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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles%20Cooper%20letter%20bomb%20campaign | In the United Kingdom, a series of seven letter bombs were sent during January and February 2007 to various companies and agencies, all related in some way to DNA testing and road transport. Police said that some of the letters were hand written and some typed. All seven letter bombs were sent in A5 Jiffy-style envelopes. On 19 February 2007, Miles Cooper was arrested, and appeared in court on 23 February charged with 12 offences relating to the case. On 27 September, he was found guilty of all 12 charges.
Locations and injuries
On 18 January a device was sent to the Forensic Science Service in Chelmsley Wood, West Midlands. On the same day, another device was sent to Orchid Cellmark in Abingdon near Oxford, and another to a company, LGC Forensics, located at Culham Science Centre, near Abingdon. These three incidents were believed to be the work of animal rights extremists. On the back of one of those envelopes, sent to one of the firms in Abingdon, was the name of Barry Horne, an animal rights activist who died in 2001 while serving an 18-year jail sentence for a firebombing campaign in Bristol.
On 3 February a device was sent to a private house in Folkestone, Kent. It was addressed to the "Senior Manager" of a dissolved security company that used to be run from the address. The man, Mike Wingfield, 53, suffered minor injuries to his hands, face and stomach.
On 5 February, a device was sent to the Capita centre in Victoria, London, that deals with the congestion charge |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2N3904 | The 2N3904 is a common NPN bipolar junction transistor used for general-purpose low-power amplifying or switching applications. It is designed for low current and power, medium voltage, and can operate at moderately high speeds. It is complementary to the 2N3906 PNP transistor. Both types were registered by Motorola Semiconductor in the mid-1960s.
Device packaging and specifications
The construction of the 2N3904 and 2N3906 in the 1960s represented a significant performance and cost improvement, with the plastic TO-92 case replacing metal cans. This transistor is a low-cost device, widely available and sufficiently robust to be of use by experimenters and electronics hobbyists. When looking at the flat side with the leads pointed downward, the three wires emerging from the bottom are connected to, from left to right, the emitter, the base and the collector. Some manufacturers mark "EBC" on the molded part, but all are required to have those connections for a part which is a "2N3904".
It is a 200 mA, 40 V, 625 mW transistor with a transition frequency of 300 MHz, with a minimum beta, or current gain, of 100 at a collector current of 10 mA.
Related parts
Electrically similar devices, such as the MMBT3904, are available in a variety of small through-hole and surface-mount packages, including TO-92, SOT-23, and SOT-223, with package-dependent thermal ratings from 625 milliwatts to 1 watt.
The complementary PNP transistor is 2N3906.
Part numbers
The 2N3904 (NPN) and 2N3906 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2N2222 | The 2N2222 is a common NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT) used for general purpose low-power amplifying or switching applications. It is designed for low to medium current, low power, medium voltage, and can operate at moderately high speeds. It was originally made in the TO-18 metal can as shown in the picture.
The 2N2222 is considered a very common transistor, and is used as an exemplar of an NPN transistor. It is frequently used as a small-signal transistor, and it remains a small general purpose transistor of enduring popularity.
The 2N2222 was part of a family of devices described by Motorola at a 1962 IRE convention. Since then it has been made by many semiconductor companies, for example, Texas Instruments.
Specifications
The JEDEC registration of a device number ensures particular rated values will be met by all parts offered under that number. JEDEC registered parameters include outline dimensions, small-signal current gain, transition frequency, maximum values for voltage withstand, current rating, power dissipation and temperature rating, and others, measured under standard test conditions. Other part numbers will have different parameters. The exact specifications depend on the manufacturer, case type, and variation. Therefore, it is important to refer to the datasheet for the exact part number and manufacturer.
All variations have a beta or current gain (hfe) of at least 100 in optimal conditions. It is used in a variety of analog amplification and switc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2N2907 | The 2N2907 is a commonly available PNP bipolar junction transistor used for general purpose low-power amplifying or switching applications. It is designed for low to medium current, low power, medium voltage, and can operate at moderately high speeds. This transistor was made by several manufacturers; Texas Instruments released a data sheet for their version of this part dated March 1973. An "A" suffix indicates a slightly higher breakdown voltage. These transistors have an enduring popularity with electronics hobbyists.
Specifications
It is a 0.6-ampere, 60-volt, 400-milliwatt transistor. Its transition frequency (where the current gain drops to one) under specified test conditions is 200 Megahertz. At low frequencies, the current gain (beta) is at least 100. The 2N2907 is used in a variety of analog amplification and switching applications.
Part numbers
The 2N2907 (PNP) and 2N2222 (NPN) are complementary transistor pairs. Other types of transistors with different properties and connections have different part numbers. The prefix of each part number varies for each physical package type.
Important: Pin arrangements for plastic 2N2907 and PN2907 are different; Collector and Emitter are swapped with respect to the flat side of the package.
See also
2N3904
2N3906
2N3055
BC108
BC548
KT315
References
Further reading
Historical Databooks
Small-Signal Semiconductors Data Book, 1218 pages, 1987, Motorola.
Semiconductor Data Book, 916 pages, 1965, Motorola.
Transist |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovery%20swap | In finance, recovery swaps, recovery locks, or recovery default swaps (RDS) are derivative contracts related to credit default swaps, and reference a bond issuance as its underlying. They are designed to provide a hedge against the uncertainty of recovery in default.
The International Swaps and Derivatives Association does not keep records on the size of the recovery swap market because there has not yet been sufficient member demand.
Terms
A recovery swap is an agreement between two parties to swap a real recovery rate (whenever it is ascertained) with a fixed recovery rate that can be locked in today. The parties are speculating on whether a company that is no longer liquid will pay out more or less than a certain percentage for each bond. The reference price is set to the fixed recovery rate rather than 100, chosen such that the RDS prices at zero on issue. Since the swap is issued at a price of zero, if the reference entity does not default in the term of the swap, then the swap expires with no cashflows having taken place.
Because the swap only has value (to either counterparty) during a default, the main market in RDS involves bonds that pose a high risk of default, when the reference entity (company) is in financial difficulty.
Connection to fixed recovery CDS
A related instrument is a fixed recovery CDS. In theory an RDS protection (receive fixed recovery) can be approximated by buying protection with fixed CDS (binary CDS) and selling the ordinary CDS (writing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2N3906 | The 2N3906 is a commonly used PNP bipolar junction transistor intended for general purpose low-power amplifying or switching applications. It is designed for low electric current and power and medium voltage, and can operate at moderately high speeds. It is complementary to the 2N3904 NPN transistor. Both types were registered by Motorola Semiconductor in the mid-1960s.
Device packaging and specifications
The 2N3906 is manufactured in a plastic TO-92 case. When looking at the flat side with the leads pointed downward, the three leads emerging from the case are, from left to right, the emitter, base, and collector leads.
The 2N3906 is specified by a collector current of 200 mA, collector-base and collector-emitter voltages of 40 V, for power dissipation of 300 mW. Its transition frequency Ft is 250 MHz, with a beta of at least 100.
Part numbers
The 2N3904 (NPN) and 2N3906 (PNP) are complementary transistor pairs. These transistors are available in package styles TO-92, SOT23, SOT223 with different prefixes.
See also
2N2222, 2N2907
2N3055
BC108
BC548
KT315
References
Further reading
Small-Signal Semiconductors Data Book, 1218 pages, 1987, Motorola.
Transistor and Diode Data Book, 1236 pages, 1973, Texas Instruments.
JEDEC standards
Commercial transistors
Bipolar transistors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callose | Callose is a plant polysaccharide. Its production is due to the glucan synthase-like gene (GLS) in various places within a plant. It is produced to act as a temporary cell wall in response to stimuli such as stress or damage. Callose is composed of glucose residues linked together through β-1,3-linkages, and is termed a β-glucan. It is thought to be manufactured at the cell wall by callose synthases and is degraded by β-1,3-glucanases. Callose is very important for the permeability of plasmodesmata (Pd) in plants; the plant's permeability is regulated by plasmodesmata callose (PDC). PDC is made by callose synthases and broken down by β-1,3-glucanases (BGs). The amount of callose that is built up at the plasmodesmatal neck, which is brought about by the interference of callose synthases (CalSs) and β-1,3-glucanases, determines the conductivity of the plasmodesmata.
Formation and function
Callose is laid down at plasmodesmata, at the cell plate during cytokinesis, and during pollen development. Endothecium contains a substance callose, which makes it thicker. Callose is produced in response to wounding, infection by pathogens, aluminium, and abscisic acid. When there is wounding in the plant tissue, it is fixed by the deposition of callose at the plasmodesmata and cell wall; this process happens within minutes after damage. Even though callose is not a constitutional component of the plant's cell wall, it is related to the plant's defense mechanism. Deposits often appear on th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%20Sisters%20Springs%20%28Florida%29 | Three Sisters Springs are located on the Crystal River, in Citrus County, Florida, United States, at . They are in a natural inlet on the east side of Kings Bay. They contain three spring areas that contain many sand boils and vents. The land surrounding the springs is privately owned property and there is no landfall or boat tie-up permitted; the only access to the springs is blocked by concrete posts to stop the boats from entering. Only kayaks, canoes, and swimmers are permitted in the area. Three Sisters Springs is also home to many manatees and is one of the Crystal River's sanctuaries.
Three Sisters springs is also accessible by land. The property around Three Sisters was acquired in 2010 and is open to the public from November 15 through March 31.
In adherence to the mission of protecting and preserving the manatee and its habitat, the areas around the springs have been designated as manatee sanctuaries and are closed to vessels from November 15 through March 31. However, swimmers are able to enter the spring from the water during this time with possible periodic discretionary closures due to manatee behavior. Visitors can view the manatees in their natural setting from land by use of the observation boardwalk overlooking the spring. Many dive shops and marinas in the city of Crystal River offer manatee tours and cater to the needs of divers and snorkelers.
See also
Homosassa Springs Wildlife State Park
References
Bodies of water of Citrus County, Florida
Springs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-range%20hopping | Variable-range hopping is a model used to describe carrier transport in a disordered semiconductor or in amorphous solid by hopping in an extended temperature range. It has a characteristic temperature dependence of
where is the conductivity and is a parameter dependent on the model under consideration.
Mott variable-range hopping
The Mott variable-range hopping describes low-temperature conduction in strongly disordered systems with localized charge-carrier states and has a characteristic temperature dependence of
for three-dimensional conductance (with = 1/4), and is generalized to d-dimensions
.
Hopping conduction at low temperatures is of great interest because of the savings the semiconductor industry could achieve if they were able to replace single-crystal devices with glass layers.
Derivation
The original Mott paper introduced a simplifying assumption that the hopping energy depends inversely on the cube of the hopping distance (in the three-dimensional case). Later it was shown that this assumption was unnecessary, and this proof is followed here. In the original paper, the hopping probability at a given temperature was seen to depend on two parameters, R the spatial separation of the sites, and W, their energy separation. Apsley and Hughes noted that in a truly amorphous system, these variables are random and independent and so can be combined into a single parameter, the range between two sites, which determines the probability of hopping between them. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title%2029%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Code | Title 29 of the United States Code is a code that outlines labor regulations in the United States.
Code Chapters
Title 29 has 35 chapters:
: Labor Statistics
: Women's Bureau
. Children's Bureau (Transferred)
. National Trade Unions (Repealed)
. Vocational Rehabilitation of Persons Injured in Industry
. Employment Stabilization (Omitted or Repealed)
. Federal Employment Service
. Apprentice Labor
. Labor Disputes; Mediation and Injunctive Relief
. Jurisdiction of Courts in Matters Affecting Employer and Employee
: Labor-Management Relations
. Fair Labor Standards
. Portal-To-Portal Pay
. Disclosure of Welfare and Pension Plans (Repealed)
. Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Procedure
. Department of Labor
. Exemplary Rehabilitation Certificates (Repealed)
. Age Discrimination in Employment
. Occupational Safety and Health
. Vocational Rehabilitation and Other Rehabilitation Services
. Comprehensive Employment and Training Programs (Repealed)
. Employee Retirement Income Security Program
. Job Training Partnership (Repealed, Transferred, or Omitted)
. Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection
. Helen Keller National Center for Youths and Adults Who Are Deaf-Blind
. Employee Polygraph Protection
. Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification
. Technology Related Assistance for Individuals With Disabilities (Repealed)
. Displaced Homemakers Self-Sufficiency Assistance (Repealed)
. National Center for the Workpl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%20Empires%20%28series%29 | Ancient Empires is a fantasy turn-based tactics game series developed by Macrospace for cell phones. The first game Ancient Empires was published by Macrospace on March 4, 2004; its immediate sequel Ancient Empires II was published by Sorrent on June 17, 2005.
Gameplay
The games are played on a 2D landscape filled with grass, trees, mountains, rivers, etc. The player(s) and the computer control armies separated into squads. All squads have the same number of "hitpoints" (10 in the first game, 100 in the second). Most units can only attack targets in adjacent cells in main compass directions (north, south, east, and west). Several are able to attack at range and diagonally. Combat consists of one unit attacking another, then the target retaliates (adjacent main directions only). Having a castle on the level allows the player to purchase additional units from it. The first game requires the player's king to be in the castle for this to happen. This restriction has been removed in the sequel. The standard victory condition for the first game is to kill the enemy king, who is usually found at the castle, making him doubly difficult to kill. In the second game, the kings (called commanders) take a more active role in the gameplay, as they are not required to stay at the castle. Commanders are now able to be purchased at the castle after they are killed (their price depends on the number of times they have died). Units gain experience in attacking enemies. Units with low |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SXAL/MBAL | In cryptography, SXAL (substitution xor algorithm, sometimes called SXAL8) is a block cipher designed in 1993 by Yokohama-based Laurel Intelligent Systems. It is normally used in a special mode of operation called MBAL (multi-block algorithm). SXAL/MBAL has been used for encryption in a number of Japanese PC cards and smart cards.
SXAL is an 8-round substitution–permutation network with block size and key size of 64 bits each. All operations are byte-oriented. The algorithm uses a single 8×8-bit S-box K, designed so that both K(X) and X XOR K(X) are injective functions. In each round, the bytes of the block are first permuted. Then each byte is XORed with a key byte and an earlier ciphertext byte, processed through the S-box, and XORed with the previous plaintext byte.
The key schedule is rather complex, processing the key with SXAL itself, beginning with a null key and using permuted intermediate results as later keys.
MBAL
MBAL is an encryption algorithm built using SXAL that can be applied to messages any number of bytes in length (at least 8). It uses two 64-bit extended keys for key whitening on the first 64 bits. The algorithm consists of 9 steps:
Pre-whitening
Fm: An expanded version of SXAL applied to the entire message
SXAL the block consisting of the first 4 and last 4 bytes
Reverse the byte order of the entire message
Fm
Reverse
SXAL the ends
Fm
Post-whitening
MBAL has been shown to be susceptible to both differential cryptanalysis and linear cryptanal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20free%20and%20open-source%20software | In the 1950s and 1960s, computer operating software and compilers were delivered as a part of hardware purchases without separate fees. At the time, source code, the human-readable form of software, was generally distributed with the software providing the ability to fix bugs or add new functions. Universities were early adopters of computing technology. Many of the modifications developed by universities were openly shared, in keeping with the academic principles of sharing knowledge, and organizations sprung up to facilitate sharing. As large-scale operating systems matured, fewer organizations allowed modifications to the operating software, and eventually such operating systems were closed to modification. However, utilities and other added-function applications are still shared and new organizations have been formed to promote the sharing of software.
Sharing techniques before software
The concept of free sharing of technological information existed long before computers. For example, in the early years of automobile development, one enterprise owned the rights to a 2-cycle gasoline engine patent originally filed by George B. Selden. By controlling this patent, they were able to monopolize the industry and force car manufacturers to adhere to their demands, or risk a lawsuit. In 1911, independent automaker Henry Ford won a challenge to the Selden patent. The result was that the Selden patent became virtually worthless and a new association (which would eventually becom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schild%20equation | In pharmacology, Schild regression analysis, based upon the Schild equation, both named for Heinz Otto Schild, are tools for studying the effects of agonists and antagonists on the response caused by the receptor or on ligand-receptor binding.
Concept
Dose-response curves can be constructed to describe response or ligand-receptor complex formation as a function of the ligand concentration. Antagonists make it harder to form these complexes by inhibiting interactions of the ligand with its receptor. This is seen as a change in the dose response curve: typically a rightward shift or a lowered maximum. A reversible competitive antagonist should cause a rightward shift in the dose response curve, such that the new curve is parallel to the old one and the maximum is unchanged. This is because reversible competitive antagonists are surmountable antagonists. The magnitude of the rightward shift can be quantified with the dose ratio, r. The dose ratio r is the ratio of the dose of agonist required for half maximal response with the antagonist present divided by the agonist required for half maximal response without antagonist ("control"). In other words, the ratio of the EC50s of the inhibited and un-inhibited curves. Thus, r represents both the strength of an antagonist and the concentration of the antagonist that was applied. An equation derived from the Gaddum equation can be used to relate r to , as follows:
where
r is the dose ratio
is the concentration of the antagonist
i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20power%20in%20Australia | Solar power is a fast-growing industry in Australia. As of June 2023, Australia's over 3.52 million solar PV installations had a combined capacity of 32,095 MW photovoltaic (PV) solar power, of which at least 4,389 MW were installed in the preceding 12 months. In 2019, 59 solar PV projects with a combined capacity of 2,881 MW were either under construction, constructed or due to start construction having reached financial closure. Solar accounted for 12.4% (or 28.6 TWh) of Australia's total electrical energy production in 2021.
The sudden rise in solar PV installations in Australia since 2018 dramatically propelled the country from being considered a relative laggard to a strong leader by mid-2019. Australia has the highest per capita solar capacity, now at more than 1kW per capita.
The installed PV capacity in Australia increased 10-fold between 2009 and 2011, and quadrupled between 2011 and 2016.
The first commercial-scale PV power plant, the 1 MW Uterne Solar Power Station, was opened in 2011.
Greenough River Solar Farm opened in 2012 with a capacity of 10 MW.
The price of photovoltaics has been decreasing and, in January 2013, was less than half the cost of using grid electricity in Australia. Using solar to supply all the energy needed would use less than 0.1% of land.
Over 90% of solar panels in Australia are made in China.
Installations by type
The largest share of solar PV installations in 2018 was from grid-connected distributed sources totalling 8,030 MW. T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD19 | B-lymphocyte antigen CD19, also known as CD19 molecule (Cluster of Differentiation 19), B-Lymphocyte Surface Antigen B4, T-Cell Surface Antigen Leu-12 and CVID3 is a transmembrane protein that in humans is encoded by the gene CD19. In humans, CD19 is expressed in all B lineage cells. Contrary to some early doubts, human plasma cells do express CD19, as confirmed by others. CD19 plays two major roles in human B cells: on the one hand, it acts as an adaptor protein to recruit cytoplasmic signaling proteins to the membrane; on the other, it works within the CD19/CD21 complex to decrease the threshold for B cell receptor signaling pathways. Due to its presence on all B cells, it is a biomarker for B lymphocyte development, lymphoma diagnosis and can be utilized as a target for leukemia immunotherapies.
Structure
In humans, CD19 is encoded by the 7.41 kilobase CD19 gene located on the short arm of chromosome 16. It contains at least fifteen exons, four that encode extracellular domain and nine that encode cytoplasmic domains, with a total of 556 amino acids. Experiments show that there are multiple mRNA transcripts; however, only two have been isolated in vivo.
CD19 is a 95 kd Type I transmembrane glycoprotein in the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) with two extracellular C2-set Ig-like domains and a relatively large, 240 amino acid, cytoplasmic tail that is highly conserved among mammalian species. The extracellular C2-type Ig-like domains are divided by a potential disulfid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jari%20Tolsa | Jari Juha Tolsa (born April 20, 1981) is a Swedish professional ice hockey left winger who plays for Varberg Vipers in the Swedish Division 2.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
External links
1981 births
Detroit Red Wings draft picks
Espoo Blues players
Frölunda HC players
Living people
Modo Hockey players
Swedish people of Finnish descent
Swedish ice hockey left wingers
Ice hockey people from Gothenburg |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome%20combing | Chromosome combing (also known as molecular combing or DNA combing) is a technique used to produce an array of uniformly stretched DNA that is then highly suitable for nucleic acid hybridization studies such as fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) which benefit from the uniformity of stretching, the easy access to the hybridisation target sequences, and the resolution offered by the large distance between two probes, which is due to the stretching of the DNA by a factor of 1.5 times the crystallographic length of DNA.
DNA in solution (i.e. with a randomly-coiled structure) is stretched by retracting the meniscus of the solution at a constant rate (typically 300 µm/s). The ends of DNA strands, which are thought to be frayed (i.e. open and exposing polar groups) bind to ionisable groups coating a silanized glass plate at a pH below the pKa of the ionizable groups (ensuring they are charged enough to interact with the ends of DNA). The rest of the DNA, which is mostly dsDNA, cannot form these interactions (aside from a few ‘touch down’ segments along the length of the DNA strand) so is available for hybridisation to probes. As the meniscus retracts, surface retention creates a force that acts on DNA to retain it in the liquid phase; however this force is inferior to the strength of the DNA’s attachment; the result is that the DNA is stretched as it enters the air phase; as the force acts in the locality of the air/liquid phase, it is invariant to different lengths or confor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20novo%20protein%20structure%20prediction | In computational biology, de novo protein structure prediction refers to an algorithmic process by which protein tertiary structure is predicted from its amino acid primary sequence. The problem itself has occupied leading scientists for decades while still remaining unsolved. According to Science, the problem remains one of the top 125 outstanding issues in modern science. At present, some of the most successful methods have a reasonable probability of predicting the folds of small, single-domain proteins within 1.5 angstroms over the entire structure.
De novo methods tend to require vast computational resources, and have thus only been carried out for relatively small proteins. De novo protein structure modeling is distinguished from Template-based modeling (TBM) by the fact that no solved homologue to the protein of interest is used, making efforts to predict protein structure from amino acid sequence exceedingly difficult. Prediction of protein structure de novo for larger proteins will require better algorithms and larger computational resources such as those afforded by either powerful supercomputers (such as Blue Gene or MDGRAPE-3) or distributed computing projects (such as Folding@home, Rosetta@home, the Human Proteome Folding Project, or Nutritious Rice for the World). Although computational barriers are vast, the potential benefits of structural genomics (by predicted or experimental methods) to fields such as medicine and drug design make de novo structure predict |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical%20of%20a%20module | In mathematics, in the theory of modules, the radical of a module is a component in the theory of structure and classification. It is a generalization of the Jacobson radical for rings. In many ways, it is the dual notion to that of the socle soc(M) of M.
Definition
Let R be a ring and M a left R-module. A submodule N of M is called maximal or cosimple if the quotient M/N is a simple module. The radical of the module M is the intersection of all maximal submodules of M,
Equivalently,
These definitions have direct dual analogues for soc(M).
Properties
In addition to the fact rad(M) is the sum of superfluous submodules, in a Noetherian module rad(M) itself is a superfluous submodule.
A ring for which rad(M) = {0} for every right R-module M is called a right V-ring.
For any module M, rad(M/rad(M)) is zero.
M is a finitely generated module if and only if the cosocle M/rad(M) is finitely generated and rad(M) is a superfluous submodule of M.
See also
Socle (mathematics)
Jacobson radical
References
Module theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune%27s%20algorithm | Fortune's algorithm is a sweep line algorithm for generating a Voronoi diagram from a set of points in a plane using O(n log n) time and O(n) space. It was originally published by Steven Fortune in 1986 in his paper "A sweepline algorithm for Voronoi diagrams."
Algorithm description
The algorithm maintains both a sweep line and a beach line, which both move through the plane as the algorithm progresses. The sweep line is a straight line, which we may by convention assume to be vertical and moving left to right across the plane. At any time during the algorithm, the input points left of the sweep line will have been incorporated into the Voronoi diagram, while the points right of the sweep line will not have been considered yet. The beach line is not a straight line, but a complicated, piecewise curve to the left of the sweep line, composed of pieces of parabolas; it divides the portion of the plane within which the Voronoi diagram can be known, regardless of what other points might be right of the sweep line, from the rest of the plane. For each point left of the sweep line, one can define a parabola of points equidistant from that point and from the sweep line; the beach line is the boundary of the union of these parabolas. As the sweep line progresses, the vertices of the beach line, at which two parabolas cross, trace out the edges of the Voronoi diagram. The beach line progresses by keeping each parabola base exactly half way between the points initially swept over with |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-4 | CD-4 or CD4 may refer to:
CD4, a cell surface molecule present on leukocytes
CD4+ cells, a type of T cell
Color Developing Agent 4, a developing agent for color film
Compatible Discrete 4, a quadraphonic phonograph record format developed by JVC
Ford CD4 platform |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli%20equation | In quantum mechanics, the Pauli equation or Schrödinger–Pauli equation is the formulation of the Schrödinger equation for spin-½ particles, which takes into account the interaction of the particle's spin with an external electromagnetic field. It is the non-relativistic limit of the Dirac equation and can be used where particles are moving at speeds much less than the speed of light, so that relativistic effects can be neglected. It was formulated by Wolfgang Pauli in 1927.
Equation
For a particle of mass and electric charge , in an electromagnetic field described by the magnetic vector potential and the electric scalar potential , the Pauli equation reads:
Here are the Pauli operators collected into a vector for convenience, and is the momentum operator in position representation. The state of the system, (written in Dirac notation), can be considered as a two-component spinor wavefunction, or a column vector (after choice of basis):
.
The Hamiltonian operator is a 2 × 2 matrix because of the Pauli operators.
Substitution into the Schrödinger equation gives the Pauli equation. This Hamiltonian is similar to the classical Hamiltonian for a charged particle interacting with an electromagnetic field. See Lorentz force for details of this classical case. The kinetic energy term for a free particle in the absence of an electromagnetic field is just where is the kinetic momentum, while in the presence of an electromagnetic field it involves the minimal coupling , w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxyfluorescein%20succinimidyl%20ester | Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) is a fluorescent cell staining dye. CFSE is cell permeable and covalently couples, via its succinimidyl group, to intracellular molecules, notably, to intracellular lysine residues and other amine sources. Due to this covalent coupling reaction, fluorescent CFSE can be retained within cells for extremely long periods. Also, due to this stable linkage, once incorporated within cells, the dye is not transferred to adjacent cells.
CFSE is commonly confused with carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFDA-SE), although they are not strictly the same molecule; CFDA-SE, due to its acetate groups, is highly cell permeable, while CFSE is much less so. As CFDA-SE, which is non-fluorescent, enters the cytoplasm of cells, intracellular esterases remove the acetate groups and convert the molecule to the fluorescent ester.
CFSE was originally developed as a fluorescent dye that could be used to stably label lymphocytes and track their migration within animals for many months. Subsequent studies revealed that the dye can be used to monitor lymphocyte proliferation, both in vitro and in vivo, due to the progressive halving of CFSE fluorescence within daughter cells following each cell division. The only limitation is that CFSE at high concentrations can be toxic for cells. However, when CFSE labelling is performed optimally, approximately 7-8 cell divisions can be identified before the CFSE fluorescence is too low to be distinguished |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenging%20behaviour | Challenging behaviour, also known
as behaviours which challenge, is defined as "culturally abnormal behaviour(s) of such intensity, frequency or duration that the physical safety of the person or others is placed in serious jeopardy, or behaviour which is likely to seriously limit or deny access to the use of ordinary community facilities". "Ordinarily we would expect the person to have shown the pattern of behaviour that presents such a challenge to services for a considerable period of time. Severely challenging behaviour is not a transient phenomenon."
Challenging behaviour is most often, though not exclusively exhibited by individuals with learning developmental disabilities, individuals with dementia or other mental health needs, such as strokes or acquired brain injuries, individuals with psychosis and by children, although such behaviours can be displayed by any person.
Types
Common types of challenging behaviour include self-injurious behaviour (such as hitting, headbutting, biting, scratching), aggressive behaviour (such as hitting others, headbutting, shouting, swearing, screaming, scratching others, spitting, biting, punching, hair pulling, kicking), inappropriate sexualised behaviour (such as public masturbation or groping), behaviour directed at property (such as throwing objects and stealing) and stereotyped behaviours (such as repetitive rocking or echolalia).
Misuse
The term "challenging behaviour" has become subject to widespread misuse, most often as a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim%20Social%20Democratic%20Party | The Muslim Social Democratic Party, usually referred to as Hummet () ("Endeavor"), was a political party in South Caucasus. In 1920, it merged with "Adalat" () ("Justice") communist cell in Baku, forming the first Communist Party of Azerbaijan.
"Old" Hummet (1904 - 1920)
At the end of 1904, the Baku committee of the Russian Social Democratic Party created the Hummet in order to attract Muslim workers. Prominent Hummet politicians included Mammed Amin Rasulzade (until 1913), Meshadi Azizbekov, Prokopius Dzhaparidze, Sultan Medjid Efendiev, Zeynal Zeynalov and Nariman Narimanov. A series of arrests in 1911 weakened the activities of the party, but after the February Revolution, the Hummet renewed its operations.
From 1918 to 1920 the Hummet was represented in the parliament of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.
On February 20, 1920, it merged with the Adalat Party, the Ahrar Party of Iran and Baku Bolsheviks to establish the Azerbaijan Communist Party.
Some sources report that pro-Bolshevik Muslims from the Hummet party participated in the March Events, massacres by the Shaumyan-led Bolshevik Baku Soviet and Dashnak militia against Azerbaijanis in Baku, in a bid to suppress the Musavat party and to gain control of Baku. Other sources, on the contrary, report that Hummet party members were very critical of the conduct of the events. This is confirmed by the words of Sultan Majid Efendiyev who wrote:
The Dashnaks, who for handsome pay protected the capitalists, Taghiev, Nag |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n%E2%80%93Howarth%20equation | In isotropic turbulence the Kármán–Howarth equation (after Theodore von Kármán and Leslie Howarth 1938), which is derived from the Navier–Stokes equations, is used to describe the evolution of non-dimensional longitudinal autocorrelation.
Mathematical description
Consider a two-point velocity correlation tensor for homogeneous turbulence
For isotropic turbulence, this correlation tensor can be expressed in terms of two scalar functions, using the invariant theory of full rotation group, first derived by Howard P. Robertson in 1940,
where is the root mean square turbulent velocity and are turbulent velocity in all three directions. Here, is the longitudinal correlation and is the lateral correlation of velocity at two different points. From continuity equation, we have
Thus uniquely determines the two-point correlation function. Theodore von Kármán and Leslie Howarth derived the evolution equation for from Navier–Stokes equation as
where uniquely determines the triple correlation tensor
Loitsianskii's invariant
L.G. Loitsianskii derived an integral invariant for the decay of the turbulence by taking the fourth moment of the Kármán–Howarth equation in 1939, i.e.,
If decays faster than as and also in this limit, if we assume that vanishes, we have the quantity,
which is invariant. Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz showed that this invariant is equivalent to conservation of angular momentum. However, Ian Proudman and W.H. Reid showed that this invariant does n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20Postsecondary%20Education%20Data%20System | The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) is a system of interrelated surveys conducted annually by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), a part of the Institute for Education Sciences within the United States Department of Education. IPEDS consists of twelve interrelated survey components that are collected over three collection periods (fall, winter, and spring) each year as described in the Data Collection and Dissemination Cycle. The completion of all IPEDS surveys is mandatory for all institutions that participate in, or are applicants for participation in, any federal financial assistance program authorized by Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended.
The IPEDS program department of NCES was created in 1992 and began collecting data in 1993.
Data collected in IPEDS
IPEDS collects data on postsecondary education in the United States in the following areas: institutional characteristics, institutional prices, admissions, enrollment, student financial aid, degrees and certificates conferred, student persistence and success (retention rates, graduation rates, and outcome measures), institutional human resources, fiscal resources, and academic libraries.
Institutional characteristics
Institutional characteristics data are the foundation of the entire IPEDS system. These include basic institutional contact information, tuition and fees, room and board charges, control or affiliation, type of calendar system, levels of awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ao%20Bing | Ao Bing () is a character in the classic Chinese novel Investiture of the Gods (Fengshen Yanyi). He is a dragon prince and the third son of the East Sea Dragon King Ao Guang of the Crystal Palace. He has two brothers named Ao Jia and Ao Yi. Both of them are older than him. Ao Bing was originally revered as a rain god who would bestow the rain at his command upon any individual in need, but, as time passed, his father became corrupt, and soon the people were living in fear of the stormy malevolence of Ao Guang and his three sons. After the divine child-hero Nezha had slain the yaksha Li Gen and been seen creating tremors that threatened to destroy the Crystal Palace of the Dragon King, Ao Bing set out (with his father's consent) to confront Nezha, riding upon a great green beast and accompanied by his father's troops.
Ao Bing duly confronted Nezha and met with a most uncouth reception, prompting him to bellow in rage "You self-righteous cur! Li Gen was sent to us by the Jade Emperor of Heaven himself and yet, in your madness and insolence, you killed him without remorse. Defend yourself, you dog!" Hero and dragon prince wasted no more breath in words, but flung themselves instead into furious combat, Ao Bing wielding his mighty silver spear and Nezha his death-dealing magic scarf. After the exchange of many bitter blows, Nezha was finally able to overcome his adversary by unleashing a blazing fireball at him from his magic scarf and then trampling his head underfoot before h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous%20membrane | The vitreous membrane (or hyaloid membrane or vitreous cortex) is a layer of collagen separating the vitreous humour from the rest of the eye. At least two parts have been identified anatomically. The posterior hyaloid membrane separates the rear of the vitreous from the retina. It is a false anatomical membrane. The anterior hyaloid membrane separates the front of the vitreous from the lens. Bernal et al. describe it "as a delicate structure in the form of a thin layer that runs from the pars plana to the posterior lens, where it shares its attachment with the posterior zonule via Weigert's ligament, also known as Egger's line".
References
External links
Image at ivy-rose.co.uk
Human eye anatomy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20OV39 | British NVC community OV39 (Asplenium trichomanes - Asplenium ruta-muraria community) is one of the open habitat communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of six communities of crevice, scree and spoil vegetation.
This community is widely distributed in areas of suitable habitat, especially in the west of Britain.
There are two subcommunities.
Community composition
Four constant species are found in this community:
Wall-rue (Asplenium ruta-muraria)
Maidenhair spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes)
Silky wall feather-moss (Homalothecium sericeum)
Wall scalewort (Porella platyphylla)
Two rare species are associated with the community:
Hutchinsia (Hornungia petraea)
Nottingham catchfly (Silene nutans)
Distribution
This community require a lime-rich substrate and its natural habitat is crevices in limestone bedrock, especially in western Britain, where the more humid conditions are favourable to the weathering of suitable rocks. Elsewhere it is also found widely on artificial substrates, such as on buildings and walls built using limestone and on walls dressed with lime mortar.
Subcommunities
There are two subcommunities:
the Trichostomum crispulum - Tortula intermedia subcommunity
the Sedum acre - Arenaria serpyllifolia subcommunity
The Trichostomum crispulum - Tortula intermedia subcommunity is dominated by ferns and bryophytes, and flowering plants are scarce.
The Sedum acre - Arenaria serpyllifolia subcommunity typically co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassinolide | Brassinolide is a plant hormone. The first isolated brassinosteroid, it was discovered when it was shown that pollen from rapeseed (Brassica napus) could promote stem elongation and cell division. The biologically active component was isolated and named brassinolide.
Biosynthesis
The production of brassinolide begins with a closely related sterol called campesterol, which is found in the cell membrane. Initially, it is reduced by an enzyme called DET2. This is followed by a series of oxidation reactions, facilitated by cytochrome P-450 enzymes, which add hydroxyl groups to the molecule. The most biologically significant of these reactions is the C6 oxidation, where a ketone is formed at the C6 carbon position. This single reaction increases the biological activity of the molecule by a factor of 200. Depending on when this C6 oxidation occurs, it is referred to as either the early or late C6 oxidation pathway. Both of these synthetic pathways have been observed in Arabidopsis seedlings. It appears that the late C6 oxidation pathway predominates when the seedlings are exposed to light, while the early pathway is active in the absence of light. If the plant cannot perform C6 oxidation, it results in the "Dwarf phenotype," characterized by severe growth deficits.
Finally, in Arabidopsis, the Baeyer-Villiger lactonization process occurs through the action of the two homologous enzymes CYP85A1 and CYP85A2, leading to the formation of brassinolide. Alternatively, there is a sug |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20OV20 | British NVC community OV20 (Poa annua - Sagina procumbens community) is one of the open habitat communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of six communities characteristic of gateways, tracksides and courtyards.
This community is widely distributed in the lowlands and upland fringes of Britain.
There are two subcommunities.
Community composition
Two constant species are found in this community:
Annual meadow-grass (Poa annua)
Procumbent pearlwort (Sagina procumbens)
No rare species are associated with the community.
Distribution
This community is widely distributed in the lowlands and upland fringes of Britain. It is found in urban and suburban habitats, occupying crevices between paving slabs and brickwork on streets and pavements, and in courtyards, and also occurs in rural areas, around farms and domestic buildings, wherever there is heavy trampling.
This is the British equivalent of the Papaveri-Sileneetum noctiflori syntaxon, first described by Diemont, Sissingh and Westhoff (1940) from the Netherlands but which is found widely throughout Europe.
Subcommunities
There are two subcommunities:
the so-called typical subcommunity
the Lolium perenne - Chamomilla suaveolens subcommunity
References
OV20 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20SD19 | NVC community SD19 (Phleum arenarium - Arenaria serpyllifolia dune annual community) is one of the 16 sand-dune communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of six communities associated with foredunes and mobile dunes.
It is a widespread coastal community. There are no subcommunities.
Community composition
The community has five constant species:
Marram (Ammophila arenaria)
Thyme-leaved Sandwort (Arenaria serpyllifolia)
Sand Sedge (Carex arenaria)
Red Fescue (Festuca rubra)
Sand Cat's-tail (Phleum arenarium)
Two rare species, Early Sand-grass (Mibora minima) and Dune Fescue (Vulpia membranacea), are associated with this community.
Distribution
This community is widespread but scarce on British coastlines; it is more common in England and Wales than in Scotland, where it has to date only been found at a single site in the southwest.
References
Rodwell, J. S. (2000) British Plant Communities Volume 5 - Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats (hardback), (paperback)
SD19 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectodomain | An ectodomain is the domain of a membrane protein that extends into the extracellular space (the space outside a cell). Ectodomains are usually the parts of proteins that initiate contact with surfaces, which leads to signal transduction. A notable example of an ectodomain is the S protein, commonly known as the spike protein, of the viral particle responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The ectodomain region of the spike protein (S) is essential for attachment and eventual entry of the viral protein into the host cell.
Ectodomains play a crucial part in the signaling pathways of viruses. Recent findings have indicated that certain antibodies including the anti-receptor binding domain (anti-RBD) or anti-spike ectodomain (anti-ECD) IgG titers can act as virus neutralization titers (VN titers) which can be identified in individuals with diseases, dyspnea and hospitalizations. In perspective of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) these specific ectodomains may detect antibody efficacy against SARS-Cov-2, in which VN titers can classify eligible plasma donors. Protective measures against diseases and respiratory conditions can further be advanced through ongoing research on ectodomains. Ectodomain's play a crucial part in the signaling pathways of viruses. In perspective of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) these specific ectodomains may detect antibody efficacy against SARS-Cov-2, in which VN titers can classify eligible |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northridge%20High%20School%20%28Indiana%29 | Northridge High School is a secondary school in Middlebury, Indiana, serving grades 9-12 for the Middlebury Community Schools.
Statistics
In the 2020-21 school year, total enrollment is at 1,412 students.
In the 2020-21 school year the ethnicity breakdown is:
White - 83.9%
Hispanic - 11.1%
Asian - 1.3%
Black - 0.8%
American-Indian - 0.2%
Multi-racial - 2.5%
Athletics
Northridge High School is part of the Indiana High School Athletic Association, which is a voluntary, non-profit organization available for any school in the state of Indiana accredited by the Indiana Department of Education. Northridge competes in boys basketball, football, baseball, wrestling, cross-country, track, swimming, tennis, golf, and soccer. Women can participate in basketball, volleyball, swimming, cross-country, track, soccer, tennis, softball, cheerleading, and golf.
1988 IHSAA State Champions: Softball
2004 IHSAA State Champions: Boys Cross Country
Notable alumni
Eric Carpenter, soccer player
Jordon Hodges, actor
Joanna King, member of the Indiana House of Representatives
See also
List of high schools in Indiana
References
External links
http://www.mcsin-k12.org
Public high schools in Indiana
Schools in Elkhart County, Indiana
Educational institutions established in 1969
1969 establishments in Indiana |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song%20of%20the%20Sarong | Song of the Sarong (1945) is a musical film starring Nancy Kelly and William Gargan. The film was written by Gene Lewis and directed by Harold Young.
Plot
There are valuable pearls worth millions of dollars being guarded by a formidable tribe of natives on the island of Kashira in the South Seas. Adventurer Drew Allen, who was once stranded on Kashira accepts an offer to recover the pearls. A thunderstorm, emergency landing, stowaways, and a confrontation with the natives complicate things. Trials and tribulations result in an island being converted to Christianity.
Cast
Nancy Kelly .... Sharon
William Gargan .... Drew
Eddie Quillan .... Tony
Fuzzy Knight .... Pete
George Dolenz .... Kalo
George Cleveland .... Reemis
Mariska Aldrich .... Mabu
Morgan Wallace .... Adams
Larry Keating .... Potter
Robert Barron .... Jolo (as Bob Barron)
Pete G. Katchenaro .... Servant
Jack Slattery .... Announcer
Jay Silverheels .... Spearman (as Silverheels Smith)
Al Kikume .... Guard
George Bruggeman .... Native
Clarence Lung .... Leader
William Desmond.... Councillor
Jack Curtis .... Councillor
External links
1945 films
1945 musical films
Films directed by Harold Young (director)
American musical films
American black-and-white films
Films scored by Edward Ward (composer)
1940s English-language films
1940s American films |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamoto%20no%20Shitag%C5%8D | was a mid Heian waka poet, scholar and nobleman. He was also a male-line descendant of Emperor Saga. He was the original compiler of the Wamyō Ruijushō, the first Japanese dictionary organized into semantic headings. He was designated as one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals for his distinguished poetic accomplishments. In addition to the Wamyō Ruijushō, his remaining works include a poetry collection known as the . Some scholars claim that he is the author of the Taketori Monogatari (Tale of the Bamboo Cutter). Ziro Uraki also posits him as a possible author of Utsuho Monogatari (Tale of the Hollow Tree) in the foreword to his English translation of that work.
As one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber he assisted in the compilation of the waka anthology Gosen Wakashū. He also compiled kun'yomi readings for texts from the revered Man'yōshū anthology.
External links
E-text of his poems in Japanese
Online text of the Wamyō Ruijushō
911 births
983 deaths
Minamoto clan
Nobility from Kyoto
Japanese nobility
Nobility from Japan
Deified Japanese people
Deified men
Imperial House of Japan
Japanese lexicographers
10th-century Japanese poets |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umran%20Inan | Umran Savaş İnan (; born December 28, 1950) is a Turkish scientist at Koç University and Stanford University in the field of geophysics and very low frequency radio science. İnan was the president of Koç University between 2009 and 2021.
Life and career
İnan received his B.Sc. degree in 1972 and M.Sc. in 1973 from the Middle East Technical University (METU). He conducted his doctoral research during four years at Stanford University, receiving a Ph.D. in 1977 in electrical engineering under the tutelage of Robert Helliwell. İnan later joined the staff of Stanford as research affiliate and in 1982 was appointed as assistant professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering. He subsequently became associate professor in 1985 and then full professor at Stanford since 1992.
In 1997, he was appointed director of Space, Telecommunications and Radio Science Laboratories (STAR) connected to Stanford and continued his duty here until September 2009. During his academic career at Stanford he worked in areas geophysics, near-space, ionospheric and atmospheric physics, radiation belts, electromagnetic wave-particle interaction, and very low frequency radioscience. Inan has had about 50 PhD students so far.
He had been the president of Koç University between 2009 and 2021. Currently, the research group at Stanford University is conducting observations from over 50 different spots on seven continents and also from a variety of world-orbiting satellites. He became professor emeritus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Futures%20Association | The National Futures Association (NFA) is the self-regulatory organization (SRO) for the U.S. derivatives industry, including on-exchange traded futures, retail off-exchange foreign currency (forex) and OTC derivatives (swaps). NFA is headquartered in Chicago and maintains an office in New York City. NFA is a non-profit, independent regulatory organization. NFA does not operate any markets and is not a trade association. NFA is financed from membership dues and assessment fees, and membership is mandatory for many market participants.
History
The National Futures Association (NFA) was created by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) in September 1981 and began regulatory operations in 1982.
Responsibilities
NFA chief responsibilities include registering firms and individuals who want to do business in the derivatives industry, monitoring trades, taking disciplinary actions against members who don't follow the rules, creating rules and best practices, providing member education through workshops, webinars and conferences, mediating member and customer disputes, and providing investor education and protection.
Member News and Notices
One of the NFA's main functions is to provide up-to-date information to all member, subscribers, investors and the regulators. The NFA News section provides links to the latest NFA enforcement actions, press releases, notices to members, updated rule submissions, testimonies and more.
Governance
The NFA is governed by a board of dir |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes%E2%80%93Hut%20simulation | The Barnes–Hut simulation (named after Josh Barnes and Piet Hut) is an approximation algorithm for performing an n-body simulation. It is notable for having order O(n log n) compared to a direct-sum algorithm which would be O(n2).
The simulation volume is usually divided up into cubic cells via an octree (in a three-dimensional space), so that only particles from nearby cells need to be treated individually, and particles in distant cells can be treated as a single large particle centered at the cell's center of mass (or as a low-order multipole expansion). This can dramatically reduce the number of particle pair interactions that must be computed.
Some of the most demanding high-performance computing projects do computational astrophysics using the Barnes–Hut treecode algorithm,
such as DEGIMA.
Algorithm
The Barnes–Hut tree
In a three-dimensional n-body simulation, the Barnes–Hut algorithm recursively divides the n bodies into groups by storing them in an octree (or a quad-tree in a 2D simulation). Each node in this tree represents a region of the three-dimensional space.
The topmost node represents the whole space, and its eight children represent the eight octants of the space. The space is recursively subdivided into octants until each subdivision contains 0 or 1 bodies (some regions do not have bodies in all of their octants).
There are two types of nodes in the octree: internal and external nodes. An external node has no children and is either empty or represents |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Lucas%20theorem | In complex analysis, a branch of mathematics, the Gauss–Lucas theorem gives a geometric relation between the roots of a polynomial and the roots of its derivative . The set of roots of a real or complex polynomial is a set of points in the complex plane. The theorem states that the roots of all lie within the convex hull of the roots of , that is the smallest convex polygon containing the roots of . When has a single root then this convex hull is a single point and when the roots lie on a line then the convex hull is a segment of this line. The Gauss–Lucas theorem, named after Carl Friedrich Gauss and Félix Lucas, is similar in spirit to Rolle's theorem.
Formal statement
If is a (nonconstant) polynomial with complex coefficients, all zeros of belong to the convex hull of the set of zeros of .
Special cases
It is easy to see that if is a second degree polynomial, the zero of is the average of the roots of . In that case, the convex hull is the line segment with the two roots as endpoints and it is clear that the average of the roots is the middle point of the segment.
For a third degree complex polynomial (cubic function) with three distinct zeros, Marden's theorem states that the zeros of are the foci of the Steiner inellipse which is the unique ellipse tangent to the midpoints of the triangle formed by the zeros of .
For a fourth degree complex polynomial (quartic function) with four distinct zeros forming a concave quadrilateral, one of the zeros of lies wit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDKL5 | CDKL5 is a gene that provides instructions for making a protein called cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 also known as serine/threonine kinase 9 (STK9) that is essential for normal brain development. Mutations in the gene can cause deficiencies in the protein. The gene regulates neuronal morphology through cytoplasmic signaling and controlling gene expression. The CDKL5 protein acts as a kinase, which is an enzyme that changes the activity of other proteins by adding a cluster of oxygen and phosphorus atoms (a phosphate group) at specific positions. Researchers are currently working to determine which proteins are targeted by the CDKL5 protein.
The CDKL5 protein acts as a kinase, which is an enzyme that modulates the activity of other proteins by adding a phosphate group to specific positions. The CDKL5 protein regulates neuronal morphology through cytoplasmic signaling and by controlling gene expression, playing a crucial role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system.
Studies have shown that the CDKL5 protein interacts with various signaling pathways and plays a role in controlling neurotransmitter release, synaptic plasticity, and cell survival. The CDKL5 protein has also been shown to regulate the activity of genes involved in neuronal development and the formation of synaptic connections.
Researchers are actively working to better understand the role of the CDKL5 protein in brain development and the underlying mechanisms of CDKL5 disorders. Further studies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20measure | In mathematics, a vector measure is a function defined on a family of sets and taking vector values satisfying certain properties. It is a generalization of the concept of finite measure, which takes nonnegative real values only.
Definitions and first consequences
Given a field of sets and a Banach space a finitely additive vector measure (or measure, for short) is a function such that for any two disjoint sets and in one has
A vector measure is called countably additive if for any sequence of disjoint sets in such that their union is in it holds that
with the series on the right-hand side convergent in the norm of the Banach space
It can be proved that an additive vector measure is countably additive if and only if for any sequence as above one has
where is the norm on
Countably additive vector measures defined on sigma-algebras are more general than finite measures, finite signed measures, and complex measures, which are countably additive functions taking values respectively on the real interval the set of real numbers, and the set of complex numbers.
Examples
Consider the field of sets made up of the interval together with the family of all Lebesgue measurable sets contained in this interval. For any such set define
where is the indicator function of Depending on where is declared to take values, two different outcomes are observed.
viewed as a function from to the -space is a vector measure which is not countably-additive.
viewed |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix%20Prize | The Netflix Prize was an open competition for the best collaborative filtering algorithm to predict user ratings for films, based on previous ratings without any other information about the users or films, i.e. without the users being identified except by numbers assigned for the contest.
The competition was held by Netflix, a video streaming service, and was open to anyone who is neither connected with Netflix (current and former employees, agents, close relatives of Netflix employees, etc.) nor a resident of certain blocked countries (such as Cuba or North Korea). On September 21, 2009, the grand prize of was given to the BellKor's Pragmatic Chaos team which bested Netflix's own algorithm for predicting ratings by 10.06%.
Problem and data sets
Netflix provided a training data set of 100,480,507 ratings that 480,189 users gave to 17,770 movies. Each training rating is a quadruplet of the form <user, movie, date of grade, grade>. The user and movie fields are integer IDs, while grades are from 1 to 5 (integer) stars.
The qualifying data set contains over 2,817,131 triplets of the form <user, movie, date of grade>, with grades known only to the jury. A participating team's algorithm must predict grades on the entire qualifying set, but they are informed of the score for only half of the data: a quiz set of 1,408,342 ratings. The other half is the test set of 1,408,789, and performance on this is used by the jury to determine potential prize winners. Only the judges know w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopentobarbital | Cyclopentobarbital sodium (Cyclopal, Dormisan) is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1940s. It has sedative and anticonvulsant properties, and was used primarily as an anaesthetic in veterinary medicine. Cyclopal is considered similar in effects to phenobarbital but lasts almost three times as long, and is considered a long-acting barbiturate with a fairly slow onset of action.
See also
Barbiturate
References
Allyl compounds
General anesthetics
Barbiturates
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Cyclopentenes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexethal | Hexethal (Ortal) is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1940s. It has sedative, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsant properties, and was used primarily as an anaesthetic in veterinary medicine.
Hexethal is considered similar in effects to pentobarbital, with a very fast onset of action but short duration of effects.
References
Barbiturates
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probarbital | Probarbital (trade names Ipral, Vasalgin) is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1920s. It has sedative, hypnotic and anticonvulsant properties.
References
Anticonvulsants
Barbiturates
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Sedatives |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxibarbital | Proxibarbital (Ipronal) is a barbiturate derivative synthesized in 1956. It has anti-anxiety properties and is, in contrast to most barbiturates, almost without hypnotic action.
It was also used in the treatment of migraine headaches in a similar manner to butalbital.
Valofane isomerises to Proxibarbal in vivo.
References
Barbiturates
Antimigraine drugs
Allyl compounds
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted%20matroid | In combinatorics, a branch of mathematics, a weighted matroid is a matroid endowed with function with respect to which one can perform a greedy algorithm.
A weight function for a matroid assigns a strictly positive weight to each element of . We extend the function to subsets of by summation; is the sum of over in . A matroid with an associated weight function is called a weighted matroid.
Spanning forest algorithms
As a simple example, say we wish to find the maximum spanning forest of a graph. That is, given a graph and a weight for each edge, find a forest containing every vertex and maximizing the total weight of the edges in the tree. This problem arises in some clustering applications. If we look at the definition of the forest matroid above, we see that the maximum spanning forest is simply the independent set with largest total weight — such a set must span the graph, for otherwise we can add edges without creating cycles. But how do we find it?
Finding a basis
There is a simple algorithm for finding a basis:
Initially let be the empty set.
For each in
if is independent, then set to .
The result is clearly an independent set. It is a maximal independent set because if is not independent for some subset of , then is not independent either (the contrapositive follows from the hereditary property). Thus if we pass up an element, we'll never have an opportunity to use it later. We will generalize this algorithm to solve a harder problem.
Extension t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situated%20robotics | In artificial intelligence and cognitive science, the term situated refers to an agent which is embedded in an environment. In this used, the term is used to refer to robots, but some researchers argue that software agents can also be situated if:
they exist in a dynamic (rapidly changing) environment, which
they can manipulate or change through their actions, and which
they can sense or perceive.
Being situated is generally considered to be part of being embodied, but it is useful to take both perspectives. The situated perspective emphasizes the environment and the agent's interactions with it. These interactions define an agent's embodiment.
See also
Robot general heading
Cognitive agents
Scruffies - people who tend to worry about whether their agent is situated.
References
Hendriks-Jansen, Horst (1996) Catching Ourselves in the Act: Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution, and Human Thought. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Robotics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memeplex | The study of memes, units of cultural information, often involves the examination of meme complexes or memeplexes. Memeplexes, comparable to the gene complexes in biology, consist of a group of memes that are typically present in the same individual. This presence is due to the implementation of Universal Darwinism's theory, which postulates that memes can more effectively reproduce themselves when they collaborate or "team up".
Various manifestations of memeplexes can be observed in our everyday surroundings, and they usually have a profound impact on shaping individual and societal behaviors. Some of the most common examples include:
Belief Systems and Ideologies:This refers to a wide array of constructs such as religions, philosophies, political alignments, and overall worldviews. All of these systems are composed of multiple interrelated memes that collectively form a cohesive belief system.
Organizations and Groups:Entities such as churches, businesses, political parties, and clubs also illustrate memeplexes. These groups often share a common set of principles, rules, or beliefs that are propagated among their members.
Behavioral Patterns:These include various cultural practices and routines, such as musical practices, ceremonies, marriage rituals, festivities, hunting techniques, and sports.
Contrary to inherited gene complexes, memeplexes encounter less pressure to provide benefits to the individuals exhibiting them for their replication. This distinction is d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20W.%20Liepmann | Hans Wolfgang Liepmann (July 3, 1914 – June 24, 2009) was an American fluid dynamicist,
aerospace scientist and emeritus Theodore von Kármán Professor of Aeronautics at the California Institute of Technology.
He is known for his numerous contributions in fluid mechanics covering a wide range of problem areas, such as flow instability and turbulence, gas kinetics, viscous compressible fluids and liquid helium flows.
Academic history
Hans Liepmann received a Dr.Ing.h.c. from the University of Aachen and a Ph.D. from the University of Zurich in 1938.
On July 31, 1939 Liepmann arrived in New York, to join Theodore von Kármán at Caltech as a Research Fellow in Aeronautics. He became Assistant Professor of Aeronautics in 1945, Associate Professor in 1946 and Professor from 1949 to 1974. From 1974 to 1976 he was Professor of Aeronautics and Applied Physics, from 1976 to 1983 Charles Lee Powell Professor of Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics and 1984-85 von Kármán Professor of Aeronautics. From 1972 to 1985 Liepmann was Director of the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory and Executive Officer for Aeronautics from 1976 to 1985.
He retired in 1985, but remained the emeritus von Kármán Professor at Caltech.
Liepmann received several awards, a selection:
1968: Ludwig-Prandtl-Ring from Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt
1980: Fluid Dynamics Prize by the American Physical Society
1985: Otto Laporte Award by the American Physical Society
1986: National Medal of Science
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%20protein-coupled%20receptor%20kinase%202 | G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADRBK1 gene. GRK2 was initially called Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (βARK or βARK1), and is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase subfamily of the Ser/Thr protein kinases that is most highly similar to GRK3(βARK2).
Functions
G protein-coupled receptor kinases phosphorylate activated G protein-coupled receptors, which promotes the binding of an arrestin protein to the receptor. Arrestin binding to phosphorylated, active receptor prevents receptor stimulation of heterotrimeric G protein transducer proteins, blocking their cellular signaling and resulting in receptor desensitization. Arrestin binding also directs receptors to specific cellular internalization pathways, removing the receptors from the cell surface and also preventing additional activation. Arrestin binding to phosphorylated, active receptor also enables receptor signaling through arrestin partner proteins. Thus the GRK/arrestin system serves as a complex signaling switch for G protein-coupled receptors.
GRK2 and the closely related GRK3 phosphorylate receptors at sites that encourage arrestin-mediated receptor desensitization, internalization and trafficking rather than arrestin-mediated signaling (in contrast to GRK5 and GRK6, which have the opposite effect). This difference is one basis for pharmacological biased agonism (also called functional selectivity), where a drug binding to a receptor may bias tha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acan | Acan or ACAN may refer to:
Acan (god), a Maya deity
Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names
ACAN (gene), a gene coding for the aggrecan protein
ACAN-EFE, a news agency
See also
Akan (disambiguation)
Achan (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement%20control%20protein | Complement control protein are proteins that interact with components of the complement system.
The complement system is tightly regulated by a network of proteins known as "regulators of complement activation (RCA)" that help distinguish target cells as "self" or "non-self." A subset of this family of proteins, complement control proteins (CCP), are characterized by domains of conserved repeats that direct interaction with components of the complement system. These "Sushi" domains have been used to identify other putative members of the CCP family. There are many other RCA proteins that do not fall into this family.
Most CCPs prevent activation of the complement system on the surface of host cells and protect host tissues against damage caused by autoimmunity. Because of this, these proteins play important roles in autoimmune disorders and cancers.
Members
Most of the well-studied proteins within this family can be categorized in two classes:
Membrane-bound complement regulators
Membrane Cofactor Protein, MCP (CD46)
Decay Accelerating Factor, DAF (CD55)
Protectin (CD59)
Complement C3b/C4b Receptor 1, CR1 (CD35)
Complement Regulator of the Immunoglobulin Superfamily, CRIg
Soluble complement regulators
Factor H
C4-Binding Protein (C4bp)
Other proteins with characteristic CCP domains have been identified including members of the sushi domain containing (SUSD) protein family and Human CUB and sushi multiple domains family (CSMD).
Mechanisms of protection
Eve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20exponential%20family | In probability and statistics, a natural exponential family (NEF) is a class of probability distributions that is a special case of an exponential family (EF).
Definition
Univariate case
The natural exponential families (NEF) are a subset of the exponential families. A NEF is an exponential family in which the natural parameter η and the natural statistic T(x) are both the identity. A distribution in an exponential family with parameter θ can be written with probability density function (PDF)
where and are known functions.
A distribution in a natural exponential family with parameter θ can thus be written with PDF
[Note that slightly different notation is used by the originator of the NEF, Carl Morris. Morris uses ω instead of η and ψ instead of A.]
General multivariate case
Suppose that , then a natural exponential family of order p has density or mass function of the form:
where in this case the parameter
Moment and cumulant generating functions
A member of a natural exponential family has moment generating function (MGF) of the form
The cumulant generating function is by definition the logarithm of the MGF, so it is
Examples
The five most important univariate cases are:
normal distribution with known variance
Poisson distribution
gamma distribution with known shape parameter α (or k depending on notation set used)
binomial distribution with known number of trials, n
negative binomial distribution with known
These five examples – Poisson, binomial |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Morris%20%28statistician%29 | Carl Neracher Morris was a professor in the Statistics Department of Harvard University and spent several years as a researcher for the RAND Corporation working on the RAND Health Insurance Experiment.
Early life
Carl Morris had received his BS in Aeronautical Engineering from the California Institute of Technology in 1960 and then attended Indiana University until 1962. He obtained his Ph.D. in statistics from Stanford University under advisor Charles Stein in 1966.
Since 1990, Morris has been at Harvard Statistics Department and Harvard Medical School Department of Health Care Policy. He served as the chair of the Harvard Statistics Department from 1994 to 2000.
Morris has also been a professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz, Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School, Stanford University, and the University of Texas at Austin where he served as Director of the Center for Statistical Sciences.
Morris is a Fellow of the American Statistical Association, Institute of Mathematical Statistics, and Royal Statistical Society, and an elected member of ISI. Morris was an editor of both the Theory and Methods, the Journal of the American Statistical Association (1983–1985) and Statistical Science (1989–1991).
Morris is best known for his work on natural exponential families with quadratic variance functions (NEF-QVF), a theory which classifies the most common statistical distributions. Morris is also well known for his work in sports statistics.
References
MathSciNe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrosinase | Myrosinase (, thioglucoside glucohydrolase, sinigrinase, and sinigrase) is a family of enzymes involved in plant defense against herbivores, specifically the mustard oil bomb. The three-dimensional structure has been elucidated and is available in the PDB (see links in the infobox).
A member of the glycoside hydrolase family, myrosinase possesses several similarities with the more ubiquitous O-glycosidases. However, myrosinase is the only known enzyme found in nature that can cleave a thio-linked glucose. Its known biological function is to catalyze the hydrolysis of a class of compounds called glucosinolates.
Myrosinase activity
Myrosinase is regarded as a defense-related enzyme and is capable of hydrolyzing glucosinolates into various compounds, some of which are toxic.
Mechanism
Myrosinase catalyzes the chemical reaction
a thioglucoside + H2O a sugar + a thiol
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are thioglucoside and H2O, whereas its two products are sugar and thiol.
In the presence of water, myrosinase cleaves off the glucose group from a glucosinolate. The remaining molecule then quickly converts to a thiocyanate, an isothiocyanate, or a nitrile; these are the active substances that serve as defense for the plant. The hydrolysis of glucosinolates by myrosinase can yield a variety of products, depending on various physiological conditions such as pH and the presence of certain cofactors. All known reactions have been observed to share the same initial steps. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paley%E2%80%93Zygmund%20inequality | In mathematics, the Paley–Zygmund inequality bounds the
probability that a positive random variable is small, in terms of
its first two moments. The inequality was
proved by Raymond Paley and Antoni Zygmund.
Theorem: If Z ≥ 0 is a random variable with
finite variance, and if , then
Proof: First,
The first addend is at most , while the second is at most by the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality. The desired inequality then follows. ∎
Related inequalities
The Paley–Zygmund inequality can be written as
This can be improved. By the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality,
which, after rearranging, implies that
This inequality is sharp; equality is achieved if Z almost surely equals a positive constant.
In turn, this implies another convenient form (known as Cantelli's inequality) which is
where and .
This follows from the substitution valid when .
A strengthened form of the Paley-Zygmund inequality states that if Z is a non-negative random variable then
for every .
This inequality follows by applying the usual Paley-Zygmund inequality to the conditional distribution of Z given that it is positive and noting that the various factors of cancel.
Both this inequality and the usual Paley-Zygmund inequality also admit versions: If Z is a non-negative random variable and then
for every . This follows by the same proof as above but using Hölder's inequality in place of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality.
See also
Cantelli's inequality
Second moment method
Concentration inequality – a summa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyltransferase | Acetyltransferase (or transacetylase) is a type of transferase enzyme that transfers an acetyl group, a process called acetylation.
Examples include:
Histone acetyltransferases including CBP histone acetyltransferase
Choline acetyltransferase
Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
Serotonin N-acetyltransferase
NatA Acetyltransferase
NatB acetyltransferase
See also
Acyltransferase
Acetylation
External links
Transferases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piwi | Piwi (or PIWI) genes were identified as regulatory proteins responsible for stem cell and germ cell differentiation. Piwi is an abbreviation of P-element Induced WImpy testis in Drosophila. Piwi proteins are highly conserved RNA-binding proteins and are present in both plants and animals. Piwi proteins belong to the Argonaute/Piwi family and have been classified as nuclear proteins. Studies on Drosophila have also indicated that Piwi proteins have no slicer activity conferred by the presence of the Piwi domain. In addition, Piwi associates with heterochromatin protein 1, an epigenetic modifier, and piRNA-complementary sequences. These are indications of the role Piwi plays in epigenetic regulation. Piwi proteins are also thought to control the biogenesis of piRNA as many Piwi-like proteins contain slicer activity which would allow Piwi proteins to process precursor piRNA into mature piRNA.
Protein structure and function
The structure of several Piwi and Argonaute proteins (Ago) have been solved. Piwi proteins are RNA-binding proteins with 2 or 3 domains: The N-terminal PAZ domain binds the 3'-end of the guide RNA; the middle MID domain binds the 5'-phosphate of RNA; and the C-terminal PIWI domain acts as an RNase H endonuclease that can cleave RNA. The small RNA partners of Ago proteins are microRNAs (miRNAs). Ago proteins utilize miRNAs to silence genes post-transcriptionally or use small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in both transcription and post-transcription silencing mech |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spongin | Spongin, a modified type of collagen protein, forms the fibrous skeleton of most organisms among the phylum Porifera, the sponges. It is secreted by sponge cells known as spongocytes.
Spongin gives a sponge its flexibility. True spongin is found only in members of the class Demospongiae.
Research directions
Use in the removal of phenolic compounds from wastewater
Researchers have found spongin to be useful in the photocatalytic degradation and removal of bisphenols (such as BPA) in wastewater. A heterogeneous catalyst consisting of a spongin scaffold for iron phthalocyanine (SFe) in conjunction with peroxide and UV radiation has been shown to remove phenolic wastes more quickly and efficiently than conventional methods. Other research using spongin scaffolds for the immobilization of Trametes versicolor Laccase has shown similar results in phenol degradation.
References
Marine biology
Collagens |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra%20Postel | Sandra Postel is the founding director of the Global Water Policy Project. She is a world expert on fresh water and related ecosystems. From 2009-2015, she served as Freshwater Fellow of the National Geographic Society. She is the author of scores of articles and several books on global freshwater issues, including Last Oasis, which appears in eight languages, and most recently Replenish: The Virtuous Cycle of Water and Prosperity. She is the recipient of four honorary doctor of science degrees. From 1988 to 1994 she served as the Vice President for Research at the Worldwatch Institute. Postel has taught water policy courses at Tufts University and Mount Holyoke College. In 2002, Scientific American magazine named her as one of their "Scientific American 50" to recognize her contribution to science and technology. Postel's work aims to build a more water-secure world for all earthly beings. In 2021, Postel was awarded the Stockholm Water Prize, often described as the Nobel Prize for water.
Overview
After graduate school, Postel worked as a natural resources consultant with a private firm in Menlo Park, California. In 1983 she joined the Worldwatch Institute, where she assumed the global water portfolio. From 1988 to 1994 she served as Vice President for Research. She left the Worldwatch Institute in 1994, moved to Massachusetts, and founded the Global Water Policy Project, which continues to serve as the umbrella for Postel's research, writing, speaking and consulting. In |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939%E2%80%9340%20Serie%20A | The 1939–40 Serie A season was won by Ambrosiana-Inter.
Teams
Fiorentina and Venezia had been promoted from Serie B.
Final classification
Results
Top goalscorers
References and sources
Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio - La Storia 1898-2004, Panini Edizioni, Modena, September 2005
External links
- All results on RSSSF Website.
Serie A seasons
Italy
1939–40 in Italian football leagues |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream%20thrust%20averaging | In fluid dynamics, stream thrust averaging is a process used to convert three-dimensional flow through a duct into one-dimensional uniform flow. It makes the assumptions that the flow is mixed adiabatically and without friction. However, due to the mixing process, there is a net increase in the entropy of the system. Although there is an increase in entropy, the stream thrust averaged values are more representative of the flow than a simple average as a simple average would violate the second Law of Thermodynamics.
Equations for a perfect gas
Stream thrust:
Mass flow:
Stagnation enthalpy:
Solutions
Solving for yields two solutions. They must both be analyzed to determine which is the physical solution. One will usually be a subsonic root and the other a supersonic root. If it is not clear which value of velocity is correct, the second law of thermodynamics may be applied.
Second law of thermodynamics:
The values and are unknown and may be dropped from the formulation. The value of entropy is not necessary, only that the value is positive.
One possible unreal solution for the stream thrust averaged velocity yields a negative entropy. Another method of determining the proper solution is to take a simple average of the velocity and determining which value is closer to the stream thrust averaged velocity.
References
Equations of fluid dynamics
Fluid dynamics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smits | Smits is a Dutch surname that is considered a variant of the more common Smit surname. The name is an old plural of Smid (blacksmith), though the plural in modern Dutch would be Smeden.
Frequency of occurrence in general populations
Information for surname frequency in the Netherlands is limited by the end of comprehensive census taking in 1971. The most recent readily available information is based on the 1947 census, for which both raw census data and surname frequency data have been made available to the general public. In 1947 there were 15,151 recorded people with the surname Smits, while the general census provides a figure of 9,519,000 as the 1947 population. Working with this data the frequency of the Smits surname in the Netherlands in 1947 can be calculated to be ~0.159% or ~1,590 of every 1,000,000 people, which is ½ the frequency of the surname Smit, of which Smits is a variant. In 2007 there were 23,205 carriers of this surname in The Netherlands and 3,888 in Belgium.
Notable people sharing the Smits surname
Alexander Smits (born 1948), Australian-American engineer
Andreas Smits (1870–1948), Dutch physical chemist
Anita Smits (born 1967), Dutch archer
Bart Smits (born 1972), Dutch heavy metal singer
Eva Smits (1906–1992), Dutch freestyle swimmer
George Smits (1944–1997), Belgian inventor of experimental musical instruments
Glenn Smits (born 1990), Dutch tennis player
Gregory Smits (born 1960), American historian and Japanologist
Hans Smits (born |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20engineering | Virtual engineering (VE) is defined as integrating geometric models and related engineering tools such as analysis, simulation, optimization, and decision making tools, etc., within a computer-generated environment that facilitates multidisciplinary collaborative product development. Virtual engineering shares many characteristics with software engineering, such as the ability to obtain many different results through different implementations.
Description
The concept
A virtual engineering environment provides a user-centered, first-person perspective that enables users to interact with an engineered system naturally and provides users with a wide range of accessible tools. This requires an engineering model that includes the geometry, physics, and any quantitative or qualitative data from the real system. The user should be able to walk through the operating system and observe how it works and how it responds to changes in design, operation, or any other engineering modification. Interaction within the virtual environment should provide an easily understood interface, appropriate to the user's technical background and expertise, that enables the user to explore and discover unexpected but critical details about the system's behavior. Similarly, engineering tools and software should fit naturally into the environment and allow the user to maintain her or his focus on the engineering problem at hand. A key aim of virtual engineering is to engage the human capacity for comple |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeluros | Aeluros Inc was a semiconductor company developing integrated circuits for wireline communications - for Ethernet operating at 10 Gigabits per second. The company was founded in 2001, and produced physical layer ICs used in 10GE line cards and optical modules (such as XENPAK, SFP, XFP).
Aeluros was the first to produce a XAUI transceiver dissipating less than 1 Watt of power, a transceiver that can drive directly a 10 Gbit/s VCSEL, and a transceiver with integrated Electronic Dispersion Compensation for 10GE using Multi-mode optical fiber.
Aeluros merged with NetLogic Microsystems in October 2007 in a deal exceeding $70M. Netlogic Microsystems was subsequently acquired by Broadcom in February 2012 for $3.7B.
External links
Official website
Technology description
References
Manufacturing companies established in 2001
Electronics companies of the United States
Companies based in Mountain View, California
Companies established in 2001
2001 establishments in California |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20aluminoferrite | Calcium aluminoferrite () is a dark brown crystalline phase commonly found in cements. In the cement industry it is termed tetra-calcium aluminoferrite or ferrite. In cement chemist notation (CCN), it is abbreviated as meaning in the oxide notation. It also exists in nature as the rare mineral brownmillerite.
Properties of the pure phase
In the absence of elements other than calcium, aluminium, iron and oxygen, calcium aluminoferrite forms a solid solution series of formula for all values of x in the range 0–0.7.
Compositions with x > 0.7 do not exist at ordinary pressures (see dicalcium aluminate). The crystal is orthorhombic, and is normally lath-like. Its density varies from 4026 kg·m−3 (x = 0) to 3614 kg⋅m−3 (x = 0.7). All compositions melt incongruently in the range 1400−1450 °C. They are ferromagnetic, progressively more so as iron content increases. These phases are easily prepared from the oxides.
Phases in Portland cement clinker
In Portland cement clinker, calcium aluminoferrite () occurs as an "interstitial phase", crystallizing from the melt as the reaction end-product of the flux components ( and ) added in the raw materials to lower the high melting point of the oxide mix CaO-. Its presence in clinker is solely due to the need to obtain liquid at the peak kiln processing temperature (1400−1450 °C), facilitating the formation of the desired silicate phases. Apart from this benefit, its effects on cement properties are little more than those of a diluent. Its |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersingular%20K3%20surface | In algebraic geometry, a supersingular K3 surface is a K3 surface over a field k of characteristic p > 0 such that the slopes of Frobenius on the crystalline cohomology H2(X,W(k)) are all equal to 1. These have also been called Artin supersingular K3 surfaces. Supersingular K3 surfaces can be considered the most special and interesting of all K3 surfaces.
Definitions and main results
More generally, a smooth projective variety X over a field of characteristic p > 0 is called supersingular if all slopes of Frobenius on the crystalline cohomology Ha(X,W(k)) are equal to a/2, for all a. In particular, this gives the standard notion
of a supersingular abelian variety. For a variety X over a finite field Fq, it is equivalent to say that the eigenvalues of Frobenius on the l-adic cohomology Ha(X,Ql) are equal to qa/2 times roots of unity. It follows that any variety in positive characteristic whose l-adic cohomology is generated by algebraic cycles is supersingular.
A K3 surface whose l-adic cohomology is generated by algebraic cycles is sometimes called a Shioda supersingular K3 surface. Since the second Betti number of a K3 surface is always 22, this property means that the surface has 22 independent elements in its Picard group (ρ = 22). From what we have said, a K3 surface with Picard number 22 must be supersingular.
Conversely, the Tate conjecture would imply that every supersingular K3 surface over an algebraically closed field has Picard number 22. This is now known in e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Walsh | Thomas, Tom, or Tommy Walsh may refer to:
Sportspeople
Association football (soccer)
Tot Walsh (Thomas Walsh, 1900–1950), English association footballer for Bolton, Bristol City and Crystal Palace
Tom Walsh (footballer) (born 1996), Scottish association footballer
Gaelic football
Tommy Walsh (Kerry footballer) (born 1988), Kerry Gaelic footballer and Australian rules footballer
Tommy Walsh (Wicklow Gaelic footballer), Wicklow Gaelic footballer
Hurling
Tom Walsh (Dunnamaggin hurler), former Kilkenny hurler
Tom Walsh (Thomastown hurler) (born 1944), former Kilkenny hurler
Tommy Walsh (hurler, born 1983), Irish hurler for Kilkenny and Tullaroan
Tommy Walsh (hurler, born 1998), Irish hurler for Kilkenny and Tullaroan
Rugby
Tom Walsh (rugby league), rugby league footballer of the 1900s and 1910s for Hunslet
Tom Walsh (rugby league, Castleford), rugby league footballer of the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s for Castleford
Others
Tom Walsh (American football) (born 1949), former Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders offensive coordinator and college head coach
Thomas Walsh (skier) (born 1995), American para-alpine skier
Tom Walsh (baseball) (1886–1963), American baseball player
Tom Walsh (shot putter) (born 1992), New Zealand shot putter
Tom Walsh (squash player) (born 1999), English professional squash player
Politicians
Thomas Walsh (Irish politician) (1901–1956), Fianna Fáil politician and Minister for Agriculture
Thomas Walsh (Massachusetts politician) (born 1960), Mas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calexcitin | Calexcitin is a calcium-binding protein first isolated from the sea snail Hermissenda crassicornis. It is upregulated following Pavlovian conditioning.
Calexcitin has four EF-hand motifs that possess different functions while the fourth one is nonfunctional. Calexcitin has the tendency to regulate K+ channels. In addition, Calexcitin also shows a sign of GTP binding protein in which that binds to Ca2+.
Calexcitin is neuronal-specific and becomes phosphorylated and upregulated in learning of association.
EF-hand motifs
Calexcitin which has four EF-hand motifs. The first three function in the binding metal ions which are from EF-1 to EF-3. EF-1 and EF-2 contain the proclivity into binding with Mg2+ and Ca2+. However, the EF-3 has a tendency into binding with Ca2+. The fourth EF-hand does not function due to the lack of metal-binding residues.
Functions
Calexcitin directly regulate the K+ channels. Due to the fact that "Calexcitin is also a high affinity substrate for protein kinase C. Application of calexcitin to the inner surface of inside-out patches of human fibroblast membranes, in the presence of Ca2+ and the absence of endogenous Ca2+/calmodulin kinase type II or protein kinase C activity, reduced the mean open time and mean open probability of 115 ± 6 pS K+ channels". Also, calexcitin is very great at making the membrane to be more excitable due to "When microinjected into molluscan neurons or rabbit cerebellar Purkinje cell dendrites". In addition, calexcitin ac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurogranin | Neurogranin is a calmodulin-binding protein expressed primarily in the brain, particularly in dendritic spines, and participating in the protein kinase C signaling pathway. Neurogranin is the main postsynaptic protein regulating the availability of calmodulin, binding to it in the absence of calcium. Phosphorylation by protein kinase C lowers its binding ability. NRGN gene expression is controlled by thyroid hormones. Human neurogranin consists of 78 amino acids.
One study tells of potential link of neurogranin gene to the heightened risk of schizophrenia in males, another study gives evidence of lowered neurogranin immunoreactivity in the brains of people suffering from schizophrenia.
Neurogranin concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is further discussed as marker for synaptic dysfunction in age-related neurodegeneration. It has also been shown to be specifically increased in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Especially the ratio of CSF neurogranin trunc P75 and the beta-secretase BACE1 is suggested as potential marker for cognitive deterioration in the progress of Alzheimer's disease.
Prior to its identification in the bovine and rat brain in 1991, neurogranin was known as a putative protein kinase C-phosphorylated protein named p17. Human neurogranin was cloned in 1997 and turned out to be 96% identical to the rat protein.
References
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy%20Valley%2C%20Oak%20Ridge%2C%20Tennessee | Happy Valley was a construction camp of trailer homes and hutments at the Clinton Engineer Works of the Manhattan Project in the 1940s. It was located near the K-25 gaseous diffusion plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, to lessen travelling time for the seventeen thousand construction men working there.
The Happy Valley settlement was dismantled in the early 1950s.
References
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Former populated places in Tennessee
Manhattan Project sites |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symporter | A symporter is an integral membrane protein that is involved in the transport of two (or more) different molecules across the cell membrane in the same direction. The symporter works in the plasma membrane and molecules are transported across the cell membrane at the same time, and is, therefore, a type of cotransporter. The transporter is called a symporter, because the molecules will travel in the same direction in relation to each other. This is in contrast to the antiport transporter. Typically, the ion(s) will move down the electrochemical gradient, allowing the other molecule(s) to move against the concentration gradient. The movement of the ion(s) across the membrane is facilitated diffusion, and is coupled with the active transport of the molecule(s). In symport, two molecule move in a 'similar direction' at the 'same time'. For example, the movement of glucose along with sodium ions.
Examples
SGLT1 in the intestinal epithelium transports sodium ions (Na+) and glucose across luminal membrane of the epithelial cells so that it can be absorbed into the bloodstream. This is the basis of oral rehydration therapy. If this symporter did not exist, individual sodium channels and glucose uniporters would not be able to transfer glucose against the concentration gradient and into the bloodstream.
Na+/K+/2Cl− symporter in the loop of Henle in the renal tubules of the kidney transports 4 molecules of 3 different types; a sodium ion (Na+), a potassium ion (K+) and two chloride |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20IJ | Haplogroup IJ (M429/P125) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, an immediate descendant of Haplogroup IJK (formerly known as Haplogroup F-L15). IJK is a branch of Haplogroup HIJK.
The immediate descendants of IJ are Haplogroup I and Haplogroup J. Its sole sibling is K (which includes most of the world's male population).
Haplogroup IJ derived populations account for a significant proportion of the pre-modern populations of Europe (especially Scandinavia and the Balkans), Anatolia, the Caucasus, the Middle East (especially Arabia, Levant and Mesopotamia) and coastal North Africa. As a result of mass migrations during the modern era, they are now also significant in The Americas and Australasia.
Origin
A 2008 estimate suggested that the most recent common ancestor of haplogroup IJ could have lived 30,500–46,200 years ago, while another estimate suggests 43,000–45,700 years.
Both of the primary branches of haplogroup IJ – I-M170 and J-M304 – are found among modern populations of the Caucasus, Anatolia, and Southwest Asia. This tends to suggest that Haplogroup IJ branched from IJK in West Asia, Caucasus and/or the Middle East.
Examples of the basal/paragroup Haplogroup IJ* (M429) were first reported in a 2012 study of genetic diversity in Iran, by Grugni et al. These individuals were reported to be positive for M429 and negative for the SNPs M170 and M304, which define haplogroup I and haplogroup J respectively. However, because the researchers filtered for relatively |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20DE | Haplogroup DE is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is defined by the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutations, or UEPs, M1(YAP), M145(P205), M203, P144, P153, P165, P167, P183. DE is unique because it is distributed in several geographically distinct clusters. An immediate subclade, haplogroup D (also known as D-CTS3946), is mainly found in East Asia, parts of Central Asia, and the Andaman Islands, but also sporadically in West Africa and West Asia. The other immediate subclade, haplogroup E, is common in Africa, and to a lesser extent the Middle East and southern Europe.
The most well-known unique event polymorphism (UEP) that defines DE is the Y-chromosome Alu Polymorphism "YAP". The mutation was caused when a strand of DNA, known as Alu, inserted a copy of itself into the Y chromosome. Hence, all Y chromosomes belonging to DE, D, E and their subclades are YAP-positive (YAP+). All Y chromosomes that belong to other haplogroups and subclades are YAP-negative (YAP-).
The age of haplogroup DE, previously estimated at between 65,000 and 71,000 years, was later estimated at around 68,555 years and most recently at around 76,500 years old.
Origins
Discovery
The YAP insertion was discovered by scientists led by Michael Hammer of the University of Arizona. Between 1997 and 1998 Hammer published three articles relating to the origins of haplogroup DE. These articles state that YAP insertion originated in Asia. As recently as 2007, some studies such as Chandrasekar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preprophase%20band | The preprophase band is a microtubule array found in plant cells that are about to undergo cell division and enter the preprophase stage of the plant cell cycle. Besides the phragmosome, it is the first microscopically visible sign that a plant cell is about to enter mitosis. The preprophase band was first observed and described by Jeremy Pickett-Heaps and Donald Northcote at Cambridge University in 1966.
Just before mitosis starts, the preprophase band forms as a dense band of microtubules around the phragmosome and the future division plane just below the plasma membrane. It encircles the nucleus at the equatorial plane of the future mitotic spindle when dividing cells enter the G2 phase of the cell cycle after DNA replication is complete. The preprophase band consists mainly of microtubules and microfilaments (actin) and is generally 2-3 µm wide. When stained with fluorescent markers, it can be seen as two bright spots close to the cell wall on either side of the nucleus.
Plant cells lack centrosomes as microtubule organizing centers. Instead, the microtubules of the mitotic spindle aggregate on the nuclear surface and are reoriented to form the spindle at the end of prophase. The preprophase band also functions in properly orienting the mitotic spindle, and contributes to efficient spindle formation during prometaphase
The preprophase band disappears as soon as the nuclear envelope breaks down and the mitotic spindle forms, leaving behind an actin-depleted zone. Howev |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine | Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is a class of phospholipids found in biological membranes. They are synthesized by the addition of cytidine diphosphate-ethanolamine to diglycerides, releasing cytidine monophosphate. S-Adenosyl methionine can subsequently methylate the amine of phosphatidylethanolamines to yield phosphatidylcholines.
Function
In cells
Phosphatidylethanolamines are found in all living cells, composing 25% of all phospholipids. In human physiology, they are found particularly in nervous tissue such as the white matter of brain, nerves, neural tissue, and in spinal cord, where they make up 45% of all phospholipids.
Phosphatidylethanolamines play a role in membrane fusion and in disassembly of the contractile ring during cytokinesis in cell division. Additionally, it is thought that phosphatidylethanolamine regulates membrane curvature. Phosphatidylethanolamine is an important precursor, substrate, or donor in several biological pathways.
As a polar head group, phosphatidylethanolamine creates a more viscous lipid membrane compared to phosphatidylcholine. For example, the melting temperature of di-oleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine is -16 °C while the melting temperature of di-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine is -20 °C. If the lipids had two palmitoyl chains, phosphatidylethanolamine would melt at 63 °C while phosphatidylcholine would melt already at 41 °C. Lower melting temperatures correspond, in a simplistic view, to more fluid membranes.
In humans
In humans, metabol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers%20against%20decapentaplegic | Mothers against decapentaplegic is a protein from the SMAD family that was discovered in Drosophila. During Drosophila research, it was found that a mutation in the gene in the mother repressed the gene decapentaplegic in the embryo. The phrase "Mothers against" was added as a humorous take-off on organizations opposing various issues e.g. Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD); and based on a tradition of such unusual naming within the gene research community.
Several human homologues are known:
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 5
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9
References
Proteins
SMAD (protein) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FKBP4 | FK506-binding protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FKBP4 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the immunophilin protein family, which play a role in immunoregulation and basic cellular processes involving protein folding and trafficking. This encoded protein is a cis-trans prolyl isomerase that binds to the immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin. It has high structural and functional similarity to FK506-binding protein 1A (FKBP1A), but unlike FKBP1A, this protein does not have immunosuppressant activity when complexed with FK506. It interacts with interferon regulatory factor-4 and plays an important role in immunoregulatory gene expression in B and T lymphocytes. This encoded protein is known to associate with phytanoyl-CoA alpha-hydroxylase. It can also associate with two heat shock proteins (hsp90 and hsp70) and thus may play a role in the intracellular trafficking of hetero-oligomeric forms of the steroid hormone receptors. This protein correlates strongly with adeno-associated virus type 2 vectors (AAV) resulting in a significant increase in AAV-mediated transgene expression in human cell lines. Thus this encoded protein is thought to have important implications for the optimal use of AAV vectors in human gene therapy.
Structure
This protein contains TPR repeats and has a PPlase domain.
Clinical significance
Recent research suggests that FKBP4 may play a role in preventing the Tau protein from turning pathogenic. This |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-induced%20transcriptional%20silencing | RNA-induced transcriptional silencing (RITS) is a form of RNA interference by which short RNA molecules – such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) – trigger the downregulation of transcription of a particular gene or genomic region. This is usually accomplished by posttranslational modification of histone tails (e.g. methylation of lysine 9 of histone H3) which target the genomic region for heterochromatin formation. The protein complex that binds to siRNAs and interacts with the methylated lysine 9 residue of histones H3 (H3K9me2) is the RITS complex.
RITS was discovered in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and has been shown to be involved in the initiation and spreading of heterochromatin in the mating-type region and in centromere formation. The RITS complex in S. pombe contains at least a piwi domain-containing RNase H-like argonaute, a chromodomain protein Chp1, and an argonaute interacting protein Tas3 which can also bind to Chp1, while heterochromatin formation has been shown to require at least argonaute and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Loss of these genes in S. pombe results in abnormal heterochromatin organization and impairment of centromere function, resulting in lagging chromosomes on anaphase during cell division.
Function and mechanisms
The maintenance of heterochromatin regions by RITS complexes has been described as a self-reinforcing feedback loop, in which RITS complexes stably bind the methylated histones of a heterochromatin region using t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mating-type%20locus | The mating-type locus is a specialized region in the genomes of some yeast and other fungi, usually organized into heterochromatin and possessing unique histone methylation patterns. The genes in this region regulate the mating type of the organism and therefore determine key events in its life cycle, such as whether it will reproduce sexually or asexually. In fission yeast such as S. pombe, the formation and maintenance of the heterochromatin organization is regulated by RNA-induced transcriptional silencing, a form of RNA interference responsible for genomic maintenance in many organisms. Mating type regions have also been well studied in budding yeast S. cerevisiae and in the fungus Neurospora crassa.
Mating-type switching
In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mating-type is determined by two non-homologous alleles at the mating-type locus. S. cerevisiae has the capability of undergoing mating-type switching, that is conversion of some haploid cells in a colony from one mating-type to the other. Mating-type switching can occur as frequently as once every generation. Switching involves homologous recombinational repair of a site specific, programmed double-strand break, a highly organized process. This process replaces one mating type allelic DNA sequence with the sequence encoding the alternative mating-type allele. When two haploid cells of opposite mating type come into contact they can mate to form a diploid cell, a zygote, that may then undergo meiosis. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-box%20protein | F-box proteins are proteins containing at least one F-box domain. The first identified F-box protein is one of three components of the SCF complex, which mediates ubiquitination of proteins targeted for degradation by the 26S proteasome.
Core components
F-box domain is a protein structural motif of about 50 amino acids that mediates protein–protein interactions. It has consensus sequence and varies in few positions. It was first identified in cyclin F. The F-box motif of Skp2, consisting of three alpha-helices, interacts directly with the SCF protein Skp1. F-box domains commonly exist in proteins in cancer with other protein–protein interaction motifs such as leucine-rich repeats (illustrated in the Figure) and WD repeats, which are thought to mediate interactions with SCF substrates.
Function
F-box proteins have also been associated with cellular functions such as signal transduction and regulation of the cell cycle. In plants, many F-box proteins are represented in gene networks broadly regulated by microRNA-mediated gene silencing via RNA interference. F-box proteins are involved in many plant vegetative and reproduction growth and development. For example, F-box protein-FOA1 involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling to affect the seed germination. ACRE189/ACIF1 can regulate cell death and defense when the pathogen is recognized in the Tobacco and Tomato plant.
In human cells, under high-iron conditions, two iron atoms stabilise the F-Box FBXL5 and then the complex me |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta-cadinene%20synthase | The enzyme (+)-δ-cadinene synthase (EC 4.2.3.13) catalyzes the chemical reaction
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate (+)-δ-cadinene + diphosphate
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, (+)-δ-cadinene-forming). This enzyme participates in terpenoid biosynthesis. It employs one cofactor, magnesium.
δ-Cadinene synthase, a sesquiterpene cyclase, is an enzyme expressed in plants that catalyzes a cyclization reaction in terpenoid biosynthesis. The enzyme cyclizes farnesyl diphosphate to δ-cadinene and releases pyrophosphate.
δ-Cadinene synthase is one of the key steps in the synthesis of gossypol, a toxic terpenoid produced in cotton seeds. Recently, cotton plants that stably underexpress the enzyme in seeds have been developed using RNA interference techniques, producing a plant that had been proposed as a rich source of dietary protein for developing countries.
External links
BRENDA entry
SwissProt entry
References
EC 4.2.3
Magnesium enzymes
Enzymes of unknown structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linamarin | Linamarin is a cyanogenic glucoside found in the leaves and roots of plants such as cassava, lima beans, and flax. It is a glucoside of acetone cyanohydrin. Upon exposure to enzymes and gut flora in the human intestine, linamarin and its methylated relative lotaustralin can decompose to the toxic chemical hydrogen cyanide; hence food uses of plants that contain significant quantities of linamarin require extensive preparation and detoxification. Ingested and absorbed linamarin is rapidly excreted in the urine and the glucoside itself does not appear to be acutely toxic. Consumption of cassava products with low levels of linamarin is widespread in the low-land tropics. Ingestion of food prepared from insufficiently processed cassava roots with high linamarin levels has been associated with dietary toxicity, particularly with the upper motor neuron disease known as konzo to the African populations in which it was first described by Trolli and later through the research network initiated by Hans Rosling. However, the toxicity is believed to be induced by ingestion of acetone cyanohydrin, the breakdown product of linamarin. Dietary exposure to linamarin has also been reported as a risk factor in developing glucose intolerance and diabetes, although studies in experimental animals have been inconsistent in reproducing this effect and may indicate that the primary effect is in aggravating existing conditions rather than inducing diabetes on its own.
The generation of cyanide from |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcone%20synthase | Chalcone synthase or naringenin-chalcone synthase (CHS) is an enzyme ubiquitous to higher plants and belongs to a family of polyketide synthase enzymes (PKS) known as type III PKS. Type III PKSs are associated with the production of chalcones, a class of organic compounds found mainly in plants as natural defense mechanisms and as synthetic intermediates. CHS was the first type III PKS to be discovered. It is the first committed enzyme in flavonoid biosynthesis.
The enzyme catalyzes the conversion of 4-coumaroyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to naringenin chalcone.
Function
CHS catalysis serves as the initial step for flavonoid biosynthesis. Flavonoids are important plant secondary metabolites that serve various functions in higher plants. These include pigmentation, UV protection, fertility, antifungal defense and the recruitment of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. CHS is believed to act as a central hub for the enzymes involved in the flavonoid pathway. Studies have shown that these enzymes interact via protein-protein interactions. Through FLIM FRET, it was shown that CHS interacts with chalcone isomerase (CHI), a consecutive step enzyme, as well as other non-consecutive step enzymes flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), and flavonol synthase I.
Naringenin-chalcone synthase uses malonyl-CoA and 4-coumaroyl-CoA to produce CoA, naringenin chalcone, and CO2.
Reaction
4-coumaroyl-CoA and three units of malonyl-CoA are converted into three molecules of carbon |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptienne%20%28typeface%29 | Égyptienne is a Swiss serif typeface belonging to the classification slab serif, or Egyptian, where the serifs are unbracketed and similar in weight to the horizontal strokes of the letters. Egyptienne was designed in 1956 by Adrian Frutiger for the Fonderie Deberny et Peignot and was the first new text face created for the process of phototypesetting.
The x-height is high, and some lowercase characters, especially a and e bear comparison with other Frutiger typefaces, especially Meridien and Serifa. Egyptienne shows historical influence of the Clarendon faces.
Égyptienne commonly appears on Chocolate letters.
References
Friedl, Frederich, Nicholas Ott and Bernard Stein. Typography: An Encyclopedic Survey of Type Design and Techniques Through History. Black Dog & Leventhal: 1998. .
Macmillan, Neil. An A–Z of Type Designers. Yale University Press: 2006. .
External links
Linotype typefaces
Slab serif typefaces
Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1956
Letterpress typefaces
Photocomposition typefaces
Digital typefaces
Typefaces designed by Adrian Frutiger |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20flow | Environmental flows describe the quantity, timing, and quality of water flows required to sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems and the human livelihoods and well being that depend on these ecosystems. In the Indian context river flows required for cultural and spiritual needs assumes significance. Through implementation of environmental flows, water managers strive to achieve a flow regime, or pattern, that provides for human uses and maintains the essential processes required to support healthy river ecosystems. Environmental flows do not necessarily require restoring the natural, pristine flow patterns that would occur absent human development, use, and diversion but, instead, are intended to produce a broader set of values and benefits from rivers than from management focused strictly on water supply, energy, recreation, or flood control.
Rivers are parts of integrated systems that include floodplains and riparian corridors. Collectively these systems provide a large suite of benefits. However, the world's rivers are increasingly being altered through the construction of dams, diversions, and levees. More than half of the world's large rivers are dammed, a figure that continues to increase. Almost 1,000 dams are planned or under construction in South America and 50 new dams are planned on China's Yangtze River alone. Dams and other river structures change the downstream flow patterns and consequently affect water quality, temperature, sediment movement and deposit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashlyk | A bashlyk, also spelled bashlik (, Adyghe: Shkharkhon, Abkhaz: qtarpá, Chechen: Ċukkuiy, Ossetic: Kaskæ , Tatar: Başlıq, Turkish: Başlık; "baş" - head, "-lıq" (Tatar) / "-lık" (Turkish) - derivative suffix), is a traditional Turkic, Caucasian, Iranian, and Cossack cone-shaped headdress hood, usually of leather, felt or wool, an ancient round topped felt bonnet with lappets for wrapping around the neck. Local versions determine the trim, which may consist of decorative cords, embroidery, jewelry, metallized strings, fur balls or tassels. Among dozens of versions are winter bashlyks worn atop regular headdress, cotton bashlyks, homeknitted bashlyks, silk bashlyks, scarf bashlyks, down bashlyks, dress bashlyks, jumpsuit-type bashlyks, etc. Bashlyks are used as traditional folk garment, and as uniform headdress.
A variation of bashlyks is a Kalpak (Qalpaq), a cone-shaped headdress without lappets, mostly made of leather, felt or wool, as depicted in the Repin's painting below. "Kalpak" is also a component of the ethnic name "Kara-Kalpak" (literally "a black kalpak" in Turkic), known from the history of the medieval Eastern Europe, and from the modern Karakalpak autonomous republic in the western Syr Darya - Amu Darya interfluve in Uzbekistan, north of the ancient Balkh.
In modern times, bashlyks became fashionable in Russia in 1830-1840, after the Napoleonic War with significant participation of the Bashkir cavalry. By the 1862 bashlyks were made a uniform headdress in Cossa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20magnetohydrodynamics | Computational magnetohydrodynamics (CMHD) is a rapidly developing branch of magnetohydrodynamics that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems that involve electrically conducting fluids. Most of the methods used in CMHD are borrowed from the well established techniques employed in Computational fluid dynamics. The complexity mainly arises due to the presence of a magnetic field and its coupling with the fluid. One of the important issues is to numerically maintain the (conservation of magnetic flux) condition, from Maxwell's equations, to avoid the presence of unrealistic effects, namely magnetic monopoles, in the solutions.
Open-source MHD software
Pencil CodeCompressible resistive MHD, intrinsically divergence free, embedded particles module, finite-difference explicit scheme, high-order derivatives, Fortran95 and C, parallelized up to hundreds of thousands cores. Source code is available.
RAMSES RAMSES is an open source program to model astrophysical systems, featuring self-gravitating, magnetised, compressible, radiative fluid flows. It is based on the Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) technique on a fully threaded graded octree. RAMSES is written in Fortran 90 and is making intensive use of the Message Passing Interface (MPI) library. Source code is available.
RamsesGPU RamsesGPU is an MHD program written in C++, based on the original RAMSES but only for regular grid (no AMR). The code has been designed to run on large clusters of GPU (NVIDIA g |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2833340%29%201998%20VG44 | , also written as (33340) 1998 VG44, is a trans-Neptunian object. It has a 2:3 orbital resonance with the planet Neptune, similar to Pluto, classifying it as a plutino. Its average distance from the Sun is 39.083 AU with a perihelion of 29.354 AU and an aphelion at 48.813 AU. Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.249, and is inclined by 3°. It is about 221 km in diameter, so it is unlikely to be classified as a dwarf planet. It was discovered on November 14, 1998, by J. A. Larsen, Nicole M. Danzl and A. Gleason at the Steward Observatory.
References
List of Trans Neptunian Objects, Minor Planet Center
http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/tnoslist.html
https://newton.spacedys.com/cgi-bin/astdys/astibo?objects:1998VG44;main
http://asteroid.lowell.edu/
External links
033340
19981114
Discoveries by Nichole M. Danzl
Discoveries by Arianna E. Gleason |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple%20comparisons%20problem | In statistics, the multiple comparisons, multiplicity or multiple testing problem occurs when one considers a set of statistical inferences simultaneously or infers a subset of parameters selected based on the observed values.
The more inferences are made, the more likely erroneous inferences become. Several statistical techniques have been developed to address that problem, typically by requiring a stricter significance threshold for individual comparisons, so as to compensate for the number of inferences being made.
History
The problem of multiple comparisons received increased attention in the 1950s with the work of statisticians such as Tukey and Scheffé. Over the ensuing decades, many procedures were developed to address the problem. In 1996, the first international conference on multiple comparison procedures took place in Tel Aviv.
Definition
Multiple comparisons arise when a statistical analysis involves multiple simultaneous statistical tests, each of which has a potential to produce a "discovery". A stated confidence level generally applies only to each test considered individually, but often it is desirable to have a confidence level for the whole family of simultaneous tests. Failure to compensate for multiple comparisons can have important real-world consequences, as illustrated by the following examples:
Suppose the treatment is a new way of teaching writing to students, and the control is the standard way of teaching writing. Students in the two groups |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity%20of%20Assam | The biodiversity of Assam (), a state in North-East India, makes it a biological hotspot with many rare and endemic plant and animal species. The greatest success in recent years has been the conservation of the Indian rhinoceros at the Kaziranga National Park, but a rapid increase in human population in Assam threatens many plants and animals and their natural habitats.
The rhinoceros, tiger, deer or chital / futukihorina (Axis axis), swamp deer or dolhorina (Cervus duvauceli duvauceli), clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), hoolock gibbon, pygmy hog or nol-gahori (Porcula salvania), hispid hare, golden langur (Trachypithecus geei), golden cat, giant civet, binturong, hog badger, porcupine, and civet are found in Assam. Moreover, there are abundant numbers of Gangetic dolphins, mongooses, giant squirrels and pythons. The largest population of wild water buffalo anywhere is in Assam.
The major birds in Assam include the blue-throated barbet or hetuluka (Megalaima asiatica), white-winged wood duck or deuhnah (Asarcornis scultulata), Pallas's fish eagle or kuruwa (Haliaeetus leucoryphus), great pied hornbill or rajdhonesh (Buceros bicornis homrai), Himalayan golden-backed three-toed wood-pecker or barhoituka (Dinopium shorii shorii), and migratory pelican.
Assam is also known for orchids and for valuable plant species and forest products.
Protected areas in Assam
There are several protections in Assam, including several national parks, in particular in the Brahmaputra Vall |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactalbumin | Lactalbumin, also known as "whey protein", is the albumin contained in milk and obtained from whey. Lactalbumin is found in the milk of many mammals. There are alpha and beta lactalbumins; both are contained in milk.
Targeted small scientific studies suggest that certain types of lactalbumin (whey protein) may improve immune responsiveness and increase levels of glutathione systemically in animals and which apparently possess antiviral (against viruses), anti-apoptotic (impede cell death) and anti-tumor (against cancers or tumors) activities in humans, but larger and better studies are needed to confirm these attributions.
See also
Alpha-lactalbumin
Beta-lactoglobulin
References
Notes
External links
Milk
Mammalian proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idan%20Shum | Idan Shum (; born 26 March 1976) is an Israeli former footballer.
References
External links
Profile and biography of Idan Shum on Maccabi Haifa's official website
Profile and statistics of Idan Shum on One.co.il
1976 births
Living people
Israeli Jews
Israeli men's footballers
Footballers from Kfar Saba
Hapoel Kfar Saba F.C. players
Hapoel Tzafririm Holon F.C. players
Maccabi Haifa F.C. players
Hapoel Petah Tikva F.C. players
Hapoel Rishon LeZion F.C. players
Maccabi Herzliya F.C. players
Maccabi Netanya F.C. players
Hapoel Haifa F.C. players
FC Spartak Vladikavkaz players
Liga Leumit players
Israeli Premier League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Israeli expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Israel men's under-21 international footballers
Israeli people of Moldovan-Jewish descent
Men's association football midfielders |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vroman%20effect | The Vroman effect, named after Leo Vroman, describes the process of competitive protein adsorption to a surface by blood serum proteins. The highest mobility proteins generally arrive first and are later replaced by less mobile proteins that have a higher affinity for the surface. The order of protein adsorption also depends on the molecular weight of the species adsorbing. Typically, low molecular weight proteins are displaced by high molecular weight protein while the opposite, high molecular weight being displaced by low molecular weight, does not occur. A typical example of this occurs when fibrinogen displaces earlier adsorbed proteins on a biopolymer surface and is later replaced by high molecular weight kininogen. The process is delayed in narrow spaces and on hydrophobic surfaces, fibrinogen is usually not displaced. Under stagnant conditions initial protein deposition takes place in the sequence: albumin; globulin; fibrinogen; fibronectin; factor XII, and HMWK.
Molecular Mechanisms of Action
While the exact mechanism of action is still unknown many important protein physical properties play a part in the Vroman Effect. Proteins have many properties that are important to take into consideration when discussing protein adsorption. These properties include the protein size, charge, mobility, stability, and the structure and composition of the different protein domains that make up the protein's tertiary structure. Protein size determines the molecular weight. Protein |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%20Doo%20Ron%20Ron | "Da Doo Ron Ron" is a song written by Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich and Phil Spector. It first became a popular top five hit single for the American girl group the Crystals in 1963. American teen idol Shaun Cassidy recorded the song in 1977 and his version hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. There have also been many other cover versions of this song, including one by the songwriters Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich themselves, performing as the Raindrops.
Composition
The song is the first collaboration in songwriting by Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich and Phil Spector. The song was composed over two days in Spector's office in New York. The title "Da Doo Ron Ron" was initially just nonsense syllables used as dummy line to separate each stanza and chorus until proper lyrics could be written, but Spector liked it so much that he kept it. Phil Spector did not want lyrics that were too cerebral and would interfere with a simple boy-meets-girl story line. The rhymes of the opening lines, "I met him on a Monday and my heart stood still ... Somebody told me that his name was Bill" was inspired by Bill Walsh, a friend of Spector who happened to visit Spector while the three were writing the song.
The Crystals original version
Background
The Crystals recorded "Da Doo Ron Ron" in March 1963 at Gold Star Studios in Los Angeles. It was produced by Phil Spector in his Wall of Sound style. Jack Nitzsche was the arranger and Larry Levine the engineer. The drummer was Hal Blaine. Do |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%20transporter%208 | Zinc transporter 8 (ZNT8) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC30A8 gene. ZNT8 is a zinc transporter related to insulin secretion in humans. In particular, ZNT8 is critical for the accumulation of zinc into beta cell secretory granules and the maintenance of stored insulin as tightly packaged hexamers. Certain alleles of the SLC30A8 gene may increase the risk for developing type 2 diabetes, but a loss-of-function mutation appears to greatly reduce the risk of diabetes.
Clinical significance
Association with type 2 diabetes (T2D)
Twelve rare variants in SLC30A8 have been identified through the sequencing or genotyping of approximately 150,000 individuals from 5 different ancestry groups. SLC30A8 contains a common variant (p.Trp325Arg), which is associated with T2D risk and levels of glucose and proinsulin. Individuals carrying protein-truncating variants collectively had 65% reduced risk of T2D. Additionally, non-diabetic individuals from Iceland harboring a frameshift variant p. Lys34Serfs*50 demonstrated reduced glucose levels. Earlier functional studies of SLC30A8 suggested that reduced zinc transport increased T2D risk. Conversely, loss-of-function mutations in humans indicate that SLC30A8 haploinsufficiency protects against T2D. Therefore, ZnT8 inhibition can serve as a therapeutic strategy in preventing T2D.
See also
Solute carrier family
References
Further reading
External links
Type 2 diabetes genes mapped out, BBC News article
Solute carrier famil |
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