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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20B.%20Allendoerfer
Carl Barnett Allendoerfer (April 4, 1911 – September 29, 1974) was an American mathematician in the mid-twentieth century, known for his work in topology and mathematics education. Background Allendoerfer was born in Kansas City, the son of a prominent banker. He graduated from Haverford College in 1932 and attended ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C5%91s%E2%80%93Graham%20problem
In combinatorial number theory, the Erdős–Graham problem is the problem of proving that, if the set of integers greater than one is partitioned into finitely many subsets, then one of the subsets can be used to form an Egyptian fraction representation of unity. That is, for every , and every -coloring of the integers ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach%20bundle
In mathematics, a Banach bundle is a vector bundle each of whose fibres is a Banach space, i.e. a complete normed vector space, possibly of infinite dimension. Definition of a Banach bundle Let M be a Banach manifold of class Cp with p ≥ 0, called the base space; let E be a topological space, called the total space; ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogenerator
Cogenerator may refer to: Cogeneration, simultaneous generation of heat and electricity Injective cogenerator, in mathematics More generally, cogenerator is the dual of a generator of a category. An operator in the dilation theorem for contraction semigroups
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindley%20equation
In probability theory, the Lindley equation, Lindley recursion or Lindley processes is a discrete-time stochastic process An where n takes integer values and: An + 1 = max(0, An + Bn). Processes of this form can be used to describe the waiting time of customers in a queue or evolution of a queue length over time. The...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero%20element
In mathematics, a zero element is one of several generalizations of the number zero to other algebraic structures. These alternate meanings may or may not reduce to the same thing, depending on the context. Additive identities An additive identity is the identity element in an additive group. It corresponds to the ele...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rencontres%20numbers
In combinatorial mathematics, the rencontres numbers are a triangular array of integers that enumerate permutations of the set { 1, ..., n } with specified numbers of fixed points: in other words, partial derangements. (Rencontre is French for encounter. By some accounts, the problem is named after a solitaire game.)...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson%E2%80%93Darling%20test
The Anderson–Darling test is a statistical test of whether a given sample of data is drawn from a given probability distribution. In its basic form, the test assumes that there are no parameters to be estimated in the distribution being tested, in which case the test and its set of critical values is distribution-free....
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarankiewicz%20problem
The Zarankiewicz problem, an unsolved problem in mathematics, asks for the largest possible number of edges in a bipartite graph that has a given number of vertices and has no complete bipartite subgraphs of a given size. It belongs to the field of extremal graph theory, a branch of combinatorics, and is named after th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena%20Rasiowa
Helena Rasiowa (20 June 1917 – 9 August 1994) was a Polish mathematician. She worked in the foundations of mathematics and algebraic logic. Early years Rasiowa was born in Vienna on 20 June 1917 to Polish parents. As soon as Poland regained its independence in 1918, the family settled in Warsaw. Helena's father was a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada%20Kaleh
{ "type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [ { "type": "Feature", "properties": {}, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 22.450389, 44.716233 ] } } ] }Ada Kaleh (; from , meaning "Island Fortress"; or ; Serbian and Bulgarian: ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic%20%28disambiguation%29
Logic is the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration. Logic may also refer to: Mathematical logic, a branch of mathematics that grew out of symbolic logic Philosophical logic, the application of formal logic to philosophical problems Art, entertainment, and the media "Logic" (song)...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating%20factorial
In mathematics, an alternating factorial is the absolute value of the alternating sum of the first n factorials of positive integers. This is the same as their sum, with the odd-indexed factorials multiplied by −1 if n is even, and the even-indexed factorials multiplied by −1 if n is odd, resulting in an alternation o...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implementation%20of%20mathematics%20in%20set%20theory
This article examines the implementation of mathematical concepts in set theory. The implementation of a number of basic mathematical concepts is carried out in parallel in ZFC (the dominant set theory) and in NFU, the version of Quine's New Foundations shown to be consistent by R. B. Jensen in 1969 (here understood to...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds%20transport%20theorem
In differential calculus, the Reynolds transport theorem (also known as the Leibniz–Reynolds transport theorem), or simply the Reynolds theorem, named after Osborne Reynolds (1842–1912), is a three-dimensional generalization of the Leibniz integral rule. It is used to recast time derivatives of integrated quantities an...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin%20Hsin%20Hsin
Lin Hsin Hsin () is an IT inventor, artist, poet and composer from Singapore, deeply rooted in mathematics and information technology. Early life and education Lin was born in Singapore. She graduated in mathematics from the University of Singapore and received a postgraduate degree in computer science from Newcastle ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace%20Alele-Williams
Grace Alele-Williams (16 December 1932 – 25 March 2022) was a Nigerian professor of mathematics education, who made history as the first Nigerian woman to receive a doctorate, and the first Nigerian female vice-chancellor at the University of Benin. Early life and education Grace Awani Alele was born to Itsekiri par...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty%20%28disambiguation%29
Beauty is an aesthetic characteristic. Beauty may also refer to: Science and mathematics Beauty (quantum number) or bottomness, a flavour quantum number Mathematical beauty, a mathematical philosophy Characters Beauty (Belle), a central character in the fairy tale Beauty and the Beast and adaptations Beauty, t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly-Bernoulli%20number
In mathematics, poly-Bernoulli numbers, denoted as , were defined by M. Kaneko as where Li is the polylogarithm. The are the usual Bernoulli numbers. Moreover, the Generalization of Poly-Bernoulli numbers with a,b,c parameters defined as follows where Li is the polylogarithm. Kaneko also gave two combinatorial fo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisoid
Cisoid may refer to: Cisoid (chemistry), form of geometric isomer in chemistry Cisoid (mathematics), complex sinusoid function See also Cisoidal (disambiguation) Cosinusoid Sinusoid Cissoid Transoid
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-One%20Card%20Trick
The Twenty-One Card Trick, also known as the 11th card trick or three column trick, is a simple self-working card trick that uses basic mathematics to reveal the user's selected card. The game uses a selection of 21 cards out of a standard deck. These are shuffled and the player selects one at random. The cards are th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPDF
TPDF may refer to: Tanzania People's Defence Force Triangular Probability Density Function, a type of distribution which is used in audio dithering
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%20condensation%20test
In mathematics, the Cauchy condensation test, named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy, is a standard convergence test for infinite series. For a non-increasing sequence of non-negative real numbers, the series converges if and only if the "condensed" series converges. Moreover, if they converge, the sum of the condensed s...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic%20graph
In mathematics, a cyclic graph may mean a graph that contains a cycle, or a graph that is a cycle, with varying definitions of cycles. See: Cycle (graph theory), a cycle in a graph Forest (graph theory), an undirected graph with no cycles Biconnected graph, an undirected graph in which every edge belongs to a cycle Dir...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fourth%20Dimension%20%28book%29
The Fourth Dimension: Toward a Geometry of Higher Reality (1984) is a popular mathematics book by Rudy Rucker, a Silicon Valley professor of mathematics and computer science. It provides a popular presentation of set theory and four dimensional geometry as well as some mystical implications. A foreword is provided by M...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational%20expression
Rational expression may refer to: A mathematical expression that may be rewritten to a rational fraction, an algebraic fraction such that both the numerator and the denominator are polynomials. A regular expression, also known as rational expression, used in formal language theory (computer science) See also ration...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis%20Lindley
Dennis Victor Lindley (25 July 1923 – 14 December 2013) was an English statistician, decision theorist and leading advocate of Bayesian statistics. Biography Lindley grew up in the south-west London suburb of Surbiton. He was an only child and his father was a local building contractor. Lindley recalled (to Adrian Smi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra%20of%20communicating%20processes
The algebra of communicating processes (ACP) is an algebraic approach to reasoning about concurrent systems. It is a member of the family of mathematical theories of concurrency known as process algebras or process calculi. ACP was initially developed by Jan Bergstra and Jan Willem Klop in 1982, as part of an effort to...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congruum
In number theory, a congruum (plural congrua) is the difference between successive square numbers in an arithmetic progression of three squares. That is, if , , and (for integers , , and ) are three square numbers that are equally spaced apart from each other, then the spacing between them, , is called a congruum. Th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonal%20trapezohedron
In geometry, a trigonal trapezohedron is a rhombohedron (a polyhedron with six rhombus-shaped faces) in which, additionally, all six faces are congruent. Alternative names for the same shape are the trigonal deltohedron or isohedral rhombohedron. Some sources just call them rhombohedra. Geometry Six identical rhombic ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetragonal%20trapezohedron
In geometry, a tetragonal trapezohedron, or deltohedron, is the second in an infinite series of trapezohedra, which are dual to the antiprisms. It has eight faces, which are congruent kites, and is dual to the square antiprism. In mesh generation This shape has been used as a test case for hexahedral mesh generation, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagonal%20trapezohedron
In geometry, a pentagonal trapezohedron or deltohedron is the third in an infinite series of face-transitive polyhedra which are dual polyhedra to the antiprisms. It has ten faces (i.e., it is a decahedron) which are congruent kites. It can be decomposed into two pentagonal pyramids and a pentagonal antiprism in the m...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal%20trapezohedron
In geometry, a hexagonal trapezohedron or deltohedron is the fourth in an infinite series of trapezohedra which are dual polyhedra to the antiprisms. It has twelve faces which are congruent kites. It can be described by the Conway notation . It is an isohedral (face-transitive) figure, meaning that all its faces are t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%20expansion
In linear algebra, the Laplace expansion, named after Pierre-Simon Laplace, also called cofactor expansion, is an expression of the determinant of an matrix as a weighted sum of minors, which are the determinants of some submatrices of . Specifically, for every , the Laplace expansion along the th row is the equalit...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential%20analysis
In statistics, sequential analysis or sequential hypothesis testing is statistical analysis where the sample size is not fixed in advance. Instead data are evaluated as they are collected, and further sampling is stopped in accordance with a pre-defined stopping rule as soon as significant results are observed. Thus ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Muir
Francis Muir (born April 27, 1926) is a former research associate at the Geophysics Department of Stanford University. Muir graduated from Oxford University in 1950 with an MA degree in mathematics. He worked as a research and field exploration seismologist with Seismograph Service from 1954 through 1962, and then wi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski%20functional
In mathematics, in the field of functional analysis, a Minkowski functional (after Hermann Minkowski) or gauge function is a function that recovers a notion of distance on a linear space. If is a subset of a real or complex vector space then the or of is defined to be the function valued in the extended real num...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-type%20distribution
A phase-type distribution is a probability distribution constructed by a convolution or mixture of exponential distributions. It results from a system of one or more inter-related Poisson processes occurring in sequence, or phases. The sequence in which each of the phases occurs may itself be a stochastic process. The ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicupola%20%28geometry%29
In geometry, a bicupola is a solid formed by connecting two cupolae on their bases. There are two classes of bicupola because each cupola (bicupola half) is bordered by alternating triangles and squares. If similar faces are attached together the result is an orthobicupola; if squares are attached to triangles it is a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence%20F.%20Stephens
Clarence Francis Stephens (July 24, 1917 – March 5, 2018) was the ninth African American to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics. He is credited with inspiring students and faculty at SUNY Potsdam to form the most successful United States undergraduate mathematics degree programs in the past century. Stephens was recognized ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert%20quadrilateral
In geometry, a Lambert quadrilateral (also known as Ibn al-Haytham–Lambert quadrilateral), is a quadrilateral in which three of its angles are right angles. Historically, the fourth angle of a Lambert quadrilateral was of considerable interest since if it could be shown to be a right angle, then the Euclidean parallel ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elongated%20dodecahedron
In geometry, the elongated dodecahedron, extended rhombic dodecahedron, rhombo-hexagonal dodecahedron or hexarhombic dodecahedron is a convex dodecahedron with 8 rhombic and 4 hexagonal faces. The hexagons can be made equilateral, or regular depending on the shape of the rhombi. It can be seen as constructed from a rho...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller%20Coaster%20DataBase
Roller Coaster DataBase (RCDB) is a roller coaster and amusement park database begun in 1996 by Duane Marden. It has grown to feature statistics and pictures of over 10,000 roller coasters from around the world. Publications that have mentioned RCDB include The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Toledo Blade, Orlando ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markovian%20discrimination
Within the probability theory Markov model, Markovian discrimination in spam filtering is a method used in CRM114 and other spam filters to model the statistical behaviors of spam and nonspam more accurately than in simple Bayesian methods. A simple Bayesian model of written text contains only the dictionary of legal ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT%20Department%20of%20Mathematics
The Department of Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (also known as Course 18) is one of the premier mathematics departments both in the U.S. and the world. In the 2023 U.S. News & World Report rankings of the U.S. graduate programs for mathematics, MIT's program is ranked in the first place, tie...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperexponential%20distribution
In probability theory, a hyperexponential distribution is a continuous probability distribution whose probability density function of the random variable X is given by where each Yi is an exponentially distributed random variable with rate parameter λi, and pi is the probability that X will take on the form of the exp...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram%20Kostant
Bertram Kostant (May 24, 1928 – February 2, 2017) was an American mathematician who worked in representation theory, differential geometry, and mathematical physics. Early life and education Kostant grew up in New York City, where he graduated from Stuyvesant High School in 1945. He went on to obtain an undergraduate...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin%20Hochster
Melvin Hochster (born August 2, 1943) is an American mathematician working in commutative algebra. He is currently the Jack E. McLaughlin Distinguished University Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at the University of Michigan. Education Hochster attended Stuyvesant High School, where he was captain of the Math Team,...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Shalen
Peter B. Shalen (born c. 1946) is an American mathematician, working primarily in low-dimensional topology. He is the "S" in JSJ decomposition. Life He graduated from Stuyvesant High School in 1962, and went on to earn a B.A. from Harvard College in 1966 and his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1972. After posts at ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holditch%27s%20theorem
In plane geometry, Holditch's theorem states that if a chord of fixed length is allowed to rotate inside a convex closed curve, then the locus of a point on the chord a distance p from one end and a distance q from the other is a closed curve whose enclosed area is less than that of the original curve by . The theorem ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezo-rhombic%20dodecahedron
In geometry, the trapezo-rhombic dodecahedron or rhombo-trapezoidal dodecahedron is a convex dodecahedron with 6 rhombic and 6 trapezoidal faces. It has symmetry. A concave form can be constructed with an identical net, seen as excavating trigonal trapezohedra from the top and bottom. It is also called the trapezoidal...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaustion%20by%20compact%20sets
In mathematics, especially general topology and analysis, an exhaustion by compact sets of a topological space is a nested sequence of compact subsets of (i.e. ), such that is contained in the interior of , i.e. for each and . A space admitting an exhaustion by compact sets is called exhaustible by compact sets...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Harbater
David Harbater (born December 19, 1952) is an American mathematician at the University of Pennsylvania, well known for his work in Galois theory, algebraic geometry and arithmetic geometry. Early life and education Harbater was born in New York City and attended Stuyvesant High School, where he was on the math team. A...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact%20calculus
In policy and public forum debates, impact calculus, also known as weighing impacts, is a type of argumentation which seeks to compare the impacts presented in both causes and effects. Basic Impact Calculus There are several basic types of impact calculus that compare the impacts of the plan to the impacts of a disadv...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated%20trapezohedron
In geometry, an truncated trapezohedron is a polyhedron formed by a trapezohedron with pyramids truncated from its two polar axis vertices. If the polar vertices are completely truncated (diminished), a trapezohedron becomes an antiprism. The vertices exist as 4 in four parallel planes, with alternating orientatio...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated%20hexagonal%20trapezohedron
In geometry, the truncated hexagonal trapezohedron is the fourth in an infinite series of truncated trapezohedra. It has 12 pentagon and 2 hexagon faces. It can be constructed by taking a hexagonal trapezohedron and truncating the polar axis vertices. Weaire–Phelan structure Another form of this polyhedron has D2d sy...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elongated%20hexagonal%20bipyramid
In geometry, the elongated hexagonal bipyramid is constructed by elongating a hexagonal bipyramid (by inserting a hexagonal prism between its congruent halves). Related polyhedra This polyhedron is in the family of elongated bipyramids, of which the first three can be Johnson solids: J14, J15, and J16. The hexagonal ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated%20square%20trapezohedron
In geometry, the square truncated trapezohedron is the second in an infinite series of truncated trapezohedra. It has 8 pentagon and 2 square faces. This polyhedron can be constructed by taking a tetragonal trapezohedron and truncating the polar axis vertices. The kite faces of the trapezohedron become pentagons. Th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular%20bifrustum
In geometry, the triangular bifrustum is the second in an infinite series of bifrustum polyhedra. It has 6 trapezoid and 2 triangle faces. It may also be called the truncated triangular bipyramid; however, that term is ambiguous, as it may also refer to polyhedra formed by truncating all five vertices of a triangular b...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elongated%20bipyramid
In geometry, the elongated bipyramids are an infinite set of polyhedra, constructed by elongating an bipyramid (by inserting an prism between its congruent halves). There are three elongated bipyramids that are Johnson solids: Elongated triangular bipyramid (), Elongated square bipyramid (), and Elongated pentago...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20statistics
Particle statistics is a particular description of multiple particles in statistical mechanics. A key prerequisite concept is that of a statistical ensemble (an idealization comprising the state space of possible states of a system, each labeled with a probability) that emphasizes properties of a large system as a whol...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punching%20power
Punching power is the amount of kinetic energy in a person's punches. Knockout power is a similar concept relating to the probability of any strike to the head to cause unconsciousness or a strike to the body that renders an opponent unable to continue fighting. Knockout power is related to the force delivered, the tim...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstein%27s%20theorem%20on%20monotone%20functions
In real analysis, a branch of mathematics, Bernstein's theorem states that every real-valued function on the half-line that is totally monotone is a mixture of exponential functions. In one important special case the mixture is a weighted average, or expected value. Total monotonicity (sometimes also complete monoto...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose%20%28topology%29
In mathematics, a rose (also known as a bouquet of n circles) is a topological space obtained by gluing together a collection of circles along a single point. The circles of the rose are called petals. Roses are important in algebraic topology, where they are closely related to free groups. Definition A rose is a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathomatic
Mathomatic is a free, portable, general-purpose computer algebra system (CAS) that can symbolically solve, simplify, combine, and compare algebraic equations, and can perform complex number, modular, and polynomial arithmetic, along with standard arithmetic. It does some symbolic calculus (derivative, extrema, Taylor s...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudospectrum
In mathematics, the pseudospectrum of an operator is a set containing the spectrum of the operator and the numbers that are "almost" eigenvalues. Knowledge of the pseudospectrum can be particularly useful for understanding non-normal operators and their eigenfunctions. The ε-pseudospectrum of a matrix A consists of al...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%20World%20Cup%20of%20Hockey%20statistics
These are the individual player statistics for the 2004 World Cup of Hockey. Canada Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalty Minutes Czech Republic Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalty Minutes Germany Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discontinuous%20linear%20map
In mathematics, linear maps form an important class of "simple" functions which preserve the algebraic structure of linear spaces and are often used as approximations to more general functions (see linear approximation). If the spaces involved are also topological spaces (that is, topological vector spaces), then it m...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beniamino%20Segre
Beniamino Segre (16 February 1903 – 2 October 1977) was an Italian mathematician who is remembered today as a major contributor to algebraic geometry and one of the founders of finite geometry. Life and career He was born and studied in Turin. Corrado Segre, his uncle, also served as his doctoral advisor. Among his m...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjelmslev%20transformation
In mathematics, the Hjelmslev transformation is an effective method for mapping an entire hyperbolic plane into a circle with a finite radius. The transformation was invented by Danish mathematician Johannes Hjelmslev. It utilizes Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky's 23rd theorem from his work Geometrical Investigations on ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binet%E2%80%93Cauchy%20identity
In algebra, the Binet–Cauchy identity, named after Jacques Philippe Marie Binet and Augustin-Louis Cauchy, states that for every choice of real or complex numbers (or more generally, elements of a commutative ring). Setting and , it gives Lagrange's identity, which is a stronger version of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequali...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential%20infimum%20and%20essential%20supremum
In mathematics, the concepts of essential infimum and essential supremum are related to the notions of infimum and supremum, but adapted to measure theory and functional analysis, where one often deals with statements that are not valid for all elements in a set, but rather almost everywhere, that is, except on a set o...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerino%20Mazzola
Guerino Bruno Mazzola (born 1947) is a Swiss mathematician, musicologist, and jazz pianist, as well as a writer. Education and career Mazzola obtained his PhD in mathematics at University of Zürich in 1971 under the supervision of Herbert Groß and Bartel Leendert van der Waerden. In 1980, he habilitated in Algebraic G...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Statistics%20Institute%20%28Spain%29
The (INE; ) is the official agency in Spain that collects statistics about demography, economy, and Spanish society. It is an autonomous organization responsible for overall coordination of statistical services of the General State Administration in monitoring, control and supervision of technical procedures. Every 10...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-order%20arithmetic
In mathematical logic, second-order arithmetic is a collection of axiomatic systems that formalize the natural numbers and their subsets. It is an alternative to axiomatic set theory as a foundation for much, but not all, of mathematics. A precursor to second-order arithmetic that involves third-order parameters was i...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability%20current
In quantum mechanics, the probability current (sometimes called probability flux) is a mathematical quantity describing the flow of probability. Specifically, if one thinks of probability as a heterogeneous fluid, then the probability current is the rate of flow of this fluid. It is a real vector that changes with spac...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salluste%20Duval
Clarent-Salluste-Hermycle Duval (February 1852 – July 1917) was a Canadian doctor of medicine, inventor, engineer, organist, musician and professor of Mathematics & Mechanics at Université Laval and at the École Polytechnique de Montréal. Duval is primarily known for his improvements to the organ. Personal life Famil...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savilian%20Professor
Savilian Professor may refer to: Savilian Professor of Astronomy, University of Oxford, England Savilian Professor of Geometry, University of Oxford, England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepan%20Malygin
Stepan Gavrilovich Malygin () (unknown-1 August 1764) was a Russian Arctic explorer. Malygin studied at the Moscow School of Mathematics and Navigation from 1711 to 1717. After his graduation, Malygin began his career as a naval cadet and was then promoted to the rank of lieutenant four years later. He served in the B...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence%20under%20Bayes%27%20theorem
The use of evidence under Bayes' theorem relates to the probability of finding evidence in relation to the accused, where Bayes' theorem concerns the probability of an event and its inverse. Specifically, it compares the probability of finding particular evidence if the accused were guilty, versus if they were not guil...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity%20theorem
In real analysis and complex analysis, branches of mathematics, the identity theorem for analytic functions states: given functions f and g analytic on a domain D (open and connected subset of or ), if f = g on some , where has an accumulation point in D, then f = g on D. Thus an analytic function is completely det...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad-edge
A quad-edge data structure is a computer representation of the topology of a two-dimensional or three-dimensional map, that is, a graph drawn on a (closed) surface. It was first described by Jorge Stolfi and Leonidas J. Guibas. It is a variant of the earlier winged edge data structure. Overview The fundamental idea b...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak%20solution
In mathematics, a weak solution (also called a generalized solution) to an ordinary or partial differential equation is a function for which the derivatives may not all exist but which is nonetheless deemed to satisfy the equation in some precisely defined sense. There are many different definitions of weak solution, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex%20cone
In linear algebra, a cone—sometimes called a linear cone for distinguishing it from other sorts of cones—is a subset of a vector space that is closed under positive scalar multiplication; that is, is a cone if implies for every . When the scalars are real numbers, or belong to an ordered field, one generally calls ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray%20Streater
Raymond Frederick Streater (born 1936) is a British physicist, and professor emeritus of Applied Mathematics at King's College London. He is best known for co-authoring a text on quantum field theory, the 1964 PCT, Spin and Statistics and All That. Life Ray Streater was born on 21 April 1936 in Three Bridges in th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics%20Poland
Statistics Poland (formerly known in English as the Central Statistical Office (, popularly called GUS)) is Poland's chief government executive agency charged with collecting and publishing statistics related to the country's economy, population, and society, at the national and local levels. The president of Statistic...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munish%20Chander%20Puri
Munish Chander Puri (15 August 1939 – 28 December 2005) was Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at IIT Delhi. He was Organizing Chair, Asia Pacific Operational Research Societies (APORS). He was killed in Bangalore in the 2005 Indian Institute of Science shooting. Career Puri did his B.Sc (Hons.) mathematics in 1960, M...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concave
Concave or concavity may refer to: Science and technology Concave lens Concave mirror Mathematics Concave function, the negative of a convex function Concave polygon, a polygon which is not convex Concave set The concavity of a function, determined by its second derivative See also
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Thibaut
George Frederick William Thibaut (March 20, 1848 – 1914) was a German Indologist notable for his contributions to the understanding of ancient Indian mathematics and astronomy. Life Thibaut was born in Germany, worked briefly in England, and then in 1875, was appointed Professor at the Government Sanskrit College, Va...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai%20Zhen
Dai Zhen (, January 19, 1724 – July 1, 1777) was a Chinese philosopher of the Qing dynasty. Hailing from Xiuning, Anhui Dai was a versatile scholar who made great contributions to mathematics, geography, phonology and philosophy. His philosophical and philological critiques of Neo-Confucianism continue to be influenti...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP%20Code%20Tabulation%20Area
ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs) are statistical entities developed by the United States Census Bureau for tabulating summary statistics. These were introduced with the Census 2000 and continued with the 2010 Census and 5 year American Community Survey data sets. This new entity was developed to overcome the difficult...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len%20Martin
Leonard Martin (17 April 1919 – 21 August 1995) was an Australian results reader. He was known in the UK for reading out the football results, associated football pools statistics and horse-racing results on the BBC's Saturday afternoon sports programme, Grandstand. Martin was born in Australia where he began his broa...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion%20group
In group theory, a branch of mathematics, a torsion group or a periodic group is a group in which every element has finite order. The exponent of such a group, if it exists, is the least common multiple of the orders of the elements. For example, it follows from Lagrange's theorem that every finite group is periodic ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinge%20theorem
In geometry, the hinge theorem (sometimes called the open mouth theorem) states that if two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides of another triangle, and the included angle of the first is larger than the included angle of the second, then the third side of the first triangle is longer than the third side o...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socle
Socle may refer to: Socle (mathematics), an algebraic object generated by minimal subobjects or by an eigenspace of an automorphism Socle (architecture), a plinth that supports a pedestal, statue, or column
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socle%20%28mathematics%29
In mathematics, the term socle has several related meanings. Socle of a group In the context of group theory, the socle of a group G, denoted soc(G), is the subgroup generated by the minimal normal subgroups of G. It can happen that a group has no minimal non-trivial normal subgroup (that is, every non-trivial normal ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral%20certainty
Moral certainty is a concept of intuitive probability. It means a very high degree of probability, sufficient for action, but short of absolute or mathematical certainty. Origins The notion of different degrees of certainty can be traced back to a statement in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics that one must be content wi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baire%20function
In mathematics, Baire functions are functions obtained from continuous functions by transfinite iteration of the operation of forming pointwise limits of sequences of functions. They were introduced by René-Louis Baire in 1899. A Baire set is a set whose characteristic function is a Baire function. Classification of B...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Indiana%20College%20Mathematics%20Competition
The Indiana College Mathematics Competition, originally The Friendly Mathematics Competition, is held each year by the Indiana Section of the Mathematical Association of America. History "The Friendly Mathematics Competition" was founded at Wabash College in 1965 by Professor Paul T. Mielke. Today it is known as "The ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz%20theorem
There are several theorems known as the Helmholtz theorem: Helmholtz decomposition, also known as the fundamental theorem of vector calculus Helmholtz reciprocity in optics Helmholtz theorem (classical mechanics) Helmholtz's theorems in fluid mechanics Helmholtz minimum dissipation theorem See also Helmholtz–Th...