text stringlengths 2 4.67k | source dict |
|---|---|
ℓ , m ′ ⟩ , | n ^ ¯ ⟩ = U ( R ) | n ^ ⟩ {\displaystyle |{\overline {\ell ,m}}\rangle =\sum _{m'}D_{m'm}^{(\ell )}[U(R^{-1})]|\ell ,m'\rangle \,,\quad |{\overline {\hat {\mathbf {n} }}}\rangle =U(R)|{\hat {\mathbf {n} }}\rangle } == Rotation of tensor operators == We define the Rotation of an operator by requiring that ... | {
"page_id": 39654522,
"title": "Tensor operator"
} |
0 {\displaystyle \left[{\widehat {S}},{\widehat {\mathbf {J} }}\right]=0} Examples of scalar operators include the energy operator: E ^ ψ = i ℏ ∂ ∂ t ψ {\displaystyle {\widehat {E}}\psi =i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\psi } potential energy V (in the case of a central potential only) V ^ ( r , t ) ψ ( r , t ) =... | {
"page_id": 39654522,
"title": "Tensor operator"
} |
}}|{\widehat {V}}_{a}|{\bar {\psi }}\rangle =\langle \psi |{U(R)}^{\dagger }{\widehat {V}}_{a}U(R)|\psi \rangle =\sum _{b}R_{ab}\langle \psi |{\widehat {V}}_{b}|\psi \rangle } where the RHS is due to the rotation transformation acting on the vector formed by expectation values. Since |Ψ⟩ is any quantum state, the same ... | {
"page_id": 39654522,
"title": "Tensor operator"
} |
} and peusodovector operators include the orbital angular momentum operator: L ^ ψ = − i ℏ r × ∇ ψ {\displaystyle {\widehat {\mathbf {L} }}\psi =-i\hbar \mathbf {r} \times \nabla \psi } as well the spin operator S, and hence the total angular momentum J ^ = L ^ + S ^ . {\displaystyle {\widehat {\mathbf {J} }}={\widehat... | {
"page_id": 39654522,
"title": "Tensor operator"
} |
∑ i = 1 3 R j i T R i k ) V ^ j W ^ k = ∑ k = 1 3 ∑ j = 1 3 δ j , k V ^ j W ^ k = ∑ i = 1 3 V ^ i W ^ i {\displaystyle {U(R)}^{\dagger }({\vec {V}}\cdot {\vec {W}})U(R)=\sum _{k=1}^{3}\sum _{j=1}^{3}\left(\sum _{i=1}^{3}R_{ji}^{T}R_{ik}\right){\widehat {V}}_{j}{\widehat {W}}_{k}=\sum _{k=1}^{3}\sum _{j=1}^{3}\delta _{j... | {
"page_id": 39654522,
"title": "Tensor operator"
} |
[ J − , V − 1 ] = 0 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\left[J_{z},V_{+1}\right]&=+\hbar V_{+1}\\[1ex]\left[J_{z},V_{0}\right]&=0V_{0}\\[1ex]\left[J_{z},V_{-1}\right]&=-\hbar V_{-1}\\[2ex]\left[J_{+},V_{+1}\right]&=0\\[1ex]\left[J_{+},V_{0}\right]&={\sqrt {2}}\hbar V_{+1}\\[1ex]\left[J_{+},V_{-1}\right]&={\sqrt {2}}\hbar V... | {
"page_id": 39654522,
"title": "Tensor operator"
} |
→ ) V ^ q {\displaystyle {U(R)}^{\dagger }{\widehat {V}}_{q}U(R)={\widehat {V}}_{q}+i{\frac {\theta }{\hbar }}\left[{\hat {n}}\cdot {\vec {J}},{\widehat {V}}_{q}\right]+\sum _{k=2}^{\infty }{\frac {\left(i{\frac {\theta }{\hbar }}[{\hat {n}}\cdot {\vec {J}},.]\right)^{k}}{k!}}{\widehat {V}}_{q}=exp\left({i{\frac {\thet... | {
"page_id": 39654522,
"title": "Tensor operator"
} |
( R ) † V ^ q U ( R ) = ∑ q ′ D q ′ q ( 1 ) ( R − 1 ) V ^ q ′ {\displaystyle {U(R)}^{\dagger }{\widehat {V}}_{q}U(R)=\sum _{q'}{{D_{q'q}^{(1)}}(R^{-1})}{\widehat {V}}_{q'}} One can generalize the vector operator concept easily to tensorial operators, shown next. === Tensor operators === In general, a tensor operator is... | {
"page_id": 39654522,
"title": "Tensor operator"
} |
W j {\displaystyle T_{ij}=V_{i}W_{j}} In general, n number of tensor operators will also give another tensor operator T p q r ⋯ k = V p ( 1 ) V q ( 2 ) V r 3 ) ⋯ V k ( n ) {\displaystyle T_{pqr\cdots k}=V_{p}^{(1)}V_{q}^{(2)}V_{r}^{3)}\cdots V_{k}^{(n)}} or, T i 1 i 2 ⋯ j 1 j 2 ⋯ = V i 1 i 2 ⋯ W j 1 j 2 ⋯ {\displaystyl... | {
"page_id": 39654522,
"title": "Tensor operator"
} |
) {\displaystyle {U(R)}^{\dagger }{\hat {T}}_{ij}U(R)=\sum _{k=1}^{3}\sum _{l=1}^{3}\left(R_{il}R_{jk}{\hat {T}}_{lk}\right)} The RHS of the equation is change of basis equation for twice contravariant tensors where the basis are transformed by R − 1 {\displaystyle R^{-1}} or the vector components transform by R {\disp... | {
"page_id": 39654522,
"title": "Tensor operator"
} |
T ^ i j − T ^ j i ) {\displaystyle {\hat {A}}_{ij}={\frac {1}{2}}({\hat {T}}_{ij}-{\hat {T}}_{ji})} and S ^ i j = 1 2 ( T ^ i j + T ^ j i ) {\displaystyle {\hat {S}}_{ij}={\frac {1}{2}}({\hat {T}}_{ij}+{\hat {T}}_{ji})} . Using the { T ^ i j } {\displaystyle \{{\hat {T}}_{ij}\}} transformation under rotation formula, i... | {
"page_id": 39654522,
"title": "Tensor operator"
} |
⋅ W → {\displaystyle {\vec {V}}\cdot {\vec {W}}} Three linearly independent components from 1 2 ( V ^ i W ^ j − V ^ j W ^ i ) {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}({\hat {V}}_{i}{\hat {W}}_{j}-{\hat {V}}_{j}{\hat {W}}_{i})} Five linearly independent components from 1 2 ( V ^ i W ^ j + V ^ j W ^ i ) − 1 3 ( V → ⋅ W → ) δ i j {\... | {
"page_id": 39654522,
"title": "Tensor operator"
} |
_{ij}+\left({\frac {1}{2}}({\hat {V}}_{i}{\hat {W}}_{j}-{\hat {V}}_{j}{\hat {W}}_{i})\right)+\left({\frac {1}{2}}({\hat {V}}_{i}{\hat {W}}_{j}+{\hat {V}}_{j}{\hat {W}}_{i})-{\frac {1}{3}}({\vec {V}}\cdot {\vec {W}})\delta _{ij}\right)=\mathbf {T} ^{(0)}+\mathbf {T} ^{(1)}+\mathbf {T} ^{(2)}} where: T ^ i j ( 0 ) = V ^ ... | {
"page_id": 39654522,
"title": "Tensor operator"
} |
5 independent components to begin with. === Spherical tensor operators === Spherical tensor operators are generally defined as operators with the following transformation rule, under rotation of coordinate system: T ^ m ( j ) → U ( R ) † T ^ m ( j ) U ( R ) = ∑ m ′ D m ′ m ( j ) ( R − 1 ) T ^ m ′ ( j ) {\displaystyle {... | {
"page_id": 39654522,
"title": "Tensor operator"
} |
i y ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {n}}={\hat {x}}\pm i{\hat {y}}} or n ^ = z ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {n}}={\hat {z}}} , we get: [ J ± , T ^ m ( j ) ] = ℏ ( j ∓ m ) ( j ± m + 1 ) T ^ m ± 1 ( j ) [ J z , T ^ m ( j ) ] = ℏ m T ^ m ( j ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\left[J_{\pm },{\widehat {T}}_{m}^{(j)}\right]&=\hbar {\sqrt {(... | {
"page_id": 39654522,
"title": "Tensor operator"
} |
) → U ( R ) † T ^ m ( j ) U ( R ) = e x p ( i θ ℏ n ^ ⋅ a d J → ) T ^ m ( j ) = ∑ m ′ D m ′ m ( j ) ( R − 1 ) T ^ m ′ ( j ) {\displaystyle {\widehat {T}}_{m}^{(j)}\rightarrow U(R)^{\dagger }{\widehat {T}}_{m}^{(j)}U(R)=exp\left({i{\frac {\theta }{\hbar }}{\hat {n}}\cdot ad_{\vec {J}}}\right){\widehat {T}}_{m}^{(j)}=\su... | {
"page_id": 39654522,
"title": "Tensor operator"
} |
spherical tensor of the form: T q ( k ) = ∑ q 1 , q 2 ⟨ k 1 , k 2 ; q 1 , q 2 | k 1 , k 2 ; k , q ⟩ A q 1 ( k 1 ) B q 2 ( k 2 ) {\displaystyle T_{q}^{(k)}=\sum _{q_{1},q_{2}}\langle k_{1},k_{2};q_{1},q_{2}|k_{1},k_{2};k,q\rangle A_{q_{1}}^{(k_{1})}B_{q_{2}}^{(k_{2})}} This equation can be used to construct higher order... | {
"page_id": 39654522,
"title": "Tensor operator"
} |
be verified: U ( R ) † T ^ q ( 2 ) U ( R ) = ∑ q ′ D ( R ) q q ′ ( 2 ) ∗ T ^ q ′ ( 2 ) {\displaystyle {U(R)}^{\dagger }{\widehat {T}}_{q}^{(2)}U(R)=\sum _{q'}{{D(R)}_{qq'}^{(2)}}^{*}{\widehat {T}}_{q'}^{(2)}} ==== Using Spherical Harmonics ==== Define an operator by its spectrum: Υ l m | r ⟩ = r l Y l m ( θ , ϕ ) | r ⟩... | {
"page_id": 39654522,
"title": "Tensor operator"
} |
where V → {\displaystyle {\vec {V}}} is a vector operator, also transforms in the same manner ie, is a spherical tensor operator. The process involves expressing Υ l m ( r → ) = r l Y l m ( θ , ϕ ) = Υ l m ( x , y , z ) {\displaystyle \Upsilon _{l}^{m}({\vec {r}})=r^{l}Y_{l}^{m}(\theta ,\phi )=\Upsilon _{l}^{m}(x,y,z)}... | {
"page_id": 39654522,
"title": "Tensor operator"
} |
tensors can also be formed from algebraic combinations of the spin operators Sx, Sy, Sz, as matrices, for a spin system with total quantum number j = ℓ + s (and ℓ = 0). Spin operators have the ladder operators: S ± = S x ± i S y {\displaystyle S_{\pm }=S_{x}\pm iS_{y}} which raise or lower the spin magnetic quantum num... | {
"page_id": 39654522,
"title": "Tensor operator"
} |
have to evaluate 3(2ℓ′+ 1)(2ℓ+ 1) matrix elements, for example, 3×3×5 = 45 in a 3d → 2p transition. This is actually an exaggeration, as we shall see, because many of the matrix elements vanish, but there are still many non-vanishing matrix elements to be calculated. A great simplification can be achieved by expressing... | {
"page_id": 39654522,
"title": "Tensor operator"
} |
a magnetic quantum number. This equation reveals a relationship between vector operators and the angular momentum value ℓ = 1, something we will have more to say about presently. Now the matrix elements become a product of a radial integral times an angular integral, ⟨ n ′ ℓ ′ m ′ | r q | n ℓ m ⟩ = ( ∫ 0 ∞ r 2 d r R n ... | {
"page_id": 39654522,
"title": "Tensor operator"
} |
with the Cartesian components ri of r, this selection rule might not have been obvious. In any case, even with the selection rule, there may still be many nonzero integrals to be done (nine, in the case 3d → 2p). The example we have just given of simplifying the calculation of matrix elements for a dipole transition is... | {
"page_id": 39654522,
"title": "Tensor operator"
} |
Physics. Vol. 108. Springer. pp. 34, 61. ISBN 978-0-7923-5866-4. V.D. Kleiman; R.N. Zare (1998). "5". A Companion to Angular Momentum. John Wiley & Sons. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-4711-9249-7. ==== Angular momentum and spin ==== Devanathan, V (2002). "Vectors and Tensors in Spherical Basis". Angular Momentum Techniques in Qua... | {
"page_id": 39654522,
"title": "Tensor operator"
} |
Science. Vol. 3663. Springer. pp. 493–500. E. König; S. Kremer (1979). "Tensor Operator Algebra for Point Groups". Magnetism Diagrams for Transition Metal Ions. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 3663. Springer. pp. 13–20. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-3003-5_3. ISBN 978-1-4613-3005-9. == External links == (2012) Clebsch... | {
"page_id": 39654522,
"title": "Tensor operator"
} |
PyBOP (benzotriazol-1-yloxytripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate) is a reagent used to prepare amides from carboxylic acids and amines in the context of peptide synthesis. It can be prepared from 1-hydroxybenzotriazole and a chlorophosphonium reagent under basic conditions. It is a substitute for the BOP reagen... | {
"page_id": 4658305,
"title": "PyBOP"
} |
Off-center ions in crystals are substitutional impurity ions whose equilibrium position is shifted away from the regular lattice site. The magnitude of the shift typically ranges from 0.2 to 1.0 Å. There are two possible mechanisms that can cause impurity ion displacement. If the impurity ion is smaller than the regula... | {
"page_id": 35722369,
"title": "Off-center ions"
} |
Ecological speciation is a form of speciation arising from reproductive isolation that occurs due to an ecological factor that reduces or eliminates gene flow between two populations of a species. Ecological factors can include changes in the environmental conditions in which a species experiences, such as behavioral c... | {
"page_id": 41161859,
"title": "Ecological speciation"
} |
incompatibilities of hybrids, low fitness hybrids, and sexual selection against hybrids. Some debate exists over the framework concerning the delineation of whether a speciation event is ecological or nonecological. "The pervasive effect of selection suggests that adaptive evolution and speciation are inseparable, cast... | {
"page_id": 41161859,
"title": "Ecological speciation"
} |
competition in particular has support from experiments; however it is unknown if it can give rise to reproductive isolation despite driving divergent selection. Reinforcement (the strengthening of isolation by selection favoring the mating of members of their own populations due to reduced fitness of hybrids) is consid... | {
"page_id": 41161859,
"title": "Ecological speciation"
} |
fitness advantages, fitness disadvantages, or resource competition.: 182 Jerry Coyne and H. Allen Orr posit two different forms of habitat isolation: microspatial habitat isolation (where matings between two species are reduced by preferences or adaptations to ecologically differing areas, despite occupying the same ge... | {
"page_id": 41161859,
"title": "Ecological speciation"
} |
of encounters between matings that involve partners of a different species that are observed. p a {\displaystyle p_{a}} is the proportion of total individuals of species a {\displaystyle a} . p b {\displaystyle p_{b}} is the proportion of total individuals of species b {\displaystyle b} . The expected proportion of mat... | {
"page_id": 41161859,
"title": "Ecological speciation"
} |
by the common observation that plants and animals are often spatially separated in relation to their adaptations.: 183 Numerous field studies, transplantation and removal experiments, and laboratory studies have been conducted to understand the nature of speciation caused by habitat isolation.: 186–188 Horkelia fusca, ... | {
"page_id": 41161859,
"title": "Ecological speciation"
} |
methods require pollinators such as insects (e.g. bees, butterflies, moths, wasps, beetles, and other invertebrates), birds, bats, and other vertebrate species. Because of this evolutionary relationship between pollinators and pollen-producing plants, plants and animals become mutually dependent on each other—the polli... | {
"page_id": 41161859,
"title": "Ecological speciation"
} |
near-congruent, parallel phylogenies.: 196 That is, the dependent relationship results in closely identical evolutionary trees indicating that speciation events and the rate of speciation is identical. Examples are found in fig wasps and their fig hosts, with each fig wasp species pollinating a specific fig species. Th... | {
"page_id": 41161859,
"title": "Ecological speciation"
} |
initial allopatric stage, wherein secondary contact occurs at a variable level of reproductive isolation—high isolation is effectively allopatric speciation whereas low isolation is effectively sympatric. This "two-stage" model is indicated in the three-spined sticklebacks as well as the apple maggot fly and its apple ... | {
"page_id": 41161859,
"title": "Ecological speciation"
} |
bees are unable inland. This pattern separates the pollinator populations but does not separate the orchid population driving selection to favor flower differences that better-match the local pollinators. A similar pattern has been detected in studies of the Disa draconis complex in South Africa. === Temporal isolation... | {
"page_id": 41161859,
"title": "Ecological speciation"
} |
The table list below summarizes a number of studies considered to be strong or compelling examples of allochronic speciation occurring in nature. === Other pre-zygotic forms of ecological isolation === Selection against migrants, or immigrant inviability, is hypothesized to be a form of ecological isolation. This type ... | {
"page_id": 41161859,
"title": "Ecological speciation"
} |
speciation can be attributed) be considered a form of ecological isolation if it originates from an ecological mechanism. For example, the hybrid offspring may be seen as "less attractive" to mates due to intermediate sexual displays or differences in sexual communication. The end result is that the genes of each paren... | {
"page_id": 41161859,
"title": "Ecological speciation"
} |
SkQ is a class of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, developed by Professor Vladimir Skulachev and his team. In a broad sense, SkQ is a lipophilic cation, linked via saturated hydrocarbon chain to an antioxidant. Due to its lipophilic properties, SkQ can effectively penetrate through various cell membranes. The positi... | {
"page_id": 30151814,
"title": "SkQ"
} |
the ubiquinone replaced with plastoquinone (more active analog of ubiquinone derived from plant chloroplasts). Since 2005, several modified SkQ compounds were synthesized and tested in vitro, the efficiency and the antioxidant effects of the tested compounds were higher than previous analogs by hundreds of times. All o... | {
"page_id": 30151814,
"title": "SkQ"
} |
SkQ and substances with similar structure: === By type of cation === Lipophilic cation determines the efficiency of penetration through the membranes into the mitochondrial matrix. The best properties are shown by SkQ-compounds with triphenylphosphonium ion (TPP): MitoQ, SkQ1, and others. Similar penetration efficiency... | {
"page_id": 30151814,
"title": "SkQ"
} |
of SkQ-compounds. MitoQ is traditionally used for comparison with the SkQ compound. The highest antioxidant activity was shown for the compounds with thymoquinone (SkQT1 and SkQTК1). Thymoquinone is a derivative of plastoquinone, but with one methyl substituent in the aromatic ring. Next in the sequence of antioxidant ... | {
"page_id": 30151814,
"title": "SkQ"
} |
between lipid and water, about 104. Taking this into account, the total concentration gradient of SkQ inside the inner layer of the inner mitochondria membrane can be up to 108. === Direct inhibition of ROS === Oxidation of organic substances by ROS is a chain process. Several types of active free radicals — peroxide (... | {
"page_id": 30151814,
"title": "SkQ"
} |
cell, this function is normally performed by uncoupling proteins (or UCPs, including thermogenin from brown fat adipocytes) and ATP/ADP antiporter. Weak depolarization of the membrane leads to a multiple reductions in the amount of ROS produced by mitochondria. === Pro-oxidant effect === At high concentrations (micromo... | {
"page_id": 30151814,
"title": "SkQ"
} |
preparations for the official approval of SkQ-based pharmaceuticals in Russia has started. The efficiency of eye drops against "dry eye syndrome" was also confirmed in the following double-blind placebo-controlled studies: (a) international multicenter study in Russia and Ukraine, phase II study in the United States. A... | {
"page_id": 30151814,
"title": "SkQ"
} |
Common descent is a concept in evolutionary biology applicable when one species is the ancestor of two or more species later in time. According to modern evolutionary biology, all living beings could be descendants of a unique ancestor commonly referred to as the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) of all life on Ear... | {
"page_id": 5259,
"title": "Common descent"
} |
idea that all living things (including things considered non-living by science) are related is a recurring theme in many indigenous worldviews across the world. Later on, in the 1740s, the French mathematician Pierre Louis Maupertuis arrived at the idea that all organisms had a common ancestor, and had diverged through... | {
"page_id": 5259,
"title": "Common descent"
} |
"We do not know all the possible transitional gradations between the simplest and the most perfect organs; it cannot be pretended that we know all the varied means of Distribution during the long lapse of years, or that we know how imperfect the Geological Record is. Grave as these several difficulties are, in my judgm... | {
"page_id": 5259,
"title": "Common descent"
} |
code === The genetic code (the "translation table" according to which DNA information is translated into amino acids, and hence proteins) is nearly identical for all known lifeforms, from bacteria and archaea to animals and plants. The universality of this code is generally regarded by biologists as definitive evidence... | {
"page_id": 5259,
"title": "Common descent"
} |
lineages. Similarly, shared nucleotide sequences, especially where these are apparently neutral such as the positioning of introns and pseudogenes, provide strong evidence of common ancestry. === Other similarities === Biologists often point to the universality of many aspects of cellular life as supportive evidence to... | {
"page_id": 5259,
"title": "Common descent"
} |
evidence of a real underlying common descent. == Objections == === Gene exchange clouds phylogenetic analysis === Theobald noted that substantial horizontal gene transfer could have occurred during early evolution. Bacteria today remain capable of gene exchange between distantly-related lineages. This weakens the basic... | {
"page_id": 5259,
"title": "Common descent"
} |
be regarded as the origin of life. To understand the origin of life, it has been proposed that DNA based cellular life descended from relatively simple pre-cellular self-replicating RNA molecules able to undergo natural selection. During the course of evolution, this RNA world was replaced by the evolutionary emergence... | {
"page_id": 5259,
"title": "Common descent"
} |
Biko is a Basque restaurant in Mexico City specialising in experimental molecular gastronomy owned and operated by Basque chefs Bruno Oteiza and Mikel Alonso. == Design and operations == Biko began operations in 2008. It is located in Polanco on Avenida Presidente Masaryk in Mexico City. The restaurant's layout, which ... | {
"page_id": 33035404,
"title": "Biko (restaurant)"
} |
Idiopathic granulomatous hepatitis is a rare medical condition characterized by granulomas in the liver, recurrent fever, myalgia, and fatigue. The condition is not a true hepatitis, and some experts believe it is a variant of sarcoidosis. == Signs and symptoms == Idiopathic granulomatous hepatitis is marked by granulo... | {
"page_id": 42996880,
"title": "Idiopathic granulomatous hepatitis"
} |
Fluentd is a cross-platform open-source data collection software project originally developed at Treasure Data. It is written primarily in the C programming language with a thin-Ruby wrapper that gives users flexibility. == Overview == Fluentd was positioned for "big data," semi- or un-structured data sets. It analyzes... | {
"page_id": 47518866,
"title": "Fluentd"
} |
and more. Manning. ISBN 9781617298356 == External links == Official website fluentd on GitHub | {
"page_id": 47518866,
"title": "Fluentd"
} |
A constellation is an area on the celestial sphere in which a group of visible stars forms a perceived pattern or outline, typically representing an animal, mythological subject, or inanimate object. The first constellations were likely defined in prehistory. People used them to relate stories of their beliefs, experie... | {
"page_id": 5267,
"title": "Constellation"
} |
point in a celestial coordinate system lies in one of the modern constellations. Some astronomical naming systems include the constellation where a given celestial object is found to convey its approximate location in the sky. The Flamsteed designation of a star, for example, consists of a number and the genitive form ... | {
"page_id": 5267,
"title": "Constellation"
} |
a variety of distances away from the Earth. Since each star has its own independent motion, all constellations will change slowly over time. After tens to hundreds of thousands of years, familiar outlines will become unrecognizable. Astronomers can predict the past or future constellation outlines by measuring common p... | {
"page_id": 5267,
"title": "Constellation"
} |
between Taurus and Gemini (north) and Scorpius and Sagittarius (south and near which the Galactic Center can be found). The galaxy appears to pass through Aquila (near the celestial equator) and northern constellations Cygnus, Cassiopeia, Perseus, Auriga, and Orion (near Betelgeuse), as well as Monoceros (near the cele... | {
"page_id": 5267,
"title": "Constellation"
} |
closest star approximating a southern pole star, but is faint in the night sky. Thus, the pole can be triangulated using the constellation Crux as well as the stars Alpha and Beta Centauri (about 30° counterclockwise from Crux) of the constellation Centaurus (arching over Crux). == History of the early constellations =... | {
"page_id": 5267,
"title": "Constellation"
} |
the Bull as Taurus, the Man representing Aquarius, and the Eagle standing in for Scorpio. The biblical Book of Job also makes reference to a number of constellations, including עיש ‘Ayish "bier", כסיל chesil "fool" and כימה chimah "heap" (Job 9:9, 38:31–32), rendered as "Arcturus, Orion and Pleiades" by the KJV, but ‘A... | {
"page_id": 5267,
"title": "Constellation"
} |
of constellations in the medieval period both in Europe and in Islamic astronomy. === Ancient China === Ancient China had a long tradition of observing celestial phenomena. Nonspecific Chinese star names, later categorized in the twenty-eight mansions, have been found on oracle bones from Anyang, dating back to the mid... | {
"page_id": 5267,
"title": "Constellation"
} |
sky, which did not depict the traditional stars recorded by ancient Chinese astronomers. Further improvements were made during the later part of the Ming dynasty by Xu Guangqi and Johann Adam Schall von Bell, the German Jesuit and was recorded in Chongzhen Lishu (Calendrical Treatise of Chongzhen period, 1628). Traditi... | {
"page_id": 5267,
"title": "Constellation"
} |
to the stars within each constellation. These are known today as Bayer designations. Subsequent star atlases led to the development of today's accepted modern constellations. === Origin of the southern constellations === The southern sky, below about −65° declination, was only partially catalogued by ancient Babylonian... | {
"page_id": 5267,
"title": "Constellation"
} |
modern constellations === A list of 88 constellations was produced for the IAU in 1922. It is roughly based on the traditional Greek constellations listed by Ptolemy in his Almagest in the 2nd century and Aratus' work Phenomena, with early modern modifications and additions (most importantly introducing constellations ... | {
"page_id": 5267,
"title": "Constellation"
} |
a modern star map, such as epoch J2000, are already somewhat skewed and no longer perfectly vertical or horizontal. This effect will increase over the years and centuries to come. === Symbols === The constellations have no official symbols, though those of the ecliptic may take the signs of the zodiac. Symbols for the ... | {
"page_id": 5267,
"title": "Constellation"
} |
Hyginus, Astronomica translated by Mary Grant Greco-Roman constellation myths Neave Planetarium Adobe Flash interactive web browser planetarium and stardome with realistic movement of stars and the planets. Audio – Cain/Gay (2009) Astronomy Cast Constellations The Greek Star-Map short essay by Gavin White Bucur D. The ... | {
"page_id": 5267,
"title": "Constellation"
} |
A diocotron instability is a plasma instability created by two sheets of charge slipping past each other. Energy is dissipated in the form of two surface waves which propagate in opposite directions, one flowing over the other. This instability is the plasma analog of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in fluid mechanics... | {
"page_id": 13833363,
"title": "Diocotron instability"
} |
The molecular formula C9H7NO (molar mass: 145.16 g/mol, exact mass: 145.0528 u) may refer to: 8-Hydroxyquinoline Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (I3A) Quinolones 2-Quinolone 4-Quinolone | {
"page_id": 24384663,
"title": "C9H7NO"
} |
A membrane reactor is a physical device that combines a chemical conversion process with a membrane separation process to add reactants or remove products of the reaction. Chemical reactors making use of membranes are usually referred to as membrane reactors. The membrane can be used for different tasks: Separation Sel... | {
"page_id": 6755482,
"title": "Membrane reactor"
} |
which lead the technology, even if in recent years this technology was successfully applied to hydrogen production and hydrocarbon dehydrogenation. == Reactor configurations == Generally, membrane reactors can be classified based on the membrane position and reactor configuration. Usually there is a catalyst inside: if... | {
"page_id": 6755482,
"title": "Membrane reactor"
} |
membranes must have a high flux, high selectivity towards hydrogen, low cost and high stability. Among membranes, dense inorganic are the most suitable having a selectivity orders of magnitude bigger than porous ones. Among dense membranes, metallic ones are the most used due to higher fluxes compared to ceramic ones. ... | {
"page_id": 6755482,
"title": "Membrane reactor"
} |
passive as in artificial membranes, allowing the cell to keep up gradients for example by using active transport of protons or water. The use of a natural membrane is the first example of the utilization for a chemical reaction. By using the selective permeability of a pig's bladder, water could be removed from a conde... | {
"page_id": 6755482,
"title": "Membrane reactor"
} |
methanol === In the STAR process for the catalytic conversion of methane from natural gas with oxygen from air, to methanol by the partial oxidation 2CH4 + O2 → {\displaystyle \rightarrow } 2CH3OH. The partial pressure of oxygen has to be low to prevent the formation of explosive mixtures and to suppress the successive... | {
"page_id": 6755482,
"title": "Membrane reactor"
} |
The following is a list of ingredients used in Japanese cuisine. == Plant sources == === Cereal grain === Rice Short or medium grain white rice. Regular (non-sticky) rice is called uruchi-mai. Mochi rice (glutinous rice)-sticky rice, sweet rice Genmai (brown rice) Rice bran (nuka) – not usually eaten itself, but used f... | {
"page_id": 13571230,
"title": "List of Japanese ingredients"
} |
shiro-uri – type of squash/melon. ==== Cabbage family ==== Komatsuna – (B. rapa var. perviridis) Mizuna - (B. rapa var. nipposinica) Napa cabbage (hakusai) – (B. rapa var. glabra) Takana (タカナ) – (Brassica juncea var. integrifolia or var. of mustard) Nozawana – (cultivar of B. rapa var. hakabura) Nanohana (rapeseed or c... | {
"page_id": 13571230,
"title": "List of Japanese ingredients"
} |
bamboo shoots". Menma – vital condiment to ramen, made from the Taiwanese giant bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus) and not from the typical bamboo shoot. Yamaimo – vague name that can denote either Dioscorea spp. (Japanese yam or Chinese yam) below. The root is often grated into a sort of starchy puree. The correct way ... | {
"page_id": 13571230,
"title": "List of Japanese ingredients"
} |
(shōro) === Seaweed === Ego-nori – Campylaephora hypnaeoides Habanori – Petalonia binghamiae Hijiki Konbu – kombu, kelp Tororo-kombu or oboro-kombu – thin shavings of kelp Usuita-kombu – a thin sheet of kelp created as a byproduct Mekabu – the thick, pleated portion near the attached base of the seaweed Mozuku Nori Iwa... | {
"page_id": 13571230,
"title": "List of Japanese ingredients"
} |
× wild boar crossbreed Boar meat – the nabe (hotpot) dish is called botan nabe ("peony") Whey buta – marketed by Hanamaki Bokujō Horse meat, sometimes called sakura-niku – a delicacy. Raw sliced horsemeat is called basashi; the fatty neck portion from where the mane grows is known as tategami. === Finned fish === ==== ... | {
"page_id": 13571230,
"title": "List of Japanese ingredients"
} |
- shiojake or salted salmon are often very salty fillets, so lighter salted amajio types may be sought. aramaki-jake is salt-cured whole fish. hizu-namasu uses snout cartilage. suzuki Japanese icefish (Family Salangidae) nigoro buna (Carassius auratus grandoculis) - vital source of funazushi for Shiga-kennians === Mari... | {
"page_id": 13571230,
"title": "List of Japanese ingredients"
} |
of aemono. squid and katsuo (skipjack) livers and guts, used to make shiokara. === Processed seafood === anchovy (katakuchi-iwashi), dried to make Niboshi. The larvae are shirasu and made into Tatami iwashi chikuwa himono (non-salted dried fish) - some products are bone dry and stiff, incl. ei-hire (skate fins), surume... | {
"page_id": 13571230,
"title": "List of Japanese ingredients"
} |
The British Atomic Scientists Association (ASA or BASA), was founded by Joseph Rotblat in 1946. It was a politically neutral group, composed of eminent physicists and other scientists and was concerned with matters of British public policy regarding applications and dangers of nuclear physics (including nuclear weapons... | {
"page_id": 4396190,
"title": "British Atomic Scientists Association"
} |
Owl's eye appearance, also known as owl's eye sign, is a pattern used in the medical field to describe cells (or cell attributes) that resemble the shape of an actual owl's eye. Using the techniques of histology and radiology, microscopes and other medical imaging are used to locate this pattern of "owl's eye" shaped c... | {
"page_id": 26547361,
"title": "Owl's eye appearance"
} |
10 out of 10 patients. This was apparently due to the cytomegalovirus found in the patients that were also found to be diagnosed with AIDS. This case study involved CT scans that were used as a proposal as a way to detect the cytomegalovirus; however, the case study found that the cytomegalovirus had little relevance t... | {
"page_id": 26547361,
"title": "Owl's eye appearance"
} |
be infected with the cytomegalovirus. The presence of an eye's owl appearance found within the infected area, gave the necessary clues to confirm cytomegalovirus infection. A different case study found the appearance of an owl's eye in eighteen patients who were induced with drugs with a syndrome. The case study conclu... | {
"page_id": 26547361,
"title": "Owl's eye appearance"
} |
pathology cases. However, these cases focused more on the specifics of a singular organ or tissue where the owl's eye appeared. These cases also have moderate relevance to the cytomegalovirus. In 1983, a journal wrote on a case study that found owl's eye appearance within the human eyes with the presence of potential c... | {
"page_id": 26547361,
"title": "Owl's eye appearance"
} |
that owl's eye appearance was found in most organs through the investigation of a liver transplant. This provides evidence that the appearance of an owl's eye allowed the doctors to diagnose that cytomegalovirus infection from the liver transplant can be detected through detection tools. In 2019, a case study was condu... | {
"page_id": 26547361,
"title": "Owl's eye appearance"
} |
within the bone structure, especially in the spinal cord. In 2009, a journal wrote on the presence of an owl's eye appearance that was found within the skeletal structure from the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan in regards to compression of the spinal cord. The owl's eye sign indicated that the spinal issues may ... | {
"page_id": 26547361,
"title": "Owl's eye appearance"
} |
This textbook is a clinical review textbook and has provided relevance between owl's eye signs and neurological imaging. === Special cases === It was found that a 1986 case study found that CT scans were of little effect when trying to find cytomegalovirus in the presence of owl's eye appearance. == References == == Ex... | {
"page_id": 26547361,
"title": "Owl's eye appearance"
} |
Functional genomics is a field of molecular biology that attempts to describe gene (and protein) functions and interactions. Functional genomics make use of the vast data generated by genomic and transcriptomic projects (such as genome sequencing projects and RNA sequencing). Functional genomics focuses on the dynamic ... | {
"page_id": 1053858,
"title": "Functional genomics"
} |
properties of an organism. This could potentially provide a more complete picture of how the genome specifies function compared to studies of single genes. Integration of functional genomics data is often a part of systems biology approaches. == Techniques and applications == Functional genomics includes function-relat... | {
"page_id": 1053858,
"title": "Functional genomics"
} |
include ChIP-sequencing, CUT&RUN sequencing and Calling Cards. ==== DNA accessibility assays ==== Assays have been developed to identify regions of the genome that are accessible. These regions of accessible chromatin are candidate regulatory regions. These assays include ATAC-seq, DNase-Seq and FAIRE-Seq. === At the R... | {
"page_id": 1053858,
"title": "Functional genomics"
} |
standard tool for non-coding RNA discovery, profiling and expression analysis. ==== Massively Parallel Reporter Assays (MPRAs) ==== Massively parallel reporter assays is a technology to test the cis-regulatory activity of DNA sequences. MPRAs use a plasmid with a synthetic cis-regulatory element upstream of a promoter ... | {
"page_id": 1053858,
"title": "Functional genomics"
} |
of a reporter gene. In a Y2H screen, the "bait" protein is fused to the binding domain of GAL4, and a library of potential "prey" (interacting) proteins is recombinantly expressed in a vector with the activation domain. In vivo interaction of bait and prey proteins in a yeast cell brings the activation and binding doma... | {
"page_id": 1053858,
"title": "Functional genomics"
} |
mutational scanning experiments have also been used to infer protein structure and protein-protein interactions. Deep Mutational Scanning is an example of a multiplexed assays of variant effect (MAVEs), a family of methods that involve mutagenesis of a DNA-encoded protein or regulatory element followed by a multiplexed... | {
"page_id": 1053858,
"title": "Functional genomics"
} |
virally encoded short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs). RNAi screens, typically performed in cell culture-based assays or experimental organisms (such as C. elegans) can be used to systematically disrupt nearly every gene in a genome or subsets of genes (sub-genomes); possible functions of disrupted genes can be assigned based on... | {
"page_id": 1053858,
"title": "Functional genomics"
} |
sequences, and polyadenylation sites. A sequence identified as a putative gene must be confirmed by further evidence, such as similarity to cDNA or EST sequences from the same organism, similarity of the predicted protein sequence to known proteins, association with promoter sequences, or evidence that mutating the seq... | {
"page_id": 1053858,
"title": "Functional genomics"
} |
tree. This allows the user to infer if the selection process in nature applies similar constraints on a protein as the results of the deep mutational scan indicate. This may allow an experimenter to choose between different experimental conditions based on how well they reflect nature. Deep mutational scanning has also... | {
"page_id": 1053858,
"title": "Functional genomics"
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.