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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median%20thyrohyoid%20ligament | The median thyrohyoid ligament (also middle hyothyroid ligament or middle thyrohyoid ligament) is the thicker, middle part of the thyrohyoid membrane. Its lateral thinner portions are pierced by the superior laryngeal vessels and the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. Its anterior surface is in relation with the thyrohyoideus, sternohyoideus, and omohyoideus muscles, and with the body of the hyoid bone.
References
External links
- "Larynx, anterior view"
- "Larynx, lateral view"
Ligaments of the head and neck |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirna%20Therapeutics | Sirna Therapeutics, Inc. was a San Francisco, California based biotechnology company that explored the use of RNA interference in human disease therapy. Sirna's development pipeline included several small interfering RNA (siRNA) drugs, thought to stably silence the expression of specific disease-related genes. Sirna's clinical trial of an siRNA-based treatment for age-related macular degeneration was the first such trial for an siRNA drug.
Sirna Therapeutics was acquired by Merck & Co. in 2006, the cash transaction deal was worth $1.1 billion.
Headquarters and laboratory
Sirna maintained its laboratory on the northeastern edge of Boulder, Colorado. Originally the corporate headquarters were also located in Boulder. Sirna, at one point, launched a search for a new headquarters complex. It originally considered multiple cities, including Cambridge, Massachusetts and San Diego, California.
Sirna selected San Francisco due to its proximity to various scientific institutions, its workforce, and the payroll tax exemption for biotechnology companies. Sirna's move was a part of a trend of biotechnology companies moving to San Francisco, bolstered due to a campaign to attract biotechnology companies to San Francisco and tax breaks instituted by Mayor of San Francisco Gavin Newsom. Business leaders of San Francisco who hoped that the city would have a major biotechnology presence had a positive reception to the Sirna decision.
The mayor's office, the Chamber of Commerce, and the Sa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20silencing | RNA silencing or RNA interference refers to a family of gene silencing effects by which gene expression is negatively regulated by non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs. RNA silencing may also be defined as sequence-specific regulation of gene expression triggered by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). RNA silencing mechanisms are conserved among most eukaryotes. The most common and well-studied example is RNA interference (RNAi), in which endogenously expressed microRNA (miRNA) or exogenously derived small interfering RNA (siRNA) induces the degradation of complementary messenger RNA. Other classes of small RNA have been identified, including piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) and its subspecies repeat associated small interfering RNA (rasiRNA).
Background
RNA silencing describes several mechanistically related pathways which are involved in controlling and regulating gene expression. RNA silencing pathways are associated with the regulatory activity of small non-coding RNAs (approximately 20–30 nucleotides in length) that function as factors involved in inactivating homologous sequences, promoting endonuclease activity, translational arrest, and/or chromatic or DNA modification. In the context in which the phenomenon was first studied, small RNA was found to play an important role in defending plants against viruses. For example, these studies demonstrated that enzymes detect double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) not normally found in cells and digest it into small pieces that are not able to cause |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4MBS | 4MBS Classic FM is an Australian community radio station which broadcasts classical music from Brisbane at a frequency of 103.7 MHz, as well as on digital radio and online.
Operations
Its operations are conducted by about 300 volunteers and a small number of paid staff. Operational funding is principally derived from commercial sponsorship, listener subscriptions, a ticketing service, occasional sales of second-hand LPs, and an annual classical music festival.
4MBS Classic FM has a loose affiliation with a number of similar independently owned and operated stations in other parts of Australia, including 2MBS Sydney, 3MBS Melbourne, 5MBS Adelaide and ArtSound FM Canberra.
History
The station first went to air on 1 March 1979 at 10.30am from a small area rented from the Queensland University of Technology's Kelvin Grove campus with Handel's Ode for St. Cecilia's Day. In 1994 it was moved to a large house in the suburb of Coorparoo. In later years, a 70-seat performance studio was built next to the house. The transmitter is located on Mount Coot-tha.
In the early 1990s it became home to Australia's only archive of original recordings by women composers, donated by the International League of Women Composers in New York.
Key programs
4MBS broadcasts a weekly program titled Music Lover's Choice with announcer Howard Ainsworth, which previously aired since 1967 on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
In addition to its FM program of classical music, 4MBS broadcasts since |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNMT1 | DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of methyl groups to specific CpG structures in DNA, a process called DNA methylation. In humans, it is encoded by the DNMT1 gene. DNMT1 forms part of the family of DNA methyltransferase enzymes, which consists primarily of DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B.
Function
This enzyme is responsible for maintaining DNA methylation, which ensures the fidelity of this epigenetic patterns across cell divisions. In line with this role, it has a strong preference towards methylating CpGs on hemimethylated DNA. However, DNMT1 can catalyze de novo DNA methylation in specific genomic contexts, including transposable elements and paternal imprint control regions. Aberrant methylation patterns are associated with certain human tumors and developmental abnormalities.
See also
DNA methyltransferase
Interactions
DNMT1 has been shown to interact with UHRF1,:
DMAP1,
DNMT3A
DNMT3B,
HDAC2,
PCNA,
RB1. and
G9A
DNMT1 is highly transcribed during the S phase of the cell cycle when it is required for methylation of the newly generated hemimethylated sites on daughter DNA strands. Its interaction with PCNA and UHRF1 has been implicated in localizing it to the replication fork. The direct co-operation between DNMT1 and G9a coordinates DNA and H3K9 methylation during cell division. This chromatin methylation is necessary for stable repression of gene expression during mammalian development.
Model organisms
Knockout exp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRSV | PRSV may refer to:
The plant pathogenic virus Papaya ringspot virus
In thermodynamics, the Peng–Robinson–Stryjek–Vera equation of state |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Soil%20Classification | The Australian Soil Classification is the classification system currently used to describe and classify soils in Australia. It is a general-purpose, hierarchical classification system, and consists of five categorical levels from the most general to the most specific: order, suborder, great group, subgroup, and family. An interactive, online key is available. The Australian Soil Classification supersedes other classification systems previously developed for Australian soils, including the Factual Key (1960) and the Handbook of Australian Soils (1968).
The Australian Soil Classification was developed by Ray Isbell, a retired soil scientist with CSIRO, and first published in 1996. A revised first edition was published in 2002, a second edition in 2010 and a third edition in March 2021. Since Ray Isbell's death in 2001 the National Committee on Soil and Terrain has led the updates and improvements to the classification and this committee is now listed as a co-author with Ray Isbell.
Structure of the classification system
Order level
At the top, most general, level of the Australian Soil Classification, there are fifteen Soil Orders. They are: Anthroposols, Arenosols, Calcarosols, Chromosols, Dermosols, Ferrosols, Hydrosols, Kandosols, Kurosols, Organosols, Podosols, Rudosols, Sodosols, Tenosols and Vertosols. The character of many of the Soil Orders reflects the arid, strongly-weathered nature of the Australian continent.
Suborder level
For the Vertosol, Kurosol, Sodosol, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid%20dyshormonogenesis | Thyroid dyshormonogenesis is a rare condition due to genetic defects in the synthesis of thyroid hormones.
It is due to either deficiency of thyroid enzymes, inability to concentrate, or ineffective binding.
Signs and symptoms
Patients develop hypothyroidism with a goiter.
Cause
This is due to inability to produce thyroid hormones due to congenital absence of peroxidase or dehalogenase enzymes
Diagnosis
Types
One particular familial form is associated with sensorineural deafness (Pendred's syndrome).
OMIM includes the following:
Treatment
These patients respond well to levothyroxine (synthetic T4) and the goiter may decrease in size if any. They may not require surgery at any time.
References
External links
Thyroid disease
Membrane transport protein disorders
Congenital disorders of endocrine system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNP%20Crescendo%20Records | GNP Crescendo Record Co. is an independent record label founded in 1954 by Gene Norman (né Eugene Abraham Nabatoff; 1922–2015). It started as a producer of jazz, then expanded into many other genres, including comedy, rock, and Star Trek soundtracks. Currently GNP Cresendo is run by Gene Norman's son, Neil Norman.
History
After hitchhiking from New York to Los Angeles, Norman promoted concerts at the Shrine Auditorium, The Hollywood Bowl and the Pasadena Civic Center, hosted popular radio shows on KFWB and KLAC, and opened his own nightclubs, the Crescendo and The Interlude, on the Sunset Strip. The Crescendo hosted a wide swath of jazz legends and comedians, from Duke Ellington, Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday to Lenny Bruce, Mort Sahl, Don Rickles, Dick Gregory, Woody Allen and Bob Newhart. Norman often paid acts their weekly rate for a single night's engagement.
The inspiration for the label was to issue live recordings made at concerts promoted and organized by Norman, under the umbrella of "Gene Norman Presents". GNP's releases included Louis Armstrong, Dizzy Gillespie, Miles Davis, John Coltrane, Muddy Waters, Lionel Hampton, Stan Kenton, Gerry Mulligan, Frank Morgan (musician), Max Roach, Charlie Ventura and Teddy Buckner.
GNP expanded beyond jazz. In the 1960s, it recorded Billy Strange, the surf band The Challengers and the rock group The Seeds, which landed four singles in the Billboard Hot 100 chart. In the 1980s, GNP gave Robin Trower and Savoy Brown come |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Nassirian | Ali Nassirian (; born February 4, 1935) is an Iranian actor. He has received various accolades, including two Crystal Simorghs, a Hafez Award, an Iran's Film Critics and Writers Association Award and a Sepas Award. Nasirian, Mohammad Ali Keshavarz, Ezatollah Entezami, Jamshid Mashayekhi and Davoud Rashidi are known as "the five most important actors in the history of Iranian cinema" because of their influence.
Film career
He first appeared in a supporting role in Dariush Mehrjui's The Cow (1969) alongside Ezatollah Entezami, another Iranian actor. Nassirian then played the title role of Mr. Naive (1970), also by Mehrjui. His other films include: The Postman (1971), The Cycle (1974), The Mandrake (1975), Kamalolmolk (1983), Mirza Norouz's Shoes (1985), Stone Lion (1986), Captain Khorshid (1987), The Scent of Joseph's Shirt (1995), and Iron Island (2005), Masxarebaz (2019) for which he received the Crystal Simorgh award for the best supporting actor. He played the lead role in The Saturday Hunter (2011), and Sun Children (2020).
Filmography
Film
Web
Television
Sarbedaran (1983–1984)
Hezar Dastan (1987)
The Forbidden Fruit (2007–2008)
Plays
2012: The Actor and His Wife, Niavaran Cultural Center, writer and actor, direct by Mohsen Moeini Negin Mirhasani Vahed
2012: Dozing-off Niavaran Cultural Center, writer and actor, direct by Mohsen Moeini
References
Ali Nassirian's profile at IranActor.com
External links
Living people
1935 births
Male actors from Tehran
I |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant%20proportion%20debt%20obligation | A Constant proportion debt obligation (CPDO) is a type of credit derivative sold to investors looking for exposure to credit risk. A CPDO is normally embedded in a note rated by a credit rating agency. CPDOs employ dynamic leveraging in a similar (but opposite) way to Credit CPPI trades.
CPDOs are formed first by creating a SPV that issues a debt note. The SPV invests in an index of debt securities, commonly credit default swap indices such as CDX and iTraxx (in theory, this could be deal-specific, such as a bespoke portfolio of sovereign debt), similar to a CDO. The structure allows for continual adjustment of leverage such that the asset and liability spreads stay matched. In general this involves increasing leverage as when losses are taken, similar to a doubling strategy, in which one doubles one's bet at each coin toss until a win occurs.
The investment index is periodically rolled, whereby the SPV must sell protection on the new index and buy back protection on the old index. In doing so, it incurs rollover risk, in that the leaving index may by than the new index.
Initial reaction
The first CPDO deal was issued in 2006 by ABN-AMRO and was rated AAA/Aaa. Many analysts were initially skeptical of the rating assigned, partly because the CPDO note paid interest of Libor plus 200bp but also since the deal contained a majority of market risk (spread risk) rather than credit risk - an exposure not normally rated by rating agencies. A few months later, Moody's relea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluproquazone | Fluproquazone (trade name Tormosyl, RF 46-790 ) was a quinazolinone derivative with potent analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects discovered by Sandoz. It was withdrawn during development due to liver toxicity.
References
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Analgesics
Quinazolines
Lactams
Fluoroarenes
Abandoned drugs
Isopropyl compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop%20Robinson | Bishop Robinson may refer to:
Bishop Gene Robinson, bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America
Bishop L. Robinson (police commissioner) (1927–2014), police commissioner of Baltimore, Maryland |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger%20Touching%20Cell%20Phone | The Finger Touching Cell Phone was a concept cell-phone developed by Samsung and Sunman Kwon at Hong-ik University, South Korea.
Concept
The phone was designed to be worn as a wristband. The phone would project a 3 × 4 mobile-style keypad onto your fingers, with each joint making up a button. The product won an iF Concept Product Award in 2007.
References
External links
http://digital.no.msn.com/article.aspx?cp-documentid=2890839(Norwegian)
http://techdigest.tv/2007/02/turn_your_finge.html
Mobile phones
Pointing-device text input |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%20problem | A Riemann problem, named after Bernhard Riemann, is a specific initial value problem composed of a conservation equation together with piecewise constant initial data which has a single discontinuity in the domain of interest. The Riemann problem is very useful for the understanding of equations like Euler conservation equations because all properties, such as shocks and rarefaction waves, appear as characteristics in the solution. It also gives an exact solution to some complex nonlinear equations, such as the Euler equations.
In numerical analysis, Riemann problems appear in a natural way in finite volume methods for the solution of conservation law equations due to the discreteness of the grid. For that it is widely used in computational fluid dynamics and in computational magnetohydrodynamics simulations. In these fields, Riemann problems are calculated using Riemann solvers.
The Riemann problem in linearized gas dynamics
As a simple example, we investigate the properties of the one-dimensional Riemann problem
in gas dynamics
(Toro, Eleuterio F. (1999). Riemann Solvers and Numerical Methods for Fluid Dynamics, Pg 44, Example 2.5)
The initial conditions are given by
where x = 0 separates two different states, together with the linearised gas dynamic equations (see gas dynamics for derivation).
where we can assume without loss of generality .
We can now rewrite the above equations in a conservative form:
:
where
and the index denotes the partial derivativ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%20solver | A Riemann solver is a numerical method used to solve a Riemann problem. They are heavily used in computational fluid dynamics and computational magnetohydrodynamics.
Definition
Generally speaking, Riemann solvers are specific methods for computing the numerical flux across a discontinuity in the Riemann problem. They form an important part of high-resolution schemes; typically the right and left states for the Riemann problem are calculated using some form of nonlinear reconstruction, such as a flux limiter or a WENO method, and then used as the input for the Riemann solver.
Exact solvers
Sergei K. Godunov is credited with introducing the first exact Riemann solver for the Euler equations, by extending the previous CIR (Courant-Isaacson-Rees) method to non-linear systems of hyperbolic conservation laws. Modern solvers are able to simulate relativistic effects and magnetic fields.
More recent research shows that an exact series solution to the Riemann problem exists, which may converge fast enough in some cases to avoid the iterative methods required in Godunov's scheme.
Approximate solvers
As iterative solutions are too costly, especially in magnetohydrodynamics, some approximations have to be made. Some popular solvers are:
Roe solver
Philip L. Roe used the linearisation of the Jacobian, which he then solves exactly.
HLLE solver
The HLLE solver (developed by Ami Harten, Peter Lax, Bram van Leer and Einfeldt) is an approximate solution to the Riemann problem, which |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scan%20conversion | Scan conversion or scan converting rate is a video processing technique for changing the vertical / horizontal scan frequency of video signal for different purposes and applications. The device which performs this conversion is called a scan converter.
The application of scan conversion is wide and covers video projectors, cinema equipment, TV and video capture cards, standard and HDTV televisions, LCD monitors, radar displays and many different aspects of picture processing.
Mechanisms and methods
Scan conversion involves changing the picture information data rate and wrapping the new picture in appropriate synchronization signals.
There are two distinct methods for changing a picture's data rate:
Analog Methods (Non retentive, memory-less or real time method)
This conversion is done using large numbers of delay cells and is appropriate for analog video. It may also be performed using a specialized scan converter vacuum tube. In this case polar coordinates (angle and distance) data from a source such as a radar receiver, so that it can be displayed on a raster scan (TV type) display.
Digital methods (Retentive or buffered method)
In this method, a picture is stored in a line or frame buffer with n1 speed (data rate) and is read with n2 speed, several picture processing techniques are applicable when the picture is stored in buffer memory including kinds of interpolation from simple to smart high order comparisons, motion detection and … to improve the picture quality a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTCF | Transcriptional repressor CTCF also known as 11-zinc finger protein or CCCTC-binding factor is a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the CTCF gene. CTCF is involved in many cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, insulator activity, V(D)J recombination and regulation of chromatin architecture.
Discovery
CCCTC-Binding factor or CTCF was initially discovered as a negative regulator of the chicken c-myc gene. This protein was found to be binding to three regularly spaced repeats of the core sequence CCCTC and thus was named CCCTC binding factor.
Function
The primary role of CTCF is thought to be in regulating the 3D structure of chromatin. CTCF binds together strands of DNA, thus forming chromatin loops, and anchors DNA to cellular structures like the nuclear lamina. It also defines the boundaries between active and heterochromatic DNA.
Since the 3D structure of DNA influences the regulation of genes, CTCF's activity influences the expression of genes. CTCF is thought to be a primary part of the activity of insulators, sequences that block the interaction between enhancers and promoters. CTCF binding has also been both shown to promote and repress gene expression. It is unknown whether CTCF affects gene expression solely through its looping activity, or if it has some other, unknown, activity. In a recent study, it has been shown that, in addition to demarcating TADs, CTCF mediates promoter–enhancer loops, often located in promoter-proximal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%E2%80%93DNA%20interaction%20site%20predictor | Structural and physical properties of DNA provide important constraints on the binding sites formed on surfaces of DNA-binding proteins. Characteristics of such binding sites may be used for predicting DNA-binding sites from the structural and even sequence properties of unbound proteins. This approach has been successfully implemented for predicting the protein–protein interface. Here, this approach is adopted for predicting DNA-binding sites in DNA-binding proteins. First attempt to use sequence and evolutionary features to predict DNA-binding sites in proteins was made by Ahmad et al. (2004) and Ahmad and Sarai (2005). Some methods use structural information to predict DNA-binding sites and therefore require a three-dimensional structure of the protein, while others use only sequence information and do not require protein structure in order to make a prediction.
Web servers
Structure- and sequence-based prediction of DNA-binding sites in DNA-binding proteins can be performed on several web servers listed below.
DISIS predicts DNA binding sites directly from the amino acid sequence and hence is applicable for all known proteins. It is based on the chemical-physical properties of the residue and its environment, predicted structural features and evolutionary data. It uses machine learning algorithms.
DISIS2 receives the raw amino acid sequence and generates all features from it, such as secondary structure, solvent accessibility, disorder, b-value, protein-protein interact |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARC%20Macro%20Language | The ARC Macro Language (AML) is a proprietary high-level algorithmic language for generating applications in ArcInfo. It was designed by ESRI in 1986 specifically for their command line-driven ARC/INFO geographical information system. AML's syntax was based on CPL (the shell language of the PRIMOS operating system) because the majority of ARC/INFO installations at that time ran on Prime computers. The macro language features include the ability to create onscreen menus, use and assign variables, control statement execution, and get and use map or page unit coordinates.
Although the language is still supported by ESRI in modern ArcInfo Workstation environments, the language has been superseded by the geoprocessing framework, which is part of the ArcGIS suite and allows programming access using ArcObjects through VBA or Python.
References
ESRI, 1995. ARC Macro Language, ESRI Press, 828 p.
External links
User submitted AML scripts at ESRI ArcScripts
Esri software
GIS software
Macro programming languages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20%28video%20game%29 | Fluid (known in Japan as Depth) is a music video game developed by Opus and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation. The game's concept is an interactive sound lab which allows the player to create dance and electronic music. The player uses a dolphin character in 'Cruise Stage' to collect samples for mixing in the 'Groove Editor'.
Levels
The player goes through many stages in order to unlock more sounds, some of which including "Abyss Lair" and "Jungle Reef". Levels can be replayed and selected from the Silent Space, which contains twelve geometric shapes representing the levels "passed". The player starts in the first stage "Peace" and continues through to "Abyss", and ten other levels. Each level contains its own sound set, which can be imported into other levels on completion of the level.
Gameplay
The "Groove Editor" allows for in depth manipulation of samples collected. Several tracks can be mixed at once, controlling speed, pitch, frequency and modulation with a series of coloured crystals. Mixes can be saved to memory card, and then played during levels. Controlling the dolphin allowed the player to add improvisations during the playback sessions, frequency being mapped to the up/ down controls, and modulation to left/ right.
External links
1996 video games
Music video games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation (console)-only games
Sony Interactive Entertainment games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games set underwater
Single-player v |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife%20of%20India | India is home to a large variety of wildlife. It is a biodiversity hotspot with various ecosystems ranging from the Himalayas in the north to the evergreen rain forests in the south, the sands of the west to the marshy mangroves of the east. India lies within the Indomalayan realm and is the home to about 7.6% of mammal, 14.7% of amphibian, 6% of bird, 6.2% of reptilian, and 6.2% of flowering plant species. India's forests contain about 500 species of mammals and more than 1300 bird species.
India is one of the most biodiverse regions of the world and include three of the world's 36 biodiversity hotspots – the Western Ghats, the Eastern Himalayas, and the Indo-Burma hotspot. It is one of the 17 megadiverse countries. The country has 12 biosphere reserves and 75 Ramsar sites.
In response to decrease in the numbers of wild animals, human encroachment and poaching activities, the Government of India established a system of national parks and protected areas in 1935, which subsequently expanded. In 1972, India enacted the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 and Project Tiger to safeguard crucial habitat. Further federal protections were promulgated in the 1980s.
India has about 2,714 endemic lichen species. In 2020, the Lichen Park in India was developed by the Uttarakhand Forest Department in Munsiyari.
Geographic origins
Many Indian species are descendants of species originating in Gondwana, of which India originally was a part. Peninsular India's subsequent movement towards, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial%20statistics | Spatial statistics is a field of applied statistics dealing with spatial data.
It involves stochastic processes (random fields, point processes), sampling, smoothing and interpolation, regional (areal unit) and lattice (gridded) data, point patterns, as well as image analysis and stereology.
See also
Geostatistics
Modifiable areal unit problem
Spatial analysis
Spatial econometrics
Statistical geography
Spatial epidemiology
Spatial network
Statistical shape analysis
References
Applied statistics
Statistics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arif%20Zaman | Arif Zaman is a Pakistani mathematician, academic scientist, and a retired professor of Statistics and Mathematics from Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore, Pakistan. Before joining LUMS in 1994, he also served in the Statistics Department at Purdue University and at Florida State University.
Zaman attended Harvey Mudd College, where he completed his B.S. in Mathematics in 1976. He received an M.A. in Applied Mathematics in 1977 at the Claremont Graduate School, and his PhD in Statistics at Stanford University in 1981. In his doctoral thesis, he studied de Finetti's theorem and its possible turn out in Markov chain. His dissertation was supervised by Persi Diaconis.
Works
Arif Zaman (1984), "An Approximation Theorem for Finite Markov Exchangeability", Annals of Applied Probability, volume 4, page 223–229.
"Random Binary Matrices in Bio-ecological Ecology - Instituting a Good Neighbor Policy", Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 9, No. 4, 405–421, 2002, (with D. Simberloff).
References
External links
20th-century Pakistani mathematicians
21st-century Pakistani mathematicians
Claremont Graduate University alumni
Florida State University faculty
Harvey Mudd College alumni
Academic staff of Lahore University of Management Sciences
Living people
Pakistani statisticians
Purdue University faculty
Stanford University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20MC1 | British NVC community MC1 (Crithmum maritimum - Spergularia rupicola maritime rock-crevice community) is one of the maritime cliff communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of five communities categorised as maritime cliff crevice and ledge communities.
This community is found locally in coastal areas of western and southern Britain . There are three subcommunities.
Community composition
Four constant species are found in this community:
Rock Samphire (Crithmum maritimum)
Greater Sea-spurrey (Spergularia rupicola)
Red Fescue (Festuca rubra)
Thrift (Armeria maritima)
At least two rare species are associated with this community, Curved Hard-grass (Parapholis incurva), and the Rock Sea-lavender (Limonium recurvum). Other members of the Limonium binervosum complex may also occur.
Distribution
This community is found in coastal areas on the west coast of Britain, with the greatest concentrations on the western coasts of Wales, and in Devon and Cornwall. Outlying stands exist on the English south coast in Dorset and Kent, and in southwest Scotland.
Subcommunities
There are three subcommunities:
the so-called typical subcommunity
the Inula crithmoides subcommunity
the Rayed Aster tripolium subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (2000) British Plant Communities Volume 5 - Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats (hardback), (paperback)
MC01 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20MC2 | British NVC community MC2 (Armeria maritima - Ligusticum scoticum maritime rock-crevice community) is one of the maritime cliff communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of five communities categorised as maritime cliff crevice and ledge communities.
This community is confined to Scotland. There are no subcommunities.
Community composition
Four constant species is found in this community:
Thrift (Armeria maritima)
Red Fescue (Festuca rubra)
Scots Lovage (Ligusticum scoticum)
Seaside Grimmia (Schistidium maritimum)
No rare species are associated with this community.
Distribution
This community is found primarily on the western and northern coasts of Scotland, with a few outlying stands present on the east coast.
References
Rodwell, J. S. (2000) British Plant Communities Volume 5 - Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats (hardback), (paperback)
MC02 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhyankar%E2%80%93Moh%20theorem | In mathematics, the Abhyankar–Moh theorem states that if is a complex line in the complex affine plane , then every embedding of into extends to an automorphism of the plane. It is named after Shreeram Shankar Abhyankar and Tzuong-Tsieng Moh, who published it in 1975. More generally, the same theorem applies to lines and planes over any algebraically closed field of characteristic zero, and to certain well-behaved subsets of higher-dimensional complex affine spaces.
References
.
Theorems in algebraic geometry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-penetrating%20peptide | Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short peptides that facilitate cellular intake and uptake of molecules ranging from nanosize particles to small chemical compounds to large fragments of DNA. The "cargo" is associated with the peptides either through chemical linkage via covalent bonds or through non-covalent interactions.
CPPs deliver the cargo into cells, commonly through endocytosis, for use in research and medicine. Current use is limited by a lack of cell specificity in CPP-mediated cargo delivery and insufficient understanding of the modes of their uptake. Other delivery mechanisms that have been developed include CellSqueeze and electroporation.
CPPs typically have an amino acid composition that either contains a high relative abundance of positively charged amino acids such as lysine or arginine or has sequences that contain an alternating pattern of polar, charged amino acids and non-polar, hydrophobic amino acids. These two types of structures are referred to as polycationic or amphipathic, respectively. A third class of CPPs are the hydrophobic peptides, containing only apolar residues with low net charge
or hydrophobic amino acid groups that are crucial for cellular uptake.
Transactivating transcriptional activator (TAT), from human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), was the first CPP discovered. In 1988, two laboratories independently found that TAT could be efficiently taken up from the surrounding media by numerous cell types in culture. Since then, the nu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinocandin | Echinocandins are a class of antifungal drugs that inhibit the synthesis of β-glucan in the fungal cell wall via noncompetitive inhibition of the enzyme 1,3-β glucan synthase. The class has been termed the "penicillin of antifungals," along with the related papulacandins, as their mechanism of action resembles that of penicillin in bacteria. β-glucans are carbohydrate polymers that are cross-linked with other fungal cell wall components, the fungal equivalent to bacterial peptidoglycan. Caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin are semisynthetic echinocandin derivatives with limited clinical use due to their solubility, antifungal spectrum, and pharmacokinetic properties.
Medical uses
Drugs and drug candidates in this class are fungicidal against some yeasts (most species of Candida, but not Cryptococcus, Trichosporon, and Rhodotorula). Echinocandins also have displayed activity against Candida biofilms, especially in synergistic activity with amphotericin B and additive activity with fluconazole. Echinocandins are fungistatic against some molds (Aspergillus, but not Fusarium and Rhizopus), and modestly or minimally active against dimorphic fungi (Blastomyces and Histoplasma). They have some activity against the spores of the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii, formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii. Caspofungin is used in the treatment of febrile neutropenia and as "salvage" therapy for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Micafungin is used as prophylaxis against Candida |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell%20Boeing%20Quad%20TiltRotor | The Bell Boeing Quad TiltRotor (QTR) is a proposed four-rotor derivative of the Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey developed jointly by Bell Helicopter and Boeing. The concept is a contender in the U.S. Army's Joint Heavy Lift program (a part of Future Vertical Lift program). It would have a cargo capacity roughly equivalent to the C-130 Hercules, cruise at 250 knots, and land at unimproved sites vertically like a helicopter.
Development
Background
Bell developed its model D-322 as a quad tiltrotor concept in 1979. The Bell Boeing team disclosed a Quad TiltRotor design in 1999 which the companies had been investigating during the previous two years. The design was for a C-130-size V/STOL transport for the US Army's Future Transport Rotorcraft program and would have 50% commonality with the V-22. This design was to have a maximum takeoff weight of with a payload of up to in a hover. The design was downsized to be more V-22-based and to have a payload of . This version was referred to as "V-44". Bell received contracts to study related technologies in 2000. Development was not pursued by the US Department of Defense.
From 2000 to 2006, studies of the aerodynamics and performance of a Quad Tilt Rotor were conducted at the University of Maryland, College Park. This effort was initially funded by NASA/AFDD and subsequently by Bell. An experimental investigation in helicopter mode with ground effect found that it was possible to reduce the download on the aircraft from 10% of the t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemesthesis | Chemesthesis is the chemical sensitivity of the skin and mucous membranes. Chemesthetic sensations arise when chemical compounds activate receptors associated with other senses that mediate pain, touch, and thermal perception. These chemical-induced reactions do not fit into the traditional sense categories of taste and smell.
Examples of chemesthetic sensations include the burn-like irritation from capsaicin and related compounds in foods like chili peppers; the coolness of menthol in mouthwashes and topical analgesic creams; the stinging or tingling of carbonated beverages in the nose and mouth; the tear-induction of cut onions; and the pungent, cough-inducing sensation in the back of the throat elicited by the oleocanthal in high-quality extra virgin olive oil. Some of these sensations may be referred to as spiciness, pungency, or piquancy.
Chemesthetic sensations sometimes arise by direct chemical activation of ion channels on sensory nerve fibers, for example of transient receptor potential channels including those of the TRPV, TRPA or TRPM subtypes. Alternatively, irritant chemicals may activate cells of the epithelium to release substances that indirectly activate the nerve fibers. The respiratory passages, including the nose and trachea, possess specialized cells called solitary chemosensory cells which release acetylcholine or other activators to excite nearby nerve fibers.
Because chemoresponsive nerve fibers are present in all types of skin, chemesthetic sen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Y-DNA%20single-nucleotide%20polymorphisms |
See also
Single-nucleotide polymorphism
Unique-event polymorphism
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
List of Y-STR markers
External links
Sequence information for 218 M series markers published by 2001
ISOGG Y-DNA SNP Index - 2007
Karafet et al. (2008) Supplemental Research Data
DNA
Y DNA
Human evolution
Human population genetics
Genetic genealogy
Phylogenetics
Bioinformatics
Evolutionary biology
Molecular genetics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexamethyltungsten | Hexamethyltungsten is the chemical compound W(CH3)6 also written WMe6. Classified as a transition metal alkyl complex, hexamethyltungsten is an air-sensitive, red, crystalline solid at room temperature; however, it is extremely volatile and sublimes at −30 °C. Owing to its six methyl groups it is extremely soluble in petroleum, aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers, carbon disulfide, and carbon tetrachloride.
Synthesis
Hexamethyltungsten was first reported in 1973 by Wilkinson and Shortland, who described its preparation by the reaction of methyllithium with tungsten hexachloride in diethyl ether. The synthesis was motivated in part by previous work which indicated that tetrahedral methyl transition metal compounds are thermally unstable, in the hopes that an octahedral methyl compound would prove to be more robust. In 1976, Wilkinson and Galyer disclosed an improved synthesis using trimethylaluminium in conjunction with trimethylamine, instead of methyllithium. The stoichiometry of the improved synthesis is as follows:
WCl6 + 6 Al(CH3)3 → W(CH3)6 + 6 Al(CH3)2Cl
Alternatively, the alkylation can employ dimethylzinc:
WX6 + 3 Zn(CH3)2 → W(CH3)6 + 3 ZnX2 (X = F, Cl)
Molecular geometry
W(CH3)6 adopts a distorted trigonal prismatic geometry with C3v symmetry for the WC6 framework and C3 symmetry including the hydrogen atoms. The structure (excluding the hydrogen atoms) can be thought of as consisting of a central atom, capped on either side by two eclipsing sets of three carbon |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propallylonal | Propallylonal (trade names Nostal, Quietal, Ibomal) is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1920s. It has sedative, hypnotic and anticonvulsant properties, and is still rarely prescribed as a sleeping medication in some Eastern-European countries.
References
Barbiturates
Organobromides
Alkene derivatives
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reposal | Reposal is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1960s in Denmark. It has sedative, hypnotic and anticonvulsant properties, and was used primarily for the treatment of insomnia.
References
Barbiturates
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Gay%20Newspaper%20Guild | The National Gay Newspaper Guild is an organization of LGBT newspapers located in the United States.
Through Rivendell Media, the guild gathers statistics on the readership of the member publications.
Member publications
Bay Area Reporter
Bay Windows
Between the Lines
Dallas Voice
Frontiers
Philadelphia Gay News
San Francisco Sentinel
Washington Blade
Windy City Times
References
National Gay Newspaper Guild |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo%2051 | Photo 51 is an X-ray based fiber diffraction image of a paracrystalline gel composed of DNA fiber taken by Raymond Gosling, a graduate student working under the supervision of Rosalind Franklin in May 1952 at King's College London, while working in Sir John Randall's group. The image was tagged "photo 51" because it was the 51st diffraction photograph that Franklin had taken. It was critical evidence in identifying the structure of DNA.
Use in discovering structure of DNA
According to Raymond Gosling's later account, although photo 51 was an exceptionally clear diffraction pattern of the "B" form of DNA, Franklin was more interested in solving the diffraction pattern of the "A" form of DNA, so she put Gosling's photo 51 to the side. When it had been decided that Franklin would leave King's College, Gosling showed the photograph to Maurice Wilkins (who would become Gosling's advisor after Franklin left).
A few days later, Wilkins showed the photo to James Watson after Gosling had returned to working under Wilkins' supervision. Rosalind Franklin did not know this at the time because she was leaving King's College London. Randall, the head of the group, had asked Gosling to share all his data with Wilkins. Watson recognized the pattern as a helix because his co-worker Francis Crick had previously published a paper of what the diffraction pattern of a helix would be. Watson and Crick used characteristics and features of Photo 51, together with evidence from multiple other sour |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liouville%27s%20theorem%20%28differential%20algebra%29 | In mathematics, Liouville's theorem, originally formulated by Joseph Liouville in 1833 to 1841, places an important restriction on antiderivatives that can be expressed as elementary functions.
The antiderivatives of certain elementary functions cannot themselves be expressed as elementary functions. These are called nonelementary antiderivatives. A standard example of such a function is whose antiderivative is (with a multiplier of a constant) the error function, familiar from statistics. Other examples include the functions and
Liouville's theorem states that elementary antiderivatives, if they exist, are in the same differential field as the function, plus possibly a finite number of applications of the logarithm function.
Definitions
For any differential field the of is the subfield
Given two differential fields and is called a of if is a simple transcendental extension of (that is, for some transcendental ) such that
This has the form of a logarithmic derivative. Intuitively, one may think of as the logarithm of some element of in which case, this condition is analogous to the ordinary chain rule. However, is not necessarily equipped with a unique logarithm; one might adjoin many "logarithm-like" extensions to Similarly, an is a simple transcendental extension that satisfies
With the above caveat in mind, this element may be thought of as an exponential of an element of Finally, is called an of if there is a finite chain of subfields |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor%20Industry%20Association | The Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) is a trade association and lobbying group founded in 1977 that represents the United States semiconductor industry. It is located in Washington, D.C.
One of the main achievements of the SIA was the creation of the first National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, in the early 1990s.
About
The Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) positions itself as the voice of the U.S. semiconductor industry. This is one of America's top export industries and a driver of American economic strength, national security and global competitiveness. Founded in 1977 by five microelectronics pioneers Wilfred Corrigan of Fairchild Semiconductor, Robert Noyce of Intel Corporation, Jerry Sanders of Advanced Micro Devices, Charles Sporck of National Semiconductor Corporation and John Welty of Motorola, SIA unites companies that account for 80 percent of America’s semiconductor production. Through this coalition, SIA seeks to strengthen US leadership of semiconductor design and manufacturing by working with Congress, the Administration and other key industry stakeholders to encourage policies and regulations that fuel innovation, propel business and drive international competition.
Goals
The SIA maintains that a robust semiconductor industry is the only way to ensure that America remains the global technology leader, and works towards this goal through outreach to members of Congress, their staff, executive branch officials, foreign governments, me |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCP-1%20cells | BCP-1 cells are a clonal lymphoma cell line. They were derived from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of an HIV seronegative patient with a body cavity based primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). BCP-1 cells are positive for KSHV, but negative for EBV. The cell line is used extensively for KSHV serologic assays and epidemiologic studies as well as other KSHV laboratory studies such as KSHV reactivation from latency with TPA or ectopic expression of KSHV ORF 50. BCP-1 has been deposited to ATCC by the creators for public use in research: https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090610/http://www.atcc.org/common/catalog/numSearch/numResults.cfm?atccNum=CRL-2294.
References and notes
External links
Cellosaurus entry for BCP-1
Virology
Human cell lines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium%20fairchildi | Plasmodium fairchildi is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium.
Like all Plasmodium species it has vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts are reptiles. The insect vector is not known.
Description
This species was described by Telford in 1989.
Geographic occurrence
This species has been described in the Caribbean island of Hispaniola.
Clinical features and host pathology
The only known host is the lizard Anolis cupreus.
Note
Two subspecies were recognised Plasmodium fairchildi fairchildi and Plasmodium fairchildi hispaniolae but the latter has been elevated to species level as Plasmodium hispaniolae.
References
Further reading
fairchildi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luton/Dunstable%20urban%20area | The Luton/Dunstable Urban Area, according to the Office for National Statistics, is the conurbation (continuous built up area) including the settlements of Luton, Dunstable and Houghton Regis, in Bedfordshire, East of England.
Despite straddling district boundaries the conurbation shares many facilities including an integrated bus service and the large Luton and Dunstable University Hospital. The conurbation is located in the southern part of the ceremonial county of Bedfordshire, England, and includes the unitary authority of Luton, and part of Central Bedfordshire. The current population (2021 census) is 286,803. This is an increase of 9% from the 2011 population of 258,018.
Future growth
The area is expected to grow due to development within and physical expansion of the three towns and large re-development of Luton, including redevelopment of the former Vauxhall Motors factory complex.
The Luton & Dunstable Urban area is considered part of the Milton Keynes and South Midlands Sub Region, part of the East of England. the East of England Regional Spatial Strategy has outlined the identified the urban area for growth, as part of the Sustainable Communities Plan. It is also considered part of the London Commuter Belt.
References
External links
Luton Population
Geography of Bedfordshire
Luton
Urban areas of England |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoNTub | CoNTub is a software project written in Java which runs on Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and Unix Operating systems through any Java-enabled web browser. It is the first implementation of an algorithm for generating 3D structures of arbitrary carbon nanotube connections by means of the placement of non-hexagonal (pentagonal or heptagonal) rings, also referred as defects or disclinations.
The software is a set of tools dedicated to the construction of complex carbon nanotube structures for use in computational chemistry. CoNTub 1.0[1] was the first implementation for building these complex structures and included nanotube heterojunctions, while CoNTub 2.0[2] is mainly devoted to three-nanotube junctions. Its aim is to help in the design and research about new nanotube-based devices. CoNTub is based on the strip algebra, and is able to find the unique structure for connecting two specific and arbitrary carbon nanotubes and many of the possible three-tube junctions.
CoNTub generates the geometry of various types of nanotube junctions, i.e., nanotube heterojunctions and three-nanotube junctions, including also single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs).
Although the current version of CoNTub is v2.0, this version does not supersedes v1.0, as v2.0 is dedicated currently to only three-nanotube junctions, although the incorporation of v1.0 functionality into v.2.0 is planned. Nanotube heterojunctions can be generated only with v1.0.
CoNTub v1.0 is organized i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule%20nucleation | In cell biology, microtubule nucleation is the event that initiates de novo formation of microtubules (MTs). These filaments of the cytoskeleton typically form through polymerization of α- and β-tubulin dimers, the basic building blocks of the microtubule, which initially interact to nucleate a seed from which the filament elongates.
Microtubule nucleation occurs spontaneously in vitro, with solutions of purified tubulin giving rise to full-length polymers. The tubulin dimers that make up the polymers have an intrinsic capacity to self-aggregate and assemble into cylindrical tubes, provided there is an adequate supply of GTP. The kinetics barriers of such a process, however, mean that the rate at which microtubules spontaneously nucleate is relatively low.
Role of γ-tubulin and the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC)
In vivo, cells get around this kinetic barrier by using various proteins to aid microtubule nucleation. The primary pathway by which microtubule nucleation is assisted requires the action of a third type of tubulin, γ-tubulin, which is distinct from the α and β subunits that compose the microtubules themselves. The γ-tubulin combines with several other associated proteins to form a conical structure known as the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC). This complex, with its 13-fold symmetry, acts as a scaffold or template for α/β tubulin dimers during the nucleation process—speeding up the assembly of the ring of 13 protofilaments that make up the growing microtubule. Th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20lipid | Membrane lipids are a group of compounds (structurally similar to fats and oils) which form the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The three major classes of membrane lipids are phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol. Lipids are amphiphilic: they have one end that is soluble in water ('polar') and an ending that is soluble in fat ('nonpolar'). By forming a double layer with the polar ends pointing outwards and the nonpolar ends pointing inwards membrane lipids can form a 'lipid bilayer' which keeps the watery interior of the cell separate from the watery exterior. The arrangements of lipids and various proteins, acting as receptors and channel pores in the membrane, control the entry and exit of other molecules and ions as part of the cell's metabolism. In order to perform physiological functions, membrane proteins are facilitated to rotate and diffuse laterally in two dimensional expanse of lipid bilayer by the presence of a shell of lipids closely attached to protein surface, called annular lipid shell.
Biological roles
The bilayer formed by membrane lipids serves as a containment unit of a living cell. Membrane lipids also form a matrix in which membrane proteins reside. Historically lipids were thought to merely serve a structural role. Functional roles of lipids are in fact many: They serve as regulatory agents in cell growth and adhesion. They participate in the biosynthesis of other biomolecules. They can serve to increase enzymatic activities of enzymes.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylethanolamine | Phosphorylethanolamine or phosphoethanolamine is an ethanolamine derivative that is used to construct two different categories of phospholipids. One category termed a glycerophospholipid and the other a sphingomyelin, or more specifically within the sphingomyelin class, a sphingophospholipid. Phosphorylethanolamine is a polyprotic acid with two pKa values at 5.61 and 10.39.
Phosphorylethanolamine has been falsely promoted as a cancer treatment.
Effectiveness
As a potential drug, phosphorylethanolamine has undergone human clinical trials. These were halted when no evidence of benefit was found.
Edzard Ernst has called Phosphorylethanolamine "the most peculiar case of Brazilian quackery".
Legality
There has been ongoing controversy and litigation in Brazil with regard to its use as a cancer treatment without approval by the National Health Surveillance Agency. For years, Gilberto Chierice, a Chemistry Professor at the São Carlos campus of the University of São Paulo, used resources from a campus laboratory to unofficially manufacture, distribute, and promote the drug to cancer patients without it having gone through clinical testing. In September 2015, university administrators began preventing the Professor from continuing with this practice. In October 2015, several courts in Brazil ruled in favor of plaintiffs who wanted the right to try the compound. However, a state court overturned the lower courts' decision a month later. Jailson Bittencourt de Andrade, secretary for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SVAR | SVAR may refer to:
Vector autoregression#Structural vs. reduced form
National Archives of Sweden |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNX1 | Sorting nexin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNX1 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a sorting nexin. SNX1 is a component of the retromer complex.
Function
This gene encodes a member of the sorting nexin family. Members of this family contain a phox (PX) domain, which is a phosphoinositide binding domain, and are involved in intracellular trafficking. This endosomal protein regulates the cell-surface expression of epidermal growth factor receptor. This protein also has a role in sorting protease-activated receptor-1 from early endosomes to lysosomes. This protein may form oligomeric complexes with other family members.
References
Further reading
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QPPB | The QoS Policy Propagation via BGP, often abbreviated to QPPB, is a mechanism that allows propagation of quality of service (QoS) policy and classification by the sending party based on access lists, community lists, and autonomous system paths in the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), thus helping to classify based on destination instead of source address.
See also
Computer network
Traffic engineering (telecommunications)
External links
ASR9000/XR: Implementing QOS policy propagation for BGP (QPPB)
Internet architecture |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acyl-CoA | Acyl-CoA is a group of coenzymes that metabolize fatty acids. Acyl-CoA's are susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP, the universal biochemical energy carrier.
Functions
Fatty acid activation
Fats are broken down by conversion to acyl-CoA. This conversion is one response to high energy demands such as exercise.
The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase. Fatty acids are converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase"
acyl-P + HS-CoA → acyl-S-CoA + Pi + H+
Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. For example, the substrates for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase are 4-11 carbon fatty acids. The enzyme acyl-CoA thioesterase takes of the acyl-CoA to form a free fatty acid and coenzyme A.
Beta Oxidation of Acyl-CoA
The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria. After formation in the cytosol, acyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of acyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts acyl-CoA into acylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, acylcarnitine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirtbox | Dirtbox may refer to:
Dirtbox (cell phone), a cell site simulator that mimics a cell phone tower, used by security agencies to collect information about phones
One of several aliases of Ewan Pearson, an English electronic music producer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformed%20wing%20virus | Deformed wing virus (DWV) is an RNA virus, one of 22 known viruses affecting honey bees. While most commonly infecting the honey bee, Apis mellifera, it has also been documented in other bee species, like Bombus terrestris, thus, indicating it may have a wider host specificity than previously anticipated. The virus was first isolated from a sample of symptomatic honeybees from Japan in the early 1980s and is currently distributed worldwide. It is found also in pollen baskets and commercially reared bumblebees. Its main vector in A. mellifera is the Varroa mite. It is named after what is usually the most obvious deformity it induces in the development of a honeybee pupa, which is shrunken and deformed wings, but other developmental deformities are often present.
Genomics
The viral genome was published in 2006. The genome is 10140 nucleotides in length excluding the poly(A) tail and contains a single large open reading frame encoding a 328-kilo Dalton (kDA) polyprotein. 5' of the central coding sequence is a 1144-nucleotide nontranslated leader sequence (UTR). 3' coding sequence is a 317-nucleotide nontranslated region which is followed by a poly(A) tail.
The genome is 29.5% adenosine, 15.8% cytosine, 22.4% guanine and 32.3% uracil. Analysis of codon use found 39.5% uracil and 26.8% adenosine in the third base position. There are three major structural proteins – VP1 (44 kDa), VP2 (32 kDa), and VP3 (28 kDa). These lie in the N-terminal section of the polyprotein. The C-termin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotensin%20receptor | Neurotensin receptors are transmembrane receptors that bind the neurotransmitter neurotensin. Two of the receptors encoded by the and genes contain seven transmembrane helices and are G protein coupled. Numerous crystal structures have been reported for the neurotensin receptor 1 (NTS1). The third receptor has a single transmembrane domain and is encoded by the gene.
Ligands
Agonists
Peptide
Beta-lactotensin (NTS2)
JMV-449
Neurotensin
Neuromedin N (NTS1 selective)
PD-149,163 (NTS1 selective, reduced amide bond 8-13 fragment of neurotensin)
Non-peptide
NTS1 full agonist SRI-9829
Partial agonists derived from SR-48692
Antagonists
Levocabastine (NTS2 selective, also H1 histamine antagonist)
SR-48692 (NTS1 selective)
SR-142948 (unselective, CAS# 184162-64-9)
Biophysical Investigation
Unusually for GPCRs, NTS1 can be expressed in an active form in the bacteria E. coli. It can be purified and analysed in vitro and has been analysed by a number of biophysical techniques such as surface plasmon resonance, FRET and cryo-electron microscopy.
Furthermore, high-resolution crystal structures of NTS1 have been determined in complex with the peptide full agonist NT8-13, the non-peptide full agonist SRI-9829, the partial agonist RTI-3a, and the antagonists / inverse agonists SR-48692 and SR-142948, as well as in the ligand-free apo state
References
External links
G protein-coupled receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galanin%20receptor | The galanin receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor, or metabotropic receptor which binds galanin.
Galanin receptors can be found throughout the peripheral and central nervous systems and the endocrine system. So far three subtypes are known to exist: GAL-R1, GAL-R2, and GAL-R3. The specific function of each subtype remains to be fully elucidated, although as of 2009 great progress is currently being made in this respect with the generation of receptor subtype-specific knockout mice, and the first selective ligands for galanin receptor subtypes. Selective galanin agonists are anticonvulsant, while antagonists produce antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in animals, so either agonist or antagonist ligands for the galanin receptors may be potentially therapeutic compounds in humans.
Ligands
Agonists
Non-selective
Galanin
Galanin 1-15 fragment
Galanin-like peptide - agonist at GAL1 and GAL2 but not GAL3
Galmic
Galnon
NAX 5055
D-Gal(7-Ahp)-B2
GAL1 selective
M617
GAL1/2 selective
M1154 - has no GalR3 interaction
GAL2 selective
Galanin 2-11 amide - also called AR-M 1896, anticonvulsant in mice, CAS# 367518-31-8
M1145 - selective compared to both GalR1 and GalR3
M1153 - selective compared to both GalR1 and GalR3
CYM 2503 (positive allosteric modulator)
Antagonists
Non-selective
M35 peptide
GAL1 selective
SCH-202,596
GAL2 selective
M871 peptide
GAL3 selective
SNAP-37889
SNAP-398,299
References
External links
G protein-coupled receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing%20hormone%20receptor | Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors (CRHRs), also known as corticotropin-releasing factor receptors (CRFRs) are a G protein-coupled receptor family that binds corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). There are two receptors in the family, designated as type 1 and 2, each encoded by a separate gene ( and respectively).
Function
CRHRs are important mediators in the stress response. Cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland known as corticotropes express the receptors and will secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) when stimulated. This binding of corticotropin releasing-hormone (CRH) activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, one of the two parts of the fight-or-flight response to stress. CRHRs are also present in other brain areas such as the amygdala, locus coeruleus and hippocampus. Within the hippocampus, the CRHR1s are most abundant, residing mainly on the pyramidal cells of CA1 and CA3. Chronic activation of CRHR1s by CRH induced by early life stress has been shown to underlie memory deficits and learning impairments and anxiety in adulthood.
References
External links
Corticotropin-releasing hormone |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakagami%20distribution | The Nakagami distribution or the Nakagami-m distribution is a probability distribution related to the gamma distribution. The family of Nakagami distributions has two parameters: a shape parameter and a second parameter controlling spread .
Characterization
Its probability density function (pdf) is
where
Its cumulative distribution function is
where P is the regularized (lower) incomplete gamma function.
Parametrization
The parameters and are
and
Parameter estimation
An alternative way of fitting the distribution is to re-parametrize and m as σ = Ω/m and m.
Given independent observations from the Nakagami distribution, the likelihood function is
Its logarithm is
Therefore
These derivatives vanish only when
and the value of m for which the derivative with respect to m vanishes is found by numerical methods including the Newton–Raphson method.
It can be shown that at the critical point a global maximum is attained, so the critical point is the maximum-likelihood estimate of (m,σ). Because of the equivariance of maximum-likelihood estimation, one then obtains the MLE for Ω as well.
Generation
The Nakagami distribution is related to the gamma distribution.
In particular, given a random variable , it is possible to obtain a random variable , by setting , , and taking the square root of :
Alternatively, the Nakagami distribution can be generated from the chi distribution with parameter set to and then following it by a scaling transformation of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galp | Galp may refer to:
Galp Energia, an oil and gas company from Portugal
GalP (protein), an integral membrane protein present in Escherichia Coli
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Galanin-like peptide, a neuropeptide |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef%20Meixner | Josef Meixner (24 April 1908 – 19 March 1994) was a German theoretical physicist, known for his work on the physics of deformable bodies, thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, Meixner polynomials, Meixner–Pollaczek polynomials, and spheroidal wave functions.
Education
Meixner began his studies in theoretical physics with Arnold Sommerfeld at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in 1926. He was awarded his doctorate in 1931, with the submission of a thesis on the application of the Green function in quantum mechanics.
Career
Meixner taught at a high school for a few years. He was an assistant at the Institute of Theoretical Physics in Munchen until 1934. He worked with Salomon Bochner to determine that the Hermite polynomials were the only orthogonal polynomials with generating functions of the form .
Meixner later wrote in his personal memoirs about his close friend, an Austrian Jew who came to Munich in 1929 and left for Princeton in 1933:
Bochner foresaw the coming political development very clearly, and I recall when we, surely at the end of 1932, stood before a bulletin board of the Voelkischer Beobachter and he said: ‘Now it is almost time that I must depart’. When I [at age 24] replied that then I would also like to leave, he replied: You remain here; nothing will happen to you and for us there are too few places in the world.
Meixner loosened the condition on the generating function and determined that was satisfied by five classes of polynomials, kno |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco%20%28robot%29 | Coco is the latest platform at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Humanoid Robotics Group, and a successor to Cog. Unlike previous platforms, Coco is built along more ape-like lines, rather than human. Coco is also notable for being mobile. Although there is ongoing research on the robot, the group has many robots dealing with human interactions. The Humanoid Robotics Group has planned to add more useful functions in the future, but have not set an exact date for such project.
Humanoid Robotics Group Mission
The mission of the Humanoid Robotics Group is to create a robot that can interact with humans and objects without being dependent on a caretaker. Coco should be able to investigate environments and be able to discover important outlooks of the world. Using multiple sensors, Coco should be conducive to human interaction. Interactions with humans include:
reacting to others' emotions
showing empathy
non-aggressive social behavior
independence
Physical
All the following dimensions of Coco are in millimeters:
length of the head is 165
width of the head is 140
from left shoulder Y-axis to right shoulder Y-axis is 252
from shoulder Y-axis to shoulder X-axis is 58
from hip to hip is 269
from hip to shoulder 292
forearm is 156
upper arm is 154
upper leg is 65
lower leg is 45
Coco's appearance is ape-like, which coincides with early evolutionary behaviors. It has broad shoulders, short legs, and long arms made of carbon fiber. The robot's color is all black except fo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics%20of%20the%20Northwest%20Territories | The Northwest Territories is a territory of Canada. It has an area of 1,171,918 square kilometres and a population of 41,786 as of the 2016 Census.
Population history
Source: Statistics Canada,Canada's population . Statistics Canada. Last accessed September 28, 2006. with Social Science Federation of Canada for 1871–1901
Population geography
Ten largest population centres
Visible minorities and Indigenous peoples
Languages
French was made an official language in 1877 by the appointed government, after lengthy and bitter debate resulting from a speech from the throne in 1888 by Lt. Governor Joseph Royal. The members voted on more than one occasion to nullify and make English the only language used in the assembly. After some conflict with Ottawa and a decisive vote on January 19, 1892, the issue was put to rest as an English-only territory.
In the early 1980s, the government of Northwest Territories was again under pressure by the federal government to reintroduce French as an official language. Some native members walked out of the assembly, protesting that they would not be permitted to speak their own language. The executive council appointed a special committee of MLAs to study the matter. They decided that if French was to be an official language, then so must the other languages in the territories.
The Northwest Territories's Official Languages Act recognizes the following eleven official languages, which is more than any other political division in Canada: |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics%20of%20Yukon | Yukon is the westernmost of Canada's three northern territories. Its capital is Whitehorse. People from Yukon are known as Yukoners (). Unlike in other Canadian provinces and territories, Statistics Canada uses the entire territory as a single at-large census division.
Population of Yukon: 40,232 (2021 Census)
Percentage of Canadian population : 0.10%
Population growth rate for 2007: +5.8%
Population history
Source: Statistics Canada
Population geography
Major communities
Visible minorities and Indigenous peoples
Languages
The 2006 Canadian census showed a population of 30,372.Of the 29,940 singular responses to the census question concerning 'mother tongue' the most commonly reported languages were:
There were also about 40 single-language responses for Ukrainian; 30 each for Czech and the Scandinavian languages; and about 25 single-language responses each for Italian and Japanese. In addition, there were also 130 responses of both English and a 'non-official language'; 10 of both French and a 'non-official language'; 110 of both English and French; and about 175 people who either did not respond to the question, or reported multiple non-official languages, or else gave some other unenumerated response. Yukon's official languages are English and French. (Figures shown are for the number of single language responses and the percentage of total single-language responses.)
Religion
The Majority of Christians in Yukon are Anglicans and Roman Catholics, with a small |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIT%20%28gene%29 | Proto-oncogene c-KIT is the gene encoding the receptor tyrosine kinase protein known as tyrosine-protein kinase KIT, CD117 (cluster of differentiation 117) or mast/stem cell growth factor receptor (SCFR). Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
KIT was first described by the German biochemist Axel Ullrich in 1987 as the cellular homolog of the feline sarcoma viral oncogene v-kit.
Function
KIT is a cytokine receptor expressed on the surface of hematopoietic stem cells as well as other cell types. Altered forms of this receptor may be associated with some types of cancer. KIT is a receptor tyrosine kinase type III, which binds to stem cell factor , also known as "steel factor" or "c-kit ligand". When this receptor binds to stem cell factor (SCF) it forms a dimer that activates its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, that in turn phosphorylates and activates signal transduction molecules that propagate the signal in the cell. After activation, the receptor is ubiquitinated to mark it for transport to a lysosome and eventual destruction. Signaling through KIT plays a role in cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. For instance, KIT signaling is required for melanocyte survival, and it is also involved in haematopoiesis and gametogenesis.
Structure
Like other members of the receptor tyrosine kinase III family, KIT consists of an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, a juxtamembrane domain, and an intracellular |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96mn%C3%B6govi%2C%20Uvs | Ömnögovi () is a sum (district) of Uvs Province in western Mongolia.
Part of the sum is desert, that has sand dunes.
Climate
Ömnögovi has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk) with warm summers and severely cold winters. The average minimum temperature in January is , and temperatures as low as have been recorded. Most precipitation falls in the summer as rain, with some snow in the adjacent months of May and September. Winters are very dry.
References
Populated places in Mongolia
Districts of Uvs Province |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrystal | Chrystal may refer to:
Crystal, of which it is an older, now non-standard, spelling
Chrystal (film), a 2005 film
People with the surname
Bob Chrystal (1930–2023), Canadian ice hockey player
George Chrystal (1851–1911), Scottish mathematician
People with the given name
Chrystal Herne (1883–1950), actress
Chrystal Soo Jung (or Krystal Jung; born 1994), American singer and actress based in South Korea
See also
Crystal (disambiguation)
McChrystal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport%20protein | A transport protein (variously referred to as a transmembrane pump, transporter, escort protein, acid transport protein, cation transport protein, or anion transport protein) is a protein that serves the function of moving other materials within an organism. Transport proteins are vital to the growth and life of all living things. There are several different kinds of transport proteins.
Carrier proteins are proteins involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, or macromolecules, such as another protein, across a biological membrane. Carrier proteins are integral membrane proteins; that is, they exist within and span the membrane across which they transport substances. The proteins may assist in the movement of substances by facilitated diffusion (i.e., passive transport) or active transport. These mechanisms of movement are known as carrier-mediated transport. Each carrier protein is designed to recognize only one substance or one group of very similar substances. Research suggests that potassium, calcium and sodium channels can function as oxygen sensors in mammals and plants, and has correlated defects in specific carrier proteins with specific diseases. A membrane transport protein (or simply transporter) is a membrane protein that acts as such a carrier.
A vesicular transport protein is a transmembrane or membrane associated protein. It regulates or facilitates the movement by vesicles of the contents of the cell.
See also
Solute carrier family
Neurotransmitt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicular%20transport%20protein | A vesicular transport protein, or vesicular transporter, is a membrane protein that regulates or facilitates the movement of specific molecules across a vesicle's membrane. As a result, vesicular transporters govern the concentration of molecules within a vesicle.
Types
Examples include:
Archain
ARFs
Clathrin
Caveolin
Dynamin and related proteins, such as the EHD protein family
Rab proteins
SNAREs
Vesicular transport adaptor proteins e.g. Sorting nexins
Synaptotagmin
TRAPP complex
Synaptophysin
Auxilin
Pathways
There are multiple pathways, each using its own coat and GTPase.
COP 1 (Cytosolic coat protein complex ) : retrograde transport; Golgi ----> Endoplasmic reticulum
COP 2 (Cytosolic coat protein complex ) : anterograde transport; RER -----> cis-Golgi
Clathrin : trans-Golgi ----> Lysosomes, Plasma membrane ----> Endosomes (receptor-mediated endocytosis)
See also
Membrane transport protein
Wikipedia:MeSH D12.776#MeSH D12.776.543.990 --- vesicular transport proteins
References
Vesicular transport proteins
Peripheral membrane proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate%20dehydrogenase%20kinase | Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (also pyruvate dehydrogenase complex kinase, PDC kinase, or PDK; ) is a kinase enzyme which acts to inactivate the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase by phosphorylating it using ATP.
PDK thus participates in the regulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of which pyruvate dehydrogenase is the first component. Both PDK and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex are located in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes. The complex acts to convert pyruvate (a product of glycolysis in the cytosol) to acetyl-coA, which is then oxidized in the mitochondria to produce energy, in the citric acid cycle. By downregulating the activity of this complex, PDK will decrease the oxidation of pyruvate in mitochondria and increase the conversion of pyruvate to lactate in the cytosol.
The opposite action of PDK, namely the dephosphorylation and activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase, is catalyzed by a phosphoprotein phosphatase called pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase.
(Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase should not be confused with Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1, which is also sometimes known as "PDK1".)
Phosphorylation sites
PDK can phosphorylate a serine residue on pyruvate dehydrogenase at three possible sites. Some evidence has shown that phosphorylation at site 1 will nearly completely deactivate the enzyme while phosphorylation at sites 2 and 3 had only a small contribution to complex inactivation. Therefore, it is phosphorylation at site 1 that is responsible |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilome | The mobilome is the entire set of mobile genetic elements in a genome. Mobilomes are found in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses. The compositions of mobilomes differ among lineages of life, with transposable elements being the major mobile elements in eukaryotes, and plasmids and prophages being the major types in prokaryotes. Virophages contribute to the viral mobilome.
Mobilome in eukaryotes
Transposable elements are elements that can move about or propagate within the genome, and are the major constituents of the eukaryotic mobilome. Transposable elements can be regarded as genetic parasites because they exploit the host cell's transcription and translation mechanisms to extract and insert themselves in different parts of the genome, regardless of the phenotypic effect on the host.
Eukaryotic transposable elements were first discovered in maize (Zea mays) in which kernels showed a dotted color pattern. Barbara McClintock described the maize Ac/Ds system in which the Ac locus promotes the excision of the Ds locus from the genome, and excised Ds elements can mutate genes responsible for pigment production by inserting into their coding regions.
Other examples of transposable elements include: yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Ty elements, a retrotransposon which encodes a reverse transcriptase to convert its mRNA transcript into DNA which can then insert into other parts of the genome; and fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) P-elements, which randomly inserts into the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIIA | AIIA may refer to:
Australian Information Industry Association
Australian Institute of International Affairs, a think tank
Quorum-quenching N-acyl-homoserine lactonase, an enzyme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20effusivity | In thermodynamics, a material's thermal effusivity, also known as thermal responsivity, is a measure of its ability to exchange thermal energy with its surroundings. It is defined as the square root of the product of the material's thermal conductivity () and its volumetric heat capacity () or as the ratio of thermal conductivity to the square root of thermal diffusivity ().
The SI units for thermal effusivity are , or, equivalently, .
Thermal effusivity is a good approximation for the material's thermal inertia for a semi-infinite rigid body where heat transfer is dominated by the diffusive process of conduction only.
Thermal effusivity is a parameter that emerges upon applying solutions of the heat equation to heat flow through a thin surface-like region. It becomes particularly useful when the region is selected adjacent to a material's actual surface. Knowing the effusivity and equilibrium temperature of each of two material bodies then enables an estimate of their interface temperature when placed into thermal contact.
If and are the temperature of the two bodies, then upon contact, the temperature of the contact interface (assumed to be a smooth surface) becomes
Specialty sensors have also been developed based on this relationship to measure effusivity.
Thermal effusivity and thermal diffusivity are related quantities; respectively a product versus a ratio of a material's fundamental transport and storage properties. The diffusivity appears explicitly in th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20differential%20equation | In mathematics, an algebraic differential equation is a differential equation that can be expressed by means of differential algebra. There are several such notions, according to the concept of differential algebra used.
The intention is to include equations formed by means of differential operators, in which the coefficients are rational functions of the variables (e.g. the hypergeometric equation). Algebraic differential equations are widely used in computer algebra and number theory.
A simple concept is that of a polynomial vector field, in other words a vector field expressed with respect to a standard co-ordinate basis as the first partial derivatives with polynomial coefficients. This is a type of first-order algebraic differential operator.
Formulations
Derivations D can be used as algebraic analogues of the formal part of differential calculus, so that algebraic differential equations make sense in commutative rings.
The theory of differential fields was set up to express differential Galois theory in algebraic terms.
The Weyl algebra W of differential operators with polynomial coefficients can be considered; certain modules M can be used to express differential equations, according to the presentation of M.
The concept of Koszul connection is something that transcribes easily into algebraic geometry, giving an algebraic analogue of the way systems of differential equations are geometrically represented by vector bundles with connections.
The concept of jet can be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux-corrected%20transport | Flux-corrected transport (FCT) is a conservative shock-capturing scheme for solving Euler equations and other hyperbolic equations which occur in gas dynamics, aerodynamics, and magnetohydrodynamics. It is especially useful for solving problems involving shock or contact discontinuities. An FCT algorithm consists of two stages, a transport stage and a flux-corrected anti-diffusion stage. The numerical errors introduced in the first stage (i.e., the transport stage) are corrected in the anti-diffusion stage.
References
Jay P. Boris and David L. Book, "Flux-corrected transport, I: SHASTA, a fluid transport algorithm that works", J. Comput. Phys. 11, pp. 38 (1973).
External links
Fully multidimensional flux-corrected transport algorithms for fluids
See also
Computational fluid dynamics
Computational magnetohydrodynamics
Shock capturing methods
Volume of fluid method
Computational fluid dynamics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple%20EM%20for%20Motif%20Elicitation | Multiple Expectation maximizations for Motif Elicitation (MEME) is a tool for discovering motifs in a group of related DNA or protein sequences.
A motif is a sequence pattern that occurs repeatedly in a group of related protein or DNA sequences and is often associated with some biological function. MEME represents motifs as position-dependent letter-probability matrices which describe the probability of each possible letter at each position in the pattern. Individual MEME motifs do not contain gaps. Patterns with variable-length gaps are split by MEME into two or more separate motifs.
MEME takes as input a group of DNA or protein sequences (the training set) and outputs as many motifs as requested. It uses statistical modeling techniques to automatically choose the best width, number of occurrences, and description for each motif.
MEME is the first of a collection of tools for analyzing motifs called the MEME suite.
Definition
The MEME algorithm could be understood from two different perspectives. From a biological point of view, MEME identifies and characterizes shared motifs in a set of unaligned sequences. From the computer science aspect, MEME finds a set of non-overlapping, approximately matching substrings given a starting set of strings.
Use
MEME can be used to find similar biological functions and structures in different sequences. It is necessary to take into account that the sequences variation can be significant and that the motifs are sometimes very small. It |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge%20density%20wave | A charge density wave (CDW) is an ordered quantum fluid of electrons in a linear chain compound or layered crystal. The electrons within a CDW form a standing wave pattern and sometimes collectively carry an electric current. The electrons in such a CDW, like those in a superconductor, can flow through a linear chain compound en masse, in a highly correlated fashion. Unlike a superconductor, however, the electric CDW current often flows in a jerky fashion, much like water dripping from a faucet due to its electrostatic properties. In a CDW, the combined effects of pinning (due to impurities) and electrostatic interactions (due to the net electric charges of any CDW kinks) likely play critical roles in the CDW current's jerky behavior, as discussed in sections 4 & 5 below.
Most CDW's in metallic crystals form due to the wave-like nature of electrons – a manifestation of quantum mechanical wave–particle duality – causing the electronic charge density to become spatially modulated, i.e., to form periodic "bumps" in charge. This standing wave affects each electronic wave function, and is created by combining electron states, or wavefunctions, of opposite momenta. The effect is somewhat analogous to the standing wave in a guitar string, which can be viewed as the combination of two interfering, traveling waves moving in opposite directions (see interference (wave propagation)).
The CDW in electronic charge is accompanied by a periodic distortion – essentially a superlattice – |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lax%E2%80%93Wendroff%20method | The Lax–Wendroff method, named after Peter Lax and Burton Wendroff, is a numerical method for the solution of hyperbolic partial differential equations, based on finite differences. It is second-order accurate in both space and time. This method is an example of explicit time integration where the function that defines the governing equation is evaluated at the current time.
Definition
Suppose one has an equation of the following form:
where and are independent variables, and the initial state, is given.
Linear case
In the linear case, where , and is a constant,
Here refers to the dimension and refers to the dimension.
This linear scheme can be extended to the general non-linear case in different ways. One of them is letting
Non-linear case
The conservative form of Lax-Wendroff for a general non-linear equation is then:
where is the Jacobian matrix evaluated at .
Jacobian free methods
To avoid the Jacobian evaluation, use a two-step procedure.
Richtmyer method
What follows is the Richtmyer two-step Lax–Wendroff method. The first step in the Richtmyer two-step Lax–Wendroff method calculates values for at half time steps, and half grid points, . In the second step values at are calculated using the data for and .
First (Lax) steps:
Second step:
MacCormack method
Another method of this same type was proposed by MacCormack. MacCormack's method uses first forward differencing and then backward differencing:
First step:
Second step:
Alternatively,
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochromatography | Electrochromatography is a chemical separation technique in analytical chemistry, biochemistry and molecular biology used to resolve and separate mostly large biomolecules such as proteins. It is a combination of size exclusion chromatography (gel filtration chromatography) and gel electrophoresis. These separation mechanisms operate essentially in superposition along the length of a gel filtration column to which an axial electric field gradient has been added. The molecules are separated by size due to the gel filtration mechanism and by electrophoretic mobility due to the gel electrophoresis mechanism. Additionally there are secondary chromatographic solute retention mechanisms.
Capillary electrochromatography
Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) is an electrochromatography technique in which the liquid mobile phase is driven through a capillary containing the chromatographic stationary phase by electroosmosis. It is a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. The capillaries is packed with HPLC stationary phase and a high voltage is applied to achieve separation is achieved by electrophoretic migration of the analyte and differential partitioning in the stationary phase.
See also
Chromatography
Protein electrophoresis
Electrofocusing
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis
References
Chromatography
Protein methods
Molecular biology
Laboratory techniques
Electrophoresis
Biological te |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreground-background | Foreground-background is a scheduling algorithm that is used to control an execution of multiple processes on a single processor. It is based on two waiting lists, the first one is called foreground because this is the one in which all processes initially enter, and the second one is called background because all processes, after using all of their execution time in foreground, are moved to background.
When a process becomes ready it begins its execution in foreground immediately, forcing the processor to give up execution of the current process in the background and execute the newly created process for a predefined period. This period is usually 2 or more quanta.
If the process is not finished after its execution in the foreground it is moved to background waiting list where it will be executed only when the foreground list is empty. After being moved to the background, the process is then run longer than before, usually 4 quanta. The time of execution is increased because the process needs more than 2 quanta to finish (this is the reason it was moved to background). This gives the process the opportunity to finish within this newly designated time. If the process does not finish after this, it is then preempted and moved to the end of the background list.
The advantage of the foreground-background algorithm is that it gives the process the opportunity to execute immediately after its creation, but scheduling in the background list is pure round-robin scheduling.
Referen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20quantum-mechanical%20systems%20with%20analytical%20solutions | Much insight in quantum mechanics can be gained from understanding the closed-form solutions to the time-dependent non-relativistic Schrödinger equation. It takes the form
where is the wave function of the system, is the Hamiltonian operator, and is time. Stationary states of this equation are found by solving the time-independent Schrödinger equation,
which is an eigenvalue equation. Very often, only numerical solutions to the Schrödinger equation can be found for a given physical system and its associated potential energy. However, there exists a subset of physical systems for which the form of the eigenfunctions and their associated energies, or eigenvalues, can be found. These quantum-mechanical systems with analytical solutions are listed below.
Solvable systems
The two-state quantum system (the simplest possible quantum system)
The free particle
The delta potential
The double-well Dirac delta potential
The particle in a box / infinite potential well
The finite potential well
The one-dimensional triangular potential
The particle in a ring or ring wave guide
The particle in a spherically symmetric potential
The quantum harmonic oscillator
The quantum harmonic oscillator with an applied uniform field
The hydrogen atom or hydrogen-like atom e.g. positronium
The hydrogen atom in a spherical cavity with Dirichlet boundary conditions
The particle in a one-dimensional lattice (periodic potential)
The particle in a one-dimensional lattice of finite length
The Morse pote |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesioferrite | Magnesioferrite is a magnesium iron oxide mineral, a member of the magnetite series of spinels.
Magnesioferrite crystallizes as black metallic octahedral crystals. It is named after its chemical composition of magnesium and ferric iron.
The density is 4.6 - 4.7 (average = 4.65), and the diaphaniety is opaque. Occurs as well-formed fine sized crystals or massive and granular.
Its hardness is 6-6.5. It has a metallic luster and a dark red streak.
Occurrence
It occurs in fumaroles, as a result of combustion metamorphism and coal seam fires, in glass spherules related to meteorite impacts, and as accessory phase in kimberlites and carbonatites.
It has been reported from Vesuvius and Stromboli, Italy.
References
Iron(III) minerals
Magnesium minerals
Spinel group
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 227 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Heuser | John E. Heuser (born August 29, 1942) is an American Professor of Biophysics in the department of Cell Biology and Physiology at the Washington University School of Medicine as well as a Professor at the Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS) at Kyoto University.
Heuser created quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy (a variant of cell unroofing), a pioneering technique that lets biologists take detailed pictures of fleeting events inside living cells. For decades, Heuser has used this technique to capture details of the molecular mechanisms that underlie many basic biological activities, including nerve cell signal transmission, muscle contraction, and most recently, the fusion of viruses with cells during the spread of infection. He compares quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy to using a stroboscopic flash to freeze the action in a photograph. To make it possible to image the frozen sample with an electron microscope, Heuser adds an ultra-thin film of metallic platinum that molds snugly against the sample's frozen surface contours. He and others in his lab have worked to make the equipment and procedures necessary for this process available to researchers around the world. Currently Heuser has patents pending on Washington University's behalf for even more advanced versions of his quick-freezing machines.
Heuser graduated magna cum laude from Harvard Medical School in 1969 and joined the Washington University faculty as a professor of biophys |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGF%20alpha | Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TGFA gene. As a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, TGF-α is a mitogenic polypeptide. The protein becomes activated when binding to receptors capable of protein kinase activity for cellular signaling.
TGF-α is a transforming growth factor that is a ligand for the epidermal growth factor receptor, which activates a signaling pathway for cell proliferation, differentiation and development. This protein may act as either a transmembrane-bound ligand or a soluble ligand. This gene has been associated with many types of cancers, and it may also be involved in some cases of cleft lip/palate.
Synthesis
TGF-α is synthesized internally as part of a 160 (human) or 159 (rat) amino acid transmembrane precursor. The precursor is composed of an extracellular domain containing a hydrophobic transmembrane domain, 50 amino acids of TGF-α, and a 35-residue-long cytoplasmic domain. In its smallest form, TGF-α has six cysteines linked together via three disulfide bridges. Collectively, all members of the EGF/TGF-α family share this structure. The protein, however, is not directly related to TGF-β.
Limited success has resulted from attempts to synthesize of a reductant molecule to TGF-α that displays a similar biological profile.
Synthesis in the stomach
In the stomach, TGF-α is manufactured within the normal gastric mucosa. TGF-α has been shown to inhibit gastric acid secretion.
Functio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitogen-activated%20protein%20kinase%20kinase | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (also known as MAP2K, MEK, MAPKK) is a dual-specificity kinase enzyme which phosphorylates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK).
MAP2K is classified as .
There are seven genes:
(a.k.a. MEK1)
(a.k.a. MEK2)
(a.k.a. MKK3)
(a.k.a. MKK4)
(a.k.a. MKK5)
(a.k.a. MKK6)
(a.k.a. MKK7)
The activators of p38 (MKK3 and MKK6), JNK (MKK4 and MKK7), and ERK (MEK1 and MEK2) define independent MAP kinase signal transduction pathways. The acronym MEK derives from MAPK/ERK Kinase.
Role in melanoma
MEK is a member of the MAPK signaling cascade that is activated in melanoma. When MEK is inhibited, cell proliferation is blocked and apoptosis (controlled cell death) is induced.
See also
Signal transduction
MAP kinase
MAP kinase kinase kinase
MAP kinase kinase kinase kinase
References
External links
Protein kinases
EC 2.7.12
Genes associated with cancer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic%20initiation%20factor | Eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are proteins or protein complexes involved in the initiation phase of eukaryotic translation. These proteins help stabilize the formation of ribosomal preinitiation complexes around the start codon and are an important input for post-transcription gene regulation. Several initiation factors form a complex with the small 40S ribosomal subunit and Met-tRNAiMet called the 43S preinitiation complex (43S PIC). Additional factors of the eIF4F complex (eIF4A, E, and G) recruit the 43S PIC to the five-prime cap structure of the mRNA, from which the 43S particle scans 5'-->3' along the mRNA to reach an AUG start codon. Recognition of the start codon by the Met-tRNAiMet promotes gated phosphate and eIF1 release to form the 48S preinitiation complex (48S PIC), followed by large 60S ribosomal subunit recruitment to form the 80S ribosome. There exist many more eukaryotic initiation factors than prokaryotic initiation factors, reflecting the greater biological complexity of eukaryotic translation. There are at least twelve eukaryotic initiation factors, composed of many more polypeptides, and these are described below.
eIF1 and eIF1A
eIF1 and eIF1A both bind to the 40S ribosome subunit-mRNA complex. Together they induce an "open" conformation of the mRNA binding channel, which is crucial for scanning, tRNA delivery, and start codon recognition. In particular, eIF1 dissociation from the 40S subunit is considered to be a key step in start codon reco |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial%20initiation%20factor | A bacterial initiation factor (IF) is a protein that stabilizes the initiation complex for polypeptide translation.
Translation initiation is essential to protein synthesis and regulates mRNA translation fidelity and efficiency in bacteria. The 30S ribosomal subunit, initiator tRNA, and mRNA form an initiation complex for elongation. This complex process requires three essential protein factors in bacteria – IF1, IF2, and IF3. These factors bind to the 30S subunit and promote correct initiation codon selection on the mRNA. IF1, the smallest factor at 8.2 kDa, blocks elongator tRNA binding at the A-site. IF2 is the major component that transports initiator tRNA to the P-site. IF3 checks P-site codon-anticodon pairing and rejects incorrect initiation complexes.
The orderly mechanism of initiation starts with IF3 attaching to the 30S subunit and changing its shape. IF1 joins next, followed by mRNA binding, and starts codon-P-site interaction. IF2 enters with the initiator tRNA and places it on the start codon. GTP hydrolysis by IF2 releases it and IF3, enabling 50S subunit joining. The coordinated binding and activities of IF1, IF2, and IF3 are essential for the rapid and precise translation initiation in bacteria. They facilitate start codon selection and assemble an active, protein-synthesis-ready 70S ribosome.
IF1
Bacterial initiation factor 1 associates with the 30S ribosomal subunit in the A site and prevents an aminoacyl-tRNA from entering. It modulates IF2 binding to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKK%20%28disambiguation%29 | MKK is mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, an enzyme.
MKK may also refer to:
Malmö KK, Swedish swim team from Malmö
Main-Kinzig-Kreis, a kreis (district) in Hesse, Germany
MKK, the IATA Airport code for Molokai Airport on the island of Molokai, Hawaii
Mong Kok East station, Hong Kong; MTR station code MKK
Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte in Dortmund, Germany
The Morgan-Keenan-Kellman system, a stellar classification system also known as Yerkes spectral classification
See also
MK2 (disambiguation)
MKKS |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lada%20110 | The Lada 110 or VAZ-2110 is a compact car built by the Russian automaker AvtoVAZ from 1995 to 2009. It spawned two close derivatives: the Lada 111 estate and the Lada 112 hatchback.
History
The prototype of the Lada 110, known as the 300 series, was created in 1987 and optimized for aerodynamics in Zuffenhausen, Germany, in cooperation between AvtoVAZ and Porsche engineers. The first photos of the new compact car were published in the popular monthly magazine Za Rulem in November 1990, and the car itself was demonstrated at the AvtoVAZ Tolyatti factory in 1991. Serial production was planned to start in the following year, but an economic crisis stalled the project and the first cars did not roll off the assembly line until June 27, 1995. The Lada 110 featured a 1.6 litre engine producing approximately . Production began with 8-valve engines; a 16 valve engine was offered later. Overall, the car weighed around 1050 kilograms (2315 lb). It had electric windows, trip computer, power steering, and galvanized body panels. Fuel-injected models were equipped with electronic engine management system. In early 2006, new taillights and a new dashboard were introduced.
The car was very successful in the domestic Russian market. It is still popular among taxi drivers in the Southern Federal District for the price-quality ratio.
In 2007, the Lada 110, 111 and 112 were restyled, modernised and relaunched as the Lada Priora.
Trim levels
There were three trim levels: Standard, Normal, an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Cove%20Historic%20District | The Crystal Cove Historic District is a part of the Crystal Cove State Park located in Newport Beach, California. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places encompassing along the Southern California coast. It was listed on the National Register not only because of its significance but also because of the 46 cottages located there which were built in the 1920s and 1930s. These cottages are perfect examples of Southern California coastal development in the early 20th century and were preserved by the Crystal Cove Conservancy Alliance. Since the restoration, the cottages have been open to the public for overnight stays.
The historic district features the Crystal Cove Shake Shack and the Beachcomber at Crystal Cove restaurants. The Crystal Cove Conservancy is now working on restoring the North Beach cottages.
A resident of the cottages, Martha Padve, was highly involved in a long-running case to list Crystal Cove on the National Register and to fight the State of California over tenancy matters.
The cottages at Crystal Cove were first built by the Irvine Company and were owned by movie directors and producers. Many movies have been filmed here, including Treasure Island (1918) and Beaches (1988). Many of the cottages are currently available for public vacation rentals. The district also remains a popular location for the film industry. The main cottage featured in Beaches is currently being used as a homage to Crystal Cove's Hollywood past where visitors can le |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGF%20beta%202 | Transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2) is a secreted protein known as a cytokine that performs many cellular functions and has a vital role during embryonic development (alternative names: Glioblastoma-derived T-cell suppressor factor, G-TSF, BSC-1 cell growth inhibitor, Polyergin, Cetermin). It is an extracellular glycosylated protein. It is known to suppress the effects of interleukin dependent T-cell tumors. There are two named isoforms of this protein, created by alternative splicing of the same gene (i.e., ).
Further reading
Proteins
TGFβ domain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAMBI | BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor homolog (Xenopus laevis), also known as BAMBI, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the BAMBI gene.
Function
This gene encodes a transmembrane glycoprotein related to the type I receptors of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) family, whose members play important roles in signal transduction in many developmental and pathological processes. The encoded protein however is a pseudoreceptor, lacking an intracellular serine/threonine kinase domain required for signaling. Similar proteins in frog, mouse and zebrafish function as negative regulators of TGF-beta, which has led to the suggestion that the encoded protein may function to limit the signaling range of the TGF-beta family during early embryogenesis.
References
Further reading
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20AS%20Roma%20records%20and%20statistics | Records and statistics in relation to the Italian football club Associazione Sportiva Roma.
Serie A records
Updated 22 July 2020
Home victory: 9–0 v Cremonese, 13 October 1929
Away victory: 6–1 v Alessandria, 6 January 1935 & 6–1 v SPAL, 22 July 2020
Home draw with most goals: 4–4 v Catania, 31 May 1964 & 4–4 v Napoli, 20 October 2007
Away draw with most goals: 4–4 v Milan, 27 January 1935 & 4–4 v Chievo, 30 April 2006
Home defeat: 1–7 v Torino, 5 October 1947
Away defeat: 1–7 v Juventus, 6 March 1932
Most points in a season (3 pts per win): 87 (2016–17, 38 games)
Most points in a season (2 pts per win): 43 (1982–83, 30 games)
Most victories in a season: 28 (2016–17)
Fewest victories in a season: 8 (1964–65, 34 games & 1992–93, 34 games)
Fewest defeats in a season: 2 (1980–81, 34 games & 2001–02, 34 games)
Most goals scored in a season (by team): 87 (1930–31, 34 games), 90 (2016–17, 38 games)
Most goals scored in a season: 29 Rodolfo Volk (1930–31, 34 games) & Edin Džeko (2016–17, 37 games)
Lowest goals against in a season (by team): 15 (1974–75, 30 games)
Longest winning streak: 11 begun on 21 December 2005 (4–0 v Chievo), ended on 5 March 2006 (1–1 v Internazionale)
Longest unbeaten run: 24 begun on 23 September 2001 (2–1 v Fiorentina), ended on 24 March 2002 (1–3 v Internazionale) & 24 begun on 1 November 2009 (2–1 v Bologna), ended on 25 April 2010 (1–2 v Sampdoria)
Most appearances: 619, Francesco Totti
Most goals scored: 250, Francesco Totti
All com |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrinsic%20semiconductor | An extrinsic semiconductor is one that has been doped; during manufacture of the semiconductor crystal a trace element or chemical called a doping agent has been incorporated chemically into the crystal, for the purpose of giving it different electrical properties than the pure semiconductor crystal, which is called an intrinsic semiconductor. In an extrinsic semiconductor it is these foreign dopant atoms in the crystal lattice that mainly provide the charge carriers which carry electric current through the crystal. The doping agents used are of two types, resulting in two types of extrinsic semiconductor. An electron donor dopant is an atom which, when incorporated in the crystal, releases a mobile conduction electron into the crystal lattice. An extrinsic semiconductor which has been doped with electron donor atoms is called an n-type semiconductor, because the majority of charge carriers in the crystal are negative electrons. An electron acceptor dopant is an atom which accepts an electron from the lattice, creating a vacancy where an electron should be called a hole which can move through the crystal like a positively charged particle. An extrinsic semiconductor which has been doped with electron acceptor atoms is called a p-type semiconductor, because the majority of charge carriers in the crystal are positive holes.
Doping is the key to the extraordinarily wide range of electrical behavior that semiconductors can exhibit, and extrinsic semiconductors are used |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Turbulent%20Term%20of%20Tyke%20Tiler | The Turbulent Term of Tyke Tiler (or Tyke Tiler) is a children's school adventure novel by Gene Kemp, first published by Faber and Faber in 1977 with illustrations by Carolyn Dinan. It is set at Cricklepit Combined School, a fictional primary school based on St Sidwell's School in Exeter where Kemp worked as a teacher from 1963 to 1979. The book inaugurated a series of further stories by Kemp set at the same school. Tyke Tiler follows the final term of Tyke, an adventurous twelve-year-old, at Cricklepit Combined School. After Tyke's best friend Danny gets into various scrapes, Tyke has to protect and stick up for him despite Danny being misunderstood by teachers and other students.
The book depicts themes which include attitudes towards disability and gender. Throughout the book, Tyke's gender is not explicitly revealed, although the character's attitudes and actions often lead readers to believe that Tyke is a boy. The story ends with the revelation that Tyke is actually a girl. Tyke Tiler was praised by critics and was the recipient of the Carnegie Medal for children's literature in 1977.
Plot
The book tells the story of Tyke Tiler's final term at Cricklepit Combined School. Tyke Tiler is a twelve-year-old with the reputation of being a troublemaker. Tyke's best friend Danny Price is often the source of the trouble. Tyke is forced to help Danny after he steals a £10 note from a teacher, accidentally lets his pet mouse loose in assembly, and gets Tyke to retrieve a sheep' |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowie%20Corby%20Plays%20Chicken | Gowie Corby Plays Chicken () is a children's novel by Gene Kemp, set at the fictional Cricklepit Combined primary school in southern England. It was published in 1979.
Plot
The central character is Gowie Corby, a young boy with an absent father, an alcoholic mother and an obsession with horror films. He is highly intelligent but shows little interest in school and exhibits a range of anti-social behaviour. His life changes when an African-American girl, Rosie Lee, comes to live next door and provides him with a positive role-model. He begins to take interest in school and his behaviour improves with the encouragement of a sympathetic teacher. His progress is threatened however, by the intervention of his older brother, who has a record of petty crime and displays racist attitudes towards Rosie and her family.
The main plot is framed by two short chapters which present Gowie as an adult with a young family, the latter chapter providing a twist ending.
Notes
1979 British novels
British children's novels
Novels set in elementary and primary schools
1979 children's books
Children's novels set in schools
Children's books set in England |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcalumenin | Sarcalumenin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SRL gene.
Sarcalumenin is a calcium-binding protein that can be found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle. Sarcalumenin is partially responsible for calcium buffering in the lumen of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and helps out calcium pump proteins. Additionally, sarcalumenin is necessary for keeping a normal sinus rhythm during both aerobic and anaerobic exercise activity. Sarcalumenin is a calcium-binding glycoprotein composed of 473 acidic amino acids with a molecular weight of 160 KDa. Together along with other luminal calcium buffer proteins, sarcalumenin plays an important role in regulation of calcium uptake and release during excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) in muscle fibers.
References
External links
Cell signaling
Signal transduction |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calretinin | Calretinin, also known as calbindin 2 (formerly 29 kDa calbindin), is a calcium-binding protein involved in calcium signaling. In humans, the calretinin protein is encoded by the CALB2 gene.
Function
This gene encodes an intracellular calcium-binding protein belonging to the troponin C superfamily. Members of this protein family have six EF-hand domains which bind calcium. This protein plays a role in diverse cellular functions, including message targeting and intracellular calcium buffering.
Calretinin is abundantly expressed in neurons including retina (which gave it the name) and cortical interneurons. Expression was found in different neurons than that of the similar vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein, calbindin-28kDa.
Calretinin has an important role as a modulator of neuronal excitability including the induction of long-term potentiation. Loss of expression of calretinin in hippocampal interneurons has been suggested to be relevant in temporal lobe epilepsy.
It is expressed in a number of other locations including hair follicles.
Clinical significance
Calretinin is a diagnostic marker for some human diseases, including Hirschsprung disease and some cancers.
Mesothelioma
Using immunohistochemistry, calretinin can be demonstrated in both benign mesothelium and in malignant mesothelioma and can be used to help differentiate different lung tumours. Antibodies to calretinin can also be used to distinguish between different types of brain tumour, demonstra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvalbumin | Parvalbumin (PV) is a calcium-binding protein with low molecular weight (typically 9-11 kDa). In humans, it is encoded by the PVALB gene. It is not a member of the albumin family; it is named for its size (parv-, from Latin parvus small) and its ability to coagulate.
It has three EF hand motifs and is structurally related to calmodulin and troponin C. Parvalbumin is found in fast-contracting muscles, where its levels are highest, as well as in the brain and some endocrine tissues.
Parvalbumin is a small, stable protein containing EF-hand type calcium binding sites. It is involved in calcium signaling. Typically, this protein is broken into three domains, domains AB, CD and EF, each individually containing a helix-loop-helix motif. The AB domain houses a two amino-acid deletion in the loop region, whereas domains CD and EF contain the N-terminal and C-terminal, respectively.
Calcium binding proteins like parvalbumin play a role in many physiological processes, namely cell-cycle regulation, second messenger production, muscle contraction, organization of microtubules and phototransduction. Therefore, calcium-binding proteins must distinguish calcium in the presence of high concentrations of other metal ions. The mechanism for the calcium selectivity has been extensively studied.
Location and function
Parvalbumin in neural tissue
Parvalbumin is present in some GABAergic interneurons in the nervous system, especially the reticular thalamus, and expressed predominantly by ch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripto | Cripto is an EGF-CFC or epidermal growth factor-CFC, which is encoded by the Cryptic family 1 gene. Cryptic family protein 1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CFC1B gene. Cryptic family protein 1B acts as a receptor for the TGF beta signaling pathway. It has been associated with the translation of an extracellular protein for this pathway. The extracellular protein which Cripto encodes plays a crucial role in the development of left and right division of symmetry.
Crypto is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored co-receptor that binds nodal and the activin type I ActRIB (ALK)-4 receptor (ALK4).
Structure
Cripto is composed of two adjacent cysteine-rich motifs: the EGF-like and the CFC of an N-terminal signal peptide and of a C-terminal hydrophobic region attached by a GPI anchor, which makes it a potentially essential element in the signaling pathway directing vertebrate embryo development. NMR data confirm that the CFC domain has a C1-C4, C2-C6, C3-C5 disulfide pattern and show that structures are rather flexible and globally extended, with three non-canonical anti-parallel strands.
Function
In the Nodal signaling pathway of embryonic development, Cripto has been shown to have dual function as a co-receptor as well as ligand. Particularly in cell cultures, it has been shown to act as a signaling molecule with the capabilities of a growth factor, and in co-culture assays, it has displayed the property of a co-ligand to Nodal. Glycosylation is responsible |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse-delete%20algorithm | The reverse-delete algorithm is an algorithm in graph theory used to obtain a minimum spanning tree from a given connected, edge-weighted graph. It first appeared in , but it should not be confused with Kruskal's algorithm which appears in the same paper. If the graph is disconnected, this algorithm will find a minimum spanning tree for each disconnected part of the graph. The set of these minimum spanning trees is called a minimum spanning forest, which contains every vertex in the graph.
This algorithm is a greedy algorithm, choosing the best choice given any situation. It is the reverse of Kruskal's algorithm, which is another greedy algorithm to find a minimum spanning tree. Kruskal’s algorithm starts with an empty graph and adds edges while the Reverse-Delete algorithm starts with the original graph and deletes edges from it. The algorithm works as follows:
Start with graph G, which contains a list of edges E.
Go through E in decreasing order of edge weights.
For each edge, check if deleting the edge will further disconnect the graph.
Perform any deletion that does not lead to additional disconnection.
Pseudocode
function ReverseDelete(edges[] E) is
sort E in decreasing order
Define an index i ← 0
while i < size(E) do
Define edge ← E[i]
delete E[i]
if graph is not connected then
E[i] ← edge
i ← i + 1
return edges[] E
In the above the graph is the set of edges E with each edge con |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggrecan | Aggrecan (ACAN), also known as cartilage-specific proteoglycan core protein (CSPCP) or chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACAN gene. This gene is a member of the lectican (chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan) family. The encoded protein is an integral part of the extracellular matrix in cartilagenous tissue and it withstands compression in cartilage.
Aggrecan is a proteoglycan, or a protein modified with large carbohydrates; the human form of the protein is 2316 amino acids long and can be expressed in multiple isoforms due to alternative splicing. Aggrecan was named for its ability to form large aggregates in the cartilage tissue (a large aggregating proteoglycan).
Structure
Aggrecan is a high molecular weight (1x106 < M < 3x106) proteoglycan. It exhibits a bottlebrush structure, in which chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains are attached to an extended protein core.
Aggrecan has a molecular mass >2,500 kDa. The core protein (~300 kDa) has around 100 GAG chains attached to it.
Aggrecan consists of two globular structural domains (G1 and G2) at the N-terminal end and one globular domain (G3) at the C-terminal end, separated by a large extended domain (CS) heavily modified with GAGs. (N-G1-G2-CS-G3-C)
The two main modifier moieties are themselves arranged into distinct regions, a chondroitin sulfate and a keratan sulfate region.
The three globular domains, G1, G2, and G3 are involved in aggre |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20activation | RNA activation (RNAa) is a small RNA-guided and Argonaute (Ago)-dependent gene regulation phenomenon in which promoter-targeted short double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) induce target gene expression at the transcriptional/epigenetic level. RNAa was first reported in a 2006 PNAS paper by Li et al. who also coined the term "RNAa" as a contrast to RNA interference (RNAi) to describe such gene activation phenomenon. dsRNAs that trigger RNAa have been termed small activating RNA (saRNA). Since the initial discovery of RNAa in human cells, many other groups have made similar observations in different mammalian species including human, non-human primates, rat and mice, plant and C. elegans, suggesting that RNAa is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of gene regulation.
RNAa can be generally classified into two categories: exogenous and endogenous. Exogenous RNAa is triggered by artificially designed saRNAs which target non-coding sequences such as the promoter and the 3’ terminus of a gene and these saRNAs can be chemically synthesized or expressed as short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Whereas for endogenous RNAa, upregulation of gene expression is guided by naturally occurring endogenous small RNAs such as miRNA in mammalian cells and C. elegans, and 22G RNA in C. elegans.
Mechanism
The molecular mechanism of RNAa is not fully understood. Similar to RNAi, it has been shown that mammalian RNAa requires members of the Ago clade of Argonaute proteins, particularly Ago2, but possesses kin |
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