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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydropteroate | Dihydropteroate is an important intermediate in folate synthesis. It is a pterin created from para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) by the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase.
Bacteriostatic agents such as sulfonamides target dihydropteroate synthetase. The effect of dihydropteroate synthetase inhibition is comparable to that of dihydrofolate reductase inhibition by trimethoprim, another bacteriostatic agent. Combinations of these two drug types, such as the combination trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX]), are commonly used to treat recurrent urinary tract, Shigella, Salmonella, and Pneumocystis jivoreci infections.
See also
Dihydrofolic acid
References
Benzoic acids
Folates |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydropteroate%20synthase | Dihydropteroate synthase is an enzyme classified under . It produces dihydropteroate in bacteria, but it is not expressed in most eukaryotes including humans. This makes it a useful target for sulfonamide antibiotics, which compete with the PABA precursor.
(2-amino-4-hydroxy-7,8-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl diphosphate + 4-aminobenzoate (PABA) diphosphate + dihydropteroate.
All organisms require reduced folate cofactors for the synthesis of a variety of metabolites. Most microorganisms must synthesize folate de novo because they lack the active transport system of higher vertebrate cells that allows these organisms to use dietary folates. Proteins containing this domain include dihydropteroate synthase () as well as a group of methyltransferase enzymes including methyltetrahydrofolate, corrinoid iron-sulphur protein methyltransferase (MeTr) that catalyses a key step in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway of carbon dioxide fixation.
Dihydropteroate synthase () (DHPS) catalyses the condensation of 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteridine pyrophosphate to para-aminobenzoic acid to form 7,8-dihydropteroate. This is the second step in the three-step pathway leading from 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin to 7,8-dihydrofolate. DHPS is the target of sulfonamides, which are substrate analogues that compete with para-aminobenzoic acid. Bacterial DHPS (gene sul or folP) is a protein of about 275 to 315 amino acid residues that is either chromosomally encoded or found on various antibiotic resis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaff%20%28disambiguation%29 | Chaff is dry inedible plant material.
Chaff may also refer to:
Chaff (countermeasure), a radar countermeasure for aircraft or other targets
Chaff algorithm, an algorithm for solving instances of the boolean satisfiability problem
Chaffing and winnowing, a method in cryptography to protect a message without encryption
Chaff (newspaper), a former students' newspaper of Massey University Students' Association
See also
"Gumbo Chaff" or "Gombo Chaff", an American song
Chaff cutter, a mechanical device for cutting straw or hay |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20independence | Within statistics, Local independence is the underlying assumption of latent variable models.
The observed items are conditionally independent of each other given an individual score on the latent variable(s). This means that the latent variable explains why the observed items are related to one another. This can be explained by the following example.
Example
Local independence can be explained by an example of Lazarsfeld and Henry (1968). Suppose that a sample of 1000 people was asked whether they read journals A and B. Their responses were as follows:
One can easily see that the two variables (reading A and reading B) are strongly related, and thus dependent on each other. Readers of A tend to read B more often (52%) than non-readers of A (28%). If reading A and B were independent, then the formula P(A&B) = P(A)×P(B) would hold. But 260/1000 isn't 400/1000 × 500/1000. Thus, reading A and B are statistically dependent on each other.
If the analysis is extended to also look at the education level of these people, the following tables are found.
Again, if reading A and B were independent, then P(A&B) = P(A)×P(B) would hold separately for each education level. And, in fact, 240/500 = 300/500×400/500 and 20/500 = 100/500×100/500. Thus if a separation is made between people with high and low education backgrounds,
there is no dependence between readership of the two journals. That is, reading A and B are independent once educational level is taken into consideration. The educ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM%20HydroGen3 | HydroGen3 was an Opel hydrogen fuel cell concept vehicle used for testing in 2006. HydroGen3's driving range is the highest of any fuel cell vehicle approved for public roads in Japan. The five seater front-wheel driven prototype is based on the Opel Zafira compact MPV.
Technical specifications
Fuel storage system: there are two hydrogen storage system used:
liquid hydrogen: stainless steel liquefied hydrogen tank, installed ahead of rear axle under rear seat, length/diameter 1000/400 mm, capacity 68 L/4.6 kg, gross weight .
compressed hydrogen at 700 bar.
Fuel cell unit: 200 individual fuel cells wired in series, voltage 125-200 V, dimensions: 472×251×496 mm, active area: 800 cm2, pressure: 1.5-2.7 bars, output: 94 kW, power density: 1.6 kW/L or 0.94 kW/kg.
electric traction system: Three-phase asynchronous electric motor with integrated power electronics and planetary gear, operating voltage: 250-380 V, output: 60 kW, torque: 215 Nm, max. engine rpm: 12000, gear ratio: 8.67:1, gross weight: , dimensions: 4317×1742×1684 mm, vehicle curb weight: 1590 kg (target value), performance: acceleration 0–100 km/h: 16 s, top speed: , operating range: 400 km.
See also
HydroGen4
List of fuel cell vehicles
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20070210224533/http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/400_fcv/hydrogen3_in_japan_050103.html
Fuel cell vehicles
HydroGen3 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroin | Fibroin is an insoluble protein present in silk produced by numerous insects, such as the larvae of Bombyx mori, and other moth genera such as Antheraea, Cricula, Samia and Gonometa. Silk in its raw state consists of two main proteins, sericin and fibroin, with a glue-like layer of sericin coating two singular filaments of fibroin called brins. Silk fibroin is considered a β-keratin related to proteins that form hair, skin, nails and connective tissues.
The silk worm produces fibroin with three chains, the light, heavy, and the glycoprotein P25. The heavy and light chains are linked by a disulphide bond, and P25 associates with disulphide-linked heavy and light chains by noncovalent interactions. P25 plays an important role in maintaining integrity of the complex.
The heavy fibroin protein consists of layers of antiparallel beta sheets. Its primary structure mainly consists of the recurrent amino acid sequence (Gly-Ser-Gly-Ala-Gly-Ala)n. The high glycine (and, to a lesser extent, alanine) content allows for tight packing of the sheets, which contributes to silk's rigid structure and tensile strength. A combination of stiffness and toughness make it a material with applications in several areas, including biomedicine and textile manufacture.
Fibroin is known to arrange itself in three structures, called silk I, II, and III. Silk I is the natural form of fibroin, as emitted from the Bombyx mori silk glands. Silk II refers to the arrangement of fibroin molecules in spun sil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial%20Vector%20Format | Serial Vector Format (SVF) is a file format that contains boundary scan vectors to be sent to an electronic circuit using a JTAG interface. Boundary scan vectors consist of the following data:
Stimulus data: This is data to be sent to a device or electronic circuit
Expected response: This is the data the device or circuit is expected to send back if there is no error
Mask data: Defines which bits in the expected response are valid; other bits of the device's response are unknown and must be ignored when comparing the expected response and the data returned from the circuit
Additional information on how to send the data (e.g. maximum clock frequency)
The SVF standard was jointly developed by companies Texas Instruments and Teradyne. Control over the format has been handed off to boundary-scan solution provider ASSET InterTech. The most recent revision is Revision E.
SVF files are used to transfer boundary scan data between tools. As an example a VHDL compiler may create an SVF file that is read by a tool for programming CPLDs.
The SVF file is defined as an ASCII file that consists of a set of SVF statements. The maximum number of characters allowed on a line is 256, although one SVF statement can span more than one line. Each statement consists of a command and associated parameters. Each SVF statement is terminated by a semicolon. SVF is not case sensitive. Comments can be inserted into a SVF file after an exclamation point ‘!’ or a pair of slashes ‘//’. Either ‘//’ o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20semiconductor%20IP%20core%20vendors | The following is a list of notable vendors in the business of licensing IP cores
Analog-to-Digital Converters
S3 Group
Cadence Design Systems
Cosmic Circuits
Dolphin Integration
Synopsys
Broadband modem and error correction
Cadence Design Systems
CEVA, Inc.
IMEC
On2 Technologies (through acquisition of Hantro)
Synopsys (through acquisition of Virage Logic)
Tensilica (now part of Cadence Design Systems)
Digital to Analog Converters
S3 Group
Cadence Design Systems
Cosmic Circuits (now part of Cadence Design Systems)
Dolphin Integration
Digital Signal Processors
Synopsys - ARC
Tensilica - Xtensa (now part of Cadence Design Systems)
DRAM
DRAM controllers
Actel
Altera
Arm
Barco Silex
Cadence Design Systems (through acquisition of Denali Software)
Faraday Technology
Lattice Semiconductor
Rambus
Synopsys
Xilinx
DRAM PHYs
Arm
Cadence Design Systems (through acquisition of Denali Software)
Synopsys (through acquisition of Virage Logic)
High-Bandwidth Memory - HBM PHYs
eSilicon
Rambus
Synopsys
Hybrid Memory Cube - HMC Controllers
Open-Silicon
University of Heidelberg
Communication IP
Network-on-Chip (NoC) / On-Chip Interconnect
Arteris IP
Arm
Bluetooth SW Stack, Link Layer and PHY
Arm (through acquisition of Dicentric and Sunrise Micro Devices)
Ethernet PHY
Arm (through acquisition of Artisan Components)
Cadence Design Systems
V by One
Socionext - HV Series
General purpose microprocessors
Arm - Arm Cortex and Neove |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoshaiah%20Rabbah | Hoshaiah Rabbah or Hoshayya Rabbah (also "Roba", "Berabbi", Hebrew: אושעיא בריבי) was a Amora of the Land of Israel from the first amoraic generation (about 200 CE), compiler of Baraitot explaining the Mishnah-Tosefta.
Biography
He was closely associated with the successors of Judah ha-Nasi, as was his father with Judah ha-Nasi himself. Hoshaiah's father, Hama, lived in Sepphoris, the residence of Judah ha-Nasi and the seat of the patriarchs.
Hoshaiah's yeshivah, too, was for many years located at Sepphoris, where pupils crowded to hear his lectures. Johanan bar Nappaha, one of his greatest disciples, declared that Hoshaiah in his generation was like Rabbi Meir in his: even his colleagues could not always grasp the profundity of his arguments. And the esteem in which Hoshaiah was held by his pupils may be gauged by the statement that, even after Johanan had himself become a great scholar and a famous teacher and no longer needed Hoshaiah's instruction, he continued visiting the master, who in the meantime had grown old and moved his school to Caesarea.
Hoshaiah's consideration for others is exemplified in his gracious apology to the blind teacher whom he had engaged for his son, and whom he did not suffer to meet visitors at dinner for fear that he might be embarrassed.
Hoshaiah's authority must have been very powerful in his later years, when he successfully resisted the efforts of Gamaliel III, the son of Judah ha-Nasi, to introduce demai into Syria. It is also indicat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABCR | ABCR can refer to :
Akron Barberton Cluster Railway
The ABCA4/ABCR gene implicated in some age-related macular degeneration |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marangoni%20number | The Marangoni number (Ma) is, as usually defined, the dimensionless number that compares the rate of transport due to Marangoni flows, with the rate of transport of diffusion. The Marangoni effect is flow of a liquid due to gradients in the surface tension of the liquid. Diffusion is of whatever is creating the gradient in the surface tension. Thus as the Marangoni number compares flow and diffusion timescales it is a type of Péclet number.
The Marangoni number is defined as:
A common example is surface tension gradients caused by temperature gradients. Then the relevant diffusion process is that of thermal energy (heat). Another is surface gradients caused by variations in the concentration of surfactants, where the diffusion is now that of surfactant molecules.
The number is named after Italian scientist Carlo Marangoni, although its use dates from the 1950s and it was neither discovered nor used by Carlo Marangoni.
The Marangoni number for a simple liquid of viscosity with a surface tension change over a distance parallel to the surface, can be estimated as follows. Note that we assume that is the only length scale in the problem, which in practice implies that the liquid be at least deep. The transport rate is usually estimated using the equations of Stokes flow, where the fluid velocity is obtained by equating the stress gradient to the viscous dissipation. A surface tension is a force per unit length, so the resulting stress must scale as , while the viscous st |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Reiter | Paul Reiter is a professor of medical entomology at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, France. He is a member of the World Health Organization Expert Advisory Committee on Vector Biology and Control. He was an employee of the Center for Disease Control (Dengue Branch) for 22 years. He is a specialist in the natural history, epidemiology and control of mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue fever, West Nile fever, and malaria. He is a Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society.
Criticism of the IPCC
Reiter says he was a contributor to the third IPCC Working Group II (Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability) report, but resigned because he "found [himself] at loggerheads with persons who insisted on making authoritative pronouncements, although they had little or no knowledge of [his] speciality". After ceasing to contribute he says he struggled to get his name removed from the Third report
"After much effort and many fruitless discussions, I decided to concentrate on the USGCCRP and resigned from the IPCC project. My resignation was accepted, but in a first draft I found that my name was still listed. I requested its removal, but was told it would remain because "I had contributed". It was only after strong insistence that I succeeded in having it removed."
Reiter is sceptical about the IPCC process, as seen in his 25 April 2006, testimony to the United States Senate:
"A galling aspect of the debate is that this spurious 'science' is endorsed in the public forum by influential p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz%20Zemanek | Heinz Zemanek (actually Heinrich Josef Zemanek) (1 January 1920 – 16 July 2014) was an Austrian computer pioneer who led the development, from 1954 to 1958, of one of the first complete transistorised computers on the European continent. The computer was nicknamed Mailüfterl — Viennese for "May breeze" — in reference to Whirlwind, a computer developed at MIT between 1945 and 1951.
Life
Heinz Zemanek went to a secondary school in Vienna and earned his Matura in 1937. He then started to study at the University of Vienna. In 1940, Zemanek was drafted into the Wehrmacht, where he served in a "communication unit" and also as a teacher in an Intelligence Service School. Returning to studying radar technology he earned his Diplom in 1944 with the help of University of Stuttgart professor Richard Feldtkeller (1901–1981).
After the war Zemanek worked as an assistant at the university and earned his PhD in 1951 about timesharing methods in multiplex telegraphy. In 1952 he completed the URR1 (Universal Relais Rechner 1, i.e., Universal Relay Computer 1). He died at the age of 94 on 16 July 2014.
The Vienna Lab
The IBM Laboratory Vienna, also known as the Vienna Lab, was founded in 1961 as a department of the IBM Laboratory in Böblingen, Germany, with Professor Zemanek as its first manager. Zemanek remained with the Vienna Lab until 1976, when he was appointed an IBM Fellow. He was crucial in the creation of the formal definition of the programming language PL/I.
For several years, Z |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20velocity%20tensor | The angular velocity tensor is a skew-symmetric matrix defined by:
The scalar elements above correspond to the angular velocity vector components .
This is an infinitesimal rotation matrix.
The linear mapping Ω acts as a cross product :
where is a position vector.
When multiplied by a time difference, it results in the angular displacement tensor.
Calculation of angular velocity tensor of a rotating frame
A vector undergoing uniform circular motion around a fixed axis satisfies:
Let be the orientation matrix of a frame, whose columns , , and are the moving orthonormal coordinate vectors of the frame. We can obtain the angular velocity tensor Ω(t) of A(t) as follows:
The angular velocity must be the same for each of the column vectors , so we have:
which holds even if A(t) does not rotate uniformly. Therefore, the angular velocity tensor is:
since the inverse of an orthogonal matrix is its transpose .
Properties
In general, the angular velocity in an n-dimensional space is the time derivative of the angular displacement tensor, which is a second rank skew-symmetric tensor.
This tensor Ω will have independent components, which is the dimension of the Lie algebra of the Lie group of rotations of an n-dimensional inner product space.
Duality with respect to the velocity vector
In three dimensions, angular velocity can be represented by a pseudovector because second rank tensors are dual to pseudovectors in three dimensions. Since the angular vel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection%20of%20a%20polyhedron%20with%20a%20line | In computational geometry, the problem of computing the intersection of a polyhedron with a line has important applications in computer graphics, optimization, and even in some Monte Carlo methods. It can be viewed as a three-dimensional version of the line clipping problem.
If the polyhedron is given as the intersection of a finite number of halfspaces, then one may partition the halfspaces into three subsets: the ones that include only one infinite end of the line, the ones that include the other end, and the ones that include both ends. The halfspaces that include both ends must be parallel to the given line, and do not contribute to the solution. Each of the other two subsets (if it is non-empty) contributes a single endpoint to the intersection, which may be found by intersecting the line with each of the halfplane boundary planes and choosing the intersection point that is closest to the end of the line contained by the halfspaces in the subset. This method, a variant of the Cyrus–Beck algorithm, takes time linear in the number of face planes of the input polyhedron. Alternatively, by testing the line against each of the polygonal facets of the given polyhedron, it is possible to stop the search early when a facet pierced by the line is found.
If a single polyhedron is to be intersected with many lines, it is possible to preprocess the polyhedron into a hierarchical data structure in such a way that intersections with each query line can be determined in logarithmic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoelliptic%20operator | In the theory of partial differential equations, a partial differential operator defined on an open subset
is called hypoelliptic if for every distribution defined on an open subset such that is (smooth), must also be .
If this assertion holds with replaced by real-analytic, then is said to be analytically hypoelliptic.
Every elliptic operator with coefficients is hypoelliptic. In particular, the Laplacian is an example of a hypoelliptic operator (the Laplacian is also analytically hypoelliptic). In addition, the operator for the heat equation ()
(where ) is hypoelliptic but not elliptic. However, the operator for the wave equation ()
(where ) is not hypoelliptic.
References
Partial differential equations
Differential operators |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATIC | ATIC may refer to:
ATIC Records
Air Technical Intelligence Center, a former incarnation (1951-1961) of the current American National Air and Space Intelligence Center
ATIC, a gene which codes inosine monophosphate synthase
Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter, a balloon-borne experiment to detect cosmic rays
Advanced Technical Intelligence Center, an educational institution focusing on technical intelligence
Atic Atac, a video game for the ZX Spectrum
Advanced Technology Investment Company, an investment company from Abu Dhabi, owned by Mubadala Development Company
Australian Transformation and Innovation Centre, a computer laboratory run by Thales Australia
See also
Attic (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Wolverhampton%20Wanderers%20F.C.%20records%20and%20statistics | Wolverhampton Wanderers Football Club is an English football club based in Wolverhampton. The club was founded as St Luke's in 1877, soon becoming Wolverhampton Wanderers, before being a founder member of the Football League in 1888. Since that time, the club has played in all four professional divisions of the English football pyramid, and been champions of all these levels. They have also been involved in European football, having been one of the first English clubs to enter the European Cup, as well as reaching the final of the first staging of the UEFA Cup.
This list encompasses all honours won by Wolverhampton Wanderers and records set by the club, their managers and their players. The player records section includes details of the club's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first-team competitions, as well as transfer fee records paid and received by the club. A list of streaks recording all elements of the game (wins, losses, clean sheets, etc.) is also presented.
Honours
In the all-time top flight league table since the league's inception in 1888, Wolves sit in the top fifteen, in terms of all-time English first level league position.
Alternatively, they sit in the top four, behind only Manchester United, Liverpool and Arsenal in terms of all-time league position from points gained at any level of English professional football.
Cumulatively, they are the joint 11th most successful club in domestic English football history, tied with Nott |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tris%28bipyridine%29ruthenium%28II%29%20chloride | Tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride is the chloride salt coordination complex with the formula [Ru(bpy)3]2+ 2Cl−. This polypyridine complex is a red crystalline salt obtained as the hexahydrate, although all of the properties of interest are in the cation [Ru(bpy)3]2+, which has received much attention because of its distinctive optical properties. The chlorides can be replaced with other anions, such as PF6−.
Synthesis and structure
This salt is prepared by treating an aqueous solution of ruthenium trichloride with 2,2'-bipyridine. In this conversion, Ru(III) is reduced to Ru(II), and hypophosphorous acid is typically added as a reducing agent. [Ru(bpy)3]2+ is octahedral, containing a central low spin d6 Ru(II) ion and three bidentate bpy ligands. The Ru-N distances are 2.053(2), shorter than the Ru-N distances for [Ru(bpy)3]3+. The complex is chiral, with D3 symmetry. It has been resolved into its enantiomers. In its lowest lying triplet excited state the molecule is thought to attain lower C2 symmetry, as the excited electron is localized primarily on a single bipyridyl ligand.
Photochemistry of [Ru(bpy)3]2+
[Ru(bpy)3]2+ absorbs ultraviolet and visible light. Aqueous solutions of [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 are orange due to a strong MLCT absorption at 452 ± 3 nm (extinction coefficient of 14,600 M−1cm−1). Further absorption bands are found at 285 nm corresponding to ligand centered π*← π transitions and a weak transition around 350 nm (d-d transition). Light absorption re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DQ4 | DQ4 could refer to:
Dragon Quest IV: Chapters of the Chosen, a video game published by Enix (now Square Enix)
HLA-DQ4, a Human leukocyte antigen HLA-DQ serotype that recognizes the DQB1*04 gene products |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic%20severity%20index | The pandemic severity index (PSI) was a proposed classification scale for reporting the severity of influenza pandemics in the United States. The PSI was accompanied by a set of guidelines intended to help communicate appropriate actions for communities to follow in potential pandemic situations. Released by the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) on February 1, 2007, the PSI was designed to resemble the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale classification scheme. The index was replaced by the Pandemic Severity Assessment Framework in 2014, which uses quadrants based on transmissibility and clinical severity rather than a linear scale.
Development
The PSI was developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as a new pandemic influenza planning tool for use by states, communities, businesses and schools, as part of a drive to provide more specific community-level prevention measures. Although designed for domestic implementation, the HHS has not ruled out sharing the index and guidelines with interested international parties.
The index and guidelines were developed by applying principles of epidemiology to data from the history of the last three major flu pandemics and seasonal flu transmission, mathematical models, and input from experts and citizen focus groups. Many "tried and true" practices were combined in a more structured manner:
Context
During the onset of a growing pandemic, local communities cannot rely upon widespread availabil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limonin | Limonin is a limonoid, and a bitter, white, crystalline substance found in citrus and other plants. It is also known as limonoate D-ring-lactone and limonoic acid di-delta-lactone. Chemically, it is a member of the class of compounds known as furanolactones.
Sources
Limonin is enriched in citrus fruits and is often found at higher concentrations in seeds, for example orange and lemon seeds.
Presence in citrus products
Limonin and other limonoid compounds contribute to the bitter taste of some citrus food products. Researchers have proposed removal of limonoids from orange juice and other products (known as "debittering") through the use of polymeric films.
Research
Limonin is under basic research to assess its possible biological properties.
References
External links
"Citrus Compound: ready to help your body!" (Agricultural Research Service, USDA)
Epoxides
3-Furyl compounds
Delta-lactones
Terpenes and terpenoids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DQ7 | DQ7 may refer to:
Dragon Quest VII, a video game.
HLA-DQ7, an HLA-DQ receptor serotype in which the beta chain is encoded by DQB1*0301 gene. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward%E2%80%93backward%20algorithm | The forward–backward algorithm is an inference algorithm for hidden Markov models which computes the posterior marginals of all hidden state variables given a sequence of observations/emissions , i.e. it computes, for all hidden state variables , the distribution . This inference task is usually called smoothing. The algorithm makes use of the principle of dynamic programming to efficiently compute the values that are required to obtain the posterior marginal distributions in two passes. The first pass goes forward in time while the second goes backward in time; hence the name forward–backward algorithm.
The term forward–backward algorithm is also used to refer to any algorithm belonging to the general class of algorithms that operate on sequence models in a forward–backward manner. In this sense, the descriptions in the remainder of this article refer only to one specific instance of this class.
Overview
In the first pass, the forward–backward algorithm computes a set of forward probabilities which provide, for all , the probability of ending up in any particular state given the first observations in the sequence, i.e. . In the second pass, the algorithm computes a set of backward probabilities which provide the probability of observing the remaining observations given any starting point , i.e. . These two sets of probability distributions can then be combined to obtain the distribution over states at any specific point in time given the entire observation sequence:
T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Eckart | Carl Henry Eckart (May 4, 1902 – October 23, 1973) was an American physicist, physical oceanographer, geophysicist, and administrator. He co-developed the Wigner–Eckart theorem and is also known for the Eckart conditions in quantum mechanics, and the Eckart–Young theorem in linear algebra.
Early life
Eckart was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He began college in 1919 at Washington University in St. Louis where he received his B.S. and M.S. degrees with a major in engineering. However, due to Arthur Holly Compton, a physics faculty member and later Chancellor, Eckart was influenced to continue his education in physics at Princeton, where he went in 1923 on an Edison Lamp Works Research Fellowship. Eckart was awarded his Ph.D. in 1925.
During his graduate studies, Eckart co-authored a paper with Karl Compton, brother of Arthur Compton on low-voltage arcs, particularly the oscillatory phenomena arising in the diffusion of electrons against low-voltage fields. He continued this line of work after receipt of his Ph.D. on a National Research Council Fellowship at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) during the period 1925 to 1927.
Max Born, director of the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Göttingen and co-developer of the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics with Werner Heisenberg, came to Caltech in the winter of 1925 and gave a lecture on his work. Born’s lecture gave Eckart the impetus to investigate the possible general operato |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo%E2%80%93Lewis%20equation | The Mayo–Lewis equation or copolymer equation in polymer chemistry describes the distribution of monomers in a copolymer. It was proposed by Frank R. Mayo and Frederick M. Lewis.
The equation considers a monomer mix of two components and and the four different reactions that can take place at the reactive chain end terminating in either monomer ( and ) with their reaction rate constants :
The reactivity ratio for each propagating chain end is defined as the ratio of the rate constant for addition of a monomer of the species already at the chain end to the rate constant for addition of the other monomer.
The copolymer equation is then:
with the concentrations of the components in square brackets. The equation gives the relative instantaneous rates of incorporation of the two monomers.
Equation derivation
Monomer 1 is consumed with reaction rate:
with the concentration of all the active chains terminating in monomer 1, summed over chain lengths. is defined similarly for monomer 2.
Likewise the rate of disappearance for monomer 2 is:
Division of both equations by followed by division of the first equation by the second yields:
The ratio of active center concentrations can be found using the steady state approximation, meaning that the concentration of each type of active center remains constant.
The rate of formation of active centers of monomer 1 () is equal to the rate of their destruction () so that
or
Substituting into the ratio of monomer consumption rat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic%20acid%20thermodynamics | Nucleic acid thermodynamics is the study of how temperature affects the nucleic acid structure of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). The melting temperature (Tm) is defined as the temperature at which half of the DNA strands are in the random coil or single-stranded (ssDNA) state. Tm depends on the length of the DNA molecule and its specific nucleotide sequence. DNA, when in a state where its two strands are dissociated (i.e., the dsDNA molecule exists as two independent strands), is referred to as having been denatured by the high temperature.
Concepts
Hybridization
Hybridization is the process of establishing a non-covalent, sequence-specific interaction between two or more complementary strands of nucleic acids into a single complex, which in the case of two strands is referred to as a duplex. Oligonucleotides, DNA, or RNA will bind to their complement under normal conditions, so two perfectly complementary strands will bind to each other readily. In order to reduce the diversity and obtain the most energetically preferred complexes, a technique called annealing is used in laboratory practice. However, due to the different molecular geometries of the nucleotides, a single inconsistency between the two strands will make binding between them less energetically favorable. Measuring the effects of base incompatibility by quantifying the temperature at which two strands anneal can provide information as to the similarity in base sequence between the two strands being annealed. The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synovectomy | Synovectomy is a procedure where the synovial tissue surrounding a joint is removed. This procedure is typically recommended to provide relief from a condition in which the synovial membrane or the joint lining becomes inflamed and irritated and is not controlled by medication alone. If arthritis (inflammation of the joint) is not controlled, it can lead to irreversible joint damage. The synovial membrane or "synovium" encloses each joint and also secretes a lubricating fluid that allows different joint motions such as rolling, folding and stretching. When the synovium becomes inflamed or irritated, it increases fluid production, resulting in warmth, tenderness, and swelling in and around the joint.
A synovectomy is a procedure often suggested for those with rheumatoid arthritis or other forms of inflammatory arthritis when non-operative treatments have failed. This procedure can be performed in several ways, namely surgical synovectomy, chemical synovectomy and radiological.
The surgical procedure can be performed arthroscopically or by opening the joint to remove the synovial tissue surrounding the joint that has become inflamed and swollen. Chemical Synovectomy involves an intraarticular osmic acid injection with the objective to debulk or reduce the inflammatory synovial mass.
Indications
Synovectomy is indicated in following conditions:
Inflammatory arthritis: rheumatoid arthritis, hemophilia, chondromatosis
Synovial tumors: pigmented villonodular synovitis
Septic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticket%20Crystals | Ticket Crystals is the seventh studio album by Bardo Pond. It was released on June 6, 2006. The album features a cover of The Beatles' song "Cry Baby Cry".
Reception
Like its predecessors, the album received largely positive reviews from critics. Fred Thomas of Allmusic found the "gentler" album to be "drenched in dubby reverb and delay, tucking its more menacing tones in layers of starlit musical wandering and resonating the most on subdued numbers like the sprawling "Isle" and a hazy reading of the Beatles' "Cry Baby Cry."" Jennifer Kelly of Popmatters considered the music to be "beautiful and [...] disturbing" in its combinations of "freak folk, drone and psychedelic metal." Gigwise hailed it as a "damn loud and a damn fine album", while Eric Hill of Exclaim! called it the band's best album since Lapsed.
More mixed reviews came from Cameron Macdonald of Stylus who found the band to be stylistically stagnating with the album, and criticized the closing track "Montana Sacra II" as being "[a] great opportunity squandered." In an otherwise positive review, Christian Maiwald of Ox-Fanzine found Sollenberger's vocals to be occasionally distracting & criticized the songs as being too short. Pitchfork'''s Mia Lily Clarke criticized the "overwhelming" use of flute & some of its "cloying prog mayhem."
A negative review came from Spanish magazine Mondosonoro'', which scored the album a 1 out of 10.
Track listing
"Destroying Angel" – 9:38
"Isle" – 11:13
"Lost Word" – 6:29
"Cry Bab |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasos%20Island%20Public%20Airport | Kasos Island Public Airport is an airport in Kasos, Greece.
Airlines and destinations
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Kasos Island Airport:
Statistics
See also
Transport in Greece
References
External links
Airports in Greece
Dodecanese
Buildings and structures in the South Aegean |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock%20%28fluid%20dynamics%29 | Shock is an abrupt discontinuity in the flow field and it occurs in flows when the local flow speed exceeds the local sound speed. More specifically, it is a flow whose Mach number exceeds 1.
Explanation of phenomena
Shock is formed due to coalescence of various small pressure pulses. Sound waves are pressure waves and it is at the speed of the sound wave the disturbances are communicated in the medium. When an object is moving in a flow field the object sends out disturbances which propagate at the speed of sound and adjusts the remaining flow field accordingly. However, if the object itself happens to travel at speed greater than sound, then the disturbances created by the object would not have traveled and communicated to the rest of the flow field and this results in an abrupt change of property, which is termed as shock in gas dynamics terminology.
Shocks are characterized by discontinuous changes in flow properties such as velocity, pressure, temperature, etc. Typically, shock thickness is of a few mean free paths (of the order of 10−8 m). Shocks are irreversible occurrences in supersonic flows (i.e. the entropy increases).
Normal shock formulas
Where, the index 1 refers to upstream properties, and the index 2 refers to down stream properties. The subscript 0 refers to total or stagnation properties. T is temperature, M is the mach number, P is pressure, ρ is density, and γ is the ratio of specific heats.
See also
Mach number
Sound barrier
supersonic flow
Flui |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calyculin | Calyculins are natural products originally isolated from the marine sponge Discodermia calyx. Calyculins have proven to be strong serine/threonine protein phosphatase inhibitors and based on this property, calyculins might be potential tumor-promoting agents.
References
Organophosphates
Nitriles
Spiro compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOKW | WOKW is a commercially licensed FM radio station. It operates on the federally assigned frequency of 102.9 MHz at an effective radiated power of 3,000 watts. WOKW is licensed to Curwensville, Pennsylvania, but maintains studios and offices in Lawrence Township, just outside of Clearfield.
History
WOKW signed on the air on August 1, 1989, at 10:29 a.m. That exact time and day was chosen as they numerically reflected the new station's frequency of 102.9. The station was initially assigned the call letters WWWS, but those were changed shortly before the station went on the air. The station has been owned by Raymark Broadcasting since it first went on the air and had maintained the same adult contemporary format through ABC/SMN/Westwood One until September 30, 2019. On October 1, RayMark Broadcasting severed their 36-year relationship with WestWood One and took control of programming the music. The station now includes over fifty years of popular music, both current and past artists, with rock album cuts, B-sides, and forgotten classics added in after 5 PM and during weekends.
Prior to the existence of this station, WOKW was assigned to the station now known as WIII in Cortland, New York. In the early 1980s that version of WOKW was known as OK100 in Cortland. They also broadcast the same show in Ithaca, NY on 108 (ad spot: OK100, Ithaca 108).
WOKW was for much its history the sister station of AM 1160 WCCS, located in Homer City, Pennsylvania. WCCS first went on the air |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRI%20Leuser | The KRI Leuser (924) is an Indonesian naval vessel of the Soputan-class ocean-going tugs. Leusers name is derived from Mount Leuser with its Leuser Ecosystem, the highest mountain in Aceh province. The ship is a seagoing tugs, the second vessel of the Soputan class designed by South Korean company, Daesun Shipbuilding and built under license by PT. Dok dan Perkapalan Kodja Bahari (DKB) in Jakarta, Indonesia. The ship was launched on 22 August 2002.
Service history
The Leuser was deployed to aid in the search for the missing Adam Air Flight 574 in January 2007.
References
Tugboats of the Indonesian Navy
Naval ships of Indonesia
2002 ships |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilevel%20queue | Multi-level queueing, used at least since the late 1950s/early 1960s, is a queue with a predefined number of levels. Items get assigned to a particular level at insert (using some predefined algorithm), and thus cannot be moved to another level (unlike in the multilevel feedback queue). Items get removed from the queue by removing all items from a level, and then moving to the next. If an item is added to a level above, the "fetching" restarts from there. Each level of the queue is free to use its own scheduling, thus adding greater flexibility than merely having multiple levels in a queue.
Process Scheduling
Multi-level queue scheduling algorithm is used in scenarios where the processes can be classified into groups based on property like process type, CPU time, IO access, memory size, etc. One general classification of the processes is foreground processes and background processes. In a multi-level queue scheduling algorithm, there will be 'n' number of queues, where 'n' is the number of groups the processes are classified into. Each queue will be assigned a priority and will have its own scheduling algorithm like Round-robin scheduling or FCFS. For the process in a queue to execute, all the queues of priority higher than it should be empty, meaning the process in those high priority queues should have completed its execution. In this scheduling algorithm, once assigned to a queue, the process will not move to any other queues.
Consider the following table with the arri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna%20of%20Barbados | The fauna of Barbados comprises all the animal species inhabiting the island of Barbados and its surrounding waters. Barbados has less biodiversity than the other Antilles. Human activities are responsible for the change in the composition of the fauna, in particular, the replacement of native species. Species that are able to adapt to human presence have survived.
Origin of Barbadian Fauna
The island of Barbados was formed by tectonic uplift and is younger than the surrounding lesser Antillean islands, primarily of volcanic origin. Avian colonization has therefore occurred recently relative to the geological age of the island, accounting in part for the lack of endemic species relative to neighboring islands.
Species capable of crossing the sea barrier by flight enjoyed a comparative advantage, helping to explain why avian species are more numerous than other animal groups, such as mammals. In addition to the natural colonization of the island by animals, humans have contributed to the faunal composition of the island through species introductions (intentional and accidental).
Mammals
Few mammals live on the island, composed almost entirely of introduced species. The Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus), house mouse (Mus musculus), European hare (Lepus europaeus), small Indian mongoose (Urva auropunctata), and green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) are the most notable examples. Pigs were introduced by the Portuguese in 1563 as a future food source; the introduction wa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASBA%20%28molecular%20biology%29 | Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, commonly referred to as NASBA, is a method in molecular biology which is used to produce multiple copies of single stranded RNA. NASBA is a two-step process that takes RNA and anneals specially designed primers, then utilizes an enzyme cocktail to amplify it.
Background
Nucleic acid amplification is a technique used to produce several copies of a specific segment of RNA/DNA. Amplified RNA and DNA can be used for a variety of applications, such as genotyping, sequencing, and detection of bacteria or viruses. There are two different types of amplification, non-isothermal and isothermal. Non-isothermal amplification produces multiple copies of RNA/DNA through reiterative cycling between different temperatures. Isothermal amplification produces multiple copies of RNA/DNA at a constant reaction temperature. NASBA takes single stranded RNA, anneals primers to it at 65°C, and then amplifies it at 41°C to produce multiple copies of single stranded RNA. In order for successful amplification to occur, an enzyme cocktail containing, Avian Myeloblastosis Reverse Transcriptase (AMV-RT), RNase H, and RNA polymerase is used. AMV-RT synthesizes a complementary DNA strand (cDNA) from the RNA template once the primer is annealed. RNase H then degrades the RNA template and the other primer binds to the cDNA to form double stranded DNA, which RNA polymerase uses to synthesize copies of RNA. One key aspect of NASBA is that the starting material and end |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dying%20Sun | Dying Sun is the second full-length studio album by the French death metal band Yyrkoon.
Track listing
"Idols Are Burning" – 0:30
"Crystal Light" – 3:42
"Flight of the Titan" – 5:00
"The Clans" – 3:51
"Thrash-em All" – 6:27
"Gods of Silver" – 2:58
"Stolen Souls" – 5:00
"Screamer" – 6:25
"Back to the Cave" – 4:35
"Dying Sun" – 1:56
Personnel
Stéphane Souteryand - vocals, guitars
François Falempin - guitars
Geoffrey Gautier - keyboards
Victorien Vilchez - bass
Laurent Harrouart - drums
References
2004 albums
Yyrkoon (band) albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20problem%20%28algorithms%29 | Dynamic problems in computational complexity theory are problems stated in terms of changing input data. In its most general form, a problem in this category is usually stated as follows:
Given a class of input objects, find efficient algorithms and data structures to answer a certain query about a set of input objects each time the input data is modified, i.e., objects are inserted or deleted.
Problems in this class have the following measures of complexity:
Space the amount of memory space required to store the data structure;
Initialization time time required for the initial construction of the data structure;
Insertion time time required for the update of the data structure when one more input element is added;
Deletion time time required for the update of the data structure when an input element is deleted;
Query time time required to answer a query;
Other operations specific to the problem in question
The overall set of computations for a dynamic problem is called a dynamic algorithm.
Many algorithmic problems stated in terms of fixed input data (called static problems in this context and solved by static algorithms) have meaningful dynamic versions.
Special cases
Incremental algorithms, or online algorithms, are algorithms in which only additions of elements are allowed, possibly starting from empty/trivial input data.
Decremental algorithms are algorithms in which only deletions of elements are allowed, starting with the initialization of a full data struc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20Resonance%20Imaging%20%28journal%29 | Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier, encompassing biology, physics, and clinical science as they relate to the development and use of magnetic resonance imaging technology. Magnetic Resonance Imaging was established in 1982 and the current editor-in-chief is John C. Gore. The journal produces 10 issues per year.
External links
Elsevier academic journals
Radiology and medical imaging journals
Academic journals established in 1982
English-language journals
10 times per year journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded%20Cinema | Expanded Cinema by Gene Youngblood (1970), the first book to consider video as an art form, was influential in establishing the field of media arts. In the book he argues that a new, expanded cinema is required for a new consciousness. He describes various types of filmmaking utilizing new technology, including film special effects, computer art, video art, multi-media environments and holography.
"Part One: The Audience and the Myth of Entertainment"
In the first part of the book, Youngblood attempts to show how expanded cinema will unite art and life. "Television's elaborate movie-like subjective-camera simulation of the first moon landing" (p46) showed a generation that reality was not as real as simulation. He says that he is writing "at the end of the era of cinema as we've known it, the beginning of an era of image-exchange between man and man" (p. 49). The future shock of the Paleocybernetic Age will change fundamental concepts such as intelligence, morality, creativity and the family (pp. 50–53). The Intermedia network of the mass media is contemporary man's environment, replacing nature. He uses recent scientific research into cellular memory and inherited memory to support his claim that this network conditions human experience. The Noosphere (a term Youngblood borrows from Teilhard de Chardin) is the organizing intelligence of the planet—the minds of its inhabitants. "Distributed around the globe by the intermedia network, it becomes a new technology that may pro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOR%20%28company%29 | AOR, Ltd. (Authority on Radio Communications, Ltd.) is a Japanese based manufacturer of radio equipment, including transceivers, scanners, antennas and frequency monitors.
Established in 1977 when two radio amateurs decided to go professional. Based in Tokyo, Japan, they also have offices in the United Kingdom and the United States, and manufacturing facilities in Japan and the United Kingdom.
External links
Official Site
AOR UK
AOR rigs Complete list of AOR radios
Electronics companies of Japan
Amateur radio companies
Companies based in Tokyo
Electronics companies established in 1977
Japanese brands
Japanese companies established in 1977 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmsey%20Airport | Grímsey Airport ( ) is an airport serving Grímsey, a small island north of Iceland.
Airlines and destinations
Statistics
Passengers and movements
See also
Transport in Iceland
List of airports in Iceland
Notes
References
External links
OpenStreetMap - Grímsey
OurAirports - Grímsey
Airports in Iceland
Akureyri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vopnafj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur%20Airport | Vopnafjörður Airport ( ) is an airport serving the village of Vopnafjörður, in the Eastern Region (Austurland) of Iceland.
Airlines and destinations
Statistics
Passengers and movements
Notes
References
External links
Official online guide to Vopnafjordur
Airports in Iceland |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn%20Paterson | Kathryn Mary Paterson (17 October 1962 – 20 September 1999) was the ninth Chief Censor of New Zealand and a Director of Australia's Office of Film and Literature Classification.
Biography
Paterson was raised in the sea-side town of Umina, north of Sydney, Australia, the daughter of June, a teacher, and Phil Paterson, a pharmacist.
Paterson obtained an honours degree in psychology from Macquarie University in 1991. Between 1984 and 1993, she was a senior researcher at the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal (a predecessor of the Australian Communications and Media Authority), a member of the Australian Film Censorship Board and manager of the information unit of the Office of Film and Literature Classification (Australia).
Paterson became Chief Censor of New Zealand in 1994. She was New Zealand's ninth Chief Censor, and the first appointed under the new Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993. This Act gave the Office of Film and Literature Classification jurisdiction to classify a broader range of publications than was possessed by her predecessor as Chief Censor, Jane Wrightson, whose jurisdiction was limited to the classification of films for public exhibition. When she was appointed Chief Censor, the opposition women's affairs spokesperson Elizabeth Tennet MP raised fears that Paterson would import Australian "macho cultural imperialism" into New Zealand.
In December 1998, Paterson returned to Sydney to become director of the Australian Office of Film an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleman%27s%20inequality | Carleman's inequality is an inequality in mathematics, named after Torsten Carleman, who proved it in 1923 and used it to prove the Denjoy–Carleman theorem on quasi-analytic classes.
Statement
Let be a sequence of non-negative real numbers, then
The constant (euler number) in the inequality is optimal, that is, the inequality does not always hold if is replaced by a smaller number. The inequality is strict (it holds with "<" instead of "≤") if some element in the sequence is non-zero.
Integral version
Carleman's inequality has an integral version, which states that
for any f ≥ 0.
Carleson's inequality
A generalisation, due to Lennart Carleson, states the following:
for any convex function g with g(0) = 0, and for any -1 < p < ∞,
Carleman's inequality follows from the case p = 0.
Proof
An elementary proof is sketched below. From the inequality of arithmetic and geometric means applied to the numbers
where MG stands for geometric mean, and MA — for arithmetic mean. The Stirling-type inequality applied to implies
for all
Therefore,
whence
proving the inequality. Moreover, the inequality of arithmetic and geometric means of non-negative numbers is known to be an equality if and only if all the numbers coincide, that is, in the present case, if and only if for . As a consequence, Carleman's inequality is never an equality for a convergent series, unless all vanish, just because the harmonic series is divergent.
One can also prove Carleman's inequali |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRAL-TRIO%20domain | CRAL-TRIO domain is a protein structural domain that binds small lipophilic molecules. This domain is named after cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP) and TRIO guanine exchange factor.
CRALB protein carries 11-cis-retinol or 11-cis-retinaldehyde. It modulates interaction of retinoids with visual cycle enzymes. TRIO is involved in coordinating actin remodeling, which is necessary for cell migration and growth.
Other members of the family are alpha-tocopherol transfer protein and phosphatidylinositol-transfer protein (Sec14). They transport their substrates (alpha-tocopherol and phosphatidylinositol or phosphatidylcholine, respectively) between different intracellular membranes. Family also include a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that may function as an effector of RAC1 small G-protein.
The N-terminal domain of yeast ECM25 protein has been identified as containing a lipid binding CRAL-TRIO domain.
Structure
The Sec14 protein was the first CRAL-TRIO domain for which the structure was determined. The structure contains several alpha helices as well as a beta sheet composed of 6 strands. Strands 2,3,4 and 5 form a parallel beta sheet with strands 1 and 6 being anti-parallel. The structure also identified a hydrophobic binding pocket for lipid binding.
Human proteins containing this domain
C20orf121; MOSPD2; PTPN9; RLBP1; RLBP1L1; RLBP1L2; SEC14L1; SEC14L2;
SEC14L3; SEC14L4; TTPA;
References
External links
- Calculated spatial posit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterol%20carrier%20protein | Sterol carrier proteins (also known as nonspecific lipid transfer proteins) is a family of proteins that transfer steroids and probably also phospholipids and gangliosides between cellular membranes.
These proteins are different from plant nonspecific lipid transfer proteins but structurally similar to small proteins of unknown function from Thermus thermophilus.
This domain is involved in binding sterols. The human sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) is a basic protein that is believed to participate in the intracellular transport of cholesterol and various other lipids.
Human proteins containing this domain
HSD17B4; HSDL2; SCP2; STOML1;
See also
Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and START domain
References
External links
Sterol carrier proteins in SCOP
SCP-2 sterol transfer family in Pfam
Peripheral membrane proteins
Protein domains
Protein families
Water-soluble transporters |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicators%20of%20spatial%20association | Indicators of spatial association are statistics that evaluate the existence of clusters in the spatial arrangement of a given variable. For instance, if we are studying cancer rates among census tracts in a given city local clusters in the rates mean that there are areas that have higher or lower rates than is to be expected by chance alone; that is, the values occurring are above or below those of a random distribution in space.
Global indicators
Notable global indicators of spatial association include:
Global Moran's I: The most commonly used measure of global spatial autocorrelation or the overall clustering of the spatial data developed by Patrick Alfred Pierce Moran.
Geary's C (Geary's Contiguity Ratio): A measure of global spatial autocorrelation developed by Geary in 1954. It is inversely related to Moran's I, but more sensitive to local autocorrelation than Moran's I.
Getis–Ord G (Getis–Ord global G, Geleral G-Statistic): Introduced by Getis and Ord in 1992 to supplement Moran's I.
Local indicators
Notable local indicators of spatial association (LISA) include:
Local Moran's I: Derived from Global Moran's I, it was introduced by Luc Anselin in 1995 and can be computed using GeoDa.
Getis–Ord Gi (local Gi): Developed by Getis and Ord based on their global G.
INDICATE's IN: Originally developed to assess the spatial behaviour of stars, can be computed for any discrete 2+D dataset using python-based INDICATE tool available from GitHub.
See also
Spatial analys |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphirhina | Amphirhina are animals, a phylogenetic classification within the subphylum vertebrata. They are more commonly known as the Branch Gnathostomata, and are described as having double nasal chambers, or nostrils, and jaws. The parallel branch in this naming system is Monorhina (more commonly Agnatha), which possess a single nostril and a circular mouth without jaws. The ears of all animals within Amphirhina possess three semicircular canals.
References
Vertebrate taxonomy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai%20N.%20Kolesnikov | Nikolai Nikolayevich Kolesnikov (; born 1959) is a Russian scientist who works in the fields of semiconductor and superconductor crystal growth, semiconductor and carbon nanotechnologies.
Kolesnikov graduated from Phys.-Chem. Department of the Moscow Chemico-Technological Institute in 1982 From 1982 to 1993 he worked in the Institute of Solid State Physics and since 1993 has been head of the Laboratory of Physical-Chemical Basis of Crystallisation of the ISSP.
References
1959 births
Russian physical chemists
Russian inventors
Living people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20Michael%20Steele | John Michael Steele is C.F. Koo Professor of Statistics at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and he was previously affiliated with Stanford University, Columbia University and Princeton University.
Steele was elected the 2009 president of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics.
Awards
Source:
Fellow, Institute for Mathematical Statistics, 1984;
Fellow, American Statistical Association, 1989;
Frank Wilcoxon Prize, American Society for Quality Control and the American Statistical Association, 1990
Chauvenet Prize (with Vladimir Pozdnyakov), in 2020, for their paper "Buses, Bullies, and Bijections"
Books
References
External links
J. Michael Steele's homepage
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Living people
Probability theorists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Presidents of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania faculty
Stanford University Department of Statistics faculty
Columbia University faculty
Princeton University faculty |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr%20Kuchma | Alexander Kuchma (; born 9 December 1980) is a former Kazakh football defender.
Career
In December 2014, Kuchma left FC Taraz.
Career statistics
International goals
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
Kazakhstani men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Kazakhstan men's international footballers
FC Taraz players
FC Zhenis players
FC Kairat players
Ruch Chorzów players
FC Tobol players
FC Ordabasy players
FC Okzhetpes players
FC Irtysh Pavlodar players
SG Sonnenhof Großaspach players
Kazakhstan Premier League players
Kazakhstani expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Poland
Kazakhstani expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Kazakhstani people of Ukrainian descent
Sportspeople from Taraz |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphenal | Alphenal (Alphenal, Efrodal, Prophenal, Sanudorm), also known as 5-allyl-5-phenylbarbituric acid, is a barbiturate derivative developed in the 1920s. It has primarily anticonvulsant properties, and was used occasionally for the treatment of epilepsy or convulsions, although not as commonly, as better known barbiturates such as phenobarbital.
LD50: Mouse (Oral): 280 mg/kg
References
Barbiturates
Hypnotics
Allyl compounds
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Phenyl compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butallylonal | Butallylonal is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1920s. It has sedative properties, and was used primarily as an anaesthetic in veterinary medicine. Butallylonal is considered similar in effects to pentobarbital but is longer in action, being considered an intermediate-acting barbiturate rather than short-acting.
References
Barbiturates
Organobromides
Alkene derivatives
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20bombings%20during%20the%20Iraq%20War | Since the 2003 invasion of Iraq, bombings have killed thousands of people, mostly civilians. Suicide bombings have been used as a tactic in other armed struggles, but their frequency and lethality in Iraq is unprecedented. During the invasion, the United States and United Kingdom dropped 29,199 bombs. The article does not list these, but concentrates on the smaller number of insurgent bombings during the post-invasion phase of the Iraqi conflict (2003–present).
The main perpetrators of insurgent bombings have been Salafi jihadist organisations such as Al-Qaeda in Iraq, Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna, and the Islamic State. Their main targets were Shia civilians, and to a lesser extent, Multi-National Force – Iraq forces.
Perpetrators
A 2005 Human Rights Watch report analysed the insurgency in Iraq and highlighted, "The groups that are most responsible for the abuse, namely al-Qaeda in Iraq and its allies, Ansar al-Sunna and the Islamic State of Iraq, have all targeted civilians for abductions and executions. The first two groups have repeatedly boasted about massive car bombs and suicide bombs in mosques, markets, bus stations and other civilian areas. Such acts are war crimes and in some cases may constitute crimes against humanity, which are defined as serious crimes committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack against a civilian population."
Analysis
A 2008 RAND Research brief on counterinsurgency in Iraq: 2003 - 2006 depicts a chart that shows in June and July 2004, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann%27s%20entropy%20formula | In statistical mechanics, Boltzmann's equation (also known as the Boltzmann–Planck equation) is a probability equation relating the entropy , also written as , of an ideal gas to the multiplicity (commonly denoted as or ), the number of real microstates corresponding to the gas's macrostate:
where is the Boltzmann constant (also written as simply ) and equal to 1.380649 × 10−23 J/K, and is the natural logarithm function (also written as , as in the image above).
In short, the Boltzmann formula shows the relationship between entropy and the number of ways the atoms or molecules of a certain kind of thermodynamic system can be arranged.
History
The equation was originally formulated by Ludwig Boltzmann between 1872 and 1875, but later put into its current form by Max Planck in about 1900. To quote Planck, "the logarithmic connection between entropy and probability was first stated by L. Boltzmann in his kinetic theory of gases".
A 'microstate' is a state specified in terms of the constituent particles of a body of matter or radiation that has been specified as a macrostate in terms of such variables as internal energy and pressure. A macrostate is experimentally observable, with at least a finite extent in spacetime. A microstate can be instantaneous, or can be a trajectory composed of a temporal progression of instantaneous microstates. In experimental practice, such are scarcely observable. The present account concerns instantaneous microstates.
The value of was |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-DNA | A-DNA is one of the possible double helical structures which DNA can adopt. A-DNA is thought to be one of three biologically active double helical structures along with B-DNA and Z-DNA. It is a right-handed double helix fairly similar to the more common B-DNA form, but with a shorter, more compact helical structure whose base pairs are not perpendicular to the helix-axis as in B-DNA. It was discovered by Rosalind Franklin, who also named the A and B forms. She showed that DNA is driven into the A form when under dehydrating conditions. Such conditions are commonly used to form crystals, and many DNA crystal structures are in the A form. The same helical conformation occurs in double-stranded RNAs, and in DNA-RNA hybrid double helices.
Structure
Like the more common B-DNA, A-DNA is a right-handed double helix with major and minor grooves. However, as shown in the comparison table below, there is a slight increase in the number of base pairs (bp) per turn. This results in a smaller twist angle, and smaller rise per base pair, so that A-DNA is 20-25% shorter than B-DNA. The major groove of A-DNA is deep and narrow, while the minor groove is wide and shallow. A-DNA is broader and more compressed along its axis than B-DNA.
The identifiable characteristic of A-DNA X-ray crystallography is the hole in the center. A-DNA has a C3'-endo pucker, which refers to the C3' carbon in the furanose ring being below the sugar plane.
Comparison geometries of the most common DNA forms
A/B in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape%20of%20a%20probability%20distribution | In statistics, the concept of the shape of a probability distribution arises in questions of finding an appropriate distribution to use to model the statistical properties of a population, given a sample from that population. The shape of a distribution may be considered either descriptively, using terms such as "J-shaped", or numerically, using quantitative measures such as skewness and kurtosis.
Considerations of the shape of a distribution arise in statistical data analysis, where simple quantitative descriptive statistics and plotting techniques such as histograms can lead on to the selection of a particular family of distributions for modelling purposes.
Descriptions of shape
The shape of a distribution will fall somewhere in a continuum where a flat distribution might be considered central and where types of departure from this include: mounded (or unimodal), U-shaped, J-shaped, reverse-J shaped and multi-modal. A bimodal distribution would have two high points rather than one. The shape of a distribution is sometimes characterised by the behaviours of the tails (as in a long or short tail). For example, a flat distribution can be said either to have no tails, or to have short tails. A normal distribution is usually regarded as having short tails, while an exponential distribution has exponential tails and a Pareto distribution has long tails.
See also
Shape parameter
List of probability distributions
Notes
References
Yule, G.U., Kendall, M.G. (1950) An Introduct |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledinegg%20instability | In fluid dynamics, the Ledinegg instability occurs in two-phase flow, especially in a boiler tube, when the boiling boundary is within the tube. For a given mass flux J through the tube, the pressure drop per unit length (which typically varies as the square of the mass flux and inversely as the density, i.e., as ) is much less when the flow is wholly of liquid than when the flow is wholly of steam. Thus, as the boiling boundary moves up the tube, the total pressure drop falls, potentially increasing the flow in an unstable manner. Boiler tubes normally overcome this (which is effectively a 'negative resistance' regime) by incorporating a narrow orifice at the entry, to give a stabilising pressure drop on entry.
References
Ruspini, Two-phase flow instabilities: A review, IJHMT, 71, 2013
System Instabilities https://web.archive.org/web/20060721232210/http://caltechbook.library.caltech.edu/51/01/chap15.pdf
http://authors.library.caltech.edu/25021/1/chap15.pdf
Fluid dynamics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyclonal%20B%20cell%20response | Polyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes, by multiple clones of B cell.
In the course of normal immune response, parts of pathogens (e.g. bacteria) are recognized by the immune system as foreign (non-self), and eliminated or effectively neutralized to reduce their potential damage. Such a recognizable substance is called an antigen. The immune system may respond in multiple ways to an antigen; a key feature of this response is the production of antibodies by B cells (or B lymphocytes) involving an arm of the immune system known as humoral immunity. The antibodies are soluble and do not require direct cell-to-cell contact between the pathogen and the B-cell to function.
Antigens can be large and complex substances, and any single antibody can only bind to a small, specific area on the antigen. Consequently, an effective immune response often involves the production of many different antibodies by many different B cells against the same antigen. Hence the term "polyclonal", which derives from the words poly, meaning many, and clones from Greek klōn, meaning sprout or twig; a clone is a group of cells arising from a common "mother" cell. The antibodies thus produced in a polyclonal response are known as polyclonal antibodies. The heterogeneous polyclonal antibodies are distinct from monoclonal ant |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidelay%20block%20frequency%20domain%20adaptive%20filter | The multidelay block frequency domain adaptive filter (MDF) algorithm is a block-based frequency domain implementation of the (normalised) Least mean squares filter (LMS) algorithm.
Introduction
The MDF algorithm is based on the fact that convolutions may be efficiently computed in the frequency domain (thanks to the fast Fourier transform). However, the algorithm differs from the fast LMS algorithm in that block size it uses may be smaller than the filter length. If both are equal, then MDF reduces to the FLMS algorithm.
The advantages of MDF over the (N)LMS algorithm are:
Lower algorithmic complexity
Partial de-correlation of the input (which 'may' lead to faster convergence)
Variable definitions
Let be the length of the processing blocks, be the number of blocks and denote the 2Nx2N Fourier transform matrix. The variables are defined as:
With normalisation matrices and :
In practice, when multiplying a column vector by , we take the inverse FFT of , set the first values in the result to zero and then take the FFT. This is meant to remove the effects of the circular convolution.
Algorithm description
For each block, the MDF algorithm is computed as:
It is worth noting that, while the algorithm is more easily expressed in matrix form, the actual implementation requires no matrix multiplications. For instance the normalisation matrix computation reduces to an element-wise vector multiplication because is block-diagonal. The same go |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L0 | L0 may refer to:
Haplogroup L0 (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
L0 norm, a norm in mathematics
L0 Series, a high-speed maglev train operated by the Japanese railway company JR Central
See also
Level 0 (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Sherley | James Sherley is a biological engineer and the founder of Asymmetrex, an adult stem cell research center. He has also conducted research at the Boston Biomedical Research Institute and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Sherley filed a suit against the government in Sherley v. Sebelius, resulting in a protracted legal battle attempting to ban the government from funding any research relating to embryonic stem cells.
Early life and education
Sherley's education includes a B.S. from Harvard University and an M.D. and a Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. He was a postdoctoral fellow with Arnold J. Levine, at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 1988 to 1991.
From 1991 to 1998 he was associate member, division of medical science, molecular oncology group, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was a professor in biological engineering division at Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1998 to 2007.
Career
His awards include a 1993 Pew Scholar award and recipient of a 2006 NIH Director's Pioneer Award.
In December 2006, Sherley announced he would protest MIT's decision to not grant him tenure by going on a hunger strike. He ended the strike 12 days later. He subsequently asserted that he would continue to show up for work on July 1, 2007, despite no longer having a job at MIT on that date. Twenty senior faculty members who participated in evaluation of his tenure case issued a public statement s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Industrial%20and%20Management%20Optimization | The Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization (JIMO) is an international journal published by American Institute of Mathematical Sciences and sponsored by Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Curtin University of Technology, and Department of Mathematics, Zhejiang University. This journal illustrates original research papers on the non-trivial interplay between numerical optimization methods and problems in industry or management. The objective of this journal is to develop new optimization ideas so as to solve industrial and management problems by the use of appropriate, advanced optimization techniques.
Its impact factor has been frequently ranked by SCImago as in the top quartile of business and international management journals.
References
External links
Home page
Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization
Academic journals established in 2005 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOMLAB | The TOMLAB Optimization Environment is a modeling platform for solving applied optimization problems in MATLAB.
Description
TOMLAB is a general purpose development and modeling environment in MATLAB for research, teaching and practical solution of optimization problems. It enables a wider range of problems to be solved in MATLAB and provides many additional solvers.
Optimization problems supported
TOMLAB handles a wide range of problem types, among them:
Linear programming
Quadratic programming
Nonlinear programming
Mixed-integer programming
Mixed-integer quadratic programming with or without convex quadratic constraints
Mixed-integer nonlinear programming
Linear and nonlinear least squares with L1, L2 and infinity norm
Exponential data fitting
Global optimization
Semi-definite programming problem with bilinear matrix inequalities
Constrained goal attainment
Geometric programming
Genetic programming
Costly or expensive black-box global optimization
Nonlinear complementarity problems
Additional features
TOMLAB supports more areas than general optimization, for example:
Optimal control with PROPT using Gauss and Chebyshev collocation.
Automatic differentiation with MAD
Interface to AMPL
Further details
TOMLAB supports solvers like CPLEX, SNOPT, KNITRO and MIDACO. Each such solver can be called to solve one single model formulation. The supported solvers are appropriate for many problems, including linear programming, integer programming, and global opti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRR | LRR may refer to:
Laminated root rot, a root disease in conifers
Leucine-rich repeat, a type of protein domain
LoadingReadyRun, a Canadian comedy troupe
Long Range Radar
Long River Review, a literary magazine of the University of Connecticut
Low rolling resistance tires, a type of tires designed for fuel efficiency
Light Reaction Regiment, the Philippine Army counter-terrorist unit modeled after the U.S. Army Delta Force and British SAS
Loose Round Robin, Warp Scheduling
See also
LR (disambiguation)
LRRR (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminopathy | Laminopathies (lamino- + -opathy) are a group of rare genetic disorders caused by mutations in genes encoding proteins of the nuclear lamina. They are included in the more generic term nuclear envelopathies that was coined in 2000 for diseases associated with defects of the nuclear envelope. Since the first reports of laminopathies in the late 1990s, increased research efforts have started to uncover the vital role of nuclear envelope proteins in cell and tissue integrity in animals.
Symptoms and signs
Laminopathies and other nuclear envelopathies have a large variety of clinical symptoms including skeletal and/or cardiac muscular dystrophy, lipodystrophy and diabetes, dysplasia, dermo- or neuropathy, leukodystrophy, and progeria (premature aging). Most of these symptoms develop after birth, typically during childhood or adolescence. Some laminopathies however may lead to an early death, and mutations of lamin B1 (LMNB1 gene) may be lethal before or at birth.
Genetics
Patients with classical laminopathy have mutations in the gene coding for lamin A/C (LMNA gene).
Mutations in the gene coding for lamin B2 (LMNB2 gene) have been linked to Barraquer-Simons syndrome and duplication in the gene coding for lamin B1 (LMNB1 gene) cause autosomal dominant leukodystrophy.
Mutations implicated in other nuclear envelopathies were found in genes coding for lamin-binding proteins such as lamin B receptor (LBR gene), emerin (EMD gene) and LEM domain-containing protein 3 (LEMD3 gene) and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atransferrinemia | Atransferrinemia is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder in which there is an absence of transferrin, a plasma protein that transports iron through the blood.
Atransferrinemia is characterized by anemia and hemosiderosis in the heart and liver. The iron damage to the heart can lead to heart failure. The anemia is typically microcytic and hypochromic (the red blood cells are abnormally small and pale). Atransferrinemia was first described in 1961 and is extremely rare, with only ten documented cases worldwide.
Symptoms and signs
The presentation of this disorder entails anemia, arthritis, hepatic anomalies, and recurrent infections are clinical signs of the disease. Iron overload occurs mainly in the liver, heart, pancreas, thyroid, and kidney.
Genetics
In terms of genetics of atransferrinemia researchers have identified mutations in the TF gene as a probable cause of this genetic disorder in affected people.
Transferrin is a serum transport protein that transports iron to the reticuloendothelial system for utilization and erythropoiesis, since there is no transferrin in atransferrinemia, serum free iron cannot reach reticuloendothelial cells and there is microcytic anemia. Also, this excess iron deposits itself in the heart, liver and joints, and causes damage. Ferritin, the storage form of iron gets secreted more into the bloodstream so as to bind with the excessive free iron and hence serum ferritin levels rise in this condition
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of atransf |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ghost%20towns%20in%20Oklahoma | This is an incomplete list of ghost towns in Oklahoma, United States of America, including abandoned sites.
Classification
Ghost towns can include sites in various states of disrepair and abandonment. Some sites no longer have any trace of civilization and have reverted to pasture land or empty fields. Other sites are unpopulated but still have standing buildings. Some sites may even have a small population, but there are far fewer citizens than in its grander historic past.
Barren site
Sites no longer in existence
Sites that have been destroyed
Covered with water
Reverted to pasture
May have a few difficult to find foundations/footings at most
Neglected site
Only rubble left
Roofless building ruins
Buildings or houses still standing, but majority are roofless
Abandoned site
Building or houses still standing
Buildings and houses all abandoned
No population, except caretaker
Site no longer in existence except for one or two buildings, for example old church, grocery store
Many of these communities played important roles in the history, settlement, and growth of the state. Platted town sites organized by railroads, speculators, or the government during the opening of Oklahoma, many times, failed to prosper after initial settlement. Other communities grew up around rural schools, post offices, or general stores, and faded away when the attracting facilities closed. Several important Indian settlements developed around frontier forts, trading posts, Indian ag |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHD%20finger | The PHD finger was discovered in 1993 as a Cys4-His-Cys3 motif in the plant homeodomain (hence PHD) proteins HAT3.1 in Arabidopsis and maize ZmHox1a.
The PHD zinc finger motif resembles the metal binding RING domain (Cys3-His-Cys4) and FYVE domain. It occurs as a single finger, but often in clusters of two or three, and it also occurs together with other domains, such as the chromodomain and the bromodomain.
Role in epigenetics
The PHD finger, approximately 50-80 amino acids in length, is found in more than 100 human proteins. Several of the proteins it occurs in are found in the nucleus, and are involved in chromatin-mediated gene regulation. The PHD finger occurs in proteins such as the transcriptional co-activators p300 and CBP, Polycomb-like protein (Pcl), Trithorax-group proteins like ASH1L, ASH2L and MLL, the autoimmune regulator (AIRE), Mi-2 complex (part of histone deacetylase complex), the co-repressor TIF1, the JARID1-family of demethylases and many more.
Structure
The NMR structure of the PHD finger from human WSTF (Williams Syndrome Transcription Factor) shows that the conserved cysteines and histidine coordinate two Zn2+ ions. In general, the PHD finger adopts a globular fold, consisting of a two-stranded beta-sheet and an alpha-helix. The region consisting of these secondary structures and the residues involved in coordinating the zinc-ions are very conserved among species. The loop regions I and II are variable and could contribute functional specificity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Germany | Renewable energy in Germany is mainly based on wind and biomass, plus solar and hydro. Germany had the world's largest photovoltaic installed capacity until 2014, and as of 2021 it has over 58 GW. It is also the world's third country by installed total wind power capacity, 64 GW in 2021 (59 GW in 2018) and second for offshore wind, with over 7 GW. Germany has been called "the world's first major renewable energy economy".
The share of renewable electricity rose from just 3.4% of gross electricity consumption in 1990, provided by conventional hydro, to exceed 10% by 2005 thanks to additional biomass and wind, and reaching 42.1% of consumption in 2019.
As with most countries, the transition to renewable energy in the transport and heating and cooling sectors has been considerably slower.
According to official figures, around 370,000 people were employed in the renewable energy sector in 2010, particularly in small and medium-sized companies. This is over twice the number of jobs in 2004 (160,500). About two-thirds of these jobs are attributed to the Renewable Energy Sources Act.
Germany's federal government is working to increase renewable energy commercialization, with a particular focus on offshore wind farms.
A major challenge is the development of sufficient network capacities for transmitting the power generated in the North Sea to the large industrial consumers in southern parts of the country. Germany's energy transition, the Energiewende, designates a significant ch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preprotachykinin | Preprotachykinins are precursor proteins that are modified into tachykinin peptides. Via alternative splicing and post-translational modifications, preprotachykinins produce multiple peptide neurotransmitters.
There are two human preprotachykinins:
preprotachykinin-1 (also PPT-1, PPT-I, or PPT-A), which produces substance P and neurokinin A (also called "substance K"), and the derived neuropeptide K and neurokinin gamma.
preprotachykinin-2 (also PPT-2, PPT-II, or PPT-B), which produces neurokinin B.
References
Neuropeptides
Precursor proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurokinin%20A | Neurokinin A (NKA), formerly known as Substance K, is a neurologically active peptide translated from the pre-protachykinin gene. Neurokinin A has many excitatory effects on mammalian nervous systems and is also influential on the mammalian inflammatory and pain responses.
Introduction
Neurokinin A (formally known as substance K) is a member of the tachykinin family of neuropeptide neurotransmitters. Tachykinins are important contributors to nociceptive processing, satiety, and smooth muscle contraction. Tachykinins are known to be highly excitatory neurotransmitters in major central neural systems. Neurokinin A is ubiquitous in both the central and peripheral mammalian nervous systems, and seems to be involved in reactions to pain and the inflammatory responses. It is produced from the same preprotachykinin A gene as the neuropeptide substance P. Both substance P and neurokinin A are encoded by the same mRNA, which when alternatively spliced can be translated into either compound. It has various roles in the body of humans and other animals, specifically stimulation of extravascular smooth muscle, vasodilation, hypertensive action, immune system activation, and pain management. The deduced amino acid sequence of neurokinin A is as follows:
His Lys Thr Asp Ser Phe Val Gly Leu Met (HKTDSFVGLM)
with amidation at the C-terminus.
Mechanism of action
Modified from: Sun J, Ramnath RD, Tamizhselvi R, Bhatia M."Neurokinin A engages neurokinin-1 receptor to induce NF-kappaB-dep |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Data%20Seal | In cryptography, New Data Seal (NDS) is a block cipher that was designed at IBM in 1975, based on the Lucifer algorithm that became DES.
The cipher uses a block size of 128 bits, and a very large key size of 2048 bits. Like DES it has a 16-round Feistel network structure. The round function uses two fixed 4×4-bit S-boxes, chosen to be non-affine. The key is also treated as an 8×8-bit lookup table, using the first bit of each of the 8 bytes of the half-block as input. The nth bit of the output of this table determines whether or not the two nibbles of the nth byte are swapped after S-box substitution. All rounds use the same table. Each round function ends with a fixed permutation of all 64 bits, preventing the cipher from being broken down and analyzed as a system of simpler independent subciphers.
In 1977, Edna Grossman and Bryant Tuckerman cryptanalyzed NDS using the first known slide attack. This method uses no more than 4096 chosen plaintexts; in their best trial they recovered the key with only 556 chosen plaintexts.
References
Broken block ciphers
Feistel ciphers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specificity%20constant | In the field of biochemistry, the specificity constant (also called kinetic efficiency or ), is a measure of how efficiently an enzyme converts substrates into products. A comparison of specificity constants can also be used as a measure of the preference of an enzyme for different substrates (i.e., substrate specificity). The higher the specificity constant, the more the enzyme "prefers" that substrate.
The following equation, known as the Michaelis–Menten model, is used to describe the kinetics of enzymes:
{E} + S <=>[k_f][k_r] ES ->[k_{cat}] {E} + P
where E, S, ES, and P represent enzyme, substrate, enzyme–substrate complex, and product, respectively. The symbols , , and denote the rate constants for the "forward" binding and "reverse" unbinding of substrate, and for the "catalytic" conversion of substrate into product, respectively.
The Michaelis constant in turn is defined as follows:
The Michaelis constant is equal to the substrate concentration at which the enzyme converts substrates into products at half its maximal rate and hence is related to the affinity of the substrate for the enzyme. The catalytic constant () is the rate of product formation when the enzyme is saturated with substrate and therefore reflects the enzyme's maximum rate. The rate of product formation is dependent on both how well the enzyme binds substrate and how fast the enzyme converts substrate into product once substrate is bound. For a kinetically perfect enzyme, every encounter betwe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title%2013%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Code | Title 13 of the United States Code outlines the role of the United States Census in the United States Code.
Chapters
: Administration
: Collection and Publication of Statistics
: Censuses
: Offenses and Penalties
: Collection and Publication of Foreign Commerce and Trade Statistics
: Exchange of Census Information
References
External links
U.S. Code Title 13, via United States Government Printing Office
U.S. Code Title 13, via Cornell University
13 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Francisco%20Baykeeper | San Francisco Baykeeper is a nonprofit environmental advocacy organization that works to protect, preserve, and enhance the health of the ecosystems and communities that depend upon the San Francisco Bay. Since 1989, Baykeeper has stood guard over the waters of the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary and its watershed. These waters, in addition to their recreational value and biological productivity, also provide drinking water for more than 23 million people and serve as the cornerstone of California's economy. Beginning in the high reaches of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains, the Bay-Delta watershed encompasses the entire Bay Area and the Great Central Valley of California. This vast watershed includes virtually all of the state's remaining coastal wetlands and provides rare and fragile habitat for marine mammals, migrating birds, and California's few remaining endangered salmon runs.
Baykeeper was founded by Michael Herz on the principle that California's waterways are common property, owned by all who use and enjoy them. Baykeeper works to rehabilitate natural environments and promote new strategies and policies to protect the water quality of the Bay-Delta Estuary.
Baykeeper currently operates local chapters for the San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. It was founded in 1989 as the fourth "waterkeeper" organization in the nation and the first on the West Coast of the United States.
External links
San Francisco Baykeeper
Baykeeper in the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden%20Powell%20%28malacologist%29 | Arthur William Baden Powell (4 April 1901 – 1 July 1987) was a New Zealand malacologist, naturalist and palaeontologist, a major influence in the study and classification of New Zealand molluscs through much of the 20th century. He was known to his friends and family by his third name, "Baden".
Biography
Early life
The name Baden had been a given name in a Powell family since 1731, when Susannah Powell née Thistlethwayte (1696–1762) gave to her child (1731–1792) the maiden name of her mother, Susannah Baden (1663–1692). The name Baden, particularly when associated with the surname Powell, became famous in 1900–1901, the year Arthur William Baden Powell was born, because of the siege of Mafeking, the most famous British action in the Second Boer War, which turned the British commander of the besieged, Robert Baden-Powell, into a national hero. Throughout the British Empire, babies were named after him. No family connection has yet been established between Arthur William Baden Powell and Robert Baden-Powell.
Powell was born at Wellington, New Zealand, on 4 April 1901, to driver Arthur Powell, and his wife, Minnie Sablofski. His schooling was in Auckland, and he trained in printing at the Elam School of Fine Arts. This training, and his interest in conchology, set him on his life's work.
Career
From 1916 until 1929, Powell was the honorary conchologist at the Auckland War Memorial Museum. Powell started writing scientific papers on mollusca in 1921, and became one of th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADAM17 | A disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17), also called TACE (tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme), is a 70-kDa enzyme that belongs to the ADAM protein family of disintegrins and metalloproteases.
Chemical characteristics
ADAM17 is an 824-amino acid polypeptide.
Function
ADAM17 is understood to be involved in the processing of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) at the surface of the cell, and from within the intracellular membranes of the trans-Golgi network. This process, which is also known as 'shedding', involves the cleavage and release of a soluble ectodomain from membrane-bound pro-proteins (such as pro-TNF-α), and is of known physiological importance. ADAM17 was the first 'sheddase' to be identified, and is also understood to play a role in the release of a diverse variety of membrane-anchored cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, receptors, ligands, and enzymes.
Cloning of the TNF-α gene revealed it to encode a 26 kDa type II transmembrane pro-polypeptide that becomes inserted into the cell membrane during its maturation. At the cell surface, pro-TNF-α is biologically active, and is able to induce immune responses via juxtacrine intercellular signaling. However, pro-TNF-α can undergo a proteolytic cleavage at its Ala76-Val77 amide bond, which releases a soluble 17kDa extracellular domain (ectodomain) from the pro-TNF-α molecule. This soluble ectodomain is the cytokine commonly known as TNF-α, which is of pivotal importance in paracrine signaling. This p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfect%20induction | The imperfect induction is the process of inferring from a sample of a group to what is characteristic of the whole group.
References
Sampling (statistics)
Inductive reasoning |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPIFA1 | BPI fold containing family A, member 1 (BPIFA1), also known as Palate, lung, and nasal epithelium clone (PLUNC), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BPIFA1 gene. It was also formerly known as "Secretory protein in upper respiratory tracts" (SPURT). The BPIFA1 gene sequence predicts 4 transcripts (splice variants); 3 mRNA variants have been well characterized. The resulting BPIFA1 is a secreted protein, expressed at very high levels in mucosa of the airways (olfactory and respiratory and epithelium) and salivary glands; at high levels in oropharyneal epithelium, including tongue and tonsils; and at moderate levels many other tissue types and glands including pituitary, testis, lung, bladder, blood, prostate, pancreas, levels in the digestive tract (tongue, stomach, intestinal epithelium) and pancreas. The protein can be detected on the apical side of epithelial cells and in airway surface liquid, nasal mucus, and sputum.
Superfamily
BPIFA1 is a member of a BPI fold protein superfamily defined by the presence of the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein fold (BPI fold) which is formed by two similar domains in a "boomerang" shape. This superfamily is also known as the BPI/LBP/PLUNC family or the BPI/LPB/CETP family. The BPI fold creates apolar binding pockets that can interact with hydrophobic and amphipathic molecules, such as the acyl carbon chains of lipopolysaccharide found on Gram-negative bacteria, but members of this family may have many other functi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedlander%E2%80%93Iwaniec%20theorem | In analytic number theory the Friedlander–Iwaniec theorem states that there are infinitely many prime numbers of the form . The first few such primes are
2, 5, 17, 37, 41, 97, 101, 137, 181, 197, 241, 257, 277, 281, 337, 401, 457, 577, 617, 641, 661, 677, 757, 769, 821, 857, 881, 977, … .
The difficulty in this statement lies in the very sparse nature of this sequence: the number of integers of the form less than is roughly of the order .
History
The theorem was proved in 1997 by John Friedlander and Henryk Iwaniec. Iwaniec was awarded the 2001 Ostrowski Prize in part for his contributions to this work.
Refinements
The theorem was refined by D.R. Heath-Brown and Xiannan Li in 2017. In particular, they proved that the polynomial represents infinitely many primes when the variable is also required to be prime. Namely, if is the prime numbers less than in the form then
where
Special case
When , the Friedlander–Iwaniec primes have the form , forming the set
2, 5, 17, 37, 101, 197, 257, 401, 577, 677, 1297, 1601, 2917, 3137, 4357, 5477, 7057, 8101, 8837, 12101, 13457, 14401, 15377, … .
It is conjectured (one of Landau's problems) that this set is infinite. However, this is not implied by the Friedlander–Iwaniec theorem.
References
Further reading
.
Additive number theory
Theorems in analytic number theory
Theorems about prime numbers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froude%E2%80%93Krylov%20force | In fluid dynamics, the Froude–Krylov force—sometimes also called the Froude–Kriloff force—is a hydrodynamical force named after William Froude and Alexei Krylov. The Froude–Krylov force is the force introduced by the unsteady pressure field generated by undisturbed waves. The Froude–Krylov force does, together with the diffraction force, make up the total non-viscous forces acting on a floating body in regular waves. The diffraction force is due to the floating body disturbing the waves.
Formulas
The Froude–Krylov force can be calculated from:
where
is the Froude–Krylov force,
is the wetted surface of the floating body,
is the pressure in the undisturbed waves and
the body's normal vector pointing into the water.
In the simplest case the formula may be expressed as the product of the wetted surface area (A) of the floating body, and the dynamic pressure acting from the waves on the body:
The dynamic pressure, , close to the surface, is given by:
where
is the sea water density (approx. 1030 kg/m3)
is the acceleration due to the earth's gravity (9.81 m/s2)
is the wave height from crest to trough.
See also
Response Amplitude Operator
References
Shipbuilding
Naval architecture
Fluid dynamics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calf-intestinal%20alkaline%20phosphatase | Calf-intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIAP/CIP) is a type of alkaline phosphatase that catalyzes the removal of phosphate groups from the 5' end of DNA strands and phosphomonoesters from RNA. This enzyme is frequently used in DNA sub-cloning, as DNA fragments that lack the 5' phosphate groups cannot ligate. This prevents recircularization of the linearized DNA vector and improves the yield of the vector containing the appropriate insert.
Applications
Calf-intestinal alkaline phosphatase can serve as an effective tool for removing uranium from groundwater and soil that can pose major health risks. Furthermore, the toxicity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was mitigated by calf-intestinal alkaline phosphatase in mice and piglets, which indicates that it could be a promising new therapeutic agent for treating diseases associated with LPS.
References
Enzymes
Genetics techniques |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances%20Allen | Frances Elizabeth Allen (August 4, 1932August 4, 2020) was an American computer scientist and pioneer in the field of optimizing compilers. Allen was the first woman to become an IBM Fellow, and in 2006 became the first woman to win the Turing Award. Her achievements include seminal work in compilers, program optimization, and parallelization. She worked for IBM from 1957 to 2002 and subsequently was a Fellow Emerita.
Early life and education
Allen grew up on a farm in Peru, New York, near Lake Champlain, as the oldest of six children. Her father was a farmer, and her mother an elementary schoolteacher. Her early elementary education took place in a one-room school house a mile away from her home, and she later attended a local high school.
She graduated from The New York State College for Teachers (now part of the University at Albany, SUNY) with a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics in 1954 and began teaching school in Peru, New York. After two years, she enrolled at the University of Michigan and earned a Master of Science degree in mathematics in 1957.
Career and research
Deeply in debt with student loans, she joined IBM Research in Poughkeepsie, New York, as a programmer in 1957, where she taught incoming employees the basics of Fortran. She planned to return to teaching once her student loans had been paid, but ended up staying with IBM for her entire 45-year career. In 1959, Allen was assigned to the Harvest project for code breaking with the National Securit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Simin | Karl Simin (born 1967) is an American scientist and assistant professor of cancer biology working with microarrays to study gene expression in engineered mouse models to gain insight into the biology of human tumors.
Early life
Karl was raised in the small town of Saline in south-eastern Michigan.
Education
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, United States BS Anthropology-Zoology
University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
External links
UMass Medical School - Karl Simin Bio
1967 births
Living people
American medical researchers
People from Saline, Michigan
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
UMass Chan Medical School faculty
University of Utah alumni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylethanolamine%20N-methyltransferase | Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) is an enzyme found primarily in the adrenal medulla that converts norepinephrine (noradrenaline) to epinephrine (adrenaline). It is also expressed in small groups of neurons in the human brain and in selected populations of cardiomyocytes.
Structure
PNMT is a protein whose encoding gene is found on chromosome 17 in humans. It consists of 4 exons and is a 30 kDa protein. It shares many properties found among the other methyltransferases. It is closest in sequence to glycine-N-methyl transferase (GNMT). It also shares many structural properties like the shape of the folding lip with catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), though it shares less sequence identity. Several features of the structure like this folding lip suggest that PNMT is a recent adaptation to the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme family, evolving later than COMT, but before other methyltransferases like GNMT.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) is a required cofactor. The active site binding region for the cofactor SAM contains a rich number of pi bonds from phenylalanine and tyrosine residues in the active site help to keep it in its binding pocket through pi stacking. Among all known PNMT variants in nature there are 7 crucial aromatic residues conserved in the active site.
The residue Glutamine 185 is necessary in binding the catecholamine substrate. The replacement of this residue another reduces the catalytic efficiency of PNMT by tenfold up to three hundredfold. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J48 | J48 may refer to:
Gyroelongated pentagonal birotunda
, a paddle steamer of the Royal Navy
Pratt & Whitney J48, a turbojet engine
J48, an implementation of the C4.5 algorithm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson%27s%20theorem | Jackson's theorem may refer to:
Jackson networks, in queueing theory (after James R. Jackson)
Jackson's inequality, in analysis (after Dunham Jackson) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymeric%20liquid%20crystal | Polymeric liquid crystals are similar to monomeric liquid crystals used in displays. Both have dielectric anitroscopy, or the ability to change directions and absorb or transmit light depending on electric fields. Polymeric liquid crystals form long head-to-tail or side chain polymers, which are woven in thick mats and therefore have high viscosities. The high viscosities allow the polymeric liquid crystals to be used in complex structures, but they are harder to align, limiting their usefulness. The polymerics align in microdomains facing all different directions, which ruins the optical effect. One solution to this is to mix in a small amount of photo-curing polymer, which when spin-coated onto a surface can be hardened. Basically, the polymeric liquid crystal and photocurer are aligned in one direction, and then the photo curer is cured, "freezing" the polymeric in one direction.
References
External links
Polymeric Liquid Crystal
Liquid crystals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint%20%28computational%20chemistry%29 | In computational chemistry, a constraint algorithm is a method for satisfying the Newtonian motion of a rigid body which consists of mass points. A restraint algorithm is used to ensure that the distance between mass points is maintained. The general steps involved are: (i) choose novel unconstrained coordinates (internal coordinates), (ii) introduce explicit constraint forces, (iii) minimize constraint forces implicitly by the technique of Lagrange multipliers or projection methods.
Constraint algorithms are often applied to molecular dynamics simulations. Although such simulations are sometimes performed using internal coordinates that automatically satisfy the bond-length, bond-angle and torsion-angle constraints, simulations may also be performed using explicit or implicit constraint forces for these three constraints. However, explicit constraint forces give rise to inefficiency; more computational power is required to get a trajectory of a given length. Therefore, internal coordinates and implicit-force constraint solvers are generally preferred.
Constraint algorithms achieve computational efficiency by neglecting motion along some degrees of freedom. For instance, in atomistic molecular dynamics, typically the length of covalent bonds to hydrogen are constrained; however, constraint algorithms should not be used if vibrations along these degrees of freedom are important for the phenomenon being studied.
Mathematical background
The motion of a set of N particles ca |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhc | The York Haskell Compiler (Yhc) is a no longer maintained open source bytecode compiler for the functional programming language Haskell; it primarily targets the Haskell '98 standard. It is one of the four main Haskell compilers (behind GHC, Hugs and nhc98).
Yhc is based on the nhc98 Haskell compiler, and is intended eventually to be a more portable, cleaner, better performing rewrite of nhc98 with more and better features. In particular, Yhc features integrated support for Hat, the Haskell tracer. The Yhc project uses Darcs for version control. It was originally developed at the Department of Computer Science at the University of York in the UK.
References
External links
Yhc page on the haskell.org wiki
Yhc home page
Free compilers and interpreters
Free Haskell implementations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromodomain | A chromodomain (chromatin organization modifier) is a protein structural domain of about 40–50 amino acid residues commonly found in proteins associated with the remodeling and manipulation of chromatin. The domain is highly conserved among both plants and animals, and is represented in a large number of different proteins in many genomes, such as that of the mouse. Some chromodomain-containing genes have multiple alternative splicing isoforms that omit the chromodomain entirely. In mammals, chromodomain-containing proteins are responsible for aspects of gene regulation related to chromatin remodeling and formation of heterochromatin regions. Chromodomain-containing proteins also bind methylated histones and appear in the RNA-induced transcriptional silencing complex. In histone modifications, chromodomains are very conserved. They function by identifying and binding to methylated lysine residues that exist on the surface of chromatin proteins and thereby regulate gene transcription.
See also
Bromodomain
Chromo shadow domain
References
External links
Chromatin Remodeling: Chromodomains at cellsignal.com
Protein domains |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycksele%20Airport | Lycksele Airport is a regional airport in Lycksele, northern Sweden.
Airlines and destinations
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Lycksele Airport:
Statistics
See also
List of the largest airports in the Nordic countries
References
Airports in Sweden
Buildings and structures in Västerbotten County |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveg%20Airport | Sveg Airport is an airport in Sveg, Sweden .
Airlines and destinations
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Sveg Airport:
Statistics
See also
List of the largest airports in the Nordic countries
References
Airports in Sweden |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsby%20Airport | Torsby Airport is an airport in Torsby, Sweden .
Airlines and destinations
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Torsby Airport:
Statistics
See also
List of the largest airports in the Nordic countries
References
External links
Airports in Sweden |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman%20Airport | Batman Airport is an airport in Batman, Turkey .
Airlines and destinations
Traffic statistics
References
External links
Airport Profile
Airports in Turkey
Buildings and structures in Batman Province
Transport in Batman Province |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzincan%20Airport | Erzincan Yıldırım Akbulut Airport is an airport located in Erzincan, Turkey.
Airlines and destinations
Traffic Statistics
(*)Source: DHMI.gov.tr
References
External links
Airports in Turkey
Buildings and structures in Erzincan Province
Transport in Erzincan Province |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C5%9F%20Airport | Muş "Sultan Alparslan" Airport is an airport in Muş, Turkey.
Airlines and destinations
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Muş Airport:
Traffic Statistics
(*)Source: DHMI.gov.tr
References
External links
Airports in Turkey
Muş
Buildings and structures in Muş Province
Transport in Muş Province |
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