Split (1)

train · 115k rows

text stringlengths 2 4.67k	source dict
pathways). Thus, the existence (and magnitude) of receptor reserve depends on the agonist (efficacy), tissue (signal amplification ability) and measured effect (pathways activated to cause signal amplification). As receptor reserve is very sensitive to agonist's intrinsic efficacy, it is usually defined only for full (...	{ "page_id": 726049, "title": "Pharmacodynamics" }
and extent of altered cellular physiology will depend on the combination of the drug's presence (as established by pharmacokinetic (PK) studies) and/or its mechanism and duration of action (PD). Types of xenobiotic-target interaction can be described either by reversible, irreversible, noncompetitive, and allosteric in...	{ "page_id": 726049, "title": "Pharmacodynamics" }
Cyclohexadiene may refer to: Cyclohexa-1,3-diene, Cyclohexa-1,4-diene, == See also == Benzene or its theoretical isomer 1,3,5-Cyclohexatriene Cyclohexene	{ "page_id": 2561058, "title": "Cyclohexadiene" }
Howard E. Zimmerman (July 5, 1926 – February 12, 2012) was a professor of chemistry at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1980 and the recipient of the 1986 American Institute of Chemists Chemical Pioneer Award. == Biography == Howard E. Zimmerman was a native of ...	{ "page_id": 25433121, "title": "Howard Zimmerman" }
from the University of Wisconsin 1991 Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award of the ACS 2006 IUPAC Porter Medal for Photochemical Research == Selected bibliography == "The Stereochemistry of the Ketonization Reaction of Enols," Zimmerman, H. E. J. Org. Chem., 1955, 20, 549-557. ISSN 0022-3263 "The Stereochemistry of the Ivanov a...	{ "page_id": 25433121, "title": "Howard Zimmerman" }
of Chem. Res.', 1987, 20, 263-268. ISSN 0001-4842 "Regioselectivity of the Birch Reduction", Zimmerman, H. E.; Wang, P. A., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2205-2216. ISSN 0002-7863 "The Meta Effect in Organic Photochemistry; Mechanistic and Exploratory Organic Photochemistry", Zimmerman, H. E., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 1...	{ "page_id": 25433121, "title": "Howard Zimmerman" }
The European Biophysics Journal is published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of the European Biophysical Societies Association. The journal publishes papers in the field of biophysics, defining this as the study of biological phenomena using physical methods and concepts. It publishes original papers, revi...	{ "page_id": 22615076, "title": "European Biophysics Journal" }
The retro-Diels–Alder reaction (rDA reaction) is the reverse of the Diels–Alder (DA) reaction, a [4+2] cycloelimination. It involves the formation of a diene and dienophile from a cyclohexene. It can be accomplished spontaneously with heat, or with acid or base mediation. In principle, it becomes thermodynamically favo...	{ "page_id": 27530273, "title": "Retro-Diels–Alder reaction" }
process. (2) === Stereochemistry === Like the Diels–Alder reaction, the rDA preserves configuration in the diene and dienophile. Much less is known about the relative rates of reversion of endo and exo adducts, and studies have pointed to no correlation between relative configuration in the cyclohexene starting materia...	{ "page_id": 27530273, "title": "Retro-Diels–Alder reaction" }
the rDA reaction may be carried out in the presence of a scavenger. The scavenger reacts with either the diene or (more typically) the dienophile to drive the equilibrium of the retro-DA process toward products. Highly reactive cyanoacrylates may be isolated from Diels–Alder adducts (synthesized independently) with the...	{ "page_id": 27530273, "title": "Retro-Diels–Alder reaction" }
Isotopes are distinct nuclear species (or nuclides) of the same chemical element. They have the same atomic number (number of protons in their nuclei) and position in the periodic table (and hence belong to the same chemical element), but different nucleon numbers (mass numbers) due to different numbers of neutrons in ...	{ "page_id": 19600416, "title": "Isotope" }
and 7 neutrons. The nuclide concept (referring to individual nuclear species) emphasizes nuclear properties over chemical properties, whereas the isotope concept (grouping all atoms of each element) emphasizes chemical over nuclear. The neutron number greatly affects nuclear properties, but its effect on chemical prope...	{ "page_id": 19600416, "title": "Isotope" }
is common to state only the mass number in the superscript and leave out the atomic number subscript (e.g. 3He, 4He, 12C, 14C, 235U, and 239U). The letter m (for metastable) is sometimes appended after the mass number to indicate a nuclear isomer, a metastable or energetically excited nuclear state (as opposed to the l...	{ "page_id": 19600416, "title": "Isotope" }
nuclides are in theory energetically susceptible to other known forms of decay, such as alpha decay or double beta decay, but no decay products have yet been observed, and so these isotopes are said to be "observationally stable". The predicted half-lives for these nuclides often greatly exceed the estimated age of the...	{ "page_id": 19600416, "title": "Isotope" }
that several types of atoms (differing in radioactive properties) could occupy the same place in the table. For example, the alpha-decay of uranium-235 forms thorium-231, whereas the beta decay of actinium-230 forms thorium-230. The term "isotope", Greek for "at the same place", was suggested to Soddy by Margaret Todd,...	{ "page_id": 19600416, "title": "Isotope" }
discovered multiple stable isotopes for numerous elements using a mass spectrograph. In 1919 Aston studied neon with sufficient resolution to show that the two isotopic masses are very close to the integers 20 and 22 and that neither is equal to the known molar mass (20.2) of neon gas. This is an example of Aston's who...	{ "page_id": 19600416, "title": "Isotope" }
by changing the center of gravity (reduced mass) of the atomic systems. However, for heavier elements, the relative mass difference between isotopes is much less so that the mass-difference effects on chemistry are usually negligible. (Heavy elements also have relatively more neutrons than lighter elements, so the rati...	{ "page_id": 19600416, "title": "Isotope" }
heaviest stable nuclide with the same number of neutrons and protons. All stable nuclides heavier than calcium-40 contain more neutrons than protons. === Numbers of isotopes per element === Of the 80 elements with a stable isotope, the largest number of stable isotopes observed for any element is ten (for the element t...	{ "page_id": 19600416, "title": "Isotope" }
The odd-A stable nuclides are divided (roughly evenly) into odd-proton-even-neutron, and even-proton-odd-neutron nuclides. Stable odd-proton-odd-neutron nuclides are the least common. ==== Even atomic number ==== The 146 even-proton, even-neutron (EE) nuclides comprise ~58% of all stable nuclides and all have spin 0 be...	{ "page_id": 19600416, "title": "Isotope" }
a part of the CNO cycle. The nuclides 63Li and 105B are minority isotopes of elements that are themselves rare compared to other light elements, whereas the other six isotopes make up only a tiny percentage of the natural abundance of their elements. ==== Odd atomic number ==== 53 stable nuclides have an even number of...	{ "page_id": 19600416, "title": "Isotope" }
isotope, and nine elements: chlorine (17Cl), potassium (19K), copper (29Cu), gallium (31Ga), bromine (35Br), silver (47Ag), antimony (51Sb), iridium (77Ir), and thallium (81Tl), have two odd-even stable isotopes each. This makes a total 30 + 2(9) = 48 stable odd-even isotopes. There are also five primordial long-lived ...	{ "page_id": 19600416, "title": "Isotope" }
fission are absorbed by another atom. As discussed above, only 80 elements have any stable isotopes, and 26 of these have only one stable isotope. Thus, about two-thirds of stable elements occur naturally on Earth in multiple stable isotopes, with the largest number of stable isotopes for an element being ten, for tin ...	{ "page_id": 19600416, "title": "Isotope" }
that account for the presence of multiple isotopes with different masses. Before the discovery of isotopes, empirically determined noninteger values of atomic mass confounded scientists. For example, a sample of chlorine contains 75.8% chlorine-35 and 24.2% chlorine-37, giving an average atomic mass of 35.5 atomic mass...	{ "page_id": 19600416, "title": "Isotope" }
naturally occurring isotopes of an element determine the standard atomic weight of the element. When the element contains N isotopes, the expression below is applied for the average atomic mass m ¯ a {\displaystyle {\overline {m}}_{a}} : m ¯ a = m 1 x 1 + m 2 x 2 + . . . + m N x N {\displaystyle {\overline {m}}_{a}=m_{...	{ "page_id": 19600416, "title": "Isotope" }
the isotopic signature of trace gases contained in them. Isotopic substitution can be used to determine the mechanism of a chemical reaction via the kinetic isotope effect. Another common application is isotopic labeling, the use of unusual isotopes as tracers or markers in chemical reactions. Normally, atoms of a give...	{ "page_id": 19600416, "title": "Isotope" }
radiation oncology utilize radioisotopes respectively for medical diagnosis and treatment. == See also == Abundance of the chemical elements Bainbridge mass spectrometer Geotraces Isotope hydrology Isotopomer Nuclear isomer List of nuclides List of particles Mass spectrometry Reference materials for stable isotope anal...	{ "page_id": 19600416, "title": "Isotope" }
Singapore Synchrotron Light Source (SSLS) is a synchrotron radiation facility located on Kent Ridge campus of the National University of Singapore. == History == The SSLS building project commenced in 1997 and concluded in 1999. Following the completion, the Helios 2 storage ring was relocated into the facility, and in...	{ "page_id": 38409255, "title": "Singapore Synchrotron Light Source" }
In chemistry, solvent effects are the influence of a solvent on chemical reactivity or molecular associations. Solvents can have an effect on solubility, stability and reaction rates and choosing the appropriate solvent allows for thermodynamic and kinetic control over a chemical reaction. A solute dissolves in a solve...	{ "page_id": 25433130, "title": "Solvent effects" }
that can form hydrogen-bonded enols. The equilibrium constant is dependent upon the solvent polarity, with the cis-enol form predominating at low polarity and the diketo form predominating at high polarity. The intramolecular H-bond formed in the cis-enol form is more pronounced when there is no competition for intermo...	{ "page_id": 25433130, "title": "Solvent effects" }
solvents. === Frictional solvent effects === The equilibrium hypothesis does not stand for very rapid chemical reactions in which the transition state theory breaks down. In such cases involving strongly dipolar, slowly relaxing solvents, solvation of the transition state does not play a very large role in affecting th...	{ "page_id": 25433130, "title": "Solvent effects" }
fact has become increasingly more apparent as more reactions are performed in the gas phase. As such, solvent conditions significantly affect the performance of a reaction with certain solvent conditions favoring one reaction mechanism over another. For SN1 reactions the solvent's ability to stabilize the intermediate ...	{ "page_id": 25433130, "title": "Solvent effects" }
of 1-bromobutane with azide (N3–). There is a noticeable increase in reaction rate when changing from a protic solvent to an aprotic solvent. This difference arises from acid/base reactions between protic solvents (not aprotic solvents) and strong nucleophiles. While it is true that steric effects also affect the relat...	{ "page_id": 25433130, "title": "Solvent effects" }
Marinactinospora is a genus in the phylum Actinomycetota (Bacteria). It contains a single species, Marinactinospora thermotolerans. The species has a high tolerance for environmental temperatures, up to 55°C. == Etymology == The name Marinactinospora derives from the Latin adjective marinus, of or belonging to the sea;...	{ "page_id": 57152561, "title": "Marinactinospora" }
A FMN-binding fluorescent protein (FbFP), also known as a LOV-based fluorescent protein, is a small, oxygen-independent fluorescent protein that binds flavin mononucleotide (FMN) as a chromophore. They were developed from blue-light receptors (so called LOV-domains) found in plants and various bacteria. They complement...	{ "page_id": 46535730, "title": "FMN-binding fluorescent protein" }
distinct excitation peak around 370 nm (UV-A light). The main emission peak is at approx. 495 nm, with a shoulder around 520 nm. One variant of Pp2FbFP (Q116V) exhibits a 10 nm blue shift in both the excitation and emission spectra. Rationally designed variants of iLOV and CagFbFP exhibit 6 and 7 nm red shifts, respect...	{ "page_id": 46535730, "title": "FMN-binding fluorescent protein" }
oxygen. Since all GFP derivatives and homologues require molecular oxygen for the maturation of their chromophore, these fluorescent proteins are of limited use under anaerobic or hypoxic conditions. Since FbFPs bind FMN as chromophore, which is synthesized independently of molecular oxygen, their fluorescence signal d...	{ "page_id": 46535730, "title": "FMN-binding fluorescent protein" }
The molecular formula C3H5N (molar mass: 55.08 g/mol, exact mass: 55.0422 u) may refer to: 1-Azabicyclo[1.1.0]butane 1-Azetine (dihydroazete) 2-Azetine Propargylamine (2-propynylamine) Propionitrile (propanenitrile)	{ "page_id": 12194868, "title": "C3H5N" }
The molecular formula C3H5NO (molar mass: 71.08 g/mol, exact mass: 71.0371 u) may refer to: Acrylamide (repeating unit in polyacrylamide) 2-Azetidinone Isoxazoline Lactonitrile Oxazoline	{ "page_id": 12194869, "title": "C3H5NO" }
In chemistry, the Natta projection (named for Italian chemist Giulio Natta) is a way to depict molecules with complete stereochemistry in two dimensions in a skeletal formula. In a hydrocarbon molecule with all carbon atoms making up the backbone in a tetrahedral molecular geometry, the zigzag backbone is in the paper ...	{ "page_id": 2364473, "title": "Natta projection" }
α-Hexylcinnamaldehyde (hexyl cinnamal) is a common additive in the perfume and cosmetic industry as aroma substance. It is found naturally in the essential oil of chamomile. It is a pale yellow to yellow liquid to solid, which is nearly insoluble in water but soluble in oils. The commercial material often contains low ...	{ "page_id": 12850234, "title": "Α-Hexylcinnamaldehyde" }
In statistical mechanics, the Darwin–Fowler method is used for deriving the distribution functions with mean probability. It was developed by Charles Galton Darwin and Ralph H. Fowler in 1922–1923. Distribution functions are used in statistical physics to estimate the mean number of particles occupying an energy level ...	{ "page_id": 51188793, "title": "Darwin–Fowler method" }
are actually occupied by elements, is given by f i = n i / g i {\displaystyle f_{i}=n_{i}/g_{i}} or n i = f i g i {\displaystyle n_{i}=f_{i}g_{i}} , where g i {\displaystyle g_{i}} is the degeneracy of energy level i {\displaystyle i} of energy ε i {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{i}} and n i {\displaystyle n_{i}} is the n...	{ "page_id": 51188793, "title": "Darwin–Fowler method" }
} by setting Z ω = ∑ ∏ i ( ω z i ) n i . {\displaystyle Z_{\omega }=\sum \prod _{i}(\omega z_{i})^{n_{i}}.} In classical statistics the N {\displaystyle N} elements are (a) distinguishable and can be arranged with packets of n i {\displaystyle n_{i}} elements on level ε i {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{i}} whose number i...	{ "page_id": 51188793, "title": "Darwin–Fowler method" }
method. == Quantum statistics == We have as above Z ω = ∑ ∏ ( ω z i ) n i , z i = e − ε i / k T , {\displaystyle Z_{\omega }=\sum \prod (\omega z_{i})^{n_{i}},\;\;z_{i}=e^{-\varepsilon _{i}/kT},} where n i {\displaystyle n_{i}} is the number of elements in energy level ε i {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{i}} . Since in qu...	{ "page_id": 51188793, "title": "Darwin–Fowler method" }
ω z 1 + ( ω z 1 ) 2 + ⋯ = 1 ( 1 − ω z 1 ) . {\displaystyle 1+\omega z_{1}+(\omega z_{1})^{2}+\cdots ={\frac {1}{(1-\omega z_{1})}}.} Therefore Z ω = ∏ i ( 1 − ω z i ) − g i . {\displaystyle Z_{\omega }=\prod _{i}(1-\omega z_{i})^{-g_{i}}.} Summarizing both cases and recalling the definition of Z {\displaystyle Z} , we ...	{ "page_id": 51188793, "title": "Darwin–Fowler method" }
ln ⁡ ( 1 ± ω z i ) − ( N + 1 ) ln ⁡ ω . {\displaystyle f(\omega )=\pm \sum _{i}g_{i}\ln(1\pm \omega z_{i})-(N+1)\ln \omega .} Differentiating one obtains f ′ ( ω ) = 1 ω [ ∑ i g i ( ω z i ) − 1 ± 1 − ( N + 1 ) ] , {\displaystyle f'(\omega )={\frac {1}{\omega }}\left[\sum _{i}{\frac {g_{i}}{(\omega z_{i})^{-1}\pm 1}}-(N...	{ "page_id": 51188793, "title": "Darwin–Fowler method" }
) a v = z j d d z j ln ⁡ Z = g j ( ω 0 z j ) − 1 ± 1 = g j e ( ε j − μ ) / k T ± 1 , e μ / k T = ω 0 . {\displaystyle (n_{j})_{av}=z_{j}{\frac {d}{dz_{j}}}\ln Z={\frac {g_{j}}{(\omega _{0}z_{j})^{-1}\pm 1}}={\frac {g_{j}}{e^{(\varepsilon _{j}-\mu )/kT}\pm 1}},\quad e^{\mu /kT}=\omega _{0}.} This expression gives the me...	{ "page_id": 51188793, "title": "Darwin–Fowler method" }
Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a physical science within the natural sciences that studies the chemical elements that make up matter and compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during ...	{ "page_id": 5180, "title": "Chemistry" }
Greek χημία, which is in turn derived from the word Kemet, which is the ancient name of Egypt in the Egyptian language. Alternately, al-kīmīā may derive from χημεία 'cast together'. == Modern principles == The current model of atomic structure is the quantum mechanical model. Traditional chemistry starts with the study...	{ "page_id": 5180, "title": "Chemistry" }
of chemical analysis, e.g. spectroscopy and chromatography. Scientists engaged in chemical research are known as chemists. Most chemists specialize in one or more sub-disciplines. Several concepts are essential for the study of chemistry; some of them are: === Matter === In chemistry, matter is defined as anything that...	{ "page_id": 5180, "title": "Chemistry" }
nucleus. Although all the nuclei of all atoms belonging to one element will have the same atomic number, they may not necessarily have the same mass number; atoms of an element which have different mass numbers are known as isotopes. For example, all atoms with 6 protons in their nuclei are atoms of the chemical elemen...	{ "page_id": 5180, "title": "Chemistry" }
by covalent bonds, such that the structure is electrically neutral and all valence electrons are paired with other electrons either in bonds or in lone pairs. Thus, molecules exist as electrically neutral units, unlike ions. When this rule is broken, giving the "molecule" a charge, the result is sometimes named a molec...	{ "page_id": 5180, "title": "Chemistry" }
metals, and familiar silica and silicate minerals such as quartz and granite. One of the main characteristics of a molecule is its geometry often called its structure. While the structure of diatomic, triatomic or tetra-atomic molecules may be trivial, (linear, angular pyramidal etc.) the structure of polyatomic molecu...	{ "page_id": 5180, "title": "Chemistry" }
distinction between phases can be continuous instead of having a discrete boundary; in this case the matter is considered to be in a supercritical state. When three states meet based on the conditions, it is known as a triple point and since this is invariant, it is a convenient way to define a set of conditions. The m...	{ "page_id": 5180, "title": "Chemistry" }
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion model (VSEPR), and the concept of oxidation number can be used to explain molecular structure and composition. An ionic bond is formed when a metal loses one or more of its electrons, becoming a positively charged cation, and the electrons are then gained by the non-metal atom, bec...	{ "page_id": 5180, "title": "Chemistry" }
of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structures, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances involved. Some...	{ "page_id": 5180, "title": "Chemistry" }
the total change in the Gibbs free energy is negative, Δ G ≤ 0 {\displaystyle \Delta G\leq 0\,} ; if it is equal to zero the chemical reaction is said to be at equilibrium. There exist only limited possible states of energy for electrons, atoms and molecules. These are determined by the rules of quantum mechanics, whic...	{ "page_id": 5180, "title": "Chemistry" }
electrical energy. The existence of characteristic energy levels for different chemical substances is useful for their identification by the analysis of spectral lines. Different kinds of spectra are often used in chemical spectroscopy, e.g. IR, microwave, NMR, ESR, etc. Spectroscopy is also used to identify the compos...	{ "page_id": 5180, "title": "Chemistry" }
place in the course of a chemical reaction is called its mechanism. A chemical reaction can be envisioned to take place in a number of steps, each of which may have a different speed. Many reaction intermediates with variable stability can thus be envisaged during the course of a reaction. Reaction mechanisms are propo...	{ "page_id": 5180, "title": "Chemistry" }
of gaseous matter that has been completely ionized, usually through high temperature. === Acidity and basicity === A substance can often be classified as an acid or a base. There are several different theories which explain acid–base behavior. The simplest is Arrhenius theory, which states that an acid is a substance t...	{ "page_id": 5180, "title": "Chemistry" }
to donate hydrogen ions in chemical reactions than those with lower Ka values. === Redox === Redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed by either gaining electrons (reduction) or losing electrons (oxidation). Substances that have the ability to...	{ "page_id": 5180, "title": "Chemistry" }
a period from the ancient past to the present. Since several millennia BC, civilizations were using technologies that would eventually form the basis of the various branches of chemistry. Examples include extracting metals from ores, making pottery and glazes, fermenting beer and wine, extracting chemicals from plants ...	{ "page_id": 5180, "title": "Chemistry" }
and how to unite them again, and exalt them to a higher perfection. The 1730 definition of the word "chemistry", as used by Georg Ernst Stahl, meant the art of resolving mixed, compound, or aggregate bodies into their principles; and of composing such bodies from those principles. In 1837, Jean-Baptiste Dumas considere...	{ "page_id": 5180, "title": "Chemistry" }
what is not, and it cannot be brought about or heard of that what is should be utterly destroyed." and Epicurus (3rd century BC), who, describing the nature of the Universe, wrote that "the totality of things was always such as it is now, and always will be". In the Hellenistic world the art of alchemy first proliferat...	{ "page_id": 5180, "title": "Chemistry" }
mining metal ores and metal extraction, were the pinnacle of metallurgy during that time. His approach removed all mysticism associated with the subject, creating the practical base upon which others could and would build. The work describes the many kinds of furnaces used to smelt ore, and stimulated interest in miner...	{ "page_id": 5180, "title": "Chemistry" }
mass and developing a new system of chemical nomenclature used to this day. English scientist John Dalton proposed the modern theory of atoms; that all substances are composed of indivisible 'atoms' of matter and that different atoms have varying atomic weights. The development of the electrochemical theory of chemical...	{ "page_id": 5180, "title": "Chemistry" }
after the French scientist Becquerel as well as the couple Pierre and Marie Curie investigated the phenomenon of radioactivity. In a series of pioneering scattering experiments Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester discovered the internal structure of the atom and the existence of the proton, classified and...	{ "page_id": 5180, "title": "Chemistry" }
highly interdisciplinary, covering medicinal chemistry, neurochemistry, molecular biology, forensics, plant science and genetics. Inorganic chemistry is the study of the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds, such as metals and minerals. The distinction between organic and inorganic disciplines is not absolut...	{ "page_id": 5180, "title": "Chemistry" }
systems and processes are of interest to physical chemists. Important areas of study include chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, electrochemistry, statistical mechanics, spectroscopy, and more recently, astrochemistry. Physical chemistry has large overlap with molecular physics. Physical chemistry involves the ...	{ "page_id": 5180, "title": "Chemistry" }
0-521-82397-8 Kean, Sam. The Disappearing Spoon – and Other True Tales from the Periodic Table (Black Swan) London, England, 2010 ISBN 978-0-552-77750-6 Levi, Primo The Periodic Table (Penguin Books) [1975] translated from the Italian by Raymond Rosenthal (1984) ISBN 978-0-14-139944-7 Stwertka, A. A Guide to the Elemen...	{ "page_id": 5180, "title": "Chemistry" }
Paprika oleoresin (also known as paprika extract and oleoresin paprika) is an oil-soluble extract from the fruits of Capsicum annuum or Capsicum frutescens, and is primarily used as a colouring and/or flavouring in food products. It is composed of vegetable oil and capsanthin and capsorubin, the main colouring compound...	{ "page_id": 13440061, "title": "Paprika oleoresin" }
Antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates or AOCs belong to a class of chimeric molecules combining in their structure two important families of biomolecules: monoclonal antibodies and oligonucleotides. Combination of exceptional targeting capabilities of monoclonal antibodies with numerous functional modalities of oligonucl...	{ "page_id": 61609022, "title": "Antibody-oligonucleotide conjugate" }
the antibody sequence[32]. They could prove the functionality of both entities in the construct and by screening different antibodies, they validated their importance for an effective antisense effect. The main obstacle encountered was a limited endosomal escape but ultimately a functional construct which shows antisen...	{ "page_id": 61609022, "title": "Antibody-oligonucleotide conjugate" }
consisting out of an EGFR Nanobody and a siRNA being combined through maleimide bioconjugation, proves the possibility of successful delivery of ONs by nanobodies. Another example consists out of an anti-CD71 Fab fragment which was conjugated to a maleimide bearing siRNA (itself having 2’OMe/2’F modifications and phosp...	{ "page_id": 61609022, "title": "Antibody-oligonucleotide conjugate" }
The Phosphate (Pho) regulon is a regulatory mechanism used for the conservation and management of inorganic phosphate within the cell. It was first discovered in Escherichia coli as an operating system for the bacterial strain, and was later identified in other species. The Pho system is composed of various components ...	{ "page_id": 61740095, "title": "Pho regulon" }
B). The transcriptional response regulator PhoR activates PhoB when it senses low intracellular inorganic phosphate levels. === Alternative phosphate usage === Although inorganic phosphate is primarily used in the Pho regulon system, there are several species of bacteria that can utilize varying forms of phosphate. One...	{ "page_id": 61740095, "title": "Pho regulon" }
pathogens. Three ways that this regulon effects virulence and pathogenicity are toxin production, biofilm formation, and acid tolerance. === Toxin production === Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a known opportunistic pathogen. One of its virulence factors is its ability to produce pyocyanin, a toxin released to kill both micr...	{ "page_id": 61740095, "title": "Pho regulon" }
to protect other periplasmic proteins from low pH environments called the Asr protein. The gene responsible for this protein is PhoB-dependent, and can only be turned on when the Pho regulon is activated by low Pi concentration. Synthesis of the Asr protein imparts acid shock resistance to E. coli enabling it to surviv...	{ "page_id": 61740095, "title": "Pho regulon" }
The molecular formula C3H6O3 may refer to: Dihydroxyacetone Dimethyl carbonate Glyceraldehyde 3-Hydroxypropionic acid Lactic acid Trioxanes 1,2,4-Trioxane 1,3,5-Trioxane	{ "page_id": 12194878, "title": "C3H6O3" }
The molecular formula C3H7N may refer to: Acetone imine Allylamine (2-propen-1-amine) Azetidine (trimethylenimine) Cyclopropylamine 2-Methylaziridine N-Methylaziridine	{ "page_id": 12194880, "title": "C3H7N" }
Beta-secretase is a protein family that includes in humans Beta-secretase 1 and Beta-secretase 2. == References ==	{ "page_id": 9049153, "title": "Beta-secretase" }
The molecular formula C3H7NO may refer to: Acetone oxime (acetoxime) 1-Amino-2-propanone Dimethylformamide Isoxazolidine N-Methylacetamide Oxazolidine Propionamide	{ "page_id": 12194882, "title": "C3H7NO" }
Sirolimus, also known as rapamycin and sold under the brand name Rapamune among others, is a macrolide compound that is used to coat coronary stents, prevent organ transplant rejection, treat a rare lung disease called lymphangioleiomyomatosis, and treat perivascular epithelioid cell tumour (PEComa). It has immunosuppr...	{ "page_id": 529476, "title": "Sirolimus" }
for the treatment of facial angiofibroma associated with tuberous sclerosis complex. === Prevention of transplant rejection === The chief advantage sirolimus has over calcineurin inhibitors is its low toxicity toward kidneys. Transplant patients maintained on calcineurin inhibitors long-term tend to develop impaired ki...	{ "page_id": 529476, "title": "Sirolimus" }
LAM involves lung tissue infiltration with smooth muscle-like cells with mutations of the tuberous sclerosis complex gene (TSC2). Loss of TSC2 gene function activates the mTOR signaling pathway, resulting in the release of lymphangiogenic growth factors. Sirolimus blocks this pathway. The safety and efficacy of sirolim...	{ "page_id": 529476, "title": "Sirolimus" }
of vascular malformations in recent years, sirolimus has emerged as a new medical treatment option for both vascular tumors and vascular malformations, as a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), capable of integrating signals from the PI3K/AKT pathway to coordinate proper cell growth and proliferation. Hence, sirolimus...	{ "page_id": 529476, "title": "Sirolimus" }
nasopharyngitis, acne, upper respiratory tract infection, dizziness, and myalgia. The following adverse effects occurred in 3–20% of individuals taking sirolimus for organ rejection prophylaxis following a kidney transplant: === Diabetes-like symptoms === While sirolimus inhibition of mTORC1 appears to mediate the drug...	{ "page_id": 529476, "title": "Sirolimus" }
concentrations in blood plasma, whereas inducers of CYP3A4 and P-gp may decrease sirolimus concentrations in blood plasma. == Pharmacology == === Pharmacodynamics === Unlike the similarly named tacrolimus, sirolimus is not a calcineurin inhibitor, but it has a similar suppressive effect on the immune system. Sirolimus ...	{ "page_id": 529476, "title": "Sirolimus" }
of sirolimus is low, and the absorption of sirolimus into the blood stream from the intestine varies widely between patients, with some patients having up to eight times more exposure than others for the same dose. Drug levels are, therefore, taken to make sure patients get the right dose for their condition. This is d...	{ "page_id": 529476, "title": "Sirolimus" }
additional five enzymes, which lead to the final product, rapamycin. First, the core macrocycle is modified by RapI, SAM-dependent O-methyltransferase (MTase), which O-methylates at C39. Next, a carbonyl is installed at C9 by RapJ, a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases (P-450). Then, RapM, another MTase, O-methylates at C1...	{ "page_id": 529476, "title": "Sirolimus" }
by two carbons each. After each successive condensation, the growing polyketide is further modified according to enzymatic domains that are present to reduce and dehydrate it, thereby introducing the diversity of functionalities observed in rapamycin (figure 1). Once the linear polyketide is complete, L-pipecolic acid,...	{ "page_id": 529476, "title": "Sirolimus" }
being tested for use in cancers such as glioblastoma multiforme and mantle cell lymphoma. However, these drugs have a higher rate of fatal adverse events in cancer patients than control drugs. A combination therapy of doxorubicin and sirolimus has been shown to drive Akt-positive lymphomas into remission in mice. Akt s...	{ "page_id": 529476, "title": "Sirolimus" }
providing evidence for sex differences in sirolimus response. The results are further supported by the finding that genetically modified mice with impaired mTORC1 signalling live longer. Sirolimus has potential for widespread use as a longevity-promoting drug, with evidence pointing to its ability to prevent age-associ...	{ "page_id": 529476, "title": "Sirolimus" }
cases of COVID-19. Moreover, inhibition of cell proliferation by rapamycin could reduce viral replication. === Atherosclerosis === Rapamycin can accelerate degradation of oxidized LDL cholesterol in endothelial cells, thereby lowering the risk of atherosclerosis. Oxidized LDL cholesterol is a major contributor to ather...	{ "page_id": 529476, "title": "Sirolimus" }
and lowering the differentiation of effector T cells. === Applications in biology research === Rapamycin is used in biology research as an agent for chemically induced dimerization. In this application, rapamycin is added to cells expressing two fusion constructs, one of which contains the rapamycin-binding FRB domain ...	{ "page_id": 529476, "title": "Sirolimus" }
phase, while others may progress to congestive heart failure, arterial thromboembolism, or sudden death. == References == == Further reading == == External links == Clinical trial number NCT02494570 for "A Phase 2 Study of ABI-009 in Patients With Advanced Malignant PEComa (AMPECT)" at ClinicalTrials.gov	{ "page_id": 529476, "title": "Sirolimus" }
The molecular formula C3H7NO2 may refer to: Alanine β-Alanine Ethyl carbamate Isopropyl nitrite Propyl nitrite Lactamide Nitropropanes 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Sarcosine	{ "page_id": 12194884, "title": "C3H7NO2" }
The molecular formula C3H8O may refer to: Methoxyethane (Ethyl methyl ether), CH3-O-CH2-CH3, CAS number 540-67-0 Propanols Isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol, 2-propanol), CH3-CHOH-CH3, CAS number 67-63-0 1-Propanol (n-propanol, n-propyl alcohol), CH3-CH2-CH2OH, CAS number 71-23-8	{ "page_id": 12194886, "title": "C3H8O" }
The molecular formula C14H21N (molar mass: 203.32 g/mol; exact mass: 203.167399 u) may refer to: Eticyclidine M.G. 6669	{ "page_id": 25564237, "title": "C14H21N" }
In physics, The Werthamer–Helfand–Hohenberg (WHH) theory was proposed in 1966 by N. Richard Werthamer, Eugene Helfand and Pierre Hohenberg to go beyond BCS theory of superconductivity and it provides predictions of upper critical field (Hc2) in type-II superconductors. The theory predicts the upper critical field (Hc2)...	{ "page_id": 17962061, "title": "Werthamer–Helfand–Hohenberg theory" }

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.