the diagrams within this article, the x axis is exaggerated to make the explanation clearer.
Carrier
The carrier is an RF signal, typically of microwave frequencies, which is usually (but not always) modulated to allow the system to capture the required data. In simple ranging radars, the carrier will be pulse modulated and in continuous wave systems, such as Doppler radar, modulation may not be required. Most systems use pulse modulation, with or without other supplementary modulating signals. Note that with pulse modulation, the carrier is simply switched on and off in sync with the pulses; the modulating waveform does not actually exist in the transmitted signal and the envelope of the pulse waveform is extracted from the demodulated carrier in the receiver. Although obvious when described, this point is often missed when pulse transmissions are first studied, leading to misunderstandings about the nature of the signal.
Pulse width
The pulse width () (or pulse duration) of the transmitted signal is the time, typically in microseconds, each pulse lasts. If the pulse is not a perfect square |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelfand%E2%80%93Mazur%20theorem | In operator theory, the Gelfand–Mazur theorem is a theorem named after Israel Gelfand and Stanisław Mazur which states that a Banach algebra with unit over the complex numbers in which every nonzero element is invertible is isometrically isomorphic to the complex numbers, i. e., the only complex Banach algebra that is a division algebra is the complex numbers C.
The theorem follows from the fact that the spectrum of any element of a complex Banach algebra is nonempty: for every element a of a complex Banach algebra A there is some complex number λ such that λ1 − a is not invertible. This is a consequence of the complex-analyticity of the resolvent function. By assumption, λ1 − a = 0. So a = λ · 1. This gives an isomorphism from A to C.
The theorem can be strengthened to the claim that there are (up to isomorphism) exactly three real Banach division algebras: the field of reals R, the field of complex numbers C, and the division algebra of quaternions H. This result was proved first by Stanisław Mazur alone, but it was published in France without a proof, when the author refused the editor's request to shorten his proof. Gelfand (independently) published a proof of the complex case a few years later.
References
Banach algebras
Theorems in functional analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRT%20%28genetics%29 | CRT is the gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of carotenoids. Those genes are found in eubacteria, in algae and are cryptic in Streptomyces griseus.
Role of CRT genes in carotenoid biosynthesis
The CRT gene cluster consists of twenty-five genes such as crtA, crtB, crtC, crtD, crtE, crtF, crtG, crtH, crtI, crtO, crtP, crtR, crtT, crtU, crtV, and crtY, crtZ. These genes play a role in varying stages of the Astaxanthin biosynthesis and Carotenoid biosynthesis (Table 1).
crtE encodes for an enzyme known as geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase known to catalyze the condensation reaction of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) into geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP). Two GGDP molecules are subsequently converted into a single phytoene molecule by phytoene synthase, an enzyme encoded by crtB, known as PSY in Chlorophyta. The following desaturation of phytoene into ζ-carotene is catalyzed by the phytoene desaturase encoded by crtI, crtP, and/or PDS. ζ -carotene can also be obtained through phytoene using the carotene 2,4-desaturase enzyme (crtD). Depending on the species, varying carotenoids are accumulated following these steps.
Spirilloxanthin
Spirilloxanthin is obtained from lycopene following a hydration, desaturation, and methylation reaction. These reactions are catalyzed by carotene hydratase (crtC), carotene 3,4- desaturase (crtD), and carotene methyltransferase (crtF), respectively.
Canthaxanthin
Lycopene is cyclized through |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%20FA%20Cup%20final | The 1912 FA Cup final was the 41st FA Cup final. It was contested by Barnsley and West Bromwich Albion. It took two matches to determine a winner. The first took place at Crystal Palace on 20 April 1912 and the second on 24 April at Bramall Lane. Barnsley scored the winning and only goal in the final minute of extra time (30 minutes) of the replay. West Bromwich Albion were naturally disappointed to have lost but they could console themselves in the fact that they were the better team on the day, at times running through their opponents in brilliant fashion. The "Throstles" reputation was enhanced by the display over the two ties even though they lost the match. The "Tykes" defended impeccably throughout, and Tufnell scored the winning goal.
Road to the Final
Match programme
The programme showed that both teams played a 2–3–5 formation.
Match summary
The crowd that assembled to watch the 1912 FA Cup final was some 15–20,000 smaller than previous years but they still filled the ground and there was little spare space. Some spectators took to the trees around the ground and a group of WBA supporters tried to launch a blue and white striped hot air balloon, but it burned before it left the ground. This failed stunt became a metaphor for a game that also failed to rise to meet the spectators' expectations.
Barnsley did not play an exciting game of football; relying on their half backs to run alongside the WBA forwards making the WBA game of pass and return between their f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913%20FA%20Cup%20final | The 1913 FA Cup final was contested by Aston Villa and Sunderland on 19 April 1913 at London's Crystal Palace. Playing as the home side, Aston Villa won 1–0 on a goal by Tommy Barber on a crossed ball from Charlie Wallace. Wallace had earlier missed a penalty, something that would not occur again in an FA Cup final until the 1988 final between Wimbledon and Liverpool.
It was Sunderland's first appearance in the FA Cup Final and the first time The Football League's top two finishers had vied for the trophy (even though the League would not be decided for another week). On their way to the match Sunderland had to replay their quarter-final twice and then their semi-final once after draws in those contests. Aston Villa was re-appearing in the final after an eight-year absence and their victory was their fifth, equalling the then-current record of the Wanderers and Blackburn Rovers.
During the match Sunderland's Charlie Thomson and Villa's Harry Hampton almost immediately resumed a long-running feud that led to both players being suspended for a month at the start of the following season. The contest was noted for its rough play and led to the withdrawal of Sunderland's invitation to take part in the 1913 Charity Shield match. Referee Mr. A. Adams from Nottingham was also suspended, having allowed no less than 17 minutes for stoppage time.
Route to the final
Match details
References
Line ups
FA Cup Final kits
1913
FA Cup
Aston Villa F.C. matches
Sunderland A.F.C. matches
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914%20FA%20Cup%20final | The 1914 FA Cup final was an association football match between Burnley and Liverpool on 25 April 1914 at Crystal Palace, London. It was the final match of the 1913–14 FA Cup, the 43rd season of the country's primary cup competition, the FA Cup. Both teams were appearing in their first FA Cup final. Burnley and Liverpool entered the competition in the first round and progressed through five rounds to reach the final, both playing seven matches including two replays. Burnley had eliminated four clubs from the Football League First Division—the first tier of English football—en route to the final.
Harry Lowe, Liverpool's captain, was ruled out for the final, while Burnley goalkeeper Jerry Dawson decided not to play due to injury. Burnley's line-up contained nine Englishmen, of which six Lancastrians; seven of Liverpool's starting eleven were Scottish. King George V was in attendance for the match, which marked the first time a reigning monarch attended an FA Cup final. As both Burnley and Liverpool hailed from Lancashire, the King wore a red Lancashire rose in his buttonhole. Burnley's kits sported the royal arms crest during the final.
Watched by a crowd of 72,778, although attendance figures ranged between 72,000 and 100,000, the first half was goalless as both sides struggled to create goalscoring chances. In the 58th minute, Teddy Hodgson headed the ball to Bert Freeman, who put Burnley 1–0 ahead with a powerful half-volley from around . Liverpool could not find an equali |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%20curve | The Z curve (or Z-curve) method is a bioinformatics algorithm for genome analysis. The Z-curve is a three-dimensional curve that constitutes a unique representation of a DNA sequence, i.e., for the Z-curve and the given DNA sequence each can be uniquely reconstructed from the other.
The resulting curve has a zigzag shape, hence the name Z-curve.
Background
The Z Curve method was first created in 1994 as a way to visually map a DNA or RNA sequence. Different properties of the Z curve, such as its symmetry and periodicity can give unique information on the DNA sequence. The Z curve is generated from a series of nodes, P0, P1,...PN, with the coordinates xn, yn, and zn (n=0,1,2...N, with N being the length of the DNA sequence). The Z curve is created by connecting each of the nodes sequentially.
Applications
Information on the distribution of nucleotides in a DNA sequence can be determined from the Z curve. The four nucleotides are combined into six different categories. The nucleotides are placed into each category by some defining characteristic and each category is designated a letter.
The x, y, and z components of the Z curve display the distribution of each of these categories of bases for the DNA sequence being studied. The x-component represents the distribution of purines and pyrimidine bases (R/Y). The y-component shows the distribution of amino and keto bases (M/K) and the z-component shows the distribution of strong-H bond and weak-H bond bases (S/W) in the DN |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20United%20States%20commuter%20rail%20systems | The following is a list of commuter rail systems in the United States, ranked by ridership. All figures come from the American Public Transportation Association's (APTA) Ridership Reports Statistics for the fourth quarter of 2022, unless otherwise indicated.
List
Systems excluded from ridership table
See also
Commuter rail in North America
List of rail transit systems in the United States
List of United States light rail systems by ridership
List of United States local bus agencies by ridership
List of United States rapid transit systems by ridership
Notes
References
Commuter rail systems |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipilimumab | Ipilimumab, sold under the brand name Yervoy, is a monoclonal antibody medication that works to activate the immune system by targeting CTLA-4, a protein receptor that downregulates the immune system.
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can recognize and destroy cancer cells. However, an inhibitory mechanism interrupts this destruction. Ipilimumab turns off this inhibitory mechanism and boosts the body's immune response against cancer cells.
Ipilimumab was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in March 2011, for the treatment of melanoma, a type of skin cancer. It is undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), small cell lung cancer (SCLC), bladder cancer and metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
The concept of using anti-CTLA4 antibodies to treat cancer was first developed by James P. Allison while he was director of the Cancer Research Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley. Clinical development of anti-CTLA4 was initiated by Medarex, which was later acquired by Bristol-Myers Squibb. For his work in developing ipilimumab, Allison was awarded the Lasker Award in 2015. Allison later was the co-winner of the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Medical uses
Ipilimumab was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in March 2011, to treat people with late-stage melanoma that has spread or cannot be removed by surgery. It was later approved by the US FDA on October 28, 2015, f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vepalimomab | Vepalimomab is an experimental mouse monoclonal antibody intended for the treatment of inflammations. It blocks vascular adhesion protein 1. Development of the drug was discontinued in 2002.
References
Monoclonal antibodies
Abandoned drugs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keliximab | Keliximab is a monoclonal antibody for the treatment of severe chronic asthma. It suppresses the immune reaction by binding to white blood cells via the protein CD4. The drug is a chimeric antibody from Macaca irus and Homo sapiens.
References
Monoclonal antibodies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TERC | TERC may refer to:
Telomerase RNA component, a human gene.
TERC (Cambridge, Massachusetts), a nonprofit research and development organization in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the developers of the Investigations in Numbers, Data, and Space mathematics curriculum
"Investigations" or TERC, a K–5 mathematics curriculum, developed at TERC (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
Technical Education Research Centers (TERC)
CSIRO Tropical Ecosystems Research Centre
Terrestrial Environment Research Center. A research center at University of Tsukuba.
Thermal Enclosure Rater Checklist A standard for achieving green building certification in the Energy Star home rating program.
UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center (TERC). A non-profit organization that conducts research on Lake Tahoe and educated the public on environmental issues at Lake Tahoe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teneliximab | Teneliximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody binding to the immune stimulatory protein CD40. , it has not entered clinical trials.
References
Monoclonal antibodies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol%20Biplane%20Type%20%27T%27 | The Bristol Biplane Type 'T', sometimes called the Challenger-Dickson Biplane, was a derivative of the Bristol Boxkite. It was built in 1911 by the British and Colonial Aeroplane Company and was designed as a cross-country racing aircraft for Maurice Tabuteau.
Development
The Type 'T' was not a development of the Bristol Boxkite but did use some of the experience gained with the Boxkite. It was designed by George Challenger, with the assistance of practical advice from Captain Bertram Dickson, a prominent pilot of the day. It had the same "Farman" configuration as the Boxkite, differing principally in having an enclosed nacelle to house the pilot. The structure bearing the front elevator also differed substantially: the elevator was mounted lower down, level with the lower wing, and the undercarriage skids were continued forward and upwards to form part of the elevator mounting. The rear-mounted twin rudders were balanced, unlike those of the Boxkite.
The first aircraft (Bristol No. 45) was built to compete in the 1911 Circuit de l'Europe race, with Maurice Tabuteau as pilot, and was powered by a Gnome Gamma rotary engine. Tabateau put up a creditable performance, and completed all of the race's nine stages.
Four more aircraft were built for 1911 Daily Mail Circuit of Britain Air Race. These differed from the design of No. 45 in having a modified nacelle and rudders placed further out, away from the slipstream of the engine.
No. 51 was to be flown by Graham Gilmour in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis%E2%80%93angle%20representation | In mathematics, the axis–angle representation parameterizes a rotation in a three-dimensional Euclidean space by two quantities: a unit vector indicating the direction (geometry) of an axis of rotation, and an angle of rotation describing the magnitude and sense (e.g., clockwise) of the rotation about the axis. Only two numbers, not three, are needed to define the direction of a unit vector rooted at the origin because the magnitude of is constrained. For example, the elevation and azimuth angles of suffice to locate it in any particular Cartesian coordinate frame.
By Rodrigues' rotation formula, the angle and axis determine a transformation that rotates three-dimensional vectors. The rotation occurs in the sense prescribed by the right-hand rule.
The rotation axis is sometimes called the Euler axis. The axis–angle representation is predicated on Euler's rotation theorem, which dictates that any rotation or sequence of rotations of a rigid body in a three-dimensional space is equivalent to a pure rotation about a single fixed axis.
It is one of many rotation formalisms in three dimensions.
Rotation vector
The axis–angle representation is equivalent to the more concise rotation vector, also called the Euler vector. In this case, both the rotation axis and the angle are represented by a vector codirectional with the rotation axis whose length is the rotation angle ,
It is used for the exponential and logarithm maps involving this representation.
Many rotation vecto |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepiella | Sepiella is a genus of cuttlefish encompassing around seven species.
Classification
Genus Sepiella
Sepiella cyanea
Sepiella inermis, Spineless cuttlefish
Sepiella japonica, Japanese spineless cuttlefish
Sepiella mangkangunga
Sepiella ocellata
Sepiella ornata, Ornate cuttlefish
Sepiella weberi
External links
Cuttlefish
Cephalopod genera
Taxa named by John Edward Gray |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demethylase | Demethylases are enzymes that remove methyl (CH3) groups from nucleic acids, proteins (particularly histones), and other molecules. Demethylases are important epigenetic proteins, as they are responsible for transcriptional regulation of the genome by controlling the methylation of DNA and histones, and by extension, the chromatin state at specific gene loci.
Histone lysine demethylation
Histone methylation was initially considered an effectively irreversible process as the half-life of the histone methylation was approximately equal to the histone half-life. Histone lysine demethylase LSD1 (later classified as KDM1A) was first identified in 2004 as a nuclear amine oxidase homolog. Two main classes of histone lysine demethylases exist, defined by their mechanisms: flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent amine oxidases and α-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases.
Histone lysine demethylases possess a variety of domains that are responsible for histone recognition, DNA binding, methylated amino acid substrate binding and catalytic activity. These include:
FAD-dependent amine oxidase domains containing the active catalytic site of KDM1
Jumonji-C domains containing the active catalytic site of KDM2 through KDM8
Jumonji-N domains responsible for Jumonji-C domain conformation stability
SWIRM (SWI3P, RSC8P and Moira) domains proposed as an anchor site for histone substrates and responsible for chromatin stability
PHD, CXXC and C5HC2 zinc finger domains responsible for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylmalonyl-CoA | Methylmalonyl-CoA is the thioester consisting of coenzyme A linked to methylmalonic acid. It is an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of succinyl-CoA, which plays an essential role in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (aka the Citric Acid Cycle, or Krebs Cycle). The compound is sometimes referred to as "methylmalyl-CoA".
Biosynthesis and metabolism
Methylmalonyl-CoA results from the metabolism of fatty acid with an odd number of carbons, of ammino acids valine, isoleucine, methionine, threonine or of cholesterol side-chains, forming Propionyl-CoA. The latter is also formed from propionic acid, which bacteria produce in the intestine. Propionyl-CoA and bicarbonate are converted to Methylmalonyl-CoA by the enzyme propionyl-CoA Carboxylase. It then is converted into succinyl-CoA by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT). This reaction is a reversible isomerization. In this way, the compound enters the Citric Acid Cycle. The following diagram demonstrates the aforementioned reaction:
Propionyl CoA + Bicarbonate → Methylmalonyl CoA → Succinyl CoA
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 plays an integral role in this reaction. Coenzyme B12 (adenosyl-cobalamin) is an organometallic form of Vitamin B12 and serves as the cofactor of Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, which is an essential enzyme in the human body. The transformation of Methylmalonyl-CoA to Succinyl-CoA by this enzyme is a radical reaction.
Related diseases
Methylmalonic Acidemia (MMA)
This disease occurs when methylmalonyl-CoA mutase i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motilin%20receptor | Motilin receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor (previously GPCR38) that binds motilin. It was first cloned in 1999 by Merck Laboratories. and scientists have since been searching for compounds to modify its behavior.
The primary structure of the motilin receptor consists of 412 amino acids, while its tertiary structure resembles a golf club. The protein C-terminal protein protects from enzymatic degradation, while the N-terminal is essential for binding.
Function
The primary function of the motilin receptor is to contract gastric smooth muscle during phase III of the migrating motor complex (MMC). In this final phase of the MMC, N-type motilin receptors in the distal antral pump of the stomach are activated. This causes contraction of the gastric smooth muscle, sieving food into the small intestine, and priming the stomach for the next meal.
Motilin
Motilin is an intestinal peptide that stimulates the contraction of gastric smooth muscle via the motilin receptor. It is produced by enteroendocrine cells in the proximal small intestine and secreted cyclically. Motilin mimetics could be used to increase gastric motility in patients with gastroparesis e.g., constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. However, none of the candidate drugs that have been tested so far have made it to market.
References
Further reading
External links
G protein-coupled receptors
Human proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Fleming%20%28musician%29 | Donald Gene Fleming (born September 25, 1957) is an American musician and producer. Besides fronting a number of his own bands, (Velvet Monkeys, B.A.L.L., and Gumball) Fleming has produced Sonic Youth, Screaming Trees, Teenage Fanclub and Hole.
Career
Bands
The Stroke Band
Fleming started his musical career with the art/garage/punk group The Stroke Band of Adel, Georgia in the late 1970s. They released one album, Green and Yellow, in 1978 on Abacus Records.
Citizen 23
After The Stroke Band, Don relocated to Norfolk, Va. in 1979 and formed the punk/new wave group Citizen 23 with Elaine Barnes, Mark Myers, and, Stephen Soles. Their only recorded output consisted of three songs on the compilation album, No Room to Dance, in 1980.
The Velvet Monkeys
Citizen 23 broke up in early 1981; all members but Mark Mayers relocated to Washington, D.C. shortly thereafter and formed the three-piece psychedelic/post-punk band The Velvet Monkeys in the fall of 1981. The Velvet Monkeys line-up featured Fleming on guitar & vocals, Barnes on keyboards and vocals, Stephen Soles on bass, and a drum machine called Dr. Rhythm providing the beat. The Velvet Monkeys would go through many incarnations over the next 10 years, with Fleming the constant factor in all versions. In July 1982 the band released their debut -- Everything is Right—on cassette tape. This album was re-released on CD in 2011.
After trading in their drum machine for a live drummer (Jay "The Rummager" Spiegel) in 1981 and swi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treyfer | In cryptography, Treyfer is a block cipher/MAC designed in 1997 by Gideon Yuval. Aimed at smart card applications, the algorithm is extremely simple and compact; it can be implemented in just 29 bytes of 8051 machine code.
Treyfer has a rather small key size and block size of 64 bits each. All operations are byte-oriented, and there is a single 8×8-bit S-box. The S-box is left undefined; the implementation can simply use whatever data is available in memory. In each round, each byte has added to it the S-box value of the sum of a key byte and the previous data byte, then it is rotated left one bit. The design attempts to compensate for the simplicity of this round transformation by using 32 rounds.
Due to the simplicity of its key schedule, using the same eight key bytes in each round, Treyfer was one of the first ciphers shown to be susceptible to a slide attack. This cryptanalysis, which is independent of the number of rounds and the choice of S-box, requires 232 known plaintexts and 244 computation time.
Implementation
A simple implementation of Treyfer can be done as follows
#include <stdint.h>
#define NUMROUNDS 32
extern uint8_t const sbox[256];
void treyfer_encrypt(uint8_t * text[8], uint8_t const key[8]) {
unsigned i;
uint8_t t = *text[0];
for (i = 0; i < 8 * NUMROUNDS; i++) {
t += key[i % 8];
t = sbox[t] + *text[(i + 1) % 8];
t = (t << 1) | (t >> 7); /* Rotate left 1 bit */
*text[(i + 1) % 8] = t
}
}
void |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PX%20domain | The PX domain is a phosphoinositide-binding structural domain involved in targeting of proteins to cell membranes.
This domain was first found in P40phox and p47phox domains of NADPH oxidase (phox stands for phagocytic oxidase). It was also identified in many other proteins involved in membrane trafficking, including nexins, Phospholipase D, and phosphoinositide-3-kinases.
The PX domain is structurally conserved in eukaryotes, although amino acid sequences show little similarity. PX domains interact primarily with PtdIns(3)P lipids. However some of them bind to phosphatidic acid, PtdIns(3,4)P2, PtdIns(3,5)P2, PtdIns(4,5)P2, and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. The PX-domain can also interact with other domains and proteins.
Human proteins containing this domain
Sorting nexins contain this domain. Other examples include:
HS1BP3
KIF16B (SNX23)
NCF1; NCF1C; NCF4; NISCH
PIK3C2A; PIK3C2B; PIK3C2G; PLD1; PLD2; PXK
RPS6KC1
SGK3; SH3PXD2A; SNAG1; SNX9
References
Peripheral membrane proteins
Protein domains |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle%20Queen%20of%20Montana | Cattle Queen of Montana is a 1954 American Western film shot in Technicolor directed by Allan Dwan and starring Barbara Stanwyck and Ronald Reagan. The supporting cast includes Gene Evans, Lance Fuller, Jack Elam, Chubby Johnson, and Morris Ankrum.
Plot
Pop Jones inherits a piece of family land in Montana, so he and his daughter, Sierra Nevada, decide to leave their Texas ranch and move there. As she bathes in a pond along the trail, Sierra Nevada encounters a stranger, Farrell, a hired gunman who warns her about dangerous Indians nearby.
Farrell is on his way to work for Tom McCord, a rich rancher. Quite a bit of rustling has been going on in the territory of late. McCord is in cahoots with Indians, in particular Natchakoa of the Blackfoot tribe, whose braves stampede the Jones family's cattle, knock Sierra cold, wound her cowhand Nat and kill Pop, after which McCord steals a document from Pop's dead body that grants rights to the land.
Sierra is nursed back to health by Colorados, a young Blackfoot who attends school among the whites, to the displeasure of the tribal chief, his father. McCord offers a $2,000 bounty to Farrell if he kills Sierra and Nat, but instead Farrell comes to her rescue.
Farrell reveals that he is actually an agent for the U.S. Cavalry, investigating the rustling and killing. With the help of Sierra, he blows up a McCord wagon filled with ammunition being sold to the Indians, doing away with McCord once and for all and bringing peace to the territ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20MG3 |
British NVC community MG3 (Anthoxanthum odoratum - Geranium sylvaticum grassland) is one of the mesotrophic grassland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of four such communities associated with well-drained permanent pastures and meadows.
This community is a localised community of northern England. There are three subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Common Bent (Agrostris capillaris)
The lady's-mantle (Alchemilla glabra)
Sweet Vernal-grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum)
Common Mouse-ear (Cerastium fontanum)
Pignut (Conopodium majus)
Cock's-foot (Dactylis glomerata)
Red Fescue (Festuca rubra)
Wood Crane's-bill (Geranium sylvaticum)
Yorkshire-fog (Holcus lanatus)
Ribwort Plantain (Plantago lanceolata)
Rough Meadow-grass (Poa trivialis)
Meadow Buttercup (Ranunculus acris)
Common Sorrel (Rumex acetosa)
Great Burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis)
White Clover (Trifolium repens)
Five rare species of lady's-mantle Alchemilla are associated with this community: A. acutiloba, A. glomerulans, A. monticola, A. subcrenata and A. wichurae.
Distribution
This community, although widespread in the past, is now almost confined to a few upland valleys in County Durham, North Yorkshire and Cumbria.
Subcommunities
There are three subcommunities:
the Bromus hordaceus ssp. hordaceus subcommunity
the Briza media subcommunity
the Arrhenatherum elatius subcommunity
References
R |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allobarbital | Allobarbital, also known as allobarbitone and branded as Dial, Cibalgine (in combination with aminophenazone), or Dial-Ciba (in combination with ethyl carbamate), is a barbiturate derivative invented in 1912 by Ernst Preiswerk and Ernst Grether working for CIBA. It was used primarily as an anticonvulsant although it has now largely been replaced by newer drugs with improved safety profiles. Other uses for allobarbital included as an adjutant to boost the activity of analgesic drugs, and use in the treatment of insomnia and anxiety.
Allobarbital was never particularly widely used compared to better known barbiturates such as phenobarbital and secobarbital, although it saw more use in some European countries such as Bulgaria and Slovakia, and is still used in for example Poland, but only as compound.
References
Barbiturates
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Allyl compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof%20sketch%20for%20G%C3%B6del%27s%20first%20incompleteness%20theorem | This article gives a sketch of a proof of Gödel's first incompleteness theorem. This theorem applies to any formal theory that satisfies certain technical hypotheses, which are discussed as needed during the sketch. We will assume for the remainder of the article that a fixed theory satisfying these hypotheses has been selected.
Throughout this article the word "number" refers to a natural number (including 0). The key property these numbers possess is that any natural number can be obtained by starting with the number 0 and adding 1 a finite number of times.
Hypotheses of the theory
Gödel's theorem applies to any formal theory that satisfies certain properties. Each formal theory has a signature that specifies the nonlogical symbols in the language of the theory. For simplicity, we will assume that the language of the theory is composed from the following collection of 15 (and only 15) symbols:
A constant symbol for zero.
A unary function symbol for the successor operation and two binary function symbols + and × for addition and multiplication.
Three symbols for logical conjunction, , disjunction, , and negation, ¬.
Two symbols for universal, , and existential, , quantifiers.
Two symbols for binary relations, = and <, for equality and order (less than).
Two symbols for left, and right, parentheses for establishing precedence of quantifiers.
A single variable symbol, and a distinguishing symbol that can be used to construct additional variables of the form |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just%20like%20You | Just like You may refer to:
Albums
Just Like You (Allison Iraheta album) or the title song, 2009
Just Like You (Crystal Shawanda album) or the title song, 2012
Just Like You (Falling in Reverse album) or the title song (see below), 2015
Just like You (Keb' Mo' album) or the title song, 1996
Just like You (Keyshia Cole album) or the title song, 2007
Just like You, an EP by Poster Children, 1994
Songs
"Just Like You" (Falling in Reverse song), 2015
"Just Like You" (Louis Tomlinson song), 2017
"Just Like You" (Three Days Grace song), 2004
"Just Like You", by Chromatics from Dear Tommy, unreleased (2015)
"Just Like You", by Fergie from Double Dutchess, 2017
"Just Like You", by Fred Wesley and the Horny Horns from Say Blow by Blow Backwards, 1979
"Just Like You", by George Canyon from What I Do, 2008
"Just Like You", by Hannah Montana from the Hannah Montana film soundtrack, 2006
"Just Like You", by Ian Brown from My Way, 2009
"Just Like You", by Jessica Mauboy from Hilda, 2019
"Just Like You", by Joyner Lucas from 508-507-2209, 2017
"Just Like You", by Lecrae from Rehab, 2010
"Just Like You", by Michelle Williams from Journey to Freedom, 2014
"Just Like You", by Ministry from Twitch, 1986
"Just Like You", by NF from Clouds (The Mixtape), 2021
"Just Like You", by Robbie Nevil from Day 1, 1991
"Just Like You", by Roxy Music from Stranded, 1973
"Just Like You", by Solange Knowles from Solo Star, 2002 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milman%E2%80%93Pettis%20theorem | In mathematics, the Milman–Pettis theorem states that every uniformly convex Banach space is reflexive.
The theorem was proved independently by D. Milman (1938) and B. J. Pettis (1939). S. Kakutani gave a different proof in 1939, and John R. Ringrose published a shorter proof in 1959.
Mahlon M. Day (1941) gave examples of reflexive Banach spaces which are not isomorphic to any uniformly convex space.
References
S. Kakutani, Weak topologies and regularity of Banach spaces, Proc. Imp. Acad. Tokyo 15 (1939), 169–173.
D. Milman, On some criteria for the regularity of spaces of type (B), C. R. (Doklady) Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S, 20 (1938), 243–246.
B. J. Pettis, A proof that every uniformly convex space is reflexive, Duke Math. J. 5 (1939), 249–253.
J. R. Ringrose, A note on uniformly convex spaces, J. London Math. Soc. 34 (1959), 92.
Banach spaces
Theorems in functional analysis
fr:Théorème de Milman-Pettis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20MG4 | British NVC community MG4 (Alopecurus pratensis - Sanguisorba officinalis grassland) is one of the mesotrophic grassland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of four such communities associated with well-drained permanent pastures and meadows.
This community, although widespread in the past, now has a scattered distribution in the Midlands and southern England. One rare species rare species is associated with this community: snake's-head fritillary (Fritillaria meleagris) and six rare micro-species of dandelion, Taraxacum fulgidum, T. haematicum, T. melanthoides, T. sublaeticolor, T. subundulatum and T. tamesense.
There are four subcommunities.
Subcommunities
the Dactylis glomerata subcommunity
The Cock’s-foot sub-community is the most species-rich of the four sub-communities and is generally found where the water table remains low throughout the growing season and flooding is rare. Distinguishing species that are constant include cock’s-foot (Dactylis glomerata) and yellow oat-grass (Trisetum flavescens). Meadow foxtail, (Alopecurus pratensis) which is included in the scientific name for the overall community is found only sparsely and patchily in this sub-community.
the Typical subcommunity
The Typical sub-community, as its name implies, describes those stands closest in their species composition to the Burnet floodplain meadow community as a whole. However, stands of the Typical sub-community are less species-rich than th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralytic%20%28gene%29 | Paralytic is a gene in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, which encodes a voltage gated sodium channel within D. melanogaster neurons. This gene is essential for locomotive activity in the fly. There are 9 different para alleles, composed of a minimum of 26 exons within over 78kb of genomic DNA. The para gene undergoes alternative splicing to produce subtypes of the channel protein. Flies with mutant forms of paralytic are used in fly models of seizures, since seizures can be easily induced in these flies.
Gene
The para gene is located on the X chromosome within the Drosophila genome. There are 26 para exons, 13 are constitutively expressed in the transcript, while 15 are alternatively spliced. Alternative splicing allows for the formation of 60 unique transcripts and 57 unique polypeptides. The independent splicing of 11 exons allows for the unique cytoplasmic loops, the alternative splicing also can effect the Na+ channel kinetics, such as the varying gating conductivities. The mature mRNA transcript only includes one of C or D exonic region and only one of K or L exonic region, as they code for the same or similar regions. Neurons containing para exon L, show an increase in firing frequency which is associated with increase seizure susceptibility. Channel kinetics are influenced by splicing, that not only changes protein structure but can allow for varying modifications, like differential binding of cofactors.
Known mutant variants
Currently there are 117 known a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig%20Bruck | Ludwig Bruck was an Australian medical practitioner and medical journalist. He was the compiler of the first five editions of the Australasian Medical Directory and Handbook between 1883 and 1900.
References
19th-century Australian medical doctors
Australian journalists
Medical journalists
Australian people of German descent
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20OV42 | British NVC community OV42 (Cymbalaria muralis community) is one of the open habitat communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of six communities of crevice, scree and spoil vegetation.
It is widely distributed in suitable habitat throughout the lowlands of Britain.
There are no subcommunities.
Community composition
One constant species is found in this community:
Ivy-leaved toadflax (Cymbalaria muralis)
No rare species are associated with the community.
Distribution
This is a widely distributed community throughout lowland Britain. It is found in sunny positions in crevices in stone and brick walls. In the south and east it can occur with, or be replaced by, the Parietaria diffusa community (OV41). On walls with a more lime-rich mortar the Asplenium trichomanes - Asplenium ruta-muraria community (OV39) can replace it.
This community is the British equivalent of the Cymbalarietum muralis Görs 1966 syntaxon, which has been described from other parts of Europe.
References
OV42 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%20Derivatives%20Exchange | The Mexican Derivatives Exchange (MexDer) is an futures and options exchange in Mexico, located in the same building as the Mexican Stock Exchange and a subsidiary of the same owning group.
History
MexDer claims that its formation was first formally discussed in 1994. It actually began operations December 15th, 1998.
In September 1999, the Board of Directors of MexDer approved a project to create an electronic trading system. Before that time it had been operating as an open-outcry market. The new system, "SENTRA-DERIVADOS," was a client–server system using a TCP/IP network.
In March 2004, MexDer moved its electronic trading to the Spanish "S/MART" system.
In 2009, MexDer trading in MoNeT matching engine (MoNeT In Spanish: Motor de Negociación Transaccional), this engine is an HA HPC Cluster (https://resources.sei.cmu.edu/asset_files/Presentation/2013_017_001_297884.pdf).
Organization
MexDer has a typical corporate structure. It also authorizes special relationships with certain kinds of entities:
Brokers
Clearing Members, "trusts that participate as shareholders of MexDer and contribute to Asigna's capital; their purpose is to settle and, when applicable, trade Futures and Options contracts in MexDer on behalf of clients. ... Clearing Members have their own capital, they specialize in the evaluation of counterpart [sic.] risk, manage guarantees and, in order to avoid conflicts of interest, they keep proprietary accounts completely separate from third-party accoun |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20pines%20by%20region | This is a list of pine species by geographical distribution. For a taxonomy of the genus, see Pinus classification.
Old World
Europe, Mediterranean, West Asia
Pinus brutia - Turkish pine
Pinus canariensis - Canary Island pine
Pinus cembra - Swiss pine
Pinus halepensis - Aleppo pine
Pinus heldreichii - Bosnian pine
Pinus mugo - Mountain pine
Pinus nigra - European black pine, Austrian pine
Pinus peuce - Macedonian pine
Pinus pinaster - Maritime pine
Pinus pinea - Stone pine
Pinus sylvestris - Scots pine
East Asia, Southeast Asia
Pinus amamiana - Yakushima white pine
Pinus armandii - Chinese white pine
Pinus bhutanica - Bhutan white pine
Pinus bungeana - Lacebark pine
Pinus dalatensis - Vietnamese white pine
Pinus densata - Sikang pine
Pinus densiflora - Korean red pine
Pinus fenzeliana - Hainan white pine
Pinus hwangshanensis - Huangshan pine
Pinus kesiya - Khasi pine
Pinus koraiensis - Korean pine
Pinus krempfii - Krempf's pine
Pinus latteri - Tenasserim pine
Pinus luchuensis - Luchu pine
Pinus massoniana - Masson's pine
Pinus merkusii - Sumatran pine
Pinus morrisonicola - Taiwan white pine
Pinus parviflora - Japanese white pine
Pinus pumila - Siberian dwarf pine
Pinus roxburghii - Chir pine
Pinus sibirica - Siberian pine
Pinus squamata - Qiaojia pine
Pinus tabuliformis - Chinese red pine
Pinus taiwanensis - Taiwan red pine
Pinus thunbergii - Japanese black pine
Pinus wallichiana - Blue pine or Bhutan pine
Pinus wangii (syn. P. kwangtungensis) - Guangdong white pine
Pinus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprobarbital | Aprobarbital (or aprobarbitone), sold as Oramon, Somnifaine, and Allonal, is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1920s by Ernst Preiswerk. It has sedative, hypnotic and anticonvulsant properties, and was used primarily for the treatment of insomnia. Aprobarbital was never as widely used as more common barbiturate derivatives such as phenobarbital and is now rarely prescribed as it has been replaced by newer drugs with a better safety margin.
See also
Alphenal
References
Barbiturates
Allyl compounds
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Isopropyl compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking%20in%20Your%20Sleep | Talking in Your Sleep may refer to:
Somniloquy, the act of talking while asleep
"Talking in Your Sleep" (Crystal Gayle song), 1978
"Talking in Your Sleep" (The Romantics song), 1983
Talking in Your Sleep (The Cinema album), 2014
Talking in Your Sleep (Lena Philipsson album), 1988
"Talking in Your Sleep", a song by Gordon Lightfoot from the album Summer Side of Life |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorphentermine | Chlorphentermine (trade names Apsedon, Desopimon, Lucofen) is a serotonergic appetite suppressant of the amphetamine family. Developed in 1962, it is the 4-chloro derivative of the better known appetite suppressant phentermine, which is still in current use.
Chlorphentermine acts as a highly selective serotonin releasing agent (SRA). It is not a psychostimulant and has little or no abuse potential, but is classed as a Schedule III drug in the USA due mainly to its similarity to other appetite suppressants such as diethylpropion which have been more widely abused. It is no longer used due mainly to safety concerns, as it has a serotonergic effects profile similar to other withdrawn appetite suppressants such as fenfluramine and aminorex which were found to cause pulmonary hypertension and cardiac fibrosis following prolonged use.
The plasma half-life is about five days. It was withdrawn from the market in the UK in 1974.
See also
Aminorex
Cericlamine
Cloforex
Clortermine
Etolorex
Fenfluramine
Methylenedioxyphentermine
Phentermine
References
5-HT2B agonists
Anorectics
Carbonic anhydrase activators
Chlorobenzenes
Serotonin receptor agonists
Serotonin releasing agents
Substituted amphetamines
Withdrawn drugs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Volkoff%20equation | In astrophysics, the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff (TOV) equation constrains the structure of a spherically symmetric body of isotropic material which is in static gravitational equilibrium, as modelled by general relativity. The equation is
Here, is a radial coordinate, and and are the density and pressure, respectively, of the material at radius . The quantity , the total mass within , is discussed below.
The equation is derived by solving the Einstein equations for a general time-invariant, spherically symmetric metric. For a solution to the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation, this metric will take the form
where is determined by the constraint
When supplemented with an equation of state, , which relates density to pressure, the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation completely determines the structure of a spherically symmetric body of isotropic material in equilibrium. If terms of order are neglected, the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation becomes the Newtonian hydrostatic equation, used to find the equilibrium structure of a spherically symmetric body of isotropic material when general-relativistic corrections are not important.
If the equation is used to model a bounded sphere of material in a vacuum, the zero-pressure condition and the condition should be imposed at the boundary. The second boundary condition is imposed so that the metric at the boundary is continuous with the unique static spherically symmetric solution to the vacuum field equations, the S |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolization%20theorem | In geometry, Thurston's geometrization theorem or hyperbolization theorem implies that closed atoroidal Haken manifolds are hyperbolic, and in particular satisfy the Thurston conjecture.
Statement
One form of Thurston's geometrization theorem states:
If M is a compact irreducible atoroidal Haken manifold whose boundary has zero Euler characteristic, then the interior of M has a complete hyperbolic structure of finite volume.
The Mostow rigidity theorem implies that if a manifold of dimension at least 3 has a hyperbolic structure of finite volume, then it is essentially unique.
The conditions that the manifold M should be irreducible and atoroidal are necessary, as hyperbolic manifolds have these properties. However the condition that the manifold be Haken is unnecessarily strong. Thurston's hyperbolization conjecture states that a closed irreducible atoroidal 3-manifold with infinite fundamental group is hyperbolic, and this follows from Perelman's proof of the Thurston geometrization conjecture.
Manifolds with boundary
showed that if a compact 3 manifold is prime, homotopically atoroidal, and has non-empty boundary, then it has a complete hyperbolic structure unless it is homeomorphic to a certain manifold (T2×[0,1])/Z/2Z with boundary T2.
A hyperbolic structure on the interior of a compact orientable 3-manifold has finite volume if and only if all boundary components are tori, except for the manifold T2×[0,1] which has a hyperbolic structure but none of finite |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd%20number%20theorem | The odd number theorem is a theorem in strong gravitational lensing which comes directly from differential topology.
The theorem states that the number of multiple images produced by a bounded transparent lens must be odd.
Formulation
The gravitational lensing is a thought to mapped from what's known as image plane to source plane following the formula :
.
Argument
If we use direction cosines describing the bent light rays, we can write a vector field on plane .
However, only in some specific directions , will the bent light rays reach the observer, i.e., the images only form where . Then we can directly apply the Poincaré–Hopf theorem .
The index of sources and sinks is +1, and that of saddle points is −1. So the Euler characteristic equals the difference between the number of positive indices and the number of negative indices . For the far field case, there is only one image, i.e., . So the total number of images is , i.e., odd. The strict proof needs Uhlenbeck's Morse theory of null geodesics.
References
Perlick V., Gravitational lensing from a geometric viewpoint, in B. Schmidt (ed.) "Einstein's field equations and their physical interpretations" Selected Essays in Honour of Jürgen Ehlers, Springer, Heidelberg (2000) pp. 373–425
Gravitational lensing
Physics theorems
Equations of astronomy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feasible%20region | In mathematical optimization and computer science, a feasible region, feasible set, or solution space is the set of all possible points (sets of values of the choice variables) of an optimization problem that satisfy the problem's constraints, potentially including inequalities, equalities, and integer constraints. This is the initial set of candidate solutions to the problem, before the set of candidates has been narrowed down.
For example, consider the problem of minimizing the function with respect to the variables and subject to and Here the feasible set is the set of pairs (x, y) in which the value of x is at least 1 and at most 10 and the value of y is at least 5 and at most 12. The feasible set of the problem is separate from the objective function, which states the criterion to be optimized and which in the above example is
In many problems, the feasible set reflects a constraint that one or more variables must be non-negative. In pure integer programming problems, the feasible set is the set of integers (or some subset thereof). In linear programming problems, the feasible set is a convex polytope: a region in multidimensional space whose boundaries are formed by hyperplanes and whose corners are vertices.
Constraint satisfaction is the process of finding a point in the feasible region.
Convex feasible set
A convex feasible set is one in which a line segment connecting any two feasible points goes through only other feasible points, and not through any po |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackknife%20resampling | In statistics, the jackknife (jackknife cross-validation) is a cross-validation technique and, therefore, a form of resampling.
It is especially useful for bias and variance estimation. The jackknife pre-dates other common resampling methods such as the bootstrap. Given a sample of size , a jackknife estimator can be built by aggregating the parameter estimates from each subsample of size obtained by omitting one observation.
The jackknife technique was developed by Maurice Quenouille (1924–1973) from 1949 and refined in 1956. John Tukey expanded on the technique in 1958 and proposed the name "jackknife" because, like a physical jack-knife (a compact folding knife), it is a rough-and-ready tool that can improvise a solution for a variety of problems even though specific problems may be more efficiently solved with a purpose-designed tool.
The jackknife is a linear approximation of the bootstrap.
A simple example: mean estimation
The jackknife estimator of a parameter is found by systematically leaving out each observation from a dataset and calculating the parameter estimate over the remaining observations and then aggregating these calculations.
For example, if the parameter to be estimated is the population mean of random variable , then for a given set of i.i.d. observations the natural estimator is the sample mean:
where the last sum used another way to indicate that the index runs over the set .
Then we proceed as follows: For each we compute the mean of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyldihydrocodeine | Acetyldihydrocodeine is an opiate derivative discovered in Germany in 1914 and was used as a cough suppressant and analgesic. It is not commonly used, but has activity similar to other opiates. Acetyldihydrocodeine is a very close relative derivative of thebacon, where only the 6-7 bond is unsaturated. Acetyldihydrocodeine can be described as the 6-acetyl derivative of dihydrocodeine and is metabolised in the liver by demethylation and deacetylation to produce dihydromorphine.
Since acetyldihydrocodeine has higher lipophilicity than codeine and is converted into dihydromorphine rather than morphine, it can be expected to be more potent and longer-lasting. It also has a higher bioavailability than codeine. Side effects are similar to those of other opiates and include itching, nausea and respiratory depression.
Although an opioid of low to moderate strength and use in medicine elsewhere in the world, acetyldihydrocodeine is a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States. Its DEA Administrative Controlled Substances Control Number is 9051 and the one salt in use, acetyldihydrocodeine hydrochloride, has a freebase conversion ratio of 0.90.
References
Analgesics
4,5-Epoxymorphinans
Catechol ethers
Acetate esters
Mu-opioid receptor agonists
Semisynthetic opioids
Cyclic ethers
Heterocyclic compounds with 5 rings
Methoxy compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacetyldihydromorphine | Diacetyldihydromorphine (also known as Paralaudin, dihydroheroin, acetylmorphinol) is a potent opiate derivative developed in Germany in 1928 which is rarely used in some countries for the treatment of severe pain such as that caused by terminal cancer, as another form of diacetylmorphine (also commonly known as Heroin). Diacetyldihydromorphine is fast-acting and longer-lasting than diamorphine, with a duration of action of around 4–7 hours.
As an ester/analogue of dihydromorphine, diacetyldihydromorphine is presumably a Schedule I/Narcotic controlled substance in the United States but does not have its own ACSCN or annual production quota. It does appear in the German Betäubungsmittelgesetz and other European controlled-substances laws.
Diacetyldihydromorphine is quickly metabolized by plasma esterase enzymes into dihydromorphine, in the same way that diamorphine is metabolized into morphine.
Diamorphine is 1.50–1.80 times the potency of morphine.
It shares with other opioids the risk of overdose or (potentially life-threatening) respiratory depression. When strong narcotics are required, and morphine and diamorphine are not an option, it is more common to use better known drugs such as nicomorphine, hydromorphone, levorphanol, oxymorphone or fentanyl which doctors will be more familiar with, and which do not share the stigma associated with either heroin or morphine.
Side effects of diacetyldihydromorphine are similar to those of other semi-synthetic opiates and fully |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-American%20Biodiversity%20Information%20Network | The Inter-American Biodiversity Information Network (IABIN) is a network dedicated to the adoption and promotion of ecoinformatics standards and protocols in all the countries of the Americas, thus facilitating the sound use of biological information for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. It is primarily an inter-governmental initiative but has a strong participation of a wide range of non-governmental partners.
The creation of IABIN in 1996 was mandated by the Heads of State at the Santa Cruz Summit of the Americas meeting in Bolivia. The Summit requested the Organization of American States (OAS) to act as the diplomatic host of the network.
Partnerships with similar or related initiatives is a critical part of the network’s strategy, so that existing standards or protocols can be promoted and not reinvented. For example, the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) is leading the world in the development of specimen data standards, which IABIN is promoting. Strong relationships are also being developed with national environmental information organizations which are often very active and better placed to promote national programs, such as the National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) in the United States or the Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio) of Costa Rica.
Governance
IABIN is a network in which the countries of the Americas as well as diverse governmental and civil society organizations participate. The highest governing bod |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolipid%20transfer%20protein | Glycolipid transfer protein is a cytosolic protein that catalyses the transfer of glycolipids between different intracellular membranes.
It was discovered by Raymond J. Metz and Norman S. Radin in 1980 and partially purified and characterized in 1982.
Recent reviews on structure and possible function are available.
This protein transports primarily different glycosphingolipids and glyceroglycolipids between intracellular membranes, but not phospholipids. It might be also involved in translocation of glucosylceramides. It was found in brain, kidney, spleen, lung, cerebellum, liver and heart.
Human proteins containing this domain
GLTP; PLEKHA8; PLEKHA9;
References
Peripheral membrane proteins
Water-soluble transporters
Protein domains |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mighty%20Barnum | The Mighty Barnum is a 1934 film starring Wallace Beery as P.T. Barnum. The movie was written by Gene Fowler and Bess Meredyth, adapted from their play of the same name, and directed by Walter Lang. Beery had played Barnum four years earlier in A Lady's Morals, a highly fictionalized biography of singer Jenny Lind. The supporting cast features Adolphe Menjou, Virginia Bruce as Jenny Lind, and Rochelle Hudson.
Plot
Cast
Wallace Beery as P.T. Barnum
Adolphe Menjou as Bailey Walsh
Virginia Bruce as Jenny Lind
Rochelle Hudson as Ellen
Janet Beecher as Nancy Barnum
Tammany Young as Todd
Herman Bing as Farmer Schultz
Lucille La Verne as Joice Heath
George Brasno as Tom Thumb
Olive Brasno as Lavinia Thumb
May Boley as the Bearded Lady
John Hyams as J.P. Skiff
Ian Wolfe as Swedish Consul
Davison Clark as Horace Greeley
George MacQuarrie as Daniel Webster
Charles Judels as Maitre D'Hotel
Philo McCullough as Publicity Man (uncredited)
Frank Morgan as Joe (uncredited)
Frances Raymond as Matron (uncredited)
References
External links
1934 films
American biographical films
Films directed by Walter Lang
Films produced by Darryl F. Zanuck
Films scored by Alfred Newman
Twentieth Century Pictures films
American black-and-white films
United Artists films
1930s biographical films
Films with screenplays by Bess Meredyth
Circus films
Cultural depictions of P. T. Barnum
Cultural depictions of Jenny Lind
1930s English-language films
1930s American films |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipropanoylmorphine | Dipropanoylmorphine (Dipropionylmorphine in U.S. English) is an opiate derivative, the 3,6-dipropanoyl ester of morphine. It was developed in 1972 as an analgesic. It is rarely used in some countries for the relief of severe pain such as that caused by terminal cancer, as an alternative to diamorphine (heroin) and morphine. The drug was first synthesised circa or about 1875 in Great Britain along with many other esters of morphine, all of which were shelved at the time, some of which were later developed such as heroin (1898), acetylpropionylmorphine (1923), dibenzoylmorphine (1900 and/or 1924), and so on. The name of this drug is also given as 3,6-dipropanoylmorphine and its 6-mono-acetylated homologue is also a longer-acting heroin-like drug, as are 3,6-diformylmorphine and 6-formylmorphine.
Dipropanoylmorphine, though rarely used, is considered to be a safer and less addictive alternative to morphine. Studies and clinical trials comparing dipropanoylmorphine to morphine have produced results that indicate the incidence of side-effects are far more common with morphine. Respiratory depression, euphoria, excessive sedation and somnolence (so-called 'nodding' by recreational opioid users), constipation, miosis (pinpoint pupils), nausea, bradycardia, behavioral disturbances, and severe physical and psychological dependence on morphine is more likely with the use of morphine versus dipropanoylmorphine.
Dipropanoylmorphine is slightly slower acting than diamorphine and morph |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Simmons | Nicholas Adam Tweed-Simmons (born January 22, 1989) is an American comic book writer and reality television personality. The son of musician Gene Simmons, he is best known for starring in the A&E reality television series Gene Simmons Family Jewels from 2006 to 2012. He wrote and created the limited comic book series Incarnate, which was published by Radical Comics in 2009. In 2017, Simmons worked as a writer for The Huffington Post.
Personal life
Simmons is the son of Israeli-born musician Gene Simmons of the rock band Kiss and Canadian actress/model Shannon Tweed. He has a sister named Sophie who is three years younger. He attended Pitzer College in Claremont, California, and graduated in 2011 with a degree in English Literature.
Career
Simmons is a member of the Screen Actors Guild and is most notable as part of the cast of A&E reality television series Gene Simmons Family Jewels from 2006 to 2012. He has also performed voice-over work on Cartoon Network's Robot Chicken.
He branched out into writing, most notably for comic books. He contributed a story for the comic book anthology Gene Simmons House of Horrors, the first issue of which was released in July 2007. At the San Diego Comic-Con International in July 2009, Radical Comics presented a special preview edition of Simmons's own comic book, Incarnate, from the Simmons Comics Group. It was released August 1, 2009.
In February 2010, accusations arose that Simmons had plagiarized character designs, fight scenes, plot |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylmorphone | Acetylmorphone (dihydromorphinone acetate) is an opiate analogue that is an acetylated derivative of hydromorphone which was developed in the early 1900s as a potential cough suppressant and analgesic. It is prepared by the acetylation of hydromorphone using either acetyl chloride or acetic anhydride. It was banned internationally in 1930 by the Health Committee of the League of Nations, in order to prevent its sale as an analogue of heroin.
Acetylmorphone is not currently used in medicine, but may have a higher bioavailability than hydromorphone due to its greater lipid solubility, and hence is likely to be more potent than the parent drug, although probably slower acting due to the requirement for deacetylation to the active metabolite hydromorphone. It can be expected to have similar side effects to other opiates, which would include itching, nausea and respiratory depression.
References
Acetate esters
Ketones
4,5-Epoxymorphinans
Mu-opioid receptor agonists
Semisynthetic_opioids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolidase%20deficiency | Prolidase deficiency (PD) is an extremely uncommon autosomal recessive disorder associated with collagen metabolism that affects connective tissues and thus a diverse array of organ systems more broadly, though it is extremely inconsistent in its expression.
Collagen is a structural protein found i.a. in bone, skin and connective tissues that is broken down into iminodipeptides at the end of its lifecycle. Of these dipeptides, those containing C-terminal proline or hydroxyproline would normally be broken down further by the enzyme Prolidase, recovering and thus recycling the constituent amino acids.
Due to a genetic defect, prolidase activity in individuals with PD is either knocked out or severely reduced. Those affected therefore eliminate excessive amounts of iminodipeptides in their urine, wasting this precious resource, with debilitating effects.
Symptoms and signs
Prolidase deficiency generally becomes evident during infancy, but initial symptoms can first manifest anytime from birth to young adulthood. The condition results in a very diverse set symptoms, the severity of which can vary significantly between patients, depending on the degree to which prolidase activity is hampered by the individual underlying mutation(s) in each case. It is even possible, though rare, for affected individuals to be asymptomatic, in which case the disorder can only be identified through laboratory screening of the prospective patient and/or their extended family.
One of the signatur |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet-multinomial%20distribution | In probability theory and statistics, the Dirichlet-multinomial distribution is a family of discrete multivariate probability distributions on a finite support of non-negative integers. It is also called the Dirichlet compound multinomial distribution (DCM) or multivariate Pólya distribution (after George Pólya). It is a compound probability distribution, where a probability vector p is drawn from a Dirichlet distribution with parameter vector , and an observation drawn from a multinomial distribution with probability vector p and number of trials n. The Dirichlet parameter vector captures the prior belief about the situation and can be seen as a pseudocount: observations of each outcome that occur before the actual data is collected. The compounding corresponds to a Pólya urn scheme. It is frequently encountered in Bayesian statistics, machine learning, empirical Bayes methods and classical statistics as an overdispersed multinomial distribution.
It reduces to the categorical distribution as a special case when n = 1. It also approximates the multinomial distribution arbitrarily well for large α. The Dirichlet-multinomial is a multivariate extension of the beta-binomial distribution, as the multinomial and Dirichlet distributions are multivariate versions of the binomial distribution and beta distributions, respectively.
Specification
Dirichlet-multinomial as a compound distribution
The Dirichlet distribution is a conjugate distribution to the multinomial distribution. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20OV41 | British NVC community OV41 (Parietaria diffusa community) is one of the open habitat communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of six communities of crevice, scree and spoil vegetation.
This community is widely distributed in suitable habitats in the southern lowlands of Britain.
There are two subcommunities.
Community composition
One constant species is found in this community:
Pellitory-of-the-wall (Parietaria judaica)
Three rare species are associated with the community:
Wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea)
Yellow whitlowgrass (Draba aizoides)
Nottingham catchfly (Silene nutans)
Distribution
This community is widely distributed in suitable habitats in the southern lowlands of Britain, mainly in south-east England. It is found on sunny ledges and in crevices on limestone quarry rock faces and cliffs and mortared walls; the Daucus carota subcommunity, which is restricted to coastal locations, is found as far west as south Wales.
It is essentially the same as the Parietarietum judaicae assemblage recognised in other parts of Europe.
Subcommunities
There are two subcommunities:
the Homalothecium sericeum - Tortula muralis subcommunity
the ''Daucus carota'' subcommunity
References
OV41 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Malgrange | Bernard Malgrange (born 6 July 1928) is a French mathematician who works on differential equations and singularity theory. He proved the Ehrenpreis–Malgrange theorem and the Malgrange preparation theorem, essential for the classification theorem of the elementary catastrophes of René Thom. He received his Ph.D. from Université Henri Poincaré (Nancy 1) in 1955. His advisor was Laurent Schwartz. He was elected to the Académie des sciences in 1988. In 2012 he gave the Łojasiewicz Lecture (on "Differential algebraic groups") at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków.
Publications
Ideals of differentiable functions (Oxford University Press, 1966)
Équations différentielles à coefficients polynomiaux, Progress in Mathematics (Birkhäuser, 1991).
References
External links
Académie des sciences page on Bernard Malgrange
See also
Malgrange–Zerner theorem
1928 births
Living people
École Normale Supérieure alumni
20th-century French mathematicians
21st-century French mathematicians
Members of the French Academy of Sciences |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia%20at%20the%202007%20Asian%20Winter%20Games | Malaysia participated in the 2007 Asian Winter Games held in Changchun, China from 28 January 2007 to 4 February 2007.
Ice hockey
Men's tournament
Group D
Fifth to eighth place classification
Seventh and eighth place classification
Ranked 8th in final standings
References
Nations at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Asian Winter Games
Malaysia at the Asian Winter Games |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20neural%20membrane | Artificial neural membrane (ANM) refers to a new class of functional structure developed through research adaptive and evolutionary neural networks and programmable materials. The greatest interest in ANM structures surround their potential as open architecture environments for the integration of microscale and nanoscale devices.
Originally based on the Neurogenesis Algorithms developed by mathematician and engineering physicist Dr. P. A. Menges. While working as a postdoctoral research associate at Los Alamos National Laboratory, Dr. Menges became interested in thin film materials used in specialized sensors also referred to as smart skins. After leaving the laboratory she established a computational method allowing networks to automatically embed or simulate on other networks based in functional materials.
Artificial neural membrane technology development has been funded by the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts, for application to flapping wing flight. Currently Aerospace Research Systems, Inc – the agency that pioneered work in developing artificial neurons for use in control of multifunctional smart structures – is applying the technology to reusable launch vehicles. Other applications include biotechnology processes, morphing aircraft and spacecraft, adaptive wind generators, and artificial organs. Recent research also indicates that ANM systems may provide the first truly automated intentional or conceptual programming environment. The ANM technology has be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Domino%20Principle | The Domino Principle is a 1977 neo-noir thriller film starring Gene Hackman, Candice Bergen, Mickey Rooney and Richard Widmark. The film is based on the novel of the same name and was adapted for the screen by its author Adam Kennedy. It was directed and produced by Stanley Kramer.
Kramer wrote in his memoirs that he "wouldn't be surprised" if Hackman, Bergen and Widmark "would prefer to remain as anonymous as the conspirators" in the film, adding "if I'm right, it's a feeling I share."
Plot
Roy Tucker, serving time in San Quentin for the murder of his wife's first husband, is introduced to a man named Tagge by Warden Ditcher. Over a series of interviews with Tagge and an associate named Pine, Tucker learns the two men represent a mysterious organization, and Tagge presents him with an offer: in exchange for helping him escape and start a new life, Tucker must work for the organization for a few weeks. Tucker is initially wary of the offer and confides in his cellmate Oscar Spiventa, who warns him that he is being groomed as an expendable hitman by "them", a nameless cabal that runs the country from the shadows. Tucker dismisses Spiventa as paranoid.
In the end, Tucker is unable to resist the prospect of reuniting with his wife Ellie and decides to accept the offer. Spiventa turns down Tucker's invitation to come along during the escape, but changes his mind at the last second. With arrangements made for the prison staff to turn a blind eye, the two convicts are driven out |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20M.%20Jackson | David M.R. Jackson is a professor at the University of Waterloo in the department of combinatorics and optimization. He graduated from Cambridge University in 1969. Jackson has been responsible for many developments in enumerative combinatorics in his career, as well as being a mathematical consultant to the Oxford English Dictionary Project.
He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and a Member of the Academy of Mathematical and Physical Sciences.
With Ian Goulden, Jackson published the book Combinatorial Enumeration.
Selected publications
See also
List of University of Waterloo people
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Canadian mathematicians
Academic staff of the University of Waterloo
Alumni of the University of Cambridge |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinone-interacting%20membrane-bound%20oxidoreductase | Quinone-interacting membrane-bound oxidoreductase is a membrane-bound protein complex present in the electron transport chain of sulfate reducers (e.g. Desulfovibrio species) and some sulfur oxidizers.
It was first described by Pires et al. (2003).
References
Cellular respiration
Integral membrane proteins
Oxidoreductases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAA | DNAA may refer to:
DnaA, protein that activates initiation of DNA replication in bacteria
Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria (ICAO: DNAA)
Driffield Navigation Amenities Association, an organisation formed in 1968 to restore the Driffield Navigation waterway
Discharge not amounting to an acquittal, a type of discharge in Malaysian criminal procedure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics%20at%20the%201956%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%203000%20metres%20steeplechase | The men's 3000 metres steeplechase was an event at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia. There were a total number of 23 participants.
Final classification
References
External links
Official Report
Results
M
Steeplechase at the Olympics
Men's events at the 1956 Summer Olympics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic%20acid | α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, also written as alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid and abbreviated CHCA or HCCA, is a cinnamic acid derivative and is a member of the phenylpropanoid family. The carboxylate form is α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid is used as a matrix for peptides and nucleotides in MALDI mass spectrometry analyses.
See also
Sinapinic acid
References
Hydroxycinnamic acids
Phenols
Phenylpropanoids
Conjugated nitriles
Vinylogous carboxylic acids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneixama | Beneixama (; ) is a municipality in the comarca of Alt Vinalopó in the north of Alicante province, Valencian Community, Spain.
Gallery
See also
Beneixama photovoltaic power plant
References
External links
Municipalities in the Province of Alicante
Alto Vinalopó |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Hydroxypicolinic%20acid | 3-Hydroxy picolinic acid is a picolinic acid derivative and is a member of the pyridine family. It is used as a matrix for nucleotides in MALDI mass spectrometry analyses.
See also
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
Sinapinic acid
Picolinic acid
α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid
References
Hydroxypyridines
Alpha hydroxy acids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP3A7 | CYP3A7 is an enzyme belonging to the cytochrome P450 family. It is 503 amino acids in size and shares 87% of its sequence with CYP3A4. It carries out a similar role in fetuses that CYP3A4 serves in adults. The gene location is 7q22.1.
The CYP3A group of enzymes are the most abundantly expressed members of the cytochrome P450 family in liver. They are responsible for the metabolism of more than 50% of all clinical pharmaceuticals.
Notable alleles
The CYP3A7*1C allele is associated with poor outcomes in some cancer patients, possibly because of the effect of the enzyme on some chemotherapy agents.
References
External links
3
EC 1.14.14 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/120%C2%B0%20parhelion | A 120° parhelion (plural: 120° parhelia) is a relatively rare halo, an optical phenomenon occasionally appearing along with very bright sun dogs (also called parhelia) when ice crystal-saturated cirrus clouds fill the atmosphere. The 120° parhelia are named for appearing in pair on the parhelic circle ±120° from the sun.
When visible, 120° parhelia appear as white-bluish bright spots on the white parhelic circle and are the product of at least two interior reflections in the hexagonal ice crystals. Their colour together with them being rather obscure can make observing them difficult as they tend to fuse with the clouds in the sky.
See also
Liljequist parhelion
Subhelic arc
References
External links
A photo of a 120° parhelion in the Czech Republic in October 2006
A photo by Joni Tornambe, 2006
A video from Russia featuring both 120° parhelia, as well as the classic sundogs and parhelic circle, 2007
A similar video from Kazakhstan with very bright 120° parhelia, 2007 Warning: loud audio!
Atmospheric optical phenomena
fr:Parhélie#Paranthélies et parhélies secondaires |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics%20at%20the%201956%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%204%20%C3%97%20100%20metres%20relay | The men's 4 × 100 metres relay was an event at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia. Eighteen nations took part in the competition.
Final classification
References
External links
Official Report
Results
M
Relays at the Olympics
4 × 100 metres relay
Men's events at the 1956 Summer Olympics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRISS%20Vector | The KRISS Vector is a series of weapons based upon the parent submachine gun design developed by the American company KRISS USA, formerly Transformational Defense Industries (TDI). They use an unconventional delayed blowback system combined with in-line design to reduce perceived recoil and muzzle climb, invented by French engineer Renaud Kerbrat.
History
In the spring of 2007, TDI announced their development of a new submachine gun. It was an experimental weapon under advanced stages of development at that time. The name Kriss comes from a Southeast Asian dagger with a flame-shaped blade.
The second generation prototype of the Vector, called the K10, was announced at 2011 SHOT Show. It is a slightly more compact version of the Vector that is based on the same Super V system. The main difference is a redesign of the lower receiver intended for easy caliber interchangeability; utilizing just a single takedown pin, users can change between 9×19mm, .40 S&W and .45 ACP by mounting different lower receivers. This also brought a redesign of the charging handle, which now travels diagonally, almost vertically, and can be mounted on either side of the weapon. Other notable differences were a new telescoping stock instead of a folding one, and a four-sided accessory rail tube around the barrel. The K10 was not displayed after SHOT Show 2013 and its status is unknown and likely has been canceled.
Kriss announced "Gen II" versions of the original Vector models in 2015. These feature |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brauer%27s%20three%20main%20theorems | Brauer's main theorems are three theorems in representation theory of finite groups linking the blocks of a finite group (in characteristic p) with those of its p-local subgroups, that is to say, the normalizers of its non-trivial p-subgroups.
The second and third main theorems allow refinements of orthogonality relations for ordinary characters which may be applied in finite group theory. These do not presently admit a proof purely in terms of ordinary characters.
All three main theorems are stated in terms of the Brauer correspondence.
Brauer correspondence
There are many ways to extend the definition which follows, but this is close to the early treatments
by Brauer. Let G be a finite group, p be a prime, F be a field of characteristic p.
Let H be a subgroup of G which contains
for some p-subgroup Q
of G, and is contained in the normalizer
,
where is the centralizer of Q in G.
The Brauer homomorphism (with respect to H) is a linear map from the center of the group algebra of G over F to the corresponding algebra for H. Specifically, it is the restriction to
of the (linear) projection from to whose
kernel is spanned by the elements of G outside . The image of this map is contained in
, and it transpires that the map is also a ring homomorphism.
Since it is a ring homomorphism, for any block B of FG, the Brauer homomorphism
sends the identity element of B either to 0 or to an idempotent element. In the latter case,
the idempotent may be decomposed as a sum o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics%20at%20the%201956%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%204%20%C3%97%20400%20metres%20relay | The men's 4 × 400 metres relay was an event at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia. There were fifteen nations competing.
Final classification
References
External links
Official Report
Results
M
Relays at the Olympics
Men's events at the 1956 Summer Olympics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%203593 | NGC 3593 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Leo. It has a morphological classification of SA(s)0/a, which indicates it is a lenticular galaxy of the pure spiral type. Despite this, it has a large amount of hydrogen, both in its molecular () and atomic (H) form. It is a starburst galaxy, which means it is forming new stars at a high rate. This is occurring in a band of gas surrounding the central nucleus. There is a single arm, which spirals outward from this ring. It is frequently but not consistently identified as a member of the Leo Triplet group.
This galaxy is known to contain two counter-rotating populations of stars—that is, one set of stars is rotating in the opposite direction with respect to the other. One means for this to occur is by acquiring gas from an external source, which then undergoes star formation. An alternative is by a merger with a second galaxy. Neither scenario has been ruled out. The age of the lower mass, counter-rotating population is younger by about than the primary star population of the galaxy.
A dynamical study found that there is likely a supermassive black hole (SMBH) at the center of NGC 3593. The mass of the SMBH is between and solar masses.
References
External links
HubbleSite NewsCenter: Pictures and description on NGC 3593
Unbarred spiral galaxies
Leo (constellation)
3593
34257
06272
Virgo Supercluster |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpulmonary%20pressure | Transpulmonary pressure is the difference between the alveolar pressure and the intrapleural pressure in the pleural cavity. During human ventilation, air flows because of pressure gradients.
Ptp = Palv – Pip. Where Ptp is transpulmonary pressure, Palv is alveolar pressure, and Pip is intrapleural pressure.
Physiology
Since atmospheric pressure is relatively constant, pressure in the lungs must be higher or lower than atmospheric pressure for air to flow between the atmosphere and the alveoli.
If 'transpulmonary pressure' = 0 (alveolar pressure = intrapleural pressure), such as when the lungs are removed from the chest cavity or air enters the intrapleural space (a pneumothorax), the lungs collapse as a result of their inherent elastic recoil. Under physiological conditions the transpulmonary pressure is always positive; intrapleural pressure is always negative and relatively large, while alveolar pressure moves from slightly negative to slightly positive as a person breathes. For a given lung volume, the transpulmonary pressure is equal and opposite to the elastic recoil pressure of the lung.
The transpulmonary pressure vs volume curve of inhalation (usually plotted as volume as a function of pressure) is different from that of exhalation, the difference being described as hysteresis. Lung volume at any given pressure during inhalation is less than the lung volume at any given pressure during exhalation.
Measurement
Transpulmonary pressure can be measured by placing p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrotactin | Astrotactin-1, abbreviated ASTN1, is a glycoprotein expressed primarily in the central nervous system. ASTN1 and its counterpart ASTN2 are involved in regulation of adhesion during the radial migration of neurons in the developing CNS. Astrotactin is a neuronal adhesion molecule required for glial-guided migration of young postmitotic neuroblasts with expression is primarily located in the cells of cortical regions of the developing brain including; cerebrum, hippocampus, cerebellum, and olfactory bulb.
Biochemical properties
ASTN-1 is created via developmental pathways via mRNA, the astrotactin-1 protein is generated from Chromosome 1: 176,861,067-177,164,712 and the Gencode Gene: ENSG00000152092.16 with a base pair size of 303,646 and total Exon count of 23. Composed of 1294 amino acids on average with some variations of 1302, 1228, and 1216 depending on an individual's genetic composition. Astrotactin-1 appears highly conserved as mutations are quite rare with 2 deletions and a single duplication recorded within a sample of 64,114 subjects. ASTN1 features a relatively short amino terminus coupled with a longer carboxyl terminus within the extracellular matrix of their environment that may aid in the protein function of movement.
Considered a Multi-pass membrane protein responsible for the neuronal migrations in cortical regions of the brain are guided by a system of radial glial fibers. This process begins via gene signaling during fetal development and lasts until brai |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20sound | Second sound is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which heat transfer occurs by wave-like motion, rather than by the more usual mechanism of diffusion. Its presence leads to a very high thermal conductivity. It is known as "second sound" because the wave motion of entropy and temperature is similar to the propagation of pressure waves in air (sound). The phenomenon of second sound was first described by Lev Landau in 1941.
Normal sound waves are fluctuations in the displacement and density of molecules in a substance;
second sound waves are fluctuations in the density of particle-like thermal excitations (rotons and phonons).
Second sound can be observed in any system in which most phonon-phonon collisions conserve momentum, like superfluids and in some dielectric crystals when Umklapp scattering is small.
(Umklapp phonon-phonon scattering exchanges momentum with the crystal lattice, so phonon momentum is not conserved.)
In helium II
Second sound is observed in liquid helium at temperatures below the lambda point, 2.1768 K, where 4He becomes a superfluid known as helium II.
Helium II has the highest thermal conductivity of any known material (several hundred times higher than copper). Second sound can be observed either as pulses or in a resonant cavity.
The speed of second sound is close to zero near the lambda point, increasing to approximately 20 m/s around 1.8 K, about ten times slower than normal sound waves.
At temperatures below 1 K, the speed of second sound in he |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20S%20%28mtDNA%29 | In human genetics, Haplogroup S is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup found only among Indigenous Australians. It is a descendant of macrohaplogroup N.
Origin
Haplogroup S mtDNA evolved within Australia between 64,000 and 40,000 years ago (51 kya).
Distribution
It is found in the Indigenous Australian population. Haplogroup S2 found in Willandra Lakes human remain WLH4 dated back Late Holocene (3,000-500 years ago).
The following table lists relevant GenBank samples:
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup S subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research. The TMRCA for haplogroup S is between 49 and 51 KYA according to Nano Nagle's Aboriginal Australian mitochondrial genome variation – an increased understanding of population antiquity and diversity publication that published in 2017.
S (64-40 kya) in Australia
S1 (53-32 kya) in Australia
S1a (44-29 kya) found in WA, NT, QLD and NSW
S1b (37-22 kya) found in NT, QLD and NSW
S1b1 (30-10 kya) found in NT and QLD
S1b1a (24-6 kya) found in QLD
S1b2 (17-3 kya) found in QLD
S1b3 (20-4 kya) found in QLD and NSW
S2 (44-22 kya) in Australia
S2a (38-18 kya) found in NT, QLD, NSW and TAS
S2a1 (31-12 kya) found in NSW, QLD and TAS
S2a1a (19-6 kya) found in NSW and QLD
S2a2 (38-11 kya) found in NT, QLD and NSW
S2b (42-18 kya) found in WA, NT, QLD and VIC
S2b1(27-9 kya) foun |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20pre-JT | Haplogroup pre-JT is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup (mtDNA). It is also called R2'JT.
Origin
Haplogroup pre-JT is a descendant of the haplogroup R. It is characterised by genetic marker at 4216. The pre-JT clade has two direct descendant lineages, haplogroup JT and haplogroup R2.
Distribution
Subclades
Its subclade is Haplogroup JT, which further divides into Haplogroup J and Haplogroup T.
Tree
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genetics
References
External links
Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
JT |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetoacetate%20decarboxylase | Acetoacetate decarboxylase (AAD or ADC) is an enzyme () involved in both the ketone body production pathway in humans and other mammals, and solventogenesis in bacteria. Acetoacetate decarboxylase plays a key role in solvent production by catalyzing the decarboxylation of acetoacetate, yielding acetone and carbon dioxide.
This enzyme has been of particular interest because it is a classic example of how pKa values of ionizable groups in the enzyme active site can be significantly perturbed. Specifically, the pKa value of lysine 115 in the active site is unusually low, allowing for the formation of a Schiff base intermediate and catalysis.
History
Acetoacetate decarboxylase is an enzyme with major historical implications, specifically in World War I and in establishing the state of Israel. During the war the Allies needed pure acetone as a solvent for nitro-cellulose, a highly flammable compound that is the main component in gunpowder. In 1916, biochemist and future first president of Israel Chaim Weizmann was the first to isolate Clostridium acetobutylicum, a Gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria in which acetoacetate decarboxylase is found. Weizmann was able to harness the organism's ability to yield acetone from starch in order to mass-produce explosives during the war. This led the American and British governments to install the process devised by Chaim Weizmann in several large plants in England, France, Canada, and the United States. Through Weizmann's scientific contrib |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Ford%20%28numerical%20analyst%29 | Brian Ford (OBE, born 1940, Nottingham) is a British Mathematician who founded, and until his retirement in 2004, was director of the Numerical Algorithms Group (NAG). Ford gained a Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics from the University of Nottingham. The NAG (then Nottingham Algorithms Group) project began in 1970 as a collaborative venture, led by Ford, between the Universities of Birmingham, Leeds, Manchester, Nottingham and Oxford, and the Atlas Computer Laboratory. In 1973 the project moved to Oxford and was renamed. Ford was awarded an Order of the British Empire in 1989 in "recognition of outstanding services to British industry and research" In 2005 he was awarded an Honorary Degree from the University of Bath.
References
External links
Citation for honorary degree at Bath
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
Living people
Academics of the University of Nottingham
Numerical analysts
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Year of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clans%20in%20Central%20Asia | Clans in Central Asia are political networks based on regional and tribal loyalties. Clans frequently control certain government departments, though there is fluidity between clan loyalty and membership in government agencies. The people of Central Asia self-identified by their clans prior to Russian expansion in the 19th century. After the fall of the USSR, the informal agreements between the clans were the only means with which to stabilize the new Republics. Ethnic identity did not come into play until as late as the 1980s during glasnost. The influence of the clans in the contemporary history of Central Asia is derived from the enormous importance that these have held in the past. The weaker states of Central Asia have relied on the social salience of clans to secure their own legitimacy through pacts and informal agreements. These pacts guarantee that the clans have informal access to power and resources and have allowed for the clans to become central actors in post-Soviet politics
History
Whereas Czarist colonialism had generally left Central Asia’s clans alone, Lenin declared in 1918 that the Bolsheviks would modernize the region and make its peoples into “Soviet nations.” But the vast communist bureaucracy of the Soviet party-state often failed to provide the social and economic goods it promised, and Soviet-forged identities (whether ethnonational or communist) put down only the shallowest of roots in Central Asia. Ironically, the Soviet institutions designed to d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless%20Routing%20Protocol | The Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP) is a proactive unicast routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs).
Description
WRP uses an enhanced version of the distance-vector routing protocol, which uses the Bellman–Ford algorithm to calculate paths. Because of the mobile nature of the nodes within the MANET, the protocol introduces mechanisms which reduce route loops and ensure reliable message exchange.
WRP, similar to Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector routing (DSDV), inherits the properties of the distributed Bellman–Ford algorithm. To counter the count-to-infinity problem and to enable faster convergence, it employs a unique method of maintaining information regarding the shortest distance to every destination node in the network and the penultimate hop node on the path to every destination node. Since WRP, like DSDV, maintains an up-to-date view of the network, every node has a readily available route to every destination node in the network. It differs from DSDV in table maintenance and in the update procedures. While DSDV maintains only one topology table, WRP uses a set of tables to maintain more accurate information. The tables that are maintained by a node are the following: distance table (DT), routing table (RT), link cost table (LCT), and a message retransmission list (MRL).
The DT contains the network view of the neighbors of a node. It contains a matrix where each element contains the distance and the penultimate node reported by a neighbor for |
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