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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruskal%27s%20algorithm | Kruskal's algorithm (also known as Kruskal's method) finds a minimum spanning forest of an undirected edge-weighted graph. If the graph is connected, it finds a minimum spanning tree. (A minimum spanning tree of a connected graph is a subset of the edges that forms a tree that includes every vertex, where the sum of th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prim%27s%20algorithm | In computer science, Prim's algorithm (also known as Jarník's algorithm) is a greedy algorithm that finds a minimum spanning tree for a weighted undirected graph. This means it finds a subset of the edges that forms a tree that includes every vertex, where the total weight of all the edges in the tree is minimized. The... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brute-force%20attack | In cryptography, a brute-force attack consists of an attacker submitting many passwords or passphrases with the hope of eventually guessing correctly. The attacker systematically checks all possible passwords and passphrases until the correct one is found. Alternatively, the attacker can attempt to guess the key which ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary%20attack | In cryptanalysis and computer security, a dictionary attack is an attack using a restricted subset of a keyspace to defeat a cipher or authentication mechanism by trying to determine its decryption key or passphrase, sometimes trying thousands or millions of likely possibilities often obtained from lists of past securi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed%20horn | A feed horn (or feedhorn) is a small horn antenna used to couple a waveguide to e.g. a parabolic dish antenna or offset dish antenna for reception or transmission of microwave. A typical application is the use for satellite television reception with a satellite dish. In that case the feed horn can either be a separate ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TacTix | TacTix is a two-player strategy game invented by Piet Hein, a poet well known for dabbling in math and science, best known for his game Hex.
TacTix is essentially a two-dimension version of Nim; players alternate moves, removing one or more tokens in a single row or column until the last one is removed. At the time of... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroWordNet | EuroWordNet is a system of semantic networks for European languages, based on WordNet. Each language develops its own wordnet but they are interconnected with interlingual links stored in the Interlingual Index (ILI).
Unlike the original Princeton WordNet, most of the other wordnets are not freely available.
Languag... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicide | Herbicides (, ), also commonly known as weed killers, are substances used to control undesired plants, also known as weeds. Selective herbicides control specific weed species while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed, while non-selective herbicides (sometimes called total weed killers in commercial products) c... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greibach%20normal%20form | In formal language theory, a context-free grammar is in Greibach normal form (GNF) if the right-hand sides of all production rules start with a terminal symbol, optionally followed by some variables. A non-strict form allows one exception to this format restriction for allowing the empty word (epsilon, ε) to be a membe... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permittivity | In electromagnetism, the absolute permittivity, often simply called permittivity and denoted by the Greek letter ε (epsilon), is a measure of the electric polarizability of a dielectric. A material with high permittivity polarizes more in response to an applied electric field than a material with low permittivity, ther... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real%20data%20type | A real data type is a data type used in a computer program to represent an approximation of a real number.
Because the real numbers are not countable, computers cannot represent them exactly using a finite amount of information.
Most often, a computer will use a rational approximation to a real number.
Rational number... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle%20inequality | In mathematics, the triangle inequality states that for any triangle, the sum of the lengths of any two sides must be greater than or equal to the length of the remaining side. This statement permits the inclusion of degenerate triangles, but some authors, especially those writing about elementary geometry, will exclud... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoban | is a puzzle video game in which the player pushes boxes around in a warehouse, trying to get them to storage locations. The game was designed in 1981 by Hiroyuki Imabayashi, and first published in December 1982.
Gameplay
The game is played on a board of squares, where each square is a floor or a wall. Some floor squar... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work%20function | In solid-state physics, the work function (sometimes spelt workfunction) is the minimum thermodynamic work (i.e., energy) needed to remove an electron from a solid to a point in the vacuum immediately outside the solid surface. Here "immediately" means that the final electron position is far from the surface on the ato... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylow%20theorems | In mathematics, specifically in the field of finite group theory, the Sylow theorems are a collection of theorems named after the Norwegian mathematician Peter Ludwig Sylow that give detailed information about the number of subgroups of fixed order that a given finite group contains. The Sylow theorems form a fundament... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophysics | Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies approaches and methods traditionally used in physics to study biological phenomena. Biophysics covers all scales of biological organization, from molecular to organismic and populations. Biophysical research shares significant overlap with biochemistry, molecular ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LocalTalk | LocalTalk is a particular implementation of the physical layer of the AppleTalk networking system from Apple Computer.
LocalTalk specifies a system of shielded twisted pair cabling, plugged into self-terminating transceivers, running at a rate of 230.4 kbit/s. CSMA/CA was implemented as a random multiple access metho... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20dodecyl%20sulfate | Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sometimes written sodium laurilsulfate, is an organic compound with the formula and structure . It is an anionic surfactant used in many cleaning and hygiene products. This compound is the sodium salt of the 12-carbon organosulfate. Its hydrocarbon tail comb... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeonhole%20principle | In mathematics, the pigeonhole principle states that if items are put into containers, with , then at least one container must contain more than one item. For example, of three gloves (none of which is ambidextrous/reversible), at least two must be right-handed or at least two must be left-handed, because there are t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced%20concrete | Reinforced concrete, also called ferroconcrete, is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are compensated for by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength or ductility. The reinforcement is usually, though not necessarily, steel bars (rebar) and is usu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularity%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, a singularity is a point at which a given mathematical object is not defined, or a point where the mathematical object ceases to be well-behaved in some particular way, such as by lacking differentiability or analyticity.
For example, the reciprocal function has a singularity at , where the value of t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor%20and%20ceiling%20functions | In mathematics and computer science, the floor function is the function that takes as input a real number , and gives as output the greatest integer less than or equal to , denoted or . Similarly, the ceiling function maps to the least integer greater than or equal to , denoted or .
For example, for floor: , , an... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mathematical%20functions | In mathematics, some functions or groups of functions are important enough to deserve their own names. This is a listing of articles which explain some of these functions in more detail. There is a large theory of special functions which developed out of statistics and mathematical physics. A modern, abstract point of ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20automaton | A cellular automaton (pl. cellular automata, abbrev. CA) is a discrete model of computation studied in automata theory. Cellular automata are also called cellular spaces, tessellation automata, homogeneous structures, cellular structures, tessellation structures, and iterative arrays. Cellular automata have found appli... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement%20%28set%20theory%29 | In set theory, the complement of a set , often denoted by (or ), is the set of elements not in .
When all sets in the universe, i.e. all sets under consideration, are considered to be members of a given set , the absolute complement of is the set of elements in that are not in .
The relative complement of with re... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean%20ring | In mathematics, a Boolean ring is a ring for which for all in , that is, a ring that consists of only idempotent elements. An example is the ring of integers modulo 2.
Every Boolean ring gives rise to a Boolean algebra, with ring multiplication corresponding to conjunction or meet , and ring addition to exclusive d... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasigraphy | A pasigraphy (from Greek πᾶσι pasi "to all" and γράφω grapho "to write") is a writing system where each written symbol represents a concept (rather than a word or sound or series of sounds in a spoken language).
The aim is to be intelligible to persons of all languages. The term was first applied to a system proposed ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disassembler | A disassembler is a computer program that translates machine language into assembly language—the inverse operation to that of an assembler. Disassembly, the output of a disassembler, is often formatted for human-readability rather than suitability for input to an assembler, making it principally a reverse-engineering t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangram | The tangram () is a dissection puzzle consisting of seven flat polygons, called tans, which are put together to form shapes. The objective is to replicate a pattern (given only an outline) generally found in a puzzle book using all seven pieces without overlap. Alternatively the tans can be used to create original mini... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20transition | In chemistry, thermodynamics, and other related fields, a phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another. Commonly the term is used to refer to changes among the basic states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas, and in rare cases, plasma. A phase of a th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20algebra%20system | A computer algebra system (CAS) or symbolic algebra system (SAS) is any mathematical software with the ability to manipulate mathematical expressions in a way similar to the traditional manual computations of mathematicians and scientists. The development of the computer algebra systems in the second half of the 20th c... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification%20%28computer%20science%29 | In logic and computer science, unification is an algorithmic process of solving equations between symbolic expressions. For example, using x,y,z as variables, the singleton equation set { cons(x,cons(x,nil)) = cons(2,y) } is a syntactic first-order unification problem that has the substitution { x ↦ 2, y ↦ cons(2,nil) ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-expression | In computer programming, an S-expression (or symbolic expression, abbreviated as sexpr or sexp) is an expression in a like-named notation for nested list (tree-structured) data. S-expressions were invented for and popularized by the programming language Lisp, which uses them for source code as well as data.
In the usu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20file%20format | A video file format is a type of file format for storing digital video data on a computer system. Video is almost always stored using lossy compression to reduce the file size.
A video file normally consists of a container (e.g. in the Matroska format) containing visual (video without audio) data in a video coding fo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixmaster%20anonymous%20remailer | Mixmaster is a Type II anonymous remailer which sends messages in fixed-size packets and reorders them, preventing anyone watching the messages go in and out of remailers from tracing them. It is an implementation of a Chaumian Mix network.
History
Mixmaster was originally written by Lance Cottrell, and was maintain... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous%20remailer | An anonymous remailer is a server that receives messages with embedded instructions on where to send them next, and that forwards them without revealing where they originally came from. There are cypherpunk anonymous remailers, mixmaster anonymous remailers, and nym servers, among others, which differ in how they work,... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypherpunk%20anonymous%20remailer | Cypherpunk anonymous remailer also known as a Type I remailer is a type of anonymous remailer that receives messages encrypted with PGP or GPG, follows predetermined instructions, strips any identifying information, and afterwards forwards these messages to the desired recipient.
This type of remailer is largely consi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursively%20enumerable%20language | In mathematics, logic and computer science, a formal language is called recursively enumerable (also recognizable, partially decidable, semidecidable, Turing-acceptable or Turing-recognizable) if it is a recursively enumerable subset in the set of all possible words over the alphabet of the language, i.e., if there exi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termite | Termites are a group of detritophagous eusocial insects which consume a wide variety of decaying plant material, generally in the form of wood, leaf litter, and soil humus. They are distinguished by their moniliform antennae and the soft-bodied and typically unpigmented worker caste for which they have been commonly te... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellac | Shellac () is a resin secreted by the female lac bug on trees in the forests of India and Thailand. Chemically, it is mainly composed of aleuritic acid, jalaric acid, shellolic acid, and other natural waxes. It is processed and sold as dry flakes and dissolved in alcohol to make liquid shellac, which is used as a brush... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomere | A telomere (; ) is a region of repetitive nucleotide sequences associated with specialized proteins at the ends of linear chromosomes. Telomeres are a widespread genetic feature most commonly found in eukaryotes. In most, if not all species possessing them, they protect the terminal regions of chromosomal DNA from pro... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical%20drawing | Technical drawing, drafting or drawing, is the act and discipline of composing drawings that visually communicate how something functions or is constructed.
Technical drawing is essential for communicating ideas in industry and engineering.
To make the drawings easier to understand, people use familiar symbols, perspe... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysics | Geophysics () is a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis. Geophysicists, who usually study geophysics, physics, or one of the earth sciences at the graduate level... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantoux%20test | The Mantoux test or Mendel–Mantoux test (also known as the Mantoux screening test, tuberculin sensitivity test, Pirquet test, or PPD test for purified protein derivative) is a tool for screening for tuberculosis (TB) and for tuberculosis diagnosis. It is one of the major tuberculin skin tests used around the world, lar... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotope | A biotope is an area of uniform environmental conditions providing a living place for a specific assemblage of plants and animals. Biotope is almost synonymous with the term "habitat", which is more commonly used in English-speaking countries. However, in some countries these two terms are distinguished: the subject of... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola%2088000 | The 88000 (m88k for short) is a RISC instruction set architecture developed by Motorola during the 1980s. The MC88100 arrived on the market in 1988, some two years after the competing SPARC and MIPS. Due to the late start and extensive delays releasing the second-generation MC88110, the m88k achieved very limited succe... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hop%20%28telecommunications%29 | In telecommunication, a hop is a portion of a signal's journey from source to receiver. Examples include:
The excursion of a radio wave from the Earth to the ionosphere and back to the Earth. The number of hops indicates the number of reflections from the ionosphere.
A similar excursion from an earth station to a comm... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baire%20category%20theorem | The Baire category theorem (BCT) is an important result in general topology and functional analysis. The theorem has two forms, each of which gives sufficient conditions for a topological space to be a Baire space (a topological space such that the intersection of countably many dense open sets is still dense). It is ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersonic%20speed | In aerodynamics, a hypersonic speed is one that exceeds five times the speed of sound, often stated as starting at speeds of Mach 5 and above.
The precise Mach number at which a craft can be said to be flying at hypersonic speed varies, since individual physical changes in the airflow (like molecular dissociation and ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skunk%20Works | Skunk Works is an official pseudonym for Lockheed Martin's Advanced Development Programs (ADP), formerly called Lockheed Advanced Development Projects. It is responsible for a number of aircraft designs, highly classified research and development programs, and exotic aircraft platforms. Known locations include United S... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denotational%20semantics | In computer science, denotational semantics (initially known as mathematical semantics or Scott–Strachey semantics) is an approach of formalizing the meanings of programming languages by constructing mathematical objects (called denotations) that describe the meanings of expressions from the languages. Other approaches... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%20type | A blood type (also known as a blood group) is a classification of blood, based on the presence and absence of antibodies and inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system. Some o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle%20Wireless | Seattle Wireless was an American non-profit project created by Matt Westervelt and Ken Caruso in June 2000. It seeks to develop a free, locally owned wireless community network using widely available, license-free technology wireless broadband Internet access. It is a metropolitan area network. As of 2016, Seattle Wir... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy | Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are various conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment. These diseases include hay fever, food allergies, atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, and anaphylaxis. Symptoms may include red eyes, an itchy rash, sne... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discounting | In finance, discounting is a mechanism in which a debtor obtains the right to delay payments to a creditor, for a defined period of time, in exchange for a charge or fee. Essentially, the party that owes money in the present purchases the right to delay the payment until some future date. This transaction is based on ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net%20present%20value | The net present value (NPV) or net present worth (NPW) applies to a series of cash flows occurring at different times. The present value of a cash flow depends on the interval of time between now and the cash flow. It also depends on the annual effective discount rate. NPV accounts for the time value of money. It provi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single%20instruction%2C%20multiple%20data | Single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) is a type of parallel processing in Flynn's taxonomy. SIMD can be internal (part of the hardware design) and it can be directly accessible through an instruction set architecture (ISA), but it should not be confused with an ISA. SIMD describes computers with multiple processing ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AltiVec | AltiVec is a single-precision floating point and integer SIMD instruction set designed and owned by Apple, IBM, and Freescale Semiconductor (formerly Motorola's Semiconductor Products Sector) — the AIM alliance. It is implemented on versions of the PowerPC processor architecture, including Motorola's G4, IBM's G5 and ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMX%20%28instruction%20set%29 | MMX is a single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) instruction set architecture designed by Intel, introduced on January 8, 1997 with its Pentium P5 (microarchitecture) based line of microprocessors, named "Pentium with MMX Technology". It developed out of a similar unit introduced on the Intel i860, and earlier the Int... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming%20SIMD%20Extensions | In computing, Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE) is a single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) instruction set extension to the x86 architecture, designed by Intel and introduced in 1999 in their Pentium III series of central processing units (CPUs) shortly after the appearance of Advanced Micro Devices (AMD's) 3DNow!. SS... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk%20partitioning | Disk partitioning or disk slicing is the creation of one or more regions on secondary storage, so that each region can be managed separately. These regions are called partitions. It is typically the first step of preparing a newly installed disk, before any file system is created. The disk stores the information about ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20operating%20systems | Computer operating systems (OSes) provide a set of functions needed and used by most application programs on a computer, and the links needed to control and synchronize computer hardware. On the first computers, with no operating system, every program needed the full hardware specification to run correctly and perform ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal%20protective%20equipment | Personal protective equipment (PPE) is protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection. The hazards addressed by protective equipment include physical, electrical, heat, chemicals, biohazards, and airborne particulate matter. Protectiv... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDMA | The Ultra DMA (Ultra Direct Memory Access, UDMA) modes were the fastest method used to transfer data through the ATA hard disk interface, usually between the computer and an ATA device. UDMA succeeded Single/Multiword DMA as the interface of choice between ATA devices and the computer. There are eight different UDMA m... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discriminant | In mathematics, the discriminant of a polynomial is a quantity that depends on the coefficients and allows deducing some properties of the roots without computing them. More precisely, it is a polynomial function of the coefficients of the original polynomial. The discriminant is widely used in polynomial factoring, nu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior%20%28topology%29 | In mathematics, specifically in topology,
the interior of a subset of a topological space is the union of all subsets of that are open in .
A point that is in the interior of is an interior point of .
The interior of is the complement of the closure of the complement of .
In this sense interior and closure are du... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20combination | In mathematics, a linear combination is an expression constructed from a set of terms by multiplying each term by a constant and adding the results (e.g. a linear combination of x and y would be any expression of the form ax + by, where a and b are constants). The concept of linear combinations is central to linear alg... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted%20system | In the security engineering subspecialty of computer science, a trusted system is one that is relied upon to a specified extent to enforce a specified security policy. This is equivalent to saying that a trusted system is one whose failure would break a security policy (if a policy exists that the system is trusted to ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNUstep | GNUstep is a free software implementation of the Cocoa (formerly OpenStep) Objective-C frameworks, widget toolkit, and application development tools for Unix-like operating systems and Microsoft Windows. It is part of the GNU Project.
GNUstep features a cross-platform, object-oriented IDE. Apart from the default Obje... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security-Enhanced%20Linux | Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) is a Linux kernel security module that provides a mechanism for supporting access control security policies, including mandatory access controls (MAC).
SELinux is a set of kernel modifications and user-space tools that have been added to various Linux distributions. Its architecture s... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant%20messaging | Instant messaging (IM) technology is a type of online chat allowing real-time text transmission over the Internet or another computer network. Messages are typically transmitted between two or more parties, when each user inputs text and triggers a transmission to the recipient(s), who are all connected on a common net... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version%20control | In software engineering, version control (also known as revision control, source control, or source code management) is a class of systems responsible for managing changes to computer programs, documents, large web sites, or other collections of information. Version control is a component of software configuration mana... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformance%20testing | Conformance testing — an element of conformity assessment, and also known as compliance testing, or type testing — is testing or other activities that determine whether a process, product, or service complies with the requirements of a specification, technical standard, contract, or regulation. Testing is often either ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete%20space | In topology, a discrete space is a particularly simple example of a topological space or similar structure, one in which the points form a , meaning they are isolated from each other in a certain sense. The discrete topology is the finest topology that can be given on a set. Every subset is open in the discrete topolog... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krull%20dimension | In commutative algebra, the Krull dimension of a commutative ring R, named after Wolfgang Krull, is the supremum of the lengths of all chains of prime ideals. The Krull dimension need not be finite even for a Noetherian ring. More generally the Krull dimension can be defined for modules over possibly non-commutative ri... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose%20triangle | The Penrose triangle, also known as the Penrose tribar, the impossible tribar, or the impossible triangle, is a triangular impossible object, an optical illusion consisting of an object which can be depicted in a perspective drawing, but cannot exist as a solid object. It was first created by the Swedish artist Oscar ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noetherian%20ring | In mathematics, a Noetherian ring is a ring that satisfies the ascending chain condition on left and right ideals; if the chain condition is satisfied only for left ideals or for right ideals, then the ring is said left-Noetherian or right-Noetherian respectively. That is, every increasing sequence of left (or right) ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchstone%20%28assaying%20tool%29 | A touchstone is a small tablet of dark stone such as slate or lydite, used for assaying precious metal alloys. It has a finely grained surface on which soft metals leave a visible trace.
History
The touchstone was used during the Harappa period of the Indus Valley civilization ca. 2600–1900 BC for testing the purity o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlaced%20video | Interlaced video (also known as interlaced scan) is a technique for doubling the perceived frame rate of a video display without consuming extra bandwidth. The interlaced signal contains two fields of a video frame captured consecutively. This enhances motion perception to the viewer, and reduces flicker by taking adva... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop%20circle | A crop circle, crop formation, or corn circle is a pattern created by flattening a crop, usually a cereal. The term was first coined in the early 1980s by Colin Andrews. Crop circles have been described as all falling "within the range of the sort of thing done in hoaxes" by Taner Edis, professor of physics at Truman S... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour | Flour is a powder made by grinding raw grains, roots, beans, nuts, or seeds. Flours are used to make many different foods. Cereal flour, particularly wheat flour, is the main ingredient of bread, which is a staple food for many cultures. Corn flour has been important in Mesoamerican cuisine since ancient times and rema... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyadic%20rational | In mathematics, a dyadic rational or binary rational is a number that can be expressed as a fraction whose denominator is a power of two. For example, 1/2, 3/2, and 3/8 are dyadic rationals, but 1/3 is not. These numbers are important in computer science because they are the only ones with finite binary representations... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beonex%20Communicator | Beonex Communicator is a discontinued open-source Internet suite based on the Mozilla Application Suite (MAS) by Ben Bucksch, a German Mozilla developer. It was intended to have a higher security and privacy level than other commercial products. The Internet suite contains a Web browser, an email and news client, an HT... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20span | In mathematics, the linear span (also called the linear hull or just span) of a set of vectors (from a vector space), denoted , is defined as the set of all linear combinations of the vectors in .
For example, two linearly independent vectors span a plane.
The linear span can be characterized either as the intersecti... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20subspace | In mathematics, and more specifically in linear algebra, a linear subspace or vector subspace is a vector space that is a subset of some larger vector space. A linear subspace is usually simply called a subspace when the context serves to distinguish it from other types of subspaces.
Definition
If V is a vector space ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20diagram | A phase diagram in physical chemistry, engineering, mineralogy, and materials science is a type of chart used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, volume, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct phases (such as solid, liquid or gaseous states) occur and coexist at equilibrium.
Overview
Common components of a ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20set | In the context of complex dynamics, a branch of mathematics, the Julia set and the Fatou set are two complementary sets (Julia "laces" and Fatou "dusts") defined from a function. Informally, the Fatou set of the function consists of values with the property that all nearby values behave similarly under repeated iterati... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North | North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions. It is the opposite of south and is perpendicular to east and west. North is a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating direction or geography.
Etymology
The word north is related to the Old High German nord, both descending from the Proto-Indo-European unit ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%20fever | Q fever or query fever is a disease caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii, a bacterium that affects humans and other animals. This organism is uncommon, but may be found in cattle, sheep, goats, and other domestic mammals, including cats and dogs. The infection results from inhalation of a spore-like small-cell va... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pass%20filter | A low-pass filter is a filter that passes signals with a frequency lower than a selected cutoff frequency and attenuates signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency. The exact frequency response of the filter depends on the filter design. The filter is sometimes called a high-cut filter, or treble-cut fil... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20Smullyan | Raymond Merrill Smullyan (; May 25, 1919 – February 6, 2017) was an American mathematician, magician, concert pianist, logician, Taoist, and philosopher.
Born in Far Rockaway, New York, his first career was stage magic. He earned a BSc from the University of Chicago in 1955 and his PhD from Princeton University in 195... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%20pressure | Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels. Most of this pressure results from the heart pumping blood through the circulatory system. When used without qualification, the term "blood pressure" refers to the pressure in a brachial artery, where it is most commonly measur... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronobiology | Chronobiology is a field of biology that examines timing processes, including periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms, such as their adaptation to solar- and lunar-related rhythms. These cycles are known as biological rhythms. Chronobiology comes from the ancient Greek χρόνος (chrónos, meaning "time"), and biol... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic%20functions | In mathematics, hyperbolic functions are analogues of the ordinary trigonometric functions, but defined using the hyperbola rather than the circle. Just as the points form a circle with a unit radius, the points form the right half of the unit hyperbola. Also, similarly to how the derivatives of and are and respe... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose%20intolerance | Lactose intolerance is caused by a lessened ability or a complete inability to digest lactose, a sugar found in dairy products. Humans vary in the amount of lactose they can tolerate before symptoms develop. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, flatulence, and nausea. These symptoms typically start ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal%20line%20test | In mathematics, the horizontal line test is a test used to determine whether a function is injective (i.e., one-to-one).
In calculus
A horizontal line is a straight, flat line that goes from left to right. Given a function (i.e. from the real numbers to the real numbers), we can decide if it is injective by looking a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20%28API%29 | Carbon was one of two primary C-based application programming interfaces (APIs) developed by Apple for the macOS (formerly Mac OS X and OS X) operating system. Carbon provided a good degree of backward compatibility for programs that ran on Mac OS 8 and 9. Developers could use the Carbon APIs to port (“carbonize”) thei... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikal%E2%80%93Amur%20Mainline | The Baikal–Amur Mainline (, , , ) is a broad-gauge railway line in Russia. Traversing Eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East, the -long BAM runs about 610 to 770 km (380 to 480 miles) north of and parallel to the Trans-Siberian Railway.
The Soviet Union built the BAM as a strategic alternative route to the Trans–Si... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower%20of%20Hanoi | The Tower of Hanoi (also called The problem of Benares Temple or Tower of Brahma or Lucas' Tower and sometimes pluralized as Towers, or simply pyramid puzzle) is a mathematical game or puzzle consisting of three rods and a number of disks of various diameters, which can slide onto any rod. The puzzle begins with the di... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copra | Copra (from Tamil: கொப்பரை, Kopparai ; ; Kannada: ಕೊಬ್ಬರಿ, Kobbari) is the dried, white flesh of the coconut from which coconut oil is extracted. Traditionally, the coconuts are sun-dried, especially for export, before the oil, also known as copra oil, is pressed out. The oil extracted from copra is rich in lauric aci... |
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