id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56ea9b665a205f1900d6d388 | Political_corruption | In construction and shelter there are numerous opportunities for diversion and profit through substandard workmanship, kickbacks for contracts and favouritism in the provision of valuable shelter material. Thus while humanitarian aid agencies are usually most concerned about aid being diverted by including too many, re... | Substandard what is often one way for corruption to enter the construction field? | {
"text": [
"workmanship"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
56ea9b665a205f1900d6d389 | Political_corruption | In construction and shelter there are numerous opportunities for diversion and profit through substandard workmanship, kickbacks for contracts and favouritism in the provision of valuable shelter material. Thus while humanitarian aid agencies are usually most concerned about aid being diverted by including too many, re... | What happens with contracts to aid corruption? | {
"text": [
"kickbacks"
],
"answer_start": [
119
]
} |
56ea9b665a205f1900d6d38a | Political_corruption | In construction and shelter there are numerous opportunities for diversion and profit through substandard workmanship, kickbacks for contracts and favouritism in the provision of valuable shelter material. Thus while humanitarian aid agencies are usually most concerned about aid being diverted by including too many, re... | Recipients of aid are concerned about what? | {
"text": [
"exclusion"
],
"answer_start": [
365
]
} |
56ea9b665a205f1900d6d38b | Political_corruption | In construction and shelter there are numerous opportunities for diversion and profit through substandard workmanship, kickbacks for contracts and favouritism in the provision of valuable shelter material. Thus while humanitarian aid agencies are usually most concerned about aid being diverted by including too many, re... | Those receiving aid may have connections, pay bribes or what? | {
"text": [
"forced to give sexual favors"
],
"answer_start": [
463
]
} |
56ea9b665a205f1900d6d38c | Political_corruption | In construction and shelter there are numerous opportunities for diversion and profit through substandard workmanship, kickbacks for contracts and favouritism in the provision of valuable shelter material. Thus while humanitarian aid agencies are usually most concerned about aid being diverted by including too many, re... | Corrupt people may manipulate what to receive more assistance? | {
"text": [
"statistics"
],
"answer_start": [
537
]
} |
56ea9d200030b61400a34fe2 | Political_corruption | Corruption is not specific to poor, developing, or transition countries. In western countries, cases of bribery and other forms of corruption in all possible fields exist: under-the-table payments made to reputed surgeons by patients attempting to be on top of the list of forthcoming surgeries, bribes paid by suppliers... | These types of corruption can harm what? | {
"text": [
"the public health"
],
"answer_start": [
982
]
} |
56ea9d200030b61400a34fe3 | Political_corruption | Corruption is not specific to poor, developing, or transition countries. In western countries, cases of bribery and other forms of corruption in all possible fields exist: under-the-table payments made to reputed surgeons by patients attempting to be on top of the list of forthcoming surgeries, bribes paid by suppliers... | Along with institutions, this type of corruption can discredit what? | {
"text": [
"social relationships"
],
"answer_start": [
1056
]
} |
56ea9e8c0030b61400a34fe9 | Political_corruption | Corruption can also affect the various components of sports activities (referees, players, medical and laboratory staff involved in anti-doping controls, members of national sport federation and international committees deciding about the allocation of contracts and competition places). | Corruption can determine certain things in what kind of activities? | {
"text": [
"sports"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
56ea9e8c0030b61400a34fea | Political_corruption | Corruption can also affect the various components of sports activities (referees, players, medical and laboratory staff involved in anti-doping controls, members of national sport federation and international committees deciding about the allocation of contracts and competition places). | Medical staff can affect what aspect of sports? | {
"text": [
"anti-doping controls"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
56ea9f000030b61400a34fef | Political_corruption | Ultimately, the distinction between public and private sector corruption sometimes appears rather artificial, and national anti-corruption initiatives may need to avoid legal and other loopholes in the coverage of the instruments. | The difference between corruption that is public or private looks like what? | {
"text": [
"artificial"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} |
56ea9f000030b61400a34ff0 | Political_corruption | Ultimately, the distinction between public and private sector corruption sometimes appears rather artificial, and national anti-corruption initiatives may need to avoid legal and other loopholes in the coverage of the instruments. | What needs to stay away from loopholes? | {
"text": [
"national anti-corruption initiatives"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
56ea9f495a205f1900d6d392 | Political_corruption | In the context of political corruption, a bribe may involve a payment given to a government official in exchange of his use of official powers. Bribery requires two participants: one to give the bribe, and one to take it. Either may initiate the corrupt offering; for example, a customs official may demand bribes to let... | What do you call paying government officials to use their position in their office? | {
"text": [
"a bribe"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
56ea9f495a205f1900d6d393 | Political_corruption | In the context of political corruption, a bribe may involve a payment given to a government official in exchange of his use of official powers. Bribery requires two participants: one to give the bribe, and one to take it. Either may initiate the corrupt offering; for example, a customs official may demand bribes to let... | What is the minimum amount of people that can be involved in a bribe? | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
56ea9f495a205f1900d6d394 | Political_corruption | In the context of political corruption, a bribe may involve a payment given to a government official in exchange of his use of official powers. Bribery requires two participants: one to give the bribe, and one to take it. Either may initiate the corrupt offering; for example, a customs official may demand bribes to let... | What is it called when corruption is part of all public life? | {
"text": [
"culture of corruption"
],
"answer_start": [
432
]
} |
56ea9f495a205f1900d6d395 | Political_corruption | In the context of political corruption, a bribe may involve a payment given to a government official in exchange of his use of official powers. Bribery requires two participants: one to give the bribe, and one to take it. Either may initiate the corrupt offering; for example, a customs official may demand bribes to let... | Beyond getting money, bribes are also used to cause what to others? | {
"text": [
"harm"
],
"answer_start": [
850
]
} |
56ea9f765a205f1900d6d39c | Political_corruption | In recent years,[when?] the international community has made efforts to encourage countries to dissociate active and passive bribery and to incriminate them as separate offences.[citation needed] | What two types of bribery is the international community trying to get prosecuted as separate? | {
"text": [
"active and passive bribery"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
56eaa0445a205f1900d6d39f | Political_corruption | This dissociation aims to make the early steps (offering, promising, requesting an advantage) of a corrupt deal already an offence and, thus, to give a clear signal (from a criminal-policy point-of-view) that bribery is not acceptable.[citation needed] Furthermore, such a dissociation makes the prosecution of bribery o... | In some countries there is no formal deal but what that makes prosecuting bribes difficult? | {
"text": [
"mutual understanding"
],
"answer_start": [
531
]
} |
56eaa0445a205f1900d6d3a1 | Political_corruption | This dissociation aims to make the early steps (offering, promising, requesting an advantage) of a corrupt deal already an offence and, thus, to give a clear signal (from a criminal-policy point-of-view) that bribery is not acceptable.[citation needed] Furthermore, such a dissociation makes the prosecution of bribery o... | A bribe can include requesting, offering, giving or what of favors or money? | {
"text": [
"accepting"
],
"answer_start": [
938
]
} |
56eaa0445a205f1900d6d3a2 | Political_corruption | This dissociation aims to make the early steps (offering, promising, requesting an advantage) of a corrupt deal already an offence and, thus, to give a clear signal (from a criminal-policy point-of-view) that bribery is not acceptable.[citation needed] Furthermore, such a dissociation makes the prosecution of bribery o... | Bribes can be direct or what? | {
"text": [
"indirect"
],
"answer_start": [
961
]
} |
56eaa11d0030b61400a34ff3 | Political_corruption | Trading in influence, or influence peddling, refers a person selling his/her influence over the decision making process to benefit a third party (person or institution). The difference with bribery is that this is a tri-lateral relation. From a legal point of view, the role of the third party (who is the target of the ... | Selling or trading government position influence is called what? | {
"text": [
"influence peddling"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
56eaa11d0030b61400a34ff4 | Political_corruption | Trading in influence, or influence peddling, refers a person selling his/her influence over the decision making process to benefit a third party (person or institution). The difference with bribery is that this is a tri-lateral relation. From a legal point of view, the role of the third party (who is the target of the ... | Selling influence can involve third-parties and this is called what type of relation? | {
"text": [
"tri-lateral"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
56eaa11d0030b61400a34ff5 | Political_corruption | Trading in influence, or influence peddling, refers a person selling his/her influence over the decision making process to benefit a third party (person or institution). The difference with bribery is that this is a tri-lateral relation. From a legal point of view, the role of the third party (who is the target of the ... | In some situations the third-party in an influence peddling crime may be not involved or may be what? | {
"text": [
"an accessory"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} |
56eaa11d0030b61400a34ff6 | Political_corruption | Trading in influence, or influence peddling, refers a person selling his/her influence over the decision making process to benefit a third party (person or institution). The difference with bribery is that this is a tri-lateral relation. From a legal point of view, the role of the third party (who is the target of the ... | Where lobbying is controlled, what does it provide for consideration to determine improper influencing? | {
"text": [
"distinctive criteria"
],
"answer_start": [
996
]
} |
56eaa11d0030b61400a34ff7 | Political_corruption | Trading in influence, or influence peddling, refers a person selling his/her influence over the decision making process to benefit a third party (person or institution). The difference with bribery is that this is a tri-lateral relation. From a legal point of view, the role of the third party (who is the target of the ... | What article of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption contains distinctive criteria to determine improper influence? | {
"text": [
"article 12"
],
"answer_start": [
1107
]
} |
56eaa19a0030b61400a34ffd | Political_corruption | Patronage refers to favoring supporters, for example with government employment. This may be legitimate, as when a newly elected government changes the top officials in the administration in order to effectively implement its policy. It can be seen as corruption if this means that incompetent persons, as a payment for ... | Giving government jobs to supporters is called what? | {
"text": [
"Patronage"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56eaa19a0030b61400a35001 | Political_corruption | Patronage refers to favoring supporters, for example with government employment. This may be legitimate, as when a newly elected government changes the top officials in the administration in order to effectively implement its policy. It can be seen as corruption if this means that incompetent persons, as a payment for ... | What country quickly changes most people working in government position when a new government comes into power? | {
"text": [
"Romania"
],
"answer_start": [
785
]
} |
56eaa2a85a205f1900d6d3a8 | Political_corruption | Favoring relatives (nepotism) or personal friends (cronyism) of an official is a form of illegitimate private gain. This may be combined with bribery, for example demanding that a business should employ a relative of an official controlling regulations affecting the business. The most extreme example is when the entire... | What is it called when relatives are favored over other people? | {
"text": [
"nepotism"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
56eaa2a85a205f1900d6d3a9 | Political_corruption | Favoring relatives (nepotism) or personal friends (cronyism) of an official is a form of illegitimate private gain. This may be combined with bribery, for example demanding that a business should employ a relative of an official controlling regulations affecting the business. The most extreme example is when the entire... | What is it called when friends are favored over other people? | {
"text": [
"cronyism"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
56eaa2a85a205f1900d6d3ac | Political_corruption | Favoring relatives (nepotism) or personal friends (cronyism) of an official is a form of illegitimate private gain. This may be combined with bribery, for example demanding that a business should employ a relative of an official controlling regulations affecting the business. The most extreme example is when the entire... | Cronyism is also when people are selected from a closed and exclusive social network, which is called what? | {
"text": [
"old boy network"
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
} |
56eaa3195a205f1900d6d3b2 | Political_corruption | Seeking to harm enemies becomes corruption when official powers are illegitimately used as means to this end. For example, trumped-up charges are often brought up against journalists or writers who bring up politically sensitive issues, such as a politician's acceptance of bribes. | Corruption also occurs when an official wants to cause some form of harm to who? | {
"text": [
"enemies"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} |
56eaa3195a205f1900d6d3b3 | Political_corruption | Seeking to harm enemies becomes corruption when official powers are illegitimately used as means to this end. For example, trumped-up charges are often brought up against journalists or writers who bring up politically sensitive issues, such as a politician's acceptance of bribes. | False charges can be brought against a journalist who writes about what? | {
"text": [
"politically sensitive issues"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
56eaa5425a205f1900d6d3b6 | Political_corruption | Gombeenism refers to an individual who is dishonest and corrupt for the purpose of personal gain, more often through monetary, while, parochialism which is also known as parish pump politics relates to placing local or vanity projects ahead of the national interest.For instance in Irish politics, populist left wing pol... | What is it called when a person is dishonest or corrupt for his own gain? | {
"text": [
"Gombeenism"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56eaa5425a205f1900d6d3b7 | Political_corruption | Gombeenism refers to an individual who is dishonest and corrupt for the purpose of personal gain, more often through monetary, while, parochialism which is also known as parish pump politics relates to placing local or vanity projects ahead of the national interest.For instance in Irish politics, populist left wing pol... | Parish pump politics is also called what? | {
"text": [
"parochialism"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
56eaa5425a205f1900d6d3b9 | Political_corruption | Gombeenism refers to an individual who is dishonest and corrupt for the purpose of personal gain, more often through monetary, while, parochialism which is also known as parish pump politics relates to placing local or vanity projects ahead of the national interest.For instance in Irish politics, populist left wing pol... | Which crisis in Ireland involved bribery, cronyism and collusion? | {
"text": [
"Irish Banking crisis"
],
"answer_start": [
476
]
} |
56eaa5425a205f1900d6d3ba | Political_corruption | Gombeenism refers to an individual who is dishonest and corrupt for the purpose of personal gain, more often through monetary, while, parochialism which is also known as parish pump politics relates to placing local or vanity projects ahead of the national interest.For instance in Irish politics, populist left wing pol... | Politicians who were at the end of their political careers were offered what kind of position with companies they were involved with politically? | {
"text": [
"senior management or committee position"
],
"answer_start": [
657
]
} |
56eaa5f15a205f1900d6d3c0 | Political_corruption | Electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an election. Acts of fraud affect vote counts to bring about an election result, whether by increasing the vote share of the favored candidate, depressing the vote share of the rival candidates, or both. Also called voter fraud, the mechanisms involved include... | Illegal interference with an election is called what? | {
"text": [
"Electoral fraud"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56eaa5f15a205f1900d6d3c2 | Political_corruption | Electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an election. Acts of fraud affect vote counts to bring about an election result, whether by increasing the vote share of the favored candidate, depressing the vote share of the rival candidates, or both. Also called voter fraud, the mechanisms involved include... | Another term for electoral fraud is what? | {
"text": [
"voter fraud"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
56eaa5f15a205f1900d6d3c3 | Political_corruption | Electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an election. Acts of fraud affect vote counts to bring about an election result, whether by increasing the vote share of the favored candidate, depressing the vote share of the rival candidates, or both. Also called voter fraud, the mechanisms involved include... | Illegal voter registration, the miscounting of votes, and what at polls is considered voter fraud? | {
"text": [
"intimidation"
],
"answer_start": [
349
]
} |
56eaa6a30030b61400a35007 | Political_corruption | Embezzlement is the theft of entrusted funds. It is political when it involves public money taken by a public official for use by anyone not specified by the public. A common type of embezzlement is that of personal use of entrusted government resources; for example, when an official assigns public employees to renovat... | When entrusted funds are stolen, it is called what? | {
"text": [
"Embezzlement"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56eaa6a30030b61400a35008 | Political_corruption | Embezzlement is the theft of entrusted funds. It is political when it involves public money taken by a public official for use by anyone not specified by the public. A common type of embezzlement is that of personal use of entrusted government resources; for example, when an official assigns public employees to renovat... | It is considered political when it involves what kind of money? | {
"text": [
"public"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
56eaa6a30030b61400a35009 | Political_corruption | Embezzlement is the theft of entrusted funds. It is political when it involves public money taken by a public official for use by anyone not specified by the public. A common type of embezzlement is that of personal use of entrusted government resources; for example, when an official assigns public employees to renovat... | One form of political embezzlement is when a politician uses government resources for what use? | {
"text": [
"personal"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
56eaa7590030b61400a3500d | Political_corruption | A kickback is an official's share of misappropriated funds allocated from his or her organization to an organization involved in corrupt bidding. For example, suppose that a politician is in charge of choosing how to spend some public funds. He can give a contract to a company that is not the best bidder, or allocate m... | What is the public official's share called when involved in corrupt bidding? | {
"text": [
"kickback"
],
"answer_start": [
2
]
} |
56eaa7590030b61400a3500e | Political_corruption | A kickback is an official's share of misappropriated funds allocated from his or her organization to an organization involved in corrupt bidding. For example, suppose that a politician is in charge of choosing how to spend some public funds. He can give a contract to a company that is not the best bidder, or allocate m... | A contract can be given to someone who is not the best what? | {
"text": [
"bidder"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
56eaa8575a205f1900d6d3c8 | Political_corruption | Kickbacks are not limited to government officials; any situation in which people are entrusted to spend funds that do not belong to them are susceptible to this kind of corruption. | What is not limited to just government officials? | {
"text": [
"Kickbacks"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56eaa9720030b61400a35015 | Political_corruption | An unholy alliance is a coalition among seemingly antagonistic groups for ad hoc or hidden gain, generally some influential non-governmental group forming ties with political parties, supplying funding in exchange for the favorable treatment. Like patronage, unholy alliances are not necessarily illegal, but unlike patr... | When groups that are antagonistic to each other form a coalition for hidden gain, it is called what? | {
"text": [
"unholy alliance"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56eaa9720030b61400a35017 | Political_corruption | An unholy alliance is a coalition among seemingly antagonistic groups for ad hoc or hidden gain, generally some influential non-governmental group forming ties with political parties, supplying funding in exchange for the favorable treatment. Like patronage, unholy alliances are not necessarily illegal, but unlike patr... | While not illegal, an unholy alliance can be more dangerous to the public than what? | {
"text": [
"patronage"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
} |
56eaaa215a205f1900d6d3cd | Political_corruption | An illustrative example of official involvement in organized crime can be found from 1920s and 1930s Shanghai, where Huang Jinrong was a police chief in the French concession, while simultaneously being a gang boss and co-operating with Du Yuesheng, the local gang ringleader. The relationship kept the flow of profits f... | When was Jinrong a police chief in this area? | {
"text": [
"1920s and 1930s"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
56eaaa215a205f1900d6d3ce | Political_corruption | An illustrative example of official involvement in organized crime can be found from 1920s and 1930s Shanghai, where Huang Jinrong was a police chief in the French concession, while simultaneously being a gang boss and co-operating with Du Yuesheng, the local gang ringleader. The relationship kept the flow of profits f... | Who was a local gang ringleader in the same area? | {
"text": [
"Du Yuesheng"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
56eaaa215a205f1900d6d3cf | Political_corruption | An illustrative example of official involvement in organized crime can be found from 1920s and 1930s Shanghai, where Huang Jinrong was a police chief in the French concession, while simultaneously being a gang boss and co-operating with Du Yuesheng, the local gang ringleader. The relationship kept the flow of profits f... | In addition to being a police chief, Jinrong was also what? | {
"text": [
"a gang boss"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
56eaaa8f5a205f1900d6d3d4 | Political_corruption | The United States accused Manuel Noriega's government in Panama of being a "narcokleptocracy", a corrupt government profiting on illegal drug trade. Later the U.S. invaded Panama and captured Noriega. | What was Noriega's government accused of being? | {
"text": [
"narcokleptocracy"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
56eaaa8f5a205f1900d6d3d5 | Political_corruption | The United States accused Manuel Noriega's government in Panama of being a "narcokleptocracy", a corrupt government profiting on illegal drug trade. Later the U.S. invaded Panama and captured Noriega. | What country did Noriega rule? | {
"text": [
"Panama"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
56eaaa8f5a205f1900d6d3d6 | Political_corruption | The United States accused Manuel Noriega's government in Panama of being a "narcokleptocracy", a corrupt government profiting on illegal drug trade. Later the U.S. invaded Panama and captured Noriega. | What country invaded Panama to capture Noriega? | {
"text": [
"United States"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56eaaa8f5a205f1900d6d3d7 | Political_corruption | The United States accused Manuel Noriega's government in Panama of being a "narcokleptocracy", a corrupt government profiting on illegal drug trade. Later the U.S. invaded Panama and captured Noriega. | What is a narcokleptocracy? | {
"text": [
"government profiting on illegal drug trade"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
56eaaa8f5a205f1900d6d3d8 | Political_corruption | The United States accused Manuel Noriega's government in Panama of being a "narcokleptocracy", a corrupt government profiting on illegal drug trade. Later the U.S. invaded Panama and captured Noriega. | What is Noriega's first name? | {
"text": [
"Manuel"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
56eaaabc0030b61400a3501e | Political_corruption | Thomas Jefferson observed a tendency for "The functionaries of every government ... to command at will the liberty and property of their constituents. There is no safe deposit [for liberty and property] ... without information. Where the press is free, and every man able to read, all is safe." | According to Thomas Jefferson, when the media is free and people are literate they are what? | {
"text": [
"safe"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} |
56eaaaf05a205f1900d6d3de | Political_corruption | Recent research supports Jefferson's claim. Brunetti and Weder found "evidence of a significant relationship between more press freedom and less corruption in a large cross-section of countries." They also presented "evidence which suggests that the direction of causation runs from higher press freedom to lower corrupt... | Who found evidence that where the media had freedom there was less political corruption? | {
"text": [
"Brunetti and Weder"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
56eaaaf05a205f1900d6d3df | Political_corruption | Recent research supports Jefferson's claim. Brunetti and Weder found "evidence of a significant relationship between more press freedom and less corruption in a large cross-section of countries." They also presented "evidence which suggests that the direction of causation runs from higher press freedom to lower corrupt... | Who discovered that more people reading newspapers resulted in higher political accountability? | {
"text": [
"Adserà, Boix, and Payne"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} |
56eaaaf05a205f1900d6d3e0 | Political_corruption | Recent research supports Jefferson's claim. Brunetti and Weder found "evidence of a significant relationship between more press freedom and less corruption in a large cross-section of countries." They also presented "evidence which suggests that the direction of causation runs from higher press freedom to lower corrupt... | About 100 countries and what else was information gathered from to show that more people reading newspapers had higher political accountability? | {
"text": [
"different states in the US."
],
"answer_start": [
502
]
} |
56eaab375a205f1900d6d3e5 | Political_corruption | Snyder and Strömberg found "that a poor fit between newspaper markets and political districts reduces press coverage of politics. ... Congressmen who are less covered by the local press work less for their constituencies: they are less likely to stand witness before congressional hearings ... . Federal spending is lowe... | Who discovered the correlation that congressman who have less local press coverage work less for the people who elected them? | {
"text": [
"Snyder and Strömberg"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56eaab375a205f1900d6d3e6 | Political_corruption | Snyder and Strömberg found "that a poor fit between newspaper markets and political districts reduces press coverage of politics. ... Congressmen who are less covered by the local press work less for their constituencies: they are less likely to stand witness before congressional hearings ... . Federal spending is lowe... | What newspaper stopped publishing in 2007? | {
"text": [
"Cincinnati Post"
],
"answer_start": [
459
]
} |
56eaab375a205f1900d6d3e7 | Political_corruption | Snyder and Strömberg found "that a poor fit between newspaper markets and political districts reduces press coverage of politics. ... Congressmen who are less covered by the local press work less for their constituencies: they are less likely to stand witness before congressional hearings ... . Federal spending is lowe... | Who was most likely to get reelected after the Post shut down? | {
"text": [
"incumbents"
],
"answer_start": [
584
]
} |
56eaab375a205f1900d6d3e8 | Political_corruption | Snyder and Strömberg found "that a poor fit between newspaper markets and political districts reduces press coverage of politics. ... Congressmen who are less covered by the local press work less for their constituencies: they are less likely to stand witness before congressional hearings ... . Federal spending is lowe... | Campaign spending and what fell after the Post stopped publishing? | {
"text": [
"voter turnout"
],
"answer_start": [
637
]
} |
56eaab6f0030b61400a35022 | Political_corruption | An analysis of the evolution of mass media in the US and Europe since World War II noted mixed results from the growth of the Internet: "The digital revolution has been good for freedom of expression [and] information [but] has had mixed effects on freedom of the press": It has disrupted traditional sources of funding,... | What did the analysis show mixed results for? | {
"text": [
"growth of the Internet"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
56eaab6f0030b61400a35023 | Political_corruption | An analysis of the evolution of mass media in the US and Europe since World War II noted mixed results from the growth of the Internet: "The digital revolution has been good for freedom of expression [and] information [but] has had mixed effects on freedom of the press": It has disrupted traditional sources of funding,... | What was disrupted by Internet growth for the press? | {
"text": [
"traditional sources of funding"
],
"answer_start": [
289
]
} |
56eaab6f0030b61400a35024 | Political_corruption | An analysis of the evolution of mass media in the US and Europe since World War II noted mixed results from the growth of the Internet: "The digital revolution has been good for freedom of expression [and] information [but] has had mixed effects on freedom of the press": It has disrupted traditional sources of funding,... | How much has new types of Internet journalism replaced what has been lost in the press? | {
"text": [
"a tiny fraction"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} |
56eaac850030b61400a35029 | Political_corruption | Transparency International, an anti-corruption NGO, pioneered this field with the CPI, first released in 1995. This work is often credited with breaking a taboo and forcing the issue of corruption into high level development policy discourse. Transparency International currently publishes three measures, updated annual... | How many measures does Transparency International publish right now? | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
290
]
} |
56eaac850030b61400a3502a | Political_corruption | Transparency International, an anti-corruption NGO, pioneered this field with the CPI, first released in 1995. This work is often credited with breaking a taboo and forcing the issue of corruption into high level development policy discourse. Transparency International currently publishes three measures, updated annual... | What is the measure that Transparency International publishes that looks at the willingness of a foreign company to pay a bribe? | {
"text": [
"Bribe Payers Index"
],
"answer_start": [
556
]
} |
56eaac850030b61400a3502b | Political_corruption | Transparency International, an anti-corruption NGO, pioneered this field with the CPI, first released in 1995. This work is often credited with breaking a taboo and forcing the issue of corruption into high level development policy discourse. Transparency International currently publishes three measures, updated annual... | What is the measure that it publishes that involves polling to determine the public's take on how corrupt various countries are? | {
"text": [
"CPI"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
56eaac850030b61400a3502c | Political_corruption | Transparency International, an anti-corruption NGO, pioneered this field with the CPI, first released in 1995. This work is often credited with breaking a taboo and forcing the issue of corruption into high level development policy discourse. Transparency International currently publishes three measures, updated annual... | When was the CPI first released? | {
"text": [
"1995"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
56eaac850030b61400a3502d | Political_corruption | Transparency International, an anti-corruption NGO, pioneered this field with the CPI, first released in 1995. This work is often credited with breaking a taboo and forcing the issue of corruption into high level development policy discourse. Transparency International currently publishes three measures, updated annual... | Which index studies the correlation of corruption and military in a country? | {
"text": [
"Government Defence Anti-corruption Index"
],
"answer_start": [
836
]
} |
56eaadd55a205f1900d6d3ee | Political_corruption | The World Bank collects a range of data on corruption, including survey responses from over 100,000 firms worldwide and a set of indicators of governance and institutional quality. Moreover, one of the six dimensions of governance measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators is Control of Corruption, which is define... | How many firms throughout the world have been surveyed by the World Bank in regards to its corruption study? | {
"text": [
"over 100,000"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
56eaadd55a205f1900d6d3ef | Political_corruption | The World Bank collects a range of data on corruption, including survey responses from over 100,000 firms worldwide and a set of indicators of governance and institutional quality. Moreover, one of the six dimensions of governance measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators is Control of Corruption, which is define... | How many dimensions of governance are measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators? | {
"text": [
"six"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
56eaadd55a205f1900d6d3f0 | Political_corruption | The World Bank collects a range of data on corruption, including survey responses from over 100,000 firms worldwide and a set of indicators of governance and institutional quality. Moreover, one of the six dimensions of governance measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators is Control of Corruption, which is define... | One of the dimensions is the extent to which power is exercised for personal gain, which is called what? | {
"text": [
"Control of Corruption"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} |
56eaadd55a205f1900d6d3f1 | Political_corruption | The World Bank collects a range of data on corruption, including survey responses from over 100,000 firms worldwide and a set of indicators of governance and institutional quality. Moreover, one of the six dimensions of governance measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators is Control of Corruption, which is define... | Which organization is most notable for adopting the global coverage of these studies? | {
"text": [
"Millennium Challenge Corporation"
],
"answer_start": [
906
]
} |
56eaaf2b5a205f1900d6d3f6 | Political_corruption | A number of parties have collected survey data, from the public and from experts, to try and gauge the level of corruption and bribery, as well as its impact on political and economic outcomes. A second wave of corruption metrics has been created by Global Integrity, the International Budget Partnership, and many lesse... | A second set of corruption metrics has been compiled by Global Integrity and what other organization? | {
"text": [
"International Budget Partnership"
],
"answer_start": [
590
]
} |
56eaaf2b5a205f1900d6d3f7 | Political_corruption | A number of parties have collected survey data, from the public and from experts, to try and gauge the level of corruption and bribery, as well as its impact on political and economic outcomes. A second wave of corruption metrics has been created by Global Integrity, the International Budget Partnership, and many lesse... | When was the Global Integrity Index first published? | {
"text": [
"2004"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
56eaaf2b5a205f1900d6d3f8 | Political_corruption | A number of parties have collected survey data, from the public and from experts, to try and gauge the level of corruption and bribery, as well as its impact on political and economic outcomes. A second wave of corruption metrics has been created by Global Integrity, the International Budget Partnership, and many lesse... | Both companies no longer use what means of collecting of data? | {
"text": [
"public surveys"
],
"answer_start": [
642
]
} |
56eaaf2b5a205f1900d6d3f9 | Political_corruption | A number of parties have collected survey data, from the public and from experts, to try and gauge the level of corruption and bribery, as well as its impact on political and economic outcomes. A second wave of corruption metrics has been created by Global Integrity, the International Budget Partnership, and many lesse... | Instead of public surveys, the organizations use what to study corruption? | {
"text": [
"in-country experts"
],
"answer_start": [
674
]
} |
56eaaf7d5a205f1900d6d400 | Political_corruption | Typical second wave corruption metrics do not offer the worldwide coverage found in first wave projects, and instead focus on localizing information gathered to specific problems and creating deep, "unpackable"[clarification needed] content that matches quantitative and qualitative data. | The second wave of metrics focuses on what level of corruption? | {
"text": [
"local"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
56eaaf7d5a205f1900d6d401 | Political_corruption | Typical second wave corruption metrics do not offer the worldwide coverage found in first wave projects, and instead focus on localizing information gathered to specific problems and creating deep, "unpackable"[clarification needed] content that matches quantitative and qualitative data. | Unlike the first wave, the second wave does not offer what type of coverage? | {
"text": [
"worldwide"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
56eab0195a205f1900d6d404 | Political_corruption | Alternative approaches, such as the British aid agency's Drivers of Change research, skips numbers and promotes understanding corruption via political economy analysis of who controls power in a given society. | What is the British aid agency's research called? | {
"text": [
"Drivers of Change"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
56eab0195a205f1900d6d405 | Political_corruption | Alternative approaches, such as the British aid agency's Drivers of Change research, skips numbers and promotes understanding corruption via political economy analysis of who controls power in a given society. | What does Drivers of Change skip? | {
"text": [
"numbers"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
56eab0195a205f1900d6d406 | Political_corruption | Alternative approaches, such as the British aid agency's Drivers of Change research, skips numbers and promotes understanding corruption via political economy analysis of who controls power in a given society. | What does Drivers of Change promote? | {
"text": [
"understanding corruption"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
56eab0855a205f1900d6d40c | Political_corruption | Extensive and diverse public spending is, in itself, inherently at risk of cronyism, kickbacks, and embezzlement. Complicated regulations and arbitrary, unsupervised official conduct exacerbate the problem. This is one argument for privatization and deregulation. Opponents of privatization see the argument as ideologic... | Public spending has risks of kickbacks, embezzlement and what? | {
"text": [
"cronyism"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
56eab0855a205f1900d6d40d | Political_corruption | Extensive and diverse public spending is, in itself, inherently at risk of cronyism, kickbacks, and embezzlement. Complicated regulations and arbitrary, unsupervised official conduct exacerbate the problem. This is one argument for privatization and deregulation. Opponents of privatization see the argument as ideologic... | What type of regulations make corruption worse for public spending? | {
"text": [
"Complicated"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
56eab0855a205f1900d6d40e | Political_corruption | Extensive and diverse public spending is, in itself, inherently at risk of cronyism, kickbacks, and embezzlement. Complicated regulations and arbitrary, unsupervised official conduct exacerbate the problem. This is one argument for privatization and deregulation. Opponents of privatization see the argument as ideologic... | The potential for corruption in public spending are one of the arguments that favor what? | {
"text": [
"privatization and deregulation"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
56eab0855a205f1900d6d40f | Political_corruption | Extensive and diverse public spending is, in itself, inherently at risk of cronyism, kickbacks, and embezzlement. Complicated regulations and arbitrary, unsupervised official conduct exacerbate the problem. This is one argument for privatization and deregulation. Opponents of privatization see the argument as ideologic... | What countries have big public sectors but low corruption? | {
"text": [
"Nordic"
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
} |
56eab0855a205f1900d6d410 | Political_corruption | Extensive and diverse public spending is, in itself, inherently at risk of cronyism, kickbacks, and embezzlement. Complicated regulations and arbitrary, unsupervised official conduct exacerbate the problem. This is one argument for privatization and deregulation. Opponents of privatization see the argument as ideologic... | What do the low corruption countries have solidly established? | {
"text": [
"rule of law"
],
"answer_start": [
640
]
} |
56eab0dc5a205f1900d6d416 | Political_corruption | Like other governmental economic activities, also privatization, such as in the sale of government-owned property, is particularly at the risk of cronyism. Privatizations in Russia, Latin America, and East Germany were accompanied by large-scale corruption during the sale of the state owned companies. Those with politi... | Selling government property is highly at risk for what? | {
"text": [
"cronyism"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
56eab0dc5a205f1900d6d418 | Political_corruption | Like other governmental economic activities, also privatization, such as in the sale of government-owned property, is particularly at the risk of cronyism. Privatizations in Russia, Latin America, and East Germany were accompanied by large-scale corruption during the sale of the state owned companies. Those with politi... | What type of people got wealthy from the sale of state-owned companies? | {
"text": [
"Those with political connections"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
} |
56eab0dc5a205f1900d6d419 | Political_corruption | Like other governmental economic activities, also privatization, such as in the sale of government-owned property, is particularly at the risk of cronyism. Privatizations in Russia, Latin America, and East Germany were accompanied by large-scale corruption during the sale of the state owned companies. Those with politi... | Where is corruption even more prevalent? | {
"text": [
"non-privatized sectors"
],
"answer_start": [
685
]
} |
56eab0dc5a205f1900d6d41a | Political_corruption | Like other governmental economic activities, also privatization, such as in the sale of government-owned property, is particularly at the risk of cronyism. Privatizations in Russia, Latin America, and East Germany were accompanied by large-scale corruption during the sale of the state owned companies. Those with politi... | Countries that what have more extralegal and unofficial things going on? | {
"text": [
"privatized less"
],
"answer_start": [
830
]
} |
56eab1020030b61400a35033 | Political_corruption | In the European Union, the principle of subsidiarity is applied: a government service should be provided by the lowest, most local authority that can competently provide it. An effect is that distribution of funds into multiple instances discourages embezzlement, because even small sums missing will be noticed. In cont... | Providing a government service from the lowest form of local government that can adequately provide the service is called what? | {
"text": [
"principle of subsidiarity"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
56eab1020030b61400a35034 | Political_corruption | In the European Union, the principle of subsidiarity is applied: a government service should be provided by the lowest, most local authority that can competently provide it. An effect is that distribution of funds into multiple instances discourages embezzlement, because even small sums missing will be noticed. In cont... | What does distributing money into multiple instances discourage? | {
"text": [
"embezzlement"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
56eab1020030b61400a35035 | Political_corruption | In the European Union, the principle of subsidiarity is applied: a government service should be provided by the lowest, most local authority that can competently provide it. An effect is that distribution of funds into multiple instances discourages embezzlement, because even small sums missing will be noticed. In cont... | Even small amounts of public money can be a lot in what type of authority? | {
"text": [
"centralized"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
} |
56eab1550030b61400a35039 | Political_corruption | If the highest echelons of the governments also take advantage from corruption or embezzlement from the state's treasury, it is sometimes referred with the neologism kleptocracy. Members of the government can take advantage of the natural resources (e.g., diamonds and oil in a few prominent cases) or state-owned produc... | What is it called when higher ups in government embezzle from the government's treasury? | {
"text": [
"kleptocracy"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
56eab1550030b61400a3503a | Political_corruption | If the highest echelons of the governments also take advantage from corruption or embezzlement from the state's treasury, it is sometimes referred with the neologism kleptocracy. Members of the government can take advantage of the natural resources (e.g., diamonds and oil in a few prominent cases) or state-owned produc... | What examples of natural resources do some corrupt officials in government take? | {
"text": [
"diamonds and oil"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} |
56eab1550030b61400a3503b | Political_corruption | If the highest echelons of the governments also take advantage from corruption or embezzlement from the state's treasury, it is sometimes referred with the neologism kleptocracy. Members of the government can take advantage of the natural resources (e.g., diamonds and oil in a few prominent cases) or state-owned produc... | Some corrupt governments use what type of money coming in? | {
"text": [
"foreign aid"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
} |
56eab1550030b61400a3503c | Political_corruption | If the highest echelons of the governments also take advantage from corruption or embezzlement from the state's treasury, it is sometimes referred with the neologism kleptocracy. Members of the government can take advantage of the natural resources (e.g., diamonds and oil in a few prominent cases) or state-owned produc... | Foreign aid money is sometimes used to build fancy structures and to buy what? | {
"text": [
"armaments"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
56eab1825a205f1900d6d421 | Political_corruption | A corrupt dictatorship typically results in many years of general hardship and suffering for the vast majority of citizens as civil society and the rule of law disintegrate. In addition, corrupt dictators routinely ignore economic and social problems in their quest to amass ever more wealth and power. | In their pursuit of more money and power, corrupt dictators often ignore what? | {
"text": [
"economic and social problems"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
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