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{r} _{i}-\mathbf {r} _{j}\right|}}=\sum _{i}\sum _{j>i}{\frac {e^{2}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}\left|\mathbf {r} _{i}-\mathbf {r} _{j}\right|}}} The potential energy arising from Coulombic nuclei-nuclei repulsions – also known as the nuclear repulsion energy. See electric potential for more details. U ^ n n = 1 2 ∑ i ∑ j ≠... | {
"page_id": 7148738,
"title": "Molecular Hamiltonian"
} |
when he introduced a relativistically correct (Lorentz covariant) form of the one-particle Schrödinger equation. The Dirac equation predicts that spin and spatial motion of a particle interact via spin–orbit coupling. In analogy spin-other-orbit coupling was introduced. The fact that particle spin has some of the chara... | {
"page_id": 7148738,
"title": "Molecular Hamiltonian"
} |
Heisenberg uncertainty principle. By introducing the coordinate vector X of the center of mass as three of the degrees of freedom of the system and eliminating the coordinate vector of one (arbitrary) particle, so that the number of degrees of freedom stays the same, one obtains by a linear transformation a new set of ... | {
"page_id": 7148738,
"title": "Molecular Hamiltonian"
} |
invariant), its invariance is not manifest. Not many actual molecular applications of H ′ {\displaystyle H'} exist; see, however, the seminal work on the hydrogen molecule for an early application. In the great majority of computations of molecular wavefunctions the electronic problem is solved with the clamped nucleus... | {
"page_id": 7148738,
"title": "Molecular Hamiltonian"
} |
a quantum mechanical particle cannot be at rest. (It would mean that it had simultaneously zero momentum and well-defined position, which contradicts Heisenberg's uncertainty principle). Since the nuclear positions are constants, the electronic kinetic energy operator is invariant under translation over any nuclear vec... | {
"page_id": 7148738,
"title": "Molecular Hamiltonian"
} |
which is usually the case. == Harmonic nuclear motion Hamiltonian == In the remaining part of this article we assume that the molecule is semi-rigid. In the second step of the BO approximation the nuclear kinetic energy Tn is reintroduced and the Schrödinger equation with Hamiltonian H ^ n u c = − ℏ 2 2 ∑ i = 1 N ∑ α =... | {
"page_id": 7148738,
"title": "Molecular Hamiltonian"
} |
i ≡ M i ( R i − R i 0 ) . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\rho }}_{i}\equiv {\sqrt {M_{i}}}(\mathbf {R} _{i}-\mathbf {R} _{i}^{0}).} Since ∂ ∂ ρ i α = ∂ M i ( ∂ R i α − ∂ R i α 0 ) = 1 M i ∂ ∂ R i α , {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial \rho _{i\alpha }}}={\frac {\partial }{{\sqrt {M_{i}}}(\partial R_{i\alpha }-\pa... | {
"page_id": 7148738,
"title": "Molecular Hamiltonian"
} |
Φ with Φ = diag ( f 1 , … , f 3 N − 6 , 0 , … , 0 ) . {\displaystyle \mathbf {Q} \mathbf {F} \mathbf {Q} ^{\mathrm {T} }={\boldsymbol {\Phi }}\quad {\text{with}}\quad {\boldsymbol {\Phi }}=\operatorname {diag} (f_{1},\dots ,f_{3N-6},0,\ldots ,0).} It can be shown from the invariance of V under rotation and translatio... | {
"page_id": 7148738,
"title": "Molecular Hamiltonian"
} |
approximation to the nuclear motion problem, described in 3N mass-weighted Cartesian coordinates, became standard in quantum chemistry, since the days (1980s-1990s) that algorithms for accurate computations of the Hessian F became available. Apart from the harmonic approximation, it has as a further deficiency that the... | {
"page_id": 7148738,
"title": "Molecular Hamiltonian"
} |
the inverse of the metric tensor g and its determinant. Multiplication of the Laplace–Beltrami operator by − ℏ 2 {\displaystyle -\hbar ^{2}} gives the required quantum mechanical kinetic energy operator. When we apply this recipe to Cartesian coordinates, which have unit metric, the same kinetic energy is obtained as b... | {
"page_id": 7148738,
"title": "Molecular Hamiltonian"
} |
w i t h M t o t ≡ ∑ i = 1 N M i . {\displaystyle \mathbf {X} \equiv {\frac {1}{M_{\mathrm {tot} }}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}M_{i}\mathbf {R} _{i}\quad \mathrm {with} \quad M_{\mathrm {tot} }\equiv \sum _{i=1}^{N}M_{i}.} The second term is the rotational term akin to the kinetic energy of the rigid rotor. Here P α {\displaystyle ... | {
"page_id": 7148738,
"title": "Molecular Hamiltonian"
} |
were zero (rigid molecule) the Eckart frame would coincide with a principal axes frame (see rigid rotor) and μ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mu }}} would be diagonal, with the equilibrium reciprocal moments of inertia on the diagonal. If all q s would be zero, only the kinetic energies of translation and rigid rotation... | {
"page_id": 7148738,
"title": "Molecular Hamiltonian"
} |
in the molecular Hamiltonian is in: McWeeny, R. (1989). Methods of Molecular Quantum Mechanics (2nd ed.). London: Academic. ISBN 978-0-12-486550-1. | {
"page_id": 7148738,
"title": "Molecular Hamiltonian"
} |
In organic chemistry, a vinyl iodide (also known as an iodoalkene) functional group is an alkene with one or more iodide substituents. Vinyl iodides are versatile molecules that serve as important building blocks and precursors in organic synthesis. They are commonly used in carbon-carbon forming reactions in transitio... | {
"page_id": 41227461,
"title": "Vinyl iodide functional group"
} |
alkyne was reduced in presence of a vinyl iodide using hydrogen over Pd/CaCO3 or Crabtree's catalyst. == Other applications == Besides using vinyl iodides as useful substrates in transition metal cross-coupling reaction, they can also undergo elimination with a strong base to give corresponding alkyne, and they can be ... | {
"page_id": 41227461,
"title": "Vinyl iodide functional group"
} |
often involve a hydrometalation step before addition of I+ source. ==== α-vinyl iodides ==== Introducing an α-vinyl iodide from a terminal position of an alkyne is a difficult step. in addition, the vinyl metal intermediate can be mildly nucleophilic, for example vinyl aluminum, can form C-C bonds under catalytic condi... | {
"page_id": 41227461,
"title": "Vinyl iodide functional group"
} |
selectively favors E geometry. The Oshima group have demonstrated using hydroindation with HInCl selectively favors Z geometry. They suggested that the reaction proceeds by a radical mechanism. They predict that HInCl adds to alkyne by radical addition in a Z geometry. It does not isomerized to E geometry because of lo... | {
"page_id": 41227461,
"title": "Vinyl iodide functional group"
} |
borate can yield different stereoisomers of vinyl iodide (see scheme 2a). The Whiting group, however, noticed that Brown's method was not applicable to more sterically hindered boronic esters (no reaction). They proposed that the iodide source was not electropositive enough. So they decided to use ICl which is more pol... | {
"page_id": 41227461,
"title": "Vinyl iodide functional group"
} |
radical reactions producing HI and I2 help facilitate cleavage in alcohol's protecting group and may add into other alkene bonds. They experimented with the use of silver additives such as silver acetate and silver carbonate in which the silver can react with the excess iodide to form silver iodide. They achieved bette... | {
"page_id": 41227461,
"title": "Vinyl iodide functional group"
} |
Cortistatin can refer to: Cortistatin (neuropeptide), a peptide hormone Cortistatins, a class of steroids applied against angiogenesis | {
"page_id": 23860425,
"title": "Cortistatin"
} |
Chemical specificity is the ability of binding site of a macromolecule (such as a protein) to bind specific ligands. The fewer ligands a protein can bind, the greater its specificity. Specificity describes the strength of binding between a given protein and ligand. This relationship can be described by a dissociation c... | {
"page_id": 529609,
"title": "Chemical specificity"
} |
known to be the most influential in regards to where specificity between two molecules is derived from. The strength of these interactions between the protein and ligand often positively correlate with their specificity for one another. The specificity of a binding process is strongly dependent of the flexibility of th... | {
"page_id": 529609,
"title": "Chemical specificity"
} |
enzyme acts upon one specific substrate. Absolute specific enzymes will only catalyze one reaction with its specific substrate. For example, lactase is an enzyme specific for the degradation of lactose into two sugar monosaccharides, glucose and galactose. Another example is Glucokinase, which is an enzyme involved in ... | {
"page_id": 529609,
"title": "Chemical specificity"
} |
polarized light, or orientations of linkages (see alpha, beta glycosidic linkages). Enzymes that are stereochemically specific will bind substrates with these particular properties. For example, beta-glycosidase will only react with beta-glycosidic bonds which are present in cellulose, but not present in starch and gly... | {
"page_id": 529609,
"title": "Chemical specificity"
} |
the enzyme amount. k c a t {\displaystyle k_{cat}} over k m {\displaystyle k_{m}} is known as the specificity constant, which gives a measure of the affinity of a substrate to some particular enzyme. Also known as the efficiency of an enzyme, this relationship reveals an enzyme's preference for a particular substrate. ... | {
"page_id": 529609,
"title": "Chemical specificity"
} |
by transferring of the sample onto a membrane which is stained by antibodies. Antibodies are specific to the target protein of interest, and will contain a fluorescent tag signaling the presence of the researcher's protein of interest. == See also == Enzyme promiscuity Substrate (chemistry) == References == | {
"page_id": 529609,
"title": "Chemical specificity"
} |
In biochemistry and molecular biology, a binding site is a region on a macromolecule such as a protein that binds to another molecule with specificity. The binding partner of the macromolecule is often referred to as a ligand. Ligands may include other proteins (resulting in a protein–protein interaction), enzyme subst... | {
"page_id": 529613,
"title": "Binding site"
} |
the transferase hexokinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to make glucose-6-phosphate. Active site residues of hexokinase allow for stabilization of the glucose molecule in the active site and spur the onset of an alternative pathway of favorable interactions, decreasing the activation energy. === Inhibition ... | {
"page_id": 529613,
"title": "Binding site"
} |
an example of competitive binding is carbon monoxide which competes with oxygen for the active site on heme. Carbon monoxide's high affinity may outcompete oxygen in the presence of low oxygen concentration. In these circumstances, the binding of carbon monoxide induces a conformation change that discourages heme from ... | {
"page_id": 529613,
"title": "Binding site"
} |
Recent research shows that binding site structure has profound consequences for the biology of protein complexes (evolution of function, allostery). === Cryptic binding sites === Cryptic binding sites are the binding sites that are transiently formed in an apo form or that are induced by ligand binding. Considering the... | {
"page_id": 529613,
"title": "Binding site"
} |
to its increased binding favorability for oxygen. Since myoglobin has only one heme group, it exhibits noncooperative binding which is hyperbolic on a binding curve. == Applications == Biochemical differences between different organisms and humans are useful for drug development. For instance, penicillin kills bacteria... | {
"page_id": 529613,
"title": "Binding site"
} |
Sequence based methods rely on the assumption that the sequences of functionally conserved portions of proteins such as binding site are conserved. Structure based methods require the 3D structure of the protein. These methods in turn can be subdivided into template and pocket based methods. Template based methods sear... | {
"page_id": 529613,
"title": "Binding site"
} |
Excitatory amino acid receptor ligands are ligands of excitatory amino acid receptors (EAARs), also known as glutamate receptors. They include excitatory amino acid receptor agonists and excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists. == References == | {
"page_id": 48174290,
"title": "Excitatory amino acid receptor ligand"
} |
The molecular formula C21H28N2O2 may refer to: Ibogaline, an alkaloid found in Tabernanthe iboga Optochin, a derivative of hydroquinine | {
"page_id": 24384722,
"title": "C21H28N2O2"
} |
The International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) project is a non-profit organization created in the late 1980s to address growing international concerns over rapid changes observed in Earth's atmosphere. It developed under joint sponsorship of the Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution (CACGP) o... | {
"page_id": 14882004,
"title": "International Global Atmospheric Chemistry"
} |
Dr John Garton, of the firm of Garton Brothers of Newton-le-Willows in the United Kingdom was the Originator of Scientific Farm Plant Breeding. He is credited as the first scientist to show that the common grain crops and many other plants are self-fertilizing. He also invented the process of multiple cross-fertilizati... | {
"page_id": 15668437,
"title": "Gartons Limited"
} |
with the publication of articles by botanists in the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, and in the Transactions of the Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland in 1894 and 1898. Professor Robert Wallace (1853–1939) of the University of Edinburgh said 'Under the system originated by Mr John... | {
"page_id": 15668437,
"title": "Gartons Limited"
} |
and involved large-scale and long-term work made it more likely that they would be the concern of government. There were exceptions though, one being the family firm of Gartons of Warrington, Lancashire, in the north of England. Their production of cereals – oats in particular – was appreciated as internationally impor... | {
"page_id": 15668437,
"title": "Gartons Limited"
} |
results, providing that body would undertake their dissemination and the continuance of the work, either in the form of an annual free seed distribution or at current market price. Upon the last occasion our offer was accompanied by letters and reports from all the leading Agricultural Professors, Botanists, and Scient... | {
"page_id": 15668437,
"title": "Gartons Limited"
} |
wheat bred from a controlled cross. 'Invincible' barley, introduced in 1899, the first crop plant control crossed for disease resistance. Perennialized red clover, introduced in 1898, the first controlled cross clover. Perennialized Italian ryegrass, introduced in 1907, the first controlled cross pasture grass. 'Apex' ... | {
"page_id": 15668437,
"title": "Gartons Limited"
} |
integral part of the work of the Chair of Agriculture. === Plant breeding grounds === The plant breeding grounds were initially at Newton-le-Willows but moved to Acton Grange, two and a half miles south west of Warrington before settling in about 1930 at Little Leigh near Northwich in Cheshire. A seed development farm ... | {
"page_id": 15668437,
"title": "Gartons Limited"
} |
Larger seed companies including Gartons Limited were licensed to carry out their own purity and germination testing. === Commercial success and competition === Gartons Limited was the United Kingdom's only major agricultural plant breeding company. But this caused them difficulties as early as in their Spring 1900 seed... | {
"page_id": 15668437,
"title": "Gartons Limited"
} |
1967 under this legislation. === Chairmen and directors === The eldest of the three Garton brothers, Robert Garton, was the first chairman of Gartons Limited. He died in February 1950, aged 91, a widower with no children. He was succeeded by the youngest brother, Thomas R. Garton, who died in May 1956. His son, John, w... | {
"page_id": 15668437,
"title": "Gartons Limited"
} |
World War II. A plant breeder as well as a businessman he is credited with the introduction of the sugar beet crop to UK agriculture. When Gartons Limited became a public quoted company on the London Stock Exchange in 1947 T. E. Miln entered into a further ten year employment contract as managing director, even though ... | {
"page_id": 15668437,
"title": "Gartons Limited"
} |
business. Decline following Acquisition of Gartons Groplan By Agricultural Holdings (Hurst Gunson) Gartons GROplan was sold to Agricultural Holdings Company Limited (Hurst Gunson) in 1971, but Gartons Limited continued as a plant breeding company. Peter Darlington immediately resigned from Gartons Groplan to concentrat... | {
"page_id": 15668437,
"title": "Gartons Limited"
} |
through the agency of the generative organs growing together on the same plant. Prior to the commencement of the work initiated by us and carried on during the past 20 years, which has led to the production of our New and Improved Breeds of agricultural plants, it was a recognised belief that many farm plants in the pr... | {
"page_id": 15668437,
"title": "Gartons Limited"
} |
the bases of the glumes, the grains remaining firmly enclosed between the chaff scales. By mating the varieties of this species with cultivated varieties, new breeds have been produced which will under no conditions shed their seed when ripe, but which thresh out a perfectly clean sample with a much heavier yield per a... | {
"page_id": 15668437,
"title": "Gartons Limited"
} |
for Spring 1901: FOR over 20 years the work of cross-fertilising crop plants, with the object of producing New and Improved Breeds, has been carried on at Newton-le-Willows in Lancashire. It has there for the first time been demonstrated to Scientific Botanists as well as to Agriculturists that all the corn crops (cere... | {
"page_id": 15668437,
"title": "Gartons Limited"
} |
being the male organs of reproduction that are liable to be absent or defective in the progeny of two extremely divergent parent plants. Many varieties as well as species can thus be blended in the formation of a new breed, but as it is necessary to secure fixity of type in every cross bred plant before it is again use... | {
"page_id": 15668437,
"title": "Gartons Limited"
} |
valuable results have been achieved by introducing as progenitors, certain weeds belonging to the same natural order of plants as the cultivated parents. For example, an inferior variety of "spelt" wheat Triticum spelta from Southern Asia, has been employed with excellent results to introduce strength of gluten to the ... | {
"page_id": 15668437,
"title": "Gartons Limited"
} |
(1913), Supreme (1915), The Hero (1916), The Captain (1919), Sir Douglas Haig (1920), Marvellous (1921), Superb (1923), Earl Haig (1925), Cropwell (1926), Plentiful (1927), Black Prince (1929), Progress (1930), Unique (1931), Onward (1935), Jubilee (1936), Royal Scot (1940), Spitfire (1945), Early Grey (1946), Forward ... | {
"page_id": 15668437,
"title": "Gartons Limited"
} |
Mangel Varieties: Mangel varieties bred and introduced to UK agriculture include Large Yellow Intermediate in 1900, Mammoth Long Red (1900), Golden Tankard (1900), Large Yellow Globe (1900), Select Golden Globe (1900), Sugar (1905), Red Intermediate (1905), Devon Yellow Intermediate (1907), Golden Gatepost (1909), Larg... | {
"page_id": 15668437,
"title": "Gartons Limited"
} |
Potato (1912), Gartons Purple Sprouting Broccoli (1903), Gartons Giant Winter Bean (1922), GS Giant Winter Bean (1950), P/L 14 Giant Winter Bean (1954), Gartons Giant Large Grained Winter Rye (1922). == References == | {
"page_id": 15668437,
"title": "Gartons Limited"
} |
The molecular formula C16H11NO3 (molar mass: 265.27 g/mol) may refer to: Oxycinchophen Piperolactam A | {
"page_id": 24384725,
"title": "C16H11NO3"
} |
VIRsiRNAdb is a database of siRNA/shRNA targeting viral genome regions. == See also == siRNA shRNA == References == == External links == http://crdd.osdd.net/servers/virsirnadb. | {
"page_id": 34280664,
"title": "VIRsiRNAdb"
} |
The Assimitron was a Japanese device uses to measure fluctuating CO2 levels at crop canopies. Led by E. Inoue at the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Tsukuba, Japan, the device itself was an offshoot of an earlier Australian invention, the Evapotron that first found mention in a 1958 article in the journa... | {
"page_id": 54400216,
"title": "Assimitron"
} |
This page provides supplementary chemical data on ethylene glycol. == Material Safety Data Sheet == The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions. Science ... | {
"page_id": 11211993,
"title": "Ethylene glycol (data page)"
} |
The William B. Coley Award for Distinguished Research in Basic and Tumor Immunology is presented annually by the Cancer Research Institute, to scientists who have made outstanding achievements in the fields of basic and tumor immunology and whose work has deepened our understanding of the immune system's response to di... | {
"page_id": 10163422,
"title": "William B. Coley Award"
} |
Lemaitre000 –Ruslan Medzhitov 2004: Shimon Sakaguchi000 –Ethan M. Shevach 2005: For Distinguished Research in Basic and Tumor Immunology000 –James P. Allison 2006: For Distinguished Research in Basic Immunology000 –Shizuo Akira000 –Bruce A. Beutler000 –For Distinguished Research in Tumor Immunology000 –Ian H. Frazer000... | {
"page_id": 10163422,
"title": "William B. Coley Award"
} |
Chen000 –Veit Hornung000 –Russell E. Vance 2021:For Distinguished Research in Basic Immunology and Tumor Immunology000 –Katalin Karikó 000 –Drew Weissman000 –Uğur Şahin000 –Özlem Türeci 2022:For Distinguished Research in Basic Immunology and Tumor Immunology000 –Vishva Dixit 000 –Judy Lieberman000 –Feng Shao000 –Hao Wu... | {
"page_id": 10163422,
"title": "William B. Coley Award"
} |
Kitrinoviricota is a phylum of RNA viruses that includes all positive-strand RNA viruses that infect eukaryotes and are not members of the phylum Pisuviricota or Lenarviricota. The name of the group derives from Greek κίτρινος (kítrinos), which means yellow (a reference to yellow fever virus), and -viricota, which is t... | {
"page_id": 63771874,
"title": "Kitrinoviricota"
} |
A colloid is a mixture in which one substance consisting of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance. Some definitions specify that the particles must be dispersed in a liquid, while others extend the definition to include substances like aerosols and gels. The term colloi... | {
"page_id": 5346,
"title": "Colloid"
} |
some of the hydrocolloids have additional useful functionality in a dry form if after solubilization they have the water removed - as in the formation of films for breath strips or sausage casings or indeed, wound dressing fibers, some being more compatible with skin than others. There are many different types of hydro... | {
"page_id": 5346,
"title": "Colloid"
} |
impossibility of any overlap between hard particles. Electrostatic interaction: Colloidal particles often carry an electrical charge and therefore attract or repel each other. The charge of both the continuous and the dispersed phase, as well as the mobility of the phases are factors affecting this interaction. van der... | {
"page_id": 5346,
"title": "Colloid"
} |
r {\displaystyle r} is the radius of the colloidal particle, and v {\displaystyle v} is the sedimentation or creaming velocity. The mass of the colloidal particle is found using: m A = V ( ρ 1 − ρ 2 ) {\displaystyle m_{A}=V(\rho _{1}-\rho _{2})} where V {\displaystyle V} is the volume of the colloidal particle, calcula... | {
"page_id": 5346,
"title": "Colloid"
} |
colloidal particles is less than kT, where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the absolute temperature. If this is the case, then the colloidal particles will repel or only weakly attract each other, and the substance will remain a suspension. If the interaction energy is greater than kT, the attractive forces will p... | {
"page_id": 5346,
"title": "Colloid"
} |
from a precipitate) is peptization, a process where it is shaken with an electrolyte. Steric stabilization consists absorbing a layer of a polymer or surfactant on the particles to prevent them from getting close in the range of attractive forces. The polymer consists of chains that are attached to the particle surface... | {
"page_id": 5346,
"title": "Colloid"
} |
polymer flocculant. Polymer flocculants can bridge individual colloidal particles by attractive electrostatic interactions. For example, negatively charged colloidal silica or clay particles can be flocculated by the addition of a positively charged polymer. Addition of non-adsorbed polymers called depletants that caus... | {
"page_id": 5346,
"title": "Colloid"
} |
particles increases due to them clumping together via aggregation, it will result in slower Brownian motion. This technique can confirm that aggregation has occurred if the apparent particle size is determined to be beyond the typical size range for colloidal particles. === Accelerating methods for shelf life predictio... | {
"page_id": 5346,
"title": "Colloid"
} |
to model ideal gases can be applied to model the behavior of a hard sphere colloidal suspension. Phase transitions in colloidal suspensions can be studied in real time using optical techniques, and are analogous to phase transitions in liquids. In many interesting cases optical fluidity is used to control colloid suspe... | {
"page_id": 5346,
"title": "Colloid"
} |
as a result of the relatively simple methods that have evolved in the last 20 years for preparing synthetic monodisperse colloids (both polymer and mineral) and, through various mechanisms, implementing and preserving their long-range order formation. == In biology == Colloidal phase separation is an important organisi... | {
"page_id": 5346,
"title": "Colloid"
} |
and/or negative electrostatic charges that vary depending on the chemical conditions of the soil sample, i.e. soil pH. == Intravenous therapy == Colloid solutions used in intravenous therapy belong to a major group of volume expanders, and can be used for intravenous fluid replacement. Colloids preserve a high colloid ... | {
"page_id": 5346,
"title": "Colloid"
} |
The Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) is a representation format, based on XML, for communicating and storing computational models of biological processes. It is a free and open standard with widespread software support and a community of users and developers. SBML can represent many different classes of biologica... | {
"page_id": 4461797,
"title": "SBML"
} |
and the workshop attendees decided the format should be encoded in XML. The Caltech ERATO team developed a proposal for this XML-based format and circulated the draft definition to the attendees of the 2nd Workshop on Software Platforms for Systems Biology in August 2000. This draft underwent extensive discussion over ... | {
"page_id": 4461797,
"title": "SBML"
} |
SBML Level 2 Version 3 was published in 2007 after countless contributions by and discussions with the SBML community. 2007 also saw the election of two more SBML Editors as part of the introduction of the modern SBML Editor organization in the context of the SBML development process. SBML Level 2 Version 4 was publish... | {
"page_id": 4461797,
"title": "SBML"
} |
this same formalism serves analogously for many other types of processes; moreover, SBML has language features supporting the direct expression of mathematical formulas and discontinuous events separate from reaction processes, allowing SBML to represent much more than solely biochemical reactions. Evidence for SBML's ... | {
"page_id": 4461797,
"title": "SBML"
} |
model analysis. For example, a package might provide the ability to simulate the model by constructing differential equations and then perform numerical time integration on the equations to explore the model's dynamic behavior. Or, alternatively, a package might construct a discrete stochastic representation of the mod... | {
"page_id": 4461797,
"title": "SBML"
} |
Versions within those Levels are the following: Level 3 Version 2 Core, for which the final Release 2 specification was issued 26 April 2019 Level 2 Version 5 Release 1 Level 1 Version 2 Open-source software infrastructure such as libSBML and JSBML allows developers to support all Levels of SBML their software with a m... | {
"page_id": 4461797,
"title": "SBML"
} |
"fbc" package provides support for constraint-based modeling, frequently used to analyze and study biological networks on both a small and large scale. This SBML package makes use of standard components from the SBML Level 3 core specification, including species and reactions, and extends them with additional attribute... | {
"page_id": 4461797,
"title": "SBML"
} |
Level 3 Layout package provides a specification for how to represent a reaction network in a graphical form. It is thus better tailored to the task than the use of an arbitrary drawing or graph. The SBML Level 3 package only deals with the information necessary to define the position and other aspects of a graph's layo... | {
"page_id": 4461797,
"title": "SBML"
} |
glucose or ATP, binding sites on a protein, and more. Compartment: A well-stirred container of a particular type and finite-size where species may be located. A model may contain multiple compartments of the same compartment type. Every species in a model must be located in a compartment. Species: A pool of entities of... | {
"page_id": 4461797,
"title": "SBML"
} |
certain entities (reactants) are transformed into certain other entities (products). Reactions have associated kinetic rate expressions describing how quickly they take place. Event: A statement describing an instantaneous, discontinuous change in a set of variables of any type (species concentration, compartment size ... | {
"page_id": 4461797,
"title": "SBML"
} |
and Bison as the grammar parser. However, the distribution also includes Python bindings which can be installed using pip to make it easy to use from Python. It is also available via the Tellurium package. More recently, a JavaScript/WASM version has been generated which allows the Antimony language to be used on the w... | {
"page_id": 4461797,
"title": "SBML"
} |
The Anton blood group antigen is a cell surface receptor found on some human red blood cells. It has been observed to play a role in Haemophilus influenzae infections. Studies showed that bacterium can adhere to this receptor and cause human red blood cells to agglutinate. In 1985, this antigen was found to be the same... | {
"page_id": 44700904,
"title": "Anton blood group antigen"
} |
Kin recognition, also called kin detection, is an organism's ability to distinguish between close genetic kin and non-kin. In evolutionary biology and psychology, such an ability is presumed to have evolved for inbreeding avoidance, though animals do not typically avoid inbreeding. An additional adaptive function somet... | {
"page_id": 11801835,
"title": "Kin recognition"
} |
related theory of kin selection, were formalized in the 1960s and 1970s to explain the evolution of social behaviours. Hamilton's early papers, as well as giving a mathematical account of the selection pressure, discussed possible implications and behavioural manifestations. Hamilton considered potential roles of cue-b... | {
"page_id": 11801835,
"title": "Kin recognition"
} |
implication that the inclusive fitness criterion can be met by mediating mechanisms of cooperative behaviour that are context and location-based has been clarified by recent work by West et al.: In his original papers on inclusive fitness theory, Hamilton pointed out a sufficiently high relatedness to favour altruistic... | {
"page_id": 11801835,
"title": "Kin recognition"
} |
in a way that is different from the way they recognise mates, neighbours, and other organisms and objects? Certainly animals use recognition systems to recognise their offspring, their siblings and their parents. But to the extent that they do so in the same way that they recognise their mates and their neighbours, I f... | {
"page_id": 11801835,
"title": "Kin recognition"
} |
the squirrels spent longer investigating non-kin scents suggesting recognition of kin odor. It's also noted that Belding's ground squirrels produce at least two scents arising from dorsal and oral secretions, giving two opportunities for kin recognition. In addition, the Black Rock Skink is also able to use olfactory s... | {
"page_id": 11801835,
"title": "Kin recognition"
} |
behave aggressively toward nonrelatives. Golden hamsters and bluegill sunfish also can use themselves as referents to discriminate close relatives from distant kin and nonkin. Kin recognition in some species may also be mediated by immunogenetic similarity of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). For a discussion... | {
"page_id": 11801835,
"title": "Kin recognition"
} |
leaf to root allocation, as a form of competition. Root allocation has been a very common trait shown through research in plants. Limited amounts of biomass can cause trade-offs among the construction of leaves, stems, and roots overall. But, in plants that recognize kin, the movement of resources in the plant has been... | {
"page_id": 11801835,
"title": "Kin recognition"
} |
vs. non-self roots. This study was performed using secretion inhibitors, which disabled the mechanism responsible for kin recognition in this species, and showed similar growth patterns to Bhatt et al., (2010) and Murphy and Dudley (2009) in control groups. The most interesting result of this study was that inhibiting ... | {
"page_id": 11801835,
"title": "Kin recognition"
} |
provides a highly polymorphic scent signal of genetic identity that appears to underlie kin recognition and inbreeding avoidance. Thus there are fewer matings between mice sharing MUP haplotypes than would be expected if there were random mating. Another mechanism for avoiding inbreeding is evident when a female house ... | {
"page_id": 11801835,
"title": "Kin recognition"
} |
A mycetome is a specialized organ in a variety of animal species which houses that animal's symbionts, isolating them from the animal's natural cellular defense mechanisms and allowing sustained controlled symbiotic growth. In several species, such as bed bugs and certain families of leech, these symbionts are attached... | {
"page_id": 62395628,
"title": "Mycetome"
} |
A composite cross population (CCP) is created by crossing a number of plants from different lines, and subsequently bulking seeds from the resulting offspring. This makes a CCP a population of plants with a lot of inherent genetic diversity, in contrast to monocultures where all plants are clones and homozygous at all ... | {
"page_id": 55579886,
"title": "Composite cross population"
} |
the next growing season. Plants that are successful under the prevailing growing conditions will give more seeds and contribute more to the next generation, compared to less successful plants. Disease will cull susceptible plants and the population will over time become resistant to the common diseases, but only if the... | {
"page_id": 55579886,
"title": "Composite cross population"
} |
the desired direction for traits such as baking quality. Natural selection and in-field human selection act on the plant stage, not the seed stage. Common Bunt is a seed borne disease in wheat. In conventional farming it is controlled by fungicide treatment of seeds. In organic farming seeds can be cleaned by brushing ... | {
"page_id": 55579886,
"title": "Composite cross population"
} |
Calcium sulfate (or calcium sulphate) is an inorganic salt with the chemical formula CaSO4. It occurs in several hydrated forms; the anhydrous state (known as anhydrite) is a white crystalline solid often found in evaporite deposits. Its dihydrate form is the mineral gypsum, which may be dehydrated to produce bassanite... | {
"page_id": 595183,
"title": "Calcium sulfate"
} |
0.8. Temperatures between 100 and 150 °C (212–302 °F) are required to drive off the water within its structure. The details of the temperature and time depend on ambient humidity. Temperatures as high as 170 °C (338 °F) are used in industrial calcination, but at these temperatures γ-anhydrite begins to form. The heat e... | {
"page_id": 595183,
"title": "Calcium sulfate"
} |
broken bones, or for metal casting). Mixed with polymers, it has been used as a bone repair cement. Small amounts of calcined gypsum are added to earth to create strong structures directly from cast earth, an alternative to adobe (which loses its strength when wet). The conditions of dehydration can be changed to adjus... | {
"page_id": 595183,
"title": "Calcium sulfate"
} |
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