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July 2015, scientists reported that upon the first touchdown of the Philae lander on comet 67/P's surface, measurements by the COSAC and Ptolemy instruments revealed sixteen organic compounds, four of which were seen for the first time on a comet, including acetamide, acetone, methyl isocyanate and propionaldehyde. In ...	{ "page_id": 71268, "title": "Astrochemistry" }
The palladium-hydrogen electrode (abbreviation: Pd/H2) is one of the common reference electrodes used in electrochemical study. Most of its characteristics are similar to the standard hydrogen electrode (with platinum). But palladium has one significant feature—the capability to absorb (dissolve into itself) molecular ...	{ "page_id": 1513065, "title": "Palladium-hydrogen electrode" }
Hot spots in subatomic physics are regions of high energy density or temperature in hadronic or nuclear matter. == Finite size effects == Hot spots are a manifestation of the finite size of the system: in subatomic physics this refers both to atomic nuclei, which consist of nucleons, as well as to nucleons themselves, ...	{ "page_id": 23139945, "title": "Hot spot effect in subatomic physics" }
early 1970s. In high-energy strong interactions equilibrium is usually not complete. In these reactions, with the increase of laboratory energy one observes that the transverse momenta of produced particles have a tail, which deviates from the single exponential Boltzmann spectrum, characteristic for global equilibrium...	{ "page_id": 23139945, "title": "Hot spot effect in subatomic physics" }
rise to an asymmetry with respect to the leading particle, which should be detectable in an experimental event by event analysis. This effect was confirmed by Jacques Goldberg in K− p→ K− p π+ π− reactions at 14 GEV/c. This experiment represents the first observation of local equilibrium in hadronic interactions, allow...	{ "page_id": 23139945, "title": "Hot spot effect in subatomic physics" }
current interest and a series of special meetings was dedicated to the topic of local equilibrium in strong interactions. The phenomena of hot spots, heat conduction and preequilibrium play also an important part in high-energy heavy ion reactions and in the search for the phase transition to quark matter. == Hot spots...	{ "page_id": 23139945, "title": "Hot spot effect in subatomic physics" }
In the study of heat transfer, critical heat flux (CHF) is the heat flux at which boiling ceases to be an effective form of transferring heat from a solid surface to a liquid. == Description == Boiling systems are those in which liquid coolant absorbs energy from a heated solid surface and undergoes a change in phase. ...	{ "page_id": 4200042, "title": "Critical heat flux" }
f {\displaystyle T_{f}} represents the fluid temperature. If h {\displaystyle h} decreases significantly due to the occurrence of the CHF condition, T w {\displaystyle T_{w}} will increase for fixed q {\displaystyle q} and T f {\displaystyle T_{f}} while q {\displaystyle q} will decrease for fixed Δ T {\displaystyle \D...	{ "page_id": 4200042, "title": "Critical heat flux" }
surface and local liquid may be referred to as a vapor blanket. Dryout Dryout means the disappearance of liquid on the heat transfer surface which results in the CBT. Dryout of liquid film occurs in annular flow. Annular flow is characterized by a vapor core, liquid film on the wall, and liquid droplets entrained withi...	{ "page_id": 4200042, "title": "Critical heat flux" }
point. q A max = C h f g ρ v [ σ g ( ρ L − ρ v ) ρ v 2 ] 1 4 ( 1 + ρ v / ρ L ) {\displaystyle {\frac {q}{A_{\text{max}}}}=Ch_{fg}\rho _{v}\left[{\frac {\sigma g\left(\rho _{L}-\rho _{v}\right)}{\rho _{v}^{2}}}\right]^{\frac {1}{4}}(1+\rho _{v}/\rho _{L})} Units: critical flux: kW/m2; hfg: kJ/kg; σ: N/m; ρ: kg/m3; g: m/...	{ "page_id": 4200042, "title": "Critical heat flux" }
Solar energy conversion describes technologies devoted to the transformation of solar energy to other (useful) forms of energy, including electricity, fuel, and heat. It covers light-harvesting technologies including traditional semiconductor photovoltaic devices (PVs), emerging photovoltaics, solar fuel generation via...	{ "page_id": 54269557, "title": "Solar energy conversion" }
available ($20/watt). Between 1970 and 1990, solar power became more commercially operated. Railroad crossings, oil rigs, space stations, microwave towers, aircraft, etc. Now, houses and businesses all over the world use solar cells to power electrical devices with a wide variety of uses. Solar power is the dominant te...	{ "page_id": 54269557, "title": "Solar energy conversion" }
as a primary source for heating feed water, a development that has greatly increased the overall efficiency of boilers and many other types of waste heat recovery systems. Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and pasteurization. Solar distillation is used for water treatment processes to create potable drinki...	{ "page_id": 54269557, "title": "Solar energy conversion" }
can cause impair lung function and increase tuberculosis, asthma, and cancer risks. In such areas, solar energy access has been shown to save rural residents the time and money needed to purchase and transport kerosene, thereby increasing productivity and lengthening business hours. In addition to energy access, these ...	{ "page_id": 54269557, "title": "Solar energy conversion" }
using more proven large storage installations, thus lowering barriers to solar adoption. In some cases, a microgrid “web” is made by connecting each independent rooftop PV house to a greater storage facility. Other designs, primarily where rooftop installations are not possible, feature a large combined solar array + s...	{ "page_id": 54269557, "title": "Solar energy conversion" }
University, Sweden	{ "page_id": 54269557, "title": "Solar energy conversion" }
The molecular formula C2H3NO (molar mass: 57.05 g/mol, exact mass: 57.0215 u) may refer to: Glycolonitrile, also called hydroacetolnitrile or formaldehyde cyanohydrin Methyl isocyanate (MIC)	{ "page_id": 22287990, "title": "C2H3NO" }
Jyoti Prakash Tamang (16 November 1961 – 29 April 2025) was an Indian food microbiologist, working on fermented foods and alcoholic beverages of the Himalayan regions of India, Nepal and Bhutan and South East Asia for 39 years and the Senior Professor in Microbiology of the Sikkim Central University. Known for his stud...	{ "page_id": 56039031, "title": "Jyoti Prakash Tamang" }
during 1994–95; first at the National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba with a fellowship from the United Nations University-Kirin Brewery Company and, later, at the Institute of Hygiene and Toxicology, Karlsruhe, on a fellowship received from Volkswagen Foundation. In 2011, he joined Central University Sikkim (CUS) as ...	{ "page_id": 56039031, "title": "Jyoti Prakash Tamang" }
Asia, Fermented foods and beverages of the world and Health benefits of fermented foods and beverages. Ethnic Fermented Foods and Alcoholic Beverages of India: Science History and Culture (2020) (Springer Nature). == Awards and honors == Tamang received the Women's Association Award of the United Nations University in ...	{ "page_id": 56039031, "title": "Jyoti Prakash Tamang" }
J.P. (2010). Himalayan Fermented Foods: Microbiology, Nutrition, and Ethnic Values. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, New York, pages 295. ISBN 9781420093247. 7. Tamang, J.P. and Kailasapathy, K. (Editors) (2010). Fermented Foods and Beverages of the World. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, New York, pages 448. ISBN ...	{ "page_id": 56039031, "title": "Jyoti Prakash Tamang" }
and metabolomics of toddy, an Indian fermented date palm beverage. Food Research International 172, 113205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113205 (Impact Factor: 8.1) (Citation: 2). Shangpliang, H.N.J. and Tamang, J.P. (2023). Genome analysis of potential probiotic Levilactobacillus brevis AcCh91 isolated from ...	{ "page_id": 56039031, "title": "Jyoti Prakash Tamang" }
P., Yaduvanshi, P.S., Raghu, P. and Tamang, J.P. (2022). Screening of Poly-glutamic acid (PGA)-producing Bacillus species from Indian fermented soybean foods and characterization of PGA. Fermentation 8, 495. doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8100495. Tamang, J.P., Annupma, A. and Shangpliang, H.N.J. (2022). Ethno-microbiolog...	{ "page_id": 56039031, "title": "Jyoti Prakash Tamang" }
and Tamang, J.P. (2021). Changes in microbial communities and their predictive functionalities during fermentation of toddy, an alcoholic beverage of India. Microbiological Research 248: 126769.doi.org/10.1016/j. Bhutia, M.O., Thapa, N. and Tamang, J.P. (2021). Prevalence of enterotoxin genes and antibacterial suscepti...	{ "page_id": 56039031, "title": "Jyoti Prakash Tamang" }
Indian fermented foods for bacteriocin production and probiotic marker genes. Frontiers in Microbiology 11: 40. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00040. Tamang, J.P., Cotter, P., Endo, A., Han, N.S., Kort, R., Liu, S.Q., Mayo, B., Westerik, N. and Hutkins, R. (2020). Fermented foods in a global age: east meets west. Comprehensive...	{ "page_id": 56039031, "title": "Jyoti Prakash Tamang" }
Stoned Fox is an anthropomorphic taxidermied fox that has become an Internet sensation in Russia. The fox died of natural causes. It was stuffed in 2012 by Welsh artist Adele Morse (originally from Blackwood, Caerphilly, now based in Dalston, East London), who at the time was taking a Masters course at the Royal Academ...	{ "page_id": 54007418, "title": "Stoned Fox" }
Splat quenching is a metallurgical, metal morphing technique used for forming metals with a particular crystal structure by means of extremely rapid quenching, or cooling. A typical technique for splat quenching involves casting molten metal by pouring it between two massive, cooled copper rollers that are constantly c...	{ "page_id": 34674298, "title": "Splat quenching" }
in the resultant products because of their near-net shaping capabilities. == Varying factors == Some varying factors in splat quenching are the drop size and velocity of the metal in ensuring the complete solidification of the metal. In cases where the volume of the drop is too large or the velocity is too slow, the me...	{ "page_id": 34674298, "title": "Splat quenching" }
Microecosystems can exist in locations which are precisely defined by critical environmental factors within small or tiny spaces. Such factors may include temperature, pH, chemical milieu, nutrient supply, presence of symbionts or solid substrates, gaseous atmosphere (aerobic or anaerobic) etc. == Some examples == === ...	{ "page_id": 4068993, "title": "Microecosystem" }
the gut microflora/microfauna to the next host generation. Here, mutual licking and coprophagia certainly play important roles. === Soil microecosystems === A typical soil microecosystem may be restricted to less than a millimeter in its total depth range owing to steep variation in humidity and/or atmospheric gas comp...	{ "page_id": 4068993, "title": "Microecosystem" }
Martin Leonard Cody (born 1941) is an ecologist and former professor at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Cody graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1966 with a Doctor of Philosophy degree in zoology, and joined the UCLA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology the same year. He was awa...	{ "page_id": 79369858, "title": "Martin L. Cody" }
Angus "Mac" MacGyver is the title character and the protagonist in the TV series MacGyver. He is played by Richard Dean Anderson in the 1985 original series. Lucas Till portrays a younger version of MacGyver in the 2016 reboot. In both portrayals, MacGyver is shown to possess a genius-level intellect, proficiency in mu...	{ "page_id": 1316481, "title": "MacGyver" }
of their unpredictability. This constant spontaneity challenges MacGyver as well as his adversaries. Because MacGyver continues to operate in this manner, it is assumed the tactical advantage of spontaneity outweighs its disadvantages. This is observed by MacGyver's nemesis Murdoc. MacGyver demonstrates mood congruence...	{ "page_id": 1316481, "title": "MacGyver" }
in individual episodes and several past long-term relationships are mentioned, from which he has one child. He is on good terms with his past romantic acquaintances. === First name === MacGyver's first name was originally intended to be Stacey, as seen in a press release from Paramount. However, it was never confirmed ...	{ "page_id": 1316481, "title": "MacGyver" }
Jackson (John Anderson) acted as his father, but moved away when MacGyver was 16, working for a time in Alaska while sending money to MacGyver and his mother, and eventually settled down as a farmer in Minnesota. At about 12 years of age, MacGyver had a traumatic experience of the accidental shooting death of a friend ...	{ "page_id": 1316481, "title": "MacGyver" }
field operations such as conducting environmental surveys and testing security systems. In the fifth season, Harry dies of a heart attack, at which point MacGyver believes he has no remaining relatives. In the second to last episode of the show, it is revealed that MacGyver has a son, Sean "Sam" Angus Malloy. Sean's mo...	{ "page_id": 1316481, "title": "MacGyver" }
kept in regular contact, with Harry appearing in several more episodes until he dies of a heart attack in the fifth season. MacGyver's grandmother was mentioned several times but never portrayed in the series, though her name was revealed to be Celia. James (Martin Milner) and Ellen MacGyver (Shelia Moore) – MacGyver's...	{ "page_id": 1316481, "title": "MacGyver" }
the Phoenix Foundation, a covert U.S. government agency operating under the guise of a think tank. Trained as an EOD technician for the Army, Mac prefers to use non-lethal means to stop his enemies, and refuses to carry a gun, though if necessary he will resort to lethal measures. He is never without his trusty Swiss A...	{ "page_id": 1316481, "title": "MacGyver" }
He left MIT to join the Army because he wanted to make an actual difference in people's lives rather than thinking about theoretical problems, being trained as an EOD technician and spending three years in Afghanistan. In the Army he met Jack Dalton, who was a Delta Force soldier. After leaving the Army, MacGyver was h...	{ "page_id": 1316481, "title": "MacGyver" }
The Bradley–Terry model is a probability model for the outcome of pairwise comparisons between items, teams, or objects. Given a pair of items i and j drawn from some population, it estimates the probability that the pairwise comparison i > j turns out true, as where pi is a positive real-valued score assigned to indiv...	{ "page_id": 44439173, "title": "Bradley–Terry model" }
for instance to predict the likely outcome of comparisons that have not yet actually occurred. In the wine survey example, for instance, one could calculate the probability that someone will prefer wine i {\displaystyle i} over wine j {\displaystyle j} , even if no one in the survey directly compared that particular pa...	{ "page_id": 44439173, "title": "Bradley–Terry model" }
This formulation highlights the similarity between the Bradley–Terry model and logistic regression. Both employ essentially the same model but in different ways. In logistic regression one typically knows the parameters β i {\displaystyle \beta _{i}} and attempts to infer the functional form of Pr ( i > j ) {\displayst...	{ "page_id": 44439173, "title": "Bradley–Terry model" }
the PL model can be sampled by the "exponential race" method. One samples "radioactive decay times" from N {\displaystyle N} "exponential clocks", that is, t 1 ∼ E x p ( p 1 ) , … , t N ∼ E x p ( p N ) {\displaystyle t_{1}\sim \mathrm {Exp} (p_{1}),\dots ,t_{N}\sim \mathrm {Exp} (p_{N})} . Then one ranks the items acco...	{ "page_id": 44439173, "title": "Bradley–Terry model" }
j. Then the likelihood of this set of outcomes within the Bradley–Terry model is ∏ i j [ Pr ( i > j ) ] w i j {\displaystyle \prod _{ij}[\Pr(i>j)]^{w_{ij}}} and the log-likelihood of the parameter vector p = [p1, ..., pn] is l ( p ) = ln ⁡ ∏ i j [ Pr ( i > j ) ] w i j = ∑ i = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n ln ⁡ [ ( p i p i + p j ) w i ...	{ "page_id": 44439173, "title": "Bradley–Terry model" }
also be rearranged as p i = ∑ j w i j p j / ( p i + p j ) ∑ j w j i / ( p i + p j ) , {\displaystyle p_{i}={\frac {\sum _{j}w_{ij}p_{j}/(p_{i}+p_{j})}{\sum _{j}w_{ji}/(p_{i}+p_{j})}},} which can be solved by iterating again normalizing after every round of updates using equation (4). This iteration gives identical resu...	{ "page_id": 44439173, "title": "Bradley–Terry model" }
{\sum _{j(\neq 1)}w_{1j}p_{j}/(p_{1}+p_{j})}{\sum _{j(\neq 1)}w_{j1}/(p_{1}+p_{j})}}={\frac {2{\frac {1}{1+1}}+0{\frac {1}{1+1}}+1{\frac {1}{1+1}}}{3{\frac {1}{1+1}}+0{\frac {1}{1+1}}+4{\frac {1}{1+1}}}}=0.429.} Now, we apply (5) again to update p 2 {\displaystyle p_{2}} , making sure to use the new value of p 1 {\disp...	{ "page_id": 44439173, "title": "Bradley–Terry model" }
1.172 + 1 1 1 + 0.557 = 1.694 {\displaystyle p_{4}={\frac {\sum _{j(\neq 4)}w_{4j}p_{j}/(p_{4}+p_{j})}{\sum _{j(\neq 4)}w_{j4}/(p_{4}+p_{j})}}={\frac {4{\frac {0.429}{1+0.429}}+0{\frac {1.172}{1+1.172}}+3{\frac {0.557}{1+0.557}}}{1{\frac {1}{1+0.429}}+0{\frac {1}{1+1.172}}+1{\frac {1}{1+0.557}}}}=1.694} Then we normali...	{ "page_id": 44439173, "title": "Bradley–Terry model" }
ranking documents by reading difficulty with 624 judges contributing up to 40 pairwise comparisons each, Crowd-BT was shown to outperform both standard Bradley–Terry as well as ranking system TrueSkill. It has been recommended for use when quality results are valued over efficiency and the number of comparisons is high...	{ "page_id": 44439173, "title": "Bradley–Terry model" }
VACUUM is a set of normative guidance principles for achieving training and test dataset quality for structured datasets in data science and machine learning. The garbage-in, garbage out principle motivates a solution to the problem of data quality but does not offer a specific solution. Unlike the majority of the ad-h...	{ "page_id": 67507846, "title": "VACUUM" }
The Grotthuss mechanism (also known as proton jumping) is a model for the process by which an 'excess' proton diffuses through the hydrogen bond network of water molecules or other hydrogen-bonded liquids through the formation and concomitant cleavage of covalent bonds involving neighboring molecules. In his 1806 publi...	{ "page_id": 4003462, "title": "Grotthuss mechanism" }
mechanism 1 might be the better candidate of the two. By use of conditional and time-dependent radial distribution functions (RDF), it was shown that the hydronium RDF can be decomposed into contributions from two distinct structures, Eigen and Zundel. The first peak in g(r) (the RDF) of the Eigen structure is similar ...	{ "page_id": 4003462, "title": "Grotthuss mechanism" }
temperatures only. == Possible alternative mechanism == Some evidence from theoretical calculations, supported by recent X-ray absorption spectroscopy findings, has suggested an alternative mechanism in which the proton is attached to a "train" of three water molecules as it moves through the liquid. == References == =...	{ "page_id": 4003462, "title": "Grotthuss mechanism" }
Biotheology is the synthetic application of understanding of biology to the understanding of God, synthesizing modern biology and traditional religious doctrines. Scripturally, Biotheology is motivated by, amongst other things, Saint Paul's exposition of the Church as the Body of Christ, likening its form and functions...	{ "page_id": 1513096, "title": "Biotheology" }
Immunoscreening is a method of biotechnology used to detect a polypeptide produced from a cloned gene. The term encompasses several different techniques designed for protein identification, such as Western blotting, using recombinant DNA, and analyzing antibody-peptide interactions. Clones are screened for the presence...	{ "page_id": 3479178, "title": "Immunoscreening" }
TRNA CCA-pyrophosphorylase may refer to: CCA tRNA nucleotidyltransferase, an enzyme TRNA cytidylyltransferase, an enzyme	{ "page_id": 38934158, "title": "TRNA CCA-pyrophosphorylase" }
In classical mechanics, Euler's laws of motion are equations of motion which extend Newton's laws of motion for point particle to rigid body motion. They were formulated by Leonhard Euler about 50 years after Isaac Newton formulated his laws. == Overview == === Euler's first law === Euler's first law states that the ra...	{ "page_id": 22222481, "title": "Euler's laws of motion" }
}},} where: rcm is the position vector of the center of mass of the body with respect to the point about which moments are summed, acm is the linear acceleration of the center of mass of the body, m is the mass of the body, α is the angular acceleration of the body, and I is the moment of inertia of the body about its ...	{ "page_id": 22222481, "title": "Euler's laws of motion" }
where MB and MC respectively indicate the moments caused by the body and contact forces. Thus, the sum of all applied forces and torques (with respect to the origin of the coordinate system) acting on the body can be given as the sum of a volume and surface integral: F = ∫ V a d m = ∫ V a ρ d V = ∫ S t d S + ∫ V b ρ d ...	{ "page_id": 22222481, "title": "Euler's laws of motion" }
. {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}&=\mathbf {F} \\{\frac {d}{dt}}\int _{V}\rho \mathbf {v} \,dV&=\int _{S}\mathbf {t} \,dS+\int _{V}\mathbf {b} \rho \,dV.\end{aligned}}} Euler's second axiom or law (law of balance of angular momentum or balance of torques) states that in an inertial frame the ...	{ "page_id": 22222481, "title": "Euler's laws of motion" }
The sum of absolute transformed differences (SATD) is a block matching criterion widely used in fractional motion estimation for video compression. It works by taking a frequency transform, usually a Hadamard transform, of the differences between the pixels in the original block and the corresponding pixels in the bloc...	{ "page_id": 13178514, "title": "Sum of absolute transformed differences" }
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), also known as gamma-seminoprotein or kallikrein-3 (KLK3), P-30 antigen, is a glycoprotein enzyme encoded in humans by the KLK3 gene. PSA is a member of the kallikrein-related peptidase family and is secreted by the epithelial cells of the prostate gland in men and the paraurethral gland...	{ "page_id": 267922, "title": "Prostate-specific antigen" }
biopsy is performed to obtain a tissue sample for histopathological analysis. While PSA testing may help 1 in 1,000 avoid death due to prostate cancer, 4 to 5 in 1,000 would die from prostate cancer after 10 years even with screening. This means that PSA screening may reduce mortality from prostate cancer by up to 25%....	{ "page_id": 267922, "title": "Prostate-specific antigen" }
of prostate cancer. PSA level is one of three variables on which the risk stratification is based; the others are the grade of prostate cancer (Gleason grading system) and the stage of cancer based on physical examination and imaging studies. D'Amico criteria for each risk category are: Low risk: PSA < 10, Gleason scor...	{ "page_id": 267922, "title": "Prostate-specific antigen" }
subsequent increase in PSA levels by 2.0 ng/mL above the nadir is the currently accepted definition of prostate cancer recurrence after radiation therapy. Recurrent prostate cancer detected by a rise in PSA levels after curative treatment is referred to as a "biochemical recurrence". The likelihood of developing recurr...	{ "page_id": 267922, "title": "Prostate-specific antigen" }
with prostate cancer, and rarely in female urine samples and breast milk. == Sources == PSA is produced in the epithelial cells of the prostate, and can be demonstrated in biopsy samples or other histological specimens using immunohistochemistry. Disruption of this epithelium, for example in inflammation or benign pros...	{ "page_id": 267922, "title": "Prostate-specific antigen" }
totally inactive. Further regulation is achieved through pH variations. Although its activity is increased by higher pH, the inhibitory effect of zinc also increases. The pH of semen is slightly alkaline and the concentrations of zinc are high. On ejaculation, semen is exposed to the acidic pH of the vagina, due to the...	{ "page_id": 267922, "title": "Prostate-specific antigen" }
and Stamey carried out the initial work on the clinical use of PSA as a marker of prostate cancer. == Serum levels == PSA is normally present in the blood at very low levels. The reference range of less than 4 ng/mL for the first commercial PSA test, the Hybritech Tandem-R PSA test released in February 1986, was based ...	{ "page_id": 267922, "title": "Prostate-specific antigen" }
whose PSA level increased by more than 2.0 ng per milliliter during the year before the diagnosis of prostate cancer have a higher risk of death from prostate cancer despite undergoing radical prostatectomy. PSA velocity (PSAV) was found in a 2008 study to be more useful than the PSA doubling time (PSA DT) to help iden...	{ "page_id": 267922, "title": "Prostate-specific antigen" }
of the test has improved. Measuring the activity of the enzyme could add to the ratio of free-to-total PSA and further improve the diagnostic value of test. Proteolytically active PSA has been shown to have an anti-angiogenic effect and certain inactive subforms may be associated with prostate cancer, as shown by MAb 5...	{ "page_id": 267922, "title": "Prostate-specific antigen" }
VEGF-D, which are involved in tumor angiogenesis and in the lymphatic metastasis of tumors. == See also == Tumor markers == References == == Further reading == == External links == "The Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: Questions and Answers". National Cancer Institute. 21 March 2022. Prostate-Specific+Antigen at t...	{ "page_id": 267922, "title": "Prostate-specific antigen" }
Whether there is life on Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, is currently an open question and a topic of scientific assessment and research. Titan is far colder than Earth, but of all the places in the Solar System, Titan is the only place besides Earth known to have liquids in the form of rivers, lakes, and seas on it...	{ "page_id": 12785305, "title": "Life on Titan" }
be indicated by the data and associated models include ammonia, polyynes, amines, ethylenimine, deuterium hydride, allene, 1,3 butadiene and any number of more complex chemicals in lower concentrations, as well as carbon dioxide and limited quantities of water vapour. == Surface temperature == Due to its distance from ...	{ "page_id": 12785305, "title": "Life on Titan" }
by molecules such as ethane, ethylene and acetylene. In September 1979, Pioneer 11, the first space probe to conduct fly-by observations of Saturn and its moons, sent data showing Titan's surface to be extremely cold by Earth standards, and much below the temperatures generally associated with planetary habitability. =...	{ "page_id": 12785305, "title": "Life on Titan" }
to have started life on Earth. While the analogy assumes the presence of liquid water for longer periods than is currently observable, several hypotheses suggest that liquid water from an impact could be preserved under a frozen isolation layer. It has also been proposed that ammonia oceans could exist deep below the s...	{ "page_id": 12785305, "title": "Life on Titan" }
reactions have been studied extensively. In October 2010, Sarah Hörst of the University of Arizona reported finding the five nucleotide bases—building blocks of DNA and RNA—among the many compounds produced when energy was applied to a combination of gases like those in Titan's atmosphere. Hörst also found amino acids,...	{ "page_id": 12785305, "title": "Life on Titan" }
complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) chemicals. Such chemical pathways may help explain the presence of PAHs in the low-temperature atmosphere of Titan, and may be significant pathways, in terms of the PAH world hypothesis, in producing precursors to biochemicals related to life as we know it. == Hypotheses ==...	{ "page_id": 12785305, "title": "Life on Titan" }
by Darrell Strobel of Johns Hopkins University, who analysed measurements of hydrogen concentration in the upper and lower atmosphere. Strobel found that the hydrogen concentration in the upper atmosphere is so much larger than near the surface that the physics of diffusion leads to hydrogen flowing downwards at a rate...	{ "page_id": 12785305, "title": "Life on Titan" }
could not form under the weather conditions found on Titan. An analysis of Cassini data, completed in 2017, confirmed substantial amounts of acrylonitrile in Titan's atmosphere. === Comparative habitability === In order to assess the likelihood of finding any sort of life on various planets and moons, Dirk Schulze-Maku...	{ "page_id": 12785305, "title": "Life on Titan" }
acetylene as an energy source, has mentioned the Gaia hypothesis in the context of discussion about Titan life. He suggests that, just as Earth's environment and its organisms have evolved together, the same thing is likely to have happened on other worlds with life on them. In Grinspoon's view, worlds that are "geolog...	{ "page_id": 12785305, "title": "Life on Titan" }
Dragonfly will carry equipment to study the chemical composition of Titan's surface, and to sample the lower atmosphere for possible biosignatures, including hydrogen concentrations. == See also == Lakes of Titan – Hydrocarbon lakes on Titan, a moon of Saturn Life on Mars – Scientific assessments on the microbial habit...	{ "page_id": 12785305, "title": "Life on Titan" }
The molecular formula C7H10 may refer to: Cycloheptadienes 1,3-Cycloheptadiene 1,4-Cycloheptadiene Norbornene [2.2.1]Propellane [3.1.1]Propellane	{ "page_id": 23991962, "title": "C7H10" }
In graph theory, a moral graph is used to find the equivalent undirected form of a directed acyclic graph. It is a key step of the junction tree algorithm, used in belief propagation on graphical models. The moralized counterpart of a directed acyclic graph is formed by adding edges between all pairs of non-adjacent no...	{ "page_id": 4855451, "title": "Moral graph" }
moral is NP-complete. == See also == D-separation Tree decomposition == References == == External links == M. Studeny: On mathematical description of probabilistic conditional independence structures	{ "page_id": 4855451, "title": "Moral graph" }
The ovulatory shift hypothesis holds that women experience evolutionarily adaptive changes in subconscious thoughts and behaviors related to mating during different parts of the ovulatory cycle. It suggests that what women want, in terms of men, changes throughout the menstrual cycle. Two meta-analyses published in 201...	{ "page_id": 55907997, "title": "Ovulatory shift hypothesis" }
Some species will not—or cannot—engage in sex at all outside of this window. This phase of sexual receptivity and proceptivity, estrus, is often referred to as being "in heat". Human females, however, engage in sex throughout their ovulatory cycles, and even beyond their reproductive years. Additionally, they do not sh...	{ "page_id": 55907997, "title": "Ovulatory shift hypothesis" }
the only time she can become pregnant and pass on heritable genetic qualities to her offspring. However, at low-fertility, a woman should prioritize a mate with "good parenting" traits, such as willingness and ability to invest in parenting, resources to devote to offspring, and compatibility for a long-term partnershi...	{ "page_id": 55907997, "title": "Ovulatory shift hypothesis" }
fertility just prior to ovulation, have been shown to be correlated with several mating-related psychological changes. However, some studies have only found correlations with changes in estradiol. It is well-established that estradiol can act in the brain to produce other psychological and behavioral changes, and anima...	{ "page_id": 55907997, "title": "Ovulatory shift hypothesis" }
the type of sexual desire measured. For example, desire for uncommitted sex does not appear to track fertility. ==== Relationship satisfaction ==== While some studies have shown that fertile-phase women might be more attracted to, flirt more, and initiate sex more often with men who are not their partner, newer studies...	{ "page_id": 55907997, "title": "Ovulatory shift hypothesis" }
strong jawline, bodily features like height, muscularity, and body hair, and vocal features like a deeper voice. While many studies have shown that women tend to be attracted to more masculine characteristics at high fertility, results have been mixed, and two meta-analyses have concluded that the effect is not robust....	{ "page_id": 55907997, "title": "Ovulatory shift hypothesis" }
on attraction are not robust, but that humans are reliably attracted to individuals with more heterozygous, or diverse, MHC genotypes, regardless of whether they are similar to their own. However, it is unclear whether attraction to MHC heterozygosity changes across the ovulatory cycle. === Clothing and grooming === Th...	{ "page_id": 55907997, "title": "Ovulatory shift hypothesis" }
=== Competitiveness with other women === Parental investment theory posits the idea that natural selection designed each sex to have different mating strategies based on how much investment the sex is required to devote to offspring for their survival. The sex that invests more in offspring should be more intersexually...	{ "page_id": 55907997, "title": "Ovulatory shift hypothesis" }
a photograph of an attractive woman, but not photographs of men or unattractive women, suggesting clothing may not be chosen to attract men, but rather as a competitive display for other women. Additionally, some studies have used economic games to show that women are less likely to share resources or engage in coopera...	{ "page_id": 55907997, "title": "Ovulatory shift hypothesis" }
low-fertility. Some studies have shown that men exposed to high-fertility body odors of women exhibit increases in testosterone, a feature associated with mating motivation and behavior, although other studies have failed to replicate this effect. === Physical attractiveness === Studies using facial photographs found t...	{ "page_id": 55907997, "title": "Ovulatory shift hypothesis" }
proposed that the synthetic hormones present in hormonal contraception that suppress ovulation also suppress the subsequent cognitive and behavioral changes found in naturally-cycling women. Other studies have stated that changes in synthetic hormones produce cycle shifts similar to effects produced by the real hormona...	{ "page_id": 55907997, "title": "Ovulatory shift hypothesis" }
Guillaume Verdon-Akzam, also known as Guillaume Verdon, or Gill Verdon is a Canadian mathematical physicist, quantum computing researcher, serial entrepreneur, and writer who is a key contributor of Google's quantum machine learning software, Tensorflow Quantum. He is also a co-founder of the effective accelerationism ...	{ "page_id": 75830942, "title": "Guillaume Verdon" }
physics-based computer that is not quantum". On March 24, 2025, Wired reported that Verdon was continuing to work on a "new kind of chip to accelerate AI," through Extropic. == Effective accelerationism == Verdon wrote under the pseudonym BasedBeffJezos and was a co-founders of the effective accelerationism (e/acc) mov...	{ "page_id": 75830942, "title": "Guillaume Verdon" }
Mannitol salt agar or MSA is a commonly used selective and differential growth medium in microbiology. It encourages the growth of a group of certain bacteria while inhibiting the growth of others. It contains a high concentration (about 7.5–10%) of salt (NaCl) which is inhibitory to most bacteria - making MSA selectiv...	{ "page_id": 10491549, "title": "Mannitol salt agar" }
Titer (American English) or titre (British English) is a way of expressing concentration. Titer testing employs serial dilution to obtain approximate quantitative information from an analytical procedure that inherently only evaluates as positive or negative. The titer corresponds to the highest dilution factor that st...	{ "page_id": 1447583, "title": "Titer" }
the indirect Coombs test is negative. If a few weeks later the same patient had an indirect Coombs titer of 32 (1/32 dilution which is 1 part serum to 31 parts diluent), this would mean that she was making more anti-Rh antibody, since it took a greater dilution to abolish the positive test. Many traditional serological...	{ "page_id": 1447583, "title": "Titer" }
White etching cracks (WEC), or white structure flaking or brittle flaking, is a type of rolling contact fatigue (RCF) damage that can occur in bearing steels under certain conditions, such as hydrogen embrittlement, high stress, inadequate lubrication, and high temperature. WEC is characterised by the presence of white...	{ "page_id": 73471646, "title": "White etching cracks" }

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