id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56eab1d05a205f1900d6d426 | Political_corruption | The classic case of a corrupt, exploitive dictator often given is the regime of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko, who ruled the Democratic Republic of the Congo (which he renamed Zaire) from 1965 to 1997. It is said that usage of the term kleptocracy gained popularity largely in response to a need to accurately describe Mobutu... | Who was the dictator in Zaire from 1965 to 1997? | {
"text": [
"Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
56eab1d05a205f1900d6d427 | Political_corruption | The classic case of a corrupt, exploitive dictator often given is the regime of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko, who ruled the Democratic Republic of the Congo (which he renamed Zaire) from 1965 to 1997. It is said that usage of the term kleptocracy gained popularity largely in response to a need to accurately describe Mobutu... | What did Zaire used to be known as? | {
"text": [
"Democratic Republic of the Congo"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
56eab1d05a205f1900d6d428 | Political_corruption | The classic case of a corrupt, exploitive dictator often given is the regime of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko, who ruled the Democratic Republic of the Congo (which he renamed Zaire) from 1965 to 1997. It is said that usage of the term kleptocracy gained popularity largely in response to a need to accurately describe Mobutu... | What term became more popular as Mobutu ruled? | {
"text": [
"kleptocracy"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
56eab1d05a205f1900d6d429 | Political_corruption | The classic case of a corrupt, exploitive dictator often given is the regime of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko, who ruled the Democratic Republic of the Congo (which he renamed Zaire) from 1965 to 1997. It is said that usage of the term kleptocracy gained popularity largely in response to a need to accurately describe Mobutu... | Who ruled Nigeria until he died in 1998? | {
"text": [
"General Sani Abacha"
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
} |
56eab22e0030b61400a35041 | Political_corruption | More recently, articles in various financial periodicals, most notably Forbes magazine, have pointed to Fidel Castro, General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba since 1959, of likely being the beneficiary of up to $900 million, based on "his control" of state-owned companies. Opponents of his regime claim that he has us... | What magazine had articles about Castro benefiting from corruption? | {
"text": [
"Forbes"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
56eab22e0030b61400a35044 | Political_corruption | More recently, articles in various financial periodicals, most notably Forbes magazine, have pointed to Fidel Castro, General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba since 1959, of likely being the beneficiary of up to $900 million, based on "his control" of state-owned companies. Opponents of his regime claim that he has us... | The $900 million Forbes said Castro took may only be what of his total assets? | {
"text": [
"a portion"
],
"answer_start": [
565
]
} |
56eab22e0030b61400a35045 | Political_corruption | More recently, articles in various financial periodicals, most notably Forbes magazine, have pointed to Fidel Castro, General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba since 1959, of likely being the beneficiary of up to $900 million, based on "his control" of state-owned companies. Opponents of his regime claim that he has us... | What is Fidel Castro's official title? | {
"text": [
"General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
56eab2c15a205f1900d6d430 | Political_corruption | Further conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption. | What is OAS? | {
"text": [
"Organization of American States"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
56eab2c15a205f1900d6d431 | Political_corruption | Further conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption. | Additional conventions were adopted at the regional level by OAS and who? | {
"text": [
"the African Union"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} |
56eab2c15a205f1900d6d432 | Political_corruption | Further conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption. | What organization joined at the universal level? | {
"text": [
"the United Nations Convention against Corruption"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
56eab2c15a205f1900d6d433 | Political_corruption | Further conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption. | When did the United Nations Convention against Corruption join? | {
"text": [
"2003"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} |
56eab5ed0030b61400a3504b | Political_corruption | Measuring corruption statistically is difficult if not impossible due to the illicit nature of the transaction and imprecise definitions of corruption. While "corruption" indices first appeared in 1995 with the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI, all of these metrics address different proxies for corruption, such as publ... | Why is it difficult to measure corruption? | {
"text": [
"imprecise definitions of corruption"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
56eab5ed0030b61400a3504c | Political_corruption | Measuring corruption statistically is difficult if not impossible due to the illicit nature of the transaction and imprecise definitions of corruption. While "corruption" indices first appeared in 1995 with the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI, all of these metrics address different proxies for corruption, such as publ... | When did indices on corruption first appear? | {
"text": [
"1995"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
56eab5ed0030b61400a3504d | Political_corruption | Measuring corruption statistically is difficult if not impossible due to the illicit nature of the transaction and imprecise definitions of corruption. While "corruption" indices first appeared in 1995 with the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI, all of these metrics address different proxies for corruption, such as publ... | What was the first index on corruption, in 1995? | {
"text": [
"the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
56eab6410030b61400a35051 | Political_corruption | There are two methods of corruption of the judiciary: the state (through budget planning and various privileges), and the private. Budget of the judiciary in many transitional and developing countries is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter undermines the separation of powers, as it creates a criti... | How many methods of judiciary corruption are there? | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
56eab6410030b61400a35053 | Political_corruption | There are two methods of corruption of the judiciary: the state (through budget planning and various privileges), and the private. Budget of the judiciary in many transitional and developing countries is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter undermines the separation of powers, as it creates a criti... | What part of the government controls the judiciary budget in many developing countries? | {
"text": [
"executive"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
} |
56eab6410030b61400a35054 | Political_corruption | There are two methods of corruption of the judiciary: the state (through budget planning and various privileges), and the private. Budget of the judiciary in many transitional and developing countries is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter undermines the separation of powers, as it creates a criti... | What does executive branch control over judiciary money undermine? | {
"text": [
"separation of powers"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} |
56eab6410030b61400a35055 | Political_corruption | There are two methods of corruption of the judiciary: the state (through budget planning and various privileges), and the private. Budget of the judiciary in many transitional and developing countries is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter undermines the separation of powers, as it creates a criti... | What type of corruption is hard to get rid of even in developed countries? | {
"text": [
"judiciary"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
56eab6715a205f1900d6d438 | Political_corruption | Mobile telecommunications and radio broadcasting help to fight corruption, especially in developing regions like Africa, where other forms of communications are limited. In India, the anti-corruption bureau fights against corruption, and a new ombudsman bill called Jan Lokpal Bill is being prepared. | Radio broadcasts and what help deter corruption? | {
"text": [
"Mobile telecommunications"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56eab6715a205f1900d6d439 | Political_corruption | Mobile telecommunications and radio broadcasting help to fight corruption, especially in developing regions like Africa, where other forms of communications are limited. In India, the anti-corruption bureau fights against corruption, and a new ombudsman bill called Jan Lokpal Bill is being prepared. | What country is used as an example for limited forms of communications? | {
"text": [
"Africa"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
56eab6715a205f1900d6d43a | Political_corruption | Mobile telecommunications and radio broadcasting help to fight corruption, especially in developing regions like Africa, where other forms of communications are limited. In India, the anti-corruption bureau fights against corruption, and a new ombudsman bill called Jan Lokpal Bill is being prepared. | Who works against corruption in India? | {
"text": [
"the anti-corruption bureau"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
56eab6715a205f1900d6d43b | Political_corruption | Mobile telecommunications and radio broadcasting help to fight corruption, especially in developing regions like Africa, where other forms of communications are limited. In India, the anti-corruption bureau fights against corruption, and a new ombudsman bill called Jan Lokpal Bill is being prepared. | What new ombudsman bill is being readied in India? | {
"text": [
"Jan Lokpal Bill"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
56eab6970030b61400a3505b | Political_corruption | In the 1990s, initiatives were taken at an international level (in particular by the European Community, the Council of Europe, the OECD) to put a ban on corruption: in 1996, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, for instance, adopted a comprehensive Programme of Action against Corruption and, subsequent... | What decade saw international initiatives to combat corruption? | {
"text": [
"1990s"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
56eab6970030b61400a3505c | Political_corruption | In the 1990s, initiatives were taken at an international level (in particular by the European Community, the Council of Europe, the OECD) to put a ban on corruption: in 1996, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, for instance, adopted a comprehensive Programme of Action against Corruption and, subsequent... | Who started the Programme of Action? | {
"text": [
"Ministers of the Council of Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
} |
56eab6970030b61400a3505d | Political_corruption | In the 1990s, initiatives were taken at an international level (in particular by the European Community, the Council of Europe, the OECD) to put a ban on corruption: in 1996, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, for instance, adopted a comprehensive Programme of Action against Corruption and, subsequent... | What did the Programme of Action issue? | {
"text": [
"a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
} |
56eab7245a205f1900d6d440 | Political_corruption | The purpose of these instruments was to address the various forms of corruption (involving the public sector, the private sector, the financing of political activities, etc.) whether they had a strictly domestic or also a transnational dimension. To monitor the implementation at national level of the requirements and p... | What does GRECO stand for? | {
"text": [
"Group of States Against Corruption"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} |
56eab7245a205f1900d6d441 | Political_corruption | The purpose of these instruments was to address the various forms of corruption (involving the public sector, the private sector, the financing of political activities, etc.) whether they had a strictly domestic or also a transnational dimension. To monitor the implementation at national level of the requirements and p... | What is the name of the French equivalent of GRECO? | {
"text": [
"Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption"
],
"answer_start": [
450
]
} |
56eab7245a205f1900d6d442 | Political_corruption | The purpose of these instruments was to address the various forms of corruption (involving the public sector, the private sector, the financing of political activities, etc.) whether they had a strictly domestic or also a transnational dimension. To monitor the implementation at national level of the requirements and p... | The instruments used to point out the different corrupt forms looked to see if they were rigidly domestic or what? | {
"text": [
"transnational"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
56f6e729711bf01900a44858 | Classical_music | Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to th... | What term is used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820? | {
"text": [
"the Classical period"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} |
56f6e729711bf01900a44859 | Classical_music | Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to th... | What years are termed the Renaissance period? | {
"text": [
"1400–1600"
],
"answer_start": [
663
]
} |
56f6e729711bf01900a4485a | Classical_music | Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to th... | What years are termed the Baroque period? | {
"text": [
"1600–1750"
],
"answer_start": [
736
]
} |
56f6e729711bf01900a4485b | Classical_music | Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to th... | From 1804-1910 was called what era? | {
"text": [
"Romantic"
],
"answer_start": [
775
]
} |
56f6e729711bf01900a4485c | Classical_music | Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to th... | Classical music is rooted in what kind of tradition? | {
"text": [
"Western music"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
56f6ed94711bf01900a44874 | Classical_music | Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to th... | Classical music is rooted the the traditions of what kind of music? | {
"text": [
"Western"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
56f6ed94711bf01900a44875 | Classical_music | Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to th... | What is the period from 1750 to 1820 called? | {
"text": [
"the Classical period"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} |
56f6ed94711bf01900a44876 | Classical_music | Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to th... | What time period is known at the common practice period? | {
"text": [
"between 1550 and 1900"
],
"answer_start": [
450
]
} |
56f6ed94711bf01900a44878 | Classical_music | Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to th... | When was the modern era? | {
"text": [
"1890–1930"
],
"answer_start": [
862
]
} |
56f6e85b3d8e2e1400e372ac | Classical_music | European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords), tempo, meter and rhyth... | How is European art music distinguished from non-European and popular music? | {
"text": [
"its system of staff notation"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
56f6e85b3d8e2e1400e372ad | Classical_music | European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords), tempo, meter and rhyth... | What method is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches, tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music? | {
"text": [
"Western staff notation"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
56f6e85b3d8e2e1400e372ae | Classical_music | European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords), tempo, meter and rhyth... | What popular styles practice improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation? | {
"text": [
"jazz and blues"
],
"answer_start": [
523
]
} |
56f6e85b3d8e2e1400e372af | Classical_music | European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords), tempo, meter and rhyth... | Since it is written down, classical music can attain a high level of what? | {
"text": [
"complexity"
],
"answer_start": [
888
]
} |
56f6ee72711bf01900a4487e | Classical_music | European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords), tempo, meter and rhyth... | How is European art music distinguished from many other musical forms? | {
"text": [
"its system of staff notation"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
56f6ee72711bf01900a4487f | Classical_music | European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords), tempo, meter and rhyth... | How long has the system of staff notation been in use? | {
"text": [
"since about the 16th century"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
56f6ee72711bf01900a44880 | Classical_music | European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords), tempo, meter and rhyth... | Jazz and blues use ad libitum and what other ornamentation? | {
"text": [
"improvisation"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} |
56f6ee72711bf01900a44881 | Classical_music | European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords), tempo, meter and rhyth... | Classic music can a attain a high level of what? | {
"text": [
"complexity"
],
"answer_start": [
888
]
} |
56f6e9dd711bf01900a44862 | Classical_music | The term "classical music" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to "classical music" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836. | When did the term "classical music" appear? | {
"text": [
"the early 19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
56f6e9dd711bf01900a44863 | Classical_music | The term "classical music" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to "classical music" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836. | What period is referred to as a "golden age"? | {
"text": [
"the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
56f6e9dd711bf01900a44864 | Classical_music | The term "classical music" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to "classical music" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836. | What year is the earliest reference to 'classical music'? | {
"text": [
"1836"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} |
56f6e9dd711bf01900a44865 | Classical_music | The term "classical music" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to "classical music" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836. | What book holds the earliest reference to 'classical music'? | {
"text": [
"Oxford English Dictionary"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
56f6ef2e3d8e2e1400e372be | Classical_music | The term "classical music" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to "classical music" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836. | What term did not appear until the early 19th century? | {
"text": [
"classical music"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
56f6ef2e3d8e2e1400e372bf | Classical_music | The term "classical music" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to "classical music" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836. | What 'age' is the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven referred to as? | {
"text": [
"golden age"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
56f6ef2e3d8e2e1400e372c0 | Classical_music | The term "classical music" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to "classical music" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836. | What year was the earliest reference to classical music? | {
"text": [
"1836"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} |
56f6ef2e3d8e2e1400e372c1 | Classical_music | The term "classical music" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to "classical music" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836. | In what book was the earliest reference to classical music? | {
"text": [
"Oxford English Dictionary"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
56f6ebb4711bf01900a4486a | Classical_music | Given the wide range of styles in classical music, from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s, it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed to all works of that type... | Who sang Medieval plainchant? | {
"text": [
"monks"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
56f6ebb4711bf01900a4486b | Classical_music | Given the wide range of styles in classical music, from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s, it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed to all works of that type... | Avant-garde atonal compositions were written for what instrument? | {
"text": [
"solo piano"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
56f6ebb4711bf01900a4486c | Classical_music | Given the wide range of styles in classical music, from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s, it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed to all works of that type... | What two characteristics of classical music can not be attributed to other genres? | {
"text": [
"use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works"
],
"answer_start": [
445
]
} |
56f6ebb4711bf01900a4486d | Classical_music | Given the wide range of styles in classical music, from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s, it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed to all works of that type... | Through what period did the symphony not exist? | {
"text": [
"the entire classical music period"
],
"answer_start": [
595
]
} |
56f6ebb4711bf01900a4486e | Classical_music | Given the wide range of styles in classical music, from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s, it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed to all works of that type... | What has become a defining feature of classical music? | {
"text": [
"the symphony ensemble"
],
"answer_start": [
662
]
} |
56f6eff93d8e2e1400e372c6 | Classical_music | Given the wide range of styles in classical music, from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s, it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed to all works of that type... | What did not exist through the entire classical music period? | {
"text": [
"the symphony"
],
"answer_start": [
560
]
} |
56f6eff93d8e2e1400e372c8 | Classical_music | Given the wide range of styles in classical music, from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s, it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed to all works of that type... | The use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works are characteristics of what? | {
"text": [
"classical music"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} |
56f6eff93d8e2e1400e372c9 | Classical_music | Given the wide range of styles in classical music, from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s, it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed to all works of that type... | Who sang medieval plainchant? | {
"text": [
"monks"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
56f6f1073d8e2e1400e372ce | Classical_music | The key characteristic of classical music that distinguishes it from popular music and folk music is that the repertoire tends to be written down in musical notation, creating a musical part or score. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, where two or more musicians (whether singers or instrume... | J.S. Bach's fugues create a coherent harmonic logic that would be impossible for what other style of music? | {
"text": [
"live improvisation"
],
"answer_start": [
671
]
} |
56f6f1073d8e2e1400e372cf | Classical_music | The key characteristic of classical music that distinguishes it from popular music and folk music is that the repertoire tends to be written down in musical notation, creating a musical part or score. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, where two or more musicians (whether singers or instrume... | The score determines how various parts are coordinated, pitch, and what other detail? | {
"text": [
"rhythm"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
56f6f1073d8e2e1400e372d0 | Classical_music | The key characteristic of classical music that distinguishes it from popular music and folk music is that the repertoire tends to be written down in musical notation, creating a musical part or score. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, where two or more musicians (whether singers or instrume... | What has allowed Classical musicians to perform music from many centuries ago? | {
"text": [
"written notation"
],
"answer_start": [
702
]
} |
56f6f1073d8e2e1400e372d1 | Classical_music | The key characteristic of classical music that distinguishes it from popular music and folk music is that the repertoire tends to be written down in musical notation, creating a musical part or score. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, where two or more musicians (whether singers or instrume... | Who's fugues achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines? | {
"text": [
"J.S. Bach's"
],
"answer_start": [
468
]
} |
56f6f24c711bf01900a44886 | Classical_music | That said, the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work. Even if the tempo is written with an Italian instruction (e.g., Allegro), we do not know exactly how fast the piece should be played. As well, in the Baroque era, many works that were designed for basso continuo a... | The score does not provide complete and exact instruction on how to do what? | {
"text": [
"perform a historical work"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
56f6f24c711bf01900a44887 | Classical_music | That said, the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work. Even if the tempo is written with an Italian instruction (e.g., Allegro), we do not know exactly how fast the piece should be played. As well, in the Baroque era, many works that were designed for basso continuo a... | In what era were many works designed for basso continuo accompaniment? | {
"text": [
"the Baroque era"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
56f6f24c711bf01900a44888 | Classical_music | That said, the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work. Even if the tempo is written with an Italian instruction (e.g., Allegro), we do not know exactly how fast the piece should be played. As well, in the Baroque era, many works that were designed for basso continuo a... | Vibrato and glissando are possible on stringed, brass, woodwind and what other style instrument? | {
"text": [
"the human voice"
],
"answer_start": [
990
]
} |
56f6f24c711bf01900a44889 | Classical_music | That said, the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work. Even if the tempo is written with an Italian instruction (e.g., Allegro), we do not know exactly how fast the piece should be played. As well, in the Baroque era, many works that were designed for basso continuo a... | What are fermatas? | {
"text": [
"held notes"
],
"answer_start": [
803
]
} |
56f6f3343d8e2e1400e372d6 | Classical_music | Although Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical improvisation, from the Baroque era to the Romantic era, there are examples of performers who could improvise in the style of their era. In the Baroque era, organ performers would improvise preludes, keyboard performers playing harpsichord... | Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical what? | {
"text": [
"improvisation"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
56f6f3343d8e2e1400e372d7 | Classical_music | Although Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical improvisation, from the Baroque era to the Romantic era, there are examples of performers who could improvise in the style of their era. In the Baroque era, organ performers would improvise preludes, keyboard performers playing harpsichord... | In the Baroque era, who would improvise preludes? | {
"text": [
"organ performers"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
} |
56f6f3343d8e2e1400e372d8 | Classical_music | Although Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical improvisation, from the Baroque era to the Romantic era, there are examples of performers who could improvise in the style of their era. In the Baroque era, organ performers would improvise preludes, keyboard performers playing harpsichord... | Who would improvise musical ornaments in the Baroque era? | {
"text": [
"instrumental performers"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
} |
56f6f3343d8e2e1400e372d9 | Classical_music | Although Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical improvisation, from the Baroque era to the Romantic era, there are examples of performers who could improvise in the style of their era. In the Baroque era, organ performers would improvise preludes, keyboard performers playing harpsichord... | Who was noted for his complex improvisations? | {
"text": [
"J.S. Bach"
],
"answer_start": [
502
]
} |
56f6f3343d8e2e1400e372da | Classical_music | Although Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical improvisation, from the Baroque era to the Romantic era, there are examples of performers who could improvise in the style of their era. In the Baroque era, organ performers would improvise preludes, keyboard performers playing harpsichord... | What was Mozart noted for? | {
"text": [
"his ability to improvise melodies in different styles"
],
"answer_start": [
637
]
} |
56f6f4703d8e2e1400e372e0 | Classical_music | The instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century (often much earlier) and codified in the 18th and 19th centuries. They consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments (such as the piano, harpsich... | Instrument currently used in most classical music where invented before what period? | {
"text": [
"the mid-19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
56f6f4703d8e2e1400e372e1 | Classical_music | The instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century (often much earlier) and codified in the 18th and 19th centuries. They consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments (such as the piano, harpsich... | What is the most widely known medium for classical music? | {
"text": [
"The symphony orchestra"
],
"answer_start": [
337
]
} |
56f6f4703d8e2e1400e372e2 | Classical_music | The instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century (often much earlier) and codified in the 18th and 19th centuries. They consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments (such as the piano, harpsich... | A symphony orchestra includes members of the string, woodwind, percussion and what other family of instruments? | {
"text": [
"brass"
],
"answer_start": [
458
]
} |
56f6f4703d8e2e1400e372e3 | Classical_music | The instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century (often much earlier) and codified in the 18th and 19th centuries. They consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments (such as the piano, harpsich... | What does a symphony orchestra have that is missing from a concert band? | {
"text": [
"a string section"
],
"answer_start": [
707
]
} |
56f6f4703d8e2e1400e372e4 | Classical_music | The instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century (often much earlier) and codified in the 18th and 19th centuries. They consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments (such as the piano, harpsich... | What practice has changed a great deal over the classical period? | {
"text": [
"vocal"
],
"answer_start": [
776
]
} |
56f6f5e1711bf01900a44898 | Classical_music | Many of the instruments used to perform medieval music still exist, but in different forms. Medieval instruments included the wood flute (which in the 21st century is made of metal), the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle (or vielle), and trombone (called... | What was the medieval flute made from? | {
"text": [
"wood"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
56f6f5e1711bf01900a44899 | Classical_music | Many of the instruments used to perform medieval music still exist, but in different forms. Medieval instruments included the wood flute (which in the 21st century is made of metal), the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle (or vielle), and trombone (called... | What was an early version of the fiddle called? | {
"text": [
"vielle"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
56f6f5e1711bf01900a4489a | Classical_music | Many of the instruments used to perform medieval music still exist, but in different forms. Medieval instruments included the wood flute (which in the 21st century is made of metal), the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle (or vielle), and trombone (called... | What was an early version of the trombone called? | {
"text": [
"sackbut"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} |
56f6f5e1711bf01900a4489b | Classical_music | Many of the instruments used to perform medieval music still exist, but in different forms. Medieval instruments included the wood flute (which in the 21st century is made of metal), the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle (or vielle), and trombone (called... | Medieval instrument in Europe were commonly used how? | {
"text": [
"singly"
],
"answer_start": [
402
]
} |
56f6f5e1711bf01900a4489c | Classical_music | Many of the instruments used to perform medieval music still exist, but in different forms. Medieval instruments included the wood flute (which in the 21st century is made of metal), the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle (or vielle), and trombone (called... | Loud, shrill, and outdoor instruments were referred to as 'haut', while quieter, more intimate instruments were referred to as what? | {
"text": [
"bas"
],
"answer_start": [
632
]
} |
56f6f7043d8e2e1400e372f2 | Classical_music | During the earlier medieval period, the vocal music from the liturgical genre, predominantly Gregorian chant, was monophonic, using a single, unaccompanied vocal melody line. Polyphonic vocal genres, which used multiple independent vocal melodies, began to develop during the high medieval era, becoming prevalent by the... | What genre was predominately Gregorian chant during the earlier medieval period? | {
"text": [
"liturgical"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
56f6f7043d8e2e1400e372f3 | Classical_music | During the earlier medieval period, the vocal music from the liturgical genre, predominantly Gregorian chant, was monophonic, using a single, unaccompanied vocal melody line. Polyphonic vocal genres, which used multiple independent vocal melodies, began to develop during the high medieval era, becoming prevalent by the... | What genre uses multiple independent vocal melodies? | {
"text": [
"Polyphonic vocal genres"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
56f6f7043d8e2e1400e372f4 | Classical_music | During the earlier medieval period, the vocal music from the liturgical genre, predominantly Gregorian chant, was monophonic, using a single, unaccompanied vocal melody line. Polyphonic vocal genres, which used multiple independent vocal melodies, began to develop during the high medieval era, becoming prevalent by the... | When did the Polyphonic vocal genre begin to develop? | {
"text": [
"during the high medieval era"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
56f6f7043d8e2e1400e372f5 | Classical_music | During the earlier medieval period, the vocal music from the liturgical genre, predominantly Gregorian chant, was monophonic, using a single, unaccompanied vocal melody line. Polyphonic vocal genres, which used multiple independent vocal melodies, began to develop during the high medieval era, becoming prevalent by the... | What word means using a single unaccompanied vocal melody line? | {
"text": [
"monophonic"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
56f6f7d73d8e2e1400e372fa | Classical_music | Many instruments originated during the Renaissance; others were variations of, or improvements upon, instruments that had existed previously. Some have survived to the present day; others have disappeared, only to be recreated in order to perform music of the period on authentic instruments. As in the modern day, instr... | Many instruments originated during what era? | {
"text": [
"the Renaissance"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
56f6f7d73d8e2e1400e372fb | Classical_music | Many instruments originated during the Renaissance; others were variations of, or improvements upon, instruments that had existed previously. Some have survived to the present day; others have disappeared, only to be recreated in order to perform music of the period on authentic instruments. As in the modern day, instr... | What has disappeared, then been recreated in order to perform music of the period? | {
"text": [
"authentic instruments"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
56f6f7d73d8e2e1400e372fc | Classical_music | Many instruments originated during the Renaissance; others were variations of, or improvements upon, instruments that had existed previously. Some have survived to the present day; others have disappeared, only to be recreated in order to perform music of the period on authentic instruments. As in the modern day, instr... | Modern day instrument may be classified as brass, string, woodwind and what other classification? | {
"text": [
"percussion"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
} |
56f6f8cd711bf01900a448a2 | Classical_music | Brass instruments in the Renaissance were traditionally played by professionals who were members of Guilds and they included the slide trumpet, the wooden cornet, the valveless trumpet and the sackbut. Stringed instruments included the viol, the harp-like lyre, the hurdy-gurdy, the cittern and the lute. Keyboard instru... | Brass instruments were traditionally played by profession guild members during what era? | {
"text": [
"the Renaissance"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
56f6f8cd711bf01900a448a3 | Classical_music | Brass instruments in the Renaissance were traditionally played by professionals who were members of Guilds and they included the slide trumpet, the wooden cornet, the valveless trumpet and the sackbut. Stringed instruments included the viol, the harp-like lyre, the hurdy-gurdy, the cittern and the lute. Keyboard instru... | Stringed instruments during the Renaissance included the viol, the lyre, the cittern, the lute and what other instrument? | {
"text": [
"the hurdy-gurdy"
],
"answer_start": [
262
]
} |
56f6f8cd711bf01900a448a4 | Classical_music | Brass instruments in the Renaissance were traditionally played by professionals who were members of Guilds and they included the slide trumpet, the wooden cornet, the valveless trumpet and the sackbut. Stringed instruments included the viol, the harp-like lyre, the hurdy-gurdy, the cittern and the lute. Keyboard instru... | The virginal is what type of instrument? | {
"text": [
"Keyboard instruments with strings"
],
"answer_start": [
305
]
} |
56f6f8cd711bf01900a448a5 | Classical_music | Brass instruments in the Renaissance were traditionally played by professionals who were members of Guilds and they included the slide trumpet, the wooden cornet, the valveless trumpet and the sackbut. Stringed instruments included the viol, the harp-like lyre, the hurdy-gurdy, the cittern and the lute. Keyboard instru... | The tambourine, bells and rumble-pot are all what type of instrument? | {
"text": [
"Percussion"
],
"answer_start": [
382
]
} |
56f6f8cd711bf01900a448a6 | Classical_music | Brass instruments in the Renaissance were traditionally played by professionals who were members of Guilds and they included the slide trumpet, the wooden cornet, the valveless trumpet and the sackbut. Stringed instruments included the viol, the harp-like lyre, the hurdy-gurdy, the cittern and the lute. Keyboard instru... | The reed pipe and recorder are what type of instrument? | {
"text": [
"Woodwind"
],
"answer_start": [
514
]
} |
56f6f981711bf01900a448ac | Classical_music | Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for the flourishing of an increasingly elaborate polyphonic style. The principal liturgical forms which endured throughout the entire Renaissance period were masses and motets, with some other developments towards the end, especially as composers of sacred music began to adopt se... | Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for an increasingly elaborate what? | {
"text": [
"polyphonic style"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
56f6f981711bf01900a448ad | Classical_music | Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for the flourishing of an increasingly elaborate polyphonic style. The principal liturgical forms which endured throughout the entire Renaissance period were masses and motets, with some other developments towards the end, especially as composers of sacred music began to adopt se... | What liturgical form besides motets endured throughout the entire Renaissance period? | {
"text": [
"masses"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
56f6f981711bf01900a448ae | Classical_music | Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for the flourishing of an increasingly elaborate polyphonic style. The principal liturgical forms which endured throughout the entire Renaissance period were masses and motets, with some other developments towards the end, especially as composers of sacred music began to adopt se... | Monody, the madrigal comedy, and intermedio are all precursors to what? | {
"text": [
"opera"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
} |
56f6fa48711bf01900a448b2 | Classical_music | Baroque instruments included some instruments from the earlier periods (e.g., the hurdy-gurdy and recorder) and a number of new instruments (e.g, the cello, contrabass and fortepiano). Some instruments from previous eras fell into disuse, such as the shawm and the wooden cornet. The key Baroque instruments for strings ... | The cello, contrabrass and fortepiano were new instruments during what period? | {
"text": [
"Baroque"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
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