answer string | choices dict | id string | kind string | lang string | question string | steps list | subject string | text string | topic string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(B) Permian; the Permian extinction wiped out about 90 percent of marine species. | {
"A": "Cretaceous",
"B": "Permian",
"C": "Triassic",
"D": "Devonian"
} | bio_1401 | multiple_choice | en | Which extinction killed most marine life? | [
"Eliminate later dyings.",
"Spot 90 percent loss.",
"Choose Permian."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Permian emptied seas.
Steps:
1. Eliminate later dyings.
2. Spot 90 percent loss.
3. Choose Permian.
Answer: (B) | evolution |
(D) Coal; coal burns once and regrows never on human timescales. | {
"A": "Timber",
"B": "Solar",
"C": "Wind",
"D": "Coal"
} | bio_1402 | multiple_choice | en | Which is a nonrenewable resource? | [
"Eliminate regrowables.",
"Spot one-burn fuel.",
"Choose coal."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Coal burns once.
Steps:
1. Eliminate regrowables.
2. Spot one-burn fuel.
3. Choose coal.
Answer: (D) | ecology |
(A) Macrophages; macrophages swallow bacteria whole. | {
"A": "Macrophages",
"B": "Red blood cells",
"C": "Platelets",
"D": "Epithelial cells"
} | bio_1403 | multiple_choice | en | Which cells engulf bacteria? | [
"Eliminate carriers.",
"Spot big eaters.",
"Choose macrophages."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Macrophages eat germs.
Steps:
1. Eliminate carriers.
2. Spot big eaters.
3. Choose macrophages.
Answer: (A) | physiology |
(C) Iron; hemoglobin needs iron to carry oxygen. | {
"A": "Calcium",
"B": "Zinc",
"C": "Iron",
"D": "Iodine"
} | bio_1404 | multiple_choice | en | Which mineral helps carry oxygen? | [
"Eliminate bone mineral.",
"Spot blood helper.",
"Choose iron."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Iron ferries oxygen.
Steps:
1. Eliminate bone mineral.
2. Spot blood helper.
3. Choose iron.
Answer: (C) | biochemistry |
(A) Amyloplast; amyloplasty ukládají škrob v kořenech a semenech. | {
"A": "Amyloplast",
"B": "Mitochondrie",
"C": "Jádro",
"D": "Ribozom"
} | bio_1405 | multiple_choice | cs | Která organela ukládá škrob? | [
"Vylučte spalovače.",
"Přiřaďte zásobu amyloplastům.",
"Zvolte amyloplast."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Škrob ukládají amyloplasty.
Steps:
1. Vylučte spalovače.
2. Přiřaďte zásobu amyloplastům.
3. Zvolte amyloplast.
Answer: (A) | cell_biology |
(D) Aa; carriers hide one recessive allele behind a dominant one. | {
"A": "AA",
"B": "aa",
"C": "BB",
"D": "Aa"
} | bio_1406 | multiple_choice | en | Which genotype is a carrier? | [
"Eliminate pure pairs.",
"Spot hidden recessive.",
"Choose Aa."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Carriers hide recessives.
Steps:
1. Eliminate pure pairs.
2. Spot hidden recessive.
3. Choose Aa.
Answer: (D) | genetics |
The response is 2.1 g; heritability 0.7 times the 3 g selection difference gives the gain. | null | bio_1407 | worked_example | en | Egg heritability is 0.7 and the selection difference is 3 g. Predict the response to selection. | [
"Multiply R = 0.7 x 3 = 2.1 g.",
"Recompute: 2.1 / 3 = 0.7.",
"Report 2.1 g."
] | biology | Answer: 2.1 g.
Steps:
1. Multiply R = 0.7 x 3 = 2.1 g.
2. Recompute: 2.1 / 3 = 0.7.
3. Report 2.1 g. | evolution |
13,200 plants climb; 6 hectares times 2200 plants each gives the hop field. | null | bio_1408 | worked_example | en | A hop field covers 6 hectares with 2200 plants per hectare. Calculate the plants. | [
"Multiply 6 x 2200 = 13200.",
"Recompute: 13200 / 6 = 2200.",
"Report 13200 plants."
] | biology | Answer: 13200 plants.
Steps:
1. Multiply 6 x 2200 = 13200.
2. Recompute: 13200 / 6 = 2200.
3. Report 13200 plants. | ecology |
1000 taste buds; 10 cm² times 100 buds each gives the tongue total. | null | bio_1409 | worked_example | en | The tongue is 10 cm² with 100 taste buds per cm². Calculate the buds. | [
"Multiply 10 x 100 = 1000.",
"Recompute: 1000 / 10 = 100.",
"Report 1000 buds."
] | biology | Answer: 1000 buds.
Steps:
1. Multiply 10 x 100 = 1000.
2. Recompute: 1000 / 10 = 100.
3. Report 1000 buds. | physiology |
30 gramů tuku; 50 gramů ořechů krát 60 procent dá tučnou část. | null | bio_1410 | worked_example | cs | Ořechy obsahují 60 procent tuku. Kolik gramů tuku je v 50 g ořechů? | [
"Převeďte 60 procent = 0,6.",
"Vynásobte 50 x 0,6 = 30.",
"Přepočítejte: 30 / 50 = 0,6."
] | biology | Answer: 30 g tuku.
Steps:
1. Převeďte 60 procent = 0,6.
2. Vynásobte 50 x 0,6 = 30.
3. Přepočítejte: 30 / 50 = 0,6. | biochemistry |
About 1/250, i.e. 0.4 percent; 200 nm of the 50,000 nm cell gives the share. | null | bio_1411 | worked_example | en | A cell wall is 200 nm thick on a 50 µm cell. What fraction of cell width is it? | [
"Convert 50 µm = 50000 nm.",
"Divide 200 / 50000 = 1/250.",
"Convert to 0.4 percent.",
"Recompute: 50000 / 250 = 200."
] | biology | Answer: 1/250, i.e. 0.4 percent.
Steps:
1. Convert 50 µm = 50000 nm.
2. Divide 200 / 50000 = 1/250.
3. Convert to 0.4 percent.
4. Recompute: 50000 / 250 = 200. | cell_biology |
Chromatid breaks snap one sister while chromosome breaks snap both at the same spot. | null | bio_1412 | concept | en | Distinguish chromatid from chromosome breaks. | [
"Snap one sister.",
"Snap both aligned.",
"Read break patterns."
] | biology | Answer: Breaks single or double sisters.
Steps:
1. Snap one sister.
2. Snap both aligned.
3. Read break patterns. | genetics |
Shared chick feeding pays pairs that stay together where food is scarce and predators many. | null | bio_1413 | concept | en | Explain monogamy in birds. | [
"Feed chicks paired.",
"Split scarce food.",
"Dodge predators doubled."
] | biology | Answer: Pairs split parenting load.
Steps:
1. Feed chicks paired.
2. Split scarce food.
3. Dodge predators doubled. | evolution |
Alkaline waters grow tufa towers sheltering shrimp that feed nesting gulls. | null | bio_1414 | concept | en | Describe the Mono Lake ecosystem. | [
"Alkalize waters harsh.",
"Tower tufa stone.",
"Feed gulls shrimp."
] | biology | Answer: Mono Lake towers alkaline.
Steps:
1. Alkalize waters harsh.
2. Tower tufa stone.
3. Feed gulls shrimp. | ecology |
Kyčelník vstřebává vitamín B12 a žlučové soli a hlídají ho Peyerovy plaky. | null | bio_1415 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete funkci kyčelníku. | [
"Vstřebejte B12.",
"Získejte žlučové soli.",
"Hlídejte plaky."
] | biology | Answer: Kyčelník sbírá B12 a žluč.
Steps:
1. Vstřebejte B12.
2. Získejte žlučové soli.
3. Hlídejte plaky. | physiology |
Arabinose-galactose branches dissolve gum arabic that thickens inks and sweets. | null | bio_1416 | concept | en | Describe the structure of arabinogalactan. | [
"Branch sugars mixed.",
"Dissolve gums clear.",
"Thicken inks, sweets."
] | biology | Answer: Arabinogalactan gums smooth.
Steps:
1. Branch sugars mixed.
2. Dissolve gums clear.
3. Thicken inks, sweets. | biochemistry |
BUB1 recruits checkpoint guards and steadies kinetochore grips on microtubules. | null | bio_1417 | concept | en | Explain BUB1 kinase. | [
"Recruit guard proteins.",
"Steady kinetochore grips.",
"Wait attachments true."
] | biology | Answer: BUB1 steadies spindle waits.
Steps:
1. Recruit guard proteins.
2. Steady kinetochore grips.
3. Wait attachments true. | cell_biology |
Gaps thin one chromatid unstained while breaks sever it with displaced fragments. | null | bio_1418 | concept | en | Distinguish gaps from breaks in cytogenetics. | [
"Thin chromatids gap.",
"Sever them break.",
"Displace fragments broken."
] | biology | Answer: Gaps thin, breaks sever.
Steps:
1. Thin chromatids gap.
2. Sever them break.
3. Displace fragments broken. | genetics |
Males gather to display where females shop for mates, concentrating competition into arenas. | null | bio_1419 | concept | en | Explain the evolution of lek behavior. | [
"Gather males displaying.",
"Shop females choosing.",
"Concentrate contests arena."
] | biology | Answer: Leks stage mating markets.
Steps:
1. Gather males displaying.
2. Shop females choosing.
3. Concentrate contests arena. | evolution |
Půda ukládá vodu a živiny, hostí kořeny a mikroby a filtruje dešťovou vodu. | null | bio_1420 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete význam půdy. | [
"Uložte vodu a živiny.",
"Hostěte kořeny a mikroby.",
"Filtrujte déšť."
] | biology | Answer: Půda živí a filtruje.
Steps:
1. Uložte vodu a živiny.
2. Hostěte kořeny a mikroby.
3. Filtrujte déšť. | ecology |
(C) Vein; veins return blood to the heart. | {
"A": "Artery",
"B": "Arteriole",
"C": "Vein",
"D": "Capillary"
} | bio_1421 | multiple_choice | en | Which vessel carries blood to the heart? | [
"Eliminate outgoing pipes.",
"Spot returning flow.",
"Choose vein."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Veins return blood.
Steps:
1. Eliminate outgoing pipes.
2. Spot returning flow.
3. Choose vein.
Answer: (C) | physiology |
(A) Oxygen; oxygen atoms outweigh all others in body mass. | {
"A": "Oxygen",
"B": "Carbon",
"C": "Hydrogen",
"D": "Calcium"
} | bio_1422 | multiple_choice | en | Which element is most abundant by mass in the human body? | [
"Eliminate frame atoms.",
"Spot water weight.",
"Choose oxygen."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Bodies weigh oxygen most.
Steps:
1. Eliminate frame atoms.
2. Spot water weight.
3. Choose oxygen.
Answer: (A) | biochemistry |
(D) Centromere; centromeres join sister chromatids until anaphase. | {
"A": "Telomere",
"B": "Nucleolus",
"C": "Membrane",
"D": "Centromere"
} | bio_1423 | multiple_choice | en | Which structure holds sister chromatids together? | [
"Eliminate chromosome ends.",
"Spot joining waist.",
"Choose centromere."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Centromeres clasp sisters.
Steps:
1. Eliminate chromosome ends.
2. Spot joining waist.
3. Choose centromere.
Answer: (D) | cell_biology |
(B) Carrier mother; only mothers give sons the X carrying hemophilia. | {
"A": "Normal father",
"B": "Carrier mother",
"C": "Normal mother",
"D": "Affected father"
} | bio_1424 | multiple_choice | en | Which parent can pass hemophilia to sons? | [
"Eliminate Y givers.",
"Spot X givers.",
"Choose carrier mother."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Mothers pass hemophilia on.
Steps:
1. Eliminate Y givers.
2. Spot X givers.
3. Choose carrier mother.
Answer: (B) | genetics |
(B) Permské; vyhynulo při něm asi 90 procent mořských druhů. | {
"A": "Křídové",
"B": "Permské",
"C": "Triasové",
"D": "Devonské"
} | bio_1425 | multiple_choice | cs | Které vymírání bylo největší? | [
"Vylučte mladší zkázy.",
"Přiřaďte rekord permu.",
"Zvolte permské."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Největší byl perm.
Steps:
1. Vylučte mladší zkázy.
2. Přiřaďte rekord permu.
3. Zvolte permské.
Answer: (B) | evolution |
(C) Savanna; savannas swing between rainy growth and dry dormancy. | {
"A": "Tundra",
"B": "Taiga",
"C": "Savanna",
"D": "Desert"
} | bio_1426 | multiple_choice | en | Which biome has distinct wet and dry seasons? | [
"Eliminate frozen lands.",
"Spot seasonal rains.",
"Choose savanna."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Savannas swing seasons.
Steps:
1. Eliminate frozen lands.
2. Spot seasonal rains.
3. Choose savanna.
Answer: (C) | ecology |
About 0.04 percent; 30 g of the 70,000 g body is thymus. | null | bio_1427 | worked_example | en | The thymus weighs 30 g in a 70 kg body. Calculate the thymus percent. | [
"Convert 70 kg = 70000 g.",
"Divide 30 / 70000 = 0.00043.",
"Convert to about 0.04 percent.",
"Recompute: 70000 x 0.00043 = 30."
] | biology | Answer: About 0.04 percent.
Steps:
1. Convert 70 kg = 70000 g.
2. Divide 30 / 70000 = 0.00043.
3. Convert to about 0.04 percent.
4. Recompute: 70000 x 0.00043 = 30. | physiology |
4 grams of fat; 8 grams at 50 percent fat gives the content. | null | bio_1428 | worked_example | en | A peanut weighs 8 g with 50 percent fat. Calculate fat grams. | [
"Convert 50 percent = 0.5.",
"Multiply 8 x 0.5 = 4.",
"Recompute: 4/8 = 0.5."
] | biology | Answer: 4 g of fat.
Steps:
1. Convert 50 percent = 0.5.
2. Multiply 8 x 0.5 = 4.
3. Recompute: 4/8 = 0.5. | biochemistry |
About 1/5000, i.e. 0.02 percent; 8 nm of the 40,000 nm cell gives the share. | null | bio_1429 | worked_example | en | A cell membrane is 8 nm thick on a 40 µm cell. What fraction of cell width is it? | [
"Convert 40 µm = 40000 nm.",
"Divide 8 / 40000 = 1/5000.",
"Convert to 0.02 percent.",
"Recompute: 40000 / 5000 = 8."
] | biology | Answer: 1/5000, i.e. 0.02 percent.
Steps:
1. Convert 40 µm = 40000 nm.
2. Divide 8 / 40000 = 1/5000.
3. Convert to 0.02 percent.
4. Recompute: 40000 / 5000 = 8. | cell_biology |
Pravděpodobnost je 1/64, tedy asi 1,56 procenta; tři nezávislé čtvrtiny se násobí. | null | bio_1430 | worked_example | cs | Při křížení AaBbCc x AaBbCc vypočítejte pravděpodobnost potomka s genotypem aabbcc. | [
"Určete P(aa) = P(bb) = P(cc) = 1/4.",
"Vynásobte 1/4 x 1/4 x 1/4 = 1/64.",
"Převeďte na asi 1,56 procenta.",
"Přepočítejte: 1/64 x 64 = 1 z 64."
] | biology | Answer: 1/64, tedy asi 1,56 procenta.
Steps:
1. Určete P(aa) = P(bb) = P(cc) = 1/4.
2. Vynásobte 1/4 x 1/4 x 1/4 = 1/64.
3. Převeďte na asi 1,56 procenta.
4. Přepočítejte: 1/64 x 64 = 1 z 64. | genetics |
108 carriers in 600; 2pq of 0.18 times 600 gives the expected count. | null | bio_1431 | worked_example | en | In Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium p=0.9 and q=0.1 in 600 diploid individuals. How many carriers are expected? | [
"Compute 2pq = 2 x 0.9 x 0.1 = 0.18.",
"Multiply 0.18 x 600 = 108.",
"Recompute: 108/600 = 0.18."
] | biology | Answer: 108 carriers.
Steps:
1. Compute 2pq = 2 x 0.9 x 0.1 = 0.18.
2. Multiply 0.18 x 600 = 108.
3. Recompute: 108/600 = 0.18. | evolution |
The deepest, oldest lake shelters endemic seals and sponges in crystal Siberian waters. | null | bio_1432 | concept | en | Describe the Lake Baikal ecosystem. | [
"Sink lakes deepest.",
"Age waters oldest.",
"Shelter seals endemic."
] | biology | Answer: Baikal shelters ancient deeps.
Steps:
1. Sink lakes deepest.
2. Age waters oldest.
3. Shelter seals endemic. | ecology |
The accumbens weighs rewards and drives motivation, hijacked by addictive drugs. | null | bio_1433 | concept | en | Explain the nucleus accumbens. | [
"Weigh rewards incoming.",
"Drive motivation onward.",
"Hijack addicts drugward."
] | biology | Answer: Accumbens prices pleasure.
Steps:
1. Weigh rewards incoming.
2. Drive motivation onward.
3. Hijack addicts drugward. | physiology |
Bacterial fructose chains glue biofilms and thicken fermented foods. | null | bio_1434 | concept | en | Describe the structure of levan. | [
"Chain fructose bacterial.",
"Glue biofilms sticky.",
"Thicken ferments smooth."
] | biology | Answer: Levan glues bacterial mats.
Steps:
1. Chain fructose bacterial.
2. Glue biofilms sticky.
3. Thicken ferments smooth. | biochemistry |
Kinetochor je bílkovinná struktura na centromeře; zachycuje mikrotubuly vřeténka a řídí rozchod. | null | bio_1435 | concept | cs | Popište kinetochor. | [
"Umístěte ho na centromeru.",
"Zachytěte mikrotubuly.",
"Řiďte rozchod."
] | biology | Answer: Kinetochor chytá vřeténko.
Steps:
1. Umístěte ho na centromeru.
2. Zachytěte mikrotubuly.
3. Řiďte rozchod. | cell_biology |
Premature condensation shatters chromosomes into dust that marks cell fusions and viral damage. | null | bio_1436 | concept | en | Explain pulverized chromosomes. | [
"Condense cells early.",
"Shatter chromosomes dusty.",
"Mark fusions, viruses."
] | biology | Answer: Pulverization dusts chromosomes.
Steps:
1. Condense cells early.
2. Shatter chromosomes dusty.
3. Mark fusions, viruses. | genetics |
Helpers raising others' young evolve where territories are scarce and kinship is close. | null | bio_1437 | concept | en | Explain cooperative breeding. | [
"Scarce territories held.",
"Raise kin young.",
"Inherit nests later."
] | biology | Answer: Helpers raise kin young.
Steps:
1. Scarce territories held.
2. Raise kin young.
3. Inherit nests later. | evolution |
The high Andean lake shelters endemic killifish and giant frogs in thin-air waters. | null | bio_1438 | concept | en | Describe the Lake Titicaca ecosystem. | [
"Rise lakes highest.",
"Shelter killifish endemic.",
"Croak frogs giant."
] | biology | Answer: Titicaca floats sky-high life.
Steps:
1. Rise lakes highest.
2. Shelter killifish endemic.
3. Croak frogs giant. | ecology |
VTA dopamine fires for rewards and novelty, teaching brains what to repeat. | null | bio_1439 | concept | en | Explain the ventral tegmental area. | [
"Fire dopamine reward.",
"Flag novelty salient.",
"Teach repeats wanted."
] | biology | Answer: VTA teaches wanting.
Steps:
1. Fire dopamine reward.
2. Flag novelty salient.
3. Teach repeats wanted. | physiology |
Metabolismus je souhrn přeměn látek: katabolismus rozkládá a uvolňuje energii, anabolismus staví. | null | bio_1440 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete, co je to metabolismus. | [
"Definujte přeměny látek.",
"Rozložte katabolismem.",
"Postavte anabolismem."
] | biology | Answer: Metabolismus bourá a staví.
Steps:
1. Definujte přeměny látek.
2. Rozložte katabolismem.
3. Postavte anabolismem. | biochemistry |
(D) Golgi apparatus; the Golgi sorts proteins to their destinations. | {
"A": "Ribosome",
"B": "Mitochondrion",
"C": "Chloroplast",
"D": "Golgi apparatus"
} | bio_1441 | multiple_choice | en | Which organelle sorts proteins? | [
"Eliminate burners.",
"Spot sorting shipper.",
"Choose Golgi apparatus."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Golgi sorts proteins.
Steps:
1. Eliminate burners.
2. Spot sorting shipper.
3. Choose Golgi apparatus.
Answer: (D) | cell_biology |
(B) mRNA; mRNA carries the copied code out of the nucleus. | {
"A": "DNA",
"B": "mRNA",
"C": "ATP",
"D": "Starch"
} | bio_1442 | multiple_choice | en | Which molecule carries code from nucleus? | [
"Eliminate staying archive.",
"Spot code courier.",
"Choose mRNA."
] | biology | Answer: (B) mRNA couriers code.
Steps:
1. Eliminate staying archive.
2. Spot code courier.
3. Choose mRNA.
Answer: (B) | genetics |
(A) Crocodiles; crocodilians are the closest living relatives of birds. | {
"A": "Crocodiles",
"B": "Lizards",
"C": "Turtles",
"D": "Snakes"
} | bio_1443 | multiple_choice | en | Which animals are closest to birds? | [
"Eliminate distant scalies.",
"Spot archosaur kin.",
"Choose crocodiles."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Crocs kin birds.
Steps:
1. Eliminate distant scalies.
2. Spot archosaur kin.
3. Choose crocodiles.
Answer: (A) | evolution |
(C) Mussel; mussels filter plankton from water. | {
"A": "Shark",
"B": "Lion",
"C": "Mussel",
"D": "Eagle"
} | bio_1444 | multiple_choice | en | Which is a filter feeder? | [
"Eliminate hunters.",
"Spot water strainer.",
"Choose mussel."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Mussels strain plankton.
Steps:
1. Eliminate hunters.
2. Spot water strainer.
3. Choose mussel.
Answer: (C) | ecology |
(D) Podvěsek mozkový; řídí ostatní žlázy svými hormony. | {
"A": "Štítná žláza",
"B": "Nadledviny",
"C": "Šišinka",
"D": "Podvěsek mozkový"
} | bio_1445 | multiple_choice | cs | Která žláza řídí ostatní žlázy? | [
"Vylučte podřízené žlázy.",
"Přiřaďte velení podvěsku.",
"Zvolte podvěsek."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Žlázám velí podvěsek.
Steps:
1. Vylučte podřízené žlázy.
2. Přiřaďte velení podvěsku.
3. Zvolte podvěsek.
Answer: (D) | physiology |
(B) Citrus fruits; oranges and lemons pack vitamin C. | {
"A": "Meat",
"B": "Citrus fruits",
"C": "Bread",
"D": "Eggs"
} | bio_1446 | multiple_choice | en | Which foods are rich in vitamin C? | [
"Eliminate animal foods.",
"Spot citrus packers.",
"Choose citrus fruits."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Citrus packs C.
Steps:
1. Eliminate animal foods.
2. Spot citrus packers.
3. Choose citrus fruits.
Answer: (B) | biochemistry |
About 1/5, i.e. 20 percent; 12 µm of the 60 µm cell gives the share. | null | bio_1447 | worked_example | en | A nucleus is 12 µm wide in a 60 µm cell. What fraction of cell width is it? | [
"Divide 12 / 60 = 1/5.",
"Convert to 20 percent.",
"Recompute: 60 / 5 = 12."
] | biology | Answer: 1/5, i.e. 20 percent.
Steps:
1. Divide 12 / 60 = 1/5.
2. Convert to 20 percent.
3. Recompute: 60 / 5 = 12. | cell_biology |
The probability is 1/32, i.e. 3.125 percent; P(MM) times P(Nn) times P(OO) gives the genotype. | null | bio_1448 | worked_example | en | For the cross MmNnOo x MmNnOo, calculate the probability of MMNnOO offspring. | [
"P(MM)=1/4, P(Nn)=1/2, P(OO)=1/4.",
"Multiply 1/4 x 1/2 x 1/4 = 1/32.",
"Convert to 3.125 percent.",
"Recompute: 1/32 x 64 = 2 of 64."
] | biology | Answer: 1/32, i.e. 3.125 percent.
Steps:
1. P(MM)=1/4, P(Nn)=1/2, P(OO)=1/4.
2. Multiply 1/4 x 1/2 x 1/4 = 1/32.
3. Convert to 3.125 percent.
4. Recompute: 1/32 x 64 = 2 of 64. | genetics |
378 carriers in 900; 2pq of 0.42 times 900 gives the expected count. | null | bio_1449 | worked_example | en | In Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium p=0.7 and q=0.3 in 900 diploid individuals. How many carriers are expected? | [
"Compute 2pq = 2 x 0.7 x 0.3 = 0.42.",
"Multiply 0.42 x 900 = 378.",
"Recompute: 378/900 = 0.42."
] | biology | Answer: 378 carriers.
Steps:
1. Compute 2pq = 2 x 0.7 x 0.3 = 0.42.
2. Multiply 0.42 x 900 = 378.
3. Recompute: 378/900 = 0.42. | evolution |
Na útesu žije asi 100 racků; plocha krát hustota dá celkový počet. | null | bio_1450 | worked_example | cs | Útes má 5 hektarů a hustota je 20 racků na hektar. Vypočítejte počet racků. | [
"Vynásobte 5 x 20 = 100.",
"Přepočítejte: 100 / 5 = 20.",
"Uveďte asi 100 racků."
] | biology | Answer: Asi 100 racků.
Steps:
1. Vynásobte 5 x 20 = 100.
2. Přepočítejte: 100 / 5 = 20.
3. Uveďte asi 100 racků. | ecology |
About 13.5 renewals per year; 365 days divided by the 27-day cycle gives the turnover. | null | bio_1451 | worked_example | en | Skin renews every 27 days. Calculate renewals per year. | [
"Divide 365 / 27 = 13.52.",
"Report about 13.5.",
"Recompute: 13.52 x 27 = 365."
] | biology | Answer: About 13.5 per year.
Steps:
1. Divide 365 / 27 = 13.52.
2. Report about 13.5.
3. Recompute: 13.52 x 27 = 365. | physiology |
Silicon stiffens horsetail and grass walls against chewing pests and lodging winds. | null | bio_1452 | concept | en | Explain the role of silicon in plants. | [
"Deposit silicon walls.",
"Stiffen stems upright.",
"Deter chewing pests."
] | biology | Answer: Silicon armors grasses.
Steps:
1. Deposit silicon walls.
2. Stiffen stems upright.
3. Deter chewing pests. | biochemistry |
Prolonged arrest leaks cyclin B until cells exit mitosis without dividing, doubling genomes. | null | bio_1453 | concept | en | Explain mitotic slippage. | [
"Arrest mitosis long.",
"Leak cyclin B.",
"Exit undivided doubled."
] | biology | Answer: Slippage doubles genomes undivided.
Steps:
1. Arrest mitosis long.
2. Leak cyclin B.
3. Exit undivided doubled. | cell_biology |
Four full chromosome sets usually miscarry, rarely surviving with severe developmental defects. | null | bio_1454 | concept | en | Explain tetraploidy in humans. | [
"Double diploid twice.",
"Miscarry usually.",
"Survive rarely severe."
] | biology | Answer: Tetraploidy quadruples fatally.
Steps:
1. Double diploid twice.
2. Miscarry usually.
3. Survive rarely severe. | genetics |
Houby se oddělily od živočichů: vlákna podhoubí rozkládají dřevo a živí les. | null | bio_1455 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete evoluci hub. | [
"Oddělte se od živočichů.",
"Rozložte dřevo vlákny.",
"Uživte les rozkladem."
] | biology | Answer: Houby recyklují les vlákny.
Steps:
1. Oddělte se od živočichů.
2. Rozložte dřevo vlákny.
3. Uživte les rozkladem. | evolution |
The dammed Zuiderzee turned fresh, sheltering smelt and spoonbills behind the great dike. | null | bio_1456 | concept | en | Describe the IJsselmeer ecosystem. | [
"Dam seas fresh.",
"Shelter smelt within.",
"Spoonbills feed shallow."
] | biology | Answer: IJsselmeer freshens dammed seas.
Steps:
1. Dam seas fresh.
2. Shelter smelt within.
3. Spoonbills feed shallow. | ecology |
The rectum stores feces and signals fullness until defecation empties it. | null | bio_1457 | concept | en | Explain the function of the rectum. | [
"Store feces waiting.",
"Signal fullness urge.",
"Empty defecating."
] | biology | Answer: Rectum warehouses waste.
Steps:
1. Store feces waiting.
2. Signal fullness urge.
3. Empty defecating. | physiology |
Wound-induced glucose polymers plug sieve tubes and pollen walls within minutes. | null | bio_1458 | concept | en | Describe the structure of callose. | [
"Polymerize glucose wound.",
"Plug sieve tubes.",
"Seal pollen walls."
] | biology | Answer: Callose plugs wounds fast.
Steps:
1. Polymerize glucose wound.
2. Plug sieve tubes.
3. Seal pollen walls. | biochemistry |
BUBR1 inhibits the APC until every kinetochore grips microtubules under tension. | null | bio_1459 | concept | en | Explain BUBR1. | [
"Sense loose grips.",
"Inhibit APC waiting.",
"Release tension true."
] | biology | Answer: BUBR1 brakes loose spindles.
Steps:
1. Sense loose grips.
2. Inhibit APC waiting.
3. Release tension true. | cell_biology |
Zákon o nezávislé segregaci říká, že se geny pro různé znaky dědí na sobě nezávisle. | null | bio_1460 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete Mendelův zákon o nezávislé segregaci. | [
"Definujte nezávislost genů.",
"Rozdělte je do gamet.",
"Zkombinujte je náhodně."
] | biology | Answer: Geny se dědí nezávisle.
Steps:
1. Definujte nezávislost genů.
2. Rozdělte je do gamet.
3. Zkombinujte je náhodně. | genetics |
(C) Archosaurs; dinosaurs, crocodiles, and birds form the archosaur group. | {
"A": "Mammals",
"B": "Amphibians",
"C": "Archosaurs",
"D": "Fish"
} | bio_1461 | multiple_choice | en | Which group includes dinosaurs and birds? | [
"Eliminate furred groups.",
"Spot ruling reptiles.",
"Choose archosaurs."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Archosaurs rule reptiles.
Steps:
1. Eliminate furred groups.
2. Spot ruling reptiles.
3. Choose archosaurs.
Answer: (C) | evolution |
(A) Tuna; tuna eat smaller fish as secondary consumers. | {
"A": "Tuna",
"B": "Phytoplankton",
"C": "Seaweed",
"D": "Algae"
} | bio_1462 | multiple_choice | en | Which is a secondary consumer in the sea? | [
"Eliminate producers.",
"Spot fish eater.",
"Choose tuna."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Tuna hunt mid-web.
Steps:
1. Eliminate producers.
2. Spot fish eater.
3. Choose tuna.
Answer: (A) | ecology |
(D) Gallbladder; the gallbladder stores bile between meals. | {
"A": "Liver",
"B": "Pancreas",
"C": "Spleen",
"D": "Gallbladder"
} | bio_1463 | multiple_choice | en | Which organ stores bile? | [
"Eliminate bile maker.",
"Spot storage sac.",
"Choose gallbladder."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Gallbladders stock bile.
Steps:
1. Eliminate bile maker.
2. Spot storage sac.
3. Choose gallbladder.
Answer: (D) | physiology |
(B) Iron; red cells need iron for hemoglobin. | {
"A": "Calcium",
"B": "Iron",
"C": "Zinc",
"D": "Iodine"
} | bio_1464 | multiple_choice | en | Which mineral builds red blood cells? | [
"Eliminate bone mineral.",
"Spot blood builder.",
"Choose iron."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Iron builds red cells.
Steps:
1. Eliminate bone mineral.
2. Spot blood builder.
3. Choose iron.
Answer: (B) | biochemistry |
(B) Mitochondrie; mitochondrie spalují glukózu na ATP. | {
"A": "Ribozom",
"B": "Mitochondrie",
"C": "Vakuola",
"D": "Jádro"
} | bio_1465 | multiple_choice | cs | Která organela spaluje glukózu? | [
"Vylučte syntézu a sklady.",
"Přiřaďte spalování mitochondriím.",
"Zvolte mitochondrie."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Glukózu spalují mitochondrie.
Steps:
1. Vylučte syntézu a sklady.
2. Přiřaďte spalování mitochondriím.
3. Zvolte mitochondrie.
Answer: (B) | cell_biology |
(D) AB x AB; two AB parents can make only A, B, and AB children. | {
"A": "AO x BO",
"B": "AO x OO",
"C": "BO x OO",
"D": "AB x AB"
} | bio_1466 | multiple_choice | en | Which cross cannot have O children? | [
"Eliminate O carriers.",
"Spot O-less pair.",
"Choose AB x AB."
] | biology | Answer: (D) AB pairs skip O.
Steps:
1. Eliminate O carriers.
2. Spot O-less pair.
3. Choose AB x AB.
Answer: (D) | genetics |
The response is 3 mm; heritability 0.6 times the 5 mm selection difference gives the gain. | null | bio_1467 | worked_example | en | Fin heritability is 0.6 and the selection difference is 5 mm. Predict the response to selection. | [
"Multiply R = 0.6 x 5 = 3 mm.",
"Recompute: 3 / 5 = 0.6.",
"Report 3 mm."
] | biology | Answer: 3 mm.
Steps:
1. Multiply R = 0.6 x 5 = 3 mm.
2. Recompute: 3 / 5 = 0.6.
3. Report 3 mm. | evolution |
1000 carp swim; 2 hectares times 500 carp each gives the pond. | null | bio_1468 | worked_example | en | A fish pond covers 2 hectares with 500 carp per hectare. Calculate the carp. | [
"Multiply 2 x 500 = 1000.",
"Recompute: 1000 / 2 = 500.",
"Report 1000 carp."
] | biology | Answer: 1000 carp.
Steps:
1. Multiply 2 x 500 = 1000.
2. Recompute: 1000 / 2 = 500.
3. Report 1000 carp. | ecology |
12 kg of bone; 15 percent of 80 kg gives the skeleton mass. | null | bio_1469 | worked_example | en | Bones are 15 percent of body mass. Calculate bone mass in an 80 kg person. | [
"Convert 15 percent = 0.15.",
"Multiply 80 x 0.15 = 12.",
"Recompute: 12/80 = 0.15."
] | biology | Answer: 12 kg.
Steps:
1. Convert 15 percent = 0.15.
2. Multiply 80 x 0.15 = 12.
3. Recompute: 12/80 = 0.15. | physiology |
1,8 gramu tuku; 3 gramy oříšku krát 60 procent dá tučnou část. | null | bio_1470 | worked_example | cs | Lískový oříšek váží 3 g a obsahuje 60 procent tuku. Vypočítejte gramy tuku. | [
"Převeďte 60 procent = 0,6.",
"Vynásobte 3 x 0,6 = 1,8.",
"Přepočítejte: 1,8 / 3 = 0,6."
] | biology | Answer: 1,8 g tuku.
Steps:
1. Převeďte 60 procent = 0,6.
2. Vynásobte 3 x 0,6 = 1,8.
3. Přepočítejte: 1,8 / 3 = 0,6. | biochemistry |
About 1/10, i.e. 10 percent; 8 µm of the 80 µm cell gives the share. | null | bio_1471 | worked_example | en | A chromosome is 8 µm long in an 80 µm cell. What fraction of cell width is it? | [
"Divide 8 / 80 = 1/10.",
"Convert to 10 percent.",
"Recompute: 80 / 10 = 8."
] | biology | Answer: 1/10, i.e. 10 percent.
Steps:
1. Divide 8 / 80 = 1/10.
2. Convert to 10 percent.
3. Recompute: 80 / 10 = 8. | cell_biology |
Three full sets usually miscarry, rarely surviving days with severe defects. | null | bio_1472 | concept | en | Explain triploidy in humans. | [
"Triple sets three.",
"Miscarry usually.",
"Survive days rare."
] | biology | Answer: Triploidy triples fatally.
Steps:
1. Triple sets three.
2. Miscarry usually.
3. Survive days rare. | genetics |
Hard coats and chemical clocks wait out drought and winter until rains signal sprouting. | null | bio_1473 | concept | en | Explain the evolution of seed dormancy. | [
"Harden coats waiting.",
"Clock chemicals sleeping.",
"Sprout rains signaled."
] | biology | Answer: Seeds sleep till rains.
Steps:
1. Harden coats waiting.
2. Clock chemicals sleeping.
3. Sprout rains signaled. | evolution |
Flooded peat diggings shelter swallowtails and bitterns among reedbed canals. | null | bio_1474 | concept | en | Describe the Norfolk Broads ecosystem. | [
"Flood peat diggings.",
"Shelter swallowtails.",
"Boom bitterns reedy."
] | biology | Answer: Broads float reedbed life.
Steps:
1. Flood peat diggings.
2. Shelter swallowtails.
3. Boom bitterns reedy. | ecology |
Konečník skladuje stolici a hlásí naplnění, dokud ji vyprazdňování nevypudí. | null | bio_1475 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete funkci konečníku. | [
"Skladujte stolici.",
"Hlaste naplnění.",
"Vypuďte ji ven."
] | biology | Answer: Konečník skladuje odpad.
Steps:
1. Skladujte stolici.
2. Hlaste naplnění.
3. Vypuďte ji ven. | physiology |
Seaweed guluronate chains gel ice cream and bandages with calcium bridges. | null | bio_1476 | concept | en | Describe the structure of alginate. | [
"Chain guluronates sea.",
"Bridge calcium gels.",
"Thicken creams, bandages."
] | biology | Answer: Alginate gels seaweed smooth.
Steps:
1. Chain guluronates sea.
2. Bridge calcium gels.
3. Thicken creams, bandages. | biochemistry |
MAD2 locks CDC20 until attached kinetochores silence it and free anaphase. | null | bio_1477 | concept | en | Explain MAD2. | [
"Lock CDC20 waiting.",
"Sense bare kinetochores.",
"Free anaphase attached."
] | biology | Answer: MAD2 leashes anaphase.
Steps:
1. Lock CDC20 waiting.
2. Sense bare kinetochores.
3. Free anaphase attached. | cell_biology |
Single chromosome sets survive only in mosaic patches beside normal diploid cells. | null | bio_1478 | concept | en | Explain haploidy in humans. | [
"Halve sets single.",
"Survive mosaics only.",
"Fail pure haploids."
] | biology | Answer: Haploidy halves fatally.
Steps:
1. Halve sets single.
2. Survive mosaics only.
3. Fail pure haploids. | genetics |
Snap traps, pitchers, and sticky leaves evolved to mine nitrogen from insects in poor soils. | null | bio_1479 | concept | en | Explain the evolution of carnivorous plants. | [
"Starve soils poor.",
"Trap insects clever.",
"Mine nitrogen prey."
] | biology | Answer: Plants turned hunters poor-soiled.
Steps:
1. Starve soils poor.
2. Trap insects clever.
3. Mine nitrogen prey. | evolution |
Voda rozpouští živiny, přenáší je těly, chladí pocením a hostí vodní život. | null | bio_1480 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete význam vody. | [
"Rozpouštějte živiny.",
"Přenášejte je těly.",
"Chlaďte a hostěte."
] | biology | Answer: Voda nese život.
Steps:
1. Rozpouštějte živiny.
2. Přenášejte je těly.
3. Chlaďte a hostěte. | ecology |
(A) Cardiac muscle; cardiac muscle contracts the heart tirelessly. | {
"A": "Cardiac muscle",
"B": "Skeletal muscle",
"C": "Smooth muscle",
"D": "All muscles"
} | bio_1481 | multiple_choice | en | Which muscle pumps blood? | [
"Eliminate voluntary movers.",
"Spot heart pumper.",
"Choose cardiac muscle."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Cardiac muscle pumps blood.
Steps:
1. Eliminate voluntary movers.
2. Spot heart pumper.
3. Choose cardiac muscle.
Answer: (A) | physiology |
(C) D; sunlight builds vitamin D in exposed skin. | {
"A": "C",
"B": "B12",
"C": "D",
"D": "K"
} | bio_1482 | multiple_choice | en | Which vitamin needs sunlight to form? | [
"Eliminate dietary-only.",
"Spot sun-built.",
"Choose D."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Sunlight brews D.
Steps:
1. Eliminate dietary-only.
2. Spot sun-built.
3. Choose D.
Answer: (C) | biochemistry |
(B) Mitochondrion; mitochondria burn glucose into ATP. | {
"A": "Nucleus",
"B": "Mitochondrion",
"C": "Ribosome",
"D": "Lysosome"
} | bio_1483 | multiple_choice | en | Which organelle makes ATP from glucose? | [
"Eliminate control center.",
"Spot glucose burner.",
"Choose mitochondrion."
] | biology | Answer: (B) Mitochondria mint ATP.
Steps:
1. Eliminate control center.
2. Spot glucose burner.
3. Choose mitochondrion.
Answer: (B) | cell_biology |
(D) A; only group A red cells carry A antigens alone. | {
"A": "O",
"B": "B",
"C": "AB",
"D": "A"
} | bio_1484 | multiple_choice | en | Which blood group has only A antigens? | [
"Eliminate bare cells.",
"Eliminate double carriers.",
"Choose A."
] | biology | Answer: (D) Group A runs solo A.
Steps:
1. Eliminate bare cells.
2. Eliminate double carriers.
3. Choose A.
Answer: (D) | genetics |
(C) Archosauři; dinosauři, krokodýli a ptáci tvoří archosaury. | {
"A": "Savci",
"B": "Obojživelníci",
"C": "Archosauři",
"D": "Ryby"
} | bio_1485 | multiple_choice | cs | Která skupina zahrnuje dinosaury a ptáky? | [
"Vylučte srstnaté.",
"Přiřaďte vládnoucí plazy.",
"Zvolte archosaury."
] | biology | Answer: (C) Archosauři vládnou plazům.
Steps:
1. Vylučte srstnaté.
2. Přiřaďte vládnoucí plazy.
3. Zvolte archosaury.
Answer: (C) | evolution |
(A) Baleen whales; baleen whales sieve krill and plankton. | {
"A": "Baleen whales",
"B": "Lions",
"C": "Eagles",
"D": "Wolves"
} | bio_1486 | multiple_choice | en | Which animals eat plankton? | [
"Eliminate land hunters.",
"Spot ocean sievers.",
"Choose baleen whales."
] | biology | Answer: (A) Baleen whales sieve seas.
Steps:
1. Eliminate land hunters.
2. Spot ocean sievers.
3. Choose baleen whales.
Answer: (A) | ecology |
36 kg of muscle; 40 percent of 90 kg gives the muscle mass. | null | bio_1487 | worked_example | en | Muscles are 40 percent of body mass. Calculate muscle mass in a 90 kg person. | [
"Convert 40 percent = 0.40.",
"Multiply 90 x 0.40 = 36.",
"Recompute: 36/90 = 0.40."
] | biology | Answer: 36 kg.
Steps:
1. Convert 40 percent = 0.40.
2. Multiply 90 x 0.40 = 36.
3. Recompute: 36/90 = 0.40. | physiology |
1.8 grams of fat; 4 grams at 45 percent fat gives the content. | null | bio_1488 | worked_example | en | A cashew weighs 4 g with 45 percent fat. Calculate fat grams. | [
"Convert 45 percent = 0.45.",
"Multiply 4 x 0.45 = 1.8.",
"Recompute: 1.8/4 = 0.45."
] | biology | Answer: 1.8 g of fat.
Steps:
1. Convert 45 percent = 0.45.
2. Multiply 4 x 0.45 = 1.8.
3. Recompute: 1.8/4 = 0.45. | biochemistry |
About 1/5, i.e. 20 percent; 3 µm of the 15 µm nucleus gives the share. | null | bio_1489 | worked_example | en | A nucleolus is 3 µm wide in a 15 µm nucleus. What fraction of nucleus width is it? | [
"Divide 3 / 15 = 1/5.",
"Convert to 20 percent.",
"Recompute: 15 / 5 = 3."
] | biology | Answer: 1/5, i.e. 20 percent.
Steps:
1. Divide 3 / 15 = 1/5.
2. Convert to 20 percent.
3. Recompute: 15 / 5 = 3. | cell_biology |
Pravděpodobnost je 1/8, tedy 12,5 procenta; tři nezávislé poloviny se násobí. | null | bio_1490 | worked_example | cs | Při křížení MmNnOo x mmNNOO vypočítejte pravděpodobnost potomka s genotypem MmNnOo. | [
"Určete P(Mm) = P(Nn) = P(Oo) = 1/2.",
"Vynásobte 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/8.",
"Převeďte na 12,5 procenta.",
"Přepočítejte: 1/8 x 8 = 1 z 8."
] | biology | Answer: 1/8, tedy 12,5 procenta.
Steps:
1. Určete P(Mm) = P(Nn) = P(Oo) = 1/2.
2. Vynásobte 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/8.
3. Převeďte na 12,5 procenta.
4. Přepočítejte: 1/8 x 8 = 1 z 8. | genetics |
360 carriers in 750; 2pq of 0.48 times 750 gives the expected count. | null | bio_1491 | worked_example | en | In Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium p=0.4 and q=0.6 in 750 diploid individuals. How many carriers are expected? | [
"Compute 2pq = 2 x 0.4 x 0.6 = 0.48.",
"Multiply 0.48 x 750 = 360.",
"Recompute: 360/750 = 0.48."
] | biology | Answer: 360 carriers.
Steps:
1. Compute 2pq = 2 x 0.4 x 0.6 = 0.48.
2. Multiply 0.48 x 750 = 360.
3. Recompute: 360/750 = 0.48. | evolution |
The shrinking lake strands fishermen as desert swallows its feeder rivers. | null | bio_1492 | concept | en | Describe the Lake Chad ecosystem. | [
"Shrink lakes desertward.",
"Strand fishermen poor.",
"Swallow rivers dry."
] | biology | Answer: Chad shrinks desert-bound.
Steps:
1. Shrink lakes desertward.
2. Strand fishermen poor.
3. Swallow rivers dry. | ecology |
The claustrum may bind scattered senses into one conscious scene. | null | bio_1493 | concept | en | Explain the claustrum in consciousness. | [
"Gather senses scattered.",
"Bind scenes single.",
"Wake consciousness whole."
] | biology | Answer: Claustrum binds awareness.
Steps:
1. Gather senses scattered.
2. Bind scenes single.
3. Wake consciousness whole. | physiology |
Red algal galactans gel milkshakes and lab plates with sulfate kinks. | null | bio_1494 | concept | en | Describe the structure of carrageenan. | [
"Chain galactans red.",
"Kink sulfates gelling.",
"Thicken shakes, plates."
] | biology | Answer: Carrageenan gels red smooth.
Steps:
1. Chain galactans red.
2. Kink sulfates gelling.
3. Thicken shakes, plates. | biochemistry |
Jadérko v jádře vyrábí ribozomální RNA a skládá podjednotky ribozomů. | null | bio_1495 | concept | cs | Popište jadérko. | [
"Umístěte ho do jádra.",
"Vyrobte rRNA.",
"Složte podjednotky."
] | biology | Answer: Jadérko staví ribozomy.
Steps:
1. Umístěte ho do jádra.
2. Vyrobte rRNA.
3. Složte podjednotky. | cell_biology |
Mixed diploid and polyploid cells patch bodies where early divisions doubled unevenly. | null | bio_1496 | concept | en | Explain mixoploidy. | [
"Double divisions uneven.",
"Patch cells mixed.",
"Vary bodies mosaic."
] | biology | Answer: Mixoploidy mixes cell sets.
Steps:
1. Double divisions uneven.
2. Patch cells mixed.
3. Vary bodies mosaic. | genetics |
Hollow thorns and nectar bribes buy ant armies that defend trees from herbivores. | null | bio_1497 | concept | en | Explain myrmecophytes. | [
"Hollow thorns housing.",
"Bribe nectar sweet.",
"Defend ants fiercely."
] | biology | Answer: Ant-plants hire guards.
Steps:
1. Hollow thorns housing.
2. Bribe nectar sweet.
3. Defend ants fiercely. | evolution |
Nile perch devoured hundreds of cichlid species in Africa's largest lake. | null | bio_1498 | concept | en | Describe the Lake Victoria ecosystem. | [
"Stock perch hungry.",
"Devour cichlids hundreds.",
"Collapse fisheries native."
] | biology | Answer: Victoria lost cichlids stocked.
Steps:
1. Stock perch hungry.
2. Devour cichlids hundreds.
3. Collapse fisheries native. | ecology |
The habenula punishes disappointment, braking dopamine when rewards fail. | null | bio_1499 | concept | en | Explain the habenula. | [
"Sense lost rewards.",
"Brake dopamine down.",
"Teach avoidance learned."
] | biology | Answer: Habenula brakes disappointment.
Steps:
1. Sense lost rewards.
2. Brake dopamine down.
3. Teach avoidance learned. | physiology |
Homeostáza udržuje stálé vnitřní prostředí: teplotu, cukr, vodu a pH v rovnováze. | null | bio_1500 | concept | cs | Vysvětlete, co je to homeostáza. | [
"Definujte stálé prostředí.",
"Vyrovnejte teplotu a cukr.",
"Udržte vodu a pH."
] | biology | Answer: Homeostáza drží rovnováhu.
Steps:
1. Definujte stálé prostředí.
2. Vyrovnejte teplotu a cukr.
3. Udržte vodu a pH. | biochemistry |
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