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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROM | EEPROM (also called E2PROM) stands for electrically erasable programmable read-only memory and is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers, usually integrated in microcontrollers such as smart cards and remote keyless systems, or as a separate chip device to store relatively small amounts of data by allowing ind... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple%20sclerosis | Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a degenerative disease in which the insulating covers called myelin sheaths, of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged. This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to transmit signals, resulting in a range of signs and symptoms, including physical, mental, an... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chmod | In Unix and Unix-like operating systems, is the command and system call used to change the access permissions and the special mode flags (the setuid, setgid, and sticky flags) of file system objects (files and directories). Collectively these were originally called its modes, and the name was chosen as an abbreviatio... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal%20map | In mathematics, a conformal map is a function that locally preserves angles, but not necessarily lengths.
More formally, let and be open subsets of . A function is called conformal (or angle-preserving) at a point if it preserves angles between directed curves through , as well as preserving orientation. Conformal... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform%20convergence | In the mathematical field of analysis, uniform convergence is a mode of convergence of functions stronger than pointwise convergence. A sequence of functions converges uniformly to a limiting function on a set as the function domain if, given any arbitrarily small positive number , a number can be found such that e... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20engineering | Environmental engineering is a professional engineering discipline related to environmental science. It encompasses broad scientific topics like chemistry, biology, ecology, geology, hydraulics, hydrology, microbiology, and mathematics to create solutions that will protect and also improve the health of living organism... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction%20engineering | Construction engineering, also known as construction operations, is a professional subdiscipline of civil engineering that deals with the designing, planning, construction, and operations management of infrastructure such as roadways, tunnels, bridges, airports, railroads, facilities, buildings, dams, utilities and oth... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme%20value%20theory | Extreme value theory or extreme value analysis (EVA) is a branch of statistics dealing with the extreme deviations from the median of probability distributions. It seeks to assess, from a given ordered sample of a given random variable, the probability of events that are more extreme than any previously observed. Extr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelet | A wavelet is a wave-like oscillation with an amplitude that begins at zero, increases or decreases, and then returns to zero one or more times. Wavelets are termed a "brief oscillation". A taxonomy of wavelets has been established, based on the number and direction of its pulses. Wavelets are imbued with specific prope... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Fourier-related%20transforms | This is a list of linear transformations of functions related to Fourier analysis. Such transformations map a function to a set of coefficients of basis functions, where the basis functions are sinusoidal and are therefore strongly localized in the frequency spectrum. (These transforms are generally designed to be in... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis%20function | In mathematics, a basis function is an element of a particular basis for a function space. Every function in the function space can be represented as a linear combination of basis functions, just as every vector in a vector space can be represented as a linear combination of basis vectors.
In numerical analysis and a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liouville%20number | In number theory, a Liouville number is a real number with the property that, for every positive integer , there exists a pair of integers with such that
Liouville numbers are "almost rational", and can thus be approximated "quite closely" by sequences of rational numbers. Precisely, these are transcendental number... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT%20scan | A computed tomography scan (usually abbreviated to CT scan; formerly called computed axial tomography scan or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique used to obtain detailed internal images of the body. The personnel that perform CT scans are called radiographers or radiology technologists.
CT scanners use a rotating... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slurry%20pipeline | A slurry pipeline is a specially engineered pipeline used to move ores, such as coal or iron, or mining waste, called tailings, over long distances. A mixture of the ore concentrate and water, called slurry, is pumped to its destination and the water is filtered out. Due to the abrasive properties of slurry, the pipeli... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20deduction | In logic and proof theory, natural deduction is a kind of proof calculus in which logical reasoning is expressed by inference rules closely related to the "natural" way of reasoning. This contrasts with Hilbert-style systems, which instead use axioms as much as possible to express the logical laws of deductive reasonin... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNIX | DNIX (original spelling: D-Nix) is a discontinued Unix-like real-time operating system from the Swedish company Dataindustrier AB (DIAB). A version named ABCenix was developed for the ABC 1600 computer from Luxor. Daisy Systems also had a system named Daisy DNIX on some of their computer-aided design (CAD) workstations... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient | In mathematics, a coefficient is a multiplicative factor involved in some term of a polynomial, a series, or an expression. It may be a number (dimensionless), in which case it is known as a numerical factor. It may also be a constant with units of measurement, in which it is known as a constant multiplier. In general,... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow-scan%20television | Slow-scan television (SSTV) is a picture transmission method, used mainly by amateur radio operators, to transmit and receive static pictures via radio in monochrome or color.
A literal term for SSTV is narrowband television. Analog broadcast television requires at least 6 MHz wide channels, because it transmits 25 or... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20File%20System | Network File System (NFS) is a distributed file system protocol originally developed by Sun Microsystems (Sun) in 1984, allowing a user on a client computer to access files over a computer network much like local storage is accessed. NFS, like many other protocols, builds on the Open Network Computing Remote Procedure... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babington%20Plot | The Babington Plot was a plan in 1586 to assassinate Queen Elizabeth I, a Protestant, and put Mary, Queen of Scots, her Catholic cousin, on the English throne. It led to Mary's execution, a result of a letter sent by Mary (who had been imprisoned for 19 years since 1568 in England at the behest of Elizabeth) in which s... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham%20%CF%80%20theorem | In engineering, applied mathematics, and physics, the Buckingham theorem is a key theorem in dimensional analysis. It is a formalization of Rayleigh's method of dimensional analysis. Loosely, the theorem states that if there is a physically meaningful equation involving a certain number n of physical variables, then ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%20theorem%20of%20algebra | The fundamental theorem of algebra, also known as d'Alembert's theorem, or the d'Alembert–Gauss theorem, states that every non-constant single-variable polynomial with complex coefficients has at least one complex root. This includes polynomials with real coefficients, since every real number is a complex number with i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer%20sequence | In mathematics, an integer sequence is a sequence (i.e., an ordered list) of integers.
An integer sequence may be specified explicitly by giving a formula for its nth term, or implicitly by giving a relationship between its terms. For example, the sequence 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ... (the Fibonacci sequence) is forme... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-adic%20number | In number theory, given a prime number , the -adic numbers form an extension of the rational numbers which is distinct from the real numbers, though with some similar properties; -adic numbers can be written in a form similar to (possibly infinite) decimals, but with digits based on a prime number rather than ten, and... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantor%27s%20diagonal%20argument | In set theory, Cantor's diagonal argument, also called the diagonalisation argument, the diagonal slash argument, the anti-diagonal argument, the diagonal method, and Cantor's diagonalization proof, was published in 1891 by Georg Cantor as a mathematical proof that there are infinite sets which cannot be put into one-t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperreal%20number | In mathematics, the system of hyperreal numbers is a way of treating infinite and infinitesimal (infinitely small but non-zero) quantities. The hyperreals, or nonstandard reals, *R, are an extension of the real numbers R that contains numbers greater than anything of the form
(for any finite number of terms).
Such ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surreal%20number | In mathematics, the surreal number system is a totally ordered proper class containing not only the real numbers but also infinite and infinitesimal numbers, respectively larger or smaller in absolute value than any positive real number. Research on the Go endgame by John Horton Conway led to the original definition an... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero%20divisor | In abstract algebra, an element of a ring is called a left zero divisor if there exists a nonzero in such that , or equivalently if the map from to that sends to is not injective. Similarly, an element of a ring is called a right zero divisor if there exists a nonzero in such that . This is a partial case ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorn%27s%20lemma | Zorn's lemma, also known as the Kuratowski–Zorn lemma, is a proposition of set theory. It states that a partially ordered set containing upper bounds for every chain (that is, every totally ordered subset) necessarily contains at least one maximal element.
The lemma was proved (assuming the axiom of choice) by Kazimie... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore | In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual (in fungi) or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, fungi and protozoa.
Bacterial spores are not part of a sexual cycle,... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualism%20%28biology%29 | Mutualism describes the ecological interaction between two or more species where each species has a net benefit. Mutualism is a common type of ecological interaction. Prominent examples include most vascular plants engaged in mutualistic interactions with mycorrhizae, flowering plants being pollinated by animals, vascu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich%20Anton%20de%20Bary | Heinrich Anton de Bary (26 January 183119 January 1888) was a German surgeon, botanist, microbiologist, and mycologist (fungal systematics and physiology).
He is considered a founding father of plant pathology (phytopathology) as well as the founder of modern mycology. His extensive and careful studies of the life hist... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burali-Forti%20paradox | In set theory, a field of mathematics, the Burali-Forti paradox demonstrates that constructing "the set of all ordinal numbers" leads to a contradiction and therefore shows an antinomy in a system that allows its construction. It is named after Cesare Burali-Forti, who, in 1897, published a paper proving a theorem whic... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuous%20truth | In mathematics and logic, a vacuous truth is a conditional or universal statement (a universal statement that can be converted to a conditional statement) that is true because the antecedent cannot be satisfied.
It is sometimes said that a statement is vacuously true because it does not really say anything. For exampl... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended%20real%20number%20line | In mathematics, the extended real number system is obtained from the real number system by adding two infinity elements: and where the infinities are treated as actual numbers. It is useful in describing the algebra on infinities and the various limiting behaviors in calculus and mathematical analysis, especially in... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superscalar%20processor | A superscalar processor is a CPU that implements a form of parallelism called instruction-level parallelism within a single processor. In contrast to a scalar processor, which can execute at most one single instruction per clock cycle, a superscalar processor can execute more than one instruction during a clock cycle b... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very%20long%20instruction%20word | Very long instruction word (VLIW) refers to instruction set architectures designed to exploit instruction level parallelism (ILP). Whereas conventional central processing units (CPU, processor) mostly allow programs to specify instructions to execute in sequence only, a VLIW processor allows programs to explicitly spec... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor%27s%20theorem | In calculus, Taylor's theorem gives an approximation of a -times differentiable function around a given point by a polynomial of degree , called the -th-order Taylor polynomial. For a smooth function, the Taylor polynomial is the truncation at the order of the Taylor series of the function. The first-order Taylor poly... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Bob | Microsoft Bob was a Microsoft software product intended to provide a more user-friendly interface for the Windows 3.1x, Windows 95 and Windows NT operating systems, supplanting the Windows Program Manager. The program was released on March 11, 1995 and discontinued in early 1996. Microsoft Bob presented screens showing... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco | Cisco Systems, Inc., commonly known as Cisco, is an American-based multinational digital communications technology conglomerate corporation headquartered in San Jose, California. Cisco develops, manufactures, and sells networking hardware, software, telecommunications equipment and other high-technology services and pr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias%20gamma%20coding | Elias code or Elias gamma code is a universal code encoding positive integers developed by Peter Elias. It is used most commonly when coding integers whose upper-bound cannot be determined beforehand.
Encoding
To code a number x ≥ 1:
Let be the highest power of 2 it contains, so 2N ≤ x < 2N+1.
Write out zero bit... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias%20delta%20coding | Elias δ code or Elias delta code is a universal code encoding the positive integers developed by Peter Elias.
Encoding
To code a number X ≥ 1:
Let N = ⌊log2 X⌋; be the highest power of 2 in X, so 2N ≤ X < 2N+1.
Let L = ⌊log2 N+1⌋ be the highest power of 2 in N+1, so 2L ≤ N+1 < 2L+1.
Write L zeros, followed by
the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map%20projection | In cartography, a map projection is any of a broad set of transformations employed to represent the curved two-dimensional surface of a globe on a plane. In a map projection, coordinates, often expressed as latitude and longitude, of locations from the surface of the globe are transformed to coordinates on a plane.
Pr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Cutler | David Neil Cutler Sr. (born March 13, 1942) is an American software engineer. He developed several computer operating systems, namely Microsoft's Windows NT, and Digital Equipment Corporation's RSX-11M, VAXELN, and VMS.
Personal history
Cutler was born in Lansing, Michigan and grew up in DeWitt, Michigan. After gradu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20key%20distribution | Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a secure communication method that implements a cryptographic protocol involving components of quantum mechanics. It enables two parties to produce a shared random secret key known only to them, which then can be used to encrypt and decrypt messages. The process of quantum key distribu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secotioid | Secotioid fungi are an intermediate growth form between mushroom-like hymenomycetes and closed bag-shaped gasteromycetes, where an evolutionary process of gasteromycetation has started but not run to completion. Secotioid fungi may or may not have opening caps, but in any case they often lack the vertical geotropic or... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenophore | A hymenophore refers to the hymenium-bearing structure of a fungal fruiting body. Hymenophores can be smooth surfaces, lamellae, folds, tubes, or teeth. The term was coined by Robert Hooke in 1665.
References
Mycology
Fungal morphology and anatomy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveplate | A waveplate or retarder is an optical device that alters the polarization state of a light wave travelling through it. Two common types of waveplates are the half-wave plate, which shifts the polarization direction of linearly polarized light, and the quarter-wave plate, which converts linearly polarized light into cir... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichroism | In optics, a dichroic material is either one which causes visible light to be split up into distinct beams of different wavelengths (colours) (not to be confused with dispersion), or one in which light rays having different polarizations are absorbed by different amounts.
In beam splitters
The original meaning of dic... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution%20%28mathematics%29 | Distributions, also known as Schwartz distributions or generalized functions, are objects that generalize the classical notion of functions in mathematical analysis. Distributions make it possible to differentiate functions whose derivatives do not exist in the classical sense. In particular, any locally integrable fun... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20optimization | Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criterion, from some set of available alternatives. It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization. Optimization problems aris... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedding | In mathematics, an embedding (or imbedding) is one instance of some mathematical structure contained within another instance, such as a group that is a subgroup.
When some object is said to be embedded in another object , the embedding is given by some injective and structure-preserving map . The precise meaning of "... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic%20square | In recreational mathematics, a square array of numbers, usually positive integers, is called a magic square if the sums of the numbers in each row, each column, and both main diagonals are the same. The 'order' of the magic square is the number of integers along one side (n), and the constant sum is called the 'magic c... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-rider%20problem | In the social sciences, the free-rider problem is a type of market failure that occurs when those who benefit from resources, public goods and common pool resources do not pay for them or under-pay. Examples of such goods are public roads or public libraries or services or other goods of a communal nature. Free riders ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeamForge | TeamForge (formerly SourceForge Enterprise Edition or SFEE) is a proprietary collaborative application lifecycle management forge supporting version control and a software development management system.
Background
TeamForge provides a front-end to a range of software development lifecycle services and integrates with... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier%20transform | In physics, engineering and mathematics, the Fourier transform (FT) is an integral transform that converts a function into a form that describes the frequencies present in the original function. The output of the transform is a complex-valued function of frequency. The term Fourier transform refers to both this comple... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origami | ) is the Japanese art of paper folding. In modern usage, the word "origami" is often used as an inclusive term for all folding practices, regardless of their culture of origin. The goal is to transform a flat square sheet of paper into a finished sculpture through folding and sculpting techniques. Modern origami practi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathML | Mathematical Markup Language (MathML) is a mathematical markup language, an application of XML for describing mathematical notations and capturing both its structure and content, and is one of a number of mathematical markup languages. Its aim is to natively integrate mathematical formulae into World Wide Web pages and... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eroticism | Eroticism () is a quality that causes sexual feelings, as well as a philosophical contemplation concerning the aesthetics of sexual desire, sensuality, and romantic love. That quality may be found in any form of artwork, including painting, sculpture, photography, drama, film, music, or literature. It may also be found... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary%20unit | The imaginary unit or unit imaginary number () is a solution to the quadratic equation . Although there is no real number with this property, can be used to extend the real numbers to what are called complex numbers, using addition and multiplication. A simple example of the use of in a complex number is .
Imaginary... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center-pivot%20irrigation | Center-pivot irrigation (sometimes called central pivot irrigation), also called water-wheel and circle irrigation, is a method of crop irrigation in which equipment rotates around a pivot and crops are watered with sprinklers. A circular area centered on the pivot is irrigated, often creating a circular pattern in cro... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-repudiation | In law, non-repudiation is a situation where a statement's author cannot successfully dispute its authorship or the validity of an associated contract. The term is often seen in a legal setting when the authenticity of a signature is being challenged. In such an instance, the authenticity is being "repudiated".
For ex... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial%20differential%20equation | In mathematics, a partial differential equation (PDE) is an equation which computes a function between various partial derivatives of a multivariable function.
The function is often thought of as an "unknown" to be solved for, similar to how is thought of as an unknown number to be solved for in an algebraic equation... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial%20derivative | In mathematics, a partial derivative of a function of several variables is its derivative with respect to one of those variables, with the others held constant (as opposed to the total derivative, in which all variables are allowed to vary). Partial derivatives are used in vector calculus and differential geometry.
Th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baking | Baking is a method of preparing food that uses dry heat, typically in an oven, but can also be done in hot ashes, or on hot stones. The most common baked item is bread, but many other types of foods can be baked. Heat is gradually transferred "from the surface of cakes, cookies, and pieces of bread to their center. As ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteine | Cysteine (symbol Cys or C; ) is a semiessential proteinogenic amino acid with the formula . The thiol side chain in cysteine often participates in enzymatic reactions as a nucleophile. Cysteine is chiral, with only L-cysteine being found in nature.
The thiol is susceptible to oxidation to give the disulfide derivative... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop%20computer | A desktop computer (often abbreviated desktop) is a personal computer designed for regular use at a stationary location on or near a desk (as opposed to a portable computer) due to its size and power requirements. The most common configuration has a case that houses the power supply, motherboard (a printed circuit boar... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivial%20File%20Transfer%20Protocol | Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a simple lockstep File Transfer Protocol which allows a client to get a file from or put a file onto a remote host. One of its primary uses is in the early stages of nodes booting from a local area network. TFTP has been used for this application because it is very simple to imp... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidity | Humidity is the concentration of water vapor present in the air. Water vapor, the gaseous state of water, is generally invisible to the human eye. Humidity indicates the likelihood for precipitation, dew, or fog to be present.
Humidity depends on the temperature and pressure of the system of interest. The same amount ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric%20heat%20capacity | The volumetric heat capacity of a material is the heat capacity of a sample of the substance divided by the volume of the sample. It is the amount of energy that must be added, in the form of heat, to one unit of volume of the material in order to cause an increase of one unit in its temperature. The SI unit of volum... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve%20Corporation | Valve Corporation, also known as Valve Software, is an American video game developer, publisher, and digital distribution company headquartered in Bellevue, Washington. It is the developer of the software distribution platform Steam and the franchises Half-Life, Counter-Strike, Portal, Day of Defeat, Team Fortress, Lef... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell%27s%20palsy | Bell's palsy is a type of facial paralysis that results in a temporary inability to control the facial muscles on the affected side of the face. In most cases, the weakness is temporary and significantly improves over weeks. Symptoms can vary from mild to severe. They may include muscle twitching, weakness, or total lo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barr%20body | A Barr body (named after discoverer Murray Barr) or X-chromatin is an inactive X chromosome. In species with XY sex-determination (including humans), females typically have two X chromosomes, and one is rendered inactive in a process called lyonization. Errors in chromosome separation can also result in male and fema... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking%20%28cooking%29 | Smoking is the process of flavoring, browning, cooking, or preserving food by exposing it to smoke from burning or smoldering material, most often wood. Meat, fish, and lapsang souchong tea are often smoked.
In Europe, alder is the traditional smoking wood, but oak is more often used now, and beech to a lesser extent.... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key%20%28cryptography%29 | A key in cryptography is a piece of information, usually a string of numbers or letters that are stored in a file, which, when processed through a cryptographic algorithm, can encode or decode cryptographic data. Based on the used method, the key can be different sizes and varieties, but in all cases, the strength of t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric-key%20algorithm | Symmetric-key algorithms are algorithms for cryptography that use the same cryptographic keys for both the encryption of plaintext and the decryption of ciphertext. The keys may be identical, or there may be a simple transformation to go between the two keys. The keys, in practice, represent a shared secret between two... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto%20distribution | The Pareto distribution, named after the Italian civil engineer, economist, and sociologist Vilfredo Pareto, is a power-law probability distribution that is used in description of social, quality control, scientific, geophysical, actuarial, and many other types of observable phenomena; the principle originally applied ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular%20space | In topology and related fields of mathematics, a topological space X is called a regular space if every closed subset C of X and a point p not contained in C admit non-overlapping open neighborhoods. Thus p and C can be separated by neighborhoods. This condition is known as Axiom T3. The term "T3 space" usually means "... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerckhoffs%27s%20principle | Kerckhoffs's principle (also called Kerckhoffs's desideratum, assumption, axiom, doctrine or law) of cryptography was stated by Dutch-born cryptographer Auguste Kerckhoffs in the 19th century. The principle holds that a cryptosystem should be secure, even if everything about the system, except the key, is public knowle... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%20%28operating%20system%29 | Darwin is the core Unix operating system of macOS (previously OS X and Mac OS X), iOS, watchOS, tvOS, iPadOS, visionOS, and bridgeOS. It previously existed as an independent open-source operating system, first released by Apple Inc. in 2000. It is composed of code derived from NeXTSTEP, BSD, Mach, and other free softwa... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStep | OpenStep is a defunct object-oriented application programming interface (API) specification for a legacy object-oriented operating system, with the basic goal of offering a NeXTSTEP-like environment on non-NeXTSTEP operating systems. OpenStep was principally developed by NeXT with Sun Microsystems, to allow advanced ap... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20Bison | GNU Bison, commonly known as Bison, is a parser generator that is part of the GNU Project. Bison reads a specification in the BNF notation (a context-free language), warns about any parsing ambiguities, and generates a parser that reads sequences of tokens and decides whether the sequence conforms to the syntax specifi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable%20modem | A cable modem is a type of network bridge that provides bi-directional data communication via radio frequency channels on a hybrid fibre-coaxial (HFC), radio frequency over glass (RFoG) and coaxial cable infrastructure. Cable modems are primarily used to deliver broadband Internet access in the form of cable Internet, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution%20theorem | In mathematics, the convolution theorem states that under suitable conditions the Fourier transform of a convolution of two functions (or signals) is the pointwise product of their Fourier transforms. More generally, convolution in one domain (e.g., time domain) equals point-wise multiplication in the other domain (e.g... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File%20Transfer%20Protocol | The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard communication protocol used for the transfer of computer files from a server to a client on a computer network. FTP is built on a client–server model architecture using separate control and data connections between the client and the server. FTP users may authenticate them... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangloids | Tangloids is a mathematical game for two players created by Piet Hein to model the calculus of spinors.
A description of the game appeared in the book "Martin Gardner's New Mathematical Diversions from Scientific American" by Martin Gardner from 1996 in a section on the mathematics of braiding.
Two flat blocks of woo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20civil%20engineers | This list of civil engineers is a list of notable people who have been trained in or have practiced civil engineering.
A
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J
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References
Civil engineers
de:Liste bekannter Ingenieure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s%20totient%20function | In number theory, Euler's totient function counts the positive integers up to a given integer that are relatively prime to . It is written using the Greek letter phi as or , and may also be called Euler's phi function. In other words, it is the number of integers in the range for which the greatest common divisor ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%27s%20little%20theorem | In number theory, Fermat's little theorem states that if is a prime number, then for any integer , the number is an integer multiple of . In the notation of modular arithmetic, this is expressed as
For example, if and , then , and is an integer multiple of .
If is not divisible by ; that is, if is coprime to ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Minkowski's theorem is the statement that every convex set in which is symmetric with respect to the origin and which has volume greater than contains a non-zero integer point (meaning a point in that is not the origin). The theorem was proved by Hermann Minkowski in 1889 and became the foundation of... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group%20object | In category theory, a branch of mathematics, group objects are certain generalizations of groups that are built on more complicated structures than sets. A typical example of a group object is a topological group, a group whose underlying set is a topological space such that the group operations are continuous.
Defini... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom%20%28biology%29 | In biology, a kingdom is the second highest taxonomic rank, just below domain. Kingdoms are divided into smaller groups called phyla.
Traditionally, some textbooks from the United States and Canada used a system of six kingdoms of eukaryotes (Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea/Archaebacteria, and Bacteria or... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20fallout | Nuclear fallout is the residual radioactive material propelled into the upper atmosphere following a nuclear blast, so called because it "falls out" of the sky after the explosion and the shock wave has passed. It commonly refers to the radioactive dust and ash created when a nuclear weapon explodes. The amount and spr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division%20%28mathematics%29 | Division is one of the four basic operations of arithmetic. The other operations are addition, subtraction, and multiplication. What is being divided is called the dividend, which is divided by the divisor, and the result is called the quotient.
At an elementary level the division of two natural numbers is, among oth... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20Product%20Code | The Universal Product Code (UPC or UPC code) is a barcode symbology that is widely used worldwide for tracking trade items in stores.
The chosen symbology has bars (or spaces) of exactly 1, 2, 3, or 4 units wide each; each decimal digit to be encoded consists of two bars and two spaces chosen to have a total width of ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann%20constant | The Boltzmann constant ( or ) is the proportionality factor that relates the average relative thermal energy of particles in a gas with the thermodynamic temperature of the gas. It occurs in the definitions of the kelvin and the gas constant, and in Planck's law of black-body radiation and Boltzmann's entropy formula, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20audio | Digital audio is a representation of sound recorded in, or converted into, digital form. In digital audio, the sound wave of the audio signal is typically encoded as numerical samples in a continuous sequence. For example, in CD audio, samples are taken 44,100 times per second, each with 16-bit sample depth. Digital au... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-precision%20floating-point%20format | Double-precision floating-point format (sometimes called FP64 or float64) is a floating-point number format, usually occupying 64 bits in computer memory; it represents a wide dynamic range of numeric values by using a floating radix point.
Double precision may be chosen when the range or precision of single precision... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry | Symmetry () in everyday life refers to a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion and balance. In mathematics, the term has a more precise definition and is usually used to refer to an object that is invariant under some transformations, such as translation, reflection, rotation, or scaling. Although these two mean... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, a category (sometimes called an abstract category to distinguish it from a concrete category) is a collection of "objects" that are linked by "arrows". A category has two basic properties: the ability to compose the arrows associatively and the existence of an identity arrow for each object. A simple e... |
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