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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic%20antagonist | A muscarinic receptor antagonist (MRA) is a type of anticholinergic agent that blocks the activity of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. The muscarinic receptor is a protein involved in the transmission of signals through certain parts of the nervous system, and muscarinic receptor antagonists work to prevent this transmission from occurring. Notably, muscarinic antagonists reduce the activation of the parasympathetic nervous system. The normal function of the parasympathetic system is often summarised as "rest-and-digest", and includes slowing of the heart, an increased rate of digestion, narrowing of the airways, promotion of urination, and sexual arousal. Muscarinic antagonists counter this parasympathetic "rest-and-digest" response, and also work elsewhere in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Drugs with muscarinic antagonist activity are widely used in medicine, in the treatment of low heart rate, overactive bladder, respiratory problems such as asthma and COPD, and neurological problems such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. A number of other drugs, such as antipsychotics and the tricyclic family of antidepressants, have incidental muscarinic antagonist activity which can cause unwanted side effects such as difficulty urinating, dry mouth and skin, and constipation.
Acetylcholine (often abbreviated ACh) is a neurotransmitter whose receptors are proteins found in synapses and other cell membranes. Besides responding to their primary neur |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic%20Messaging%20Service | Geographic Messaging Service, or GMS for short, is a new form of messaging for cell phones. It is a message associated with a geographic region that is delivered to a subscriber when they are within that region. This form of messaging extends traditional Short Messaging Service (SMS) and Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), by allowing subscribers to send and receive SMS or MMS. Similar to SMS and MMS, GMS can be the vehicle for peer-to-peer communications, as well as for other content and marketing services. For example, a tourist organization can leave tidbits about interesting locations in New York City and have them delivered to visitors when they are nearby those locations.
The technology underlying GMS is called geofencing—detecting when a cellphone crosses a geographic fence. The term GMS was coined by researchers at Bell Laboratories.
Mobile telecommunications standards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOD2 | Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2), also known as caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 15 (CARD15) or inflammatory bowel disease protein 1 (IBD1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NOD2 gene located on chromosome 16. NOD2 plays an important role in the immune system. It recognizes bacterial molecules (peptidoglycans) and stimulates an immune reaction.
NOD2 is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor, which is similar in structure to resistant proteins of plants and recognizes molecules containing the specific structure called muramyl dipeptide (MDP) that is found in certain bacteria.
Structure
The C-terminal portion of the protein contains a leucine-rich repeat domain that is known to play a role in protein–protein interactions. The middle part of the protein is characterized by a NOD domain involved in protein self-oligomerization. The N-terminal portion contains two CARD domains known to play a role in apoptosis and NF-κB activation pathways.
Function
This gene is a member of the NOD1/Apaf-1 family (also known as NOD-like receptor family) and encodes a protein with two caspase recruitment domains (CARDs) and eleven leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). The protein is primarily expressed in the peripheral blood leukocytes. It plays a role in the immune response by recognizing the bacterial molecules which possess the muramyl dipeptide (MDP) moiety and activating the NF-κB protein.
Clinical significance
Mutations i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverlight%20%28disambiguation%29 | Silverlight may refer to:
Microsoft Silverlight, a web browser plugin that provides support for rich internet applications such as animation, vector graphics and audio-video playback.
Terry Silverlight, American musician
See also
Silver (disambiguation)
Light (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949%E2%80%9350%20Serie%20A | The 1949–50 Serie A season was won by Juventus.
Teams
Como and Venezia had been promoted from Serie B.
Final classification
Results
Top goalscorers
References and sources
Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio - La Storia 1898-2004, Panini Edizioni, Modena, September 2005
External links
- All results on RSSSF Website.
Serie A seasons
Italy
1949–50 in Italian football leagues |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reassignment%20method | The method of reassignment is a technique for sharpening a time-frequency representation by mapping the data to time-frequency coordinates that are nearer to the true region of support of the analyzed signal. The method has been independently introduced by several parties under various names, including method of reassignment, remapping, time-frequency reassignment, and modified moving-window method. In
the case of the spectrogram or the short-time Fourier transform, the method of reassignment sharpens blurry time-frequency data by relocating the data according to local estimates of instantaneous frequency and group delay. This mapping to reassigned time-frequency coordinates is very precise for signals that are separable in time and frequency with respect to the analysis window.
Introduction
Many signals of interest have a distribution of energy that varies in time and frequency. For example, any sound signal having a beginning or an end has an energy distribution that varies in time, and most sounds exhibit considerable variation in both time and frequency over their duration. Time-frequency representations are commonly used to analyze or characterize such signals. They map the one-dimensional time-domain signal into a two-dimensional function of time and frequency. A time-frequency representation describes the variation of spectral energy distribution over time, much as a musical score describes the variation of musical pitch over time.
In audio signal analysis, the sp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic%20wavelet%20transform | In the mathematics of signal processing, the harmonic wavelet transform, introduced by David Edward Newland in 1993, is a wavelet-based linear transformation of a given function into a time-frequency representation. It combines advantages of the short-time Fourier transform and the continuous wavelet transform. It can be expressed in terms of repeated Fourier transforms, and its discrete analogue can be computed efficiently using a fast Fourier transform algorithm.
Harmonic wavelets
The transform uses a family of "harmonic" wavelets indexed by two integers j (the "level" or "order") and k (the "translation"), given by , where
These functions are orthogonal, and their Fourier transforms are a square window function (constant in a certain octave band and zero elsewhere). In particular, they satisfy:
where "*" denotes complex conjugation and is Kronecker's delta.
As the order j increases, these wavelets become more localized in Fourier space (frequency) and in higher frequency bands, and conversely become less localized in time (t). Hence, when they are used as a basis for expanding an arbitrary function, they represent behaviors of the function on different timescales (and at different time offsets for different k).
However, it is possible to combine all of the negative orders (j < 0) together into a single family of "scaling" functions where
The function φ is orthogonal to itself for different k and is also orthogonal to the wavelet functions for non-negative j:
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal%20sensory%20nucleus%20of%20trigeminal%20nerve | The principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve (or chief sensory nucleus of V, main trigeminal sensory nucleus) is a group of second-order neurons which have cell bodies in the caudal pons.
It receives information about discriminative sensation and light touch of the face as well as conscious proprioception of the jaw via first order neurons of CN V.
Most of the sensory information crosses the midline and travels to the contralateral ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) of the thalamus via the anterior trigeminothalamic tract.
However, information of the oral cavity travels to the ipsilateral VPM of the thalamus via the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract.
Cranial nerve nuclei
Trigeminal nerve
Pons |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isochore%20%28genetics%29 | In genetics, an isochore is a large region of genomic DNA (greater than 300 kilobases) with a high degree of uniformity in GC content; that is, guanine (G) and cytosine (C) bases. The distribution of bases within a genome is non-random: different regions of the genome have different amounts of G-C base pairs, such that regions can be classified and identified by the proportion of G-C base pairs they contain.
Bernardi and colleagues first noticed the compositional non-uniformity of vertebrate genomes using thermal melting and density gradient centrifugation.
The DNA fragments extracted by the gradient centrifugation were later termed "isochores", which was subsequently defined as "very long (much greater than 200 KB) DNA segments" that "are fairly homogeneous in base composition and belong to a small number of major classes distinguished by differences in guanine-cytosine (GC) content". Subsequently, the isochores "grew" and were claimed to be ">300 kb in size."
The theory proposed that the isochore composition of genomes varies markedly between "warm-blooded" (homeotherm) vertebrates and "cold-blooded" (poikilotherm) vertebrates and later became known as the isochore theory.
The thermodynamic stability hypothesis
The isochore theory purported that the genome of "warm-blooded" vertebrates (mammals and birds) are mosaics of long isochoric regions of alternating GC-poor and GC-rich composition, as opposed to the genome of "cold-blooded" vertebrates (fishes and amphibians) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixodes | Ixodes is a genus of hard-bodied ticks (family Ixodidae). It includes important disease vectors of animals and humans (tick-borne disease), and some species (notably Ixodes holocyclus) inject toxins that can cause paralysis. Some ticks in this genus may transmit the pathogenic bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi responsible for causing Lyme disease. Additional organisms that may be transmitted by Ixodes are parasites from the genus Babesia, which cause babesiosis, and bacteria from the related genus Anaplasma, which cause anaplasmosis.
Species
These species are recognised within the genus Ixodes:
Ixodes abrocomae Lahille, 1917
Ixodes acer Apanaskevich & Schenk, 2020
Ixodes acuminatus Neumann, 1901
Ixodes acutitarsus (Karsch, 1880)
Ixodes affinis Neumann, 1899
Ixodes albignaci Uilenberg & Hoogstraal, 1969
Ixodes alluaudi Neumann, 1913
Ixodes amarali Fonseca, 1935
Ixodes amersoni Kohls, 1966
Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904
Ixodes andinus Kohls, 1956
Ixodes angustus Neumann, 1899
Ixodes antechini Roberts, 1960
Ixodes apronophorus Schulze, 1924
Ixodes arabukiensis Arthur, 1959
Ixodes aragaoi Fonseca, 1935
Ixodes arboricola Schulze & Schlottke, 1930
Ixodes arebiensis Arthur, 1956
Ixodes asanumai Kitaoka, 1973
Ixodes aulacodi Arthur, 1956
Ixodes auriculaelongae Arthur, 1958
Ixodes auritulus Neumann, 1904
Ixodes australiensis Neumann, 1904
Ixodes baergi Cooley & Kohls, 1942
Ixodes bakeri Arthur & Clifford, 1961
Ixodes banksi Bishopp, 1911
Ixodes barkeri Barker, 2019
Ixodes bedfordi Arthur, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundle%20metric | In differential geometry, the notion of a metric tensor can be extended to an arbitrary vector bundle, and to some principal fiber bundles. This metric is often called a bundle metric, or fibre metric.
Definition
If M is a topological manifold and : E → M a vector bundle on M, then a metric on E is a bundle map k : E ×M E → M × R from the fiber product of E with itself to the trivial bundle with fiber R such that the restriction of k to each fibre over M is a nondegenerate bilinear map of vector spaces. Roughly speaking, k gives a kind of dot product (not necessarily symmetric or positive definite) on the vector space above each point of M, and these products vary smoothly over M.
Properties
Every vector bundle with paracompact base space can be equipped with a bundle metric. For a vector bundle of rank n, this follows from the bundle charts : the bundle metric can be taken as the pullback of the inner product of a metric on ; for example, the orthonormal charts of Euclidean space. The structure group of such a metric is the orthogonal group O(n).
Example: Riemann metric
If M is a Riemannian manifold, and E is its tangent bundle TM, then the Riemannian metric gives a bundle metric, and vice versa.
Example: on vertical bundles
If the bundle :P → M is a principal fiber bundle with group G, and G is a compact Lie group, then there exists an Ad(G)-invariant inner product k on the fibers, taken from the inner product on the corresponding compact Lie algebra. More precisely, t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible%20reference%20system%20propagation%20algorithm | Reversible reference system propagation algorithm (r-RESPA) is a time stepping algorithm used in molecular dynamics.
It evolves the system state over time,
where the L is the Liouville operator.
References
Molecular dynamics
Hamiltonian mechanics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20short-term%20memory | Long short-term memory (LSTM) network is a recurrent neural network (RNN), aimed to deal with the vanishing gradient problem present in traditional RNNs. Its relative insensitivity to gap length is its advantage over other RNNs, hidden Markov models and other sequence learning methods. It aims to provide a short-term memory for RNN that can last thousands of timesteps, thus "long short-term memory". It is applicable to classification, processing and predicting data based on time series, such as in handwriting, speech recognition, machine translation, speech activity detection, robot control, video games, and healthcare.
A common LSTM unit is composed of a cell, an input gate, an output gate and a forget gate. The cell remembers values over arbitrary time intervals and the three gates regulate the flow of information into and out of the cell. Forget gates decide what information to discard from a previous state by assigning a previous state, compared to a current input, a value between 0 and 1. A (rounded) value of 1 means to keep the information, and a value of 0 means to discard it. Input gates decide which pieces of new information to store in the current state, using the same system as forget gates. Output gates control which pieces of information in the current state to output by assigning a value from 0 to 1 to the information, considering the previous and current states. Selectively outputting relevant information from the current state allows the LSTM network to main |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armero | Armero is a municipality in the Tolima Department, Colombia. According to the National Department of Statistics of Colombia, 12,852 lived in the town in 2005. Its median temperature is 27 °C. It was founded in 1895, but was not officially recognized as the seat of the region until 29 September 1908, by President Rafael Reyes. The town was originally named San Lorenzo. In 1930, the name was changed to Armero in memory of José León Armero, a national martyr.
Because the region became the main cotton producer in the country, the city was called Colombia's White City. It was a prosperous agricultural area until 1985.
The original seat of the region was destroyed on 13 November 1985, after an eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz Volcano produced lahars that buried the town and killed about 23,000 people. Approximately 31,000 people lived in the area at the time. The incident became known as the Armero tragedy. While the destruction of the town made world news in its own right, the best known victim was Omayra Sánchez, a young girl who died after being trapped by water and concrete up to her neck for three days. After this event, the town of Guayabal was assigned as the seat of the municipality of Armero, rendering Armero a ghost town.
The survivors were relocated to the towns of Guayabal and Lérida where they received housing and money, although little was done in aiding the survivors in reconstructing their lives.
In the area where the city was located, survivors created an extens |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase%20chain%20reaction%20optimization | The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a commonly used molecular biology tool for amplifying DNA, and various techniques for PCR optimization which have been developed by molecular biologists to improve PCR performance and minimize failure.
Contamination and PCR
The PCR method is extremely sensitive, requiring only a few DNA molecules in a single reaction for amplification across several orders of magnitude. Therefore, adequate measures to avoid contamination from any DNA present in the lab environment (bacteria, viruses, or human sources) are required. Because products from previous PCR amplifications are a common source of contamination, many molecular biology labs have implemented procedures that involve dividing the lab into separate areas. One lab area is dedicated to preparation and handling of pre-PCR reagents and the setup of the PCR reaction, and another area to post-PCR processing, such as gel electrophoresis or PCR product purification. For the setup of PCR reactions, many standard operating procedures involve using pipettes with filter tips and wearing fresh laboratory gloves, and in some cases a laminar flow cabinet with UV lamp as a work station (to destroy any extraneomultimer formation). PCR is routinely assessed against a negative control reaction that is set up identically to the experimental PCR, but without template DNA, and performed alongside the experimental PCR.
Hairpins
Secondary structures in the DNA can result in folding or knotting of DNA temp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevotellaceae | Prevotellaceae is a family of bacteria from the order Bacteroidales. As a member of the phylum Bacteroidota, its species are gram negative – meaning their outer cell wall contains lipopolysaccharides. Since they are anaerobes, members of Prevotellaceae can live in areas where there is little to no oxygen – such as the guts of mammals.
Prevotellaceae is split into 4 genera: Hallella, Paraprevotella, Prevotella, and Alloprevotella. These 4 genera include 51 different bacterial species.
The genus Prevotella is known for its role in the human gastrointestinal microbiota. Prevotella species are among the most numerous microbes culturable from the rumen and hind gut of cattle and sheep, where they help the breakdown of protein and carbohydrate foods. They are also present in humans, where they can be opportunistic pathogens. Prevotella, credited interchangeably with Bacteroides melaninogenicus, has been a problem for dentists' patients for years. As a human pathogen known for creating periodontal and tooth problems, Prevotella has long been studied to counteract its pathogenesis.
The presence of Prevotella in the human gastrointestinal tract is inversely correlated with Parkinson’s disease.
References
Bacteroidia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faceted%20search | Faceted search augments lexical search with a faceted navigation system, allowing users to narrow results by applying filters based on a faceted classification of the items. It is a parametric search technique. A faceted classification system classifies each information element along multiple explicit dimensions, facets, enabling the classifications to be accessed and ordered in multiple ways rather than in a single, pre-determined, taxonomic order.
Facets correspond to properties of the information elements. They are often derived by analysis of the text of an item using entity extraction techniques or from pre-existing fields in a database such as author, descriptor, language, and format. Thus, existing web-pages, product descriptions or online collections of articles can be augmented with navigational facets.
Faceted search interfaces were first developed in the academic world by Ben Shneiderman, Steven Pollitt, Marti Hearst, and Gary Marchionini in the 1990s and 2000s.
The most well-known of these efforts was the Flamenco research project at University of California, Berkeley led by Marti Hearst. Concurrently, there was development of commercial faceted search systems, notably Endeca and Spotfire.
Within the academic community, faceted search has attracted interest primarily among library and information science researchers, and to some extent among computer science researchers specializing in information retrieval.
Mass market use
Faceted search has become a popular |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucosectomy | Mucotomy is a surgical procedure of excising the mucous membrane from an organ. This is done as part of several gastrointestinal surgeries, such as antireflux mucosectomy for the treatment of Barrett's esophagus, colectomy for treating various intestinal disorders, and per-oral endoscopic myotomy for treatment of achalasia.
References
Surgical procedures and techniques |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmostat | The osmostat is the regulatory center in the hypothalamus that controls the osmolality of the extracellular fluid. The area in the anterior region of the hypothalamus contains the osmoreceptors, cells that control osmolality via the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
In neurological conditions such as epilepsy or paraplegia, the osmostat can be pathologically reset, secreting ADH at a lower osmolality, which may cause hyponatremia. A reset osmostat is also a feature of SIADH.
References
Physiology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20U750%20Alias%202 | The Samsung SCH-U750, marketed as Samsung Alias 2 and also as Samsung Zeal, was a cell phone made by Samsung. The phone was only available in metallic gray. It features a dual-hinge design that can be opened in portrait or landscape style. The Alias 2 featured an E Ink-based keyboard. In horizontal mode it features a QWERTY keyboard and VCAST music on the Verizon Wireless network within Australia and the USA.
The phone ran on Verizon Wireless's digital and Ev-DO networks until the shutdown of Verizon's 3G networks. The Samsung Alias 2 was released on 11 May 2009 in the United States.
Features
Its external features are a postage stamp sized front display, touch sensitive music control buttons and a 2.0-megapixel camera. On the right side there is the power button, a "hold" button, and a microSD card slot. On the left, there is a Voice Activation button, an up/down volume rocker button, a headphone jack, and proprietary charger/data transfer port. Opened in portrait or call mode, a standard numerical dialing pad along with two soft keys, send and end keys, a camera button, a voice command button, and four-directional buttons with an OK key in the center are all available. When in portrait, a user could input text using T9 (predictive text) or flip the phone horizontally for its full keyboard. The phone's 2.0 megapixel camera can take up to 1200 x 1600, and can record video at 176 x 144 at 15fps for the maximum of 10 minutes. The user could also use features in the camera l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20L4 | Haplogroup L4 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is a small maternal clade primarily restricted to Africa.
L4 is important in East Africa. The highest frequencies are in Tanzania among the Hadza at 60-83% and Sandawe at 48%.
It has two branches, L4a and L4b. Subgroup L4a was formerly called L7 and considered a separate subclade of L3'4'7. It has been recognized as a subclade of L4, with L3 as its outgroup by Behar et al. (2008).
The parent clade L3'4 is to have emerged at 106–66 kya.
L4 is not much later than this, estimated at 87 kya by Fernandes et al. (2015).
Phylogeny
The following phylogeny is based on van Oven and Kayser (2008).
L3'4
L4
L4a (formerly known as L7), mutations: 195C, 3357, 5460, 10373, 11253, 11344, 11485, 12414, 13174, 14302, 16260.
L4a1
L4a1a
L4a2
L4b, mutations: 709, 3918.
L4b1
L4b2 (formerly known as L3g or L4g)
L4b2a
L4b2a1
L4b2a2
L4b2a2a
L4b2a2b
L4b2b
References
External links
Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
L4 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20L5 | Haplogroup L5 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) clade. It was previously known as L1e.
Distribution
L5 is a small haplogroup centered in East Africa. The highest frequency is in Mbuti Pygmies from Eastern Central Africa at 15%.
It is present in relatively small frequencies in Tanzania (Sandawe and others), Kenya, Chad, Ethiopia, Sudan, Nubia, Egypt and Saudi Arabia.
Haplogroup L5 has been observed among specimens at the island cemetery in Kulubnarti, Sudan, which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550–800).
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup L5 subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA)
L1-6
L2-6
L5
L5a
L5a1
L5a1a
L5a1b
L5a1c
L5a2
L5c
L5c1
L5c2
References
Notes
External links
General
Ian Logan's Haplogroups L5.
Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
L5 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20L6 | In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup L6 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is a small African haplogroup.
Distribution
This haplogroup has been found most often in Yemen and Ethiopia.
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup M subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
L3'4'6
L6
L6a
L6b
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genetics
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
References
External links
General
Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
L6 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency%20capping | Frequency capping is a term in advertising that means restricting (capping) the number of times (frequency) a specific visitor to a website is shown a particular advertisement. This restriction is applied to all websites that serve ads from the same advertising network.
Frequency capping is a feature within ad serving that allows to limit the maximum number of impressions/views a visitor can see a specific ad within a period of time. E.g.: 3 views/visitor/24-hours means after viewing this ad 3 times, any visitor will not see it again for 24 hours. This feature uses cookies to remember the impression count. Non-cookies privacy-preserving implementation is also available.
Frequency capping is often cited as a way to avoid banner burnout, the point where visitors are being overexposed and response drops. This may be true for direct-response campaigns whose effectiveness is measured in click-throughs, but it might run counter to campaigns whose goal is brand awareness, as measured by non-click activity.
See also
Session capping
References
Internet terminology
Online advertising |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-barrier%20rule | The two barrier rule is a policy of safety for work on piping carrying high pressure and/or high temperature fluids. It is commonly used by oil companies. The rule simply states that for any work that must be done on a section of piping, which involves breaking containment, there must be at least two barriers separating the fluids from the broken area. The purpose behind specifying two barriers is to ensure redundancy. The risk of a total loss of containment is reduced if there are two independent isolations as it is highly improbable they would both fail at the same time.
For example, if a section of pipe from a production line leading from a Christmas tree to the process plant, were to need replacement, this area of the piping would need isolation before the offending section was removed or oil would be able to flow freely out of the piping into the environment, causing environmental damage, a health and safety hazard and waste of a precious resource. Under the two barrier rule, there must be two separate isolations between the oil flowing from the well to this area of the piping. The logical barriers in this case would be the production wing valve and the upper master valve.
Uncontrolled release of pressure has been the cause of many accidents in the oilfield and so the two barrier rule is considered very important for increasing safety.
See also
Christmas tree
Wellhead
Petroleum production |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Gillingham%20F.C.%20records%20and%20statistics | Gillingham Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Gillingham, Kent, playing in League One, the third level of the English football league system, as of the 2019–20 season. The club was formed in 1893 as New Brompton F.C., a name which was retained until 1913, and has played home matches at Priestfield Stadium throughout its history. The club joined the Football League in 1920, was voted out of the league in favour of Ipswich Town at the end of the 1937–38 season, but returned to the league 12 years later after it was expanded from 88 to 92 clubs. Between 2000 and 2005, Gillingham played in the second tier of the English league for the only time in the club's history, achieving a highest league finish of eleventh place in 2002–03.
The record for most games played for the club is held by Ron Hillyard, who made 655 appearances between 1974 and 1991. Brian Yeo is the club's record goalscorer, scoring 149 goals during his Gillingham career. Andrew Crofts holds the record for the most international caps gained as a Gillingham player, having made 12 appearances for Wales. The highest transfer fee ever paid by the club is the £600,000 paid to Reading for Carl Asaba in 1998, and the highest fee received is the £1,500,000 paid by Manchester City for Robert Taylor in 1999. The highest attendance recorded at Priestfield was 23,002 for the visit of Queens Park Rangers in 1948. The club holds one Football League record, having conceded the fewest g |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinei%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201983%29 | Telmário de Araújo Sacramento, known by his nickname Dinei (born November 11, 1983 in São Domingos, Bahia), is a Brazilian former football striker who played for Vitória.
Club statistics
Updated to 31 August 2018.
References
External links
Profile at Shonan Bellmare
Dinei at Furacao
Loan to Palmeiras at GloboEsporte
1983 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
La Liga players
Segunda División players
J1 League players
J2 League players
Club Athletico Paranaense players
Clube Atlético Bragantino players
Esporte Clube Vitória players
Associação Ferroviária de Esportes players
Esporte Clube Noroeste players
Guaratinguetá Futebol players
Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras players
RC Celta de Vigo players
CD Tenerife players
Kashima Antlers players
Shonan Bellmare players
Ventforet Kofu players
Matsumoto Yamaga FC players
Esporte Clube Água Santa players
Esporte Clube Jacuipense players
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Japan
Men's association football forwards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football%20records%20and%20statistics%20in%20Italy | This page details football records and statistics in Italy.
Team records
Most championships won
Overall
36, Juventus
Consecutive titles
9, Juventus (2011–12 season to 2019–20 season)
5, Juventus (1930–31 season to 1934–35 season)
5, Torino (1942–43 season and the 1945–46 season to 1948–49 season)
5, Internazionale (2005–06 season to 2009–10 season)
Most seasons in Serie A
91, Internazionale
Most seasons in Serie B
63, Brescia
Most points in a season
2 Teams in Final Round (2 points per win) 1928–29
4, Bologna
6 Teams in Final Round (2 points per win) 1926–27
14, Torino
8 Teams in Final Round (2 points per win) 1927–28 - 1945–46
22, Torino
16 Teams (2 points per win) 1934–35 to 1942–43 - 1967–68 to 1987–88
51, Juventus 1976–77
18 Teams (2 points per win) 1929–30 to 1933–34 - 1952–53 to 1966–67 - 1988–89 to 1993–94
58, Internazionale 1988–89
18 Teams (3 points per win) 1994–95 to 2003–04
82, Milan 2003–04
20 Teams (2 points per win) 1946–47 - 1948–49 to 1951–52
63, Torino 1946–47
20 Teams (3 points per win) 2004–05 to present
102, Juventus 2013–14
21 Teams (2 points per win) 1947–48
65, Torino
Most consecutive wins
17, Internazionale, 2006–07
15, Juventus, 2015–16
13, Napoli, 2016–17 to 2017–18
13, Juventus, 2013–14 to 2014–15
12, Juventus, 2013–14 and 2017–18
11, Roma, 2005–06 and 2012–13 to 2013–14
11, Lazio, 2019–20
11, Internazionale, 2020–21
11, Napoli, 2022–23
10, Juventus, 1931–32 and 2015–16
10, Milan, 1950–51
10, Bologna, 19 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-varying%20covariate | A time-varying covariate (also called time-dependent covariate) is a term used in statistics, particularly in survival analysis. It reflects the phenomenon that a covariate is not necessarily constant through the whole study Time-varying covariates are included to represent time-dependent within-individual variation to predict individual responses. For instance, if one wishes to examine the link between area of residence and cancer, this would be complicated by the fact that study subjects move from one area to another. The area of residency could then be introduced in the statistical model as a time-varying covariate. In survival analysis, this would be done by splitting each study subject into several observations, one for each area of residence. For example, if a person is born at time 0 in area A, moves to area B at time 5, and is diagnosed with cancer at time 8, two observations would be made. One with a length of 5 (5 − 0) in area A, and one with a length of 3 (8 − 5) in area B.
References
Survival analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holm%E2%80%93Bonferroni%20method | In statistics, the Holm–Bonferroni method, also called the Holm method or Bonferroni–Holm method, is used to counteract the problem of multiple comparisons. It is intended to control the family-wise error rate (FWER) and offers a simple test uniformly more powerful than the Bonferroni correction. It is named after Sture Holm, who codified the method, and Carlo Emilio Bonferroni.
Motivation
When considering several hypotheses, the problem of multiplicity arises: the more hypotheses are checked, the higher the probability of obtaining Type I errors (false positives). The Holm–Bonferroni method is one of many approaches for controlling the FWER, i.e., the probability that one or more Type I errors will occur, by adjusting the rejection criteria for each of the individual hypotheses.
Formulation
The method is as follows:
Suppose you have p-values, sorted into order lowest-to-highest , and their corresponding hypotheses （null hypotheses). You want the FWER to be no higher than a certain pre-specified significance level .
Is ? If so, reject and continue to the next step, otherwise EXIT.
Is ? If so, reject also, and continue to the next step, otherwise EXIT.
And so on: for each P value, test whether . If so, reject and continue to examine the larger P values, otherwise EXIT.
This method ensures that the FWER is at most , in the strong sense.
Rationale
The simple Bonferroni correction rejects only null hypotheses with p-value less than , in order to ensure that the FWER, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution%20random%20number%20generator | In statistics and computer software, a convolution random number generator is a pseudo-random number sampling method that can be used to generate random variates from certain classes of probability distribution. The particular advantage of this type of approach is that it allows advantage to be taken of existing software for generating random variates from other, usually non-uniform, distributions. However, faster algorithms may be obtainable for the same distributions by other more complicated approaches.
A number of distributions can be expressed in terms of the (possibly weighted) sum of two or more random variables from other distributions. (The distribution of the sum is the convolution of the distributions of the individual random variables).
Example
Consider the problem of generating a random variable with an Erlang distribution, . Such a random variable can be defined as the sum of k random variables each with an exponential distribution . This problem is equivalent to generating a random number for a special case of the Gamma distribution, in which the shape parameter takes an integer value.
Notice that:
One can now generate samples using a random number generator for the exponential distribution:
if then
Non-uniform random numbers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteracy | Transliteracy is "a fluidity of movement across a range of technologies, media and contexts" (Sukovic, 2016). It is an ability to use diverse techniques to collaborate across different social groups.
Transliteracy combines a range of capabilities required to move across a range of contexts, media, technologies and genres. Conceptually, transliteracy is situated across five capabilities: information capabilities (see information literacy), ICT (information and communication technologies), communication and collaboration, creativity and critical thinking. It is underpinned by literacy and numeracy. (See figure below) The concept of transliteracy is impacting the system of education and libraries.
History
While the term appears to come from the prefix 'trans-' (across) and the word 'literacy', the scholars who coined it say they developed it from the practice of transliteration, which means to use the letters of one language to write down a different language.
The study of transliteracy was first developed in 2005 by the Transliteracies Research Project, directed by University of California at Santa Barbara Professor Alan Liu. The concept of 'transliteracies' was developed as part of research into online reading. It was shared and refined at the Transliteracies conference, held at UC Santa Barbara in 2005. The conference inspired the at the time De Montfort University Professor, Sue Thomas, to create the Production in Research and Transliteracy (PART) group, which evolved int |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado%20Ar%20195 | The Arado Ar 195 was a single-engine prototype carrier-based torpedo bomber, built by the German firm Arado for service on the , during World War II.
Design and development
A derivative of the Ar 95, fitted with an arrestor hook and catapult equipment as well as a taller canopy, the Ar 195 was intended as a torpedo bomber to equip Nazi Germany's first aircraft carrier, the Graf Zeppelin, which was named after Graf Ferdinand von Zeppelin, of dirigible fame. Although three prototypes were flown in 1937, the design did not meet the requirements of the specification. It suffered an excess of drag which was detrimental to its flyability, and so was rejected in favour of the Fieseler Fi 167, which was considered superior.
Operator
Luftwaffe
Specifications (Ar 195)
See also
References
Ar 195
1930s German bomber aircraft
Carrier-based aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1937 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine%20racemase%20%28ATP-hydrolysing%29 | The enzyme phenylalanine racemase (, phenylalanine racemase, phenylalanine racemase (adenosine triphosphate-hydrolysing), gramicidin S synthetase I) is the enzyme that acts on amino acids and derivatives. It activates both the L & D stereo isomers of phenylalanine to form L-phenylalanyl adenylate and D-phenylalanyl adenylate, which are bound to the enzyme. These bound compounds are then transferred to the thiol group of the enzyme followed by conversion of its configuration, the D-isomer being the more favorable configuration of the two, with a 7 to 3 ratio between the two isomers. The racemisation reaction of phenylalanine is coupled with the highly favorable hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and pyrophosphate (PP), thermodynamically allowing it to proceed. This reaction is then drawn forward by further hydrolyzing PP to inorganic phosphate (Pi), via Le Chatelier's principle.
Other names
phenylalanine racemase
phenylalanine racemase (adenosine triphosphate-hydrolysing)
gramicidin S synthetase I
Pathway
Phenylalanine Metabolism
Substrate
L – Phenylalanine
Product
D - Phenylalanine
Cofactor
Pyridoxal-phosphate (active form of vitamin B6)
Links to disease
Problems in the digestion of phenylalanine (phe) to tyrosine (tyr) lead to the buildup of both phe and phenylpyruvate, in a disease called Phenylketonuria (PKU). These two compounds build up in the blood stream and cerebral spinal fluid, which can lead to mental reta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosol | Tyrosol is an organic compound with the formula . Classified as a phenylethanoid, i.e. a derivative of phenethyl alcohol, It is found in a variety of natural sources. The compound is colorless solid. The principal source in the human diet is olive oil.
Research
As an antioxidant, tyrosol may protect cells against injury due to oxidation in vitro. Although it is not as potent as other antioxidants present in olive oil (e.g., hydroxytyrosol), its higher concentration and good bioavailability indicate that it may have an important overall effect.
Tyrosol may also be cardioprotective. Trosol-treated animals showed significant increase in the phosphorylation of Akt, eNOS and FOXO3a. In addition, tyrosol also induced the expression of the protein SIRT1 in the heart after myocardial infarction in a rat MI model.
Tyrosol forms esters with a variety of organic acids.
See also
tyrosinol,
hydroxytyrosol,
Salidroside
References
Phenylethanoids
Phenol antioxidants |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Delta%20Sigma%20Phi%20chapters |
Undergraduate Chapters & New Chapters
This is a list of chapters, active, new and inactive, of Delta Sigma Phi fraternity.
Undergraduate chapter statistics
Since 1899, Delta Sigma Phi has issued 238 charters in 41 states (United States of America), Washington, D.C., and 3 provinces in Canada. Currently, the Fraternity has active chapters and new chapters in 32 states and Washington, D.C. All three former chapters in Canada are dormant. States that have never had the presence of the Fraternity are Alaska, Delaware, Hawaii, Maine, Mississippi, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Vermont, West Virginia.
Alumni associations
There are 20 alumni associations throughout the United States. These are located in:
Atlanta, GA
Boston, MA
Charlotte, NC
Chicago, IL
Denver, CO
Detroit, MI
Houston, TX
Inland Empire, CA (Riverside and San Bernardino counties)
La Verne, CA
New York City, NY
Orange County, CA
Phoenix, AZ
Portland, OR
Salt Lake City, UT
San Diego, CA
San Jose, CA (Silicon Valley)
San Francisco, CA (Bay Area)
St. Louis, MO
Raleigh / Durham, NC (Triangle Area)
Washington, DC
Notes
chapters
Lists of chapters of North American Interfraternity Conference members by society |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20monitor | A vector monitor, vector display, or calligraphic display is a display device used for computer graphics up through the 1970s. It is a type of CRT, similar to that of an early oscilloscope. In a vector display, the image is composed of drawn lines rather than a grid of glowing pixels as in raster graphics. The electron beam follows an arbitrary path, tracing the connected sloped lines rather than following the same horizontal raster path for all images. The beam skips over dark areas of the image without visiting their points.
Some refresh vector displays use a normal phosphor that fades rapidly and needs constant refreshing 30-40 times per second to show a stable image. These displays, such as the Imlac PDS-1, require some local refresh memory to hold the vector endpoint data. Other storage tube displays, such as the popular Tektronix 4010, use a special phosphor that continues glowing for many minutes. Storage displays do not require any local memory. In the 1970s, both types of vector displays were much more affordable than bitmap raster graphics displays when megapixel computer memory was still very expensive. Today, raster displays have replaced nearly all uses of vector displays.
Vector displays do not suffer from the display artifacts of aliasing and pixelation—especially black and white displays; color displays keep some artifacts due to their discrete nature—but they are limited to displaying only a shape's outline (although advanced vector systems can provide a li |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinylmonocholine | Succinylmonocholine is an ester of succinic acid and choline created by the metabolism of suxamethonium chloride.
See also
Succinic acid
Choline
References
Choline esters
Carboxylic acids
Quaternary ammonium compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatou%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, specifically in complex analysis, Fatou's theorem, named after Pierre Fatou, is a statement concerning holomorphic functions on the unit disk and their pointwise extension to the boundary of the disk.
Motivation and statement of theorem
If we have a holomorphic function defined on the open unit disk , it is reasonable to ask under what conditions we can extend this function to the boundary of the unit disk. To do this, we can look at what the function looks like on each circle inside the disk centered at 0, each with some radius . This defines a new function:
where
is the unit circle. Then it would be expected that the values of the extension of onto the circle should be the limit of these functions, and so the question reduces to determining when converges, and in what sense, as , and how well defined is this limit. In particular, if the norms of these are well behaved, we have an answer:
Theorem. Let be a holomorphic function such that
where are defined as above. Then converges to some function pointwise almost everywhere and in norm. That is,
Now, notice that this pointwise limit is a radial limit. That is, the limit being taken is along a straight line from the center of the disk to the boundary of the circle, and the statement above hence says that
The natural question is, with this boundary function defined, will we converge pointwise to this function by taking a limit in any other way? That is, suppose instead of following a strai |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOTCH3 | Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 3 (Notch 3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NOTCH3 gene.
Function
This gene encodes the third discovered human homologue of the Drosophila melanogaster type I membrane protein notch. In Drosophila, notch interaction with its cell-bound ligands (delta, serrate) establishes an intercellular signalling pathway that plays a key role in neural development. Homologues of the notch-ligands have also been identified in human, but precise interactions between these ligands and the human notch homologues remains to be determined.
Pathology
Mutations in NOTCH3 have been identified as the underlying cause of cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Mutations in NOTCH3 have also been identified in families with Alzheimer's disease. Adult Notch3 knock-out mice show incomplete neuronal maturation in the spinal cord dorsal horn, resulting in permanently increased nociceptive sensitivity.
Mutations in NOTCH3 are associated to lateral meningocele syndrome.
Pharmaceutical target
Notch3 is being investigated as a target for anti-cancer drugs, as it is overexpressed in several types of cancers. Early clinical trials of Pfizer's PF-06650808, an anti-Notch3 antibody linked to a cytotoxic drug, showed efficacy against solid tumors.
References
Further reading
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine%20diphosphate%20ribose | Adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADPR) is an ester molecule formed into chains by the enzyme poly ADP ribose polymerase. ADPR is created from cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) by the CD38 enzyme using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as a cofactor.
ADPR binds to and activates the TRPM2 ion channel. ADPR is the most potent agonist of the TRPM2 channel. cADPR also binds to TPRM2, and the action of both molecules is synergistic, with both molecules enhancing the action of the other molecule in activating the TRPM2 channel.
See also
Adenosine diphosphate
ADP-ribosylation
Ribose
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase
References
Nucleotides
Organophosphates
NADH dehydrogenase inhibitors
Phosphate esters |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKC%20alpha | Protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCA gene.
Function
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine- and threonine-specific protein kinases that can be activated by calcium and the second messenger diacylglycerol. PKC family members phosphorylate a wide variety of protein targets and are known to be involved in diverse cellular signaling pathways. PKC family members also serve as major receptors for phorbol esters, a class of tumor promoters. Each member of the PKC family has a specific expression profile and is believed to play a distinct role in cells. The protein encoded by this gene is one of the PKC family members. This kinase has been reported to play roles in many different cellular processes, such as cell adhesion, cell transformation, cell cycle checkpoint, and cell volume control. Knockout studies in mice suggest that this kinase may be a fundamental regulator of cardiac contractility and Ca2+ handling in myocytes.
Protein kinase C-alpha (PKC-α) is a specific member of the protein kinase family. These enzymes are characterized by their ability to add a phosphate group to other proteins, thus changing their function. PKC-α has been widely studied in the tissues of many organisms including drosophila, xenopus, cow, dog, chicken, human, monkey, mouse, pig, and rabbit. Many studies are currently being conducted investigating the structure, function, and regulation of this enzyme. The most recent investigations concernin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate%20dehydrogenase%20phosphatase | Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase catalytic subunit 1 (PDPC 1), also known as protein phosphatase 2C, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PDP1 gene. PDPC 1 is an enzyme which serves to reverse the effects of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase upon pyruvate dehydrogenase, activating pyruvate dehydrogenase.
Function
Pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) is one of the three components (E1, E2, and E3) of the large pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases catalyze phosphorylation of serine residues of E1 to inactivate the E1 component and inhibit the complex. Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatases catalyze the dephosphorylation and activation of the E1 component to reverse the effects of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase is a heterodimer consisting of catalytic and regulatory subunits. Two catalytic subunits have been reported; one is predominantly expressed in skeletal muscle, and another one is much more abundant in the liver. The catalytic subunit, encoded by this gene, is the former, and belongs to the protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) superfamily. Along with the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases, this enzyme is located in the mitochondrial matrix.
Regulation
Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase is stimulated by insulin, PEP, and AMP, but competitively inhibited by ATP, NADH, and Acetyl-CoA.
Clinical significance
Mutation in the PDP1 gene causes pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase deficiency.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray%20X2 | The Cray X2 is a vector processing node for the Cray XT5h supercomputer, developed and sold by Cray Inc. and launched in 2007.
The X2, developed under the code name Black Widow, was originally expected to be a standalone supercomputer system, superseding the Cray X1 parallel vector supercomputer. However, the X2 was eventually launched as one of the four processor "blade" options for the XT5h system.
An X2 blade comprises two nodes, each with four symmetric multiprocessing vector processors and 32 or 64 GB of shared memory. Each node has a peak performance of more than 100 gigaflops. X2 processors are connected using a radix-64 "fat-tree" interconnect implemented by the YARC router ASIC. X2 blades also link into the XT5h system via its SeaStar2+ processor interconnect.
Up to 256 X2 blades can be installed in an XT5h system. The X2 processor nodes integrate with the Cray XT5h's UNICOS/lc OS, user environment, and storage subsystem, as part of the Rainier project.
External links
Cray XT5h Supercomputer
Cray Introduces Next-Generation Supercomputers
Thinking Ahead: Future Architectures from Cray
The BlackWidow High-Radix Clos Network
Cray X2 Vector Processing Blade
X2
Vector supercomputers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnitine%20palmitoyltransferase%20I | Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) also known as carnitine acyltransferase I, CPTI, CAT1, CoA:carnitine acyl transferase (CCAT), or palmitoylCoA transferase I, is a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for the formation of acyl carnitines by catalyzing the transfer of the acyl group of a long-chain fatty acyl-CoA from coenzyme A to l-carnitine. The product is often Palmitoylcarnitine (thus the name), but other fatty acids may also be substrates. It is part of a family of enzymes called carnitine acyltransferases. This "preparation" allows for subsequent movement of the acyl carnitine from the cytosol into the intermembrane space of mitochondria.
Three isoforms of CPT1 are currently known: CPT1A, CPT1B, and CPT1C. CPT1 is associated with the outer mitochondrial membrane. This enzyme can be inhibited by malonyl CoA, the first committed intermediate produced during fatty acid synthesis. Its role in fatty acid metabolism makes CPT1 important in many metabolic disorders such as diabetes. Since its crystal structure is not known, its exact mechanism of action remains to be determined.
Structure
CPT1 is an integral membrane protein that exists in three isoforms in mammalian tissues: CPT1A, CPT1B and CPT1C. The first two are expressed on the outer mitochondrial membrane of most tissues, but their relative proportions varies between tissues. CPT1A predominates in lipogenic tissues like liver, whereas CPT1B predominates in tissues like heart and skeletal muscle that have a hi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC22A5 | SLC22A5 is a membrane transport protein associated with primary carnitine deficiency. This protein is involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. It acts a symporter, moving sodium ions and other organic cations across the membrane along with carnitine. Such polyspecific organic cation transporters in the liver, kidney, intestine, and other organs are critical for the elimination of many endogenous small organic cations as well as a wide array of drugs and environmental toxins. Mutations in the SLC22A5 gene cause systemic primary carnitine deficiency, which can lead to heart failure.
Structure
The SLC22A5 gene, containing 10 exons, is located on the q arm of chromosome 5 in position 31.1 and spans 25,910 base pair. The gene produces a 63 kDa protein composed of 557 amino acids. The protein has 12 putative transmembrane domains, with a long extracellular loop of 107 amino acids between the first two transmembrane domains and an intracellular loop between the fourth and fifth transmembrane domains. This long extracellular loop has three potential sites for N-glycosylation, and the intracellular loop has an ATP/GTP binding motif. In putative intracellular domains, there are five potential sites for protein-kinase C-dependent phosphorylation and one for protein-kinase A-dependent phosphorylation.
Function
The SLC22A5 gene codes for a plasma integral membrane protein which functions as both an organic cation transporter and a sodium-dependent high affinity carnitine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leung%20Tsz%20Chun | Leung Tsz Chun (; born 19 May 1985 in Hong Kong) is a former Hong Kong professional footballer. He played as a striker and as a right-winger.
Career statistics
International
Hong Kong
As of 18 August 2012
Hong Kong U-23
''As of 18 April 2007
Honours
Eastern
Hong Kong Senior Shield: 2007–08
Hong Kong FA Cup: 2013–14
Pegasus
Hong Kong FA Cup: 2009–10
Sun Hei
Hong Kong Senior Shield: 2011–12
External links
1985 births
Living people
Hong Kong men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
South China AA players
Hong Kong Rangers FC players
Southern District FC players
Hong Kong Sapling players
Hong Kong First Division League players
Hong Kong Premier League players
Eastern Sports Club footballers
Hong Kong Pegasus FC players
Tai Po FC players
Hong Kong men's international footballers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%20Hang%20Wui | Li Hang Wui (; born 15 February 1985) is a Hong Kong football coach and a former professional footballer.
He was the captain of Hong Kong Olympic football team in 2007.
Career statistics
International
Hong Kong U-23
As of 21 November 2009
Hong Kong
As of 4 October 2011
External links
Profile at HKFA.com
Profile at doha-2006.com
1985 births
Living people
Hong Kong men's footballers
Hong Kong First Division League players
Hong Kong Premier League players
Hong Kong men's international footballers
Men's association football defenders
Citizen AA players
Kitchee SC players
Resources Capital FC players
Hong Kong FC (football) players
Sun Hei SC players
Metro Gallery FC players
Hong Kong football managers
Footballers at the 2006 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for Hong Kong |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ershad%20Yousefi | Ershad Yousefi (, born September 19, 1981, in Mashhad, Iran) is an Iranian football goalkeeper who most recently plays for Foolad in Iran Pro League.
Club career
Club Career Statistics
Last Update 25 May 2015
International career
He was the goalkeeper of Iran national under-20 football team at the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship held in Argentina. In 2002, he was the reserve goalkeeper for Iran national football team at the West Asian Football Federation Championship, but did not make an appearance. In 2005, he was goalkeeper for Iran Under-23 team that participated in the 2005 Islamic Solidarity Games in Saudi Arabia.
Honours
Foolad
Iran Pro League (1): 2013–14
Sepahan
Hazfi Cup (1}: 2003–04
References
Iran Pro League Stats
Iranian men's footballers
Persian Gulf Pro League players
F.C. Aboomoslem players
Sepahan S.C. footballers
Saipa F.C. players
Rahian Kermanshah F.C. players
Foolad F.C. players
Saba Qom F.C. players
Footballers from Mashhad
1981 births
Living people
Asian Games gold medalists for Iran
Asian Games medalists in football
Footballers at the 2002 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games
Men's association football goalkeepers
21st-century Iranian people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novozymes | Novozymes A/S is a global biotechnology company headquartered in Bagsværd, outside of Copenhagen, Denmark. The company's focus is the research, development and production of industrial enzymes, microorganisms, and biopharmaceutical ingredients.
The company has operations around the world, including in China, India, Brazil, Argentina, United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada. Class B shares of its stock are listed on the NASDAQ OMX Nordic exchange.
History
In 1925, the brothers Harald and Thorvald Pedersen founded Novo Terapeutisk Laboratorium and Nordisk Insulinlaboratorium with the aim to produce insulin. In 1941 the company's predecessor launched its first enzyme, trypsin, extracted from the pancreas of animals and used to soften leather, and was the first to produce enzymes by fermentation using bacteria in the 1950s. In the late 1980s Novozymes presented the world's first fat-splitting enzyme for detergents manufactured with genetically engineered microorganisms, called Lipolase.
The current Novozymes was founded in 2000 as a spinout from pharmaceutical company Novo Nordisk.
In the 2000s Novozymes expanded through the acquisition of several companies focusing on business outside the core enzyme business. Amongst them were the Brazilian bio agricultural company Turfal and German pharmaceutical, chemical and life science company EMD/Merck Crop BioScience Inc. These acquisitions made Novozymes a leader in sustainable solutions for the agricultural biological indus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphofructokinase | Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is a kinase enzyme that phosphorylates fructose 6-phosphate in glycolysis.
Function
The enzyme-catalysed transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP is an important reaction in a wide variety of biological processes. Phosphofructokinase catalyses the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, a key regulatory step in the glycolytic pathway. It is allosterically inhibited by ATP and allosterically activated by AMP, thus indicating the cell's energetic needs when it undergoes the glycolytic pathway. PFK exists as a homotetramer in bacteria and mammals (where each monomer possesses 2 similar domains) and as an octomer in yeast (where there are 4 alpha- (PFK1) and 4 beta-chains (PFK2), the latter, like the mammalian monomers, possessing 2 similar domains). This protein may use the morpheein model of allosteric regulation.
PFK is about 300 amino acids in length, and structural studies of the bacterial enzyme have shown it comprises two similar (alpha/beta) lobes: one involved in ATP binding and the other housing both the substrate-binding site and the allosteric site (a regulatory binding site distinct from the active site, but that affects enzyme activity). The identical tetramer subunits adopt 2 different conformations: in a 'closed' state, the bound magnesium ion bridges the phosphoryl groups of the enzyme products (ADP and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate); and in an 'open' state, the magnesium ion binds only the ADP, as the 2 produ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMYB%20%28FM%29 | {{Infobox radio station
| name = WMYB
| logo = WMYB logo.png
| city = Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
| area = Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
| branding = Energy 92.1| frequency = 92.1 MHz
| repeater =
| airdate = January 11, 1965
| format = Top 40 (CHR)
| power =
| erp = 94,000 watts
| haat = 263 meters
| class = C1
| facility_id = 27265
| coordinates =
| callsign_meaning = W MYrtle Beach
| former_callsigns = WMYB-FM (1978–1979)WXTL (1979–1981)WJYR (1981–2000)
| affiliations =
| owner = Dick Broadcasting
| licensee = Dick Broadcasting Company, Inc. of Tennessee
| sister_stations =
| webcast = Listen Live
| website = www.energy921.com/
}}
WMYB is a Top 40 (CHR) radio station licensed to Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. It serves the Florence and Myrtle Beach areas. The station is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to broadcast at 92.1 MHz with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 94 kW. The station goes by the name Energy 92.1 and its slogan is "#1 for New Music". Its studios are located in Myrtle Beach, and its transmitter is located in Murrells Inlet.
History
WMYB-FM signed on January 11, 1965, with 3,000 watts simulcasting sister station 1450/WMYB's "Good Music" (American Songbook) format in mono. WMYB-FM played Country music for a while. Later, the station switched to disco with the callsign WXTL. For nearly two decades the station was WJYR "Joy 92", playing beautiful music, which added more and more vocals during the 1990s. As of 1997, WJYR was the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygromycin%20B | Hygromycin B is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It is an aminoglycoside that kills bacteria, fungi and higher eukaryotic cells by inhibiting protein synthesis.
History
Hygromycin B was originally developed in the 1950s for use with animals and is still added into swine and chicken feed as an anthelmintic or anti-worming agent (product name: Hygromix). Hygromycin B is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus, a bacterium isolated in 1953 from a soil sample. Resistance genes were discovered in the early 1980s.
Mechanism of action
Hygromycin is active against both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It acts by inhibiting polypeptide synthesis. It stabilizes the tRNA-ribosomal acceptor site, thereby inhibiting translation.
Use in research
In the laboratory it is used for the selection and maintenance of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that contain the hygromycin resistance gene. The resistance gene is a kinase that inactivates hygromycin B through phosphorylation. Since the discovery of hygromycin-resistance genes, hygromycin B has become a standard selection antibiotic in gene transfer experiments in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Based on impurity monitor method, four different kinds of impurities are discovered in commercial hygromycin B from different suppliers and toxicities of different impurities to the cell lines are described in the following external links.
Use in plant research
Hygromycin resistance gene is frequently |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic%20Power | Traffic Power was a Las Vegas, Nevada search engine optimization company that engaged in black hat techniques. These were spamdexing practices that violated Google's webmaster guidelines. As a result, some Traffic Power clients have been banned from Google's organic search results.
According to a Wall Street Journal profile of the company, Traffic Power used high-risk techniques and failed to disclose those risks to its clients. Wired reported that Traffic Power sued blogger Aaron Wall and the website Traffic Power Sucks for stating that they were banned. Google software engineer Matt Cutts later confirmed that Google did in fact ban Traffic Power and some of its clients.
In January 2009 Traffic Power CEO Matt Marlon was jailed on accusations of fraud related to a foreclosure scam.
References
Black hat search engine optimization
Search engine optimization companies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20kinase%20C%20zeta%20type | Protein kinase C, zeta (PKCζ), also known as PRKCZ, is a protein in humans that is encoded by the PRKCZ gene. The PRKCZ gene encodes at least two alternative transcripts, the full-length PKCζ and an N-terminal truncated form PKMζ. PKMζ is thought to be responsible for maintaining long-term memories in the brain. The importance of PKCζ in the creation and maintenance of long-term potentiation was first described by Todd Sacktor and his colleagues at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center in 1993.
Structure
PKC-zeta has an N-terminal regulatory domain, followed by a hinge region and a C-terminal catalytic domain. Second messengers stimulate PKCs by binding to the regulatory domain, translocating the enzyme from cytosol to membrane, and producing a conformational change that removes auto-inhibition of the PKC catalytic protein kinase activity. PKM-zeta, a brain-specific isoform of PKC-zeta generated from an alternative transcript, lacks the regulatory region of full-length PKC-zeta and is therefore constitutively active.
PKMζ is the independent catalytic domain of PKCζ and, lacking an autoinhibitory regulatory domain of the full-length PKCζ, is constitutively and persistently active, without the need of a second messenger. It was originally thought of as being a cleavage product of full-length PKCζ, an atypical isoform of protein kinase C (PKC). Like other PKC isoforms, PKCζ is a serine/threonine kinase that adds phosphate groups to target proteins. It is atypical in that unlike o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeb%20vector%20field | In mathematics, the Reeb vector field, named after the French mathematician Georges Reeb, is a notion that appears in various domains of contact geometry including:
in a contact manifold, given a contact 1-form , the Reeb vector field satisfies ,
in particular, in the context of Sasakian manifold#The Reeb vector field.
References
Contact geometry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form%20classification | Form classification is the classification of organisms based on their morphology, which does not necessarily reflect their biological relationships. Form classification, generally restricted to palaeontology, reflects uncertainty; the goal of science is to move "form taxa" to biological taxa whose affinity is known.
Form taxonomy is restricted to fossils that preserve too few characters for a conclusive taxonomic definition or assessment of their biological affinity, but whose study is made easier if a binomial name is available by which to identify them. The term "form classification" is preferred to "form taxonomy"; taxonomy suggests that the classification implies a biological affinity, whereas form classification is about giving a name to a group of morphologically-similar organisms that may not be related.
A "parataxon" (not to be confused with parataxonomy), or "sciotaxon" (Gr. "shadow taxon"), is a classification based on incomplete data: for instance, the larval stage of an organism that cannot be matched up with an adult. It reflects a paucity of data that makes biological classification impossible. A sciotaxon is defined as a taxon thought to be equivalent to a true taxon (orthotaxon), but whose identity cannot be established because the two candidate taxa are preserved in different ways and thus cannot be compared directly.
Examples
In zoology
Form taxa are groupings that are based on common overall forms. Early attempts at classification of labyrinthodont |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABCD1 | ABCD1 is a protein that transfers fatty acids into peroxisomes.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various molecules across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. ABC genes are divided into seven distinct subfamilies (ABC1, MDR/TAP, MRP, ALD, OABP, GCN20, White). This protein is a member of the ALD subfamily, which is involved in peroxisomal import of fatty acids and/or fatty acyl-CoAs in the organelle. All known peroxisomal ABC transporters are half transporters which require a partner half transporter molecule to form a functional homodimeric or heterodimeric transporter. This peroxisomal membrane protein is likely involved in the peroxisomal transport or catabolism of very long chain fatty acids.
Clinical significance
Defects in this gene have been identified as the underlying cause of adrenoleukodystrophy, an X-chromosome recessively inherited demyelinating disorder of the nervous system.
Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of ABCD1 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Abcd1tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program — a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists — at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of del |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Lindo%20Patterson | Arthur Lindo Patterson (23 July 1902, Nelson, New Zealand – 6 November 1966, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was a pioneering British X-ray crystallographer. Patterson was born to British parents in New Zealand in 1902. Shortly afterwards the family moved to Montreal, Canada and later to London, England. In 1920 Patterson moved to Canada for college at McGill University, Montreal. Firstly he concentrated on Mathematics and but then changed his major to Physics. He received his bachelor's degree in 1923 and a master's in 1924. His master's thesis was on the production of hard X-rays by interaction of radium β rays with solids.
From 1924 to 1926 he worked in London in the laboratory of W. H. Bragg, where he learnt the art of crystal structure analysis.
In 1926 Patterson moved to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Fibrous Materials Chemistry (later the Fritz Haber Institute) in the Dahlem neighbourhood of Berlin, where he worked on the X-ray crystallography of cellulose fibres. In Berlin he had the fortune to meet the scientific elite of the time, which included Max von Laue, Albert Einstein, Max Planck, Walther Nernst, Hans Bethe, Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Peter Pringsheim.
In 1927 he returned to McGill, finishing his work for the PhD degree in 1928.
From 1933 to 1946, Patterson was a visiting researcher in the laboratory of Bertram Eugene Warren (1902–1991) at MIT. It was during this time that he published his famous function, now called the Patterson function, which subseque |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homometric%20structures | In chemistry and crystallography, crystal structures that have the same set of interatomic distances are called homometric structures. Homometric structures need not be congruent (that is, related by a rigid motion or reflection). Homometric crystal structures produce identical diffraction patterns; therefore, they cannot be distinguished by a diffraction experiment.
Recently, a Monte Carlo algorithm was proposed to calculate the number of homometric structures corresponding to any given set of interatomic distances.
See also
Patterson function
Arthur Lindo Patterson
References
Stereochemistry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Union%20of%20Crystallography | The International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) is an organisation devoted to the international promotion and coordination of the science of crystallography. The IUCr is a member of the International Council for Science (ICSU).
Objectives
The objectives of the IUCr are to promote international cooperation in crystallography and to contribute to all aspects of crystallography, to promote international publication of crystallographic research, to facilitate standardization of methods, units, nomenclatures and symbols, and to form a focus for the relations of crystallography to other sciences.
The IUCr fulfils these objectives by publishing in print and electronically primary scientific journals through the Acta Crystallographica journal series, as well as Journal of Applied Crystallography, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, IUCrJ, the series of reference volumes International Tables for Crystallography, distributing the quarterly IUCr Newsletter, maintaining the online World Directory/Database of Crystallographers, awarding the Ewald Prize and organising the triennial Congress and General Assembly.
History
In 1944 the yearly meeting of the X-ray Analysis Group (XRAG) of the UK Institute of Physics was held in Oxford, and the distinguished German crystallographer Paul Peter Ewald, who then taught at Queen's University Belfast, was invited to give the evening lecture. In it he gave a historical survey of some of the stages in the evolution of X-ray crystallography and end |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiautomaton | In mathematics and theoretical computer science, a semiautomaton is a deterministic finite automaton having inputs but no output. It consists of a set Q of states, a set Σ called the input alphabet, and a function T: Q × Σ → Q called the transition function.
Associated with any semiautomaton is a monoid called the characteristic monoid, input monoid, transition monoid or transition system of the semiautomaton, which acts on the set of states Q. This may be viewed either as an action of the free monoid of strings in the input alphabet Σ, or as the induced transformation semigroup of Q.
In older books like Clifford and Preston (1967) semigroup actions are called "operands".
In category theory, semiautomata essentially are functors.
Transformation semigroups and monoid acts
A transformation semigroup or transformation monoid is a pair consisting of a set Q (often called the "set of states") and a semigroup or monoid M of functions, or "transformations", mapping Q to itself. They are functions in the sense that every element m of M is a map . If s and t are two functions of the transformation semigroup, their semigroup product is defined as their function composition .
Some authors regard "semigroup" and "monoid" as synonyms. Here a semigroup need not have an identity element; a monoid is a semigroup with an identity element (also called "unit"). Since the notion of functions acting on a set always includes the notion of an identity function, which when applied to the s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine%20dehydrogenase | Amine Dehydrogenase (), also known as methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH), is a tryptophan tryptophylquinone-dependent (TTQ-dependent) enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of a primary amine to an aldehyde and ammonia. The reaction occurs as follows:
RCH2NH2 + H2O + acceptor → RCHO + NH3 + reduced acceptor
Amine dehydrogenase possesses an α2β2 structure with each smaller β subunit possessing a TTQ protein cofactor.
Amine dehydrogenase, studied in Paracoccus denitrificans, at least transiently forms a ternary complex to catalyze methylamine-dependent cytochrome c-551i reduction. Within this complex, electrons are transferred from the TTQ cofactor of MADH to the Type 1 copper center of amicyanin, and then to the heme of the cytochrome.
References
External links
EC 1.4.99 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Pit%3A%20A%20Group%20Encounter%20Defiled | The Pit: A Group Encounter Defiled is a work of narrative nonfiction concerning book on Mind Dynamics (a.k.a. Leadership Dynamics and Holiday Magic), written by Gene Church and Conrad D. Carnes. The book was published Outerbridge & Lazard, Inc., in 1972, and was republished in a paperback edition in 1973, by Pocket Books. The book was later the basis for the 1983 film, Circle of Power. The title refers to the encounter group movement that was prevalent at the time, which evolved into what psychologists began to term Large Group Awareness Training.
The Pit: A Group Encounter Defiled is listed in the 1987 edition of Best Sellers, at the University of Scranton archives. The book was featured in The New York Review of Books, in 1973.
Authors
Gene Church had previously studied psychology at Ohio State University and Ohio University. He had enrolled in the Leadership Dynamics coursework as a requirement of his association with Holiday Magic. At the time of the book's publication, Conrad D. Carnes was an attorney practicing law with the firm of Carnes & Hornbeck in Columbus, Ohio.
The authors later wrote a follow-up book, Brainwash, in 1983. Gene Church also gave a related lecture series at universities, entitled: "An encounter group horror story."
Summary
Events depicted in the book took place over four-days at the Hyatt House motel in Palo Alto, California, and included management executives from Holiday Magic. The book revealed details of the events that went on duri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausktribosphenidae | Ausktribosphenidae is an extinct family of australosphenidan mammals from the Early Cretaceous of Australia and mid Cretaceous of South America.
Classification and taxonomy
Ausktribosphenidae is closely related to monotremes and hence the two form the yinotherian clade Australosphenida. It includes two species, Ausktribosphenos nyktos and Bishops whitmorei, both of which are known only from skull and jaw fragments.
Morphology
Like other Australosphenida, ausktribosphenids have tribosphenic molars.
Distribution
Given that Ausktribosphenidae has been found in Early Cretaceous deposits in Australia, its occurrence has ramifications for knowledge of early monotreme paleobiogeography because Australia was connected only to Antarctica, and placentals originated in the northern hemisphere and were confined to it until continental drift formed land connections from North America to South America, from Asia to Africa and from Asia to India. The late Cretaceous map shows how the southern continents are separated. However, the cladistic analysis of Cifelliodon recovers Fruitafossor as a monotreme relative, suggesting that yinotherians may have originated in the Northern Hemisphere. Remains similar to Bishops are known from the mid Cretaceous Mata Amarilla Formation of Argentina, suggesting faunal interchange.
References
Cretaceous mammals of Australia
Australosphenida
Prehistoric mammal families |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Scully | Anthony Derek Thomas Scully (born 12 June 1976 in Dublin) is an Irish former professional footballer and coach who started his career with Crystal Palace.
Career
While at Palace Scully went on loan to AFC Bournemouth and Cardiff City before joining Manchester City in 1997. He was loaned out to league rivals Stoke City in 1998 where he played seven games for The Potters before he returned to Manchester City. He left for Queens Park Rangers in March 1998 for a fee of £155,000. He spent three years at Loftus Road, and joined Cambridge United after. Scully then went on to spend short periods of time at Dagenham & Redbridge (where he scored twice in the Football League Trophy against Leyton Orient and former club QPR), Barnet, Tamworth (where he scored on his only appearance for the club against Leigh RMI), Notts County and Exeter before finishing his career at Crawley Town due to a persistent knee injury.
Career statistics
Source:
References
External links
1976 births
Living people
Republic of Ireland men's association footballers
Republic of Ireland men's under-21 international footballers
Association footballers from Dublin (city)
Crystal Palace F.C. players
AFC Bournemouth players
Cardiff City F.C. players
Manchester City F.C. players
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
Stoke City F.C. players
Cambridge United F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
Peterborough United F.C. players
Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. players
Barnet F.C. players
Notts County F.C. players
Exeter City |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optima%20%28disambiguation%29 | Optima is a typeface.
Optima may also refer to:
Arts, media, and entertainment
Optima (EP), a 1996 EP by Christ Analogue
Optima, the newsletter of the Mathematical Optimization Society
Businesses and organizations
Optima bank, a bank company in Greece
Optima Bus Corporation, a former United States bus manufacturer
Optima Telekom, a telecommunications operator in Croatia
Optima, a convenience store operated by Sunoco at Wal-Mart stores
Optima, a series of automotive batteries produced by Johnson Controls
Optima Card, a revolving credit card issued by American Express from 1987 to 2009
Optima Health, a managed-care plan by Sentara Healthcare
Televisión Regional de Chile, a private terrestrial television channel in Chile, formerly known as Televisión Óptima from 2005 to 2006
Places
Optima, Oklahoma, United States, a town
Optima Lake
Optima National Wildlife Refuge
Optima Signature, a residential skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois, United States
Vehicles
Optima, a barque that wrecked in 1905
Eagle Optima, a 1990 American mid-size concept sedan
Kia Optima, a 2000–present Korean mid-size car
Daewoo LeMans, a 1986–2016 Korean compact car, sold in Canada from 1988 to 1991 as Passport Optima
Other uses
Optima (grape), a German white wine grape
See also
Optimal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real%20structure | In mathematics, a real structure on a complex vector space is a way to decompose the complex vector space in the direct sum of two real vector spaces. The prototype of such a structure is the field of complex numbers itself, considered as a complex vector space over itself and with the conjugation map , with , giving the "canonical" real structure on , that is .
The conjugation map is antilinear: and .
Vector space
A real structure on a complex vector space V is an antilinear involution . A real structure defines a real subspace , its fixed locus, and the natural map
is an isomorphism. Conversely any vector space that is the complexification
of a real vector space has a natural real structure.
One first notes that every complex space V has a realification obtained by taking the same vectors as in the original set and restricting the scalars to be real. If and then the vectors and are linearly independent in the realification of V. Hence:
Naturally, one would wish to represent V as the direct sum of two real vector spaces, the "real and imaginary parts of V". There is no canonical way of doing this: such a splitting is an additional real structure in V. It may be introduced as follows. Let be an antilinear map such that , that is an antilinear involution of the complex space V.
Any vector can be written ,
where and .
Therefore, one gets a direct sum of vector spaces where:
and .
Both sets and are real vector spaces. The linear map , where , is an isomor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovotransferrin | Ovotransferrin (conalbumin) is a glycoprotein of egg white albumen. Egg white albumen is composed of multiple proteins, of which ovotransferrin is the most heat reliable. It has a molecular weight of 76,000 daltons and contains about 700 amino acids. Ovotransferrin makes up approximately 13% of egg albumen (in contrast to ovalbumin, which comprises 54%). As a member of the transferrin and metalloproteinase family, ovotransferrin has been found to possess antibacterial and antioxydant and immunomodulatory properties, arising primarily through its iron (Fe3+) binding capacity by locking away a key biochemical component necessary for micro-organismal survival. Bacteria starved of iron are rendered incapable of moving, making ovotransferrin a potent bacteriostatic.
Structure
Ovotransferrin is folded in a way that forms two lobes (N- and C- terminals) and each lobe consists of a binding site. Each lobe is then divided into two domains of 160 amino acid residues. Its structure also consists of fifteen disulfide crosslinks and no free sulfhydryl groups. Disulfide groups stabilize the tertiary structures of proteins. Transferrins are iron binding proteins and acute phase reactants of animal serum. It has a binding log of 15 at a pH of 7 or above, meaning that the iron binding capacity of ovotransferrin rapidly decreased at a pH that is less than 6. This family is also known for their role in cell maturation by transporting essential nutrients to developing embryos. Ovotransferrin f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puggalapa%C3%B1%C3%B1atti | The Puggalapaññatti is a Buddhist scripture, part of the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism, where it is included in the Abhidhamma Pitaka.
This book deals with classifications of persons, which are arranged numerically, from 1-fold to 10-fold. It lists them at the beginning and then explains them.
Translations
A Designation of Human Types, tr B. C. Law, 1922, Pali Text Society, Bristol
See also
Buddhist personality types
External links
Pali text and English translation at suttacentral.net
Abhidhamma Pitaka
Theravada Buddhist texts |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity%20in%20Colombia | The National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) does not collect religious statistics, and accurate reports are difficult to obtain. However, based on various studies and a survey, about 90% of the population adheres to Christianity, the majority of which (70.9%) are Roman Catholic, while a significant minority (16.7%) adhere to Protestantism (primarily Evangelicalism) and other Christian groups.
Roman Catholic archdioceses and other dioceses (in brackets)
Barranquilla: (El Banco, Riohacha, Santa Marta, Valledupar)
Bogotá: (Engativá, Facatativá, Fontibón, Girardot, Soacha, Zipaquirá)
Bucaramanga: (Barrancabermeja, Málaga-Soatá, Socorro y San Gil, Vélez)
Cali: (Buenaventura, Buga, Cartago, Palmira)
Cartagena: (Magangué, Montelibano, Montería, Sincelejo)
Ibagué: (Espinal, Florencia, Garzón, Líbano-Honda, Neiva)
Manizales: (Armenia, La Dorada-Guaduas, Pereira)
Medellín: (Caldas, Girardota, Jericó, Sonsón-Rionegro)
Nueva Pamplona: (Arauca, Cúcuta, Ocaña, Tibú)
Popayán: (Ipiales, Mocoa-Sibundoy, Pasto, Tumaco)
Santa Fe de Antioquia: (Apartadó, Istmina-Tadó, Quibdó, Santa Rosa de Osos)
Tunja: (Chiquinquirá, Duitama-Sogamoso, Garagoa, Yopal)
Villavicencio: (Granada en Colombia, San José del Guaviare)
Other Churches
Protestantism, primarily Evangelicalism, represents 14% of the population in 2022; international NGOs have stated that indigenous Protestants face threats, harassment and arbitrary detention in their communities due to their religious beliefs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stahleckeriidae | Stahleckeriidae is a family of dicynodont therapsids whose fossils are known from the Triassic of North America, South America, Asia and Africa.
Classification
Phylogeny
Below is a cladogram from Kammerer et al. (2013):
Genera
References
Kannemeyeriiformes
Induan first appearances
Norian extinctions
Prehistoric therapsid families |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagnano%27s%20problem | In geometry, Fagnano's problem is an optimization problem that was first stated by Giovanni Fagnano in 1775:
The solution is the orthic triangle, with vertices at the base points of the altitudes of the given triangle.
Solution
The orthic triangle, with vertices at the base points of the altitudes of the given triangle, has the smallest perimeter of all triangles inscribed into an acute triangle, hence it is the solution of Fagnano's problem. Fagnano's original proof used calculus methods and an intermediate result given by his father Giulio Carlo de' Toschi di Fagnano. Later however several geometric proofs were discovered as well, amongst others by Hermann Schwarz and Lipót Fejér. These proofs use the geometrical properties of reflections to determine some minimal path representing the perimeter.
Physical principles
A solution from physics is found by imagining putting a rubber band that follows Hooke's Law around the three sides of a triangular frame , such that it could slide around smoothly. Then the rubber band would end up in a position that minimizes its elastic energy, and therefore minimize its total length. This position gives the minimal perimeter triangle.
The tension inside the rubber band is the same everywhere in the rubber band, so in its resting position, we have, by Lami's theorem,
Therefore, this minimal triangle is the orthic triangle.
See also
Set TSP problem, a more general task of visiting each of a family of sets by the shortest tour
Reference |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleave | Cleave may refer to:
Cleave (surname)
Cleave (fiber), a controlled break in optical fiber
RAF Cleave, was an airfield in the north of Cornwall, England, May 1939 - Nov 1945
The process of protein cleaving as a form of post-translational modification
Cleave (Therapy? album), 2018
"Cleaved" (Star vs. the Forces of Evil), a 2019 episode
See also
Cleavage (disambiguation)
Cleaver (disambiguation)
Cleeve (disambiguation)
Cleaves (surname)
Cleft (disambiguation)
Van Cleave |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturita%20Formation | The Naturita Formation is a classification used in western Colorado and eastern Utah for a Cretaceous Period sedimentary geologic formation. This name was "applied to the upper or carbonaceous part of Dakota Group" by R.G. Young in 1960, naming it for Naturita, Colorado. The name is not used by U.S. Geological Survey authors, but has found growing acceptance by the Utah Geological Survey
History of the name
The formation in Utah and western Colorado overlies the Cedar Mountain and Burro Canyon Formations, and underlies the Mancos Shale formation, thus occupying a similar position of sedimentary strata that have widely been called Dakota Formation in Iowa, Kansas and Nebraska.
The use of the name "Dakota" in western states was the result of early geological mapping by F.V. Hayden beginning in the 1850. For convenience, he maintained the same terminology developed during the early mapping along the Missouri River as he began mapping farther west in the 1860s even while acknowledging "There are very few points of resemblance between these beds and those which form the Dakota group, as seen in Kansas and Nebraska. All the evidence therefore that I have had to guide me in regard to these beds along the margin of the mountain ranges has been their position." (p. 114). Despite this doubt by Hayden, the name Dakota Formation became entrenched in many western states, but has been renamed as the Lakota Formation in South Dakota, the Cloverly Formation in Wyoming and Montana (in pa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MADH | MADH may refer to:
Arabian panegyric poetry (praise-poems)
the enzyme Methylamine dehydrogenase
any homolog of the Drosophila gene "Mothers against decapentaplegic", e.g. SMAD1
a module file format for music on computers
Madh Island near Mumbai, India
ACP-SH:acetate ligase, an enzyme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovomucin | Ovomucin is a glycoprotein found mainly in egg whites, as well as in the chalaza and vitelline membrane. The protein makes up around 2-4% of the protein content of egg whites; like other members of the mucin protein family, ovomucin confers gel-like properties. It is composed of two subunits, alpha-ovomucin (MUC5B) and beta-ovomucin (MUC6), of which the beta subunit is much more heavily glycosylated.
External links
References
Eggs
Mucins
Avian proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20cellular%20automaton | A quantum cellular automaton (QCA) is an abstract model of quantum computation, devised in analogy to conventional models of cellular automata introduced by John von Neumann. The same name may also refer to quantum dot cellular automata, which are a proposed physical implementation of "classical" cellular automata by exploiting quantum mechanical phenomena. QCA have attracted a lot of attention as a result of its extremely small feature size (at the molecular or even atomic scale) and its ultra-low power consumption, making it one candidate for replacing CMOS technology.
Usage of the term
In the context of models of computation or of physical systems, quantum cellular automaton refers to the merger of elements of both (1) the study of cellular automata in conventional computer science and (2) the study of quantum information processing. In particular, the following are features of models of quantum cellular automata:
The computation is considered to come about by parallel operation of multiple computing devices, or cells. The cells are usually taken to be identical, finite-dimensional quantum systems (e.g. each cell is a qubit).
Each cell has a neighborhood of other cells. Altogether these form a network of cells, which is usually taken to be regular (e.g. the cells are arranged as a lattice with or without periodic boundary conditions).
The evolution of all of the cells has a number of physics-like symmetries. Locality is one: the next state of a cell depends only on it |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mass%20spectrometry%20software | Mass spectrometry software is software used for data acquisition, analysis, or representation in mass spectrometry.
Proteomics software
In protein mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry (also known as MS/MS or MS2) experiments are used for protein/peptide identification. Peptide identification algorithms fall into two broad classes: database search and de novo search. The former search takes place against a database containing all amino acid sequences assumed to be present in the analyzed sample, whereas the latter infers peptide sequences without knowledge of genomic data.
Database search algorithms
De novo sequencing algorithms
De novo peptide sequencing algorithms are based, in general, on the approach proposed in Bartels et al. (1990).
Homology searching algorithms
MS/MS peptide quantification
Other software
See also
Mass spectrometry data format: for a list of mass spectrometry data viewers and format converters.
List of protein structure prediction software
References
External links
List
Proteomics
Lists of bioinformatics software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascot%20%28software%29 | Mascot is a software search engine that uses mass spectrometry data to identify proteins from peptide sequence databases. Mascot is widely used by research facilities around the world. Mascot uses a probabilistic scoring algorithm for protein identification that was adapted from the MOWSE algorithm. Mascot is freely available to use on the website of Matrix Science. A license is required for in-house use where more features can be incorporated.
History means
MOWSE was one of the first algorithms developed for protein identification using peptide mass fingerprinting. It was originally developed in 1993 as a collaboration between Darryl Pappin of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund (ICRF) and Alan Bleasby of the Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC). MOWSE stood apart from other protein identification algorithms in that it produced a probability-based score for identification. It was also the first to take into account the non-uniform distribution of peptide sizes, caused by the enzymatic digestion of a protein that is needed for mass spectrometry analysis. However, MOWSE was only applicable to peptide mass fingerprint searches and was dependent on pre-compiled databases which were inflexible with regard to post-translational modifications and enzymes other than trypsin. To overcome these limitations, to take advantage of multi-processor systems and to add non-enzymatic search functionality, development was begun again from scratch by David Perkins at the Imperial Can |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocking%20Solar%20Park | The Pocking Solar Park is a photovoltaic power station in Pocking, Lower Bavaria, Germany. It has installed capacity of 10 megawatts. Construction and assembly of the power plant begun in August 2005 and was completed in March 2006.
The power plant is located on on the former military training area. It has 57,912 modules.
See also
Energy policy of the European Union
Renewable energy commercialization
Renewable energy in Germany
References
Photovoltaic power stations in Germany
Passau (district) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pac-12%20Conference%20football%20statistics | Historical statistics for football in the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC, 1915-1959), Athletic Association of Western Universities (AAWU, 1959–68), Pacific-8 (1968–78), Pacific-10 (1978-2011), and Pac-12 Conference (2011–present).
Season finishes
References
statistics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota%20LiteAce | The Toyota LiteAce and TownAce are a line of light commercial and derivative passenger vans produced by the Japanese car manufacturer Toyota. These vehicles originally utilized the cab-over-engine configuration, although since 1996 a semi-cab-over arrangement has featured instead. The LiteAce launched in 1970 as light-duty truck, with commercial and van/wagon body variants added in 1971. In 1976, Toyota released the larger TownAce van/wagon that derived from the LiteAce; a TownAce truck arrived later in 1978. Between 1982 and 1992, the series accommodated the MasterAce Surf—an upscale TownAce passenger wagon.
The two model lines existed separately until 1982 when TownAce trucks became rebadged LiteAce trucks—then in 1992 LiteAce vans became rebranded TownAce vans—thus unifying the once separate vehicle lines. In Japan, the LiteAce retailed at Toyota Auto Store dealerships, with the TownAce sold at Toyota Corolla Store dealerships. The LiteAce and TownAce have been commonly exported to Africa, Asia and Australia. Over the years, select LiteAce/TownAce models have also been available with Daihatsu Delta badging in Japan. Originally sold as the Delta 750 based on the LiteAce truck, later versions have been badged Delta Wide and based on the TownAce van. For the final Delta retailed between 1996 and 2001, the "Wide" suffix disappeared.
The LiteAce followed the introduction of the more compact MiniAce and larger HiAce in 1967, acting as an intermediacy between these two models i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbimycin | Herbimycin is a benzoquinone ansamycin antibiotic that binds to Hsp90 (Heat Shock Protein 90) and alters its function. Hsp90 client proteins play important roles in the regulation of the cell cycle, cell growth, cell survival, apoptosis, angiogenesis and oncogenesis.
It was originally found by its herbicidal activity, and thus named. The most recent herbimycins to be discovered, herbimycins D-F, were isolated from a Streptomyces isolated from thermal vents associated with the Ruth Mullins coal fire in Appalachian Kentucky.
Synonyms
Antibiotic Tan 420F
Herbimycin A
Biological activity
Herbimycin induces the degradation of proteins that are need to be mutated in tumor cells such as v-Src, Bcr-Abl and p53 preferentially over their normal cellular counterparts. This effect is mediated via Hsp90.
See also
Geldanamycin
Satoshi Ōmura
References
External links
Herbimycin A from Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation
Antibiotics
1,4-Benzoquinones
Carbamates
Lactams
Ethers
Ansamycins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency%20synthesizer | A frequency synthesizer is an electronic circuit that generates a range of frequencies from a single reference frequency. Frequency synthesizers are used in many modern devices such as radio receivers, televisions, mobile telephones, radiotelephones, walkie-talkies, CB radios, cable television converter boxes, satellite receivers, and GPS systems. A frequency synthesizer may use the techniques of frequency multiplication, frequency division, direct digital synthesis, frequency mixing, and phase-locked loops to generate its frequencies. The stability and accuracy of the frequency synthesizer's output are related to the stability and accuracy of its reference frequency input. Consequently, synthesizers use stable and accurate reference frequencies, such as those provided by a crystal oscillator.
Types
Three types of synthesizer can be distinguished. The first and second type are routinely found as stand-alone architecture: direct analog synthesis (also called a mix-filter-divide architecture as found in the 1960s HP 5100A) and the more modern direct digital synthesizer (DDS) (table-look-up). The third type are routinely used as communication system IC building-blocks: indirect digital (PLL) synthesizers including integer-N and fractional-N. The recently emerged TAF-DPS is also a direct approach. It directly constructs the waveform of each pulse in the clock pulse train.
Digiphase synthesizer
It is in some ways similar to a DDS, but it has architectural differences. One of its |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD5%20%28protein%29 | CD5 is a cluster of differentiation expressed on the surface of T cells (various species) and in a subset of murine B cells known as B-1a. The expression of this receptor in human B cells has been a controversial topic and to date there is no consensus regarding the role of this receptor as a marker of human B cells. B-1 cells have limited diversity of their B-cell receptor due to their lack of the enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) and are potentially self-reactive. CD5 serves to mitigate activating signals from the BCR so that the B-1 cells can only be activated by very strong stimuli (such as bacterial proteins) and not by normal tissue proteins. CD5 was used as a T-cell marker until monoclonal antibodies against CD3 were developed.
In humans, the gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 11. There is no confirmed ligand for CD5 but there is evidence that CD72, a C-type lectin, may be a ligand or that CD5 may be homophilic, binding CD5 on the surface of other cells. CD5 includes a scavenger receptor cysteine-rich protein domain.
T cells express higher levels of CD5 than B cells. CD5 is upregulated on T cells upon strong activation. In the thymus, there is a correlation with CD5 expression and strength of the interaction of the T cell towards self-peptides.
Immunohistochemistry
CD5 is a good immunohistochemical marker for T-cells, although not as sensitive as CD3. About 76% of T-cell neoplasms are reported to express CD5, and it is also found in chro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDIA3 | Protein disulfide-isomerase A3 (PDIA3), also known as glucose-regulated protein, 58-kD (GRP58), is an isomerase enzyme. This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and interacts with lectin chaperones calreticulin and calnexin (CNX) to modulate folding of newly synthesized glycoproteins. It is thought that complexes of lectins and this protein mediate protein folding by promoting formation of disulfide bonds in their glycoprotein substrates.
Structure
The PDIA3 protein consists of four thioredoxin-like domains: a, b, b′, and a′. The a and a′ domains have Cys-Gly-His-Cys active site motifs (C57-G58-H59-C60 and C406-G407-H408-C409) and are catalytically active. The bb′ domains contain a CNX binding site, which is composed of positively charged, highly conserved residues (K214, K274, and R282) that interact with the negatively charged residues of the CNX P domain. The b′ domain comprises the majority of the binding site, but the β4-β5 loop of the b domain provides additional contact (K214) to strengthen the interaction. A transient disulfide bond forms between the N-terminal cysteine in the catalytic motif and a substrate, but in a step called "escape pathway", the bond is disrupted as the C-terminal cysteine attacks the N-terminal cysteine to release the substrate.
Function
The PDIA3 protein is a thiol oxidoreductase that has protein disulfide isomerase activity. PDIA3 is also part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I peptide loading complex, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindrospermopsin | Cylindrospermopsin (abbreviated to CYN, or CYL) is a cyanotoxin produced by a variety of freshwater cyanobacteria. CYN is a polycyclic uracil derivative containing guanidino and sulfate groups. It is also zwitterionic, making it highly water soluble. CYN is toxic to liver and kidney tissue and is thought to inhibit protein synthesis and to covalently modify DNA and/or RNA. It is not known whether cylindrospermopsin is a carcinogen, but it appears to have no tumour initiating activity in mice.
CYN was first discovered after an outbreak of a mystery disease on Palm Island, Queensland, Australia. The outbreak was traced back to a bloom of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in the local drinking water supply, and the toxin was subsequently identified. Analysis of the toxin led to a proposed chemical structure in 1992, which was revised after synthesis was achieved in 2000. Several analogues of CYN, both toxic and non-toxic, have been isolated or synthesised.
C. raciborskii has been observed mainly in tropical areas, however has also recently been discovered in temperate regions of Australia, North, South America, New Zealand and Europe. However, CYN-producing strain of C. raciborskii has not been identified in Europe, several other cyanobacteria species occurring across the continent are able to synthesize it.
Discovery
In 1979, 138 inhabitants of Palm Island, Queensland, Australia, were admitted to hospital, suffering various symptoms of gastroenteritis. All of these were childr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEAKS | PEAKS is a proteomics software program for tandem mass spectrometry designed for peptide sequencing, protein identification and quantification.
Description
PEAKS is commonly used for peptide identification (Protein ID) through de novo peptide sequencing assisted search engine database searching. PEAKS has also integrated PTM and mutation characterization through automatic peptide sequence tag based searching (SPIDER) and PTM Identification.
PEAKS provides a complete sequence for each peptide, confidence scores on individual amino acid assignments, simple reporting for high-throughput analysis, amongst other information.
The software has the ability to compare results of multiple search engines. PEAKS inChorus will cross check test results automatically with other protein ID search engines, like Sequest, OMSSA, X!Tandem and Mascot. This approach guards against false positive peptide assignments.
PEAKS Q is an add-on tool for protein quantification, supporting label (ICAT, iTRAQ, SILAC, TMT, 018, etc.) and label free techniques.
SPIDER is a sequence tag based search tool within PEAKS, which deals with the possible overlaps between the de novo sequencing errors and the homology mutations. It reconstructs the real peptide sequence by combining both the de novo sequence tag and the homolog, automatically and efficiently.
A collection of algorithms used within the PEAKS software have been adapted and configured into a specialized project, PEAKS AB, which has proven to be the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamata%27s%20inequality | In mathematics, Karamata's inequality, named after Jovan Karamata, also known as the majorization inequality, is a theorem in elementary algebra for convex and concave real-valued functions, defined on an interval of the real line. It generalizes the discrete form of Jensen's inequality, and generalizes in turn to the concept of Schur-convex functions.
Statement of the inequality
Let be an interval of the real line and let denote a real-valued, convex function defined on . If and are numbers in such that majorizes , then
Here majorization means that and satisfies
and we have the inequalities
and the equality
If is a strictly convex function, then the inequality () holds with equality if and only if we have for all .
Remarks
If the convex function is non-decreasing, then the proof of () below and the discussion of equality in case of strict convexity shows that the equality () can be relaxed to
The inequality () is reversed if is concave, since in this case the function is convex.
Example
The finite form of Jensen's inequality is a special case of this result. Consider the real numbers and let
denote their arithmetic mean. Then majorizes the -tuple , since the arithmetic mean of the largest numbers of is at least as large as the arithmetic mean of all the numbers, for every . By Karamata's inequality () for the convex function ,
Dividing by gives Jensen's inequality. The sign is reversed if is concave.
Proof of the inequality
We may as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast%20cyst | A breast cyst is a cyst, a fluid-filled sac, within the breast. One breast can have one or more cysts. They are often described as round or oval lumps with distinct edges. In texture, a breast cyst usually feels like a soft grape or a water-filled balloon, but sometimes a breast cyst feels firm.
Breast cysts can be painful and may be worrisome but are generally benign. They are most common in pre-menopausal women in their 30s or 40s. They usually disappear after menopause, but may persist or reappear when using hormone therapy. They are also common in adolescents.
Breast cysts can be part of fibrocystic disease. The pain and swelling is usually worse in the second half of the menstrual cycle or during pregnancy.
Treating breast cysts is usually not necessary unless they are painful or cause discomfort. In most cases, the discomfort they cause may be alleviated by draining the fluid from the cyst. The cysts form as a result of the growth of the milk glands. While some large cysts feel like lumps, most cysts cannot be identified during physical examinations.
Breast cysts are not to be confused with "milk cysts" (galactoceles), which usually appear during weaning.
Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of breast cysts include:
A smooth, easily movable round or oval breast lump with distinct edges
Breast pain or tenderness in the area of the lump
Increased lump size and tenderness just before menstruation
Decreased lump size and resolution of other signs and symptoms afte |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferential | Inferential may refer to:
Inferential statistics; see statistical inference
Inference (logic)
Inferential mood (grammar)
Inferential programming
Inferential role semantics
Inferential theory of learning
Informal inferential reasoning
Simple non-inferential passage |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Bone%20and%20Mineral%20Society | The International Bone and Mineral Society (IBMS) is a learned society in the field of bone and mineral metabolism, including osteoporosis and other diseases of bone.
History
IBMS started as the Parathyroid Conferences, a triennial event from 1960 to 1977.
In 1980, the group was incorporated in Quebec, Canada, under the name International Conferences on Calcium Regulating Hormones.
In 1995, the name was changed to IBMS and it was registered as a 501(c)(3) organization with headquarters in Washington, D.C., United States. IBMS holds annual scientific meetings and publishes the scientific journal Bone. IBMS also publishes IBMS BoneKEy, an open access website. BoneKEy Reports is the official online journal of the society.
See also
American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Australian and New Zealand Bone and Mineral Society
External links
Bone
BoneKEy
Charities based in Washington, D.C.
International scientific organizations
Osteology
Health charities in the United States
Scientific organizations established in 1980
Medical and health organizations based in Washington, D.C. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathowen | Rathowen () is a small village in County Westmeath, Ireland, on the N4 national primary route. Rathowen was designated as a census town by the Central Statistics Office for the first time in the 2016 census, at which time it had a population of 150 people.
The village is around 20 km northwest of Mullingar, 20 km southeast of Longford Town, and 100 km northwest of Dublin city centre.
Transport
Street and Rathowen railway station was opened on 1 August 1877 and finally closed on 17 June 1963.
See also
List of towns and villages in Ireland
References
Towns and villages in County Westmeath |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyn%20Amos | Martyn Amos is a Professor in the Department of Computer and Information Sciences at Northumbria University, working in natural computation, crowd simulation, DNA computing and synthetic biology. He was born in Hexham, Northumberland in 1971, brought up in Heddon-on-the-Wall, and attended school in Ponteland. He graduated with a degree in Computer Science from Coventry University in 1993 (which included an industrial placement working on the Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) Corporate Headquarters Office Technology System), before earning a Ph.D. in DNA computing in 1997, from the University of Warwick. He then held a Leverhulme Trust Special Research Fellowship at the University of Liverpool, before taking up permanent academic appointments at the University of Liverpool (2000–2002), the University of Exeter (2002–2006), and Manchester Metropolitan University (2006-2018). He is a Fellow of the British Computer Society (FBCS), an active contributor to the Speakers for Schools education charity, and a Trustee of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne (the Lit & Phil).
Bibliography
— The first general text to cover the whole field.
— A popular science style introduction to the topic.
— A collection of "science into fiction" short stories, based on the themes of "unconventional computing" and artificial life, with accompanying afterwords written by consultant scientists.
References
Living people
British computer scientists
Alumni of Coventry Un |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudslide%20%28disambiguation%29 | Mudslide is a colloquial term for mudflow, the most rapid and fluid type of earth movement.
Mudslide may also refer to:
Mudslide (EP), a 2000 EP by The Bluetones
"Mudslide" (Batman: The Animated Series), a 1993 episode of Batman: The Animated Series
Mudslide, a variation of a White Russian cocktail
"Mudslide", a song by Guys All-Star Shoe Band from A Prairie Home Companion soundtrack |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDO | TDO may refer to:
TDO connector, the telephone plug used in Austria.
The Delicious One, the mascot of the Wienerschnitzel restaurant
Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, an enzyme in the metabolism of tryptophan
Tricho–dento–osseous syndrome, a rare genetic disorder affecting hair, teeth, and bones.
Teen Dance Ordinance, a law in Seattle enacted after morality crusades against all-ages nightclubs. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ly49 | Ly49 is a family of membrane C-type lectin-like receptors expressed mainly on NK cells but also on other immune cells (some CD8+ and CD3+ T lymphocytes, intestinal epithelial lymphocytes (IELs), NKT cells, uterine NK cells (uNK) cells, macrophages or dendritic cells). Their primary role is to bind MHC-I molecules to distinguish between self healthy cells and infected or altered cells. Ly49 family is coded by Klra gene cluster and include genes for both inhibitory and activating paired receptors, but most of them are inhibitory. Inhibitory Ly49 receptors play a role in the recognition of self cells and thus maintain self-tolerance and prevent autoimmunity by suppressing NK cell activation. On the other hand, activating receptors recognise ligands from cancer or viral infected cells (induced-self hypothesis) and are used when cells lack or have abnormal expression of MHC-I molecules (missing-self hypothesis), which activate cytokine production and cytotoxic activity of NK and immune cells.
Ly49 receptors are expressed in some mammals including rodents, cattle, some primates but not in humans. Only one human gene homologous to rodent Ly49 receptors is found in the human genome, KLRA1P (LY49L), however, it represents a non-functional pseudogene. However killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) have the same function in humans. They have different molecular structure but recognise HLA class I molecules as ligands and include both inhibitory (mainly) and activating receptor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Reif | John H. Reif (born 1951) is an American academic, and Professor of Computer Science at Duke University, who has made contributions to large number of fields in computer science: ranging from algorithms and computational complexity theory to robotics. He has also published in many other scientific fields including chemistry (in particular, nanoscience), optics (in particular optical computing and design of head-mounted displays), and mathematics (in particular graph theory and game theory.
Biography
John Reif received a B.S. (magna cum laude) from Tufts University in 1973, a M.S. from Harvard University in 1975 and a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1977.
From 1983 to 1986 he was associate professor of Harvard University, and since 1986 he has been Professor of Computer Science at Duke University. Currently he holds the Hollis Edens Distinguished Professor, Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University. From 2011 to 2014 he was Distinguished Adjunct Professor, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology (FCIT), King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
He has also contributed to bringing together various disjoint research communities working in different areas of nano-sciences by organizing (as General Chairman) annual Conferences on "Foundations of Nanoscience: Self-assembled architectures and devices" (FNANO) for last 20 years.
He has been awarded Fellow of the following organizations: American Association for the Advancement of Science, IEEE, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLRA1 | Killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily A (KLRA, alternative nomenclature Ly49) is a gene cluster coding proteins from family Ly49, which are membrane receptors expressed mainly on the surface of NK cells and other cells of immune system in some mammals including rodents and cattle but not humans. Mouse Klra gene cluster is located on chromosome 6 and comprises 20-30 genes and pseudogenes, e.g. Klra1 (Ly49A). Klra gene family is highly polymorphic and polygenic and various mouse strains encode different number of Klra genes.
The homologous human KLRAP1 gene has been classified as a transcribed pseudogene because all associated transcripts are candidates for nonsense-mediated decay (NMD).
References
External links |
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