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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter%20egger | In American usage, an Easter egger or Easter-egger is any hybrid or mixed-breed chicken resulting from the breeding of a bird carrying the blue-egg (oocyan) gene with one that lays brown eggs. Eggs from such a bird may be any shade of blue or brown, or occasionally pink or pale yellow. These birds do not constitute a breed, and so are not recognized by the American Poultry Association or the American Bantam Association. They may be marketed as "Americana", but are quite different from the Ameraucana, a recognized breed.
Characteristics
Hybrid birds of this type may be of any color. They are commonly muffed and bearded, often with a pea-comb; the wattles may be small or entirely absent. The legs can be grey, yellow, or greenish. Because of their cross breeding, Easter Eggers do not have set egg, or body colors. Easter Eggers are mainly egg-laying birds, as their meat is not great. Easter Eggers are also known for being good pets around children.
References
Chicken crossbreeds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin%20D2%20synthase | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Prostaglandin D2 synthase}}
Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase (PTGDS) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTGDS gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a glutathione-independent prostaglandin D synthase that catalyzes the conversion of prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) to prostaglandin D2 (PGD2). PGD2 functions as a neuromodulator as well as a trophic factor in the central nervous system. PGD2 is also involved in smooth muscle contraction/relaxation and is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. This gene is preferentially expressed in brain. Studies with transgenic mice over-expressing this gene suggest that this gene may be also involved in the regulation of non-rapid eye movement sleep. Furthermore, PTGDS and its product PGD2 are elevated in the bald-scalp areas of men with male pattern baldness (androgenetic alopecia).
Clinical use
Prostaglandin D2 synthase is used clinically as a diagnostic marker for liquorrhea, that is, to check whether fluid leaking from the nose or ear contains cerebrospinal fluid. This is important in the assessment of head trauma severity. In a medical context, the older term "beta-trace protein" is frequently used to refer to PTGDS.
See also
Hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase
References
Further reading
External links
Lipocalins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCIP | SCIP may refer to:
Science and technology
SCIP (optimization software); an optimization software for mixed-integer programs
SCIP database; listing potentially hazardous waste and maintained by the European Chemicals Agency
Secure Communications Interoperability Protocol; a cryptographic communication standard
Surgical Care Improvement Project; a medical program in the US
Other uses
Mataveri International Airport (ICAO airport code), on Easter Island, Chile
Sindh Cities Improvement Program, a development program in Pakistan
Strategic and Competitive Intelligence Professionals, formerly Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals, a global nonprofit membership organization |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20Technology%20Development%20Facility | Advanced Technology Development Facility is a research and development foundry for the semiconductor industry. It began operations as a research plant for SEMATECH in 1988, but was reorganized as a for-profit subsidiary in July 2004.
Merger
In December 2007, Nanoelectronic Workforce Development Initiative announced a merger with the Silicon Valley Technology Center. The merger is expected to be completed by the end of 2007. Nanoelectronic Workforce Development Initiative is currently a subsidiary of SEMATECH, a non-profit consortium that performs basic research into semiconductor manufacturing.
Nanoelectronic Workforce Development Initiative
In March 2006, it was together with Austin Community College, launched the Nanoelectronic Workforce Development Initiative, an internship program for college students interested in nanotechnology. The program provides training in nanotech research and development at Nanoelectronic Workforce Development Initiative's fabrication facility to 160 Texas students in two-year technical, undergraduate, and graduate studies. The program is funded with a state grant that is jointly administered by Austin Community College and Nanoelectronic Workforce Development Initiative's parent company SEMATECH.
Award for nanopattern test wafer
Advanced Technology Development Facility will receive a Technology Innovation Showcase Award at SEMICON West for its pioneering Nanopattern test wafer during a public presentation on the product's applications.
M |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skew-Hamiltonian%20matrix | In linear algebra, skew-Hamiltonian matrices are special matrices which correspond to skew-symmetric bilinear forms on a symplectic vector space.
Let V be a vector space, equipped with a symplectic form . Such a space must be even-dimensional. A linear map is called a skew-Hamiltonian operator with respect to if the form is skew-symmetric.
Choose a basis in V, such that is written as . Then a linear operator is skew-Hamiltonian with respect to if and only if its matrix A satisfies , where J is the skew-symmetric matrix
and In is the identity matrix. Such matrices are called skew-Hamiltonian.
The square of a Hamiltonian matrix is skew-Hamiltonian. The converse is also true: every skew-Hamiltonian matrix can be obtained as the square of a Hamiltonian matrix.
Notes
Matrices
Linear algebra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoglycosidase%20H | The enzyme mannosyl-glycoprotein endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (endoglycosidase H) () has systematic name glycopeptide-D-mannosyl-N4-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)2-asparagine 1,4-N-acetyl-β-glucosaminohydrolase. It is a highly specific endoglycosidase which cleaves asparagine-linked mannose rich oligosaccharides, but not highly processed complex oligosaccharides from glycoproteins. It is used for research purposes to deglycosylate glycoproteins and to monitor intracellular protein trafficking through the secretory pathway.
Structure and activity
Endoglycosidase H is isolated from Streptomyces plicatus or Streptomyces griseus.
Its molecular mass is 29 kDa. The primary structure was described by Robbins et al. in 1984.
Endoglycosidase H cleaves the bond in the diacetylchitobiose core of the
oligosaccharide between two N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) subunits directly proximal to the asparagine residue, generating a truncated sugar molecule with one N-acetylglucosamine residue remaining on the asparagine.
It deglycosylates mannose glycoproteins, but the extent and rate of the deglycosylation depends to a high degree on the nature of the glycoproteins.
The deglycosylation rate can be increased by denaturation of the glycoproteins (e.g., by carboxymethylation, sulfitolysis or by heating in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate).
The addition of 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol highly increases enzyme activity against glycoproteins containing inter- or intra-molecular disulfide bridges, un |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxygen | Maxygen Inc. was a biopharmaceutical company focused on developing improved versions of protein drugs using DNA shuffling and other protein modification technologies. The company was headquartered in Redwood City, CA. It dissolved in 2013. The Maxygen legacy was revived in 2018 with a focus on Directed Evolution of Proteins using Molecular Breeding. Maxygen LLC is currently headquartered in Sunnyvale, CA.
Clinical Programs
Maxygen Inc's clinical programs included a novel G-CSF for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, which entered clinical trials in 2006. Maxygen also had a preclinical program, MAXY-4, to develop a novel CTLA4-Ig therapeutic for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases.
Technologies
Maxygen Inc. was established to commercially exploit its proprietary recombination-based technologies for creating genetic diversity, known as its Molecular Breeding directed evolution platform. These technologies allow the generation of millions of variant genes and proteins, which then can be screened to identify those with potential commercial interest. This laboratory process mimics the powerful natural process of evolution. The success of Maxygen's technology was documented in numerous scientific publications and patents, in particular a 1998 Nature letter.
History
Maxygen was founded in 1997 by Dr. Alejandro Zaffaroni, a San Francisco Bay Area scientist and entrepreneur, and three co-founders: Dr. Willem P.C. Stemmer, Dr. Russel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid-attenuated%20inversion%20recovery | Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) is an MRI sequence with an inversion recovery set to null fluids. For example, it can be used in brain imaging to suppress cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) effects on the image, so as to bring out the periventricular hyperintense lesions, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques. It was invented by Graeme Bydder. FLAIR can be used with both three-dimensional imaging (3D FLAIR) or two dimensional imaging (2D FLAIR).
Technique
By carefully choosing the inversion time (TI), the signal from any particular tissue can be nulled. The appropriate TI depends on the tissue via the formula:
in other words, one should typically use a TI of around 70% of the T1 value. In the case of CSF suppression, one aims for T1-weighted images, which prioritize the signal of fat over that of water. Therefore, if the long TI (inversion time) is adjusted to a zero crossing point for water (none of its signal is visible), the signal of the CSF is theoretically being "erased," from the derived image.
Clinical applications
The FLAIR sequence analysis has been especially useful in the evaluation and study of CNS disorders, involving:
Lacunar infarction
Multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Head trauma
Meningitis and other leptomeningeal diseases*
* Post-contrast FLAIR images have been added to diagnosis protocol for accurate medical assessment.
See also
Relaxation (NMR)
References
Further reading
Magnetic resonance imaging |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93spin%20relaxation | In physics, the spin–spin relaxation is the mechanism by which , the transverse component of the magnetization vector, exponentially decays towards its equilibrium value in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It is characterized by the spin–spin relaxation time, known as 2, a time constant characterizing the signal decay.
It is named in contrast to 1, the spin–lattice relaxation time. It is the time it takes for the magnetic resonance signal to irreversibly decay to 37% (1/e) of its initial value after its generation by tipping the longitudinal magnetization towards the magnetic transverse plane. Hence the relation
.
2 relaxation generally proceeds more rapidly than 1 recovery, and different samples and different biological tissues have different 2. For example, fluids have the longest 2 (on the order of seconds for protons), and water based tissues are in the 40–200 ms range, while fat based tissues are in the 10–100 ms range. Amorphous solids have 2 in the range of milliseconds, while the transverse magnetization of crystalline samples decays in around 1/20 ms.
Origin
When excited nuclear spins—i.e., those lying partially in the transverse plane—interact with each other by sampling local magnetic field inhomogeneities on the micro- and nanoscales, their respective accumulated phases deviate from expected values. While the slow- or non-varying component of this deviation is reversible, some net signal will inevitably be lost due to sh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93lattice%20relaxation | During nuclear magnetic resonance observations, spin–lattice relaxation is the mechanism by which the longitudinal component of the total nuclear magnetic moment vector (parallel to the constant magnetic field) exponentially relaxes from a higher energy, non-equilibrium state to thermodynamic equilibrium with its surroundings (the "lattice"). It is characterized by the spin–lattice relaxation time, a time constant known as T1.
There is a different parameter, T2, the spin-spin relaxation time, which concerns the exponential relaxation of the transverse component of the nuclear magnetization vector ( to the external magnetic field). Measuring the variation of T1 and T2 in different materials is the basis for some magnetic resonance imaging techniques.
Nuclear physics
T1 characterizes the rate at which the longitudinal Mz component of the magnetization vector recovers exponentially towards its thermodynamic equilibrium, according to equation
Or, for the specific case that
It is thus the time it takes for the longitudinal magnetization to recover approximately 63% [1-(1/e)] of its initial value after being flipped into the magnetic transverse plane by a 90° radiofrequency pulse.
Nuclei are contained within a molecular structure, and are in constant vibrational and rotational motion, creating a complex magnetic field. The magnetic field caused by thermal motion of nuclei within the lattice is called the lattice field. The lattice field of a nucleus in a lower energy state |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-space%20in%20magnetic%20resonance%20imaging | In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the k-space or reciprocal space (a mathematical space of spatial frequencies) is obtained as the 2D or 3D Fourier transform of the image measured.
It was introduced in 1979 by Likes and in 1983 by Ljunggren and Twieg.
In MRI physics, complex values are sampled in k-space during an MR measurement in a premeditated scheme controlled by a pulse sequence, i.e. an accurately timed sequence of radiofrequency and gradient pulses. In practice, k-space often refers to the temporary image space, usually a matrix, in which data from digitized MR signals are stored during data acquisition. When k-space is full (at the end of the scan) the data are mathematically processed to produce a final image. Thus k-space holds raw data before reconstruction.
It can be formulated by defining wave vectors and for "frequency encoding" (FE) and "phase encoding" (PE):
where is the sampling time (the reciprocal of sampling frequency), is the duration of GPE, (gamma bar) is the gyromagnetic ratio, m is the sample number in the FE direction and n is the sample number in the PE direction (also known as partition number). Then, the 2D-Fourier Transform of this encoded signal results in a representation of the spin density distribution in two dimensions. Thus position (x,y) and spatial frequency (, ) constitute a Fourier transform pair.
Typically, k-space has the same number of rows and columns as the final image and is filled with raw data during the scan, usuall |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20Chinese%20motorcycle%20Grand%20Prix | The 2007 Chinese motorcycle Grand Prix was the fourth round of the 2007 MotoGP championship. It took place on the weekend of 4–6 May 2007 at the Shanghai International Circuit.
MotoGP classification
250 cc classification
125 cc classification
Championship standings after the race (MotoGP)
Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round four has concluded.
Riders' Championship standings
Constructors' Championship standings
Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.
References
Chinese motorcycle Grand Prix
Chinese
Motorcycle Grand Prix |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levy%E2%80%93Mises%20equations | The Levi–Mises equations (also called flow rules) describe the relationship between stress and strain for an ideal plastic solid where the elastic strains are negligible.
The generalized Levy–Mises equation can be written as:
Materials science
Continuum mechanics
Solid mechanics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroblotting | Electroblotting is a method in molecular biology/biochemistry/immunogenetics to transfer proteins or nucleic acids onto a membrane by using PVDF or nitrocellulose, after gel electrophoresis. The protein or nucleic acid can then be further analyzed using probes such as specific antibodies, ligands like lectins, or stains. This method can be used with all polyacrylamide and agarose gels. An alternative technique for transferring proteins from a gel is capillary blotting.
Development
This technique was patented in 1989 by William J. Littlehales under the title "Electroblotting technique for transferring specimens from a polyacrylamide electrophoresis or like gel onto a membrane.
Electroblotting procedure
This technique relies upon current and a transfer buffer solution to drive proteins or nucleic acids onto a membrane. Following electrophoresis, a standard tank or semi-dry blotting transfer system is set up. A stack is put together in the following order from cathode to anode: sponge | three sheets of filter paper soaked in transfer buffer | gel | PVDF or nitrocellulose membrane | three sheets of filter paper soaked in transfer buffer | sponge. It is a necessity that the membrane is located between the gel and the positively charged anode, as the current and sample will be moving in that direction. Once the stack is prepared, it is placed in the transfer system, and a current of suitable magnitude is applied for a suitable period of time according to the materials being used |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional%20variance | In probability theory and statistics, a conditional variance is the variance of a random variable given the value(s) of one or more other variables.
Particularly in econometrics, the conditional variance is also known as the scedastic function or skedastic function. Conditional variances are important parts of autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) models.
Definition
The conditional variance of a random variable Y given another random variable X is
The conditional variance tells us how much variance is left if we use to "predict" Y.
Here, as usual, stands for the conditional expectation of Y given X,
which we may recall, is a random variable itself (a function of X, determined up to probability one).
As a result, itself is a random variable (and is a function of X).
Explanation, relation to least-squares
Recall that variance is the expected squared deviation between a random variable (say, Y) and its expected value.
The expected value can be thought of as a reasonable prediction of the outcomes of the random experiment (in particular, the expected value is the best constant prediction when predictions are assessed by expected squared prediction error). Thus, one interpretation of variance is that it gives the smallest possible expected squared prediction error. If we have the knowledge of another random variable (X) that we can use to predict Y, we can potentially use this knowledge to reduce the expected squared error. As it turns out, the best predic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmatory%20factor%20analysis | In statistics, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is a special form of factor analysis, most commonly used in social science research. It is used to test whether measures of a construct are consistent with a researcher's understanding of the nature of that construct (or factor). As such, the objective of confirmatory factor analysis is to test whether the data fit a hypothesized measurement model. This hypothesized model is based on theory and/or previous analytic research. CFA was first developed by Jöreskog (1969) and has built upon and replaced older methods of analyzing construct validity such as the MTMM Matrix as described in Campbell & Fiske (1959).
In confirmatory factor analysis, the researcher first develops a hypothesis about what factors they believe are underlying the measures used (e.g., "Depression" being the factor underlying the Beck Depression Inventory and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression) and may impose constraints on the model based on these a priori hypotheses. By imposing these constraints, the researcher is forcing the model to be consistent with their theory. For example, if it is posited that there are two factors accounting for the covariance in the measures, and that these factors are unrelated to each other, the researcher can create a model where the correlation between factor A and factor B is constrained to zero. Model fit measures could then be obtained to assess how well the proposed model captured the covariance between all the item |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlasee%20Solar%20Park | The Erlasee Solar Park, or Solarstrompark Gut Erlasee, is an 11.4 megawatt (MW) photovoltaic power station located in Bavaria, southern Germany, in one of the sunniest regions of the country. Constructed on a former vineyard by the company Solon SE in 2006, it was then the world's largest photovoltaic power station.
The project uses 1,464 double-axis solar trackers to increase the annual electricity yield by 30 percent. Each tracker shoulders twelve conventional solar panels made of crystalline silicon. The plant generates about 14,000 megawatt-hours (MWh) annually, or as much as the average consumption of the nearby town of Arnstein.
The plant cost €70 million and covers an area of 77 hectares (190 acres). The project was officially commissioned on 1 September 2006. The inauguration party included a concert given by the popular German rock bands BAP and The BossHoss.
See also
Solar power in Germany
List of photovoltaic power stations
References
External links
SunPower Celebrates the Dedication of SOLON's Gut Erlasee Solar Park
Photovoltaic power stations in Germany
Economy of Bavaria
Main-Spessart |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraclass%20correlation | In statistics, the intraclass correlation, or the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), is a descriptive statistic that can be used when quantitative measurements are made on units that are organized into groups. It describes how strongly units in the same group resemble each other. While it is viewed as a type of correlation, unlike most other correlation measures, it operates on data structured as groups rather than data structured as paired observations.
The intraclass correlation is commonly used to quantify the degree to which individuals with a fixed degree of relatedness (e.g. full siblings) resemble each other in terms of a quantitative trait (see heritability). Another prominent application is the assessment of consistency or reproducibility of quantitative measurements made by different observers measuring the same quantity.
Early ICC definition: unbiased but complex formula
The earliest work on intraclass correlations focused on the case of paired measurements, and the first intraclass correlation (ICC) statistics to be proposed were modifications of the interclass correlation (Pearson correlation).
Consider a data set consisting of N paired data values (xn,1, xn,2), for n = 1, ..., N. The intraclass correlation r originally proposed by Ronald Fisher is
where
Later versions of this statistic used the degrees of freedom 2N −1 in the denominator for calculating s2 and N −1 in the denominator for calculating r, so that s2 becomes unbiased, and r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide-angle%20Infinity%20Display%20Equipment | Wide-angle Infinity Display Equipment (WIDE), the proprietary name for a cross-cockpit collimated display (CCCD) wide-angle display system invented by the UK Rediffusion company at their factory at Crawley, near Gatwick, UK, now part of Thales UK. The general design is now in common use in most full flight simulators, made by Thales and several other companies worldwide.
See also
Collimated light
Display technology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-Conductor%20Laboratory | The Semi-Conductor Laboratory (SCL), Mohali (formerly known as Semiconductor Complex Limited) is a research institute under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), Government of India. SCL was formerly under the Department of Space. SCL's aims include research and development (R&D) in the field of semiconductor technology. Semiconductors manufactured by SCL have been used in the Mars Orbiter Mission. The Indian Government is attempting to modernize SCL and upgrade its facilities.
History
The Semi-Conductor Laboratory (SCL) is a public sector undertaking (PSU) of the Government of India, and was founded as the Semiconductor Complex Limited, in Mohali, Punjab. SCL was formed to develop India's ambitions for establishing a semiconductor manufacturing industry. In 1976, the Cabinet of India approved the formation of SCL, and the company began production in 1984. At first, Navi Mumbai was the leading contender for where SCL would be established, however, then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi eventually selected Mohali as the location for where SCL would be set up. Then Chief Minister of Punjab, Zail Singh offered 51-acres of land to SCL for a token one rupee cost. When SCL initially began production in 1984, the company had entered into a technical collaboration with American Microsystems and started the production of 5 micron complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology.
In 1989, a fire broke out and destroyed SCL's facility in Mohali. The faci |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithine%20aminotransferase | Ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) is an enzyme which is encoded in human by the OAT gene located on chromosome 10.
The OAT involved in the ultimate formation of the non-essential amino acid proline from the amino acid ornithine. Ornithine aminotransferase forms the initial intermediate in this process. It catalyzes the reverse reaction as well, and is therefore essential in creating ornithine from the starting substrate proline.
Structure
The OAT gene encodes for a protein that is approximately 46 kDa in size. The OAT protein is expressed primarily in the liver and the kidney but also in the brain and the retina. The OAT protein is localized to the mitochondrion within the cells where it is expressed.
The structure of the OAT protein has been resolved using X-ray crystallography and shows similarity to other subgroup 2 aminotransferases such as dialkyglucine decarboxylatse. The OAT protein functions as a dimer and each monomer consists of a large domain, which contributes most to subunit interface, and a C-terminal small domain, and an N-terminal region containing a helix, loop, and three-stranded beta-meander. In the central large domain is a seven-stranded beta-sheet covered by eight helices. The co-factor of the OAT protein (pyridoxal-5'-phosphate) binds to OAT through a Schiff base at the lysine 292 position situated between two of the seven-stranded beta-sheet. Three amino acids (R 180, E 235, and R413) are thought to be involved in substrate binding at the active sit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branched-chain%20amino%20acid%20aminotransferase | Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (BCAT), also known as branched-chain amino acid transaminase, is an aminotransferase enzyme which acts upon branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). It is encoded by the BCAT2 gene in humans. The BCAT enzyme catalyzes the conversion of BCAAs and α-ketoglutarate into branched chain α-keto acids and glutamate.
The structure to the right of branched chain amino acid aminotransferase was found using X-ray diffraction with a resolution of 2.20 Å. The branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase found in this image was isolated from mycobacteria. This protein is made up of two identical polypeptide chains, totaling 372 residues.
The biological function of branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases is to catalyse the synthesis or degradation of the branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. In humans, branched chain amino acids are essential and are degraded by BCATs.
Structure and function
In humans, BCATs are homodimers composed of two domains, a small subunit (residues 1-170) and a large subunit (residues 182-365). These subunits are connected by a short, looping connecting region (residues 171-181). Both subunits consist of four alpha-helices and a beta-pleated sheet. Structural studies of human branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases (hBCAT) revealed that the peptide bonds in both isoforms are all trans except for the bond between residues Gly338-Pro339. The active site of the enzyme lies in the interface between th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table%20Producing%20Language | Table Producing Language was an IBM mainframe program developed by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics for producing statistical tables. It has been superseded by the commercial product TPL Tables developed by QQQ Software.
References
External links
QQQ Software
IBM mainframe software
Statistical software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy%20Commander%20%28horse%29 | Deputy Commander (foaled in 1994 in Kentucky – October 7, 2009) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse.
Background
Bred by Crystal Springs Farm near Paris, Kentucky, he was a son of North American Champion sire Deputy Minister and out of the Grade 1-winning turf mare, Anka Germania who captured the 1988 Sword Dancer Invitational over subsequent Eclipse-winning turf horse Sunshine Forever. He was sold by Denali Stud as a weanling at the November 1995 Keeneland Sales to Horizon Stable, a partnership put together by trainer Wallace Dollase.
Racing career
A late developer, Deputy Commander never made it to the 1997 Kentucky Derby. However, by autumn he had matured into a powerful colt who won the Travers Stakes and the Super Derby before running second to Skip Away in the 1997 Breeders' Cup Classic at Hollywood Park Racetrack.
Stud record
After being retired from racing, Deputy Commander stood at stud in Kentucky at Stonerside Stable and Airdrie Stud, and in 2007 stood at stud at Ballena Vista Farm in Ramona, California. Among his progeny are Grab Your Heart and Deputy Glitters as well as Ten Most Wanted, who followed in his sire's footsteps by winning both the Travers Stakes and the Super Derby.
Due to a decline in his physiological and neurological health, he was euthanized October 7, 2009.
References
1994 racehorse births
2009 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in the United States
Thoroughbred family 16-f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatter%20matrix | For the notion in quantum mechanics, see scattering matrix.
In multivariate statistics and probability theory, the scatter matrix is a statistic that is used to make estimates of the covariance matrix, for instance of the multivariate normal distribution.
Definition
Given n samples of m-dimensional data, represented as the m-by-n matrix, , the sample mean is
where is the j-th column of .
The scatter matrix is the m-by-m positive semi-definite matrix
where denotes matrix transpose, and multiplication is with regards to the outer product. The scatter matrix may be expressed more succinctly as
where is the n-by-n centering matrix.
Application
The maximum likelihood estimate, given n samples, for the covariance matrix of a multivariate normal distribution can be expressed as the normalized scatter matrix
When the columns of are independently sampled from a multivariate normal distribution, then has a Wishart distribution.
See also
Estimation of covariance matrices
Sample covariance matrix
Wishart distribution
Outer product—or X⊗X is the outer product of X with itself.
Gram matrix
References
Covariance and correlation
Matrices |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centering%20matrix | In mathematics and multivariate statistics, the centering matrix is a symmetric and idempotent matrix, which when multiplied with a vector has the same effect as subtracting the mean of the components of the vector from every component of that vector.
Definition
The centering matrix of size n is defined as the n-by-n matrix
where is the identity matrix of size n and is an n-by-n matrix of all 1's.
For example
,
,
Properties
Given a column-vector, of size n, the centering property of can be expressed as
where is a column vector of ones and is the mean of the components of .
is symmetric positive semi-definite.
is idempotent, so that , for . Once the mean has been removed, it is zero and removing it again has no effect.
is singular. The effects of applying the transformation cannot be reversed.
has the eigenvalue 1 of multiplicity n − 1 and eigenvalue 0 of multiplicity 1.
has a nullspace of dimension 1, along the vector .
is an orthogonal projection matrix. That is, is a projection of onto the (n − 1)-dimensional subspace that is orthogonal to the nullspace . (This is the subspace of all n-vectors whose components sum to zero.)
The trace of is .
Application
Although multiplication by the centering matrix is not a computationally efficient way of removing the mean from a vector, it is a convenient analytical tool. It can be used not only to remove the mean of a single vector, but also of multiple vectors stored in the rows or columns of an m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEROPS | MEROPS is an online database for peptidases (also known as proteases, proteinases and proteolytic enzymes) and their inhibitors. The classification scheme for peptidases was published by Rawlings & Barrett in 1993, and that for protein inhibitors by Rawlings et al. in 2004. The most recent version, MEROPS 12.4, was released in late October 2021.
Overview
The classification is based on similarities at the tertiary and primary structural levels. Comparisons are restricted to that part of the sequence directly involved in the reaction, which in the case of a peptidase must include the active site, and for a protein inhibitor the reactive site. The classification is hierarchical: sequences are assembled into families, and families are assembled into clans. Each peptidase, family, and clan has a unique identifier.
Classification
Family
The families of peptidases are constructed by comparisons of amino acid sequences. A family is assembled around a type example, the sequence of a well-characterized peptidase or inhibitor. All other sequences in the family must be related to the family type example, either directly or through a transitive relationship involving one or more sequences already shown to be family members. Typically, FastA or BlastP is used to establish sequence relationships, with an expect value of 0.001 or lower taken to be statistically significant. HMMER or psi-blast searches are used for adding sequences which are distantly related to a family. Each family |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stencil%20jumping | Stencil jumping, at times called stencil walking, is an algorithm to locate the grid element enclosing a given point for any structured mesh. In simple words, given a point and a structured mesh, this algorithm will help locate the grid element that will enclose the given point.
This algorithm finds extensive use in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in terms of holecutting and interpolation when two meshes lie one inside the other. The other variations of the problem would be something like this: Given a place, at which latitude and longitude does it lie? The brute force algorithm would find the distance of the point from every mesh point and see which is smallest. Another approach would be to use a binary search algorithm which would yield a result comparable in speed to the stencil jumping algorithm. A combination of both the binary search and the stencil jumping algorithm will yield an optimum result in the minimum possible time.
The principle
Consider one grid element of a 2-dimensional mesh as shown, for simplicity and consider a point O inside.
The vertices of the grid element are denoted by A, B, C and D and the vectors AB, BC, CD, DA, OA, OB, OC and OD are represented.
The cross product of OA and AB will yield a vector perpendicular to the plane coming out of the screen. We say that the magnitude of the cross product is positive. It will be observed that the cross products of OB and BC, OC and CD; and OD and DA are all positive.
This is not the case when the poin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganoderic%20acid | Ganoderic acids are a class of closely related triterpenoids (derivatives from lanosterol) found in Ganoderma mushrooms. For thousands of years, the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma fungi have been used in traditional medicines in East Asia. Consequently, there have been efforts to identify the chemical constituents that may be responsible for the putative pharmacological effects. The two most well described ganoderic acids out of the many that have been identified and characterized are ganoderic acids A and B. Some ganoderic acids have been found to possess biological activities including hepatoprotection, anti-tumor effects, and 5-alpha reductase inhibition.
References
5α-Reductase inhibitors
Triterpenes
Cyclohexenols
Keto acids
Sterols
Enones |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%20transporter%20ZIP4 | Zinc transporter ZIP4 is a transmembrane protein which in humans is encoded by the SLC39A4 gene. It is associated with acrodermatitis enteropathica.
See also
Solute carrier family
References
External links
OMIM entry on ACRODERMATITIS ENTEROPATHICA, ZINC-DEFICIENCY TYPE; AEZ
Solute carrier family |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical%20Classification%20of%20Economic%20Activities%20in%20the%20European%20Community | The Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community, commonly referred to as NACE (for the French term "nomenclature statistique des activités économiques dans la Communauté européenne"), is the industry standard classification system used in the European Union. The current version is revision 2 and was established by Regulation (EC) No 1893/2006. It is the European implementation of the UN classification ISIC, revision 4.
There is a correspondence between NACE and United Nations' International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities.
NACE is similar in function to the SIC and NAICS systems:
Standard Industrial Classification
North American Industry Classification System
NACE uses four hierarchical levels:
Level 1: 21 sections identified by alphabetical letters A to U;
Level 2: 88 divisions identified by two-digit numerical codes (01 to 99);
Level 3: 272 groups identified by three-digit numerical codes (01.1 to 99.0);
Level 4: 615 classes identified by four-digit numerical codes (01.11 to 99.00).
The first four digits of the code, which is the first four levels of the classification system, are the same in all European countries. National implementations may introduce additional levels. The fifth digit might vary from country to country and further digits are sometimes placed by suppliers of databases.
Level 1 Codes
The 21 Level 1 codes are:
References
External links
For a full list of NACE Codes, please refe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuzo%20Kanemaru | is a male Japanese sprinter. He set his 400 metres personal best at the 2009 Osaka Grand Prix, finishing in 45.16 seconds.
Competition record
Statistics
Personal bests
References
External links
1987 births
Living people
People from Takatsuki, Osaka
Sportspeople from Osaka Prefecture
Japanese male sprinters
Olympic male sprinters
Olympic athletes for Japan
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Asian Games gold medalists for Japan
Asian Games silver medalists for Japan
Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Asian Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Asian Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Japan
Universiade bronze medalists for Japan
Medalists at the 2009 Summer Universiade
World Athletics Championships athletes for Japan
Japan Championships in Athletics winners
Asian Athletics Championships winners
20th-century Japanese people
21st-century Japanese people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild%20Farm%20Alliance | The Wild Farm Alliance (WFA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to increasing biodiversity by expanding the idea and practice of wild farming.
Rooted in Watsonville, the heart of central California's agricultural lands, the WFA was founded in 2000, and was a participant in the sustainable agriculture movement. With twelve board members and a panel of advisors, including notorious agrarian Wendell Berry (Wild Farm Alliance-2006) the Wild Farm Alliance is composed of agricultural intellects from across the country. Furthermore, this panel of agricultural experts participates in educational meetings and conferences that encourage conservation and sustainable agriculture, as well as shape and implement the practices and beliefs of the WFA. The Wild Farm Alliance is also responsible for promoting private and public conservation incentives that compensate farmers for their stewardship efforts. Advocates of organic agriculture the WFA claims that organic farming (when done right) is a great model for farmers, but organic farming should also include the expansion and conservation of Nature on the farm (Sullivan-2006.) Since 37% of the Earth's land is dedicated to agriculture, the WFA believes that farmlands should be the first focus area for wildlife conservation (International Federation of Organic Movements-2002.)
As eco-crates and part of the stewardship school, the WFA's mission is to "promote agriculture that helps to protect and restore wild Nature" (Wild Farm Alliance-2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxycytidine%20kinase | Deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) is an enzyme which is encoded by the DCK gene in humans. dCK predominantly phosphorylates deoxycytidine (dC) and converts dC into deoxycytidine monophosphate. dCK catalyzes one of the initial steps in the nucleoside salvage pathway and has the potential to phosphorylate other preformed nucleosides, specifically deoxyadenosine (dA) and deoxyguanosine (dG), and convert them into their monophosphate forms. There has been recent biomedical research interest in investigating dCK's potential as a therapeutic target for different types of cancer.
Structure
dCK is a homodimer where each monomer subunit consists of multiple alpha helices surrounding a beta sheet core. Each subunit includes a nucleotide donor binding site, nucleoside acceptor binding site, nucleotide base sensing loop (240-254 residues), insert region (12-15 residues) that connects helices 2 and 3. dCK has several different protein conformations but its conformation depends on the nucleoside or nucleotide it binds to. dCK can bind to ADP, ATP, UDP or UTP (phosphoryl group donors) but UDP/UTP binding changes the enzyme's conformation by rearranging the nucleotide base sensing loop as compared to the dCK's conformation when bound to ATP. This change in conformation when a specific phosphoryl donor is bound in the nucleotide binding site determines which nucleoside can bind in the nucleoside binding site. For example, it has been observed that when dCK binds to ADP, dCK takes on a "closed" c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribose-phosphate%20diphosphokinase | Ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase (or phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase or ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase) is an enzyme that converts ribose 5-phosphate into phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP). It is classified under .
The enzyme is involved in the synthesis of nucleotides (purines and pyrimidines), cofactors NAD and NADP, and amino acids histidine and tryptophan, linking these biosynthetic processes to the pentose phosphate pathway, from which the substrate ribose 5-phosphate is derived. Ribose 5-phosphate is produced by the HMP Shunt Pathway from Glucose-6-Phosphate. The product phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate acts as an essential component of the purine salvage pathway and the de novo synthesis of purines. Dysfunction of the enzyme would thereby undermine purine metabolism. Ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase exists in bacteria, plants, and animals, and there are three isoforms of human ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase. In humans, the genes encoding the enzyme are located on the X chromosome.
Reaction mechanism
Ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase transfers the diphosphoryl group from Mg-ATP (Mg2+ coordinated to ATP) to ribose 5-phosphate. The enzymatic reaction begins with the binding of ribose 5-phosphate, followed by binding of Mg-ATP to the enzyme. In the transition state upon binding of both substrates, the diphosphate is transferred. The enzyme first releases AMP before releasing the product phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate.
Experiments using oxygen 18 labelled w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uracil%20phosphoribosyltransferase | Uracil phosphoribosyltransferase is an enzyme which creates UMP from uracil and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. This protein may use the morpheein model of allosteric regulation.
References
External links
EC 2.4.2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton%20%28surname%29 | The word Hilton or Hylton is a place name of English and Norwegian origin, which is also the source of a toponymic surname. At the time of the British Census of 1881, the frequency of the surname Hilton was highest in Lancashire (5.3 times the British average), followed by Sussex, Lincolnshire, Westmorland, Cheshire, Norfolk and Bedfordshire. Its frequency was below national average in all the other British counties. Sometimes Hilton is found as a given name.
Hilton Hotel dynasty
Members of the Hilton family associated with Conrad Hilton who founded Hilton hotels. This family take their name from a farm near Kløfta in Ullensaker, Norway.
Conrad Nicholson Hilton, Sr (1887–1979)
Conrad Nicholson "Nicky" Hilton, Jr. (1926–1969)
Conrad Nicholson Hilton III, born 1960
Michael Otis Hilton, born 1961
William Barron Hilton (1927–2019)
William Barron Hilton Jr, born 1948
Hawley Anne Hilton, born 1949
Steven Michael Hilton, born 1950
Nicholas Conrad Hilton, born 1984
David Alan Hilton, born 1952
Sharon Constance Hilton, born 1953
Richard Howard Hilton, born 1955, married to Kathy Hilton
Paris Whitney Hilton, born 1981
Nicholai "Nicky" Olivia Hilton, born 1983
Barron Nicholas Hilton, born 1989
Conrad Hughes Hilton, born 1994
Daniel Kevin Hilton, born 1962
Ronald Jeffrey Hilton, born 1963
Eric Michael Hilton, born 1932
Constance Francesca Hilton, (1947–2015)
Other people
Other people named Hilton or Hylton
Alfred B. Hilton, American Civil War soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
Clif |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicyanin | Amicyanin is a type I copper protein that plays an integral role in electron transfer. In bacteria such as Paracoccus denitrificans, amicyanin is part of a three-member redox complex, along with methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH) and cytochrome c-551i.
Function
In the electron transfer mechanism from MADH to heme, amicyanin acts as an electron-accepting intermediate. In this reaction, MADH catalyzes the oxidative deamination of methylamine to formaldehyde plus ammonia. The tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) group of MADH then donates electrons to the copper centre of amicyanin, which in turn gives the electrons to the heme of the cytochrome c. In P. denitrificans, amicyanin is absolutely required for electron transfer from MADH to c-type cytochromes. It has been shown that inactivation of amicyanin by gene replacement in vivo results in complete loss of ability to grow on methylamine.
Structure
As a type I copper protein, amicyanin contains one copper atom coordinated by two histidine residues and a cysteine residue in a trigonal planar structure along with an axial methionine residue ligand. Alterations from this particular coordination of the copper centre are found to negatively alter the redox potential of amicyanin.
In P. denitrificans, amicyanin exists in a three-part complex along with MADH and cytochrome c-551i. This is the only redox complex composed of three weakly associated proteins naturally observed.
References
1. Victor L. Davidson and Limei Hsu J |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba%20Film%20Classification%20Board | The Manitoba Film Classification Board (MFCB) was a provincial government organization responsible for rating films and video games rented, sold, or shown in the province of Manitoba. In mid 2018, the Board was dissolved, with its duties being outsourced to British Columbia for film classifications, and transferred to the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) for video games.
The MFCB consisted of a minimum of 16 community members, and was tasked with providing ratings information about film, videos, DVDs, computer and video games distributed in Manitoba.
History
Film censorship in Manitoba began in 1911 with An Act to Regulate Moving Picture Exhibitions. As Winnipeg was the only place in the province showing films, such censorship would the responsibility of civic government.
In 1916, as films began showing in other centres, the Manitoba Censor Board (MCB) was created under the Public Amusements Act (assented 10 March 1916), with regulation by the Amusements Act soon after. Manitoba would not be the only jurisdiction to establish a film censor board in the wake of cinema:
Only two classifications—general and adult—were used by MCB; all films were permissible to everyone since any undesirable material was removed by film editing. (In cases where editing was not possible, films were banned.) By 1933, "permissiveness on the screen had reached a peak with the phenomenal popularity of Mae West, whose dialogue was peppered with innuendo and double entendres."
Until 193 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity%E2%80%93function%20debate | Functional diversity, composition, and species richness affect the biogeochemical processes of ecosystems. However, the degree to which these factors influence ecosystems and whether that influence is significant is debated.
In the article The Influence of Functional Diversity and Composition on Ecosystem Processes, scientists reported on an experiment in which they studied the effects of plant species diversity, functional diversity, and functional composition on ecosystem processes, as measured in six response variables (productivity, plant % N, plant tot. N, soil NH4, soil NO3, and light penetration). 289 plots were designed with varying amounts of the three controlled factors. Each plot contained up to 32 perennial savannah-grassland species representing up to five plant functional groups. These species were not equal in their functional impact to the ecosystem.
The statistical results show that functional diversity and species composition significantly affected the six response variables to a greater extent than species diversity. By themselves, all three factors significantly affected ecosystem processes and also influenced each other. The mechanisms and degree by which they influenced each other are unclear. The Tilman article doesn't purport to have the definite answer. Uncertainty is implied in the major conclusions of the paper: "...the number of functionally different roles represented in an ecosystem may be a stronger determinant of ecosystem processes than the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopredator%20release%20hypothesis | The mesopredator release hypothesis is an ecological theory used to describe the interrelated population dynamics between apex predators and mesopredators within an ecosystem, such that a collapsing population of the former results in dramatically increased populations of the latter. This hypothesis describes the phenomenon of trophic cascade in specific terrestrial communities.
A mesopredator is a medium-sized, middle trophic level predator, which both preys and is preyed upon. Examples are raccoons, skunks, snakes, cownose rays, and small sharks.
The hypothesis
The term "mesopredator release" was first used by Soulé and colleagues in 1988 to describe a process whereby mid-sized carnivorous mammals became far more abundant after being "released" from the control of a larger carnivore. This, in turn, resulted in decreased populations of still smaller prey species, such as birds. This may lead to dramatic prey population decline, or even extinction, especially on islands. This process arises when mammalian top predators are considered to be the most influential factor on trophic structure and biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems. Top predators may feed on herbivores and kill predators in lower trophic levels as well. Thus, reduction in the abundance of top predators may cause the medium-sized predator population to increase, therefore having a negative effect on the underlying prey community. The mesopredator release hypothesis offers an explanation for the abnormally |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild%20farming | Wild farming is a growing alternative to "factory farming" that consists of planting crops that are highly associated and supportive to the natural ecosystem. This includes intercropping with native plants, following the contours and geography of the land, and supporting local food chains. The goal is to produce large crop yields, while still promoting a healthy environment. Wild farming is a backlash against the dominance of factory farming which is a dominant factor in the food industry and has a 'myth' that industrial agriculture is more efficient. Up until the mid 20th century, agricultural crop yields relied on natural inputs such as rainfall patterns, natural soil resources, recycling of organic matter, and built-in biological control mechanisms. Currently, agricultural practices have been conventionalized to include large monocropped fields and the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. Avoiding the conventional farming practices, wild farming adopts many practices from sustainable agricultural systems such as agroecology, permaculture, forest farming, and greywater systems.
Principles
The four basic guiding principles of the wild farming movement are:
Direct managers to develop long-term vision for future of landscape
Basic recognition of ecosystem processes.
High value on biological diversity.
To consider the quality of life of the community as well as the self.
Organizations
The largest organization involved in the study and promotion of wild farming i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng%20Jinghuang | Deng Jinghuang (born 24 January 1985) is a former Chinese-born Hong Kong professional footballer who played as a left back or a centre back.
Career statistics
Club
As of 14 May 2008
International
As of 9 February 2011
External links
Deng Jinghuang at HKFA
Scaafc.com 球員資料 – 4. 鄧景煌
SCAA Official Blog 4號 鄧景煌 (Deng Jing Huang)
1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Guangzhou
Chinese men's footballers
Hong Kong men's footballers
Guangzhou F.C. players
Hong Kong First Division League players
Hong Kong Premier League players
South China AA players
Hong Kong Pegasus FC players
Expatriate men's footballers in Hong Kong
Hong Kong men's international footballers
Men's association football defenders |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang%20Zicheng | Liang Zicheng (, born 18 March 1982) is a former Chinese-born Hong Kong professional footballer who played as a striker.
Career statistics
Club
As of 20 September 2008
External links
Liang Zicheng at HKFA
1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Guangzhou
Chinese men's footballers
Hong Kong men's footballers
Guangzhou F.C. players
Hong Kong First Division League players
Hong Kong Premier League players
South China AA players
Hong Kong Rangers FC players
Metro Gallery FC players
Kitchee SC players
Sun Hei SC players
Eastern Sports Club footballers
R&F (Hong Kong) players
Expatriate men's footballers in Hong Kong
Chinese expatriate men's footballers
Chinese expatriate sportspeople in Hong Kong
Men's association football forwards
Men's association football midfielders |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang%20Jianzhong | Zhang Jianzhong (, born 18 September 1985) is a Chinese former professional association football player.
Career statistics in Hong Kong
As of 3 September 2009
External links
Zhang Jianzhong at HKFA
SCAA Official Blog 16號 張健忠 (Zhang Jian Zhong)
1985 births
Living people
Chinese men's footballers
Footballers from Guangzhou
Men's association football goalkeepers
Hong Kong First Division League players
South China AA players
Expatriate men's footballers in Hong Kong
Sun Hei SC players
Chinese expatriate sportspeople in Hong Kong
21st-century Chinese people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMMA%20%28accelerator%29 | The electron machine with many applications or electron model for many applications (EMMA) is a linear non-scaling FFAG (fixed-field alternating-gradient) particle accelerator at Daresbury Laboratory in the UK that can accelerate electrons from 10 to 20 MeV. A FFAG is a type of accelerator in which the magnetic field in the bending magnets is constant during acceleration. This means the particle beam will move radially outwards as its momentum increases. Acceleration was successfully demonstrated in EMMA, paving the way for future non-scaling FFAGs to meet important applications in energy, security and medicine.
A linear non-scaling FFAG is one in which a quantity known as the betatron tune is allowed to vary unchecked. In a conventional synchrotron such a variation would result in loss of the beam. However, in EMMA the beam will cross these resonances so rapidly that their effect should not be seen. EMMA will use the ALICE accelerator as a source of electrons and will be situated in the same laboratory at STFC's Daresbury site.
EMMA is a proof-of-principle machine; the experience gained in building this machine will be useful for future muon accelerators (which could be used in neutrino factories), and also for proton and carbon ion particle accelerators, which have applications for cancer therapy.
Non-scaling FFAGs are a good candidate for use in an accelerator-driven subcritical reactor system in which a non-critical fission core is driven to criticality by a small acce |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20%28literature%29 | Classification is a figure of speech linking a proper noun to a common noun using the or other articles.
Example
"Finland, the land of a thousand lakes."
"Japan, the land of the rising sun."
References
Figures of speech |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered%20Species%20Act%20Amendments%20of%201978 | The Endangered Species Act (ESA) was first passed in 1973 and forms the basis of biodiversity and endangered species protection in the United States. The original purpose of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 was to prevent species endangerment and extinction due to the human impact on natural ecosystems. The three most powerful sections of the ESA are Sections 4, 7 and 9. Section 4 allows the Secretaries of Interior and Commerce to list species as threatened or endangered based on best available data. Section 7 requires federal agencies to consult with Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) or National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) before taking any action that may threaten a listed species. Section 9 forbids the taking of an endangered species. The first amendment to the ESA was passed by the 95th United States Congress in 1978 to "introduce some flexibility into the Endangered Species Act".
The snail darter
The snail darter case was important for the ESA because it made Congress realize how powerful the ESA really was. In 1966, the Tennessee Valley Authority began construction on the Tellico Dam on the Little Tennessee River. For years, environmentalists tried to shut down the project, but their actions were unsuccessful until the discovery of the snail darter, a small fish that feeds off aquatic snails. The snail darter was listed as an endangered species in 1975 and part of the Little Tennessee River was designated as critical habitat. The completion of the Tellico |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanine%20deaminase | Guanine deaminase also known as cypin, guanase, guanine aminase, GAH, and guanine aminohydrolase is an aminohydrolase enzyme which converts guanine to xanthine. Cypin is a major cytosolic protein that interacts with PSD-95. It promotes localized microtubule assembly in neuronal dendrites.
References
External links
EC 3.5.4 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drift-field%20transistor | The drift-field transistor, also called the drift transistor or graded base transistor, is a type of high-speed bipolar junction transistor having a doping-engineered electric field in the base to reduce the charge carrier base transit time.
Invented by Herbert Kroemer at the Central Bureau of Telecommunications Technology of the German Postal Service, in 1953, it continues to influence the design of modern high-speed bipolar junction transistors.
Early drift transistors were made by diffusing the base dopant in a way that caused a higher doping concentration near the emitter reducing towards the collector.
This graded base happens automatically with the double diffused planar transistor (so they aren't usually called drift transistors).
Similar high speed transistors
Another way to speed the base transit time of this type of transistor is to vary the band gap across the base, e.g. in the SiGe [epitaxial base] BJT the base of Si1−ηGeη can be grown with η approx 0.2 by the collector and reducing to 0 near the emitter (keeping the dopant concentration constant).
Applications
Germanium diffused junction transistors were used by IBM in their Saturated Drift Transistor Resistor Logic (SDTRL), used in the IBM 1620. (Announced Oct 1959)
References
External links
Herb’s Bipolar Transistors IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES, VOL. 48, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2001 PDF needs IEEE subscription
Influence of Mobility and Lifetime Variations on Drift-Field Effects in Silicon-Junction D |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Fenerbah%C3%A7e%20S.K.%20managers | This is a list of all managers of Fenerbahçe, including honours.
Managers
Statistics
Records
Nationalities
As of 11 June 2023.
Most games managed
As of June 2018.
References
Notes
Main
Fenerbahce
Managers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20London | There were 1,318,755 Muslims reported in the 2021 census in the Greater London area. In the 2021 census Office for National Statistics, the proportion of Muslims in London had risen to 15% of the population, making Islam the second largest religion in the city after Christianity.
History
The first Muslims to settle in London were lascars, that is, Bengali and Yemeni sailors from the 19th century. Many Muslims from the Indian sub-continent served in the British Army and British Indian Army in the First and Second World Wars. In the wave of immigration that followed the Second World War, many Muslims emigrated to the UK from these Commonwealth countries and former colonies to satisfy labour shortages and seek new opportunities for themselves. Following the partition of India, many came from Pakistan especially the Punjab and Azad Kashmir in addition to the Indian state of Gujarat. This initial wave of immigration of the 1950s and 60s was followed by migrants from Cyprus, Sylhet in Bangladesh, formerly East Pakistan. Many Muslims also arrived from various other countries, although the percentage is far smaller than from South Asia. Amongst those from other countries, Muslims from Yemen, Somalia and Turkey have significant numbers, whereas those from Malaysia, Nigeria, Ghana and Kenya represent smaller fractions. Today, London's Muslims come from all over the world and there is a small but growing group of converts.
21st century
Following waves of immigration over the previou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z6%20small%20nucleolar%20RNA | In molecular biology, Z6 small nucleolar RNA is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
Z6 snoRNA belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5.8S%20ribosomal%20RNA | In molecular biology, the 5.8S ribosomal RNA (5.8S rRNA) is a non-coding RNA component of the large subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome and so plays an important role in protein translation. It is transcribed by RNA polymerase I as part of the 45S precursor that also contains 18S and 28S rRNA. Its function is thought to be in ribosome translocation. It is also known to form covalent linkage to the p53 tumour suppressor protein. 5.8S rRNA can be used as a reference gene for miRNA detection. The 5.8S ribosomal RNA is used to better understand other rRNA processes and pathways in the cell.
The 5.8S rRNA is homologous to the 5' end of non-eukaryotic LSU rRNA. In eukaryotes, the insertion of ITS2 breaks LSU rRNA into 5.8S and 28S rRNAs. Some flies have their 5.8 rRNA further split into two pieces.
Structure
L567.5 rRNA structure is approximately 150 nucleotides in size and it consists of plenty of folded strands, some of which are presumed to be single stranded.
This ribosomal RNA, along with the 28S and 5S rRNA as well as 46 ribosomal proteins, forms the ribosomal large subunit (LSU).
The 5.8S rRNA is initially transcribed along with the 18S and 28S rRNA in the 45S preribosomal RNA, along with the ITS 1 and ITS 2 (Internal transcribed spacer) and a 5’ and 3’ ETS (External transcribed spacer). The 5.8S rRNA is located between the two ITS regions, with ITS1 separating it from the 18S rRNA in the 5' direction, and ITS2 separating it from the 28S rRNA in the 3' direction. The ITS |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5S%20ribosomal%20RNA | The 5S ribosomal RNA (5S rRNA) is an approximately 120 nucleotide-long ribosomal RNA molecule with a mass of 40 kDa. It is a structural and functional component of the large subunit of the ribosome in all domains of life (bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes), with the exception of mitochondrial ribosomes of fungi and animals. The designation 5S refers to the molecule's sedimentation velocity in an ultracentrifuge, which is measured in Svedberg units (S).
Biosynthesis
In prokaryotes, the 5S rRNA gene is typically located in the rRNA operons downstream of the small and the large subunit rRNA, and co-transcribed into a polycistronic precursor. A particularity of eukaryotic nuclear genomes is the occurrence of multiple 5S rRNA gene copies (5S rDNA) clustered in tandem repeats, with copy number varying from species to species.
Eukaryotic 5S rRNA is synthesized by RNA polymerase III, whereas other eukaryotic rRNAs are cleaved from a 45S precursor transcribed by RNA polymerase I. In Xenopus oocytes, it has been shown that fingers 4–7 of the nine-zinc finger transcription factor TFIIIA can bind to the central region of 5S RNA. Binding between 5S rRNA and TFIIIA serves to both repress further transcription of the 5S RNA gene and stabilize the 5S RNA transcript until it is required for ribosome assembly.
Structure
The secondary structure of 5S rRNA consists of five helices (denoted I-V in roman numerals), four loops (B-E), and one hinge (A), which form together a Y-like structure. Lo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7SK%20RNA | In molecular biology 7SK is an abundant small nuclear RNA found in metazoans. It plays a role in regulating transcription by controlling the positive transcription elongation factor P-TEFb. 7SK is found in a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex (snRNP) with a number of other proteins that regulate the stability and function of the complex.
Structure
An early study indicated that 7SK in cells is associated with a number of proteins and probing of the secondary structure suggested a model for base pairing between different regions of the RNA. A breakthrough in the function of the 7SK snRNP came with the finding that the positive transcription elongation factor P-TEFb was a component of the complex. 7SK associates with and inhibits the cyclin dependent kinase activity of P-TEFb through the action of the RNA binding proteins HEXIM1 or HEXIM2. The gamma phosphate at the 5' end of 7SK is methylated by the methylphosphate capping enzyme MEPCE which is a constitutive component of the 7SK snRNP. A La related protein LARP7 is also found associated with 7SK, presumably in part through its interaction with the 3' end of the RNA. Reduction of either MEPCE or LARP7 by siRNA mediated knockdown leads to destabilization of 7SK in vivo. A subset of 7SK snRNPs lack P-TEFb and HEXIM, but contains hnRNPs instead.
Function
The major function of the 7SK snRNP is control of the P-TEFb, a factor that regulates the elongation phase of transcription. The kinase activity of P-TEFb is in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfalfa%20mosaic%20virus%20coat%20protein%20binding%20%28CPB%29%20RNA | The Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) coat protein binding (CPB) RNA is an RNA element which is found in the 3′ UTR of the genome. AMV CPB can stimulate the translation of AMV RNA by between 50 and 100-fold. This family contains at least two coat protein binding sites which are thought to be essential for efficient RNA translation.
See also
Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 5′ UTR stem-loop
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Bromoviridae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfalfa%20mosaic%20virus%20RNA%201%205%E2%80%B2%20UTR%20stem-loop | The Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 1 5′ UTR stem-loop represents a putative stem-loop structure found in the 5′ UTR in RNA 1 of alfalfa mosaic virus. RNA 1 is responsible for encoding the viral replicase protein P1. This family is required for negative strand RNA synthesis in the alfalfa mosaic virus and may also be involved in positive strand RNA synthesis.
See also
Alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein binding (CPB) RNA
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Bromoviridae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20operon%20ribosome%20binding%20site | The alpha operon ribosome binding site in bacteria is surrounded by this complex pseudoknotted RNA structure. Translation of the mRNA produces 4 ribosomal protein products, one of which (S4) acts as a translational repressor by binding to the nested pseudoknot region. The mechanism of repression is thought to involve a conformational switch in the pseudoknot region and ribosome entrapment.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antizyme%20RNA%20frameshifting%20stimulation%20element | Antizyme RNA frameshifting stimulation element is a structural element which is found in antizyme mRNA and is known to promote frameshifting. Antizyme genes have two partially overlapping open reading frames, the second, which encodes the functional (antizyme) protein requires +1 translational frameshifting. This frameshift is stimulated by a pseudoknot present 3' of the frameshift site in the antizyme mRNA. The frameshifting efficiency is dependent on the concentration of polyamines in the cell, when the polyamine concentration is high frameshifting is more likely to occur which leads to an increase in the quantity of functional antizyme produced. The functional antizyme acts to reduce ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity which leads to a drop in polyamines present in the cell. Therefore, this family can be thought of as a biosensor for intracellular free polyamines that functions via a negative feedback loop.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APC%20internal%20ribosome%20entry%20site%20%28IRES%29 | The APC internal ribosome entry site (IRES) is an RNA element which is located in the coding sequence of the APC gene. APC is a tumour suppressor gene which is associated with the inherited disease adenomatous polyposis coli (APC). It is thought that IRES-mediated translation of APC is important for an apoptotic cascade.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphthovirus%20internal%20ribosome%20entry%20site%20%28IRES%29 | This family represents the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of the Picornaviruses. IRES elements allow cap and end-independent translation of mRNA in the host cell. The IRES achieves this by mediating the internal initiation of translation by recruiting a ribosomal 43S pre-initiation complex directly to the initiation codon and eliminates the requirement for the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4F.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Internal ribosome entry site
Aphthoviruses |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein%20B%20%28apoB%29%205%E2%80%B2%20UTR%20cis-regulatory%20element | The apolipoprotein B (apoB) 5′ UTR cis regulatory element is an RNA element located in the 5′ UTR of the human apoB mRNA. This structured element increases translation of the apoB protein or a reporter gene.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage%20pRNA | Bacteriophage pRNA is a ncRNA element. During replication of linear dsDNA viruses, the viral genome is packaged into the pre-formed viral procapsid. The packaging of DNA into the procapsid requires a molecular motor, which uses ATP as energy to accomplish the energetically unfavorable motion. In some bacteriophage, an RNA (pRNA) molecule is a vital component of this motor. Structural analyses of the packaging motor have demonstrated that the pRNA molecule has fivefold symmetry when attached to the prohead. The pRNA is thought to be bound by the capsid connector protein. Only the first 120 bases of the pRNA are essential for packing the viral DNA. The pRNA is proposed to be composed of two domains, one corresponding to the first 120 bases and the second to the remaining 50 bases. Nuclear cleavage occurs in the single strand region linking these two domains.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA
Bacteriophages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag-1%20internal%20ribosome%20entry%20site%20%28IRES%29 | The bag-1 internal ribosome entry site (IRES) is a cis-acting element located in the 5 ' untranslated region of the BAG-1 protein mRNA. Its effects apoptosis through IRES mediated translation of the BAG-1 protein.
When expressed, the BAG-1 protein is known to enhance the anti-apoptotic properties of the Bcl-2 protein. Although bag-1 translation usually occurs via a cap-dependent mechanism it has been found to contain an IRES in its 5' UTR. Translation via the IRES has been found to be common following heat shock when cap-dependent scanning is compromised.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo%20mosaic%20virus%20satellite%20RNA%20cis-regulatory%20element | The bamboo mosaic virus satellite RNA cis-regulatory element is an RNA element found in the 5' UTR of the genome of the bamboo mosaic virus. This element is thought to be essential for efficient RNA replication.
See also
Bamboo mosaic potexvirus (BaMV) cis-regulatory element
Potato virus X cis-acting regulatory element
Poxvirus AX element late mRNA cis-regulatory element
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Potexviruses |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bip%20internal%20ribosome%20entry%20site%20%28IRES%29 | The BiP internal ribosome entry site (IRES) is an RNA element present in the 5' UTR of the mRNA of BiP protein and allows cap-independent translation. BiP protein expression has been found to be significantly enhanced by the heat shock response due to internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent translation. It is thought that this translational mechanism is essential for the survival of cells under stress.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine%20leukaemia%20virus%20RNA%20packaging%20signal | This family represents the bovine leukaemia virus RNA encapsidation (packaging) signal, which is essential for efficient viral replication.
Discovery
Before its discovery, the location of the encapsidation (packaging) signal within the bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) was suggested by Manksy et al. to either be “between the major splice donor site (in the r region of the viral RNA) and the gag start codon or between the primer binding site (located just downstream of the 5’ LTR) and the gag start codon.” In 1994, researchers from the University of Wisconsin Medical School made mutations in various locations of BLV through the process of deletion analysis to determine if viral replication efficiency would be affected. They found mutants made with deletions in the 5’ end of the gag gene and in the 5’ untranslated leader region had a 7-fold and a 50-fold decrease in replication respectively. In contrast, they did not find a significant decrease in viral replication in mutants made with deletions in the 3’ end of the gag gene. These results suggest there are two regions within BLV necessary for successful RNA encapsidation.
Function
The RNA encapsidation (packaging) signal participates in the process of RNA packaging and aids in making viral packaging and encapsidation more efficient. RNA packaging is characterized by an initial recognition event between the Gag polyprotein and the RNA encapsidation (packaging) signal. Research suggests this specifically takes place at the 5’ end |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C0299%20RNA | The C0299 RNA family consists of a group of Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli RNA genes which are 78 bases in length and are found between the hlyE and umuD genes. The function of this RNA is unknown.
See also
C0343 RNA
C0465 RNA
C0719 RNA
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C0343%20RNA | The C0343 RNA is a bacterial non-coding RNA of 74 nucleotides in length that is found between the ydaN and dbpA genes in the genomes of Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri, Salmonella enterica and Salmonella typhimurium. This ncRNA was originally identified in E.coli using high-density oligonucleotide probe arrays (microarray). The function of this ncRNA is unknown.
FnrS RNA was later found to be transcribed from the same intergenic region as C0343 RNA.
See also
C0299 RNA
C0465 RNA
C0719 RNA
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C0465%20RNA | The C0465 RNA is a bacterial non-coding RNA of 78 nucleotides in length that is found between the tar and cheW genes in the genomes of Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri. This ncRNA was originally identified in E.coli using high-density oligonucleotide probe arrays (microarray). The function of this ncRNA is unknown.
See also
C0299 RNA
C0343 RNA
C0719 RNA
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C0719%20RNA | The C0719 RNA is a bacterial non-coding RNA of 222 nucleotides in length that is found between the yghK and glcB genes in the genomes of Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri. This non-coding RNA was originally identified in E.coli using high-density oligonucleotide probe arrays (microarray.) The function of this ncRNA is unknown.
See also
C0299 RNA
C0343 RNA
C0465 RNA
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovirus%20cis-acting%20replication%20element | This family represents a Cardiovirus cis-acting replication element (CRE) which is located within the region encoding the capsid protein VP2 and is required for viral replication.
See also
Citrus tristeza virus replication signal
Rubella virus 3' cis-acting element
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Cardioviruses |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-myc%20internal%20ribosome%20entry%20site%20%28IRES%29 | The c-myc internal ribosome entry site (IRES) is an RNA element present in the 5' UTR of the mRNA of C-myc and allows cap-independent translation. The mammalian c-myc gene is a proto-oncogene which is required for cell proliferation, transformation and death. c-myc mRNA has an alternative method of translation via internal ribosome entry where ribosomes are recruited to the IRES located in the 5' UTR thus bypassing the typical eukaryotic cap-dependent translation pathway.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CopA-like%20RNA | CopA-like RNA is a family of non-coding RNAs found on the R1 plasmid.
In several groups of bacterial plasmids, antisense RNAs regulate copy number through inhibition of replication initiator protein synthesis. These RNAs are characterised by a long hairpin structure interrupted by several unpaired nucleotides or bulged loops. In plasmid R1, the inhibitory complex between the antisense RNA (CopA) and its target mRNA (CopT) is characterised by a four-way junction structure and a side-by-side helical alignment.
See also
Plasmid-mediated resistance (sRNA section)
References
External links
Antisense RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus%203%E2%80%B2%20stem-loop%20II-like%20motif%20%28s2m%29 | The Coronavirus 3′ stem-loop II-like motif (also known as s2m) is a secondary structure motif identified in the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of astrovirus, coronavirus and equine rhinovirus genomes. Its function is unknown, but various viral 3′ UTR regions have been found to play roles in viral replication and packaging.
This motif appears to be conserved in both nucleotide sequence and secondary structure folding indicating a strong evolutionary selection for its conservation. The presence of this conserved motif in different viral families is suggested to be the result of at least two separate recombination events. To date s2m has been described in four families of positive sense single-stranded RNA viruses; Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, Picornaviridae and Coronaviridae. The viruses that contain s2m can infect a wide range of higher vertebrates, including birds, bats, horses, dogs and humans, and display different tissue tropisms. There seems to be a xenologue of s2m in a number of only distantly related insect species.
Other RNA families identified in the coronavirus include the coronavirus frameshifting stimulation element, the coronavirus packaging signal and the coronavirus 3′ UTR pseudoknot.
Biological significance
Functionally during host invasion by viral RNA, it appears that s2m first binds one or more proteins as a mechanism for the viral RNA to substitute host protein synthesis. This has also been seen in s2m RNA macromolecular substitution of ribosomal RNA fo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus%203%E2%80%B2%20UTR%20pseudoknot | The Coronavirus 3′ UTR pseudoknot is an RNA structure found in the coronavirus genome. Coronaviruses contain 30 kb single-stranded positive-sense RNA genomes. The 3′ UTR region of these coronavirus genomes contains a conserved ~55 nucleotide pseudoknot structure which is necessary for viral genome replication. The mechanism of cis-regulation is unclear, but this element is postulated to function in the plus-strand.
Other RNA families identified in the coronavirus include the coronavirus frameshifting stimulation element, the coronavirus 3′ stem-loop II-like motif (s2m) and the coronavirus packaging signal.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Coronaviridae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus%20frameshifting%20stimulation%20element | In molecular biology, the coronavirus frameshifting stimulation element is a conserved stem-loop of RNA found in coronaviruses that can promote ribosomal frameshifting. Such RNA molecules interact with a downstream region to form a pseudoknot structure; the region varies according to the virus but pseudoknot formation is known to stimulate frameshifting. In the classical situation, a sequence 32 nucleotides downstream of the stem is complementary to part of the loop. In other coronaviruses, however, another stem-loop structure around 150 nucleotides downstream can interact with members of this family to form kissing stem-loops and stimulate frameshifting.
Other RNA families identified in the coronavirus include the coronavirus 3′ stem-loop II-like motif (s2m), the coronavirus packaging signal and the coronavirus 3′ UTR pseudoknot.
During protein synthesis, rapidly changing conditions in the cell can cause ribosomal pausing. In coronaviruses, this can affect growth rate and trigger translational abandonment. This releases the ribosome from the mRNA and the incomplete polypeptide is targeted for destruction.
See also
Translational frameshift
Slippery sequence
Coronavirus 5′ UTR
Coronavirus 3′ UTR
Coronavirus 3′ UTR pseudoknot
Coronavirus 3′ stem-loop II-like motif (s2m)
Coronavirus packaging signal
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Coronaviridae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripavirus%20internal%20ribosome%20entry%20site | The Cripavirus internal ribosome entry site (CrPV IRES) is an RNA element required for the production of capsid proteins through ribosome recruitment to an intergenic region IRES (IGR IRES).
See also
Cricket paralysis virus
Internal ribosome entry site (IRES)
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Dicistroviridae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-sis%20internal%20ribosome%20entry%20site%20%28IRES%29 | The c-sis internal ribosome entry site (IRES) is a RNA element found in the 5' UTR of the PDGF beta chain gene. The internal ribosome entry site contains three modules that can individually mediate internal ribosome entry. However, the full length sequence is required for maximal IRES activity. It is thought that the three IRES elements are somehow responsive to cellular changes and act to regulate the level of translation.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CsrC%20RNA%20family | The 245 nucleotide sRNA of Escherichia coli, CsrC, was discovered using a genetic screen for factors that regulate glycogen biosynthesis. CsrC RNA binds multiple copies of CsrA, a protein that post-transcriptionally regulates central carbon flux, biofilm formation and motility in E. coli. CsrC antagonises the regulatory effects of CsrA, presumably by sequestering this protein. The discovery of CsrC is intriguing, in that a similar sRNA, CsrB, performs essentially the same function. Both sRNAs possess similar imperfect repeat sequences (18 in CsrB, nine in CsrC), primarily localised in the loops of predicted hairpins, which may serve as CsrA binding elements. Transcription of csrC increases as the culture approaches the stationary phase of growth and is indirectly activated by CsrA via the response regulator UvrY [1]. This RNA was also discovered in E. coli during a large scale screen [2]. The gene called SraK, was highly abundant in stationary phase, but low levels could be detected in exponentially growing cells as well [2].
See also
CsrB/RsmB RNA family
PrrB/RsmZ RNA family
RsmY RNA family
RsmX
CsrA protein
References
Further reading
External links
Pfam page for the CsrA protein family
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CtRNA | In molecular biology ctRNA (counter-transcribed RNA) is a plasmid encoded noncoding RNA that binds to the mRNA of repB and causes translational inhibition.
ctRNA is encoded by plasmids and functions in rolling circle replication to maintain a low copy number. In Corynebacterium glutamicum, it achieves this by antisense pairing with the mRNA of RepB, a replication initiation protein.
In Enterococcus faecium the plasmid pJB01 contains three open reading frames, copA, repB, and repC. The pJB01 ctRNA is coded on the opposite strand from the copA/repB intergenic region and partially overlaps an atypical ribosome binding site for repB.
See also
S-element
References
External links
Antisense RNA
Genetics techniques |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DicF%20RNA | DicF RNA is a non-coding RNA that is an antisense inhibitor of cell division gene ftsZ. DicF is bound by the Hfq protein which enhances its interaction with its targets. Pathogenic E. coli strains possess multiple copies of sRNA DicF in their genomes, while non-pathogenic strains do not. DicF and Hfq are both necessary to reduce FtsZ protein levels, leading to cell filamentation under anaerobic conditions.
References
Further reading
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DnaX%20ribosomal%20frameshifting%20element | The DnaX ribosomal frameshifting element is a RNA element found in the mRNA of the dnaX gene in E. coli. The dnaX gene has two encoded products, tau and gamma, which are produced in a 1:1 ratio. The gamma protein is synthesised due to programmed frameshifting and is shorter than tau. The two products of the dnaX gene are DNA polymerase III subunits.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DsrA%20RNA | DsrA RNA is a non-coding RNA that regulates both transcription, by overcoming transcriptional silencing by the nucleoid-associated H-NS protein, and translation, by promoting efficient translation of the stress sigma factor, RpoS. These two activities of DsrA can be separated by mutation: the first of three stem-loops of the 85 nucleotide RNA is necessary for RpoS translation but not for anti-H-NS action, while the second stem-loop is essential for antisilencing and less critical for RpoS translation. The third stem-loop, which behaves as a transcription terminator, can be substituted by the trp transcription terminator without loss of either DsrA function. The sequence of the first stem-loop of DsrA is complementary with the upstream leader portion of RpoS messenger RNA, suggesting that pairing of DsrA with the RpoS message might be important for translational regulation. The structures of DsrA and DsrA/rpoS complex were studied by NMR. The study concluded that the sRNA contains a dynamic conformational equilibrium for its second stem–loop which might be an important mechanism for DsrA to regulate the translations of its multiple target mRNAs.
There is evidence that DsrA RNA can self-assemble into nanostructures through antisense interactions of three self-complementary regions.
Targets of DsrA
There is experimental evidence to suggest that DsrA interacts with the protein-coding genes hns, rbsD, argR, ilvI and rpoS via an anti-sense mechanism.
DsrA folds into a structur |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteroviral%203%E2%80%B2%20UTR%20element | In molecular biology, the enteroviral 3′ UTR element is an RNA structure found in the 3′ UTR of various enteroviruses. The overall structure forms the origin of replication (OriR) for the initiation of (-) strand RNA synthesis. Pseudoknots have also been predicted in this structure.
See also
Enterovirus 5′ cloverleaf cis-acting replication element
Enterovirus cis-acting replication element
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Enteroviruses |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterovirus%205%E2%80%B2%20cloverleaf%20cis-acting%20replication%20element | The Enterovirus 5′ cloverleaf cis-acting replication element is an RNA element found in the 5′ UTR of Enterovirus genomes. The element has a cloverleaf like secondary structure and is known to be a multifunctional cis-acting replication element (CRE), required for the initiation of negative strand RNA synthesis.
See also
Enteroviral 3′ UTR element
Enterovirus cis-acting replication element
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Enteroviruses |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CsrB/RsmB%20RNA%20family | The CsrB RNA is a non-coding RNA that binds to approximately 9 to 10 dimers of the CsrA protein. The CsrB RNAs contain a conserved motif CAGGXXG that is found in up to 18 copies and has been suggested to bind CsrA. The Csr regulatory system has a strong negative regulatory effect on glycogen biosynthesis, glyconeogenesis and glycogen catabolism and a positive regulatory effect on glycolysis. In other bacteria such as Erwinia carotovora the RsmA protein has been shown to regulate the production of virulence determinants, such extracellular enzymes. RsmA binds to RsmB regulatory RNA which is also a member of this family.
RsmB RNA was shown to be upregulated by GacS/A system, and increase downstream T3SS gene expression. FlhDC, the master regulator of flagellar genes, also activates rsmB RNA production. A regulatory network have been revealed connecting rsmB, FlhDC and T3SS.
It has been shown to play role in the biocontrol activity of Rahnella aquatilis HX2 (a biocontrol agent producing antibacterial substance).
See also
CsrC RNA family
PrrB/RsmZ RNA family
RsmY RNA family
RsmX
RsmW sRNA
CsrA protein
References
External links
Pfam page for the CsrA protein family
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterovirus%20cis-acting%20replication%20element | Enterovirus cis-acting replication element is a small RNA hairpin in the coding region of protein 2C as the site in PV1(M) RNA that is used as the primary template for the in vitro uridylylation. The first step in the replication of the plus-stranded poliovirus RNA is the synthesis of a complementary minus strand. This process is initiated by the covalent attachment of uridine monophosphate (UMP) to the terminal protein VPg, yielding VPgpU and VPgpUpU.
See also
Enteroviral 3′ UTR element
Enterovirus 5′ cloverleaf cis-acting replication element
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Enteroviruses |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine%20arteritis%20virus%20leader%20TRS%20hairpin%20%28LTH%29 | The equine arteritis virus leader transcription-regulating sequence hairpin (LTH) is as RNA element that is thought to be a key structural element in discontinuous subgenomic RNA synthesis and is critical for leader transcription-regulating sequences (TRS) function. Similar structures have been predicted in other arteriviruses and coronaviruses.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Arteriviridae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGF-1%20internal%20ribosome%20entry%20site%20%28IRES%29 | The FGF-1 internal ribosome entry site (IRES) is an RNA element present in the 5' UTR of the mRNA of fibroblast growth factor-1 and allows cap-independent translation. It is thought that FGF-1 internal ribosome entry site (IRES) activity is strictly controlled and highly tissue specific.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGF-2%20internal%20ribosome%20entry%20site%20%28IRES%29 | The FGF-2 internal ribosome entry site is an RNA element present in the 5' UTR of the mRNA of fibroblast growth factor-2. It has been found that the FGF-2 internal ribosome entry site (IRES) activity is strictly controlled and highly tissue specific. It is thought that translational IRES dependent activation of FGF-2 plays a vital role in embryogenesis and in the adult brain [1]. When expressed the fibroblast growth factor 2 FGF-2 protein plays a pivotal role in cell proliferation, differentiation and survival as well as being involved in wound-healing [1,2].
References
Further reading
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctgf/hcs24%20CAESAR | ctgf/hcs24 CAESAR is the name given to the cis-acting RNA element identified in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of the human connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) messenger RNA. This gene is also known as hypertrophic chondrocyte specific 24 (hcs24).
The importance of the 3'UTR in repressing ctgf gene expression was initially characacterised and subsequently the minimal RNA element responsible for repression was identified This element was predicted to form a stable secondary structure, which acts as a post-transcriptional cis-acting element of structure-anchored repression (CAESAR).
The 3'UTR of the ctgf/hcs24 gene in chicken has also been shown to be involved in repression of gene expression.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIE3%20%28ftz%20instability%20element%203%E2%80%B2%29%20element | The FIE3 (ftz instability element 3′) element is an RNA element found in the 3′ UTR of the fushi tarazu mRNA.
The fushi tarazu gene is essential for the establishment of the Drosophila embryonic body plan. When first expressed in early embryogenesis, fushi tarazu mRNA is uniformly distributed over most of the embryo. Subsequently, fushi tarazu mRNA expression rapidly evolves into a pattern of seven stripes that encircle the embryo. The instability of fushi tarazu mRNA may contribute to the localization of this pattern of expression, but this is unlikely to be a dominant effect since the 744 base-pair ftz zebra stripe element can drive the ectopic expression of a reporter construct (with mRNA structure entirely unrelated to the ftz transcript) in a qualitatively highly similar pattern. Experiments provide evidence for at least two destabilizing elements in the fushi tarazu mRNA, one located within the 5′ one-third of the mRNA and the other near the 3′ end (termed FIE3 for ftz instability element 3′). The FIE3 lies within a 201-nucleotide sequence just upstream of the polyadenylation signal and can act autonomously to destabilize a heterologous mRNA. Further deletion constructs identified an essential 68-nucleotide element within the FIE3. Although this element is predicted to contain a secondary structure, it also contains a GU rich sequence (UGUUUUGUUU) that is similar to GU rich instability elements subsequently identified in other systems.
References
External links
RN |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FinP | FinP encodes an antisense non-coding RNA gene that is complementary to part of the TraJ 5' UTR. The FinOP system regulates the transfer of F-like plasmids. The traJ gene encodes a protein required for transcription from the major transfer promoter, pY. The FinO protein is essential for effective repression, acting by binding to FinP and protecting it from RNase E degradation.
References
External links
Antisense RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMN%20riboswitch | The FMN riboswitch (also known as RFN element) is a highly conserved RNA element which is naturally occurring, and is found frequently in the 5'-untranslated regions of prokaryotic mRNAs that encode for flavin mononucleotide (FMN) biosynthesis and transport proteins. This element is a metabolite-dependent riboswitch that directly binds FMN in the absence of proteins, thus giving it the ability to regulate RNA expression by responding to changes in the concentration of FMN. In Bacillus subtilis, previous studies have shown that this bacterium utilizes at least two FMN riboswitches, where one controls translation initiation, and the other controls premature transcription termination. Regarding the second riboswitch in Bacilius subtilis, premature transcription termination occurs within the 5' untranslated region of the ribDEAHT operon, precluding access to the ribosome-binding site of ypaA mRNA. FMN riboswitches also have various magnesium and potassium ions dispersed throughout the nucleotide structure, some of which participate in binding of FMN.
In the bacterium Fusobacterium nucleatum, FMN binding has been studied. The FMN riboswitch is able to selectively bind the FMN molecule due to several distinct nucleic acid residues, as well as some of the magnesium ions present in the overall riboswitch structure. FMN's planar isoalloxazine ring system intercalates between A48 and A85 residues on the riboswitch, thereby providing a continuous stacking alignment. Further, the uracil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GadY | GadY RNA (previously named IS183 in ) is a non-coding RNA. The GadY gene is located on between and on the opposite strand to the GadX and GadW genes. GadY can form base pairs with the 3' UTR of its target mRNA gadX, this pairing is thought to confer increased stability to the transcript, allowing accumulation of gadX (a transcriptional regulator of the acid response) and therefore increased expression of downstream acid resistance genes. The GadY gene produces three overlapping transcripts that differ in length. The long form is 105 nucleotides in length and two processed versions are 59 and 90 nucleotides in length. It has been shown that all three forms of GadY bind to the Hfq protein.
References
External links
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAIT%20element | The gamma interferon inhibitor of translation element or GAIT element is a cis-acting RNA element located in the 3'-UTR of the ceruloplasmin (Cp) mRNA.
The GAIT element forms a stem-loop secondary structure. The GAIT element is involved in selective translational silencing of the Cp transcript within monocytic cells, but not hepatic cells. Cp is a multifunctional, copper-containing glycoprotein produced by the liver and secreted into the plasma for its role in copper and iron homeostasis. Ceruloplasmin is also an acute-phase protein produced by monocytes, and its plasma concentration can double during multiple inflammatory conditions through increased Cp production by monocytic cells after stimulation by interferon gamma (IFNγ). Plasma Cp has been reported to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including atherosclerosis, carotid restenosis after endarterectomy, and myocardial infarction. Translational silencing of Cp, and possibly other transcripts, mediated by the GAIT element may contribute to the resolution of the local inflammatory response following cytokine activation of macrophages.
The silencing of Cp protein translation in IFN-gamma-stimulated monocytes is accomplished by binding of the IFN-gamma-activated inhibitor of translation (GAIT) inhibitor complex to the GAIT element. The GAIT complex consists of the proteins ribosomal protein L13a, glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase, NS1-associated protein-1, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaretrovirus%20core%20encapsidation%20signal | The Gammaretrovirus core encapsidation signal is an RNA element known to be essential for stable dimerisation and efficient genome packaging during virus assembly. Dimerisation of the viral RNA genomes is proposed to act as an RNA conformational switch which exposes conserved UCUG elements and enables efficient genome encapsidation. The structure of this element is composed of three stem-loops. Two of the stem-loops called SL-C and SL-D form a single co-axial extend helix.
See also
Bacteriophage pRNA
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-CSF%20factor%20stem-loop%20destabilising%20element | The G-CSF factor stem-loop destabilising element (SLDE) is an RNA element secreted by fibroblasts and endothelial cells in response to the inflammatory mediators interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha and by activated macrophages. The synthesis of G-CSF is regulated both transcriptionally and through control of mRNA stability. In unstimulated cells G-CSF mRNA is unstable but becomes stabilised in response to IL-1 or tumour necrosis factor alpha, and also in the case of monocytes and macrophages, in response to lipopolysaccharide. It is likely that the presence of the SLDE in the G-CSF mRNA contributes to the specificity of regulation of G-CSF mRNA and enhances the rate of shortening of the poly(A) tail.
Adenylate uridylate-rich elements (AUREs) are present in other cytokine mRNAs, but the SLDE is the most important element that stabilizes G-CSF mRNA in response to IL-1 or tumor necrosis factor- alpha. Additionally, there are destabilizing elements similar to SLDE found in IL-2 and IL-6. The 3'-UTR of G-CSF mRNA contains a destabilizing element that is insensitive to calcium ionophore, hence SLDE regulates G-CSF mRNA. AUDEs do not function in 5637 Bladder carcinoma cells, but the SLDE does. The two destablizing elements, SLDE and AURE, provide multiple mechanisms to regulate cytokine expression.
Neutrophils, are the most abundant type of granulocytes and are responsible for leading the first response of the immune system response against invaders. Granulocyte- |
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