answer string | choices dict | id string | kind string | lang string | question string | steps list | subject string | text string | topic string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Assets always equal the sum of liabilities and owners' equity, so every transaction keeps the equation Assets = Liabilities + Equity in balance. | null | bus_0001 | concept | en | What is the fundamental accounting equation? | [
"Identify the three elements: assets, liabilities, and equity.",
"State the relationship: Assets = Liabilities + Equity.",
"Note that every journal entry must keep both sides equal."
] | business | Answer: Assets = Liabilities + Equity.
Steps:
1. Identify the three elements: assets, liabilities, and equity.
2. State the relationship: Assets = Liabilities + Equity.
3. Note that every journal entry must keep both sides equal. | accounting |
The income statement reports revenues and expenses over a period, ending in net income or net loss. | {
"A": "Balance sheet",
"B": "Income statement",
"C": "Statement of cash flows",
"D": "Trial balance"
} | bus_0002 | multiple_choice | en | Which financial statement reports revenues and expenses for a period? | [
"Recall each statement's purpose.",
"Match revenues and expenses to the income statement.",
"Select option B."
] | business | Answer: The income statement.
Steps:
1. Recall each statement's purpose.
2. Match revenues and expenses to the income statement.
3. Select option B.
Answer: (B) | accounting |
Net income is $180,000, computed as $500,000 of revenue minus $320,000 of expenses. | null | bus_0003 | worked_example | en | A firm has revenue of $500,000 and total expenses of $320,000. Compute net income. | [
"Write the formula: Net income = Revenue - Expenses.",
"Substitute: 500,000 - 320,000.",
"Compute: net income = $180,000."
] | business | Answer: $180,000.
Steps:
1. Write the formula: Net income = Revenue - Expenses.
2. Substitute: 500,000 - 320,000.
3. Compute: net income = $180,000. | accounting |
Rozvaha ukazuje aktiva, závazky a vlastní kapitál k určitému datu, přičemž aktiva se vždy rovnají součtu závazků a vlastního kapitálu. | null | bus_0004 | concept | cs | Co je rozvaha a co ukazuje? | [
"Definuj rozvahu jako snímek k určitému datu.",
"Uveď tři části: aktiva, závazky, vlastní kapitál.",
"Připomeň bilanční rovnici."
] | business | Answer: Přehled aktiv, závazků a vlastního kapitálu k danému datu.
Steps:
1. Definuj rozvahu jako snímek k určitému datu.
2. Uveď tři části: aktiva, závazky, vlastní kapitál.
3. Připomeň bilanční rovnici. | accounting |
Accrual accounting records revenue when earned and expenses when incurred, while cash accounting records them only when cash changes hands. | null | bus_0005 | concept | en | What is the difference between accrual-basis and cash-basis accounting? | [
"Define accrual basis: record when earned or incurred.",
"Define cash basis: record when cash is received or paid.",
"Contrast timing differences with an example sale on credit."
] | business | Answer: Accrual records when earned/incurred; cash records when cash moves.
Steps:
1. Define accrual basis: record when earned or incurred.
2. Define cash basis: record when cash is received or paid.
3. Contrast timing differences with an example sale on credit. | accounting |
A debit increases asset accounts, which normally carry debit balances. | {
"A": "Liabilities",
"B": "Revenues",
"C": "Assets",
"D": "Owners' equity"
} | bus_0006 | multiple_choice | en | A debit entry increases which type of account? | [
"Recall debit rules: debits increase assets, expenses, dividends.",
"Eliminate liabilities, revenues, and equity.",
"Select option C."
] | business | Answer: Assets.
Steps:
1. Recall debit rules: debits increase assets, expenses, dividends.
2. Eliminate liabilities, revenues, and equity.
3. Select option C.
Answer: (C) | accounting |
Ending retained earnings are $330,000, from $200,000 beginning balance plus $180,000 net income minus $50,000 dividends. | null | bus_0007 | worked_example | en | Beginning retained earnings are $200,000, net income is $180,000, and dividends are $50,000. Find ending retained earnings. | [
"Write: Ending RE = Beginning RE + Net income - Dividends.",
"Substitute: 200,000 + 180,000 - 50,000.",
"Compute: ending retained earnings = $330,000."
] | business | Answer: $330,000.
Steps:
1. Write: Ending RE = Beginning RE + Net income - Dividends.
2. Substitute: 200,000 + 180,000 - 50,000.
3. Compute: ending retained earnings = $330,000. | accounting |
Straight-line depreciation spreads an asset's depreciable cost evenly over its useful life as (Cost - Salvage value) / Useful life per year. | null | bus_0008 | concept | en | How does straight-line depreciation work? | [
"Compute depreciable cost: cost minus salvage value.",
"Divide by useful life in years.",
"Book the same expense each year."
] | business | Answer: Equal annual charge of (Cost - Salvage) / Life.
Steps:
1. Compute depreciable cost: cost minus salvage value.
2. Divide by useful life in years.
3. Book the same expense each year. | accounting |
Účet vlastního kapitálu má normálně kreditní zůstatek, protože kredit vlastní kapitál zvyšuje. | {
"A": "Pokladna",
"B": "Zásoby",
"C": "Pohledávky",
"D": "Vlastní kapitál"
} | bus_0009 | multiple_choice | cs | Který účet má normálně kreditní zůstatek? | [
"Připomeň pravidlo: kredit zvyšuje závazky, kapitál a výnosy.",
"Vyluč hotovost, zásoby a pohledávky.",
"Vyber možnost D."
] | business | Answer: Vlastní kapitál.
Steps:
1. Připomeň pravidlo: kredit zvyšuje závazky, kapitál a výnosy.
2. Vyluč hotovost, zásoby a pohledávky.
3. Vyber možnost D.
Answer: (D) | accounting |
Annual depreciation is $18,000, from ($100,000 - $10,000) divided by 5 years. | null | bus_0010 | worked_example | en | Equipment costs $100,000 with $10,000 salvage value and a 5-year life. Compute straight-line depreciation per year. | [
"Depreciable cost = 100,000 - 10,000 = 90,000.",
"Divide by life: 90,000 / 5.",
"Annual depreciation = $18,000."
] | business | Answer: $18,000 per year.
Steps:
1. Depreciable cost = 100,000 - 10,000 = 90,000.
2. Divide by life: 90,000 / 5.
3. Annual depreciation = $18,000. | accounting |
A trial balance lists all ledger balances to verify that total debits equal total credits before preparing financial statements. | null | bus_0011 | concept | en | What is the purpose of a trial balance? | [
"List every general-ledger account balance.",
"Sum debits and credits separately.",
"Confirm the totals agree before drafting statements."
] | business | Answer: Verify debits equal credits before statements.
Steps:
1. List every general-ledger account balance.
2. Sum debits and credits separately.
3. Confirm the totals agree before drafting statements. | accounting |
Inventory is a current asset because it is expected to be sold or used within one year. | {
"A": "Land",
"B": "Inventory",
"C": "Factory building",
"D": "Patent"
} | bus_0012 | multiple_choice | en | Which of the following is a current asset? | [
"Define current assets: convertible to cash within one year.",
"Eliminate land, buildings, and patents.",
"Select option B."
] | business | Answer: Inventory.
Steps:
1. Define current assets: convertible to cash within one year.
2. Eliminate land, buildings, and patents.
3. Select option B.
Answer: (B) | accounting |
The matching principle requires expenses to be recorded in the same period as the revenues they helped generate. | null | bus_0013 | concept | en | What is the matching principle in accounting? | [
"State the rule: match expenses to related revenues.",
"Give an example: cost of goods sold with sales.",
"Note it applies under accrual accounting."
] | business | Answer: Record expenses in the same period as related revenues.
Steps:
1. State the rule: match expenses to related revenues.
2. Give an example: cost of goods sold with sales.
3. Note it applies under accrual accounting. | accounting |
Čistý zisk činí 280 000 Kč, protože tržby 800 000 Kč minus náklady 520 000 Kč se rovnají 280 000 Kč. | null | bus_0014 | worked_example | cs | Firma má tržby 800 000 Kč a celkové náklady 520 000 Kč. Vypočítej čistý zisk. | [
"Napiš vzorec: zisk = tržby - náklady.",
"Dosaď: 800 000 - 520 000.",
"Výsledek: čistý zisk 280 000 Kč."
] | business | Answer: 280 000 Kč.
Steps:
1. Napiš vzorec: zisk = tržby - náklady.
2. Dosaď: 800 000 - 520 000.
3. Výsledek: čistý zisk 280 000 Kč. | accounting |
An unqualified audit opinion states that the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the company's financial position. | null | bus_0015 | concept | en | What does an unqualified audit opinion mean? | [
"Define audit opinion as the auditor's conclusion.",
"Explain unqualified: no material misstatements found.",
"Note it is the cleanest opinion a firm can receive."
] | business | Answer: Statements present fairly in all material respects.
Steps:
1. Define audit opinion as the auditor's conclusion.
2. Explain unqualified: no material misstatements found.
3. Note it is the cleanest opinion a firm can receive. | accounting |
Accounts payable is a liability because it represents amounts the firm owes to suppliers. | {
"A": "Accounts receivable",
"B": "Accounts payable",
"C": "Prepaid rent",
"D": "Equipment"
} | bus_0016 | multiple_choice | en | Which of the following is a liability? | [
"Define liabilities as obligations owed to others.",
"Eliminate receivables, prepaids, and equipment.",
"Select option B."
] | business | Answer: Accounts payable.
Steps:
1. Define liabilities as obligations owed to others.
2. Eliminate receivables, prepaids, and equipment.
3. Select option B.
Answer: (B) | accounting |
FIFO assumes the oldest inventory is sold first while LIFO assumes the newest is sold first, which affects cost of goods sold and ending inventory during price changes. | null | bus_0017 | concept | en | What is the difference between FIFO and LIFO inventory methods? | [
"Define FIFO: first units in are first out.",
"Define LIFO: last units in are first out.",
"Compare effects on COGS when prices rise."
] | business | Answer: FIFO sells oldest first; LIFO sells newest first.
Steps:
1. Define FIFO: first units in are first out.
2. Define LIFO: last units in are first out.
3. Compare effects on COGS when prices rise. | accounting |
FIFO cost of goods sold is $1,240, from 100 units at $10 plus 20 units at $12. | null | bus_0018 | worked_example | en | A firm holds 100 units at $10 and then buys 50 units at $12. It sells 120 units. Compute FIFO cost of goods sold. | [
"Sell oldest first: all 100 units at $10 = $1,000.",
"Take 20 more units at $12 = $240.",
"Total COGS = 1,000 + 240 = $1,240."
] | business | Answer: $1,240.
Steps:
1. Sell oldest first: all 100 units at $10 = $1,000.
2. Take 20 more units at $12 = $240.
3. Total COGS = 1,000 + 240 = $1,240. | accounting |
Odpis je systematické rozložení pořizovací ceny aktiva do nákladů po dobu jeho použitelnosti, aby náklady odpovídaly výnosům. | null | bus_0019 | concept | cs | Co je odpis a proč se účtuje? | [
"Definuj odpis jako rozložení ceny v čase.",
"Vysvětli důvod: přiřazení nákladů k výnosům.",
"Uveď příklad stroje odepisovaného 5 let."
] | business | Answer: Rozložení ceny aktiva do nákladů po dobu použitelnosti.
Steps:
1. Definuj odpis jako rozložení ceny v čase.
2. Vysvětli důvod: přiřazení nákladů k výnosům.
3. Uveď příklad stroje odepisovaného 5 let. | accounting |
Net income increases owners' equity because profits are added to retained earnings. | {
"A": "Paying dividends",
"B": "Net loss",
"C": "Net income",
"D": "Repaying a loan"
} | bus_0020 | multiple_choice | en | Which event increases owners' equity? | [
"Recall equity rises with profits and investments.",
"Eliminate dividends, losses, and loan repayment.",
"Select option C."
] | business | Answer: Net income.
Steps:
1. Recall equity rises with profits and investments.
2. Eliminate dividends, losses, and loan repayment.
3. Select option C.
Answer: (C) | accounting |
The cash flow statement has operating, investing, and financing sections that explain the change in cash during the period. | null | bus_0021 | concept | en | What are the three sections of the cash flow statement? | [
"Name operating activities: core business cash flows.",
"Name investing activities: asset purchases and sales.",
"Name financing activities: debt and equity flows."
] | business | Answer: Operating, investing, and financing.
Steps:
1. Name operating activities: core business cash flows.
2. Name investing activities: asset purchases and sales.
3. Name financing activities: debt and equity flows. | accounting |
Net present value is the sum of a project's discounted future cash flows minus its initial investment, and a positive NPV means the project creates value. | null | bus_0022 | concept | en | What is net present value (NPV)? | [
"Discount each future cash flow to today.",
"Sum the present values.",
"Subtract the initial investment; accept if positive."
] | business | Answer: Discounted cash flows minus initial investment.
Steps:
1. Discount each future cash flow to today.
2. Sum the present values.
3. Subtract the initial investment; accept if positive. | corporate_finance |
A higher discount rate lowers present value because future cash flows are divided by a larger compounding factor. | {
"A": "It increases present value",
"B": "It decreases present value",
"C": "It leaves present value unchanged",
"D": "It only affects nominal value"
} | bus_0023 | multiple_choice | en | What happens to present value when the discount rate rises? | [
"Recall PV = FV / (1+r)^n.",
"Note a larger r grows the denominator.",
"Select option B."
] | business | Answer: Present value decreases.
Steps:
1. Recall PV = FV / (1+r)^n.
2. Note a larger r grows the denominator.
3. Select option B.
Answer: (B) | corporate_finance |
The NPV is $41.32, from -$1,000 plus $545.45 plus $495.87, so the project is marginally acceptable. | null | bus_0024 | worked_example | en | A project costs $1,000 and returns $600 in year 1 and $600 in year 2. Compute NPV at a 10% discount rate. | [
"Discount year 1: 600 / 1.10 = 545.45.",
"Discount year 2: 600 / 1.21 = 495.87.",
"NPV = -1,000 + 545.45 + 495.87 = $41.32."
] | business | Answer: $41.32.
Steps:
1. Discount year 1: 600 / 1.10 = 545.45.
2. Discount year 2: 600 / 1.21 = 495.87.
3. NPV = -1,000 + 545.45 + 495.87 = $41.32. | corporate_finance |
Čistá současná hodnota je součet diskontovaných budoucích peněžních toků minus počáteční investice; kladná hodnota znamená, že projekt tvoří hodnotu. | null | bus_0025 | concept | cs | Co je čistá současná hodnota (NPV)? | [
"Diskontuj každý budoucí tok na současnost.",
"Sečti současné hodnoty.",
"Odečti investici; kladné NPV přijmi."
] | business | Answer: Diskontované toky minus počáteční investice.
Steps:
1. Diskontuj každý budoucí tok na současnost.
2. Sečti současné hodnoty.
3. Odečti investici; kladné NPV přijmi. | corporate_finance |
The internal rate of return is the discount rate that makes NPV equal zero, and a project is accepted when its IRR exceeds the cost of capital. | null | bus_0026 | concept | en | What is the internal rate of return (IRR)? | [
"Set NPV equal to zero.",
"Solve for the discount rate.",
"Compare IRR to the hurdle rate."
] | business | Answer: The discount rate where NPV equals zero.
Steps:
1. Set NPV equal to zero.
2. Solve for the discount rate.
3. Compare IRR to the hurdle rate. | corporate_finance |
WACC blends the after-tax cost of debt and the cost of equity by their weights, giving 8.1% from 0.4 x 4.5% plus 0.6 x 10.5%. | null | bus_0027 | worked_example | en | A firm is 40% debt at 6% interest with a 25% tax rate and 60% equity at 10.5%. Compute WACC. | [
"After-tax debt cost = 6% x (1 - 0.25) = 4.5%.",
"Weight: 0.40 x 4.5% = 1.8%; 0.60 x 10.5% = 6.3%.",
"WACC = 1.8% + 6.3% = 8.1%."
] | business | Answer: 8.1%.
Steps:
1. After-tax debt cost = 6% x (1 - 0.25) = 4.5%.
2. Weight: 0.40 x 4.5% = 1.8%; 0.60 x 10.5% = 6.3%.
3. WACC = 1.8% + 6.3% = 8.1%. | corporate_finance |
Debt interest is tax-deductible, which lowers the effective cost of debt and creates a tax shield. | {
"A": "Dividends are tax-deductible",
"B": "Interest is tax-deductible",
"C": "Principal repayment is tax-deductible",
"D": "Equity issuance is tax-deductible"
} | bus_0028 | multiple_choice | en | Why does debt financing create a tax shield? | [
"Recall interest reduces taxable income.",
"Eliminate dividends, principal, and issuance.",
"Select option B."
] | business | Answer: Interest is tax-deductible.
Steps:
1. Recall interest reduces taxable income.
2. Eliminate dividends, principal, and issuance.
3. Select option B.
Answer: (B) | corporate_finance |
Volný peněžní tok je provozní cash flow minus kapitálové výdaje; 12 milionů minus 5 milionů dává 7 milionů Kč. | null | bus_0029 | worked_example | cs | Firma má provozní cash flow 12 milionů Kč a kapitálové výdaje 5 milionů Kč. Vypočítej volný peněžní tok. | [
"Napiš vzorec: FCF = provozní CF - CAPEX.",
"Dosaď: 12 - 5.",
"Volný tok = 7 milionů Kč."
] | business | Answer: 7 milionů Kč.
Steps:
1. Napiš vzorec: FCF = provozní CF - CAPEX.
2. Dosaď: 12 - 5.
3. Volný tok = 7 milionů Kč. | corporate_finance |
The payback period is the time needed for cumulative cash inflows to recover the initial investment, ignoring the time value of money. | null | bus_0030 | concept | en | What is the payback period of an investment? | [
"Track cumulative cash inflows year by year.",
"Find when the total first covers the outlay.",
"Report that time as the payback period."
] | business | Answer: Time until inflows recover the initial outlay.
Steps:
1. Track cumulative cash inflows year by year.
2. Find when the total first covers the outlay.
3. Report that time as the payback period. | corporate_finance |
The Gordon model values a stock at $52.50, from $2.10 dividend divided by 9% minus 5% growth. | null | bus_0031 | worked_example | en | A stock pays a $2.00 dividend growing at 5% yearly with a 9% required return. Value it with the Gordon growth model. | [
"Next dividend D1 = 2.00 x 1.05 = 2.10.",
"Denominator = 0.09 - 0.05 = 0.04.",
"Price = 2.10 / 0.04 = $52.50."
] | business | Answer: $52.50.
Steps:
1. Next dividend D1 = 2.00 x 1.05 = 2.10.
2. Denominator = 0.09 - 0.05 = 0.04.
3. Price = 2.10 / 0.04 = $52.50. | corporate_finance |
Diversification eliminates unsystematic risk because firm-specific shocks offset each other, while market-wide systematic risk remains. | {
"A": "Systematic risk",
"B": "Unsystematic risk",
"C": "Interest rate risk",
"D": "Inflation risk"
} | bus_0032 | multiple_choice | en | Which type of risk can diversification eliminate? | [
"Distinguish firm-specific from market-wide risk.",
"Note only firm-specific risk diversifies away.",
"Select option B."
] | business | Answer: Unsystematic risk.
Steps:
1. Distinguish firm-specific from market-wide risk.
2. Note only firm-specific risk diversifies away.
3. Select option B.
Answer: (B) | corporate_finance |
Kuponový dluhopis vyplácí pravidelné úroky a při splatnosti jistinu, takže investor získá kupony plus nominální hodnotu. | null | bus_0033 | concept | cs | Jak funguje kuponový dluhopis? | [
"Emitent si půjčí nominální částku.",
"Pravidelně vyplácí kuponové úroky.",
"Při splatnosti vrátí jistinu."
] | business | Answer: Pravidelné kupony plus jistina při splatnosti.
Steps:
1. Emitent si půjčí nominální částku.
2. Pravidelně vyplácí kuponové úroky.
3. Při splatnosti vrátí jistinu. | corporate_finance |
CAPM gives a 12% required return, from 3% risk-free rate plus 1.5 times the 6% market risk premium. | null | bus_0034 | worked_example | en | The risk-free rate is 3%, beta is 1.5, and the market risk premium is 6%. Compute the CAPM required return. | [
"Write CAPM: r = rf + beta x (market premium).",
"Substitute: 3% + 1.5 x 6% = 3% + 9%.",
"Required return = 12%."
] | business | Answer: 12%.
Steps:
1. Write CAPM: r = rf + beta x (market premium).
2. Substitute: 3% + 1.5 x 6% = 3% + 9%.
3. Required return = 12%. | corporate_finance |
Working capital is current assets minus current liabilities and measures short-term liquidity available to fund daily operations. | null | bus_0035 | concept | en | What is working capital? | [
"Total current assets.",
"Subtract current liabilities.",
"Interpret positive value as liquidity buffer."
] | business | Answer: Current assets minus current liabilities.
Steps:
1. Total current assets.
2. Subtract current liabilities.
3. Interpret positive value as liquidity buffer. | corporate_finance |
Common shareholders vote and receive residual dividends, while bondholders get fixed interest with priority but no vote. | {
"A": "Bonds pay residual dividends",
"B": "Shares pay fixed interest",
"C": "Bonds pay fixed interest with priority; shares get residual claims",
"D": "There is no difference"
} | bus_0036 | multiple_choice | en | How do bonds differ from common shares? | [
"Recall bonds promise fixed coupons with seniority.",
"Recall shares claim residual profits.",
"Select option C."
] | business | Answer: Bonds pay fixed interest with priority; shares get residual claims.
Steps:
1. Recall bonds promise fixed coupons with seniority.
2. Recall shares claim residual profits.
3. Select option C.
Answer: (C) | corporate_finance |
Dividenda na akcii je 45 Kč, protože 9 milionů Kč děleno 200 000 akciemi se rovná 45 Kč. | null | bus_0037 | worked_example | cs | Firma vyplatí dividendy 9 milionů Kč při 200 000 akciích. Vypočítej dividendu na akcii. | [
"Vyděl celkové dividendy počtem akcií.",
"Dosaď: 9 000 000 / 200 000.",
"Dividenda = 45 Kč na akcii."
] | business | Answer: 45 Kč.
Steps:
1. Vyděl celkové dividendy počtem akcií.
2. Dosaď: 9 000 000 / 200 000.
3. Dividenda = 45 Kč na akcii. | corporate_finance |
Financial leverage magnifies both gains and losses because fixed interest must be paid before shareholders receive anything. | null | bus_0038 | concept | en | What is financial leverage? | [
"Define leverage as using debt to fund assets.",
"Explain fixed interest amplifies equity returns.",
"Note losses are amplified too."
] | business | Answer: Using debt, which magnifies equity returns and losses.
Steps:
1. Define leverage as using debt to fund assets.
2. Explain fixed interest amplifies equity returns.
3. Note losses are amplified too. | corporate_finance |
A stock split increases share count proportionally and cuts price per share, leaving total market value unchanged. | {
"A": "Market value doubles",
"B": "Share count and price stay the same",
"C": "Share count doubles and price halves",
"D": "Dividends are cancelled"
} | bus_0039 | multiple_choice | en | What happens in a 2-for-1 stock split? | [
"Double the number of shares.",
"Halve the price per share.",
"Select option C."
] | business | Answer: Share count doubles and price halves.
Steps:
1. Double the number of shares.
2. Halve the price per share.
3. Select option C.
Answer: (C) | corporate_finance |
The current ratio is 2.0, from $800,000 of current assets divided by $400,000 of current liabilities. | null | bus_0040 | worked_example | en | Current assets are $800,000 and current liabilities are $400,000. Compute the current ratio. | [
"Write: Current ratio = Current assets / Current liabilities.",
"Substitute: 800,000 / 400,000.",
"Current ratio = 2.0."
] | business | Answer: 2.0.
Steps:
1. Write: Current ratio = Current assets / Current liabilities.
2. Substitute: 800,000 / 400,000.
3. Current ratio = 2.0. | corporate_finance |
Likvidita je schopnost hradit krátkodobé závazky, zatímco solventnost je schopnost hradit všechny závazky dlouhodobě. | null | bus_0041 | concept | cs | Jaký je rozdíl mezi likviditou a solventností? | [
"Definuj likviditu jako krátkodobou platební schopnost.",
"Definuj solventnost jako dlouhodobou schopnost.",
"Uveď příklad nelikvidní, ale solventní firmy."
] | business | Answer: Likvidita je krátkodobá, solventnost dlouhodobá schopnost platit.
Steps:
1. Definuj likviditu jako krátkodobou platební schopnost.
2. Definuj solventnost jako dlouhodobou schopnost.
3. Uveď příklad nelikvidní, ale solventní firmy. | corporate_finance |
The dividend yield is 4%, from a $2 dividend divided by a $50 share price. | null | bus_0042 | worked_example | en | A share pays a $2 annual dividend and trades at $50. Compute the dividend yield. | [
"Write: Yield = Dividend / Price.",
"Substitute: 2 / 50 = 0.04.",
"Dividend yield = 4%."
] | business | Answer: 4%.
Steps:
1. Write: Yield = Dividend / Price.
2. Substitute: 2 / 50 = 0.04.
3. Dividend yield = 4%. | corporate_finance |
The marketing mix of product, price, place, and promotion covers the four controllable decisions used to bring an offering to market. | null | bus_0043 | concept | en | What are the 4 Ps of marketing? | [
"Name product: what is offered.",
"Name price, place, and promotion.",
"Explain they are controllable marketing levers."
] | business | Answer: Product, price, place, and promotion.
Steps:
1. Name product: what is offered.
2. Name price, place, and promotion.
3. Explain they are controllable marketing levers. | marketing |
Segmentation divides the market into groups, targeting selects which to serve, and positioning defines the brand's place in their minds. | {
"A": "Sell, target, price",
"B": "Segment, target, position",
"C": "Survey, test, promote",
"D": "Source, trade, place"
} | bus_0044 | multiple_choice | en | What does STP stand for in marketing? | [
"Recall the three stages.",
"Match to segment, target, position.",
"Select option B."
] | business | Answer: Segment, target, position.
Steps:
1. Recall the three stages.
2. Match to segment, target, position.
3. Select option B.
Answer: (B) | marketing |
Customer lifetime value is $900, from $300 annual margin times a 3-year expected relationship. | null | bus_0045 | worked_example | en | A customer yields $300 margin per year and stays 3 years on average. Compute customer lifetime value. | [
"Write: CLV = annual margin x lifespan.",
"Substitute: 300 x 3.",
"CLV = $900."
] | business | Answer: $900.
Steps:
1. Write: CLV = annual margin x lifespan.
2. Substitute: 300 x 3.
3. CLV = $900. | marketing |
Tržní podíl je procento celkových tržeb trhu, které připadá na firmu, například 20 % při tržbách 40 milionů z trhu 200 milionů. | null | bus_0046 | concept | cs | Co je tržní podíl? | [
"Definuj podíl jako tržby firmy / tržby trhu.",
"Uveď příklad 40 ze 200 milionů.",
"Výsledek 20 %."
] | business | Answer: Procento tržeb trhu připadající na firmu.
Steps:
1. Definuj podíl jako tržby firmy / tržby trhu.
2. Uveď příklad 40 ze 200 milionů.
3. Výsledek 20 %. | marketing |
Brand equity is the added value a brand name gives beyond the functional product, reflected in loyalty, awareness, and price premium. | null | bus_0047 | concept | en | What is brand equity? | [
"Define it as brand-driven added value.",
"List components: awareness, loyalty, associations.",
"Note it supports premium pricing."
] | business | Answer: Added value from the brand name itself.
Steps:
1. Define it as brand-driven added value.
2. List components: awareness, loyalty, associations.
3. Note it supports premium pricing. | marketing |
Penetration pricing sets a low initial price to win share fast, while skimming starts high and lowers price over time. | {
"A": "Both start with high prices",
"B": "Penetration starts low, skimming starts high",
"C": "Both keep prices constant",
"D": "Skimming starts low, penetration starts high"
} | bus_0048 | multiple_choice | en | How do penetration and skimming pricing differ? | [
"Define penetration: low entry price.",
"Define skimming: high entry price.",
"Select option B."
] | business | Answer: Penetration starts low, skimming starts high.
Steps:
1. Define penetration: low entry price.
2. Define skimming: high entry price.
3. Select option B.
Answer: (B) | marketing |
The conversion rate is 4%, from 200 purchases divided by 5,000 visitors. | null | bus_0049 | worked_example | en | A website gets 5,000 visitors and 200 purchases. Compute the conversion rate. | [
"Write: Rate = Purchases / Visitors.",
"Substitute: 200 / 5,000 = 0.04.",
"Conversion rate = 4%."
] | business | Answer: 4%.
Steps:
1. Write: Rate = Purchases / Visitors.
2. Substitute: 200 / 5,000 = 0.04.
3. Conversion rate = 4%. | marketing |
A unique selling proposition states the distinct benefit that sets an offering apart from competitors. | null | bus_0050 | concept | en | What is a unique selling proposition (USP)? | [
"Define USP as the differentiating benefit.",
"Contrast with generic feature lists.",
"Give an example of a delivery-speed promise."
] | business | Answer: The distinct benefit setting an offer apart.
Steps:
1. Define USP as the differentiating benefit.
2. Contrast with generic feature lists.
3. Give an example of a delivery-speed promise. | marketing |
Customer acquisition cost is $50, from $10,000 of marketing spend divided by 200 new customers. | null | bus_0051 | worked_example | en | A campaign spends $10,000 and wins 200 new customers. Compute customer acquisition cost. | [
"Write: CAC = Spend / New customers.",
"Substitute: 10,000 / 200.",
"CAC = $50."
] | business | Answer: $50.
Steps:
1. Write: CAC = Spend / New customers.
2. Substitute: 10,000 / 200.
3. CAC = $50. | marketing |
Marketing ROI is 300%, from ($40,000 - $10,000) divided by $10,000. | {
"A": "100%",
"B": "200%",
"C": "300%",
"D": "400%"
} | bus_0052 | multiple_choice | en | A campaign costs $10,000 and generates $40,000 in margin. What is its ROI? | [
"Write: ROI = (Gain - Cost) / Cost.",
"Substitute: (40,000 - 10,000) / 10,000 = 3.",
"Select option C."
] | business | Answer: 300%.
Steps:
1. Write: ROI = (Gain - Cost) / Cost.
2. Substitute: (40,000 - 10,000) / 10,000 = 3.
3. Select option C.
Answer: (C) | marketing |
Cena založená na hodnotě vychází z vnímané hodnoty pro zákazníka, nikoli z nákladů, takže marže odráží ochotu platit. | null | bus_0053 | concept | cs | Co je hodnotová tvorba cen? | [
"Definuj cenu podle vnímané hodnoty.",
"Kontrastuj s nákladovou tvorbou cen.",
"Uveď příklad prémiového softwaru."
] | business | Answer: Cena podle vnímané hodnoty pro zákazníka.
Steps:
1. Definuj cenu podle vnímané hodnoty.
2. Kontrastuj s nákladovou tvorbou cen.
3. Uveď příklad prémiového softwaru. | marketing |
The product life cycle moves from introduction through growth and maturity to decline, with strategy shifting at each stage. | null | bus_0054 | concept | en | What are the stages of the product life cycle? | [
"Name introduction: low sales, high cost.",
"Name growth and maturity.",
"Name decline and withdrawal decisions."
] | business | Answer: Introduction, growth, maturity, decline.
Steps:
1. Name introduction: low sales, high cost.
2. Name growth and maturity.
3. Name decline and withdrawal decisions. | marketing |
A pull strategy draws customers to demand the product, while a push strategy moves it through channel intermediaries. | {
"A": "Push targets consumers, pull targets retailers",
"B": "Pull creates consumer demand, push moves product through channels",
"C": "They are identical",
"D": "Pull only uses pricing"
} | bus_0055 | multiple_choice | en | How do push and pull promotion strategies differ? | [
"Define pull: stimulate end-customer demand.",
"Define push: incentivize channel members.",
"Select option B."
] | business | Answer: Pull creates consumer demand, push moves product through channels.
Steps:
1. Define pull: stimulate end-customer demand.
2. Define push: incentivize channel members.
3. Select option B.
Answer: (B) | marketing |
The break-even ad budget is $15,000, from 500 units times $30 contribution margin. | null | bus_0056 | worked_example | en | Each unit contributes $30 margin and a campaign must sell 500 units to pay for itself. Compute the break-even ad budget. | [
"Write: Budget = Units x Margin.",
"Substitute: 500 x 30.",
"Budget = $15,000."
] | business | Answer: $15,000.
Steps:
1. Write: Budget = Units x Margin.
2. Substitute: 500 x 30.
3. Budget = $15,000. | marketing |
Positioning fixes a distinct image of the brand in the customer's mind relative to competitors. | null | bus_0057 | concept | en | What is brand positioning? | [
"Define positioning as mental differentiation.",
"Link it to target segment needs.",
"Give an example of a safety-positioned car brand."
] | business | Answer: A distinct brand image relative to rivals.
Steps:
1. Define positioning as mental differentiation.
2. Link it to target segment needs.
3. Give an example of a safety-positioned car brand. | marketing |
Marketingový trychtýř zužuje publikum od povědomí přes zvažování až k nákupu, přičemž v každé fázi část lidí odpadne. | {
"A": "Nákup, povědomí, zvažování",
"B": "Povědomí, zvažování, nákup",
"C": "Zvažování, nákup, povědomí",
"D": "Povědomí, nákup, zvažování"
} | bus_0058 | multiple_choice | cs | Jaké je správné pořadí fází marketingového trychtýře? | [
"Začni povědomím o značce.",
"Pokračuj zvažováním nabídky.",
"Konči nákupem; vyber B."
] | business | Answer: Povědomí, zvažování, nákup.
Steps:
1. Začni povědomím o značce.
2. Pokračuj zvažováním nabídky.
3. Konči nákupem; vyber B.
Answer: (B) | marketing |
Market share is 15%, from $30 million in firm sales divided by a $200 million market. | null | bus_0059 | worked_example | en | A firm sells $30 million in a $200 million market. Compute its market share. | [
"Write: Share = Firm sales / Market sales.",
"Substitute: 30 / 200 = 0.15.",
"Market share = 15%."
] | business | Answer: 15%.
Steps:
1. Write: Share = Firm sales / Market sales.
2. Substitute: 30 / 200 = 0.15.
3. Market share = 15%. | marketing |
Direct marketing reaches customers individually with measurable calls to action, unlike mass advertising aimed at broad awareness. | null | bus_0060 | concept | en | What is direct marketing? | [
"Define it as targeted individual communication.",
"List examples: email, mail, telemarketing.",
"Note responses are directly measurable."
] | business | Answer: Targeted individual outreach with measurable response.
Steps:
1. Define it as targeted individual communication.
2. List examples: email, mail, telemarketing.
3. Note responses are directly measurable. | marketing |
A loss leader is priced below cost to attract traffic, with profit earned on accompanying purchases. | {
"A": "A product sold below cost to attract traffic",
"B": "A product with the highest margin",
"C": "A discontinued product",
"D": "A luxury flagship product"
} | bus_0061 | multiple_choice | en | What is a loss leader? | [
"Recall the traffic-building purpose.",
"Eliminate high-margin, discontinued, luxury.",
"Select option A."
] | business | Answer: A product sold below cost to attract traffic.
Steps:
1. Recall the traffic-building purpose.
2. Eliminate high-margin, discontinued, luxury.
3. Select option A.
Answer: (A) | marketing |
Míra odchodu je 8 %, protože 400 odešlých ze 5 000 zákazníků děleno 5 000 se rovná 0,08. | null | bus_0062 | worked_example | cs | Firma měla 5 000 zákazníků a 400 jich odešlo. Vypočítej míru odchodu (churn). | [
"Napiš vzorec: churn = odešlí / celkem.",
"Dosaď: 400 / 5 000 = 0,08.",
"Míra odchodu = 8 %."
] | business | Answer: 8 %.
Steps:
1. Napiš vzorec: churn = odešlí / celkem.
2. Dosaď: 400 / 5 000 = 0,08.
3. Míra odchodu = 8 %. | marketing |
Co-branding joins two brands on one offering so each borrows the other's equity and audience. | null | bus_0063 | concept | en | What is co-branding? | [
"Define it as two brands on one product.",
"Explain shared equity and reach.",
"Give an example of a card plus airline partnership."
] | business | Answer: Two brands jointly marketed on one offering.
Steps:
1. Define it as two brands on one product.
2. Explain shared equity and reach.
3. Give an example of a card plus airline partnership. | marketing |
The four management functions are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling resources toward goals. | null | bus_0064 | concept | en | What are the four functions of management? | [
"Name planning: set goals and paths.",
"Name organizing and leading.",
"Name controlling: measure and correct."
] | business | Answer: Planning, organizing, leading, controlling.
Steps:
1. Name planning: set goals and paths.
2. Name organizing and leading.
3. Name controlling: measure and correct. | management |
Delegation assigns both task responsibility and matching authority while the manager keeps accountability for results. | {
"A": "Authority without responsibility",
"B": "Responsibility without authority",
"C": "Matching responsibility and authority",
"D": "Neither responsibility nor authority"
} | bus_0065 | multiple_choice | en | What should effective delegation include? | [
"Recall delegation transfers task ownership.",
"Note authority must match responsibility.",
"Select option C."
] | business | Answer: Matching responsibility and authority.
Steps:
1. Recall delegation transfers task ownership.
2. Note authority must match responsibility.
3. Select option C.
Answer: (C) | management |
Span of control is 6, from 12 employees divided by 2 supervisors. | null | bus_0066 | worked_example | en | A department has 12 employees reporting to 2 supervisors equally. Compute the average span of control. | [
"Write: Span = Employees / Supervisors.",
"Substitute: 12 / 2.",
"Span of control = 6."
] | business | Answer: 6.
Steps:
1. Write: Span = Employees / Supervisors.
2. Substitute: 12 / 2.
3. Span of control = 6. | management |
Maslowova hierarchie řadí potřeby od fyziologických přes bezpečí, sounáležitost a uznání až po seberealizaci. | null | bus_0067 | concept | cs | Co popisuje Maslowova hierarchie potřeb? | [
"Začni fyziologickými potřebami a bezpečím.",
"Pokračuj sounáležitostí a uznáním.",
"Vrcholem je seberealizace."
] | business | Answer: Pět úrovní lidských potřeb od přežití po seberealizaci.
Steps:
1. Začni fyziologickými potřebami a bezpečím.
2. Pokračuj sounáležitostí a uznáním.
3. Vrcholem je seberealizace. | management |
Transformational leaders inspire change through vision, while transactional leaders manage through rewards and penalties. | null | bus_0068 | concept | en | How do transformational and transactional leadership differ? | [
"Define transformational: vision and inspiration.",
"Define transactional: contingent rewards.",
"Contrast change focus versus stability focus."
] | business | Answer: Vision-driven change versus reward-driven exchange.
Steps:
1. Define transformational: vision and inspiration.
2. Define transactional: contingent rewards.
3. Contrast change focus versus stability focus. | management |
A flat structure has few hierarchy levels and wide spans, speeding decisions but burdening managers. | {
"A": "Many levels and narrow spans",
"B": "Few levels and wide spans",
"C": "No managers at all",
"D": "Only project teams"
} | bus_0069 | multiple_choice | en | What characterizes a flat organizational structure? | [
"Recall flat means few layers.",
"Link to wide spans of control.",
"Select option B."
] | business | Answer: Few levels and wide spans.
Steps:
1. Recall flat means few layers.
2. Link to wide spans of control.
3. Select option B.
Answer: (B) | management |
Productivity is 25 units per hour, from 200 units divided by 8 labor hours. | null | bus_0070 | worked_example | en | A team makes 200 units in 8 labor hours. Compute labor productivity. | [
"Write: Productivity = Output / Hours.",
"Substitute: 200 / 8.",
"Productivity = 25 units per hour."
] | business | Answer: 25 units per hour.
Steps:
1. Write: Productivity = Output / Hours.
2. Substitute: 200 / 8.
3. Productivity = 25 units per hour. | management |
SMART goals are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound so progress can be tracked. | null | bus_0071 | concept | en | What does SMART mean for goal setting? | [
"Expand each letter of the acronym.",
"Explain measurability enables tracking.",
"Give an example sales target with a deadline."
] | business | Answer: Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, time-bound.
Steps:
1. Expand each letter of the acronym.
2. Explain measurability enables tracking.
3. Give an example sales target with a deadline. | management |
Centralizace soustřeďuje rozhodování na vrcholu, zatímco decentralizace je přesouvá na nižší úrovně blíž k zákazníkovi. | {
"A": "Centralizace posiluje nižší úrovně",
"B": "Decentralizace soustřeďuje moc na vrcholu",
"C": "Centralizace drží rozhodnutí na vrcholu, decentralizace je rozděluje níž",
"D": "Obě ruší management"
} | bus_0072 | multiple_choice | cs | Jak se liší centralizace a decentralizace? | [
"Definuj centralizaci jako rozhodování na vrcholu.",
"Definuj decentralizaci jako přenos níž.",
"Vyber možnost C."
] | business | Answer: Centralizace drží rozhodnutí na vrcholu, decentralizace je rozděluje níž.
Steps:
1. Definuj centralizaci jako rozhodování na vrcholu.
2. Definuj decentralizaci jako přenos níž.
3. Vyber možnost C.
Answer: (C) | management |
The turnover rate is 12%, from 30 departures divided by an average headcount of 250. | null | bus_0073 | worked_example | en | A firm with 250 average employees loses 30 people in a year. Compute the turnover rate. | [
"Write: Turnover = Departures / Average headcount.",
"Substitute: 30 / 250 = 0.12.",
"Turnover rate = 12%."
] | business | Answer: 12%.
Steps:
1. Write: Turnover = Departures / Average headcount.
2. Substitute: 30 / 250 = 0.12.
3. Turnover rate = 12%. | management |
Performance appraisal compares employee results against standards to guide feedback, rewards, and development. | null | bus_0074 | concept | en | What is the purpose of performance appraisal? | [
"Measure results against agreed standards.",
"Deliver feedback to the employee.",
"Link outcomes to rewards and training."
] | business | Answer: Evaluate results to guide feedback and rewards.
Steps:
1. Measure results against agreed standards.
2. Deliver feedback to the employee.
3. Link outcomes to rewards and training. | management |
Herzberg's hygiene factors like pay prevent dissatisfaction, while motivators like achievement create satisfaction. | {
"A": "Pay creates satisfaction, achievement prevents dissatisfaction",
"B": "Hygiene factors prevent dissatisfaction, motivators create satisfaction",
"C": "Both work identically",
"D": "Only pay matters"
} | bus_0075 | multiple_choice | en | What does Herzberg's two-factor theory claim? | [
"Separate hygiene from motivator factors.",
"Assign prevention to hygiene, satisfaction to motivators.",
"Select option B."
] | business | Answer: Hygiene factors prevent dissatisfaction, motivators create satisfaction.
Steps:
1. Separate hygiene from motivator factors.
2. Assign prevention to hygiene, satisfaction to motivators.
3. Select option B.
Answer: (B) | management |
Plánování lidských zdrojů je 45 lidí, protože 50 potřebných minus 5 současných navíc... přesněji 40 současných plus 5 nově nabraných je 45, chybí tedy 5. | null | bus_0076 | worked_example | cs | Firma potřebuje 50 pracovníků, má 40 a nabere 5. Kolik lidí bude mít a kolik jí chybí? | [
"Sečti současné a nové: 40 + 5 = 45.",
"Odečti od potřeby: 50 - 45 = 5.",
"Firma bude mít 45 lidí, chybí 5."
] | business | Answer: 45 lidí, chybí 5.
Steps:
1. Sečti současné a nové: 40 + 5 = 45.
2. Odečti od potřeby: 50 - 45 = 5.
3. Firma bude mít 45 lidí, chybí 5. | management |
Management by objectives aligns employees and managers on measurable targets that are reviewed jointly at period end. | null | bus_0077 | concept | en | What is management by objectives (MBO)? | [
"Set measurable goals jointly.",
"Track progress during the period.",
"Review results together at the end."
] | business | Answer: Joint goal-setting with measurable review.
Steps:
1. Set measurable goals jointly.
2. Track progress during the period.
3. Review results together at the end. | management |
An autocratic leader decides alone with little input, which is fast but can harm morale. | {
"A": "Decides alone with little input",
"B": "Delegates all decisions",
"C": "Decides purely by team vote",
"D": "Avoids all decisions"
} | bus_0078 | multiple_choice | en | What defines an autocratic leadership style? | [
"Recall autocratic means centralized command.",
"Eliminate delegation, voting, avoidance.",
"Select option A."
] | business | Answer: Decides alone with little input.
Steps:
1. Recall autocratic means centralized command.
2. Eliminate delegation, voting, avoidance.
3. Select option A.
Answer: (A) | management |
Absenteeism is 4%, from 80 absent days divided by 2,000 scheduled days. | null | bus_0079 | worked_example | en | Workers miss 80 days out of 2,000 scheduled days. Compute the absenteeism rate. | [
"Write: Rate = Absent days / Scheduled days.",
"Substitute: 80 / 2,000 = 0.04.",
"Absenteeism rate = 4%."
] | business | Answer: 4%.
Steps:
1. Write: Rate = Absent days / Scheduled days.
2. Substitute: 80 / 2,000 = 0.04.
3. Absenteeism rate = 4%. | management |
Corporate culture is the shared values and norms that shape how people behave and decide inside a firm. | null | bus_0080 | concept | en | What is corporate culture? | [
"Define it as shared values and norms.",
"Explain it guides daily behavior.",
"Note leaders shape it through actions."
] | business | Answer: Shared values and norms guiding behavior.
Steps:
1. Define it as shared values and norms.
2. Explain it guides daily behavior.
3. Note leaders shape it through actions. | management |
Řízení změn překonává odpor komunikací, zapojením lidí a rychlými výhrami, které potvrdí smysl změny. | null | bus_0081 | concept | cs | Jak management překonává odpor ke změně? | [
"Vysvětli důvod změny srozumitelně.",
"Zapoj zaměstnance do návrhu.",
"Ukaž rychlé výhry jako důkaz."
] | business | Answer: Komunikací, zapojením a rychlými výhrami.
Steps:
1. Vysvětli důvod změny srozumitelně.
2. Zapoj zaměstnance do návrhu.
3. Ukaž rychlé výhry jako důkaz. | management |
A matrix structure reports employees to both functional and project managers, sharing expertise flexibly. | {
"A": "One boss only",
"B": "Two bosses: functional and project",
"C": "No bosses",
"D": "Only external bosses"
} | bus_0082 | multiple_choice | en | What is a matrix organizational structure? | [
"Recall dual reporting lines.",
"Name functional and project managers.",
"Select option B."
] | business | Answer: Two bosses: functional and project.
Steps:
1. Recall dual reporting lines.
2. Name functional and project managers.
3. Select option B.
Answer: (B) | management |
Overtime cost is $1,500, from 50 hours times $30 per hour. | null | bus_0083 | worked_example | en | A team works 50 overtime hours paid at $30 per hour. Compute the overtime cost. | [
"Write: Cost = Hours x Rate.",
"Substitute: 50 x 30.",
"Overtime cost = $1,500."
] | business | Answer: $1,500.
Steps:
1. Write: Cost = Hours x Rate.
2. Substitute: 50 x 30.
3. Overtime cost = $1,500. | management |
Coaching develops employee skills through guided questions and feedback rather than direct orders. | null | bus_0084 | concept | en | What is coaching as a management style? | [
"Define coaching as guided development.",
"Contrast with commanding.",
"Note it builds long-term capability."
] | business | Answer: Developing staff through guidance and feedback.
Steps:
1. Define coaching as guided development.
2. Contrast with commanding.
3. Note it builds long-term capability. | management |
SWOT analysis maps internal strengths and weaknesses against external opportunities and threats. | null | bus_0085 | concept | en | What does a SWOT analysis cover? | [
"List internal factors: strengths, weaknesses.",
"List external factors: opportunities, threats.",
"Use the grid to shape strategy."
] | business | Answer: Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats.
Steps:
1. List internal factors: strengths, weaknesses.
2. List external factors: opportunities, threats.
3. Use the grid to shape strategy. | firm_strategy |
Cost leadership wins on lowest cost, differentiation wins on uniqueness, and focus wins in a narrow segment. | {
"A": "Cost, speed, luck",
"B": "Cost leadership, differentiation, focus",
"C": "Price, place, promotion",
"D": "Grow, hold, exit"
} | bus_0086 | multiple_choice | en | What are Porter's three generic strategies? | [
"Recall Porter's strategy trio.",
"Match cost, differentiation, focus.",
"Select option B."
] | business | Answer: Cost leadership, differentiation, focus.
Steps:
1. Recall Porter's strategy trio.
2. Match cost, differentiation, focus.
3. Select option B.
Answer: (B) | firm_strategy |
Relative market share is 0.67, from 20% firm share divided by 30% leader share. | null | bus_0087 | worked_example | en | A firm holds 20% share while the leader holds 30%. Compute relative market share. | [
"Write: Relative share = Firm share / Leader share.",
"Substitute: 20 / 30 = 0.67.",
"Relative market share = 0.67."
] | business | Answer: 0.67.
Steps:
1. Write: Relative share = Firm share / Leader share.
2. Substitute: 20 / 30 = 0.67.
3. Relative market share = 0.67. | firm_strategy |
Konkurenční výhoda je udržitelný náskok před rivaly, například nižší náklady nebo silná značka. | null | bus_0088 | concept | cs | Co je konkurenční výhoda? | [
"Definuj výhodu jako udržitelný náskok.",
"Uveď příklady: náklady, značka, technologie.",
"Zdůrazni obtížnost napodobení."
] | business | Answer: Udržitelný náskok před konkurenty.
Steps:
1. Definuj výhodu jako udržitelný náskok.
2. Uveď příklady: náklady, značka, technologie.
3. Zdůrazni obtížnost napodobení. | firm_strategy |
The five forces are new entrants, suppliers, buyers, substitutes, and rivalry, jointly setting industry profit potential. | null | bus_0089 | concept | en | What are Porter's five forces? | [
"Name entrants and substitutes.",
"Name supplier and buyer power.",
"Name rivalry among incumbents."
] | business | Answer: Entrants, suppliers, buyers, substitutes, rivalry.
Steps:
1. Name entrants and substitutes.
2. Name supplier and buyer power.
3. Name rivalry among incumbents. | firm_strategy |
Vertical integration buys a supplier or distributor, while horizontal integration buys a direct competitor. | {
"A": "Vertical buys competitors, horizontal buys suppliers",
"B": "Vertical buys suppliers or distributors, horizontal buys competitors",
"C": "Both buy customers",
"D": "Both sell divisions"
} | bus_0090 | multiple_choice | en | How do vertical and horizontal integration differ? | [
"Define vertical: along the supply chain.",
"Define horizontal: same-stage rivals.",
"Select option B."
] | business | Answer: Vertical buys suppliers or distributors, horizontal buys competitors.
Steps:
1. Define vertical: along the supply chain.
2. Define horizontal: same-stage rivals.
3. Select option B.
Answer: (B) | firm_strategy |
The synergy gain is $5 million, from $115 million combined value minus $80 million and $30 million standalone values. | null | bus_0091 | worked_example | en | Firm A is worth $80M and firm B $30M, but combined they are worth $115M. Compute the synergy gain. | [
"Sum standalone values: 80 + 30 = 110.",
"Subtract from combined: 115 - 110.",
"Synergy gain = $5M."
] | business | Answer: $5M.
Steps:
1. Sum standalone values: 80 + 30 = 110.
2. Subtract from combined: 115 - 110.
3. Synergy gain = $5M. | firm_strategy |
A mission states why the firm exists today, while a vision paints the future it wants to create. | null | bus_0092 | concept | en | What is the difference between mission and vision statements? | [
"Define mission as present purpose.",
"Define vision as future aspiration.",
"Note both guide strategy."
] | business | Answer: Mission is present purpose; vision is future aspiration.
Steps:
1. Define mission as present purpose.
2. Define vision as future aspiration.
3. Note both guide strategy. | firm_strategy |
Diverzifikace rozkládá riziko do více oborů, takže propad jednoho trhu firmu nepoloží. | {
"A": "Soustředění na jeden trh",
"B": "Rozšíření do více oborů pro rozložení rizika",
"C": "Prodej všech divizí",
"D": "Snížení počtu produktů"
} | bus_0093 | multiple_choice | cs | Co znamená diverzifikace firmy? | [
"Definuj rozšíření do více oborů.",
"Vysvětli rozložení rizika.",
"Vyber možnost B."
] | business | Answer: Rozšíření do více oborů pro rozložení rizika.
Steps:
1. Definuj rozšíření do více oborů.
2. Vysvětli rozložení rizika.
3. Vyber možnost B.
Answer: (B) | firm_strategy |
The HHI is 2,800, from 2,500 plus 100 plus 100 plus 100, indicating a concentrated market. | null | bus_0094 | worked_example | en | Four firms hold 50%, 10%, 10%, and 10% shares. Compute the Herfindahl index (HHI). | [
"Square each share: 2500, 100, 100, 100.",
"Sum: 2500 + 100 + 100 + 100.",
"HHI = 2,800."
] | business | Answer: 2,800.
Steps:
1. Square each share: 2500, 100, 100, 100.
2. Sum: 2500 + 100 + 100 + 100.
3. HHI = 2,800. | firm_strategy |
Core competencies are unique capabilities that open many markets and are hard for rivals to copy. | null | bus_0095 | concept | en | What is a core competency? | [
"Define it as a distinctive capability.",
"Check it spans multiple products.",
"Check rivals cannot easily imitate it."
] | business | Answer: A hard-to-copy capability spanning markets.
Steps:
1. Define it as a distinctive capability.
2. Check it spans multiple products.
3. Check rivals cannot easily imitate it. | firm_strategy |
A blue-ocean strategy creates uncontested market space instead of fighting rivals in a crowded red ocean. | {
"A": "Fight harder in existing markets",
"B": "Create uncontested market space",
"C": "Copy the leader exactly",
"D": "Exit all markets"
} | bus_0096 | multiple_choice | en | What is a blue-ocean strategy? | [
"Contrast blue ocean with red ocean.",
"Define value innovation.",
"Select option B."
] | business | Answer: Create uncontested market space.
Steps:
1. Contrast blue ocean with red ocean.
2. Define value innovation.
3. Select option B.
Answer: (B) | firm_strategy |
Očekávaná hodnota vstupu je 4 miliony Kč, protože 0,5 krát 10 milionů minus 0,5 krát 2 miliony se rovná 4 milionům. | null | bus_0097 | worked_example | cs | Vstup na trh má 50% šanci na zisk 10 milionů Kč a 50% šanci na ztrátu 2 miliony Kč. Vypočítej očekávanou hodnotu. | [
"Váha zisku: 0,5 x 10 = 5.",
"Váha ztráty: 0,5 x 2 = 1.",
"Očekávaná hodnota = 5 - 1 = 4 miliony Kč."
] | business | Answer: 4 miliony Kč.
Steps:
1. Váha zisku: 0,5 x 10 = 5.
2. Váha ztráty: 0,5 x 2 = 1.
3. Očekávaná hodnota = 5 - 1 = 4 miliony Kč. | firm_strategy |
First-mover advantage comes from early entry through brand, switching costs, or scarce assets, though followers may free-ride. | null | bus_0098 | concept | en | What is first-mover advantage? | [
"Define it as benefits of early entry.",
"List sources: brand, lock-in, assets.",
"Note the risk of follower free-riding."
] | business | Answer: Benefits of entering a market first.
Steps:
1. Define it as benefits of early entry.
2. List sources: brand, lock-in, assets.
3. Note the risk of follower free-riding. | firm_strategy |
A joint venture shares ownership, costs, and risks of a new entity between partner firms. | {
"A": "A full merger",
"B": "A shared-ownership new entity",
"C": "A supplier contract",
"D": "A franchise sale"
} | bus_0099 | multiple_choice | en | What is a joint venture? | [
"Recall partners co-own a new entity.",
"Eliminate merger, contract, franchise.",
"Select option B."
] | business | Answer: A shared-ownership new entity.
Steps:
1. Recall partners co-own a new entity.
2. Eliminate merger, contract, franchise.
3. Select option B.
Answer: (B) | firm_strategy |
The combined share is 35%, from 20% plus 15% of the merging firms. | null | bus_0100 | worked_example | en | Two merging firms hold 20% and 15% market shares. Compute their combined share. | [
"Add the shares: 20 + 15.",
"Combined share = 35%.",
"Note regulators review such concentration."
] | business | Answer: 35%.
Steps:
1. Add the shares: 20 + 15.
2. Combined share = 35%.
3. Note regulators review such concentration. | firm_strategy |
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