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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermophotonics | Thermophotonics (often abbreviated as TPX) is a concept for generating usable power from heat which shares some features of thermophotovoltaic (TPV) power generation. Thermophotonics was first publicly proposed by solar photovoltaic researcher Martin Green in 2000. However, no TPX device is known to have been demonstrated to date, apparently because of the stringent requirement on the emitter efficiency.
A TPX system consists of a light-emitting diode (LED) (though other types of emitters are conceivable), a photovoltaic (PV) cell, an optical coupling between the two, and an electronic control circuit. The LED is heated to a temperature higher than the PV temperature by an external heat source. If no power is applied to the LED, the system functions much like a very inefficient TPV system, but if a forward bias is applied at some fraction of the bandgap potential, an increased number of electron-hole pairs (EHPs) will be thermally excited to the bandgap energy. These EHPs can then recombine radiatively so that the LED emits light at a rate higher than the thermal radiation rate ("superthermal" emission). This light is then delivered to the cooler PV cell over the optical coupling and converted to electricity.
The control circuit presents a load to the PV cell (presumably at the maximum power point) and converts this voltage to a voltage level that can be used to sustain the bias of the emitter. Provided that the conversion efficiencies of electricity to light and light |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics%20%28journal%29 | Proteomics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering topics including whole proteome analysis of organisms, protein expression profiling, disease, pharmaceutical, agricultural and biotechnological applications, and analysis of cellular systems, organelles and protein complexes.
It is published by Wiley VCH and the current editor-in-chief is Lucie Kalvodova.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 3.984, ranking it 23rd out of 78 journals in the category "Biochemical Research Methods".
References
Academic journals established in 2006
English-language journals
Bimonthly journals
Proteomics journals
Wiley (publisher) academic journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial%20carrier | Mitochondrial carriers are proteins from solute carrier family 25 which transfer molecules across the membranes of the mitochondria. Mitochondrial carriers are also classified in the Transporter Classification Database. The Mitochondrial Carrier (MC) Superfamily has been expanded to include both the original Mitochondrial Carrier (MC) family (TC# 2.A.29) and the Mitochondrial Inner/Outer Membrane Fusion (MMF) family (TC# 1.N.6).
Phylogeny
Members of the MC family (SLC25) (TC# 2.A.29) are found exclusively in eukaryotic organelles although they are nuclearly encoded. Most are found in mitochondria, but some are found in peroxisomes of animals, in hydrogenosomes of anaerobic fungi, and in amyloplasts of plants.
SLC25 is the largest solute transporter family in humans. 53 members have been identified in human genome, 58 in A. thaliana and 35 in S. cerevisiae. The functions of approximately 30% of the human SLC25 proteins are unknown, but most of the yeast homologues have been functionally identified. See TCDB for functional assignments
Function
Many MC proteins preferentially catalyze the exchange of one solute for another (antiport). A variety of these substrate carrier proteins, which are involved in energy transfer, have been found in the inner membranes of mitochondria and other eukaryotic organelles such as the peroxisome and facilitate the transport of inorganic ions, nucleotides, amino acids, keto acids and cofactors across the membrane. Such proteins include:
ADP |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth%20factor-like%20domain | A growth factor-like domain (GFLD) is a protein domain structurally related to epidermal growth factor, which has a high binding affinity for the epidermal growth factor receptor. As structural domains within larger proteins, GFLD regions commonly bind calcium ions. A subtype present in the N-terminal region of the amyloid precursor protein is a member of the heparin-binding class of GFLDs and may itself have growth factor function, particularly in promoting neuronal development.
References
Protein domains |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane | Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) is an organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin. DDD is a metabolite of DDT. DDD is colorless and crystalline; it is closely related chemically and is similar in properties to DDT, but it is considered to be less toxic to animals than DDT. The molecular formula for DDD is (ClC6H4)2CHCHCl2 or C14H10Cl4, whereas the formula for DDT is (ClC6H4)2CHCCl3 or C14H9Cl5.
DDD is in the “Group B2” classification, meaning that it is a probable human carcinogen. This is based on an increased incidence of lung tumors in male and female mice, liver tumors in male mice, and thyroid tumors in male rats. A further basis is that DDD is similar to and is a metabolite of DDT, another probable human carcinogen.
DDD is no longer registered for agricultural use in the United States, but the general population continues to be exposed to it due to its long persistence time. The primary source of exposure is oral ingestion of food.
1946 is the date of the earliest recorded use in English of the abbreviation “DDD” to stand for dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, as far as could be determined.
Mitotane
If one of the p-chlorines in DDD is switched to ortho-position, the result is the chemotherapeutic agentmitotane. This is an example of a positional isomer.
Table of names
The following are synonyms for DDD:
References
“Chemicals: Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane.” The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database. MDI Biological Laboratory, 11 Apr. 2007 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby%20league%20sevens | Rugby league sevens (or simply sevens) is a seven-a-side derivative of rugby league football, which is usually a thirteen-a-side sport. The game is substantially the same as full rugby league, with some rule changes and shorter games. Sevens is usually played in festivals, as its shorter game play allows for a tournament to be completed in a day or over a single weekend.
As well as being played by club sides, rugby league sevens is particularly popular with social teams, formed in the workplace or from the patrons of a public house for example, as it is often difficult in these places to form a full squad of 13 players and four substitutes of regular players. Some tournaments prefer to play rugby league nines (rugby league with nine players on each side) to distinguish it from rugby union sevens.
History
The game of rugby sevens dates back to its invention by Ned Haig in Melrose in the Scottish Borders in 1883, just over a decade before the schism in rugby football in 1895, which led to the creation of rugby league and rugby union. However, rugby sevens did not spread outside Scotland before the 1920s. That said, the larger part of Scotland's rugby league players have come from Borders backgrounds.
The record rugby league sevens attendance remains the 80,000 that attended a 1933 match between Australia and England at Roundhay Park in Leeds. This match was also attended by English royalty.
The first rugby league sevens tournament was played in Australia in 1961.
The major |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Mallee | East Mallee is a statistical subdivision defined under the Australian Standard Geographical Classification, and therefore used by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. It is one of three subdivisions of the Mallee statistical division of the Australian state of Victoria. It consists of four statistical local areas: Gannawarra (S), Swan Hill (RC) - Central, Swan Hill (RC) - Robinvale and Swan Hill (RC) Bal.
References
External links
Demographics of Australia
Geography of Victoria (state) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-ketoacyl-ACP%20synthase | In molecular biology, Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase , is an enzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis. It typically uses malonyl-CoA as a carbon source to elongate ACP-bound acyl species, resulting in the formation of ACP-bound β-ketoacyl species such as acetoacetyl-ACP.
Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase is a highly conserved enzyme that is found in almost all life on earth as a domain in fatty acid synthase (FAS). FAS exists in two types, aptly named type I and II. In animals, fungi, and lower eukaryotes, Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthases make up one of the catalytic domains of larger multifunctional proteins (Type I), whereas in most prokaryotes as well as in plastids and mitochondria, Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthases are separate protein chains that usually form dimers (Type II).
Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III, perhaps the most well known of this family of enzymes, catalyzes a Claisen condensation between acetyl CoA and malonyl ACP. The image below reveals how CoA fits in the active site as a substrate of synthase III.
Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthases I and II only catalyze acyl-ACP reactions with malonyl ACP. Synthases I and II are capable of producing long-chain acyl-ACPs. Both are efficient up to acyl-ACPs with a 14 carbon chain, at which point synthase II is the more efficient choice for further carbon additions. Type I FAS catalyzes all the reactions necessary to create palmitic acid, which is a necessary function in animals for metabolic processes, one of which includes the formation of sphin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Hydroxyacyl%20ACP%20dehydrase | 3-Hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase is an enzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis.
External links
References |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%2C4%20Dienoyl-CoA%20reductase | 2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase also known as DECR1 is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the DECR1 gene which resides on chromosome 8. This enzyme catalyzes the following reactions
DECR1 participates in the beta oxidation and metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty enoyl-CoA esters. Specifically, it catalyzes the reduction of 2,4 dienoyl-CoA thioesters of varying length by NADPH cofactor to 3-trans-enoyl-CoA of equivalent length. Unlike the breakdown of saturated fat, cis and trans polyunsaturated fatty acid degradation requires three additional enzymes to generate a product compatible with the standard beta oxidation pathway. DECR is the second such enzyme (the others being enoyl CoA isomerase and dienoyl CoA isomerase) and is the rate limiting step in this auxiliary flow. DECR is capable of reducing both 2-trans,4-cis-dienoyl-CoA and 2-trans,4-trans-dienoyl-CoA thioesters with equal efficiency. This is unusual, since most enzymes are highly stereoselective or stereospecific. There is no clear explanation for DECR's of lack of stereospecificity.
Structure
Eukaryotic DECR exists in both the mitochondria (mDECR) and the peroxisome (pDECR, coded by gene DECR2). The enzymes from each organelle are homologous and part of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase SDR super-family. mDECR is 124 kDa consisting of 335 amino acids before post-translational modification. The secondary structure shares many of the motifs of SDR, including a Rossmann fold for strong NADPH binding. The prot |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis%20brenneri | Caenorhabditis brenneri is a small nematode, closely related to the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. Its genome is being sequenced by Washington University in St. Louis Genome Sequencing Center. This species has previously been referred to as C. sp 4 and Caenorhabditis sp. CB5161, but was recently formally described and given its scientific name. This name is in honor of Sydney Brenner, recognizing his pioneering role in starting active research in the field of C. elegans biology and development.
This species can hybridize with Caenorhabditis remanei, but only when C. remanei males mate with C. brenneri females, and then the offspring are apparently sterile.
This species groups with C. doughertyi in the 'Elegans' supergroup in phylogenetic studies.
References
External links
Nematodes described in 2007
brenneri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnesyl-diphosphate%20farnesyltransferase | Squalene synthase (SQS) or farnesyl-diphosphate:farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyl transferase is an enzyme localized to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. SQS participates in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, catalyzing a two-step reaction in which two identical molecules of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) are converted into squalene, with the consumption of NADPH. Catalysis by SQS is the first committed step in sterol synthesis, since the squalene produced is converted exclusively into various sterols, such as cholesterol, via a complex, multi-step pathway. SQS belongs to squalene/phytoene synthase family of proteins.
Diversity
Squalene synthase has been characterized in animals, plants, and yeast. In terms of structure and mechanics, squalene synthase closely resembles phytoene synthase (PHS), another prenyltransferase. PHS serves a similar role to SQS in plants and bacteria, catalyzing the synthesis of phytoene, a precursor of carotenoid compounds.
Structure
Squalene synthase (SQS) is localized exclusively to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). SQS is anchored to the membrane by a short C-terminal membrane-spanning domain. The N-terminal catalytic domain of the enzyme protrudes into the cytosol, where the soluble substrates are bound. Mammalian forms of SQS are approximately 47kDa and consist of ~416 amino acids. The crystal structure of human SQS was determined in 2000, and revealed that the protein was composed entirely of α-helices. The enzym |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%2C3-Oxidosqualene | (S)-2,3-Oxidosqualene ((S)-2,3-epoxysqualene) is an intermediate in the synthesis of the cell membrane sterol precursors lanosterol and cycloartenol, as well as saponins. It is formed when squalene is oxidized by the enzyme squalene monooxygenase. 2,3-Oxidosqualene is the substrate of various oxidosqualene cyclases, including lanosterol synthase, which produces lanosterol, a precursor to cholesterol.
The stereoisomer 2,3-(R)-oxidosqualene is an inhibitor of lanosterol synthase.
References
External links
Oxidosqualene cyclase, PDB December 2007 Molecule of the Month
Epoxides
Triterpenes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squalene%20monooxygenase | Squalene monooxygenase (also called squalene epoxidase) is a eukaryotic enzyme that uses NADPH and diatomic oxygen to oxidize squalene to 2,3-oxidosqualene (squalene epoxide). Squalene epoxidase catalyzes the first oxygenation step in sterol biosynthesis and is thought to be one of the rate-limiting enzymes in this pathway. In humans, squalene epoxidase is encoded by the SQLE gene.
Several eukaryote genomes lack a squalene monooxygenase encoding gene, but instead encode an alternative squalene epoxidase that performs the same task.
Mechanism
The canonical squalene monooxygenase is a flavoprotein monooxygenase. Flavoprotein monooxygenase form flavin hydroperoxides at the enzyme active site, which then transfer the terminal oxygen atom of the hydroperoxide to the substrate. Squalene monooxygenase differs from other flavin monooxygenases in that the oxygen is inserted into the substrate as an epoxide rather than as a hydroxyl group. This enzyme contains a loosely bound FAD flavin and obtains electrons from NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, rather than binding NADPH directly. The alternative squalene epoxidase belongs to the fatty acid hydroxylase superfamily and obtains electrons from cytochrome b5.
Inhibitors
Inhibitors of squalene epoxidase have found application mainly as antifungal drugs:
butenafine
naftifine
terbinafine
Since squalene epoxidase is on the biosynthetic pathway leading to cholesterol, inhibitors of this enzyme may also find application in treatment o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanosterol%20synthase | Lanosterol synthase () is an oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) enzyme that converts (S)-2,3-oxidosqualene to a protosterol cation and finally to lanosterol. Lanosterol is a key four-ringed intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis. In humans, lanosterol synthase is encoded by the LSS gene.
In eukaryotes, lanosterol synthase is an integral monotopic protein associated with the cytosolic side of the endoplasmic reticulum. Some evidence suggests that the enzyme is a soluble, non-membrane bound protein in the few prokaryotes that produce it.
Due to the enzyme's role in cholesterol biosynthesis, there is interest in lanosterol synthase inhibitors as potential cholesterol-reducing drugs, to complement existing statins.
Mechanism
Though some data on the mechanism has been obtained by the use of suicide inhibitors, mutagenesis studies, and homology modeling, it is still not fully understood how the enzyme catalyzes the formation of lanosterol.
Initial epoxide protonation and ring opening
Before the acquisition of the protein's X-ray crystal structure, site-directed mutagenesis was used to determine residues key to the enzyme's catalytic activity. It was determined that an aspartic acid residue (D455) and two histidine residues (H146 and H234) were essential to enzyme function. Corey et al. hypothesized that the aspartic acid acts by protonating the substrate's epoxide ring, thus increasing its susceptibility to intramolecular attack by the nearest double bond, with H146 possibly inten |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Symposium%20on%20Physical%20Design | The International Symposium on Physical Design, or ISPD is a yearly conference on the topic of electronic design automation, concentrating on algorithms for the physical design of integrated circuits. It is typically held in April of each year, in a city in the western United States. It is sponsored by the SIGDA of the Association for Computing Machinery and the IEEE Council on Electronic Design Automation (CEDA).
ISPD is purely a technical conference with no associated trade show.
See also
Design Automation Conference
International Conference on Computer-Aided Design
Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference
Design Automation and Test in Europe
References
External links
Main web page for the ISPD conference
IEEE conferences
Electronic design automation conferences
Association for Computing Machinery conferences |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanosterol%2014%20alpha-demethylase | Lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51A1) is the animal version of a cytochrome P450 enzyme that is involved in the conversion of lanosterol to 4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),14,24-trien-3β-ol. The cytochrome P450 isoenzymes are a conserved group of proteins that serve as key players in the metabolism of organic substances and the biosynthesis of important steroids, lipids, and vitamins in eukaryotes. As a member of this family, lanosterol 14α-demethylase is responsible for an essential step in the biosynthesis of sterols. In particular, this protein catalyzes the removal of the C-14α-methyl group from lanosterol. This demethylation step is regarded as the initial checkpoint in the transformation of lanosterol to other sterols that are widely used within the cell.
Evolution
The structural and functional properties of the cytochrome P450 superfamily have been subject to extensive diversification over the course of evolution. Recent estimates indicate that there are currently 10 classes and 267 families of CYP proteins. It is believed that 14α-demethylase or CYP51 diverged early in the cytochrome's evolutionary history and has preserved its function ever since; namely, the removal of the 14α-methyl group from sterol substrates.
Although CYP51's mode of action has been well conserved, the protein's sequence varies considerably between biological kingdoms. CYP51 sequence comparisons between kingdoms reveal only a 22-30% similarity in amino acid composition.
Structure
Although the str |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraction%20%28operator%20theory%29 | In operator theory, a bounded operator T: X → Y between normed vector spaces X and Y is said to be a contraction if its operator norm ||T || ≤ 1. This notion is a special case of the concept of a contraction mapping, but every bounded operator becomes a contraction after suitable scaling. The analysis of contractions provides insight into the structure of operators, or a family of operators. The theory of contractions on Hilbert space is largely due to Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy and Ciprian Foias.
Contractions on a Hilbert space
If T is a contraction acting on a Hilbert space , the following basic objects associated with T can be defined.
The defect operators of T are the operators DT = (1 − T*T)½ and DT* = (1 − TT*)½. The square root is the positive semidefinite one given by the spectral theorem. The defect spaces and are the closure of the ranges Ran(DT) and Ran(DT*) respectively. The positive operator DT induces an inner product on . The inner product space can be identified naturally with Ran(DT). A similar statement holds for .
The defect indices of T are the pair
The defect operators and the defect indices are a measure of the non-unitarity of T.
A contraction T on a Hilbert space can be canonically decomposed into an orthogonal direct sum
where U is a unitary operator and Γ is completely non-unitary in the sense that it has no non-zero reducing subspaces on which its restriction is unitary. If U = 0, T is said to be a completely non-unitary contraction. A special |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin%20Stern | Melvin Ernest Stern (January 22, 1929 – February 2, 2010) was a U.S. academic oceanographer who focused on fluid dynamics. He served as the Ekman Professor of Oceanography at Florida State University and was an elected member of both the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Dr. Stern was the first researcher in the world to mathematically describe salt fingering, a phenomenon produced by Double diffusive convection.
Biography
Born January 22, 1929, and a native of New York City, Melvin received his B.E.E. degree in Electrical Engineering from Cooper Union in 1950; a M.S. in Physics from Illinois Tech in 1952; and a Ph.D. in Meteorology from M.I.T. in 1956.
He began his career at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution as a research assistant in Physics from 1951- 1952. On military leave to serve in the Air Force from 1952-1957, he returned to WHOI in the same position from 1957- 1964. He went on to join the faculty at the Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island in 1964 and then to Florida State University in 1987 where he was a professor for many years.
A pioneer in his field, Melvin was one of the founders of the WHOI Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (GFD) program, which he continued to attend through 2004. He returned for the program's 50th year celebration in 2008 and then again in 2009 to deliver a lecture at a special dinner for Lou Howard. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1998.
Melvin Stern di |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGT | LGT may refer to:
LGT Group, royal family-owned private banking and asset management company
Locomotiv GT, a Hungarian rock band
Lateral gene transfer
Last Generation Theology
ICAO airline code of Longtail Aviation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20birds%20of%20Colombia | This is a list of the bird species recorded in Colombia. According to the South American Classification Committee (SACC) of the American Ornithological Society (AOS), the avifauna of Colombia has 1867 confirmed species. Of them, 84 are endemic, three have been introduced by humans, and 65 are rare or vagrants. One of the endemic species is believed to be extinct. An additional 37 species are hypothetical (see below).
The Colombian province of San Andrés and Providencia is much closer to Nicaragua than to the South American mainland, so the SACC does not address records there. A 2015 publication adds 17 species whose only Colombian records are from that province and also five species to the mainland list. Three of the 17 are also considered hypothetical. A 2020 publication adds four more species (one offshore sighting, two vagrants to the mainland, and one vagrant to San Andrés and Providencia). (The SACC does not address records from more than 200 miles offshore.) Another vagrant species whose published record has not been evaluated by the SACC is also included.
The total number of species presented here is 1930. Of them, 87 are endemic and 70 are vagrants.
Unless noted otherwise, the list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families, and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) are those of the SACC.
The following tags have been used to highlight several categories.
(V) Vagrant - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Colo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WVOT | WVOT (1420 AM) was a radio station licensed to and located in Wilson, North Carolina, United States. The FCC assigned frequency was 1420 kHz. The station operated at 1,000 Watts non-directional by day, and 500 watts directional at night, largely on a north-facing axis.
Programming
The station's final format was urban contemporary gospel. Past formats have included talk, Carolina beach music, oldies, adult contemporary, contemporary hit radio, and block programming. The station's call letters originally stood for W-V(oice)-O(f)-T(obbacoland.)
History
WVOT signed on in June 1948.
Career Communications bought WVOT in 1990.
In 1997, Career Communications sold the station to Al Taylor's Taylor Group Broadcasting. During this time, the call letters were changed to WALQ.
On November 9, 2017, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) informed WVOT that it had received a complaint on September 9 that the station had not operated since 2011 (broadcast stations are required to return to the air within a year of going silent), and ordered it to provide information about its operations since the expiration of its most recent special temporary authority authorization on August 29, 2014. The station did not respond to the operational status inquiry, and its license was cancelled on December 19, 2017.
WRDU-FM
In 1984, Century Communications sold WVOT & WXYY to Voyager Communications. The FM was moved to Raleigh and the call letters were changed to WRDU. A new tower site for WRDU (no |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooled%20variance | In statistics, pooled variance (also known as combined variance, composite variance, or overall variance, and written ) is a method for estimating variance of several different populations when the mean of each population may be different, but one may assume that the variance of each population is the same. The numerical estimate resulting from the use of this method is also called the pooled variance.
Under the assumption of equal population variances, the pooled sample variance provides a higher precision estimate of variance than the individual sample variances. This higher precision can lead to increased statistical power when used in statistical tests that compare the populations, such as the t-test.
The square root of a pooled variance estimator is known as a pooled standard deviation (also known as combined standard deviation, composite standard deviation, or overall standard deviation).
Motivation
In statistics, many times, data are collected for a dependent variable, y, over a range of values for the independent variable, x. For example, the observation of fuel consumption might be studied as a function of engine speed while the engine load is held constant. If, in order to achieve a small variance in y, numerous repeated tests are required at each value of x, the expense of testing may become prohibitive. Reasonable estimates of variance can be determined by using the principle of pooled variance after repeating each test at a particular x only a few times.
D |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20birds%20of%20Chile | This is a list of the bird species recorded in Chile. Unless otherwise noted, the list is that of the South American Classification Committee (SACC) of the American Ornithological Society. The SACC list includes species recorded in mainland Chile, on the Chilean islands of the Cape Horn area, on other islands and waters near the mainland, and on and around the Juan Fernández Islands. The list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families, and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) are also those of the SACC.
According to the SACC, the avifauna of Chile has 525 confirmed species, of which 12 are endemic, 128 are rare or vagrants, six have been introduced by humans, and one is extinct. An additional seven species are hypothetical (see below). Thirty-five of the species on the Chilean SACC list are globally threatened.
The following tags have been used to highlight several categories.
(V) Vagrant - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Chile
(E) Endemic - a species endemic to Chile
(I) Introduced - a species introduced to Chile as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions
(H) Hypothetical - a species recorded but with "no tangible evidence" according to the SACC
Rheas
Order: RheiformesFamily: Rheidae
The rheas are large flightless birds native to South America. Their feet have three toes rather than four which allows them to run faster. One species has been recorded in Chile.
Lesser rhea, Rhea pennata
Tinamou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costeff%20syndrome | Costeff syndrome, or 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type III, is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the OPA3 gene. It is typically associated with the onset of visual deterioration (optic atrophy) in early childhood followed by the development of movement problems and motor disability in later childhood, occasionally along with mild cases of cognitive deficiency. The disorder is named after Hanan Costeff, the doctor who first described the syndrome in 1989.
Signs and symptoms
The characteristic symptom of Costeff syndrome is the onset of progressively worsening eyesight caused by degeneration of the optic nerve (optic atrophy) within the first few years of childhood, with the majority of affected individuals also developing motor disabilities later in childhood. Occasionally, people with Costeff syndrome may also experience mild cognitive disability.
It is type of 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, the hallmark of which is an increased level in the urinary concentrations of 3-methylglutaconic acid and 3-methylglutaric acid; this can allow diagnosis as early as at one year of age.
Those with Costeff syndrome typically experience the first symptoms of visual deterioration within the first few years of childhood, which manifests as the onset of progressively decreasing visual acuity. This decrease tends to continue with age, even after childhood.
The majority of people with Costeff syndrome develop movement problems and motor disabilities later in childhood, the two most sig |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVX | HVX may refer to:
Hexagon Vector eXtensions (HVX), Digital Signal Processor (DSP) extensions for Qualcomm Hexagon DSP
Hosta virus X, a contagious disease affecting hosta plants
Panasonic AG-HVX200, a digital video camera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem%20bromelain | Stem bromelain (SBM) (EC 3.4.22.32), a proteolytic enzyme, is a widely accepted phytotherapeutical drug member of the bromelain family of proteolytic enzymes obtained from Ananas comosus. Some of the therapeutic uses of SBM are reversible inhibition of platelet aggregation, angina pectoris, bronchitis, sinusitis, surgical traumas, thrombophlebitis, pyelonephritis and enhanced absorption of drugs, particularly of antibiotics. Its anti-metastasis and anti-inflammatory activities are apparently independent of its proteolytic activity. Although poorly understood, the diverse pleiotrophic effects of SBM seem to depend on its ability to traverse the membrane barrier, a very unusual property of this protein.
References
External links
EC 3.4.22 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit%20bromelain | Fruit bromelain (, juice bromelain, ananase, Bromelase (a trademark), bromelin, extranase, pinase, pineapple enzyme, traumanase, fruit bromelain FA2) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Hydrolysis of proteins with broad specificity for peptide bonds. Bz-Phe-Val-Arg-NHMec is a good synthetic substrate
This enzyme is isolated from pineapple plant, Ananas comosus.
See also
Bromelain
References
External links
EC 3.4.22 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpain-1 | Calpain-1 (, mu-calpain, calcium-activated neutral protease I) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Broad endopeptidase specificity
This enzyme belongs to the peptidase family C2.
See also
CAPN1
References
External links
EC 3.4.22 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpain-2 | Calpain-2 (, calcium-activated neutral protease II, m-calpain, milli-calpain) is an intracellular heterodimeric calcium-activated cysteine protease. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Broad endopeptidase specificity
This enzyme belongs to the peptidase family C2. It is one of 15 proteins in the calpain family.
Structure
Calpain-2 is a heterodimer of a catalytic subunit encoded by CAPN2 gene and a regulatory subunit CAPNS1. The catalytic subunit consists of four domains: protease core 1 domain (PC1), protease core 2 domain (PC2), calpain-type beta-sandwich-like domain (CBSW), and penta EF-hand domain (PEF(L)). The catalytic cleft is formed by PC1 and PC2 upon calcium binding. The catalytic triad consists of residues C105, H262, and N286. Noteworthy, CAPN2 also contains an N-terminal anchor helix, which however is cleaved off upon protease activation. It is believed to play a role in a regulation of catalytic activity.
The regulatory subunit consists of two domains: a glycine-rich domain (GR), and penta EF-hand domain (PEF(S)). The interaction of PEF(S) and PEF(L) through an unpaired EF-hand motif causes dimerization of the two subunits. Calpain-2 heterodimer is highly homologous to calpain-1, which is formed by a catalytic CAPN1 and a regulatory CAPNS1 subunits.
Properties
There is no known consensus sequence for calpain-2 proteolysis, but there is evidence for over 130 potential substrates. Proteolytic cleavage by calpain-2 is regulated by presence |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndecan | Syndecans are single transmembrane domain proteins that are thought to act as coreceptors, especially for G protein-coupled receptors. More specifically, these core proteins carry three to five heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate chains, i.e. they are proteoglycans, which allow for interaction with a large variety of ligands including fibroblast growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta, fibronectin and antithrombin-1. Interactions between fibronectin and some syndecans can be modulated by the extracellular matrix protein tenascin C.
Family members and Structure
The syndecan protein family has four members. Syndecans 1 and 3 and syndecans 2 and 4, making up separate subfamilies, arose by gene duplication and divergent evolution from a single ancestral gene.
The syndecan numbers reflect the order in which the cDNAs for each family member were cloned. All syndecans have an N-terminal signal peptide, an ectodomain, a single hydrophobic transmembrane domain, and a short C-terminal cytoplasmic domain. All syndecans are anchored to plasma membrane via a 24-25 amino acid long hydrophobic transmembrane domain, in contrast to another type of cell surface proteoglycans that attaches to cell membrane using a glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol linkage. The most obvious differences between syndecans include
(together with differences in distribution) the subclassification
of the family depending on the existence of GAG binding
sites either at bo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitali%20Volkov | Vitali Vladimirovich Volkov (, born 22 March 1981) is a former Russian footballer.
Club career
He finished as top scorer in the UEFA Intertoto Cup 2007.
Career statistics
Notes
References
External links
Tom' Tomsk profile
Living people
Footballers from Moscow
1981 births
Russian men's footballers
Russia men's youth international footballers
Russia men's under-21 international footballers
FC Rubin Kazan players
FC Torpedo Moscow players
FC Tom Tomsk players
Russian Premier League players
Kazakhstan Premier League players
FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod players
Russian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Kazakhstan
FC Tobol players
FC Okzhetpes players
Men's association football midfielders
FC Aktobe players |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotropic%20quadratic%20form | In mathematics, a quadratic form over a field F is said to be isotropic if there is a non-zero vector on which the form evaluates to zero. Otherwise the quadratic form is anisotropic. More explicitly, if q is a quadratic form on a vector space V over F, then a non-zero vector v in V is said to be isotropic if . A quadratic form is isotropic if and only if there exists a non-zero isotropic vector (or null vector) for that quadratic form.
Suppose that is quadratic space and W is a subspace of V. Then W is called an isotropic subspace of V if some vector in it is isotropic, a totally isotropic subspace if all vectors in it are isotropic, and an anisotropic subspace if it does not contain any (non-zero) isotropic vectors. The of a quadratic space is the maximum of the dimensions of the totally isotropic subspaces.
A quadratic form q on a finite-dimensional real vector space V is anisotropic if and only if q is a definite form:
either q is positive definite, i.e. for all non-zero v in V ;
or q is negative definite, i.e. for all non-zero v in V.
More generally, if the quadratic form is non-degenerate and has the signature , then its isotropy index is the minimum of a and b. An important example of an isotropic form over the reals occurs in pseudo-Euclidean space.
Hyperbolic plane
Let F be a field of characteristic not 2 and . If we consider the general element of V, then the quadratic forms and are equivalent since there is a linear transformation on V that makes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myles%20Hollander | Myles Hollander (born March 21, 1941) is an American academic statistician who has made research contributions to nonparametric methods, biostatistics, and reliability. He was born in Brooklyn, New York. He is Emeritus and Robert O. Lawton Distinguished Professor of Statistics at Florida State University. He is a Fellow of the American Statistical Association, the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, and the International Statistical Institute.
References
External links
Florida State University faculty profile
Florida State University faculty
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Living people
1941 births |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASK-FM | WASK-FM, "98.7 WASK" is an FM radio station licensed to the city of Battle Ground, Indiana. The station operates on the FM radio frequency of 98.7 MHz, FM channel 254. . The studios are located at 3575 McCarty Lane in Lafayette, Indiana. The tower is located on South 30th Street in Lafayette, Indiana.
History
WASK-FM signed on the air in late 1992 as WIIZ, 98.7 The Wizard, featuring an Adult album alternative or Triple A format. The original owners, Wizard Broadcasting, called the station a clone of Chicago's WXRT, which featured similar programming. The station had a loyal following during its short existence. However, due to the station being a standalone FM and given the fact that this was immediately before the modern rock revolution of the mid- to late-1990s, the station went bankrupt and shut down.
In 1994, WASK, Inc., owners of country music outlet, WASK-FM (K105) and news/talk station WASK (1450) acquired the defunct station and returned it to the air. Initially WIIZ, went back on the air with alternative rock, but in March 1995, the station acquired 105.3's WASK-FM calls and became a news/talk simulcast of the company's AM 1450. The Newstalk WASK simulcast was a success for 98.7, featuring high-profile national personalities such as Rush Limbaugh and G. Gordon Liddy, then-rising syndicated "hot talk" personality Tom Leykis as well as local morning (Don Pratt) and afternoon drive (Ski Anderson/Jim Walsh)programs. In fact, the simulcast garnered the highest |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBK | IBK may refer to:
Hwaseong IBK Altos, a women's professional volleyball club in South Korea
ÍBK (Íþróttabandalag Keflavíkur), an Icelandic sports club now known as Keflavík ÍF
Ibk algorithm, implements the k-nearest neighbor algorithm
Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta (1945–2022), former president and prime minister of Mali
Industrial Bank of Korea, a bank headquartered in Seoul, South Korea
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, an infection of cattle caused by a rod shaped bacterium
Innsbruck Airport, an airport in Tyrol in western Austria
Innsbruck, city in Tyrol in western Austria, Abbreviation commonly used in slang speech and social media |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellacyanin | Stellacyanin is a member of the blue or type I copper protein family. This family of copper proteins is generally involved in electron transfer reactions with the Cu center transitioning between the oxidized Cu(II) form and the reduced Cu(I) form. Stellacyanin is ubiquitous among vascular seed plants.
Structure
Stellacyanin’s spectroscopic properties help us differentiate it from plastocyanin, which is another monocopper blue protein found in plants. It is a 20kDa protein whose structure is made up of beta strands forming two beta sheets to form a Greek key beta barrel with variable alpha helical structure. The copper binding domain of the protein is located at the amino-terminal end, while the carboxyl-terminal end is rich in hydroxyproline and serine residues, typical of proteins associated with cell walls of plants. In addition, it is also heavily glycosylated. The copper is tetrahedrally coordinated by a cysteine, 2 histidines, and a glutamine residue. The glutamine residue takes place of a methionine ligand typically found in other blue copper proteins. In addition, electron transfer rates for stellacyanin are faster than for other type I copper proteins suggesting stellacyanin is more solvent accessible at the active site. The exact function of stellacyanin is unknown. However, given the fact that type I copper proteins are involved in electron transfer and stellacyanin appears to be associated with the plant cell wall, it is suggested that it is involved in oxid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20L | Protein L was first isolated from the surface of bacterial species Peptostreptococcus magnus and was found to bind immunoglobulins through L chain interaction, from which the name was suggested. It consists of 719 amino acid residues. The molecular weight of Protein L purified from the cell walls of Peptostreptoccus magnus was first estimated as 95kD by SDS-PAGE in the presence of reducing agent 2-mercaptoethanol, while the molecular weight was determined to 76kD by gel chromotography in the presence of 6 M guanidine HCl. Protein L does not contain any interchain disulfide loops, nor does it consist of disulfide-linked subunits. It is an acidic molecule with a pI of 4.0. Unlike Protein A and Protein G, which bind to the Fc region of immunoglobulins (antibodies), Protein L binds antibodies through light chain interactions. Since no part of the heavy chain is involved in the binding interaction, Protein L binds a wider range of antibody classes than Protein A or G. Protein L binds to representatives of all antibody classes, including IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and IgD. Single chain variable fragments (scFv) and Fab fragments also bind to Protein L.
Despite this wide binding range, Protein L is not a universal antibody-binding protein. Protein L binding is restricted to those antibodies that contain kappa light chains. In humans and mice, most antibody molecules contain kappa (κ) light chains and the remainder have lambda (λ) light chains. Protein L is only effective in binding certain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian%20Bureau%20of%20Statistics | The Croatian Bureau of Statistics ( or DZS) is the Croatian national statistics bureau.
History
The bureau was formed in 1875 in Austria-Hungary as the Zemaljski statistički ured for the Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia.
In 1924, the bureau was renamed to the Statistical Office in Zagreb (Statistički ured u Zagrebu). In 1929, after royal monarchy was proclaimed in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes the bureau lost its financial and technical independence.
In 1939 with the formation of the Banovina of Croatia, the office was made subject to the presidential office on the Ban's administration. In 1941 the Independent State of Croatia was formed and an Office of General State Statistics existed during this time under the control of the presidential government.
In 1945 the Statistical Office of the People's Republic of Croatia was formed. In 1951 it was renamed to the Bureau of Statistics and Evidence, in 1956 to the Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of Croatia and in 1963 to the Republican Bureau for Statistics of the Socialist Republic of Croatia.
The bureau was independent during this time, but was subordinated to the Yugoslavian Federal Bureau for Statistics.
Upon Croatian independence, the Central Bureau of Statistics was made the highest statistical body in the nation.
Work
The bureau collects and processes data for the Republic of Croatia. Among other things, the bureau conducts the Croatian census.
The Bureau keeps records on Croatian |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive-additive%20algorithm | In the studies of Fourier optics, sound synthesis, stellar interferometry, optical tweezers, and diffractive optical elements (DOEs) it is often important to know the spatial frequency phase of an observed wave source. In order to reconstruct this phase the Adaptive-Additive Algorithm (or AA algorithm), which derives from a group of adaptive (input-output) algorithms, can be used. The AA algorithm is an iterative algorithm that utilizes the Fourier Transform to calculate an unknown part of a propagating wave, normally the spatial frequency phase (k space). This can be done when given the phase’s known counterparts, usually an observed amplitude (position space) and an assumed starting amplitude (k space). To find the correct phase the algorithm uses error conversion, or the error between the desired and the theoretical intensities.
The algorithm
History
The adaptive-additive algorithm was originally created to reconstruct the spatial frequency phase of light intensity in the study of stellar interferometry. Since then, the AA algorithm has been adapted to work in the fields of Fourier Optics by Soifer and Dr. Hill, soft matter and optical tweezers by Dr. Grier, and sound synthesis by Röbel.
Algorithm
Define input amplitude and random phase
Forward Fourier Transform
Separate transformed amplitude and phase
Compare transformed amplitude/intensity to desired output amplitude/intensity
Check convergence conditions
Mix transformed amplitude with desired output amplitude |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndesis | Syndesis may refer to:
Arthrodesis, in orthopedic surgery
Synapsis, in cell biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoscape | Cytoscape is an open source bioinformatics software platform for visualizing molecular interaction networks and integrating with gene expression profiles and other state data. Additional features are available as plugins. Plugins are available for network and molecular profiling analyses, new layouts, additional file format support and connection with databases and searching in large networks. Plugins may be developed using the Cytoscape open Java software architecture by anyone and plugin community development is encouraged. Cytoscape also has a JavaScript-centric sister project named Cytoscape.js that can be used to analyse and visualise graphs in JavaScript environments, like a browser.
History
Cytoscape was originally created at the Institute of Systems Biology in Seattle in 2002. Now, it is developed by an international consortium of open source developers. Cytoscape was initially made public in July, 2002 (v0.8); the second release (v0.9) was in November, 2002, and v1.0 was released in March 2003. Version 1.1.1 is the last stable release for the 1.0 series. Version 2.0 was initially released in 2004; Cytoscape 2.83, the final 2.xx version, was released in May 2012. Version 3.0 was released Feb 1, 2013, and the latest version, 3.4.0, was released in May 2016.
Development
The Cytoscape core developer team continues to work on this project and released Cytoscape 3.0 in 2013. This represented a major change in the Cytoscape architecture; it is a more modularized, ex |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance%20Wax | Renaissance Wax is a brand of microcrystalline wax polish used in antique restoration and museum conservation around the world. Commonly used to polish and conserve metal objects, it is also used on gemstones and such organic materials as wood, ivory, and tortoiseshell. The product is sometimes used by reenactors to protect armor and weapons. Waxes are more protective and longer-lasting than oil, especially for swords and helmets that are frequently touched by human hands. It has recently been introduced in the world of guitar building, as a finish that protects and gives colour to the wood.
Wax coatings for conservation are most widely, and least controversially, applied to metals. This has several objectives: to produce a barrier that excludes moisture and oxygen from the metal surface, to preclude the introduction of contaminating elements by handling, and to provide a protective layer over anti-corrosion undercoatings.
Microcrystalline waxes used on ethnographic metal objects are discouraged, as they may require extensive treatment for removal.
Renaissance wax is used to protect metals such as silver, brass and copper from tarnishing, on collections of all types of metals (old coins, locks and keys, arms and armour both original and replica), on both the wood and metal surfaces of vintage cars and musical instruments, on bronze sculptures inside the home and outside exposed to the elements, on marble and granite worktops to prevent staining and on smooth leather item |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H1299 | H1299, also known as NCI-H1299 or CRL-5803, is a human non-small cell lung carcinoma cell line derived from the lymph node, which is widely used in research.
As with other immortalized cell lines, H1299 cells can divide indefinitely. These cells have a homozygous partial deletion of the TP53 gene and as a result, do not express the tumor suppressor p53 protein which in part accounts for their proliferative propensity. These cells have also been reported to secrete the peptide hormone neuromedin B (NMB), but not gastrin releasing peptide (GRP).
References
External links
Cellosaurus entry for H1299
Human cell lines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillman%20diet | The Stillman Diet is a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet that was created in 1967 by physician Irwin Maxwell Stillman (1896–1975).
Overview
Stillman and Samm Sinclair Baker co-authored the book The Doctor's Quick Weight Loss Diet that first advertised the Stillman Diet in 1967. The animal based high-protein diet includes lean beef, veal, chicken, turkey, fish, eggs and non-fat cottage cheese. Spices, tabasco sauce, herbs, salt, and pepper are also allowed. Condiments, butter, dressings and any kind of fat or oil are not permitted. Tea, coffee, and non-caloric soft drinks can be consumed, but only in addition to the 8 daily glasses of water required. It's also recommended that dieters eat 6 small meals per day instead of 3 large ones.
The diet is a carbohydrate-restricted diet, similar to that of Dr. Robert Atkins', Atkins Diet (although Atkins' diet allows significant fat consumption).
Karen Carpenter
Karen Carpenter began using the diet in her teens. Karen was 5'4" and 145 pounds when she went on the Stillman Diet in 1967. In 1983, she died of complications related to anorexia nervosa.
Reception
The Stillman diet has been criticized by medical experts and nutritionists as a fad diet. Physician Terrence T. Kuske wrote regarding the Stillman diet:
It induces a degree of diuresis because of the low carbohydrate, but is a relatively unpalatable diet. Adherence to the diet induces fatigue, nausea and lassitude or exhaustion. Long-term use of this diet, because of its |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysine%202%2C3-aminomutase | Lysine 2,3-aminomutase (KAM or LAM) () is a radical SAM enzyme that facilitates the conversion of the amino acid lysine to beta-lysine.
It accomplishes this interconversion using three cofactors and a 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical formed in a S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM) activated radical reaction pathway.[1] The generalized reaction is shown below:
Structure
Shown on the right is the three-dimensional structure of the Lysine 2,3-aminomutase protein. The structure was determined by X-ray crystallography to 2.1 Angstrom resolution and was seen to crystallize as a homotetramer.[2] KAM was first purified and characterized in Clostridium subterminale for studies of Lysine metabolism.
Cofactors
Four key cofactors are required for the reaction catalyzed by the lysine 2,3-aminomutase enzyme. They are:
S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM): Helps generate the radical intermediate by borrowing an electron.
Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP): Responsible for binding of the amino acid during reaction. The pi-system of this molecule facilitates radical delocalization during formation of an aziridinyl radical. The structure is given below:
Zinc metal: Required for coordination between the dimers in the protein.
Iron-sulfur cluster: A 4 iron-4 sulfur cluster is required for formation of a 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical. This radical then acts as the "stable" radical carrier in the reaction mechanism which transfers the radical to the amino acid.
Reaction Mechanism
The generalized reaction takes place in 5 st |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swizzling%20%28computer%20graphics%29 | In computer graphics, swizzles are a class of operations that transform vectors by rearranging components. Swizzles can also project from a vector of one dimensionality to a vector of another dimensionality, such as taking a three-dimensional vector and creating a two-dimensional or five-dimensional vector using components from the original vector. For example, if A = {1,2,3,4}, where the components are x, y, z, and w respectively, you could compute B = A.wwxy, whereupon B would equal {4,4,1,2}. Additionally, one could create a two-dimensional vector with A.wx or a five-dimensional vector with A.xyzwx. Combining vectors and swizzling can be employed in various ways. This is common in GPGPU applications.
In terms of linear algebra, this is equivalent to multiplying by a matrix whose rows are standard basis vectors. If , then swizzling as above looks like
See also
Z-order curve
References
External links
OpenGL Vertex Program documentation
Swizzling |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking%20Glossary%20of%20Genetic%20Terms | The Talking Glossary of Genetic Terms is an audio/visual glossary of 256 terms prepared and hosted by the National Human Genome Research Institute in the United States.
The first version was published in English online in September 1998 by the NHGRI Office of Science Education under the title of "Talking Glossary of Genetics". The Spanish-language version was released 18 months later.
About
A new multimedia, and significantly updated, version of the English Talking Glossary of Genetics was released by the National Human Genome Research Institute in October, 2009. An identical update of the Spanish-language version was released in October, 2011. In September, 2011, an iPhone App of the English Talking Glossary was released by NHGRI and made available as a free download in the Apple App store. The App version contains all 3-D animations, high quality illustrations, the "Test Your Gene IQ" quiz, and similar user functions such as "Suggest a Term" and "Mail This Term to a Friend."
The original version had been based on simple HTML entries and was developed in the mid-1990s at a time when dial-up modems were commonly used to access the internet at speeds as low as 14.4 kps. That version of the Talking Glossary contained 178 terms and talking explanations of each term, as well as about 70 black-and-white illustrations.
The new, and current, versions of the Talking Glossary featured a substantial visual, content, and functional upgrade to the popular online tool. The new Gloss |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenylamine%20%28data%20page%29 | This page provides supplementary chemical data on diphenylamine.
Physical data
Appearance: white to yellow crystals or powder
Melting point: 52 - 54 °C
Boiling point: 302 °C
Vapour density: 5.82 (air = 1)
Vapour pressure: 1 mm Hg at 108 °C
Flash point: 152 °C (closed cup)
Explosion limits: 634 °C
Autoignition temperature: 635 °C
Water solubility: Slightly
Specific gravity: 1.16
Flash point: 152
Stability: Stable under ordinary conditions, may discolour on exposure to light. Incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizing agents.
Toxicology
Toxic. Possible mutagen. Possible teratogen. Harmful in contact with skin, and if swallowed or inhaled. Irritant.
Toxicity data
ORL-RAT LD50 2000 mg kg-1
ORL-MUS LD50 1750 mg kg-1
ORL-GPG LD50 300 mg kg-1
ORL-MAM LD50 3200 mg kg-1
References
Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan%20Graves | Joan Eldridge Graves (born 1941/1942) is an American media professional who served as a senior vice president Motion Picture Association of America and chair of its Classification and Ratings Administration.
Graves studied political science at Stanford University and worked as a real estate agent. She was recommended for a position on the ratings board in 1988, and was appointed to lead the administration in 2000 by Jack Valenti. In that capacity, she personally hired all the other members of the ratings administration, and was the only one whose identity was disclosed to the public. Graves held the position until retiring in May 2019. Graves has defended the Administration's rating system against critics who accuse it of being too lenient toward violence, saying that when the MPAA surveys parents, "What we find with the violence category is that they think they're getting correct information from us."
References
External links
1940s births
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Stanford University alumni
Motion Picture Association people
Mass media people from California |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20jersey | The red jersey is a cycling jersey, given to the leader of several classifications.
Red jersey as general classification leader
Since 2010, the leader of the general classification in the Vuelta a España and La Vuelta Femenina wears a red jersey.
Red jersey as points classification leader
In 1968, the leader of the points classification in the Tour de France wore a red jersey. In 1967, 1968 and from 2010 to 2016, the leader of the points classification in the Giro d'Italia wore a red jersey.
Red jersey as mountains classification leader
The red jersey also signifies the mountains classification leader and winner for several stage races, including:
Paris–Nice
Tour of Missouri
Volta a Catalunya
Tour de Romandie
Tour of the Basque Country
Tour of Ireland
Tour of California (since 2009)
Red jersey as most aggressive rider
The red jersey also signifies the Most Aggressive Rider or Most Combative classification for several stage races including:
Tour of California (from 2006 until 2008)
Tour of Missouri
Tour du Faso
Others
Between 1984 and 1989, the red jersey was given to the leader of the Intermediate sprints classification in the Tour de France.
Cycling jerseys
Road bicycle racing terminology
Grand Tour (cycling)
Jersey, red |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination%20classification%20in%20the%20Tour%20de%20France | The combination jersey (also known as the multi-coloured jersey or technicolour jersey) was the jersey in the Tour de France worn by the leader of the combination classification.
History
In 1968 the combination classification was introduced in the Tour de France. From 1969 on, the leader was recognized by a white jersey. The jersey was awarded to the cyclists that did best in all other classifications: General, Points and Mountains. It was seen as the classification for the all-round cyclist.
Only cyclists ranking in each of the three other classifications were ranked in the Combination classification. Ranking was established by adding the cyclists' ranks in the three other classifications: 1 point for rank 1, 2 points for rank 2 and so on. Cyclists being at level on ranks for one of the other classifications were added the average of the corresponding points (e.g. 2 cyclists being level at rank 3 where counting (3+4)/2 = 3.5 points). Finally, the lower the sum the better the combination classification ranking.
From 1975 on, the combination classification temporarily disappeared, and the white jersey was given to the leader of the young rider classification.
In 1980, the combination classification was reintroduced, sponsored by French television station TF1, therefore officially named "Grand Prix TF1". This lasted until 1984, when the combination classification disappeared again. In 1985, the combination classification was again reintroduced, and this time the multicolour |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGCM | IGCM is an acronym for:
Idiopathic giant cell myocarditis
Incorporated Guild of Church Musicians
Intermediate General Circulation Model
Invasion Games Competence Model
Ionospheric General Circulation Model
International Gospel Christian Ministries |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUMO%20enzymes | SUMO enzymatic cascade catalyzes the dynamic posttranslational modification process of sumoylation (i.e. transfer of SUMO protein to other proteins). The Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier, SUMO-1, is a ubiquitin-like family member that is conjugated to its substrates through three discrete enzymatic steps (see the figure on the right): activation, involving the E1 enzyme (SAE1/SAE2); conjugation, involving the E2 enzyme (UBE2I); substrate modification, through the cooperation of the E2 and E3 protein ligases.
SUMO pathway modifies hundreds of proteins that participate in diverse cellular processes. SUMO pathway is the most studied ubiquitin-like pathway that regulates a wide range of cellular events, evidenced by a large number of sumoylated proteins identified in more than ten large-scale studies.
See also
Metabolism
Metabolic network
Metabolic network modelling
References
Metabolism
Post-translational modification
Proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardinho%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201975%29 | Ricardo Souza Silva or simply Ricardinho (born November 26, 1975, in São Paulo), is a Brazilian attacking midfielder.
Club statistics
Honours
São Paulo
Campeonato Paulista: 2000
Paulista
Copa do Brasil: 2005
Vitória
Campeonato Baiano: 2008
Sport
Campeonato Pernambucano: 2010
External links
CBF
1975 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Footballers from São Paulo
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série C players
J1 League players
J2 League players
Men's association football midfielders
Nacional Atlético Clube (SP) players
Nagoya Grampus players
Shonan Bellmare players
São Paulo FC players
Kawasaki Frontale players
Coritiba Foot Ball Club players
Joinville Esporte Clube players
C.D. Nacional players
Fortaleza Esporte Clube players
Portimonense S.C. players
Paulista Futebol Clube players
Sport Club Internacional players
Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras players
Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players
Esporte Clube Vitória players
Guaratinguetá Futebol players
Avaí FC players
Vila Nova Futebol Clube players
Sport Club do Recife players
Grêmio Esportivo Brasil players
Bangu Atlético Clube players
Independente Futebol Clube players
Esporte Clube Água Santa players
Nacional Atlético Clube Sociedade Civil Ltda. players
Associação Atlética Portuguesa (Santos) players |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FETI | In mathematics, in particular numerical analysis, the FETI method (finite element tearing and interconnect) is an iterative substructuring method for solving systems of linear equations from the finite element method for the solution of elliptic partial differential equations, in particular in computational mechanics In each iteration, FETI requires the solution of a Neumann problem in each substructure and the solution of a coarse problem. The simplest version of FETI with no preconditioner (or only a diagonal preconditioner) in the substructure is scalable with the number of substructures but the condition number grows polynomially with the number of elements per substructure. FETI with a (more expensive) preconditioner consisting of the solution of a Dirichlet problem in each substructure is scalable with the number of substructures and its condition number grows only polylogarithmically with the number of elements per substructure. The coarse space in FETI consists of the nullspace on each substructure.
Apart from FETI Dual-Primal (FETI-DP, see below), several extensions have been developed to solve particular physical problems, as FETI Helmholtz (FETI-H), FETI for quasi-incompressible problems, and FETI Contact (FETI-C).
See also
Balancing domain decomposition
FETI-DP
References
External links
Google Scholar search
Domain decomposition methods |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slope%20mass%20rating | Slope mass rating (SMR) is a rock mass classification scheme developed by Manuel Romana to describe the strength of an individual rock outcrop or slope. The system is founded upon the more widely used RMR scheme, which is modified with quantitative guidelines to the rate the influence of adverse joint orientations (e.g. joints dipping steeply out of the slope).
Definition
Rock mass classification schemes are designed to account for a number of factors influencing the strength and deformability of a rock mass (e.g. joint orientations, fracture density, intact strength), and may be used to quantify the competence of an outcrop or particular geologic material. Scores typically range from 0 to 100, with 100 being the most competent rock mass. The term rock mass incorporates the influence of both intact material and discontinuities on the overall strength and behavior of a discontinuous rock medium. While it is relatively straightforward to test the mechanical properties of either intact rock or joints individually, describing their interaction is difficult and several empirical rating schemes (such as RMR and SMR) are available for this purpose.
SMR index calculation
SMR uses the same first five scoring categories as RMR:
Uniaxial compressive strength of intact rock,
Rock Quality Designation (or RQD),
Joint spacing,
Joint condition (the sum of five sub-scores), and
Groundwater conditions.
The final sixth category is a rating adjustment or penalization for adver |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAlio%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201976%29 | Túlio Lustosa Seixas Pinheiro or simply Túlio (born April 25, 1976 in Brasília, Brazil), is a retired Brazilian defensive midfielder.
Club statistics
Honours
Goiás State League: 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2003
Brazilian Center-West Cup: 2000
Rio de Janeiro's Cup: 2007
Contract
1 January 2008 to 31 December 2010
External links
sambafoot.com
CBF
1976 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Goiás Esporte Clube players
Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players
Sport Club Corinthians Paulista players
Figueirense FC players
Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players
Oita Trinita players
Al Hilal SFC players
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
J1 League players
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Brasília |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20the%202007%20pet%20food%20recalls | This timeline of the 2007 pet food recalls documents how events related to the 2007 pet food recalls unfolded. Several contaminated Chinese vegetable proteins were used by pet food makers in North America, Europe and South Africa, leading to kidney failure in animals fed the contaminated food. Both the centralization of the pet food industry and the speed and manner of the industry and government response became the subjects of critical discussion.
Contaminated goods are imported
November 6, 2006
Tainted wheat gluten in bags from Xuzhou Anying Biologic Technology Development Company in China is imported to the United States by Las Vegas-based ChemNutra, Inc. from a Chinese textile company.
November 2006
Canada-based company Menu Foods begins to use the tainted wheat gluten at its plants in the U.S. states of Kansas and New Jersey.
Early reports of pet deaths
December 2006
Unconfirmed reports indicate that Menu Foods receives word of a possible problem with some of its products as early as December 2006.
February 20, 2007
Menu Foods acknowledges receiving the first complaints of sick pets on February 20.
February 26, 2007
The chief financial officer of Menu Foods, Mark Wiens, sells roughly half of his Menu Foods stock on February 26 and 27. He has referred to the timing as a "horrible coincidence."
February 27, 2007
Menu Foods begins internal taste testing of its food. The company conducts taste testing of its products quarterly, and the February testing was not a res |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRV | GRV may refer to:
Gaussian random variable, a variable in normal distribution in statistics
Gawler Range Volcanics, a geological event in South Australia
Gravesend railway station, England
Greenville station (South Carolina), a train station
Greyhound Racing Victoria
Gross rock volume, a calculation used in hydrocarbon exploration
Groundnut rosette virus, a plant pathogen
Grozny Airport, in Chechnya, Russia
GRV, the ISO code of the Central Grebo language |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diimide | Diimide, also called diazene or diimine, is a compound having the formula HN=NH. It exists as two geometric isomers, E (trans) and Z (cis). The term diazene is more common for organic derivatives of diimide. Thus, azobenzene is an example of an organic diazene.
Synthesis
A traditional route to diimide involves oxidation of hydrazine with hydrogen peroxide or air. Alternatively the hydrolysis of diethyl azodicarboxylate or azodicarbonamide affords diimide:
N2H4 + H2O2 -> N2H2 + 2H2O
Nowadays, diimide is generated by thermal decomposition of 2,4,6‐triisopropylbenzenesulfonylhydrazide.
Because of its instability, diimide is generated and used in-situ. A mixture of both the cis (Z-) and trans (E-) isomers is produced. Both isomers are unstable, and they undergo a slow interconversion. The trans isomer is more stable, but the cis isomer is the one that reacts with unsaturated substrates, therefore the equilibrium between them shifts towards the cis isomer due to Le Chatelier's principle. Some procedures call for the addition of carboxylic acids, which catalyse the cis–trans isomerization. Diimide decomposes readily. Even at low temperatures, the more stable trans isomer rapidly undergoes various disproportionation reactions, primarily forming hydrazine and nitrogen gas:
Because of this competing decomposition reaction, reductions with diimide typically require a large excess of the precursor reagent.
Applications to organic synthesis
Diimide is occasionally useful as a reag |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife%20of%20Vietnam | The wildlife of Vietnam is rich in flora and fauna as reflected by its unique biodiversity. Saola, rare and antelope-like animal categorized under the bovine subfamily, was found in 1992 in Vũ Quang National Park. In the 1990s, three other muntjac species, the deer-like Truong Son muntjac (found in Bạch Mã National Park), giant muntjac (found in Vũ Quang National Park) and Pu Hoat muntjac (found in Pù Hoạt, Nghệ An), were also discovered. Conservation protection and scientific studies of the ecology of Vietnam, particularly in the protected forest areas, have been given priority attention by the Government of Vietnam. Laws were enacted to set up Xuân Thủy Wetland National Park, four UNESCO Biosphere Reserves, and Hạ Long Bay and Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Parks; the last two are also designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
The rich diversity of Vietnam's wildlife includes 11,400 species of vascular plants, 1030 species of moss, 310 species of mammals, 296 reptile species, 162 amphibian species, 700 freshwater species of fish and 2000 species of marine fish. There are about 889 species of birds and over 850 species of land mollusks. However, a study by the WWF has reported that nearly 10% of the wildlife in the country is threatened with extinction. Vietnam is placed 16th highest among 152 countries studied in terms of the proportion of its wildlife species found to be in danger.
National parks
While the national reserves cover small areas of scientific significance wit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron%20suboxide | Boron suboxide (chemical formula B6O) is a solid compound with a structure built of eight icosahedra at the apexes of the rhombohedral unit cell. Each icosahedron is composed of twelve boron atoms. Two oxygen atoms are located in the interstices along the [111] rhombohedral direction. Due to its short interatomic bond lengths and strongly covalent character, B6O displays a range of outstanding physical and chemical properties such as great hardness (close to that of rhenium diboride and boron nitride), low mass density, high thermal conductivity, high chemical inertness, and excellent wear resistance.
B6O can be synthesized by reducing B2O3 with boron or by oxidation of boron with zinc oxide or other oxidants. These boron suboxide materials formed at or near ambient pressure are generally oxygen deficient and non-stoichiometric (B6Ox, x<0.9) and have poor crystallinity and very small grain size (less than 5 μm). High pressure applied during the synthesis of B6O can significantly increase the crystallinity, oxygen stoichiometry, and crystal size of the products. Mixtures of boron and B2O3 powders were usually used as starting materials in the reported methods for B6O synthesis.
Oxygen-deficient boron suboxide (B6Ox, x<0.9) might form icosahedral particles, which are neither single crystals nor quasicrystals, but twinned groups of twenty tetrahedral crystals.
B6O of the α-rhombohedral boron type has been investigated because of its ceramic nature (hardness, high melting poin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxypeptidase%20E | Carboxypeptidase E (CPE), also known as carboxypeptidase H (CPH) and enkephalin convertase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CPE gene. This enzyme catalyzes the release of C-terminal arginine or lysine residues from polypeptides.
CPE is involved in the biosynthesis of most neuropeptides and peptide hormones. The production of neuropeptides and peptide hormones typically requires two sets of enzymes that cleave the peptide precursors, which are small proteins. First, proprotein convertases cut the precursor at specific sites to generate intermediates containing C-terminal basic residues (lysine and/or arginine). These intermediates are then cleaved by CPE to remove the basic residues. For some peptides, additional processing steps, such as C-terminal amidation, are subsequently required to generate the bioactive peptide, although for many peptides the action of the proprotein convertases and CPE is sufficient to produce the bioactive peptide.
Tissue distribution
Carboxypeptidase E is found in brain and throughout the neuroendocrine system, including the endocrine pancreas, pituitary, and adrenal gland chromaffin cells. Within cells, carboxypeptidase E is present in the secretory granules along with its peptide substrates and products. Carboxypeptidase E is a glycoprotein that exists in both membrane-associated and soluble forms. The membrane-binding is due to an amphiphilic α-helix within the C-terminal region of the protein.
Species distribution
Carboxype |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiolase | Thiolases, also known as acetyl-coenzyme A acetyltransferases (ACAT), are enzymes which convert two units of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl CoA in the mevalonate pathway.
Thiolases are ubiquitous enzymes that have key roles in many vital biochemical pathways, including the beta oxidation pathway of fatty acid degradation and various biosynthetic pathways. Members of the thiolase family can be divided into two broad categories: degradative thiolases (EC 2.3.1.16) and biosynthetic thiolases (EC 2.3.1.9). These two different types of thiolase are found both in eukaryotes and in prokaryotes: acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (EC:2.3.1.9) and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (EC:2.3.1.16). 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (also called thiolase I) has a broad chain-length specificity for its substrates and is involved in degradative pathways such as fatty acid beta-oxidation. Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (also called thiolase II) is specific for the thiolysis of acetoacetyl-CoA and involved in biosynthetic pathways such as beta-hydroxybutyric acid synthesis or steroid biogenesis.
The formation of a carbon–carbon bond is a key step in the biosynthetic pathways by which fatty acids and polyketide are made. The thiolase superfamily enzymes catalyse the carbon–carbon-bond formation via a thioester-dependent Claisen condensation reaction mechanism.
Function
Thiolases are a family of evolutionarily related enzymes. Two different types of thiolase are found both in eukaryotes and in prokaryotes: acetoacetyl-CoA thiola |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphomevalonic%20acid | Phosphomevalonic acid is an intermediate in the Mevalonate pathway.
References
Metabolism |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mevalonate%20kinase | Mevalonate kinase is an enzyme (specifically a kinase) that in humans is encoded by the MVK gene. Mevalonate kinases are found in a wide variety of organisms from bacteria to mammals. This enzyme catalyzes the following reaction:
.
Function
Mevalonate is a key intermediate, and mevalonate kinase a key early enzyme, in isoprenoid and sterol synthesis. As the second enzyme in the Mevalonate pathway, it catalyzes the phosphorylation of Mevalonic acid to produce Mevalonate-5-phosphate. A reduction in mevalonate kinase activity to around 5-10% of its typical value is associated with the mevalonate kinase deficiency (MVD) resulting in accumulation of intermediate mevalonic acid.
Clinical significance
Defects can be associated with hyperimmunoglobulinemia D with recurrent fever.
Mevalonate kinase deficiency caused by mutation of this gene results in mevalonic aciduria, a disease characterized psychomotor retardation, failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia and recurrent febrile crises. Defects in this gene also cause hyperimmunoglobulinaemia D and periodic fever syndrome, a disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of fever associated with lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, gastrointestinal dismay and skin rash. The symptoms of the disease typically start at infancy and may be additionally triggered by stress or bacterial infection. Children with mevalonate kinase deficiency may remain undiagnosed for a long time as there is not enough scientific data at the moment to acc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphomevalonate%20kinase | Phosphomevalonate kinase is an enzyme () in the mevalonate pathway that in humans is encoded by the PMVK gene.
References
External links
EC 2.7.4 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose-bisphosphate%20aldolase | Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (), often just aldolase, is an enzyme catalyzing a reversible reaction that splits the aldol, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, into the triose phosphates dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). Aldolase can also produce DHAP from other (3S,4R)-ketose 1-phosphates such as fructose 1-phosphate and sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphate. Gluconeogenesis and the Calvin cycle, which are anabolic pathways, use the reverse reaction. Glycolysis, a catabolic pathway, uses the forward reaction. Aldolase is divided into two classes by mechanism.
The word aldolase also refers, more generally, to an enzyme that performs an aldol reaction (creating an aldol) or its reverse (cleaving an aldol), such as Sialic acid aldolase, which forms sialic acid. See the list of aldolases.
Mechanism and structure
Class I proteins form a protonated Schiff base intermediate linking a highly conserved active site lysine with the DHAP carbonyl carbon. Additionally, tyrosine residues are crucial to this mechanism in acting as stabilizing hydrogen acceptors. Class II proteins use a different mechanism which polarizes the carbonyl group with a divalent cation like Zn2+. The Escherichia coli galactitol operon protein, gatY, and N-acetyl galactosamine operon protein, agaY, which are tagatose-bisphosphate aldolase, are homologs of class II fructose-bisphosphate aldolase. Two histidine residues in the first half of the sequence of these homologs have been shown t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive%20ALGOL%2068 | The Interactive ALGOL 68 compiler for ALGOL 68 was made available by Peter Craven of Algol Applications from 1984. Then in 1994 from OCCL (Oxford and Cambridge Compilers Ltd) until 2004.
Platforms
Inmos Transputer family
Linux for Intel x86 computers
OS/2 version 2.0 and onward
SunOS-4.1.3 (Solaris 1) for SPARC-based computers
Windows 95 and Windows NT for Intel
Extensions to standard ALGOL 68
Ability to include source code, and versions of source code.
Nestable comments
FORALL syntactic element for looping over arrays.
ANYMODE a union of all MODEs known to the compiler, and hence dynamic typing.
Enhanced coercions (casting) allowing stringer then "strong" coercions.
Enstructuring automatically coerces a variable from type to struct(type)
Conforming coerces UNION (THING, MOODS) to THING, but if that is not the current mood of the union, then a run-time error will be generated.
Library interface to the native operating system and other libraries.
The operator SIZE
Pseudo-operators ANDTH and OREL, and ANF and ORF for Short-circuit evaluation of Boolean expressions.
Arrays can be slices with stride to select a subset of elements.
MOID is treated differently.
Example of code
MODULE vectors
BEGIN
INT dim=3;
MODE VECTOR = [dim]REAL;
OP + = (VECTOR a, b) VECTOR: ( VECTOR out; FOR i FROM LWB a TO UPB a DO out:=a[i]+b[i] OD; out ),
- = (VECTOR a, b) VECTOR: ( VECTOR out; FOR i FROM LWB a TO UPB a DO out:=a[i]-b[i] OD; out ),
DOT = (VECTO |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-xylulose%20reductase | Dicarbonyl/L-xylulose reductase, also known as carbonyl reductase II, is an enzyme that in human is encoded by the DCXR gene located on chromosome 17.
Structure
The DCXR gene encodes a membrane protein that is approximately 34 kDa in size and composed of 224 amino acids. The protein is highly expressed in the kidney and localizes to the cytoplasmic membrane.
Function
DCSR catalyzes the reduction of several L-xylylose as well as a number of pentoses, tetroses, trioses, alpha-dicarbonyl compounds. The enzyme is involved in carbohydrate metabolism, glucose metabolism, the uronate cycle and may play a role in the water absorption and cellular osmoregulation in the proximal renal tubules by producing xylitol.
In enzymology, an L-xylulose reductase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
xylitol + NADP+ L-xylulose + NADPH + H+
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are xylitol and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are L-xylulose, NADPH, and H+.
This enzyme belongs to the superfamily of short-chain oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is xylitol:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase (L-xylulose-forming).
Clinical significance
A deficiency is responsible for pentosuria. The insufficiency of L-xylulose reductase activity causes an inborn error of metabolism disease characterized by excessive urinary excretion of L-xylulose.
Over-expression and ectopic expression of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentosuria | Pentosuria is a condition where the sugar xylitol, a pentose, presents in the urine in unusually high concentrations. It was characterized as an inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism in 1908. It is associated with a deficiency of L-xylulose reductase, necessary for xylitol metabolism. L-Xylulose is a reducing sugar, so it may give false diagnosis of diabetes, as it is found in high concentrations in urine. However glucose metabolism is normal in people with pentosuria, and they are not diabetic. Patients of pentosuria have a low concentration of the sugar d-xyloketose. Using phenyl pentosazone crystals, phloroglucin reaction, and absorption spectrum, pentose can be traced back as the reducing substance in urine, with those that have pentosuria.
Research has shown that pentosuria appears in 3 forms. The most widely studied is essential pentosuria, where a couple of grams of L-xylusol are released into a person's system daily. L-xylulose reductase, contained in red blood cells, is composed of both a major and minor isozyme. For those diagnosed with essential pentosuria, the major isozyme appears to be the same as the minor one. Alimentary pentosuria can be acquired through fruits high in pentose. Finally, drug-induced pentosuria can be developed by those exposed to morphine, fevers, allergies, and some hormones.
Those diagnosed with Pentosuria are predominantly of Jewish root. However, it is a harmless defect, and no cure is needed.
References
External links
Urine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun%20dimerization%20protein | Jun dimerization protein 2 (JUNDM2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JDP2 gene. The Jun dimerization protein is a member of the AP-1 family of transcription factors.
JDP 2 was found by a Sos-recruitment system, to dimerize with c-Jun to repress AP-1-mediated activation. It was later identified by the yeast-two hybrid system to bind to activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) to repress ATF-mediated transcriptional activation. JDP2 regulates 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) response element (TRE)- and cAMP-responsive element (CRE)-dependent transcription.
The JDP2 gene is located on human chromosome 14q24.3 (46.4 kb, 75,427,715 bp to 75,474,111 bp) and mouse chromosome 12 (39 kb, 85,599,105 bp to 85,639,878 bp), which is located at about 250 kbp in the Fos-JDP2-BATF locus. Alternative splicing of JDP2 generates at least two isoforms. The protein JDP2 has 163 amino acids, belongs to the family of basic leucine zipper (bZIP), and shows high homology with the ATF3 bZIP domain. The bZIP domain includes the amino acids from position 72 to 135, the basic motif from position 74 to 96, and the leucine zipper from 100 to 128. The molecular weight of the canonical JDP2 is 18,704 Da. The histone-binding region is located from position 35 to 72 and the inhibition of the histone acetyltransferase (INHAT) region is from position 35 to 135, which is located before the DNA-binding domain.
JDP2 is expressed ubiquitously but is detected mainly in the cerebellum, brain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife%20of%20Cameroon | The wildlife of Cameroon is composed of its flora and fauna. Bordering Nigeria, it is considered one of the wettest parts of Africa and records Africa's second highest concentration of biodiversity. To preserve its wildlife, Cameroon has more than 20 protected reserves comprising national parks, zoos, forest reserves and sanctuaries. The protected areas were first created in the northern region under the colonial administration in 1932; the first two reserves established were Mozogo Gokoro Reserve and the Bénoué Reserve, which was followed by the Waza Reserve on 24 March 1934. The coverage of reserves was initially about 4 percent of the country's area, rising to 12 percent; the administration proposes to cover 30 percent of the land area.
The rich wildlife consists of 8,260 recorded plant species including 156 endemic species, 409 species of mammals of which 14 are endemic, 690 species of birds which includes 8 endemic species, 250 species of reptiles, and 200 species of amphibians. The habitats of these species include the southern region comprising tropical lowland, coastline on the Gulf of Guinea. Mangrove forests, in size, are along the coast line. Montane forests and savannahs are in the northern region of the country. Important protected areas for these species are the Mbam Djerem National Park, Benoue National Park, Korup National Park, Takamanda National Park, and the Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary. Cameroon is an important breeding area for marine and freshwater specie |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamir%27s%20secret%20sharing | Shamir's secret sharing (SSS) is an efficient secret sharing algorithm for distributing private information (the "secret") among a group so that the secret cannot be revealed unless a quorum of the group acts together to pool their knowledge. To achieve this, the secret is mathematically divided into parts (the "shares") from which the secret can be reassembled only when a sufficient number of shares are combined. SSS has the property of information-theoretic security, meaning that even if an attacker steals some shares, it is impossible for the attacker to reconstruct the secret unless they have stolen the quorum number of shares.
Shamir's secret sharing is used in some applications to share the access keys to a master secret.
High-level explanation
SSS is used to secure a secret in a distributed form, most often to secure encryption keys. The secret is split into multiple shares, which individually do not give any information about the secret.
To reconstruct a secret secured by SSS, a number of shares is needed, called the threshold. No information about the secret can be gained from any number of shares below the threshold (a property called perfect secrecy). In this sense, SSS is a generalisation of the one-time pad (which can be viewed as SSS with a two-share threshold and two shares in total).
Application example
A company needs to secure their vault. If a single person knows the code to the vault, the code might be lost or unavailable when the vault needs to be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife%20of%20the%20Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo | The wildlife of the Democratic Republic of the Congo includes its flora and fauna, comprising a large biodiversity in rainforests, seasonally flooded forests and grasslands.
The country is considered one of the 17 megadiverse nations, and is one of the most flora rich countries on the African continent. Its rainforests harbour many rare and endemic species, such as the chimpanzee and the bonobo. It is home for more than 10,000 types of plants, 600 timber species, as well as 1,000 bird species, 280 reptile species, and 400 mammal species, including the forest elephant, gorilla, forest buffalo, bongo, and okapi. Many of these wildlife species are threatened animals such as large lowland gorillas and chimpanzees.
Five of the country's national parks are listed as World Heritage Sites: the Garumba, Kahuzi-Biega, Salonga and Virunga National Parks, and Okapi Wildlife Reserve. All five sites are listed by UNESCO as World Heritage In Danger.
Several environmental issues in the DRC threaten wildlife, including overhunting for bushmeat, deforestation, mining and armed conflict. The civil war and resultant poor economic conditions have endangered much of the country's biodiversity. Many park wardens were either killed or could not afford to continue their work.
Fauna
The ecoregion is home to the endangered western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), the endangered eastern lowland gorilla (Gorilla berengei graueri), African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis), and okapi ( |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife%20of%20Guinea | The wildlife of Guinea is very diverse due to its wide variety of habitats. The southern part of the country lies within the Guinean Forests of West Africa biodiversity hotspot, while the north-east is characterized by dry savanna woodlands. Ecoregions of Guinea are the Western Guinean lowland forests, Guinean montane forests, Guinean forest–savanna mosaic, West Sudanian savanna, and Guinean mangroves.
Populations of large mammals are restricted to uninhabited distant parts of parks and reserves, and those populations are declining. Strongholds of Guinean wildlife are Pinselly Classified Forest, National Park of Upper Niger, Badiar National Park, Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve, Ziama Massif, Bossou Hills Reserve, and Diécké Classified Forest.
Fauna
Mammals
Birds
Blue-headed wood-dove
Iris glossy-starling
White-necked rockfowl
White-breasted guineafowl
Reptiles
Amphibians
Insects
Butterflies and moths
Flora
References
Biota of Guinea
Guinea
Nature conservation in Guinea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity%20of%20Ghana | The wildlife of Ghana is composed of its biodiversity of flora and fauna.
Biodiversity
Fungi
Ghana is home to a significant number of fungi species including: Aspergillus flavus; Athelia rolfsii; Auricularia auricula-judae; Curvularia; Fusarium oxysporum; Fusarium solani f.sp. pisi; Gibberella intricans; Gibberella stilboides; and Macrophomina phaseolina. The true total number of fungal species occurring in Ghana is in the thousands and given the generally accepted estimate that only about 7 percent of all fungi worldwide have so far been discovered and that the amount of available information is still very small.
Flora
The flora of Ghana is diverse with both indigenous and introduced floral species considered in Ghana's floral diversity. A total of some 3,600 species of the major regional centres of endemism represent the three major taxonomic groups. Floral diversity is more pronounced among the angiosperms represented with well over 2,974 indigenous and 253 introduced species in Ghana. Among the various vegetation types of the tropical rain forest, it is the wet evergreen forest type in the southwestern Ashanti-Kwahu Plain that exhibits the highest level of endemism and species richness in Ghana.
Flora species diversity and endemism in the savanna biomes in Ghana is very sparse and biological diversity of species in the Ghanaian savanna woodlands and gallery forests of the savannas show greater species richness than the dry savannas. Within Ghana, there are areas of hi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife%20of%20Guinea-Bissau | Guinea-Bissau is a West-African country rich in biodiversity.
Fauna
Mammals
Predators
There still is much debate about the status of many predator species in Guinea-Bissau. This is, in part, because much of the country remains unstudied, and because of the cryptic nature of many predator species. The lion, for instance, was listed as possibly extinct in Guinea-Bissau during the 2014 assessment of the lion by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. However, a picture of a lion was still recorded by a camera trap in 2016 the southeastern Boé region.
Lion (Panthera leo)
Leopard (Panthera pardus)
African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)
African golden cat (Caracal aurata)
Caracal (Caracal caracal)
Serval (Leptailurus serval)
Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta)
African wildcat (Felis lybica)
Primates
Western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus)
Herbivores
Red river hog
Warthog
Birds
Blue-headed wood-dove
Iris glossy-starling
Reptiles
Bitis rhinoceros
Marine life
The tropical marine environment of Guinea-Bissau has a high diversity of sea life, notably in and around the Bijagós Archipelago. Fishes include the African butter catfish, Malapterurus occidentalis, Parablennius sierraensis (combtooth blenny), five Synodontis catfish species including annectens, ansorgii, nigrita, schall and waterloti, the three-banded butterflyfish and Trachinus pellegrini. Turtles are also dominant especially the West African mud turtle.
Flora
Flora of Guinea-Bissau
See also
João Vieira and Po |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogentisate%201%2C2-dioxygenase | Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (homogentisic acid oxidase, homogentisate oxidase, homogentisicase) is an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of homogentisate to 4-maleylacetoacetate. Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase or HGD is involved in the catabolism of aromatic rings, more specifically in the breakdown of the amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine. HGD appears in the metabolic pathway of tyrosine and phenylalanine degradation once the molecule homogentisate is produced. Homogentisate reacts with HGD to produce maleylacetoacetate, which then is further used in the metabolic pathway. HGD requires the use of Fe2+ and O2 in order to cleave the aromatic ring of homogentisate.
Enzyme active site
The active site of Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase was determined through the crystal structure, which was captured through the work of Titus et al. Through the crystal structure the active site was found to contain the following residues; His292, His335, His365, His371, and Glu341. Homogentisate binds in the active site to Glu341, His335, and His371 via the Fe2+ atom. The His292 binds to the hydroxyl group of the aromatic ring. His365 binds to Glu341 via hydrogen bonding to stabilize the amino acid side chains.
Pathology
Homegentisate 1,2 dioxygenase is involved in a type of metabolic diseases, called alkaptonuria. This disorder is due to the inability of the body to deal with homogentisate, which when oxidized by the body will produce the compound known as the ochronotic pigment, which |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Maleylacetoacetic%20acid | 4-Maleylacetoacetate (4-maleylacetoacetatic acid) is an intermediate in the metabolism of tyrosine. It is converted to fumarylacetoacetate by the enzyme 4-maleylacetoacetate cis-trans-isomerase. Gluthathione coenzymatically helps in conversion to fumarylacetoacetic acid.
See also
Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase
Beta-keto acids
Enones
Diketones |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WS2B | WS2B is a putative gene associated with Waardenburg syndrome type 2. It has not yet been isolated from its locus of chromosome 1p21–1p13.3 since it was first reported in 1994.
History
This locus was first linked to Waardenburg syndrome in 1994, when the study that first identified mutations in MITF in patients with Waardenburg syndrome type 2 also found that some patients did not have any mutations in this region. A second 1994 study found a link to chromosome 1 in the locus 1p21–p13.3. This became known as type 2B of the condition, however it has not been documented since, and the gene responsible remains unknown.
References |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WS2C | WS2C is a putative gene associated with Waardenburg syndrome type 2. It has not yet been isolated from its locus of chromosome 8p23 since it was first reported in 2001.
History
This locus was first linked to Waardenburg syndrome in 2001, when a study of an Italian family with Waardenburg syndrome type 2 features found that they were due to an unknown gene on chromosome 8 at locus 8q23 which had been broken by a chromosomal translocation. The study established a provisional name for the gene, WS2C. However, mutations in this region in Waardenburg syndrome patients have not been found since.
References |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynein%20ATPase | Dynein ATPase (, dynein adenosine 5'-triphosphatase) is an enzyme with systematic name ATP phosphohydrolase (tubulin-translocating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
ATP + H2O ADP + phosphate
This enzyme is a multisubunit protein complex associated with microtubules.
See also
Dynein
References
External links
EC 3.6.4 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu2%2B-exporting%20ATPase | Cu2+-exporting ATPase () is an enzyme with systematic name ATP phosphohydrolase (Cu2+-exporting). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
ATP + H2O + Cu2+in ADP + phosphate + Cu2+out
This P-type ATPase undergoes covalent phosphorylation during the transport cycle.
See also
ATP7A
References
External links
EC 3.6.3 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus-end-directed%20kinesin%20ATPase | Plus-end-directed kinesin ATPase (, kinesin) is an enzyme with systematic name kinesin ATP phosphohydrolase (plus-end-directed). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
ATP + H2O ADP + phosphate
This enzyme also hydrolyses GTP.
See also
Kinesin
References
External links
EC 3.6.4 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minus-end-directed%20kinesin%20ATPase | Minus-end-directed kinesin ATPase () is an enzyme with systematic name kinesin ATP phosphohydrolase (minus-end-directed). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
ATP + H2O ADP + phosphate
This enzyme catalyses movement towards the minus end of microtubules.
See also
Kinesin
References
External links
EC 3.6.4 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubulin%20GTPase | Tubulin GTPase () is an enzyme with systematic name GTP phosphohydrolase (microtubule-releasing). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
GTP + H2O GDP + phosphate
This enzyme participates in tubulin folding and division plane formation.
See also
Tubulin
References
External links
EC 3.6.5 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEN1 | Menin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MEN1 gene. Menin is a putative tumor suppressor associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1 syndrome) and has autosomal dominant inheritance. Variations in the MEN1 gene can cause pituitary adenomas, hyperparathyroidism, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, gastrinoma, and adrenocortical cancers.
In vitro studies have shown that menin is localized to the nucleus, possesses two functional nuclear localization signals, and inhibits transcriptional activation by JunD. However, the function of this protein is not known. Two messages have been detected on northern blots but the larger message has not been characterized. Two variants of the shorter transcript have been identified where alternative splicing affects the coding sequence. Five variants where alternative splicing takes place in the 5' UTR have also been identified.
History
In 1988, researchers at Uppsala University Hospital and the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm mapped the MEN1 gene to the long arm of chromosome 11. The gene was finally cloned in 1997.
Genomics
The gene is located on long arm of chromosome 11 (11q13) between base pairs 64,570,985 and 64,578,765. It has 10 exons and encodes a 610-amino acid protein.
Over 1300 mutations have been reported to date (2010). The majority (>70%) of these are predicted to lead to truncated forms are scattered throughout the gene. Four - c.249_252delGTCT (deletion at codons 83-84), c.1546_1547insC (insert |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Allen | Crystal Allen (born 13 August 1972) is an American film and television actress.
Biography
Allen is from Alberta, Canada. She is an actress who has starred and appeared in guest star roles, including episodes of such TV series as Sex and the City, Ed, The Sopranos, Boston Legal, Star Trek: Enterprise, JAG, Desperate Housewives and others. She has also appeared in television commercials, including ads for Tic Tac Mints, Nissan and Almay.
She starred in the Hallmark Channel original movie, Falling in Love with the Girl Next Door. In 2020 she was one of the single mothers in Beware of Mom.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1972 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
American television actresses
American film actresses
Actresses from Orange County, California |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthonormal%20function%20system | An orthonormal function system (ONS) is an orthonormal basis in a vector space of functions.
References
Linear algebra
Functional analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Hydroxytestosterone | 4-Hydroxytestosterone (4-OHT), also known as 4,17β-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one, is a synthetic anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) and a derivative of testosterone that was never marketed. It was first patented by G.D. Searle & Company in 1955 and is testosterone with a hydroxy group at the four position. 4-OHT has moderate anabolic, mild androgenic, and anti-aromatase properties and is similar to the steroid clostebol (4-chlorotestosterone).
See also
4-Androstene-3,6,17-trione
Androstenedione
Enestebol
Formestane
11β-Hydroxytestosterone
References
Androgens and anabolic steroids
Androstanes
Aromatase inhibitors
Exercise physiology
Drugs in sport |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate%20reductase%20%28cytochrome%29 | Nitrate reductase (cytochrome) (, respiratory nitrate reductase, benzyl viologen-nitrate reductase) is an enzyme with systematic name ferrocytochrome:nitrate oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalises the following chemical reaction
2 ferrocytochrome + 2 H+ + nitrate 2 ferricytochrome + nitrite
References
External links
EC 1.9.6 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxothiazol | Myxothiazol is a chemical compound produced by the myxobacterium Myxococcus fulvus. It is an inhibitor of the mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex (coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase).
Myxothiazol is a competitive inhibitor of ubiquinol, and binds at the quinol oxidation (Qo) site of the bc1 complex, blocking electron transfer to the Rieske iron-sulfur protein. Binding of myxothiazol induces a red-shift to the visible absorption spectrum of reduced haem bl. In contrast to stigmatellin, myxothiazol does not form a hydrogen bond to the Rieske iron-sulfur protein, binding instead in the 'b-proximal' region of the cytochrome b Qo site. Movement of the cytoplasmic domain of the Rieske protein is therefore unaffected by the binding of this inhibitor.
References
Enzyme inhibitors
Thiazoles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmatellin | Stigmatellin is a potent inhibitor of the quinol oxidation (Qo) site of the cytochrome bc1 complex in mitochondria and the cytochrome b6f complex of thylakoid membranes. At higher concentrations, stigmatellin also inhibits Complex I, as a "Class B" inhibitor of that enzyme.
Stigmatellin is isolated from the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantica, and contains a 5,7-dimethoxy-8-hydroxychromone aromatic headgroup with a hydrophobic alkenyl chain in position 2. Crystal structures for stigmatellin-inhibited bc1 complex from bovine, avian, yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and bacterial (Rhodobacter capsulatus, Cereibacter sphaeroides, and Paracoccus denitrificans) sources are available. Stigmatellin binds at the cytochrome b Qo site in the '(heme) bl distal' position, and associates with the Rieske iron-sulfur protein via a hydrogen bond to histidine residue 181 (His-181), a ligand to the [2Fe2S] iron-sulfur cluster of this subunit. This association raises the midpoint potential of the iron-sulfur cluster from 290 to 540 mV and restricts movement of the cytoplasmic domain of the Rieske protein.
References
Further reading
O-methylated natural phenols
Chromones |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystathionine%20beta%20synthase | Cystathionine-β-synthase, also known as CBS, is an enzyme () that in humans is encoded by the CBS gene. It catalyzes the first step of the transsulfuration pathway, from homocysteine to cystathionine:
L-serine + L-homocysteine L-cystathionine + H2O
CBS uses the cofactor pyridoxal-phosphate (PLP) and can be allosterically regulated by effectors such as the ubiquitous cofactor S-adenosyl-L-methionine (adoMet). This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, to be specific, the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds.
CBS is a multidomain enzyme composed of an N-terminal enzymatic domain and two CBS domains. The CBS gene is the most common locus for mutations associated with homocystinuria.
Nomenclature
The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-serine hydro-lyase (adding homocysteine; L-cystathionine-forming). Other names in common use include:
β-thionase,
cysteine synthase,
L-serine hydro-lyase (adding homocysteine),
methylcysteine synthase,
serine sulfhydrase, and
serine sulfhydrylase.
Methylcysteine synthase was assigned the EC number EC 4.2.1.23 in 1961. A side-reaction of CBS caused this. The EC number EC 4.2.1.23 was deleted in 1972.
Structure
The human enzyme cystathionine β-synthase is a tetramer and comprises 551 amino acids with a subunit molecular weight of 61 kDa. It displays a modular organization of three modules with the N-terminal heme domain followed by a core that contains the PLP cofactor. The cofactor is deep in the heme domain and is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics%20at%20the%201996%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20heptathlon | These are the official results of the Women's Heptathlon at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, United States.
Medalists
Final classification
See also
1996 Hypo-Meeting
References
External links
Official Report
Results
Heptathlon
1996
1996 in women's athletics
Women's events at the 1996 Summer Olympics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACSL6 | Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ACSL6 gene. Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases such as ACSL6, catalyze the formation of acyl-CoA from fatty acids, ATP, and CoA.
Structure
The ACSL6 gene is located on the 5th chromosome, with its specific location being 5q31.1. The gene contains 23 exons. ACSL6 encodes a 77.7 kDa protein that is composed of 697 amino acids; 10 peptides have been observed through mass spectrometry data.
References
External links
Further reading
Human proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionts%E2%80%93Wallenius%20method | Within computer science, the Zionts–Wallenius method is an interactive method used to find a best solution to a multi-criteria optimization problem.
Detail
Specifically it can help a user solve a linear programming problem having more than one (linear) objective. A user is asked to respond to comparisons between feasible solutions or to choose directions of change desired in each iteration. Providing certain mathematical assumptions hold, the method finds an optimal solution.
References
Zionts, S. and J. Wallenius, “An Interactive Programming Method for Solving the Multiple Criteria Problem,” Management Science. Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 652–663, 1976.
Optimization algorithms and methods |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnitine-acylcarnitine%20translocase | Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) is responsible for passive transport of carnitine and carnitine-fatty acid complexes and across the inner mitochondrial membrane as part of the carnitine shuttle system.
Function
Fatty acyl–carnitine can diffuse from the cytosol across the porous outer mitochondrial membrane to the intermembrane space, but must utilize CACT to cross the nonporous inner mitochondrial membrane and reach the mitochondrial matrix. CACT is a cotransporter, returning one molecule of carnitine from the matrix to the intermembrane space as one molecule of fatty acyl–carnitine moves into the matrix.
Clinical significance
A disorder is associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency. This disorder disrupts the carnitine shuttle system from moving fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane, leading to a decrease in fatty acid catabolism. The result is an accumulation of fatty acid within muscles and liver, decreased tolerance to long term exercise, inability to fast for more than a few hours, muscle weakness and wasting, and a strong acidic smell on the breath (due to protein catabolism).
Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of SLC25A20 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Slc25a20tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed: - In-depth immunolo |
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