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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice-minus%20bacteria | Ice-minus bacteria is a common name given to a variant of the common bacterium Pseudomonas syringae (P. syringae). This strain of P. syringae lacks the ability to produce a certain surface protein, usually found on wild-type P. syringae. The "ice-plus" protein (INA protein, "Ice nucleation-active" protein) found on the outer bacterial cell wall acts as the nucleating centers for ice crystals. This facilitates ice formation, hence the designation "ice-plus". The ice-minus variant of P. syringae is a mutant, lacking the gene responsible for ice-nucleating surface protein production. This lack of surface protein provides a less favorable environment for ice formation. Both strains of P. syringae occur naturally, but recombinant DNA technology has allowed for the synthetic removal or alteration of specific genes, enabling the ice-minus strain to be created from the ice-plus strain in the lab.
The ice nucleating nature of P. syringae incites frost development, freezing the buds of the plant and destroying the occurring crop. The introduction of an ice-minus strain of P. syringae to the surface of plants would reduce the amount of ice nucleate present, rendering higher crop yields. The recombinant form was developed as a commercial product known as Frostban. Field-testing of Frostban in 1987 was the first release of a genetically modified organism into the environment. The testing was very controversial and drove the formation of US biotechnology policy. Frostban was nev |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogun%20%28toolbox%29 | Shogun is a free, open-source machine learning software library written in C++. It offers numerous algorithms and data structures for machine learning problems. It offers interfaces for Octave, Python, R, Java, Lua, Ruby and C# using SWIG.
It is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3 or later.
Description
The focus of Shogun is on kernel machines such as support vector machines for regression and classification problems. Shogun also offers a full implementation of Hidden Markov models.
The core of Shogun is written in C++ and offers interfaces for MATLAB, Octave, Python, R, Java, Lua, Ruby and C#.
Shogun has been under active development since 1999. Today there is a vibrant user community all over the world using Shogun as a base for research and education, and contributing to the core package.
Supported algorithms
Currently Shogun supports the following algorithms:
Support vector machines
Dimensionality reduction algorithms, such as PCA, Kernel PCA, Locally Linear Embedding, Hessian Locally Linear Embedding, Local Tangent Space Alignment, Linear Local Tangent Space Alignment, Kernel Locally Linear Embedding, Kernel Local Tangent Space Alignment, Multidimensional Scaling, Isomap, Diffusion Maps, Laplacian Eigenmaps
Online learning algorithms such as SGD-QN, Vowpal Wabbit
Clustering algorithms: k-means and GMM
Kernel Ridge Regression, Support Vector Regression
Hidden Markov Models
K-Nearest Neighbors
Linear discriminant analysis
Kern |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidized%20bed%20reactor | A fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is a type of reactor device that can be used to carry out a variety of multiphase chemical reactions. In this type of reactor, a fluid (gas or liquid) is passed through a solid granular material (usually a catalyst) at high enough speeds to suspend the solid and cause it to behave as though it were a fluid. This process, known as fluidization, imparts many important advantages to an FBR. As a result, FBRs are used for many industrial applications.
Basic principles
The solid substrate material (the catalytic material upon which chemical species react) in the fluidized bed reactor is typically supported by a porous plate, known as a distributor. The fluid is then forced through the distributor up through the solid material. At lower fluid velocities, the solids remain in place as the fluid passes through the voids in the material. This is known as a packed bed reactor. As the fluid velocity is increased, the reactor will reach a stage where the force of the fluid on the solids is enough to balance the weight of the solid material. This stage is known as incipient fluidization and occurs at this minimum fluidization velocity. Once this minimum velocity is surpassed, the contents of the reactor bed begin to expand and swirl around much like an agitated tank or boiling pot of water. The reactor is now a fluidized bed. Depending on the operating conditions and properties of solid phase various flow regimes can be observed in this reactor.
History an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratically%20constrained%20quadratic%20program | In mathematical optimization, a quadratically constrained quadratic program (QCQP) is an optimization problem in which both the objective function and the constraints are quadratic functions. It has the form
where P0, …, Pm are n-by-n matrices and x ∈ Rn is the optimization variable.
If P0, …, Pm are all positive semidefinite, then the problem is convex. If these matrices are neither positive nor negative semidefinite, the problem is non-convex. If P1, … ,Pm are all zero, then the constraints are in fact linear and the problem is a quadratic program.
Hardness
Solving the general case is an NP-hard problem. To see this, note that the two constraints x1(x1 − 1) ≤ 0 and x1(x1 − 1) ≥ 0 are equivalent to the constraint x1(x1 − 1) = 0, which is in turn equivalent to the constraint x1 ∈ {0, 1}. Hence, any 0–1 integer program (in which all variables have to be either 0 or 1) can be formulated as a quadratically constrained quadratic program. Since 0–1 integer programming is NP-hard in general, QCQP is also NP-hard.
Relaxation
There are two main relaxations of QCQP: using semidefinite programming (SDP), and using the reformulation-linearization technique (RLT). For some classes of QCQP problems (precisely, QCQPs with zero diagonal elements in the data matrices), second-order cone programming (SOCP) and linear programming (LP) relaxations providing the same objective value as the SDP relaxation are available.
Nonconvex QCQPs with non-positive off-diagonal elements can be exactly |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio%20distribution | A ratio distribution (also known as a quotient distribution) is a probability distribution constructed as the distribution of the ratio of random variables having two other known distributions.
Given two (usually independent) random variables X and Y, the distribution of the random variable Z that is formed as the ratio Z = X/Y is a ratio distribution.
An example is the Cauchy distribution (also called the normal ratio distribution), which comes about as the ratio of two normally distributed variables with zero mean.
Two other distributions often used in test-statistics are also ratio distributions:
the t-distribution arises from a Gaussian random variable divided by an independent chi-distributed random variable,
while the F-distribution originates from the ratio of two independent chi-squared distributed random variables.
More general ratio distributions have been considered in the literature.
Often the ratio distributions are heavy-tailed, and it may be difficult to work with such distributions and develop an associated statistical test.
A method based on the median has been suggested as a "work-around".
Algebra of random variables
The ratio is one type of algebra for random variables:
Related to the ratio distribution are the product distribution, sum distribution and difference distribution. More generally, one may talk of combinations of sums, differences, products and ratios.
Many of these distributions are described in Melvin D. Springer's book from 1979 The Alg |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve%20RF%20amplifier | A valve RF amplifier (UK and Aus.) or tube amplifier (U.S.) is a device for electrically amplifying the power of an electrical radio frequency signal.
Low to medium power valve amplifiers for frequencies below the microwaves were largely replaced by solid state amplifiers during the 1960s and 1970s, initially for receivers and low power stages of transmitters, transmitter output stages switching to transistors somewhat later. Specially constructed valves are still in use for very high power transmitters, although rarely in new designs.
Valve characteristics
Valves are high voltage / low current devices in comparison with transistors. Tetrode and pentode valves have very flat anode current vs. anode voltage indicating high anode output impedances. Triodes show a stronger relationship between anode voltage and anode current.
The high working voltage makes them well suited for radio transmitters and valves remain in use today for very high power short wave radio transmitters, where solid state techniques would require many devices in parallel, and very high supply currents. High power solid state transmitters also require a complex combination of transformers and tuning networks, whereas a valve-based transmitter would use a single, relatively simple tuned network.
Thus while solid state high power short wave transmitters are technically possible, economic considerations still favor valves above 3 MHz and 10,000 watts.
Radio amateurs also use valve amplifiers in the 500–15 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indy%20%28gene%29 | Indy, short for I'm not dead yet, is a gene found in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, an important model organism. Mutant versions of this gene have doubled the average life span of fruit flies in at least one set of experiments, but this result has been subject to controversy. Both Indy proteins are sodium sulfate symporters. Its name originates from a well-known comic line in Monty Python and the Holy Grail.
Reduced expression of this gene in Drosophila melanogaster flies and C. elegans worms () modeled the effects on obesity and diabetes of caloric reduction in primates such as humans. A similar effect was seen with SLC13A5 (mIndy) knockouts of mice.
See also
Cell biology
References
External links
Indy at FlyBase database of Drosophila genes.
INDY (I’m Not Dead, Yet)
Drosophila melanogaster genes
Monty Python and the Holy Grail |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DLX%20gene%20family | Genes in the DLX family encode homeodomain transcription factors related to the Drosophila distal-less (Dll) gene. The family has been related to a number of developmental features such as jaws and limbs. The family seems to be well preserved across species. As DLX/Dll are involved in limb development in most of the major phyla, including vertebrates, it has been suggested that Dll was involved in appendage growth in an early bilaterial ancestor.
Six members of the family are found in human and mice, numbered DLX1 to DLX6. They form two-gene clusters (bigene clusters) with each other. There are DLX1-DLX2, DLX3-DLX4, DLX5-DLX6 clusters in vertebrates, linked to Hox gene clusters HOXD, HOXB, and HOXA respectively.
In higher fishes like the zebrafish, there are two additional DLX genes, dlx2b (dlx5) and dlx4a (dlx8). These additional genes are not linked with each other, or any other DLX gene. All six other genes remain in bigene clusters.
DLX4, DLX7, DLX8 and DLX9 are the same gene in vertebrates. They are named differently because every time the same gene was found, the researchers thought they had found a new gene.
Function
DLX genes, like distal-less, are involved in limb development in most of the major phyla.
DLX genes are involved in craniofacial morphogenesis and the tangential migration of interneurons from the subpallium to the pallium during vertebrate brain development. It has been suggested that DLX promotes the migration of interneurons by repressing a set |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plica%20semilunaris%20of%20the%20fauces | The plica semilunaris is the thin upper part of the fold of mucous membrane in the supratonsillar fossa that reaches across between the two arches. A separate fold is called the plica triangularis which runs inferoposteriorly from the posterior surface of the palatoglossal arch to cover the inferior portion of the tonsil.
References
Palate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplansky%20density%20theorem | In the theory of von Neumann algebras, the Kaplansky density theorem, due to Irving Kaplansky, is a fundamental approximation theorem. The importance and ubiquity of this technical tool led Gert Pedersen to comment in one of his books that,
The density theorem is Kaplansky's great gift to mankind. It can be used every day, and twice on Sundays.
Formal statement
Let K− denote the strong-operator closure of a set K in B(H), the set of bounded operators on the Hilbert space H, and let (K)1 denote the intersection of K with the unit ball of B(H).
Kaplansky density theorem. If is a self-adjoint algebra of operators in , then each element in the unit ball of the strong-operator closure of is in the strong-operator closure of the unit ball of . In other words, . If is a self-adjoint operator in , then is in the strong-operator closure of the set of self-adjoint operators in .
The Kaplansky density theorem can be used to formulate some approximations with respect to the strong operator topology.
1) If h is a positive operator in (A−)1, then h is in the strong-operator closure of the set of self-adjoint operators in (A+)1, where A+ denotes the set of positive operators in A.
2) If A is a C*-algebra acting on the Hilbert space H and u is a unitary operator in A−, then u is in the strong-operator closure of the set of unitary operators in A.
In the density theorem and 1) above, the results also hold if one considers a ball of radius r > 0, instead of the unit ball.
Proof
The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyoglossal%20membrane | The hyoglossal membrane is a strong fibrous lamina, which connects the under surface of the root of the tongue to the body of the hyoid bone. It is characterized by a posterior widening of the lingual septum.
This membrane receives, in front, some of the fibers of the Genioglossi. Inferior fibers are attached to hyoglossal membrane, and to the upper anterior body of the midline of hyoid bone.
References
Human head and neck |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulus%20Grammar%20Compiler | The Regulus Grammar Compiler is a software system for compiling unification grammars into grammars for speech recognition systems.
References
Notes
M. Rayner, B. A. Hockey and P. Bouillon (2006). Putting Linguistics into Speech Recognition: The Regulus Grammar Compiler. Stanford University Center for the Study of language and information, Stanford, California. .
External links
Natural language processing software
Speech recognition software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M8%20%28cipher%29 | In cryptography, M8 is a block cipher designed by Hitachi in 1999. It is a modification of Hitachi's earlier M6 algorithm, designed for greater security and high performance in both hardware and 32-bit software implementations. M8 was registered by Hitachi in March 1999 as ISO/IEC 9979-0020.
Like M6, M8 is a Feistel cipher with a block size of 64 bits. The round function can include 32-bit rotations, XORs, and modular addition, making it an early example of an ARX cipher.
The cipher features a variable number of rounds (any positive integer N), each of which has a structure determined by a round-specific "algorithm decision key". Making the rounds key-dependent is intended to make cryptanalysis more difficult (see FROG for a similar design philosophy).
Cipher description
The round count can be set to any positive integer N, but a round count of at least 10 is recommended. The key consists of four components: a 64-bit data key, 256-bit key expansion key, a set of N 24-bit algorithm decision keys, and a set of N 96-bit algorithm expansion keys.
The round function is used for both key expansion and encryption/decryption. The key expansion process transforms the 64-bit data key and 256-bit key expansion key into a 256-bit execution key, consisting of 4 pairs of 32-bit numbers .
The cipher has a typical Feistel cipher design. First, the 64-bit input block is split into two 32-bit halves. In each round, the left half undergoes a key-dependent transformation, and is then combi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98jvind%20Moestrup | Øjvind Moestrup (born 15 December 1941) is a Danish aquatic botanist, working particularly with the classification of algae. He worked at the Botanical Institute at the University of Copenhagen and is a professor emeritus in the Department of Biology there. He published over 100 scientific papers.
Moestrup received his doctorate in biology from the University of Copenhagen in 1983, and has worked with the Fishery Inspection Service of the Danish Ministry of Fisheries. His major areas of research include the taxonomy of planktonic algae, haptophytes, toxic diatoms and raphidophytes.
Honours
In 2012 Professor Moestrup received the Yasumoto Award for excellence in his lifetime dedicated work of research on the biology, taxonomy and ultrastructure of microalgae.
The following have been named after him:
Gyrodinium moestrupii
Moestrupia
Ochromonas moestrupii
Platychrysis moestrupii
Pyramimonas moestrupii
Resultomonas moestrupii
References
20th-century Danish botanists
Danish phycologists
Botanists with author abbreviations
1941 births
Living people
21st-century Danish botanists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20Old%20Santa%20Fe | In Old Santa Fe is a 1934 American Western film directed by David Howard, starring Ken Maynard, George "Gabby" Hayes and Evalyn Knapp and featuring the first screen appearance of Gene Autry, singing a bluegrass rendition of "Wyoming Waltz" accompanied by his own acoustic guitar with Smiley Burnette on accordion. Autry and Burnette were uncredited, but the scene served as a screen test for the duo for subsequent singing cowboy films, beginning with The Phantom Empire (1935), in which Autry had his first leading role.
Based on a story by Wallace MacDonald and John Rathmell, the film is about a cowboy who loses his horse in a rigged horse race and gets framed for the murder of a stagecoach driver. The film was shot on location in Kentucky and Keystone Studios in California.
Plot
A cowboy named Kentucky Ken (Ken Maynard) and his sidekick, Cactus (George "Gabby" Hayes), meet a beautiful woman named Lila Miller (Evalyn Knapp) when her car accidentally goes off the road. Lila's father, Charlie Miller (H. B. Warner), owns the dude ranch where Ken and Cactus intend to enter their prize horse Tarzan in a gruelling canyon race. Two other men, Chandler and Tracy, have also arrived for the race. They are also plotting to blackmail Charlie, who has a secret criminal past, for half of his gold mine and ranch operation earnings. Chandler also hopes that his blackmail scheme will force Charlie into granting him permission to marry Lila, who is showing a definite interest in Ken. Charlie ref |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum%20of%20theistic%20probability | Popularized by Richard Dawkins in The God Delusion, the spectrum of theistic probability is a way of categorizing one's belief regarding the probability of the existence of a deity.
Atheism, theism, and agnosticism
J. J. C. Smart argues that the distinction between atheism and agnosticism is unclear, and many people who have passionately described themselves as agnostics were in fact atheists. He writes that this mischaracterization is based on an unreasonable philosophical skepticism that would not allow us to make any claims to knowledge about the world. He proposes instead the following analysis:
Let us consider the appropriateness or otherwise of someone (call him 'Philo') describing himself as a theist, atheist or agnostic. I would suggest that if Philo estimates the various plausibilities to be such that on the evidence before him the probability of theism comes out near to one he should describe himself as a theist and if it comes out near zero he should call himself an atheist, and if it comes out somewhere in the middle he should call himself an agnostic. There are no strict rules about this classification because the borderlines are vague. If need be, like a middle-aged man who is not sure whether to call himself bald or not bald, he should explain himself more fully.
Dawkins' formulation
In The God Delusion, Richard Dawkins posits that "the existence of God is a scientific hypothesis like any other." He goes on to propose a continuous "spectrum of probabilit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosilanes | Hydrosilanes are tetravalent silicon compounds containing one or more Si-H bond. The parent hydrosilane is silane (SiH4). Commonly, hydrosilane refers to organosilicon derivatives. Examples include phenylsilane (PhSiH3) and triethoxysilane ((C2H5O)3SiH). Polymers and oligomers terminated with hydrosilanes are resins that are used to make useful materials like caulks.
Synthesis
Trichlorosilane is produced commercially by the reaction of hydrogen chloride with silicon:
Si + 3 HCl → HSiCl3 + H2
Many alkoxy hydrosilanes are generated by alcoholysis of trichlorosilane. One example is triethoxysilane:
HSiCl3 + 3EtOH → HSi(OEt)3 + 3 HCl
Organohydrosilanes can be prepared by partial hydrosilation of silane itself:
SiH4 + 3 C2H4 → HSi(C2H5)3
In the laboratory, hydrosilanes classically are prepared by treating chlorosilanes with hydride reagents, such as lithium aluminium hydride:
4ClSi(C2H5)3 + LiAlH4 → 4HSi(C2H5)3 + LiAlCl4
Structure
The silicon-to-hydrogen bond is longer than the C–H bond (148 compared to 105 pm). The Si-H bond is about 10% weaker compared to C-H bonds.
Hydrogen is more electronegative than silicon (hence the naming convention of silyl hydrides), which results in the polarization of the Si-H bond to be the reverse of that for the C-H bond. Generally silyl hydrides are colourless with physical properties (solubility, volatility) comparable to hydrocarbons. They can be pyrophoric, reflecting the great driving force for replacing Si-H bonds with Si-O bonds.
Rea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic%20acid%20quantitation | In molecular biology, quantitation of nucleic acids is commonly performed to determine the average concentrations of DNA or RNA present in a mixture, as well as their purity. Reactions that use nucleic acids often require particular amounts and purity for optimum performance. To date, there are two main approaches used by scientists to quantitate, or establish the concentration, of nucleic acids (such as DNA or RNA) in a solution. These are spectrophotometric quantification and UV fluorescence tagging in presence of a DNA dye.
Spectrophotometric analysis
One of the most commonly used practices to quantitate DNA or RNA is the use of spectrophotometric analysis using a spectrophotometer. A spectrophotometer is able to determine the average concentrations of the nucleic acids DNA or RNA present in a mixture, as well as their purity.
Spectrophotometric analysis is based on the principles that nucleic acids absorb ultraviolet light in a specific pattern. In the case of DNA and RNA, a sample is exposed to ultraviolet light at a wavelength of 260 nanometres (nm) and a photo-detector measures the light that passes through the sample. Some of the ultraviolet light will pass through and some will be absorbed by the DNA / RNA. The more light absorbed by the sample, the higher the nucleic acid concentration in the sample. The resulting effect is that less light will strike the photodetector and this will produce a higher optical density (OD)
Using the Beer–Lambert law it is possible |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative%20heat%20exchanger | A regenerative heat exchanger, or more commonly a regenerator, is a type of heat exchanger where heat from the hot fluid is intermittently stored in a thermal storage medium before it is transferred to the cold fluid. To accomplish this the hot fluid is brought into contact with the heat storage medium, then the fluid is displaced with the cold fluid, which absorbs the heat.
In regenerative heat exchangers, the fluid on either side of the heat exchanger can be the same fluid. The fluid may go through an external processing step, and then it is flowed back through the heat exchanger in the opposite direction for further processing. Usually the application will use this process cyclically or repetitively.
Regenerative heating was one of the most important technologies developed during the Industrial Revolution when it was used in the hot blast process on blast furnaces. It was later used in glass melting furnaces and steel making, to increase the efficiency of open hearth furnaces, and in high pressure boilers and chemical and other applications, where it continues to be important today.
History
The first regenerator was invented by Rev. Robert Stirling in 1816, and is also found as a component of some examples of his Stirling engine. The simplest Stirling engines, including most models, use the walls of the cylinder and displacer as a rudimentary regenerator, which is simpler and cheaper to construct but far less efficient.
Later applications included the blast furnace pr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20S.%20Fredrickson | Donald Sharp "Don" Fredrickson (August 8, 1924 – June 7, 2002) was an American medical researcher, principally of the lipid and cholesterol metabolism, and director of National Institutes of Health and subsequently the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Biography
Fredrickson was born in Cañon City, Colorado. His father was a county judge and the owner of Fredrickson Brown, an independent insurance agency. After high school he commenced medical school at the University of Colorado, but completed his studies at the University of Michigan after being transferred there by the army. During a cycling trip in the Netherlands he met his future wife, Priscilla Eekhof, and they married two years later. They had two sons.
Between 1949 and 1952 he worked as a resident and subsequently as a fellow in internal medicine at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital (now part of Brigham and Women's Hospital) in Boston. Much of his published work from this period is in the field of endocrinology. Subsequently he spent a year in the laboratory of Ivan Frantz, a cholesterol biochemist, at Massachusetts General Hospital.
Lipid research
In 1953 he took up a post at the National Heart Institute, part of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. Initially, he worked with protein chemist and Nobel laureate Christian B. Anfinsen, and subsequently (with Daniel Steinberg) developed an interest in the metabolism of cholesterol and lipoproteins, as well as related medical conditions such as Niemann- |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20audition | Computer audition (CA) or machine listening is the general field of study of algorithms and systems for audio interpretation by machines. Since the notion of what it means for a machine to "hear" is very broad and somewhat vague, computer audition attempts to bring together several disciplines that originally dealt with specific problems or had a concrete application in mind. The engineer Paris Smaragdis, interviewed in Technology Review, talks about these systems "software that uses sound to locate people moving through rooms, monitor machinery for impending breakdowns, or activate traffic cameras to record accidents."
Inspired by models of human audition, CA deals with questions of representation, transduction, grouping, use of musical knowledge and general sound semantics for the purpose of performing intelligent operations on audio and music signals by the computer. Technically this requires a combination of methods from the fields of signal processing, auditory modelling, music perception and cognition, pattern recognition, and machine learning, as well as more traditional methods of artificial intelligence for musical knowledge representation.
Applications
Like computer vision versus image processing, computer audition versus audio engineering deals with understanding of audio rather than processing. It also differs from problems of speech understanding by machine since it deals with general audio signals, such as natural sounds and musical recordings.
Applications |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallow%20water | Shallow water may refer to:
Shallow Water (album)
Shallow Water, Kansas, unincorporated community, United States
Waves and shallow water
Shallow water equations
Shallow Water (film)
See also
Shallow-water blackout (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allomerism | Allomerism is the similarity in the crystalline structure of substances of different chemical composition.
References
Penguin Science Dictionary 1994, Penguin Books
Solid-state chemistry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressibility%20equation | In statistical mechanics and thermodynamics the compressibility equation refers to an equation which relates the isothermal compressibility (and indirectly the pressure) to the structure of the liquid. It reads:where is the number density, g(r) is the radial distribution function and is the isothermal compressibility.
Using the Fourier representation of the Ornstein-Zernike equation the compressibility equation can be rewritten in the form:
where h(r) and c(r) are the indirect and direct correlation functions respectively. The compressibility equation is one of the many integral equations in statistical mechanics.
References
D.A. McQuarrie, Statistical Mechanics (Harper Collins Publishers) 1976
Statistical mechanics
Thermodynamic equations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93thyroid%20axis | The hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis (HPT axis for short, a.k.a. thyroid homeostasis or thyrotropic feedback control) is part of the neuroendocrine system responsible for the regulation of metabolism and also responds to stress.
As its name suggests, it depends upon the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the thyroid gland.
The hypothalamus senses low circulating levels of thyroid hormone (Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)) and responds by releasing thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). The TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The TSH, in turn, stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormone until levels in the blood return to normal. Thyroid hormone exerts negative feedback control over the hypothalamus as well as anterior pituitary, thus controlling the release of both TRH from hypothalamus and TSH from anterior pituitary gland.
The HPA, HPG, and HPT axes are three pathways in which the hypothalamus and pituitary direct neuroendocrine function.
Physiology
Thyroid homeostasis results from a multi-loop feedback system that is found in virtually all higher vertebrates. Proper function of thyrotropic feedback control is indispensable for growth, differentiation, reproduction and intelligence. Very few animals (e.g. axolotls and sloths) have impaired thyroid homeostasis that exhibits a very low set-point that is assumed to underlie the metabolic and ontogenetic anomalies of these animals.
The pituitary gland secr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERCC2 |
ERCC2, or XPD is a protein involved in transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair.
The XPD (ERCC2) gene encodes for a 2.3-kb mRNA containing 22 exons and 21 introns. The XPD protein contains 760 amino acids and is a polypeptide with a size of 87kDa. Defects in this gene can result in three different disorders: the cancer-prone syndrome xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group D, photosensitive trichothiodystrophy, and Cockayne syndrome.
Just like XPB, XPD is a part of human transcriptional initiation factor TFIIH and has ATP-dependent helicase activity. It belongs to the RAD3/XPD subfamily of helicases.
XPD is essential for the viability of cells. Deletion of XPD in mice is lethal for developing embryos.
Consequences of mutations in ERCC2
The ERCC2/XPD protein participates in nucleotide excision repair and is used in unwinding the DNA double helix after damage is initially identified. Nucleotide excision repair is a multi-step pathway that removes a wide range of different damages that distort normal base pairing. Such damages include bulky chemical adducts, ultraviolet-induced pyrimidine dimers, and several forms of oxidative damage. Mutations in the ERCC2/XPD gene can lead to various syndromes, either xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), trichothiodystrophy (TTD) or a combination of XP and TTD (XPTTD), or a combination of XP and Cockayne syndrome (XPCS). TTD and CS both display features of premature aging. These features may include sensorineural deafness, retin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork%20county%20hurling%20team%20records%20and%20statistics | This is a list of Cork's record in the Munster and All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship over the last few years.
Overview
2000s
1990s
1980s
1970s
1960s
1950s
Players
Most championship appearances
External links
Cork GAA website
Records and statistics
County hurling team records and statistics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20Microbial%20Genomes%20System | The Integrated Microbial Genomes (IMG) system is a genome browsing and annotation platform developed by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)-Joint Genome Institute. IMG contains all the draft and complete microbial genomes sequenced by the DOE-JGI integrated with other publicly available genomes (including Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya, Viruses and Plasmids). IMG provides users a set of tools for comparative analysis of microbial genomes along three dimensions: genes, genomes and functions. Users can select and transfer them in the comparative analysis carts based upon a variety of criteria. IMG also includes a genome annotation pipeline that integrates information from several tools, including KEGG, Pfam, InterPro, and the Gene Ontology, among others. Users can also type or upload their own gene annotations (called MyIMG gene annotations) and the IMG system will allow them to generate Genbank or EMBL format files containing these annotations.
In successive releases IMG has expanded to include several domain-specific tools. The Integrated Microbial Genomes with Microbiome Samples (IMG/M) system is an extension of the IMG system providing a comparative analysis context of assembled metagenomic data with the publicly available isolate genomes. The Integrated Microbial Genomes- Expert Review (IMG/ER) system provides support to individual scientists or group of scientists for functional annotation and curation of their microbial genomes of interest. Users can submit their annotated |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20Public%20Radio%20Interface | The Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) standard defines an interface between Radio Equipment Control (REC) and Radio Equipment (RE). Oftentimes, CPRI links are used to carry data between cell sites and base stations.
The purpose of CPRI is to allow replacement of a copper or coax cable connection between a radio transceiver (used example for mobile-telephone communication and typically located in a tower) and a base station (typically located at the ground nearby), so the connection can be made to a remote and more convenient location. This connection (often referred to as the Fronthaul network) can be a fiber to an installation where multiple remote base stations may be served. This fiber supports both single and multi mode communication. The fiber end is connected with the Small Form-factor Pluggable (SFP) transceiver device.
The companies working to define the specification include Ericsson
AB, Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd, NEC Corporation and Nokia.
See also
Open Base Station Architecture Initiative (OBSAI)
Remote radio head (RRH)
References
External links
CPRI Homepage
CPRI specification (free) at CPRI homepage
Radio technology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-diffusion | According to IUPAC definition, self-diffusion coefficient is the diffusion coefficient of species when the chemical potential gradient equals zero. It is linked to the diffusion coefficient by the equation:
Here, is the activity of the species in the solution and is the concentration of . This term is commonly assumed to be equal to the tracer diffusion determined by watching the movement of an isotope in the material of interest.
See also
Brownian motion
Diffusion
Molecular diffusion
References
Diffusion |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Castles | Crystal Castles was a Canadian electronic music group formed in 2006 in Toronto, Ontario, formed by songwriter-producer Ethan Kath and singer-songwriter Alice Glass, who later left and was replaced by Edith Frances. Crystal Castles were known for their chaotic live shows and lo-fi melancholic homemade productions. They released many limited vinyl singles between 2006 and 2007 before releasing four studio albums between 2008 and 2016.
Glass announced her departure from the band in October 2014, citing personal and professional reasons. Three years later, during the band's tour to support their fourth album, Amnesty (I), Glass accused Kath of sexual misconduct during her time in Crystal Castles, causing the remaining tour dates to be cancelled. Crystal Castles has since been inactive, having provided no updates on new material or performances after Glass's allegations.
History
2006–2007: Formation and Alice Practice
Ethan Kath (born Claudio Palmieri) met Alice Glass (born Margaret Osborn) in Toronto, Ontario, when she was in the 10th grade and he was 10 years her senior. Kath had already found a small bit of fame in Toronto's music scene, having made appearances on local television with his previous band, Kïll Cheerleadër. A couple of years later, Kath asked Glass to record vocals over tracks he had been working on since 2003. The sessions resulted in the track "Alice Practice", which was shelved for six months.
After being posted online, this track garnered attention and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20Practice | Alice Practice is the debut EP from Crystal Castles, released on Merok Records on 9 July 2006. The release was limited to 500 copies on 7" vinyl and sold out in three days.
The cover of the EP features artwork by Trevor Brown of Madonna with a black eye. Brown sued the band, claiming that they had used his work without permission. In 2008, Brown and the band came to a settlement in which he was paid for the rights to the image.
The title track, "Alice Practice", was claimed to be a soundcheck secretly recorded by the sound engineer before the band launched into a five-song recording session in 2005. This story has since been denied by Alice Glass, who claimed that this was untrue and that Ethan Kath fictionalised the story to minimise her input into the band. Crystal Castles later performed "Alice Practice" on an episode of the British television series Skins. After being featured on the show, demand for the Alice Practice EP grew rapidly. In October 2011, NME rated the song number 29 on its list of "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years".
The track "Air War" garnered attention from prominent indie website Pitchfork Media. The track "Dolls" is exclusive to the Alice Practice EP and is not available on any other official release.
Track listing
"Alice Practice" – 2:16
"Dolls" – 1:33
"Air War" – 2:28
"Love and Caring" – 2:20
See also
List of controversial album art
References
External links
Lyrics at official website.
2006 debut EPs
Crystal Castles (band) albums
Cultur |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby%20Tyler%20or%2010%20Weeks%20with%20a%20Circus%20%28film%29 | Toby Tyler or 10 Weeks with a Circus, also known simply as Toby Tyler, is a 1960 American drama film directed by Charles Barton and starring Kevin Corcoran, Henry Calvin, Gene Sheldon, and Richard Eastham. It was produced by Walt Disney Productions and distributed by Buena Vista Distribution Company on January 21, 1960. It is based on the 1880 children's book Toby Tyler; or, Ten Weeks with a Circus by James Otis Kaler.
The film, shot at Golden Oak Ranch in Newhall, California, later aired on the Walt Disney anthology television series.
Plot
After his stern Uncle Daniel describes him as a "millstone" for neglecting his chores, ten year old Toby Tyler runs away from his foster home to join the circus. There, he soon befriends Mr. Stubbs, a frisky chimpanzee. However, the circus isn't all fun and games. His employer Harry Tupper, the candy vendor, is dishonest and greedy. He convinces Toby that his Aunt Olive and Uncle Daniel don't love him nor want him back and hides their letters. Toby resigns himself to circus life, even scoring himself a much bigger role, when he replaces the uppity, self-centered boy bareback rider after an injury. When Toby discovers, with the help of Mr. Stubbs, that Harry lied to him about his aunt and uncle, he departs the circus for home. Mr. Stubbs follows him and Toby decides to take the chimp home with him. Soon after, though, Mr. Stubbs is chased by a hunter's dog. The hunter, Jim Weaver, accidentally shoots Mr. Stubbs just as Harry arrives to ha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroteuthidinae | Heteroteuthidinae is a subfamily of bobtail squid encompassing five genera and around ten species.
Classification
Subfamily Heteroteuthinae
Genus Amphorateuthis
Amphorateuthis alveatus
Genus Heteroteuthis
Subgenus Heteroteuthis
Heteroteuthis dispar, Odd Bobtail
Heteroteuthis weberi
Subgenus Stephanoteuthis
Heteroteuthis dagamensis
Heteroteuthis hawaiiensis
Heteroteuthis serventyi
Genus Iridoteuthis
Genus Nectoteuthis
Nectoteuthis pourtalesi
Genus Sepiolina
Sepiolina nipponensis, Japanese Bobtail
Genus Stoloteuthis
Stoloteuthis leucoptera, Butterfly Bobtail Squid
References
External links
Tree of Life: Heteroteuthinae
CephBase: Heteroteuthinae
Bobtail squid
Taxa named by Adolf Appellöf |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossiinae | Rossiinae is a subfamily of bobtail squid encompassing four genera and around twenty species.
Classification
Subfamily Rossiinae
Genus Austrorossia
Austrorossia antillensis, Antilles bobtail squid
Austrorossia australis
Austrorossia bipapillata
Austrorossia enigmatica *
Austrorossia mastigophora
Genus Neorossia
Neorossia caroli, Carol bobtail
Neorossia leptodons
Genus Rossia
Rossia brachyura
Rossia bullisi, Gulf bobtail squid
Rossia glaucopis
Rossia macrosoma, stout bobtail
Rossia megaptera, big-fin bobtail squid
Rossia moelleri
Rossia mollicella
Rossia pacifica
Rossia pacifica diegensis *
Rossia pacifica pacifica, North Pacific bobtail squid
Rossia palpebrosa, warty bobtail squid
Rossia tortugaensis, Tortugas bobtail squid
Genus Semirossia
Semirossia equalis, greater bobtail squid
Semirossia patagonica
Semirossia tenera, lesser bobtail squid
References
External links
CephBase: Rossiinae
Bobtail squid
Taxa named by Adolf Appellöf |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepiolinae | Sepiolinae is a subfamily of bobtail squid encompassing 5 genera and more than 30 species.
Classification
Subfamily Sepiolinae
Genus Euprymna
Euprymna albatrossae
Euprymna berryi, Double-ear Bobtail
Euprymna brenneri
Euprymna hoylei
Euprymna hyllebergi
Euprymna morsei, Mimika Bobtail
Euprymna penares *
Euprymna phenax
Euprymna scolopes, Hawaiian Bobtail Squid
Euprymna stenodactyla
Euprymna tasmanica, Southern Dumpling Squid
Genus Inioteuthis
Inioteuthis capensis
Inioteuthis japonica
Inioteuthis maculosa
Genus Rondeletiola
Rondeletiola minor, Lentil Bobtail
Genus Sepietta
Sepietta neglecta, Elegant Bobtail
Sepietta obscura
Sepietta oweniana, Common Bobtail
Sepietta petersi, Mysterious Bobtail
Genus Sepiola
Sepiola affinis, Anagolous Bobtail
Sepiola atlantica, Atlantic Bobtail
Sepiola aurantiaca, Golden Bobtail
Sepiola birostrata, Butterfly Bobtail
Sepiola intermedia, Intermediate Bobtail
Sepiola knudseni
Sepiola ligulata, Tongue Bobtail
Sepiola parva
Sepiola pfefferi *
Sepiola robusta, Robust Bobtail
Sepiola rondeleti, Dwarf Bobtail
Sepiola rossiaeformis *
Sepiola steenstrupiana, Steenstrup's Bobtail
Sepiola trirostrata
Sepiola sp., Southern Bobtail Squid
References
External links
CephBase: Sepiolinae
Bobtail squid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCR%20%28gene%29 | The breakpoint cluster region protein (BCR) also known as renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN-26 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BCR gene. BCR is one of the two genes in the BCR-ABL fusion protein, which is associated with the Philadelphia chromosome. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Function
Although the BCR-ABL fusion protein has been much studied, the function of the normal BCR gene product is still not clear. The protein has serine/threonine kinase activity and is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Rho family of GTPases including RhoA.
Clinical significance
A reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 22 and 9 produces the Philadelphia chromosome, which is often found in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. The chromosome 22 breakpoint for this translocation is located within the BCR gene. The translocation produces a fusion protein that is encoded by sequence from both BCR and ABL, the gene at the chromosome 9 breakpoint.
Structure
The BCR-ABL oncoprotein oligomerisation domain found at the N-terminus of BCR is essential for the oncogenicity of the BCR-ABL fusion protein. The BCR-ABL oncoprotein oligomerisation domain consists of a short N-terminal helix (alpha-1), a flexible loop and a long C-terminal helix (alpha-2). Together these form an N-shaped structure, with the loop allowing the two helices to assume a parallel orientation. The monomeric domains associate into a dimer through |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenobam | Fenobam is an imidazole derivative developed by McNeil Laboratories in the late 1970s as a novel anxiolytic drug with an at-the-time-unidentified molecular target in the brain. Subsequently, it was determined that fenobam acts as a potent and selective negative allosteric modulator of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype mGluR5, and it has been used as a lead compound for the development of a range of newer mGluR5 antagonists.
Fenobam has anxiolytic effects comparable to those of benzodiazepine drugs, but was never commercially marketed for the treatment of anxiety due to dose-limiting side effects such as amnesia and psychotomimetic symptoms. Following the discovery of its activity as a potent negative allosteric modulator of mGluR5, fenobam has been re-investigated for many applications, with its profile of combined antidepressant, anxiolytic, analgesic and anti-addictive effects potentially useful given the common co-morbidity of these symptoms. It has also shown promising initial results in the treatment of fragile X syndrome. It was developed by a team at McNeil Laboratories in the 1970s.
Chemistry
Fenobam is known to exist in five crystalline forms, all of them exhibiting a tautomeric structure with the proton attached to the five membered ring nitrogen.
See also
AZD9272
Basimglurant
MPEP
MTEP
MFZ 10-7
References
Anxiolytics
Imidazolines
Lactams
Ureas
Chloroarenes
Orphan drugs
MGlu5 receptor antagonists
Abandoned drugs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallen | Kristallen (meaning The Crystal) is the official Swedish television award, administered by the foundation . It was created in 2005 by television producers SVT, TV3, TV4, Kanal 5 and UR.
The trophy
The award trophy, created by Mårten Claesson, Eero Koivisto and Ola Rune, is made out of crystal glass, a material with a long tradition in Swedish art.
Award categories
Kristallen is awarded in a number of categories, including the following:
Juried awards
Entertainment show of the year
Series of the year
Drama of the year
Humour programme of the year
Children's and teenager's programme of the year
Current events programme of the year
Documentary of the year
Reality show of the year
Awards by popular vote
Male host of the year
Female host of the year
Sports presenter of the year
Show of the year
Special award
The recipient of the special award is chosen by the board.
2010 winners
The Kristallen prizes for 2010 were awarded on 3 September 2010.
Juried awards
Public vote
Special award
2011 winners
The Kristallen prizes for 2011 were awarded on 9 September 2010.
Juried awards
Public vote
Special award
2021
In 2021, the awards were presented on 27 August. The Thin Blue Line () won "Best TV Drama and Best Programme of the year" at the annual Swedish television awards, the Kristallen TV Awards.
References
External links
Swedish television awards
2005 establishments in Sweden
Awards established in 2005 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble%20Kalman%20filter | The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is a recursive filter suitable for problems with a large number of variables, such as discretizations of partial differential equations in geophysical models. The EnKF originated as a version of the Kalman filter for large problems (essentially, the covariance matrix is replaced by the sample covariance), and it is now an important data assimilation component of ensemble forecasting. EnKF is related to the particle filter (in this context, a particle is the same thing as an ensemble member) but the EnKF makes the assumption that all probability distributions involved are Gaussian; when it is applicable, it is much more efficient than the particle filter.
Introduction
The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is a Monte Carlo implementation of the Bayesian update problem: given a probability density function (PDF) of the state of the modeled system (the prior, called often the forecast in geosciences) and the data likelihood, Bayes' theorem is used to obtain the PDF after the data likelihood has been taken into account (the posterior, often called the analysis). This is called a Bayesian update. The Bayesian update is combined with advancing the model in time, incorporating new data from time to time. The original Kalman filter, introduced in 1960, assumes that all PDFs are Gaussian (the Gaussian assumption) and provides algebraic formulas for the change of the mean and the covariance matrix by the Bayesian update, as well as a formula for advancin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artin%E2%80%93Rees%20lemma | In mathematics, the Artin–Rees lemma is a basic result about modules over a Noetherian ring, along with results such as the Hilbert basis theorem. It was proved in the 1950s in independent works by the mathematicians Emil Artin and David Rees; a special case was known to Oscar Zariski prior to their work.
An intuitive characterization of the lemma involves the notion that a submodule N of a module M over some ring A with specified ideal I holds a priori two topologies: one induced by the topology on M, and the other when considered with the I-adic topology over A. Then Artin-Rees dictates that these topologies actually coincide, at least when A is Noetherian and M finitely-generated.
One consequence of the lemma is the Krull intersection theorem. The result is also used to prove the exactness property of completion. The lemma also plays a key role in the study of ℓ-adic sheaves.
Statement
Let I be an ideal in a Noetherian ring R; let M be a finitely generated R-module and let N a submodule of M. Then there exists an integer k ≥ 1 so that, for n ≥ k,
Proof
The lemma immediately follows from the fact that R is Noetherian once necessary notions and notations are set up.
For any ring R and an ideal I in R, we set (B for blow-up.) We say a decreasing sequence of submodules is an I-filtration if ; moreover, it is stable if for sufficiently large n. If M is given an I-filtration, we set ; it is a graded module over .
Now, let M be a R-module with the I-filtration by fini |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troponin%20C | Troponin C is a protein which is part of the troponin complex. It contains four calcium-binding EF hands, although different isoforms may have fewer than four functional calcium-binding subdomains. It is a component of thin filaments, along with actin and tropomyosin. It contains an N lobe and a C lobe. The C lobe serves a structural purpose and binds to the N domain of troponin I (TnI). The C lobe can bind either Ca2+ or Mg2+. The N lobe, which binds only Ca2+, is the regulatory lobe and binds to the C domain of troponin I after calcium binding.
Isoforms
The tissue specific subtypes are:
Slow troponin C, TNNC1 (3p21.1 )
Fast troponin C, TNNC2 (20q12-q13.11, )
Mutations
Point mutations can occur in troponin C inducing alterations to Ca2+ and Mg2+ binding and protein structure, leading to abnormalities in muscle contraction. In cardiac muscle, they are related to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).
These known point mutations are:
A8V
D145E
A31S
C84Y
E134D
Y5H
I148V
See also
Troponin
Troponin T
Troponin I
Calcium-binding protein
Sliding filament model
References
External links
Troponin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troponin%20T | Troponin T (shortened TnT or TropT) is a part of the troponin complex, which are proteins integral to the contraction of skeletal and heart muscles. They are expressed in skeletal and cardiac myocytes. Troponin T binds to tropomyosin and helps position it on actin, and together with the rest of the troponin complex, modulates contraction of striated muscle. The cardiac subtype of troponin T is especially useful in the laboratory diagnosis of heart attack because it is released into the blood-stream when damage to heart muscle occurs. It was discovered by the German physician Hugo A. Katus at the University of Heidelberg, who also developed the troponin T assay.
Subtypes
Slow skeletal troponin T1, TNNT1 (19q13.4, )
Cardiac troponin T2, TNNT2 (1q32, )
Fast skeletal troponin T3, TNNT3 (11p15.5, )
Reference values
The 99th percentile cutoff for cardiac troponin T (cTnT) is 0.01 ng/mL. The reference range for the high sensitivity troponin T is a normal < 14 ng/L, borderline of 14-52 ng/L, and elevated of >52 ng/L.
Background
The troponin complex is responsible for coupling the sarcomere contraction cycle to variations in intracellular calcium concentration. Increased troponin T levels after an episode of chest pain indicates myocardial infarction. It was discovered by the German physician Hugo A. Katus at the University of Heidelberg. He also developed the troponin T assay. In patients with stable coronary artery disease, the troponin T concentration has long been found to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troponin%20I | Troponin I is a cardiac and skeletal muscle protein family. It is a part of the troponin protein complex, where it binds to actin in thin myofilaments to hold the actin-tropomyosin complex in place. Troponin I prevents myosin from binding to actin in relaxed muscle. When calcium binds to the troponin C, it causes conformational changes which lead to dislocation of troponin I. Afterwards, tropomyosin leaves the binding site for myosin on actin leading to contraction of muscle. The letter I is given due to its inhibitory character. It is a useful marker in the laboratory diagnosis of heart attack. It occurs in different plasma concentration but the same circumstances as troponin T - either test can be performed for confirmation of cardiac muscle damage and laboratories usually offer one test or the other.
Three paralogs with unique tissue-specific expression patterns are expressed in humans, listed below with their locations and OMIM accessions:
Slow-twitch skeletal muscle isoform troponin I, TNNI1 (1q31.3, )
Fast-twitch skeletal muscle isoform troponin I, TNNI2 (11p15.5, )
Cardiac troponin I, TNNI3 (19q13.4, )
cTnI
Cardiac troponin I, often denoted as cTnI, is presented in cardiac muscle tissue by a single isoform with a molecular weight of 23.9 kDa. It consists of 209 amino acid residues. The theoretical pI of cTnI is 9.05. cTnI differs from other troponins due to its N-terminal extension of 26 amino acids. This extension contains two serines, residues 23 and 24, which |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eardrum%20%28disambiguation%29 | Eardrum, a thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear.
Eardrum may also refer to:
Eardrum (album), an album by Talib Kweli
Eardrum Records, a record label |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottilie | Ottilie is a given name for women. The name is a French derivative of the medieval German masculine name Otto, and has the meaning "prosperous in battle", "riches", "prosperous" or "wealth".
Popularity
The name has increased in popularity in England and Wales in recent years. It has ranked among the top 500 names for girls in those countries since 2015 and was the 118th most popular name for girls there in 2021. It is a name that has been particularly well-used for girls from upper class British families. The traditional German pronunciation is o-TEE-lee-ə. The usual British pronunciation is OT-i-lee. Its popularity in the United States peaked in 1880 when it reached almost 600th position. It is now an unfamiliar name to many Americans, but is also increasing in usage in the United States, where the name was given to 25 newborn girls in 2021 and 34 newborn girls in 2022.
Ottilie is a variant of Odile. Ottilia, Ottiliana, and Ottoline are variants of Ottilie.
People
Ottilie Abrahams, Namibian activist
Ottilie Assing, German journalist
Ottilie von Bistram, Latvian writer and teacher
Ottilia Borbáth, Romanian actor
Ottilie Davidová, the youngest of Franz Kafka's three sisters
Ottilie Fleischer, German athlete
Ottilie Louise Fresco, Dutch scientist
Otti Geschka, full name Ottilie Geschka (born 1939), German pediatric nurse and politician
Ottilie Godefroy, Austrian actor who performed under the name Tilla Durieux
Ottilie von Hansemann, German women's rights activist
Ottilie H |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%20fuchsin | Acid fuchsin or fuchsine acid, (also called Acid Violet 19 and C.I. 42685) is an acidic magenta dye with the chemical formula C20H17N3Na2O9S3. It is a sodium sulfonate derivative of fuchsine. Acid fuchsin has wide use in histology, and is one of the dyes used in Masson's trichrome stain. This method is commonly used to stain cytoplasm and nuclei of tissue sections in the histology laboratory in order to distinguish muscle from collagen. The muscle stains red with the acid fuchsin, and the collagen is stained green or blue with Light Green SF yellowish or methyl blue. It can also be used to identify growing bacteria.
See also
New fuchsine
Pararosanilin
Verhoeff’s Stain
Pollen grain staining (Alexander's stain)
References
Staining dyes
Triarylmethane dyes
Anilines
Benzenesulfonates |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine%20and%20amphetamine%20regulated%20transcript | Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript, also known as CART, is a neuropeptide protein that in humans is encoded by the CARTPT gene. CART appears to have roles in reward, feeding, and stress, and it has the functional properties of an endogenous psychostimulant.
Function
CART is a neuropeptide that produces similar behavior in animals as cocaine and amphetamine, but conversely blocks the effects of cocaine when they are co-administered. The peptide is found in several areas, among them the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the brain. When CART was injected into rat VTA, increased locomotor activity was seen, which is one of the signs of "central stimulation" caused by psychostimulants, such as cocaine and amphetamine. The same rats also tended to return to the place where they were injected. This is called conditioned place preference and is also seen after injection of cocaine.
CART peptides, in particular, CART(55–102), seem to have an important function in the regulation of energy homeostasis and interact with several hypothalamic appetite circuits. CART expression is regulated by several peripheral peptide hormones involved in appetite regulation, including leptin, cholecystokinin and ghrelin, with CART and cholecystokinin having synergistic effects on appetite regulation.
CART is released in response to repeated dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens, and may regulate the activity of neurons in this area. CART production is upregulated by CREB, a protein thou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membranoproliferative%20glomerulonephritis | Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a type of glomerulonephritis caused by deposits in the kidney glomerular mesangium and basement membrane (GBM) thickening, activating complement and damaging the glomeruli.
MPGN accounts for approximately 4% of primary renal causes of nephrotic syndrome in children and 7% in adults.
It should not be confused with membranous glomerulonephritis, a condition in which the basement membrane is thickened, but the mesangium is not.
Type
There are three types of MPGN, but this classification is becoming obsolete as the causes of this pattern are becoming understood.
Type I
Type I, the most common by far, is caused by immune complexes depositing in the kidney. It is characterised by subendothelial and mesangial immune deposits.
It is believed to be associated with the classical complement pathway.
Type II
Also called recently as ‘C3 nephropathy’
The preferred name is "dense deposit disease." Most cases of dense deposit disease do not show a membranoproliferative pattern. A 2012 review considers DDD to be in a continuum with C3 glomerulonephritis, one reason the use of the type I to type III classification system is falling out of favour.
Most cases are associated with the dysregulation of the alternative complement pathway.
DDD is associated with deposition of complement C3 within the glomeruli with little or no staining for immunoglobulin. The presence of C3 without significant immunoglobulin suggested to early investigator |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LatticeMico32 | LatticeMico32 is a 32-bit microprocessor reduced instruction set computer (RISC) soft core from Lattice Semiconductor optimized for field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). It uses a Harvard architecture, which means the instruction and data buses are separate. Bus arbitration logic can be used to combine the two buses, if desired.
LatticeMico32 is licensed under a free (IP) core license. This means that the Mico32 is not restricted to Lattice FPGAs, and can be legally used on any host architecture (FPGA, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or software emulation, e.g., QEMU). It is possible to embed a LatticeMico32 core into Xilinx and Altera FPGAs, in addition to the Lattice Semiconductor parts the LatticeMico32 was developed for. AMD PowerTune uses LatticeMico32.
The CPU core and the development toolchain are available as source-code, allowing third parties to implement changes to the processor architecture.
Features
RISC load/store architecture
32-bit data path
32-bit fixed-size instructions (all instructions are 32 bits, including jump, call and branch instructions.)
32 general purpose registers (R0 is typically set to zero by convention, however R0 is a standard register and other values may be assigned to it if so desired.)
Up to 32 external interrupts
Configurable instruction set including user defined instructions
Optional configurable caches (direct-mapped or 2-way set-associative, with a variety of cache sizes and arrangements)
Optional pipeli |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine%20metabolism | Pyrimidine biosynthesis occurs both in the body and through organic synthesis.
De novo biosynthesis of pyrimidine
De Novo biosynthesis of a pyrimidine is catalyzed by three gene products CAD, DHODH and UMPS. The first three enzymes of the process are all coded by the same gene in CAD which consists of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II, aspartate carbamoyltransferase and dihydroorotase. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) unlike CAD and UMPS is a mono-functional enzyme and is localized in the mitochondria. UMPS is a bifunctional enzyme consisting of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT) and orotidine monophosphate decarboxylase (OMPDC). Both, CAD and UMPS are localized around the mitochondria, in the cytosol. In Fungi, a similar protein exists but lacks the dihydroorotase function: another protein catalyzes the second step.
In other organisms (Bacteria, Archaea and the other Eukaryota), the first three steps are done by three different enzymes.
Pyrimidine catabolism
Pyrimidines are ultimately catabolized (degraded) to CO2, H2O, and urea. Cytosine can be broken down to uracil, which can be further broken down to N-carbamoyl-β-alanine, and then to beta-alanine, CO2, and ammonia by beta-ureidopropionase. Thymine is broken down into β-aminoisobutyrate which can be further broken down into intermediates eventually leading into the citric acid cycle.
β-aminoisobutyrate acts as a rough indicator for rate of DNA turnover.
Regulations of pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiess%20School%20of%20Natural%20Sciences | The Wiess School of Natural Sciences is an academic school at Rice University in Houston, Texas. It comprises the departments of BioSciences (a merging of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology); Chemistry; Earth, Environment and Planetary Sciences; Kinesiology; Mathematics; and Physics and Astronomy. Rice is well known for its groundbreaking research in nanotechnology. As well as undergraduate in instruction, the school also supports a professional science master's program. One of Rice's greatest minds and pioneers of the field was Richard Smalley, the Norman Hackerman Professor of Chemistry and Professor of Physics and Astronomy. Smalley received the Nobel Prize (along with chemist Robert Curl) in 1996 for the discovery buckminsterfullerene, an allotrope of carbon commonly referred to as "buckyballs".
About Natural Sciences at Rice
The four founding departments of Rice (Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics) are still a part of the Wiess School, which has historically been known for its strength in the sciences. Its Department of Space Science was established in 1963. The land on which the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center was built was donated by Rice University. Following this, President John F. Kennedy made a speech at Rice Stadium calling on the United States of America to develop its space program further.
Rice is also known for its emphasis on undergraduate education. The Wiess School of Natural Sciences offers research experiences for it |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty%20acid%20synthesis | In biochemistry, fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and NADPH through the action of enzymes called fatty acid synthases. This process takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Most of the acetyl-CoA which is converted into fatty acids is derived from carbohydrates via the glycolytic pathway. The glycolytic pathway also provides the glycerol with which three fatty acids can combine (by means of ester bonds) to form triglycerides (also known as "triacylglycerols" – to distinguish them from fatty "acids" – or simply as "fat"), the final product of the lipogenic process. When only two fatty acids combine with glycerol and the third alcohol group is phosphorylated with a group such as phosphatidylcholine, a phospholipid is formed. Phospholipids form the bulk of the lipid bilayers that make up cell membranes and surrounds the organelles within the cells (such as the cell nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, etc.). In addition to cytosolic fatty acid synthesis, there is also mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (mtFASII), in which malonyl-CoA is formed from malonic acid with the help of malonyl-CoA synthetase (ACSF3), which then becomes the final product octanoyl-ACP (C8) via further intermediate steps.
Straight-chain fatty acids
Straight-chain fatty acids occur in two types: saturated and unsaturated.
Saturated straight-chain fatty acids
Much like β-oxidation, straight-chain fatty acid synthesis occurs via the six recurri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Greene%20%28fitness%29 | Bob Greene (born December 8, 1958) is an American exercise physiologist and certified personal trainer specializing in fitness, metabolism, and weight loss. Greene is the creator of Best Life, a diet and fitness plan, and Best Life Foods, which sells a line of butter substitutes.
Biography
Education
Greene was born in Cherry Hill, New Jersey and is a graduate of Cherry Hill High School East.
Greene studied physical education at the University of Delaware and then went on to get a master's degree in exercise physiology from the University of Arizona. He is a member of the American College of Sports Medicine.
Career
Greene has authored over ten books concerning weight-loss, diet and health, including two books co-authored by Oprah Winfrey. He is a frequent guest on The Oprah Winfrey Show, has a radio show on the "Oprah and Friends" satellite radio network and is a contributor to O. He lives in Santa Barbara, California with his wife, Urania, and their daughter. Winfrey was the "Best Woman" at his 2005 wedding.
Books
The Life You Want, by Bob Greene, 2010; .
Best Life Diet, by Bob Greene, 2006; .
Best Life Diet Daily Journal, by Bob Greene, .
Make the Connection: Ten Steps to a Better Body and a Better Life, by Bob Greene and Oprah Winfrey, 1999; .
A Journal of Daily Renewal: The Companion to Make the Connection, by Bob Greene and Oprah Winfrey, 1996; .
Keep the Connection: Choices for a Better and Healthier Life, by Bob Greene, 2004; .
Get With the Program!: Getting Real |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor%20quality | In thermodynamics, vapor quality is the mass fraction in a saturated mixture that is vapor; in other words, saturated vapor has a "quality" of 100%, and saturated liquid has a "quality" of 0%. Vapor quality is an intensive property which can be used in conjunction with other independent intensive properties to specify the thermodynamic state of the working fluid of a thermodynamic system. It has no meaning for substances which are not saturated mixtures (for example, compressed liquids or superheated fluids).
Vapor quality is an important quantity during the adiabatic expansion step in various thermodynamic cycles (like Organic Rankine cycle, Rankine cycle, etc.). Working fluids can be classified by using the appearance of droplets in the vapor during the expansion step.
Quality can be calculated by dividing the mass of the vapor by the mass of the total mixture:
where indicates mass.
Another definition used in chemical engineering defines quality () of a fluid as the fraction that is saturated liquid. By this definition, a saturated liquid has . A saturated vapor has .
An alternative definition is the 'equilibrium thermodynamic quality'. It can be used only for single-component mixtures (e.g. water with steam), and can take values < 0 (for sub-cooled fluids) and > 1 (for super-heated vapors):
where is the mixture specific enthalpy, defined as:
Subscripts and refer to saturated liquid and saturated gas respectively, and refers to vaporization.
Calculation
The ab |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiodiffusion%20T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision%20S%C3%A9n%C3%A9galaise | Radiodiffusion Télévision Sénégalaise (RTS) is the Senegalese public broadcasting company.
History
The French military opened the first radio broadcasting station in Dakar in 1932. It began broadcasting civilian programming in 1939. The origins of RTS are in Radio-Dakar, created in 1950, that broadcast eight hours per day. In 1951 two channels appear: Dakar Inter and Dakar Afrique, broadcast to listeners across western Africa.
In 1959, the fusion of Mali and Senegal into the Mali Federation causes the creation of Radio Mali, its bases being in Radio Inter. On August 20, 1960, when Senegal separated from the Mali Federation, Radio Mali became Radio Senegal with two channels: one national and the other international.
In 1962, Radio Senegal became the flagship member of the Union of African National Television and Radio Organizations and its successor, the African Union of Broadcasting.
In February 1965, the Senegalese government began its first television broadcasts, which come to an end in 1972. However, the Munich Olympics created a demand that incited the Senegalese government to create an institution producing both television and radio broadcasts. The Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision du Sénégal (ORTS) was created in 1973, operating two radio channels and a national television channel.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen%20permeability | Oxygen permeability (OP) is a parameter of a contact lens that expresses the ability of the lens to let oxygen reach the eye by diffusion. In soft contact lenses, it is dependent on the thickness of the lens and the material of the lens, especially concerning the water content. Because of this dependence on thickness, transmissibility level (abbreviated Dk/t), the Dk per thickness of the lens, is more commonly used.
The earliest models of soft contact lenses, based on hydrogel material, had a level of oxygen permeability of around 6–8 Dk/t. Polymacon, the material used in the first hydrogel contact lenses in some countries in the 1960s and approved by the FDA in the U.S. in 1971, has a Dk of 9 .
These days, typical values of oxygen permeability for hydrogel contact lenses range from 25 to 50. For example, Nelfilcon A has a Dk value of 26, and the Omafilcon A has a Dk of 25.
While those numbers are typical of hydrogel contact lenses, many contact lenses are made of silicone hydrogel, which has a much higher oxygen permeability. For example, the Dk value of Lotrafilcon B and Comfilcon A, two silicone hydrogels, is 110 and 128, respectively. These values are more than twice the values of oxygen permeability for hydrogel materials.
D being diffusivity (cm2/sec) – a measure of how fast the oxygen moves through the material. Note, different sources may use different units: contact package inserts often use cm2/sec, while academic papers may use other values for distance |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDM1A | Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A (LSD1) also known as lysine (K)-specific demethylase 1A (KDM1A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KDM1A gene. LSD1 is a flavin-dependent monoamine oxidase, which can demethylate mono- and di-methylated lysines, specifically histone 3, lysine 4 (H3K4). Other reported methylated lysine substrates such as histone H3K9 and TP53 have not been biochemically validated. This enzyme plays a critical role in oocyte growth, embryogenesis, hematopoiesis and tissue-specific differentiation. LSD1 was the first histone demethylase to be discovered though more than 30 have since been described.
Structure
This gene encodes a nuclear protein containing a SWIRM domain, a FAD-binding motif, and an amine oxidase domain. This protein is a component of several complexes that include histone deacetylase and DNA methytransferase 1, all of which are associated with the repression of gene transcription. It is now known the LSD1 complex mediates a coordinated histone modification switch through these various enzymatic activities which in turn are recognized by histone "readers". The methylation of histone H3 at K4 can affect both the transcription of DNA and its replication.
Mechanism of Catalysis and Protein Function
LSD1 (lysine-specific demethylase 1), through a FAD-dependent oxidative reaction, specifically removes histone H3K4me2 to H3K4me1 or H3K4me0, but not H3K4me3.
The first step of the LSD1 catalytic reaction is the abstraction of hyd |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSC1 | Tuberous sclerosis 1 (TSC1), also known as hamartin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TSC1 gene.
Function
TSC1 functions as a co-chaperone which inhibits the ATPase activity of the chaperone Hsp90 (heat shock protein-90) and decelerates its chaperone cycle. Tsc1 functions as a facilitator of Hsp90 in chaperoning the kinase and non-kinase clients including Tsc2, therefore preventing their ubiquitination and degradation in the proteasome. TSC1, TSC2 and TBC1D7 is a multi-protein complex also known as the TSC complex. This complex negatively regulates mTORC1 signaling by functioning as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for the small GTPase Rheb, an essential activator of mTORC1. The TSC complex has been implicated as a tumor suppressor.
Clinical significance
Defects in this gene can cause tuberous sclerosis, due to a functional impairment of the TSC complex. Defects in TSC1 may also be a cause of focal cortical dysplasia. TSC1 may be involved in protecting brain neurons in the CA3 region of the hippocampus from the effects of stroke.
Interactions
TSC1 has been shown to interact with:
AKT1,
HSP70
HSP90
NEFL,
PLK1, and
TSC2.
See also
Tuberous sclerosis protein
References
Further reading
External links
GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Tuberous Sclerosis Complex or Bourneville Disease |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosome%20%28vesicle%29 | Exosomes are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are produced in the endosomal compartment of most eukaryotic cells.
In multicellular organisms, exosomes and other EVs are found in biological fluids including saliva, blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. EVs have specialized functions in physiological processes, from coagulation and waste management to intercellular communication.
Exosomes are formed through the inward budding of a late endosome, also known as a multivesicular body (MVB). The intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) of the multivesicular body (MVB) bud inward into the endosomal lumen. If the MVB fuses with the cell surface (the plasma membrane), these ILVs are released as exosomes.
Exosomes were also identified within the tissue matrix, coined Matrix-Bound Nanovesicles (MBV). They are also released in vitro by cultured cells into their growth medium.
Since the size of exosomes is limited by that of the parent MVB, exosomes are generally thought to be smaller than most other EVs, from about 30 to 150 nanometres (nm) in diameter: around the same size as many lipoproteins but much smaller than cells.
Compared with EVs in general, it is unclear whether exosomes have unique characteristics or functions or can be separated or distinguished effectively from other EVs.
EVs in circulation carry genetic material and proteins from their cell of origin, proteo-transcriptomic signatures that act as biomarkers. In the case of cancer cells, exosomes may show diff |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosome%20complex | The exosome complex (or PM/Scl complex, often just called the exosome) is a multi-protein intracellular complex capable of degrading various types of RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecules. Exosome complexes are found in both eukaryotic cells and archaea, while in bacteria a simpler complex called the degradosome carries out similar functions.
The core of the exosome contains a six-membered ring structure to which other proteins are attached. In eukaryotic cells, the exosome complex is present in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and especially the nucleolus, although different proteins interact with the exosome complex in these compartments regulating the RNA degradation activity of the complex to substrates specific to these cell compartments. Substrates of the exosome include messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and many species of small RNAs. The exosome has an exoribonucleolytic function, meaning it degrades RNA starting at one end (the 3′ end in this case), and in eukaryotes also an endoribonucleolytic function, meaning it cleaves RNA at sites within the molecule.
Several proteins in the exosome are the target of autoantibodies in patients with specific autoimmune diseases (especially the PM/Scl overlap syndrome) and some antimetabolic chemotherapies for cancer function by blocking the activity of the exosome. In addition, mutations in exosome component 3 cause pontocerebellar hypoplasia and spinal motor neuron disease.
Discovery
The exosome was first discovered as an RNase in 1997 in the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodopsin%20kinase | Rhodopsin kinase (, rod opsin kinase, G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 1, GPCR kinase 1, GRK1, opsin kinase, opsin kinase (phosphorylating), rhodopsin kinase (phosphorylating), RK, STK14) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase involved in phototransduction. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction:
ATP + rhodopsin ADP + phospho-rhodopsin
Mutations in rhodopsin kinase are associated with a form of night blindness called Oguchi disease.
Function and mechanism of action
Rhodopsin kinase is a member of the family of G protein-coupled receptor kinases, and is officially named G protein-coupled receptor kinase 1, or GRK1. Rhodopsin kinase is found primarily in mammalian retinal rod cells, where it phosphorylates light-activated rhodopsin, a member of the family of G protein-coupled receptors that recognizes light. Phosphorylated, light-activated rhodopsin binds to the protein arrestin to terminate the light-activated signaling cascade. The related GRK7, also known as cone opsin kinase, serves a similar function in retinal cone cells subserving high-acuity color vision in the fovea. The post-translational modification of GRK1 by farnesylation and α-carboxyl methylation is important for regulating the ability of the enzyme to recognize rhodopsin in rod outer segment disk membranes.
Arrestin-1 bound to rhodopsin prevents rhodopsin activation of the transducin protein to turn off photo-transduction completely.
Rhodopsin kinase is inhibited by the calcium-bi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aralkylamine%20N-acetyltransferase | Aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) (), also known as arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase or serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT), is an enzyme that is involved in the day/night rhythmic production of melatonin, by modification of serotonin. It is in humans encoded by the ~2.5 kb AANAT gene containing four exons, located on chromosome 17q25. The gene is translated into a 23 kDa large enzyme. It is well conserved through evolution and the human form of the protein is 80 percent identical to sheep and rat AANAT. It is an acetyl-CoA-dependent enzyme of the GCN5-related family of N-acetyltransferases (GNATs). It may contribute to multifactorial genetic diseases such as altered behavior in sleep/wake cycle and research is on-going with the aim of developing drugs that regulate AANAT function.
Nomenclature
The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:2-arylethylamine N-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include:
AANAT
Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase
Melatonin rhythm enzyme
Serotonin acetylase
Serotonin acetyltransferase
Serotonin N-acetyltransferase
The officially accepted name is aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase.
Function and mechanism
Tissue distribution
The AANAT mRNA transcript is mainly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). It is detectable at low levels in several brain regions including the pituitary gland as well as in the retina. It is most highly abundant in the pineal gland which is the site of melatonin synthesis. Brain an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box%20product | Box product may refer to:
The scalar triple product of three vectors
A cartesian product of topological spaces equipped with the box topology
The cartesian product of graphs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NICF | NICF may refer to:
Northern Ireland Cycling Federation
Maleamate amidohydrolase, an enzyme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valspodar | Valspodar (PSC833) is an experimental cancer treatment and chemosensitizer. It is a derivative of ciclosporin D (cyclosporin D).
Its primary use is as an inhibitor of the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein. Previous studies in animal models have found it to be effective at preventing cancer cell resistance to chemotherapeutics, but these findings did not translate to clinical success.
Adverse effects
Valspodar can cause nerve damage.
References
Experimental cancer drugs
Cyclic peptides |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying%20ice%20cube | In molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the flying ice cube effect is an artifact in which the energy of high-frequency fundamental modes is drained into low-frequency modes, particularly into zero-frequency motions such as overall translation and rotation of the system. The artifact derives its name from a particularly noticeable manifestation that arises in simulations of particles in vacuum, where the system being simulated acquires high linear momentum and experiences extremely damped internal motions, freezing the system into a single conformation reminiscent of an ice cube or other rigid body flying through space. The artifact is entirely a consequence of molecular dynamics algorithms and is wholly unphysical, since it violates the principle of equipartition of energy.
Origin and avoidance
The flying ice cube artifact arises from repeated rescalings of the velocities of the particles in the simulation system. Velocity rescaling is a means of imposing a thermostat on the system by multiplying the velocities of a system's particles by a factor after an integration timestep is completed, as is done by the Berendsen thermostat and the Bussi–Donadio–Parrinello thermostat. These schemes fail when the rescaling is done to a kinetic energy distribution of an ensemble that is not invariant under microcanonical molecular dynamics; thus, the Berendsen thermostat (which rescales to the isokinetic ensemble) exhibits the artifact, while the Bussi–Donadio–Parrinello thermostat (which |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-order%20statistics | In statistics, the term higher-order statistics (HOS) refers to functions which use the third or higher power of a sample, as opposed to more conventional techniques of lower-order statistics, which use constant, linear, and quadratic terms (zeroth, first, and second powers). The third and higher moments, as used in the skewness and kurtosis, are examples of HOS, whereas the first and second moments, as used in the arithmetic mean (first), and variance (second) are examples of low-order statistics. HOS are particularly used in the estimation of shape parameters, such as skewness and kurtosis, as when measuring the deviation of a distribution from the normal distribution.
In statistical theory, one long-established approach to higher-order statistics, for univariate and multivariate distributions is through the use of cumulants and joint cumulants. In time series analysis, the extension of these is to higher order spectra, for example the bispectrum and trispectrum.
An alternative to the use of HOS and higher moments is to instead use L-moments, which are linear statistics (linear combinations of order statistics), and thus more robust than HOS.
References
External links
http://www.maths.leeds.ac.uk/Applied/news.dir/issue2/hos_intro.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20061125033107/http://lpce.cnrs-orleans.fr/~ddwit/lalonde/lalonde_presentations/horbury2.pdf
http://www.ics.uci.edu/~welling/publications/papers/RobCum-aistats.pdf
Summary statistics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte%20de%20la%20lengua%20mexicana%20%281754%20book%29 | Arte de la lengua mexicana is a little-known grammar of the Nahuatl language by Joseph Augustin Aldama y Guevara published in 1754.
Sources used
Aldama y Guevara's Arte is mostly derivative of previously published grammars of Nahuatl, particularly Horacio Carochi's Arte de la lengua mexicana con la declaracion de los adverbios della.
Markings
Aldama y Guevara marks the saltillo with a circumflex accent over the preceding vowel at the end of a word, or a grave accent over the preceding vowel elsewhere, and marks long vowels with an acute accent (in contrast to Carochi's macron).
Notes
References
External links
Aldama y Guevara's Arte de la lengua mexicana on Google Book Search
1754 non-fiction books
Nahuatl dictionaries and grammars |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMP%20receptor%20protein | cAMP receptor protein (CRP; also known as catabolite activator protein, CAP) is a regulatory protein in bacteria. CRP protein binds cAMP, which causes a conformational change that allows CRP to bind tightly to a specific DNA site in the promoters of the genes it controls. CRP then activates transcription through direct protein–protein interactions with RNA polymerase.
The genes regulated by CRP are mostly involved in energy metabolism, such as galactose, citrate, or the PEP group translocation system. In Escherichia coli, cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP) can regulate the transcription of more than 100 genes.
The signal to activate CRP is the binding of cyclic AMP. Binding of cAMP to CRP leads to a long-distance signal transduction from the N-terminal cAMP-binding domain to the C-terminal domain of the protein, which is responsible for interaction with specific sequences of DNA.
At "Class I" CRP-dependent promoters, CRP binds to a DNA site located upstream of core promoter elements and activates transcription through protein–protein interactions between "activating region 1" of CRP and the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase alpha subunit. At "Class II" CRP-dependent promoters, CRP binds to a DNA site that overlaps the promoter -35 element and activates transcription through two sets of protein–protein interactions: (1) an interaction between "activating region 1" of CRP and the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase alpha subunit, and (2) an interaction between "activating r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20association%20football%20club%20records%20and%20statistics | This article details men's professional football club records and statistics (individual and collective) in Europe.
The records and stats look across all European clubs competing in the highest divisions and levels of European professional football, allowing for cross-competition comparison. Therefore, the coverage only considers for domestic competitions the top-division of the national league and its cups (, league cup, super cup); for continental competitions, all UEFA club competitions including – although recognized but not organized by UEFA – the Fairs Cup as the predecessor to the UEFA Cup; and additionally, on an intercontinental scale, both the FIFA Club World Cup and its defunct predecessor, the Intercontinental Cup, which was endorsed by UEFA (Europe) and CONMEBOL (South America).
All competitions for men's european football clubs
Individual records
Most goals in a season in all club competitions
Only the period starting from the implementation of the modern offside rule in 1925 is considered for this list. Under the revised offside rule introduced in 1925, a player would be deemed offside unless there were two opposing players (including the goalkeeper) positioned ahead of them.
The list refers to goals in all national club competitions , organized by UEFA (excluding UEFA qualifying rounds) as the predecessor of the and club competitions (excluding the International Champions Cup)
Does not include goals scored in the , in invitational tournaments and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandelier%20cell | Chandelier neurons or chandelier cells are a subset of GABAergic cortical interneurons. They are described as parvalbumin-containing and fast-spiking to distinguish them from other subtypes of GABAergic neurons, although more recent work has suggested that only a subset of chandelier cells test positive for parvalbumin by immunostaining. The name comes from the specific shape of their axon arbors, with the terminals forming distinct arrays called "cartridges". The cartridges are immunoreactive to an isoform of the GABA membrane transporter, GAT-1, and this serves as their identifying feature. GAT-1 is involved in the process of GABA reuptake into nerve terminals, thus helping to terminate its synaptic activity. Chandelier neurons synapse exclusively to the axon initial segment of pyramidal neurons, near the site where action potential is generated. It is believed that they provide inhibitory input to the pyramidal neurons, but there is data showing that in some circumstances the GABA from chandelier neurons could be excitatory.
The axon cartridges formed by chandelier cells are one of the synapse types that show the most dramatic changes during normal adolescence, and could potentially be relevant to the adult onset of psychiatric disease. Furthering this link, in schizophrenia, scientists have observed changes in their form and functionality, such as 40% decrease in the axon terminal density.
See also
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
References
Exte |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wobbulator | A wobbulator is an electronic device primarily used for the alignment of receiver or transmitter intermediate frequency strips. It is usually used in conjunction with an oscilloscope, to enable a visual representation of a receiver's passband to be seen, hence simplifying alignment; it was used to tune early consumer AM radios. The term "wobbulator" is a portmanteau of wobble and oscillator. A "wobbulator" (without capitalization) is a generic term for the swept-output RF oscillator described above, a frequency-modulated oscillator, also called a "sweep generator" by most professional electronics engineers and technicians. A wobbulator was used in some old microwave signal generators to create what amounted to frequency modulation. It physically altered the size of the klystron cavity, therefore changing the frequency.
When capitalized, "Wobbulator" refers to the trade name of a specific brand of RF/IF alignment generator. The Wobbulator was made by a company known as "TIC" (Tel-Instrument Company) although some units branded "Allen B. Du Mont Laboratories" and "Stromberg-Carlson" are rumoured to exist. These were apparently made under some form of license and branded with the name of the licensee, much as Radio Corporation of America through subsidiary Hazeltine Corp., licensed its KCS-20A television chassis design (used in models 630TS, 8TS30, etc.) to other television manufacturers (Air King, Crosley, Fada, et al.) for production under their brand names. The Wobbulator |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrase-isomaltase | Oligo-1,6-glucosidase (, sucrase-isomaltase, SI; systematic name oligosaccharide 6-α-glucohydrolase) is a glucosidase enzyme located on the brush border of the small intestine, which catalyses the following reaction:
Hydrolysis of (1→6)-α-D-glucosidic linkages in some oligosaccharides produced from starch and glycogen by (α-amylase), and in isomaltose
It is a dual-function enzyme with two GH31 domains, one serving as the isomaltase, the other as a sucrose alpha-glucosidase. It has preferential expression in the apical membranes of enterocytes. The enzyme’s purpose is to digest dietary carbohydrates such as starch, sucrose and isomaltose. By further processing the broken-down products, energy in the form of ATP can be generated.
Structure
Sucrase-isomaltase consists of two enzymatic subunits: sucrase and isomaltase. The subunits originate from a polypeptide precursor, pro-SI. By heterodimerizing the two subunits, the sucrase-isomaltase complex is formed. The enzyme is anchored in the intestinal brush border membrane by a hydrophobic segment located near the N-terminal of the isomaltase subunit. Before the enzyme is anchored to the membrane, pro-SI is mannose-rich and glycosylated; it moves from the ER to the Golgi, where it becomes a protein complex that is N- and O- glycosylated. The O-linked glycosylation is necessary to target the protein to the apical membrane. In addition, there is a segment that is both O-linked glycosylated and Ser/Thr-rich. A similarly-arranged |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD%20protein | CAD protein (carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase) is a trifunctional multi-domain enzyme involved in the first three steps of pyrimidine biosynthesis. De-novo synthesis starts with cytosolic carbamoylphosphate synthetase II which uses glutamine, carbon dioxide and ATP. This enzyme is inhibited by uridine triphosphate (feedback inhibition).
In 2015, the first observed pathological mutations of CAD were found in a four-year-old boy.
CAD protein has been observed in the mid-piece of mammalian spermatozoa, among the mitochondria.
Structure
CAD protein has a molecular weight of 243 KDa. It is a polypeptide made up of four different domains which make for a multi enzyme unit: Glutaminase (GLN), carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS II), Dihydroorotase (DHO) and aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATC). The protein assembles into ~1.5MDa hexamers. More specifically, the DHO domain assembles into dimers, and ATC domains do so into trimers. The hexamers are then formed by DHO dimerization of two ATC trimers, and this connection does not impact the kinetic properties. In addition, it is thought that three GLN-CPS II dimers border the DHO-ATC complex. This is suggested by the fact that CPS II is not stable unless a part of the complex. DHO and ATC and are thought to be the main part of the formation of the protein. The active site is covered by a carboxylated lysine, serving as a bridge for two zinc ions (+2 charge). Another zinc ion helps stabili |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroorotate%20dehydrogenase | Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DHODH gene on chromosome 16. The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the fourth enzymatic step, the ubiquinone-mediated oxidation of dihydroorotate to orotate, in de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. This protein is a mitochondrial protein located on the outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). Inhibitors of this enzyme are used to treat autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Structure
DHODH can vary in cofactor content, oligomeric state, subcellular localization, and membrane association. An overall sequence alignment of these DHODH variants presents two classes of DHODHs: the cytosolic Class 1 and the membrane-bound Class 2. In Class 1 DHODH, a basic cysteine residue catalyzes the oxidation reaction, whereas in Class 2, the serine serves this catalytic function. Structurally, Class 1 DHODHs can also be divided into two subclasses, one of which forms homodimers and uses fumarate as its electron acceptor, and the other which forms heterotetramers and uses NAD+ as its electron acceptor. This second subclass contains an addition subunit (PyrK) containing an iron-sulfur cluster and a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Meanwhile, Class 2 DHODHs use coenzyme Q/ubiquinones for their oxidant.
In higher eukaryotes, this class of DHODH contains an N-terminal bipartite signal comprising a cationic, amphipathic mitochondrial targeting sequence of about 30 residues and a hydr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTP%20synthetase | CTP synthase is an enzyme () involved in pyrimidine biosynthesis that interconverts UTP and CTP.
Reaction mechanism
CTP (cytidine triphosphate) synthetase catalyzes the last committed step in pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis:
ATP + UTP + glutamine → ADP + Pi + CTP + glutamate
It is the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of cytosine nucleotides from both the de novo and uridine salvage pathways.
The reaction proceeds by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of UTP on the 4-oxygen atom, making the 4-carbon electrophilic and vulnerable to reaction with ammonia. The source of the amino group in CTP is glutamine, which is hydrolysed in a glutamine amidotransferase domain to produce ammonia. This is then channeled through the interior of the enzyme to the synthetase domain. Here, ammonia reacts with the intermediate 4-phosphoryl UTP.
Isozymes
Two isozymes with CTP synthase activity exist in humans, encoded by the following genes:
CTPS – CTP synthase 1
CTPS2 – CTP synthase 2
Structure
Active CTP synthase exists as a homotetrameric enzyme. At low enzyme concentrations and in the absence of ATP and UTP, CTP synthase exists as inactive monomer. As enzyme concentration increases, it polymerizes first to a dimer (such as the form shown to the left) and, in the presence of ATP and UTP, forms a tetramer.
The enzyme contains two major domains, responsible for the aminotransferase and synthase activity, respectively. The amidotransferase domains are located away from the tet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamoyl%20aspartic%20acid | Carbamoyl aspartic acid (or ureidosuccinic acid) is a carbamate derivative, serving as an intermediate in pyrimidine biosynthesis.
References
Ureas
Dicarboxylic acids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%2C5-Dihydroorotic%20acid | 4,5-Dihydroorotic acid is a derivative of orotic acid which serves as an intermediate in pyrimidine biosynthesis.
References
Pyrimidinediones
Carboxylic acids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935%20Belgian%20Grand%20Prix | The 1935 Belgian Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Spa-Francorchamps on 14 July 1935.
Classification
Race
Starting grid positions
Notes
Manfred von Brauchitsch took Luigi Fagioli's car after Fagioli walked off due to an argument with team boss Alfred Neubauer.
René Dreyfus became ill after inhaling exhaust fumes and handed his car over to Attilio Marinoni.
Belgian Grand Prix
Belgian Grand Prix
Grand Prix, 1935 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrst-Plattner%20Rule | The Fürst-Plattner rule (also known as the trans-diaxial effect) describes the stereoselective addition of nucleophiles to cyclohexene derivatives.
Introduction
Cyclohexene derivatives, such as imines, epoxides, and halonium ions, react with nucleophiles in a stereoselective fashion, affording trans-diaxial addition products. The term “Trans-diaxial addition” describes the mechanism of the addition, however the products are likely to equilibrate by ring flip to the lower energy conformer, placing the new substituents in the equatorial position.
Mechanism and Stereochemistry
Epoxidation of a substituted cyclohexene affords a product where the R group resides in the pseudo-equatorial position. Nucleophilic ring-opening of this class of epoxides can occur by an attack at either the C1 or C2-position. It is well known that nucleophilic ring-opening reactions of these substrates can proceed with excellent regioselectivity. The Fürst-Plattner rule attributes this regiochemical control to a large preference for the reaction pathway that follows the more stable chair-like transition state (attack at the C1-position) compared to the one proceeding through the unfavored twist boat-like transition state (attack at the C2-position). The attack at the C1-position follows a substantially lower reaction barrier of around 5 kcal mol–1 depending on the specific conditions. Similarly, the Fürst-Plattner rule applies to nucleophilic additions to imines and halonium ions.
Examples
Epoxide |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair%20coin | In probability theory and statistics, a sequence of independent Bernoulli trials with probability 1/2 of success on each trial is metaphorically called a fair coin. One for which the probability is not 1/2 is called a biased or unfair coin. In theoretical studies, the assumption that a coin is fair is often made by referring to an ideal coin.
John Edmund Kerrich performed experiments in coin flipping and found that a coin made from a wooden disk about the size of a crown and coated on one side with lead landed heads (wooden side up) 679 times out of 1000. In this experiment the coin was tossed by balancing it on the forefinger, flipping it using the thumb so that it spun through the air for about a foot before landing on a flat cloth spread over a table. Edwin Thompson Jaynes claimed that when a coin is caught in the hand, instead of being allowed to bounce, the physical bias in the coin is insignificant compared to the method of the toss, where with sufficient practice a coin can be made to land heads 100% of the time. Exploring the problem of checking whether a coin is fair is a well-established pedagogical tool in teaching statistics.
Probability space definition
In probability theory, a fair coin is defined as a probability space , which is in turn defined by the sample space, event space, and probability measure. Using for heads and for tails, the sample space of a coin is defined as:
The event space for a coin includes all sets of outcomes from the sample spac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia%20telangiectasia%20and%20Rad3%20related | Serine/threonine-protein kinase ATR, also known as ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) or FRAP-related protein 1 (FRP1), is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the ATR gene. It is a large kinase of about 301.66 kDa. ATR belongs to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase protein family. ATR is activated in response to single strand breaks, and works with ATM to ensure genome integrity.
Function
ATR is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that is involved in sensing DNA damage and activating the DNA damage checkpoint, leading to cell cycle arrest in eukaryotes. ATR is activated in response to persistent single-stranded DNA, which is a common intermediate formed during DNA damage detection and repair. Single-stranded DNA occurs at stalled replication forks and as an intermediate in DNA repair pathways such as nucleotide excision repair and homologous recombination repair. ATR is activated during more persistent issues with DNA damage; within cells, most DNA damage is repaired quickly and faithfully through other mechanisms. ATR works with a partner protein called ATRIP to recognize single-stranded DNA coated with RPA. RPA binds specifically to ATRIP, which then recruits ATR through an ATR activating domain (AAD) on its surface. This association of ATR with RPA is how ATR specifically binds to and works on single-stranded DNA—this was proven through experiments with cells that had mutated nucleotide excision pathways. In these cells, ATR |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide%20classification | There have been known various classifications of landslides. Broad definitions include forms of mass movement that narrower definitions exclude. For example, the McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology distinguishes the following types of landslides:
fall (by undercutting)
fall (by toppling)
slump
rockslide
earthflow
sinkholes, mountain side
rockslide that develops into rock avalanche
Influential narrower definitions restrict landslides to slumps and translational slides in rock and regolith, not involving fluidisation. This excludes falls, topples, lateral spreads, and mass flows from the definition.
The causes of landslides are usually related to instabilities in slopes. It is usually possible to identify one or more landslide causes and one landslide trigger. The difference between these two concepts is subtle but important. The landslide causes are the reasons that a landslide occurred in that location and at that time and may be considered to be factors that made the slope vulnerable to failure, that predispose the slope to becoming unstable. The trigger is the single event that finally initiated the landslide. Thus, causes combine to make a slope vulnerable to failure, and the trigger finally initiates the movement. Landslides can have many causes but can only have one trigger. Usually, it is relatively easy to determine the trigger after the landslide has occurred (although it is generally very difficult to determine the exact nature of landslide triggers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935%20Swiss%20Grand%20Prix | The 1935 Swiss Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Bremgarten on 25 August 1935.
Classification
Notes
Hanns Geier crashed in practice, ending his driving career.
Paul Pietsch took over Hans Stuck's car after it developed a mechanical problem.
Swiss Grand Prix
Swiss Grand Prix
Grand Prix |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out%20of%20Sight%2C%20Out%20of%20Mind | "Out of Sight, Out of Mind" was the 101st episode of the M*A*S*H television series, and the fourth episode of the fifth season. Written by Ken Levine and David Isaacs and directed by Gene Reynolds, it first aired on October 5, 1976 and was repeated December 28, 1976. It features Hawkeye having to contend with sudden blindness after an accident. The title is a proverb.
Plot synopsis
Hawkeye is asked by the nurses to fix a malfunctioning stove in the nurses' tent. While doing so, a gas pocket builds up and explodes, flash burning and blinding Hawkeye. A specialist is called in to examine his eyes, and he is told he must keep them bandaged for a week, after which time the specialist will be able to tell whether the damage to his eyes is permanent. Hawkeye is initially despondent over the possibility of losing his sight and his surgical career. However, as the week goes on, he becomes fascinated by the stimulation of his other senses due to sensory deprivation. He also meets and bonds with patient Tom Straw (played by blind actor/singer Tom Sullivan) who was blinded in combat. He even participates in the OR; while unable to operate, he is able to give tips to the other surgeons due to his sense of smell and other clues, much to Frank's annoyance.
Frank, meanwhile, has been steadily winning money from the rest of the staff camp by betting on baseball games. The key to his success is that he cheats by listening to the games on the radio the night before, when everyone else is as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone%20%28B-cell%29 | The process of immunological B-cell maturation involves transformation from an undifferentiated B cell to one that secretes antibodies with particular specificity. This differentiation and activation of the B cell occurs most rapidly after exposure to antigen by antigen-presenting cells in the reticuloendothelial system, and under modulation by T cells, and is closely intertwined with affinity maturation. B cells that respond most avidly to antigen are preferentially allowed to proliferate and mature, a process known as clonal selection.
In lymphocytic neoplastic diseases such as multiple myeloma and lymphoma, but also other illnesses, there can be a massive expansion of a single B-cell clone, detectable by measuring the excessively-produced antibodies, measured in a serum protein electrophoresis test or peripheral blood flow cytometry. Such an expansion is said to be "monoclonal", and monoclonal antibodies produced by such a group of B cells can cause illnesses such as amyloidosis and lupus, or can be indicative of an underlying malignancy. The concept of clonality is closely associated with malignancy, for example in diagnosing lymphomatoid skin lesions. The expansion of a particular clone of immune B cells is usually interpreted by clinicians as evidence of unrestricted cell growth, the hallmark of cancer.
See also
Clone (cell biology)
Footnotes
Lymphocytes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOS1 | Son of sevenless homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SOS1 gene.
Function
SOS1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) which interacts with Ras proteins to phosphorylate GDP into GTP, or from an inactive state to an active state to signal cell proliferation. RAS genes (e.g., MIM 190020) encode membrane-bound guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that function in the transduction of signals that control cell growth and differentiation. Binding of GTP activates RAS proteins, and subsequent hydrolysis of the bound GTP to GDP and phosphate inactivates signaling by these proteins. GTP binding can be catalyzed by guanine nucleotide exchange factors for RAS, and GTP hydrolysis can be accelerated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). The first exchange factor to be identified for RAS was the S. cerevisiae Cdc25 gene product (not to be confused with the S. pombe Cdc25). Genetic analysis indicated that CDC25 is essential for activation of RAS proteins. In Drosophila, the protein encoded by the 'son of sevenless' gene (Sos) contains a domain that shows sequence similarity with the catalytic domain of Cdc25. Sos may act as a positive regulator of RAS by promoting guanine nucleotide exchange.
Clinical significance
Recent studies also show that mutations in Sos1 can cause Noonan syndrome and hereditary gingival fibromatosis type 1. Noonan syndrome has also been shown to be caused by mutations in KRAS and PTPN11 genes. activators of the MAP kinase pathway.
Inhib |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanotroph | A melanotroph (or melanotrope) is a cell in the pituitary gland that generates melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) from its precursor pro-opiomelanocortin. Chronic stress can induce the secretion of α‐MSH in melanotrophs and lead to their subsequent degeneration.
See also
Chromophobe cell
Chromophil
Acidophil cell
Basophil cell
Oxyphil cell
Oxyphil cell (parathyroid)
Pituitary gland
Neuroendocrine cell
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
References
Endocrine system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20British%20Rail%20modern%20traction%20locomotive%20classes | This article lists every locomotive allocated a TOPS classification and all modern traction (e.g. diesel, electric, gas turbine, petrol) stock used on the mainline network since 1948 (i.e. British Railways and post-privatisation).
Diesel locomotives
The 1955 diesel locomotive classes are given in brackets where applicable.
A large number of different shunter types were purchased by British Rail and its predecessors, many of which were withdrawn prior to the introduction of TOPS. The tables below attempt to list the different types and the different classifications used to describe them as clearly as possible:
Small shunters: under 300 hp
Shunter classes are listed by 1955 class, which puts TOPS classes in ascending order, and generally puts 1948 and 1962 classes in ascending order. Unclassed shunters are placed at the start of the table; TOPS class 07 has been placed so its 1962 class is in the logical place.
Relation between TOPS, 1948, 1955 and 1962 classes, and 1948, 1957 and TOPS numbers:
Large shunters: 300–799 hp
Relation between TOPS, 1948, 1955 and 1962 classes, and 1948, 1957 and TOPS numbers:
Type 1 locomotives: 800 – 1,000 hp
Relation between TOPS, 1948, 1955 and 1962 classes, and 1948, 1957 and TOPS numbers (unless otherwise given):
Type 2 locomotives: 1,001 – 1,499 hp
Locomotive class are listed by TOPS class. Locomotives for TOPS classes 24 and 26 have their original sub-classes shown, as each wholly comprised locomotives from a distinct 1962 class. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20British%20Rail%20electric%20multiple%20unit%20classes | This article lists every electric-powered multiple unit allocated a TOPS classification or used on the mainline network since 1948, i.e. British Railways and post-privatisation. For a historical overview of electric multiple unit development in Great Britain, see British electric multiple units.
British Rail operated a wide variety of electric multiple units for use on electrified lines:
AC units operate off (AC) from overhead wires. Where clearances for the overhead wires on the Great Eastern Main Line, North Clyde Line and London, Tilbury and Southend railway routes were below standard, a reduced voltage of was used. The Midland Railway units used . Under the computer numbering, AC units (including mixed-voltage units that can also work off a DC supply) were given a class in the range 300-399.
DC units operate off (DC) from a third rail on the Southern Region and North London, Merseyside and Tyneside networks. The Manchester-Bury Railway line used from a side-contact third rail. The Manchester South Junction & Altrincham and "Woodhead" and initially the Great Eastern Railway routes used from overhead wires. Under the computer numbering, DC units were given a class in the range 400-599.
AC EMUs and dual-voltage EMUs
First generation
Second generation
Modern/Third generation
These use solid state switching devices (thyristors and transistors) and have electronic power control.
High speed trains
High speed multiple unit or fixed formation trainsets, capable of op |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group-specific%20antigen | Group-specific antigen, or gag, is the polyprotein that contains the core structural proteins of an Ortervirus (except Caulimoviridae). It was named as such because scientists used to believe it was antigenic. Now it is known that it makes up the inner shell, not the envelope exposed outside. It makes up all the structural units of viral conformation and provides supportive framework for mature virion.
All orthoretroviral gag proteins are processed by the protease (PR or pro) into MA (matrix), CA (capsid), NC (nucleocapsid) parts, and sometimes more.
If Gag fails to cleave into its subunits, virion fails to mature and remains uninfective.
It comprises part of the gag-onc fusion protein.
Gag in HIV
Numbering system
By convention, the HIV genome is numbered according to HIV-1 group M subtype B reference strain HXB2.
Transcription and mRNA processing
After a virus enters a target cell, the viral genome is integrated into the host cell chromatin. RNA polymerase II then transcribes the 9181 nucleotide full-length viral RNA. HIV Gag protein is encoded by the HIV gag gene, HXB2 nucleotides 790-2292.
MA
The HIV p17 matrix protein (MA) is a 17 kDa protein, of 132 amino acids, which comprises the N-terminus of the Gag polyprotein. It is responsible for targeting Gag polyprotein to the plasma membrane via interaction with PI(4,5)P2 through its highly basic region (HBR). HIV MA also makes contacts with the HIV trans-membrane glycoprotein gp41 in the assembled virus and, indeed, m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gag-onc%20fusion%20protein | The gag-onc fusion protein is a general term for a fusion protein formed from a group-specific antigen ('gag') gene and that of an oncogene ('onc'), a gene that plays a role in the development of a cancer. The name is also written as Gag-v-Onc, with "v" indicating that the Onc sequence resides in a viral genome. Onc is a generic placeholder for a given specific oncogene, such as C-jun. (In the case of a fusion with C-jun, the resulting "gag-jun" protein is known alternatively as p65).
Background
Gag genes are part of a general architecture for retroviruses, viruses that replicate through reverse transcription, where the gag region of the genome encodes proteins that constitute the matrix, capsid and nucleocapsid of the mature virus particles. Like in HIV's replication cycle, these proteins are needed for viral budding from the host cell's plasma membrane, where the fully formed virions leave the cell to infect other cells.
gag-v-onc
When a viral gene is introduced into the host cell and is sufficient to induce oncogenesis – the creation of cancerous cells – in the infected cell line, the gene is said to be a "viral transforming gene". When this type of gene is translated to a protein, the protein is called a "transforming protein". Note that since the viral oncogenes originated from a host genome, the transformation event is different from transduction, which describes the process of introducing non-native genes to a host organism via a viral infection.
Rous sarcoma virus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%20growth | Acid growth refers to the ability of plant cells and plant cell walls to elongate or expand quickly at low (acidic) pH. The cell wall needs to be modified in order to maintain the turgor pressure. This modification is controlled by plant hormones like auxin. Auxin also controls the expression of some cell wall genes. This form of growth does not involve an increase in cell number. During acid growth, plant cells enlarge rapidly because the cell walls are made more extensible by expansin, a pH-dependent wall-loosening protein. Expansin loosens the network-like connections between cellulose microfibrils within the cell wall, which allows the cell volume to increase by turgor and osmosis. A typical sequence leading up to this would involve the introduction of a plant hormone (auxin, for example) that causes protons (H+ ions) to be pumped out of the cell into the cell wall. As a result, the cell wall solution becomes more acidic. It was suggested by different scientist that the epidermis is a unique target of the auxin but this theory has been disapproved over time. This activates expansin activity, causing the wall to become more extensible and to undergo wall stress relaxation, which enables the cell to take up water and to expand. The acid growth theory has been very controversial in the past.
References
Plant cells
Plant physiology
Auxin action |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapter%20molecule%20crk | Adapter molecule crk also known as proto-oncogene c-Crk is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRK gene.
The CRK protein participates in the Reelin signaling cascade downstream of DAB1.
Function
Adapter molecule crk is a member of an adapter protein family that binds to several tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. This protein has several SH2 and SH3 domains (src-homology domains) and is involved in several signaling pathways, recruiting cytoplasmic proteins in the vicinity of tyrosine kinase through SH2-phosphotyrosine interaction. The N-terminal SH2 domain of this protein functions as a positive regulator of transformation whereas the C-terminal SH3 domain functions as a negative regulator of transformation. Two alternative transcripts encoding different isoforms with distinct biological activity have been described.
Crk together with CrkL participates in the Reelin signaling cascade downstream of DAB1.
v-Crk, a transforming oncoprotein from avian sarcoma viruses, is a fusion of viral "gag" protein with the SH2 and SH3 domains of cellular Crk. The name Crk is from "CT10 Regulator of Kinase" where CT10 is the avian virus from which was isolated a protein, lacking kinase domains, but capable of stimulating phosphorylation of tyrosines in cells.
Crk should not be confused with Src, which also has cellular (c-Src) and viral (v-Src) forms and is involved in some of the same signaling pathways but is a protein tyrosine-kinase.
Interactions
CRK (gene) has been shown to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935%20Italian%20Grand%20Prix | The 1935 Italian Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Monza on 8 September 1935.
Classification
Notes
Paul Pietsch and René Dreyfus were called in so that Bernd Rosemeyer and Tazio Nuvolari, respectively, could take over their cars.
Italian Grand Prix
Italian Grand Prix
Grand Prix |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadodiamide | Gadodiamide, sold under the brand name Omniscan, is a gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent (GBCA), used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures to assist in the visualization of blood vessels.
Medical uses
Gadodiamide is a contrast medium used for cranial and spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and for general MRI of the body after intravenous administration. It provides contrast enhancement and facilitates visualisation of abnormal structures or lesions in various parts of the body including the central nervous system (CNS). It crosses intact the blood brain barrier.
Adverse effects
It is one of the main GBCA associated with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), a toxic reaction occurring in some people with kidney problems. No cases have been seen in people with normal kidney function.
A 2015 study found gadolinium deposited in the brain tissue of people who had received gadodiamide. Other studies using post-mortem mass spectrometry found most of the deposit remained at least 2 years after an injection and deposit also in individuals with no kidney issues.
In vitro studies found it to be neurotoxic.
An Italian task force recommended that breastfeeding mothers precautionally avoid any contrast agent such as gadodiamide that has been associated with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.
Society and culture
Gadodiamide was suspended along with gadopentetic acid (Magnevist) by the European Medicines Agency in 2017.
References
External links
MRI contrast agent |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935%20Spanish%20Grand%20Prix | The 1935 Spanish Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Lasarte on 22 September 1935.
Classification
Notes
Paul Pietsch took over from Achille Varzi after the latter's face was cut due to a stone smashing his windscreen. After treatment, Varzi took the car back but gave it back to Pietsch after it developed a gearbox problem.
Spanish Grand Prix
Spanish Grand Prix
Grand Prix |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy%20Freston | Kathy Freston is an American author and promoter of plant-based nutrition. Her books include The Lean, Veganist, Quantum Wellness, Clean Protein and 72 Reasons to Be Vegan.
Biography
Early life
Freston grew up in Doraville and later in Dunwoody, a suburb outside of Atlanta Her mother, Joan, and her father, Bill, worked together in a printing store they owned in Dunwoody; she has two younger brothers, Kevin and Jon.
Freston started studying meditation in her spare time and began making her own guided meditation recordings. She said, "… I started creating tapes for friends and realized, "Hey, this is very useful to people". People "came to her for counselling," and so she became a meditation counsellor, helping people find relationships or create abundance, get pregnant, or deal with the disease. She helped Cyrinda Fox, ex-wife of Steven Tyler, find peace with her cancer diagnosis and became a minister long enough to preside over the wedding of Cyrinda Fox to her boyfriend while on her deathbed.
Career
Freston's book, The Lean: A Revolutionary (and Simple!) 30-Day Plan for Healthy, Lasting Weight Loss, was named one of VegNews' "Top 12 Vegan Books of 2012."
She has appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show and across Winfrey's network relating to a detox diet.
In January 2014, Freston launched a Change.org petition titled "It's Time for a Healthy, Meatless Option (Please!)" urging McDonald's to debut a vegetarian burger item. In November 2020, McDonald's announced they would |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A1n%20Amaris | Lian Amaris is an American writer, artist, and creative communicator working to connect real world experiences, performance events and the new media landscape. She is Artistic Director of Vector Art Ensemble and has authored five plays and performances that have been professionally produced at such venues as Nuyorican Poets Cafe, HERE Arts Center, The University of Chicago, P.S. 122, the Contemporary Arts Center (New Orleans) and The University of Massachusetts. Her work also includes popular memes such as Silicon Valley Ryan Gosling and Things that cannot screen for breast cancer.
Career
Amaris has master's degrees in Performance Studies and in Interactive Telecommunications, both from New York University, and has contributed articles on performance and media to Theatre Journal, TDR: The Drama Review, and Explorations on Media Ecology, along with several edited collections. In 2011, she was a writing resident with Volunteer Lawyers for the Arts and, in 2012, she was a writer for The Next Web. She has presented her art and scholarship at nine international conferences and at more than 20 festivals, including such venues as Cambridge University, UC Berkeley, UC Santa Cruz, and the Centro Cultural Recoleta in Argentina. After three years as a professor of performance studies and digital media at Colorado College, Amaris joined the Education Division of the Brooklyn Museum, where for a year she oversaw programs for college and graduate students and worked to bridge the gaps bet |
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